Police Vachakam - II

b "KH=
~O_= Q=
H" W<"Q+<
~xH < "_<
b"KH=, #~îOK|_# u
"^\ =^}: 17,000 ` : 2008
O^H Hq\
N ". ~`<, S...
K~<, .Z..P~.a., K.Z. J_+# _.l. (>xOQ)
N q.H. OQ, S...
W<H~ [#~ P b (>xOQ)
N <. O[, S...
x, b tH} H, J#O`~O.
N a. J#O`~
x, b tH} H, JO|~@, ^~^.
N *. |~_
x, b tH} H, q[#Q~O.
_II . O^ ~=
x, b tH} H, H}_", u~u.
N ".=~
x, b tH} H, XOQ.
~N
H. H~_, _..., b tH} H, J#O`~O
Z. <Q~[ <_, _...
. QOQ^~, _...
K. qH~, _...
a. PO[<, J_x\" P~
Z. Nx" =i, Z...
_II . H` Jb, "_H P~

#O|i ~=, ..S.
P~. "^=<, ..S.
q.q. yi^~, ..S.
*. t=<~}q, ..S.
l. `~=~=, ..S.
". LO^|, ..S.
q. yi^~, ..S.
a. zxH+, P~.S.
a. ~=}, P~.S.
`@ Nx", P~.S.
". t=^, Z..S.
".q. H~_, Z..S.
=i a. ~u, Z..S.
N=u <. P~}, Z..S.

Wk PO^^ b tH}Y"i K~}.
=^}: _.l.. , ^~^.
_~H~ [#~ P b
PO^^
=O^=@
=# s `= J#"x, q*<x ~OQiOz =# JOkOz# |=Y q*# ~O
b "KHO. b ==~ O|OkOz# D J`#` H# fik^\xH =r b
JkH~, q^"` Jq~ H$+ K~. b x J#k WC_ XH JÒ` Hj"# Q
=iOk. P^xH ~` b ^ @ JOîH Z< b O$u#, b JOO#, ==~ e# =Q"# =~ ~=
LO@Ok. PO^^ ~RO OH+"# =<~. D "# =M=v Z^~#_xH
b< Ji~. D OH+ "# Z^~< "Yi, q*#O, q"K# b JkH~, |OkH
ZO`< J=~O.
'b"KHO 1980 ~OkOK|_Ok. 1990 =iOK|_Ok. ` "KHO WOH Z<
=~ ~= =Ok. ` i` n@Q fik^= LOk. Wk XH |$`~ H~O. WO^Q#
JÒ` #O, <}O, = J=~O. J#O`~O .\.. JkH~, x
N Z<. O[, S... <`$Ò, \ " b i\"O\ ~ K~< (eOQ J_+# K~
P J_+# _.l.. (>xOQ) N ZO. ~`<, S..., S.l.. (>xOQ) N q.H. OQ, S... Q~
~"H} D Oh"# H~~x x~iOK~. W`~ .\.. x, |Ok _
WO^ OKHx b "KHx q*# O_Q~OQ fik^_xH `==O` H$+ K~.
=YOQ J#O`~O .\..H KOk# _.Z.. N. H. H~_, .S. N #O|i ~=,
.S. N P~. "^=<, P~.S. N a. zxH+, Z.S. N. ZO. t=^ D Hx fik^_O
HiOz# u XHiH < `H O. D "KHO WC_ iQ =iO|_ "~Q k^H#
"KHO. ` "KHO J<H =~, K~` Wk `~Ok. ` b =#= O|OkOz#
i~# < H` b =#= i~# W=_O [iyOk. W`~` `yOK_O [iyOk.
H` J^, H` q+ K~_O [iyOk. HxH J#Q}"# | ~OkOK~. H`
| Jx ^ JkH~`, Jx ~ xi\ "i` OkOz ~OkOK~. =#
b JkH~, |OkH D "KHO ZO`< [#H~=x < qO.
D "KHx =~îQ Ok# JkH~, |Ok JOîH HOH.
(Z.Z.. ^", S...)
J_+# _~H~ [#~ P b (>xOQ)

O^= :
PO^^ b tH} H =i l b tH} HO^ ''O_s q b
Hx|Q tH}H ZOH# g JOîH < $^ ~H Ja#O^#.
Ou ^` H_@O, K\#, <# J= ~K_O b ` ZO`
HH"#k. xÒ Z^~ ^~}= `_, f="Ô =, =` ~"# S..S. `k`~
q^ PH$` - g@xO\ = ~A ~AH iy`# O`H "`=~}O =# b
^`# =iO` OK~.
Z@=O\ H+ i`<< =~=OÒQ Z^~#O_O H" g JOîx L`="#
^^~_O, K\ i J=Q# =i KHx =$u <}O, H\y# "iQ fik^x
x~~OKO. JO^ QOQ =Y"# K\, Z.. b =#=, i^< <}O, "^
<GO, =# ~R= b Z^~O@# `H =, =H`qHO, qq^ ~H q^
x~} <}O QiOz WO_~ H tH}W=|_#. ..\., H~>, \H xO`}, q.S..
i\, H, [Oy >xOQO\ LH"# JO`@, J^<`# P^#
LyOK =~x OOkOKH=_xH J=\ _~ H `H tH}W=_O [~QÒk.
s~H ^~_O, P^ "_H tH}` @ g =#H =Ò HO Q, ^# `~Q`
_ x~OK|_`~.
b == ''=Q"# ^qH tH} <k =O\k. D <k ZO` \+OQ LO> g
L^Q q+` JO` L[OQ fik^|_ b == Ja=$kH W`kHOQ `__Òk. JO^=#
D tH}# ^` g~O` i Ke. D tH} HO g HeQ O^#, Z^~
=# `~" i+iOK_xH g W<H~, JkH~` @ g H x Jx "
JO^@ LO\~. tH}O^ g~, P~, q~ q+ i H=tH}\ g P~Qx
H_H"e. ZO\ P~Q = L`#"<, zH` K_xH H "^ OÔQ
LO\~. Wk L^Q ^`# =~=OÒQ x~OK_O HO ~OkOz# tH}.
" ^$+` @ "` _# D L^Qx ZOKH# g JOîh b
@O|OxH ^~OQ Px =~Hi HOH èK<#. g JO^~ * = K
[ =iO` K~" =i =` b _~"O@ =Oz ~ `~x < Q_ qO.
O. ~`<, S...,
J_+# _~H~ [#~ P b (>xOQ)
b ^# H~=.
Index
H" JO_ W<Q+<

(Crime
& Investigation)
JO= (Topics)
S.No.
Page No.
<~= - H~}=
1.
10
15
33
(Crime)
2.
(Beats)
<~ i^# <}O - <~ O
3.
(Investigation skills - scene of crime)
^~}H - Q" H - i^<O
4.
(General principles of investigation of simple and grave cases)
^~ JkHiH H~=
5.
68
71
80
82
84
87 - 91
(Assisting the investigating officer)
WO@~ / WO@~Q+<
6.
(Interview / Interrogation)
<~ x"~}- <~=# ` K@
7.
(Prevention & Detection of crime)
^ =i n#=
(Search and seizure)
x
(Surveillance)
H~ - b +<
8.
(Court - Police station)
~xH <
(Forensic Science)
S.No.
1.
JO= (Topics)
<~i^# ~xH # =i LH~}

H `-LQO
Page No.
-
92
97
(Introduction to forensic science)

2.
=i_ ÔÒ,<~O, uH H^~
(Principle of exchange, scene of crime, physical evidence)
3.
~H= - <~ i^# ~HO H `
106
109
(Blood - its role in investigation)

4.
<~i^# qq^ ~H= Q~ LQ= - ^~Kq^#O

(>~ Q~, *~_ Q~, x=@ Q~)
(Various marks - preservation & utility of various kinds of

marks in investigation)
5.
`-` @ *Q`, x~}, i~H}
111
(Preservation and utility of documents)

6.
\" - _Q _
124
7.
(Clues team- Dog squad)

eH (Ballistics)
_ ^~= (Explosives)
128
133
~xH < ~@s
152
159
166
168
181
186 - 199
9.
(Forensic science laboratory)

10.
#`# OHuH i*#O

(Latest scientific aids)
11.
12.
13.
14.
HO\H H#OKx H~}"\ LQ

(Use of invisible rays & photography & videography)
"e =^ (Finger prints)
^=^ (Foot prints)
>\ ~ (Portrait parley)
~xH "_<
(Forensic Medicine)
JO= (Topics)
S.No.
1
"^ <G= - <~ i^# ^x `
Page No.
200
(Medical Jurisprudence Role in crime investigation)

2.
=H QiO-rqOz L# = =i ==# QiOK@
203
223
233
(Identification of persons, living and dead.)

3.
=~}H} =~}#O`~= s~= U~_ =~

(Signs of death and changes after death.)
4.
== = J~# K@ fH"e# K~ ==# =sH xq`= `~eOK@

(Procedure for guarding and shifting of dead body for
PM examination)
5.
=~}H~}= - = OK<= =i = sH
238
244
268
288
334
338
341
(Cause of death Inquest & Post - mortem)

6.
O# =~}=LiQO` ayOK@QO`@,
h@ =#Q@, ~O^= =`, <O
J_OH "^Q "^< O=.
(Asphyxial death by hanging, strangulation, smothering
and its medico - legal aspects)
7.
q+ q*# G= - "^ <O=

(Toxicology & its medico - legal aspects)
8.
Q= ~H= _ Q=
`H Q= - He# Q=
(Wounds & types including burns, explosive injuries and
fire arm wounds)
9.
=~}= =O^ Q =~}#O`~ Q ==

(Anti- mortem and Post - mortem injuries.)
10.
11.
~xH ~@s sH~= qq^ J===# HiOz

^~K@. (Preservation of viscera for FSL examination)
~H= - g~=-"O@H -x~}=-~H= Q
~H= =i g~=# QiOK uH, ~xH sH
"^< =Y` - =`$`$~"# "[=
(Blood, Semen & Hair Structure Blood groups Physical &

Chemical Examination of blood, semen & its medico - legal
importance including paternity disputes.)
12.
OyH <~= - "^< ^<O=
13.
(Medico - legal aspects of sexual offences)

^= zH` (First Aid)
-0000-
351
362 - 403
H" JO_ W<Q+<

(Crime & Investigation)
C &
I
<~=
(Crime)
Ô J= =# <~ K\# (Criminal Laws) LOOz K# #<

<~Q iQ}<~. Z\HC_ K@O ~#|_# K=# K~
KH=_OQh, K@H~O K_x K~ K_O Qh K '<~=. JK# "ix
tH~Q x~~OK_"#k. J~` `, ^_, H#<~O, =#OQO, ÔQ`#O
"^#q O^ <~Q QiO|_~. =*=~ ^$ Z\HC_ H`
< ^~ Hx K~ K@s` <~Q H\O|_`~. =~H@O W=_O,
KH=_O nxHH L^~}.
^ Ou ^`#, [ YO`# OQiK # tH~"# <~Q
iQ}O_`<~. H#H <~O XH qÔQ <, ~[H ~"# q+". U =H J~<
K\x JuHqOz ZO\ x K< <~_Q< iQ}O|_`_.
QÒ ^ Hi` <~OQ x~OK|_ K~, =~`# =*=~ ^$
` i` Jk <~OQ iQ}O|_H=K. ^ = z` Hy` H_O,
~u@ n "eyOK_O "^# z# q+ _ [i=< H * tH qkOK^Q
<~Q x~~O |_~. J~` WO\ K~ Ou = tH~ H=.
XH ÔQh, XH ÔQx, <~OQ x~~OK|_ x =~H Ô Qh,
Ô Qh <~OQ iQ}O|_H =K.
=#=x s~=# Qx H "i PH Qx OQO "\ K# H [
YO` OQ= HeOyOz#, J\ K~# '<~= JO^~. D <~=# =_
~H=Q =sHiOK=K#.
1. =#=x s~=# O|OkOz# <~=
2. PH O|OkOz# <~= J#Q ÔQ`#=, ^_, |Ok@ "^Q O
<~=.
3. W`~# "yOzQx H ^Q KQx "i P ~|@H#@ H J\ Px
#+~K@.
K@= J<k , e` =^ L# X_O|_H (It is a sort of
agreement between Govt. & People). nx ~O Wk=~ `<O. <~O
J<k =H H P, =[Ox q= =^ U~_# ~}Jx K=K. =[=
Hx iq` =H H K#, HiH#, P HiH# f~H< q^<#
J#=uOk.P q^< =u~H=Q HiH f~H=##H#C_ =HH,
C &
I
=[=x H@@ ~}U~_Òk. OH H@@ H@|_O_ Hx HiH#

f~H#C_ Jk <~=Q iQ}OK|_Òk. L^ : - =#OQ=, ^_, |Ok@.
Socially accepted / permitted goals L^ : _|# =x+x JO^~ Q~q~. _|
<OQ OkOK_x =[O J#=uOk. J#Q Socially accepted method.
=H `# H HiH kOK_xH J=OaOK ^`H, =[O W`~ =
~}U~_ J=H= LOk. J@=O\ ~}# <~OQ iQ}OK=K. =lH "`
(Sociologists) nx< ^~~ =~# (Deviant Behaviour) Jx JO\~.
L^ : ÔQ`#= (Theft) ^_ (Robbery) "^Q#q.
<~H~} :- <~ F =kiQ, q^, H+OQ L<~. K_ OQÒ,
u "`=~}O, J#H~}, hu x= x =~#, ~# O^ H=_O,
`Q@, =` =O^ xQ =~@, îHO, J<~QH~"# i` xK@,
=#H O~}, <~# OiOK_O =[OH L^#`, èÔ_ =^
H, Kki# @O, HO <~# J^ KH=@, f~x HiH,
JO`$ "^#q =Y"# <~ H~}Q ~#=K.
=HQ` Q}Q}, i~ =O, "`=~}O, J=H H OH+ =O
"^#q _ XH =H <~O K_xH ^Ô K~. JO^Hx =H <~_Q =~_xH
Z< ~H# H~}<x KH `^.
J"iH ^ '_O@ Hg+< <i#, ^xx J= ~K q^#=#
Ki, '<~ =$uHQ H~}# D qÔQ qnHiOzOk. ''JO`x H+ i`
<# XH =H =#H O~} Qi XH `H O^~O uOkOz K# x
<~==Òk. "`xH <~O JO\ Hx uO^# =O. XH =Hx ~Oz#
<~H~} H#H=_O z_# =#H J~}O î `#@Q LO@Ok.
<~ =sH~} (Classification of Criminals)
=# |\ <~# <~, <~Q qlO=K. <~# |\ P=H
ZO\ <~_ K=K. g~ Ou ^` x HeyOK_O, P#+O HQ*_O,
`, ^_ K~. ~[H, =` <~ - `, ^#HO_, ^_, J#=~"#
O _`~. <~# J"@_ H `èH/^~}<~Q qlO=K.
J"@ _ <~ =$u ~OQ Qh H ==Q Qh H_OnQ XH ^HO H~O
<~ K~.
1. =$u <~ : `= K~ =~#yOz PH O|OkOz# <~ K~. W\
<~ L^~}, <}O` K|_# H# <~O. g~ <~ K_x `=
=$uQ Z#Hx r=#O yO\~.
C &
I
2.
`èH <~_: ==Q XH ^HO, û O_ ZC_ XHi <~OK_.

giH <~ |` `~= H^.
3. <~_: ^~# OQ`=, i` =O H~}OQ <~`~.
4. q^=O`# x~^Q =i L^H =O He# <~
5. <~
6. O =$u Q"~.
7. OH =i ~[H <~
8. P O|OkOz# <~
9. \H <~
10. ~_, QO_
11. JO`~ ~+ =i JO`~f <~ 12. "\ H~ <~
13. HO@~ O|OkOz# <~ K <~.
gix D qÔQ _ qlOK=K#. PHH <~, PiH <~, H~_Q\#
<~, Q[ <~.
"_ P~O_ : J#Q <~ <~= _ qq^ ~H= ^`# "_ P~O_
JO\~. L^ : H# <~= K@, K~< zOQ, H H\ <~, "\~
"#= ÔQ`#=, = ÔQ`#=, OH _ "^Q#q.
<~ =~ (Criminal Gangs)
<~K `Q (Criminal Tribes)
D `Q "~ `= _ <~ K_" @O| =$uQ <i~. ~[<
KOk# K~, K~, =~+ KOk# s, HO[~, PO^^x HO l
KOk# =~~O Z~H, HH` KOk# ~, ~", Q[~` KOk#
|"s, h, g<, HO[~ =i `q<_x ~Or#Q~ KOk# H=s
<~ `Q L^~}. gix "~` <~Q ~Q}OK=K. =#~RO =i ~Q
~ <~ K# qq^ =~. Jq:
1. Q< ~ - '~h l KOk#"~.
2. `Q= - g~ PO^^ ~ x"= U~~<~. HO^~ Xi ~+O
L<~.
3. O H "z - g~ _b ~+=# KOk# "~.
4. |"i QOQ 5. =_~ QOQ
6. HO[~|\ QOQ
gi =#= XHHix QiOz q=Q Ki^=
1.
Q< ~
g~ =~+x ~h lx ~ Q=. D Q== 7 H 10 =Ok
@Oc <~ K#O^ =# Q= gix Q= |+~}K<~. g~ '~A~
C &
I
=i 'x~` Q== QOQH_ .. ~h l ~_<~. gi *u =_

`Q L#q. 1. ~*s: g~ === KHx rq~. Q= LO^~.
2. `s :g~ ^ k=~, J_q [O`=#, # "\_@ gi H =Y =$u.
3. Q< ~: g~ e x K^~. J=H=# |\ <~ K^~. g~
=^H~"# <~. == P QiOz g~ =#+# KO_xH _ "#H_~.
g~ <~ K@ "#_ =~ 8 =Ok QOQQ | ^~^~. g~
ÔQ`#=, zOQ "^Hx H#<~, ^_, |Ok@ <~ K@ ^.
=^^ Hx <~ K P OH= `Q=~_ q_~<~. g~ =Y=Q
~î ^_, |Ok@, ÔQ`< K^~. ~^~ =K "#=# P
"#Ox =# Q H\ s~= L# |@ zO, H K` H\", ~_ H#
_"^~. Z^~ uiy# "ix KO "^~. <~=# _ ~# ^Q~
Z#O^~. <~= K# `~` "~ ~ ^~ "i =H= ^Q~ =K@
J#=Q LO_@ D qÔQ Z#HO^~. gi P_" Ku` K# =,
O=, , QA "^Q == J=^~. <~= `~` Ks `# ^~
Jq"^~. <~= K#_ On =i =p~x `Q =\_^~. "i
"~ =~s =\_O^~. <~= K@ =#_ Q_e fHx ~ U^<
K@H=# #iH P H># P^=Q "_^~. Q_, Q_ Q` WO\ `
|^ H\ |Ok@ <~= K^~.
~_ <~= K#_ =Q~ H #Q~ ~_ LO^~. qye# =Q~
H #Q~ ~_ W~" ^y LO^~. U^< "#=# P#_ ~_ W~"
L#"~ =z "#=x =# H fH`~. <~= K#_ H~ xH~,
|x# H Ow îO`~.
^ : g~ ==Q O@ +~ î~. p~ H@O\~. Hx,
=~+ "i suQ p~ H\#_ Qp @O\~.
2. `Q =
g~ Z~H "i=< *#^ Q _^~. H#H gix Z~Q Jx _
JO\~. kO\Q, Q_î, JxQ_ JO\~. === K@, =#
"@ gi =$u. Hx HH"}# ^~H#O^# = @@, @ =K "@,
=~ J=@, "= K |OQ~ `Q =# J=@, ÔQ`#= K@
WO\ =$`H "tOz<~. g~ jHO, q[#Q~O l ~x"=
U~~<~. =iHO^~ #s@O, K_=~=, <^=~=, H._.@, q.=_Q,
Q~O_ O, QeQO_, z`Q, qY@O, `~, t= Q^=i l, QO@~
l `<e ^Q~ Q~QO J< Q=#, <~ l "OH@yix QOk#Q~O J<
C &
I
gk# ~x"O U~~<~. g~ ÔQ`#= "^Hx |Ok@ <~= =~

K~. P_" JqxO `, =~ "^Q == Jq, Ui ~ K#
`~` =Q" "o <~= K~. g~ On, =p~x `Q, Xi, `q +
=\_`~. PO^^, Xi l Z=Q <~ K^~. <~ K@
"#_ ~# XH Oz "Hx *# "_nO\~, H #_= H@O\~.
<~= K#_ == =$^ KO_ J~ qQ` ==# Ti |@
fHx "o JH_ q"# ==# fHx "~. # =#OQ= _ K~. gix
"O|_Oz#_ ÒKH#@ @H "_`~. <~= K@ "o#_
<~=# XH H.g. ^~= "i ^# XH K@ HO^ ^z_`~.
^ : g~ ==Q O@, +~# "O\~. p~, *H@ î~.
3. O H "z
g~ t= H< Ôx H\ KOk#"~. 1947 OII ~` ^xH
Ò`= =z# `~` ~`^=< ~_<~. g~ c~, Xi, ~[<,
=^^, L`~^, =~+, `q<_, H~@H =i PO^^ LO_ <~
K<~. ^~}=Q g~ ^_, |Ok@ <~ K~. g~ ^~}OQ U_Q~
=Q"~, =Q~ P_" He XH QOQQ U~_ <~= K@ "#_ giH XH
<_ LO_#. ^K# "Ò = 20 `= <xH, 20 `= }
Y~# qQ` 60`= O^~ OKHO\~. g~ =#=Q ~ =~=
^~< }= K~. W^~ H =Q~ = HO`=Ok ` Q\"
<~=# x~~OKx ~u " <~ K~. "~ ~+# ^Q~Q _~ "x
LO\~. <~ [iy# "O@< g~ =HO =~~.
"_ P~O_
WO\ `, H\H# Q_`, Q#=` QQ\ WO\xH "t~.
WO\x =# Q H_`~. |OQ~, "O_ #Q, #Q^ =`" fHx "~. qQ`
== fHx~. g~ pH\ ~` =`" <~= K~. <~= K@
=O^ <~= @ O_ K~. <~= K#_ On + =\_`~.
ÔQ `# P~ ^~= =O@ ` ^z\ P =# _bH O JH_
J=`~. g~ =^H~"# <~. WO@~Q+< K#_ ~ `yOz#K <~=
QiOz K~.
4. =i QOQ
g~ =^H~"# <~. <~= K#_ ` îOz J=~"#K
H [i <~= K~. g~ =^^, ~[<, L`~^, H~@H =i
C &
I
PO^^ ~+= <~= K~. gi ~"~ H ~="`~ J# ~O_

Q L#q. g~ XH Q 25 =Ok LO^~. g~ =#=Q ~< }=
K~. <~= K#_ MH x~O, [Oy + îO`~. "O@ ` fHx
"~. Q b= #\Oz ~O\ |H QiOz =z#@ K WO\ "t~.
<~= @ O_ K~. <~= K#_ On |` u_`~. <~ =
P~ ^~= uO\~. Q\ " <~ ^=# x~~OKHx ~u " <~=
K~. =#=Q XO\iQ L# W#, J_= ^Q~Q L# W# x~~OKO\~.
<~= K# `~` J_=xH i=^~.
5. =_~
D *u "ix <Q q^=Q qlOK=K#.
Z) H\ =_~ : g~ J_=x H> H\ Q= rqO`~. qQ` =_ *`
HO> g~ Z= =.
a) Q_^ =_~ : g~ Q_^ =# "~ Q= ~` _^~.
H#H giH Q_^ =_~ Jx ~ =z#k.
) |O_ =_~ : g~ ~# QQ\ "\x |O_ fHx "`~. H#H gix |O_
=_~ Jx JO^~. gi HO^~ <~= K~.
_) =\ =_~ : g~ qQ` *` "i HO> `=. H `=@, ~_"@ "^Q
=\ xK~. H#H giH =\ =_~ Jx~ =z#k.
1908 O|~ 28= `n# = #k Oy ^~^ #Q~= = #k H~"
L# @}=O` H@Hx ~#k. H#H J_ L<Q~ P#H@ xiOz<~. J_
e x K@ =z# =_~*u "~, D x~}= J~~# `~` H`~,
=`#Q~, ~*O^#Q~, |^, ~|O_, =e ~ x"= U~~K<~.
^, HsO#Q~ L# <~ <~= [iy# `~` ÔQ`# J=@
=O~H OKO_i. J^ qÔQ HO`=Ok =_~ *u "~ =O~ ~_<~.
g~ <~ H =K~=Qx, Jq# "i ~ Qx KH ÒKHx u~Q`~.
"_ P~O_
g~ H# <~= K@ ^. <~= K@ "_ P^=#
''=uQ_ JO^~. ^xx "i W+^=`=O^ \ l~. D P^= <_
^Q~ LO@Ok. P^=# Q_ ÔQ ` HO`Q= W~. =`Q~
=# =_~ *u"~ 1964 #O_ 1979 =~ ~yfQ ÔQ`#= KO_"~. Hx
`= Jq =x W_ ^_, |Ok@ <~= K<~. gi QOQ ^^ 6 =Ok
LO^~. #Q~ WO\H "o#_ qQ` W^~ WO\ |@ H LO\~.
C &
I
g#O` `~Q "i x =yOKHx "o`~. |, s, ~ Uk JO^@ =O>

^x "O@< u~Q }= H#y~. g~ <~# pH\ ~` =`" K~.
~u 9 QO@ #O_ 10 QO@ =~ Q `y J#= ux qOu fO\~. ^^ ~u
XO\ QO@ #O_ `"~ *= =~ <~ K~. Ok =O=, `Q_ QiOz Z=Q
Y~ K^~. g~ ÔQeOz# ÔQ =# "i <_ ^~ H P_"i ^~
è# = =`" J=`~. J=Q =z# =# <~= K# "~O`
OKO\~.
6. HO[~ |\
g~ `Q =$u <~. L`~^, ~[<, =^^, =~+ ~_~.
=Q"~ ^=u +~, P_"~ ~, F}, *= "O\~. @=K K W+O. TiH
K ^~= Q_ "O\~. <~= K# "O@< =H= =~~. g~ =~i,
=z~x `Q =\_`~. g~ ÔQ`#=, ^_, |Ok@ "^Q Jx q^#
<~ K~. =# ÔyeOz "\ =O= uO\~. i`# |\ "i "_
P~O_x =~~. "~ =#x Q_^ fHx ""~. Hx HH"}"\x
=k |, s, \H, ~ =~= ^~ }<~. g~ ^K# =`
=_ "~= K~. J f~x "i H = n#= KO\~. g~
<~= K#_ ` "_^~. ~î ^_ K~. k`# Q H\ "i
==# O\~. Hx i` Q_# = =~}~ _. WO\ `#
Q_` QQ\ WxH "o <~ K~. Z^~ uiy# =# Q H@_O =# P
^| HO^~ Kx=^~. ÔQ == J=_xH g~ # "_`~.
# LîOz# =$u =~ (Professional Gangs) HO_ D =^ HO
Z< H` QOQ, K^=O@# q^~, x=i\ K^=O@#
Q_\ "^Q q= =lH =~ "i` U~_~. u H <~=# ^x
"_ P~O_ H~= =~# QiOK_O ~#~# H+`~==`#^x QiOKQ~.
<~ =$u ~Q_xH b^`
1. iH~ H=OQ "H=@.
2. x x `y#O` ^ KH=@
3. <~=K~O K~ fHO_ J}Q^@ 4. Jqhu
5. <~ f=`# `yOK@
6. <~` p_@
7. ~Q b`#, * JkH~`# Ò|O^ O_, "i H~
OÔ_ LO__O.
8. L#` JkH~ `xv H=OQ H=_O.
9. +< ik - `# q^# Qi JkH~ i# J=Q# H=@.
C &
I
10. <~x~^ k i# K~ fH#H=@.

# ~# H~}# |\ <~= J<H H~} H~H= [~QÒ^x
x~~}K=K. <~x~~}K H~} H#H=_O K H+"# q+O.
<~`b=~#
<~_` O+Oz, J`# U =~xH KOk#"_ `H"e. L^~} <~_
O=$u Q"_` J`x @O| uQ`, =HQ` q+ "^# "\@ =#
ZO` PH L#@Q J_y `H"e.
H=OQ J`x J q+OH kOz J`x qx K~Q#Qe. O`H
<~# kiOz, ^~ _w ^` ^~ OQnH=_O JÔ. J`# <~_Q
=~_xH îf# i`, ~~OQx "eH f, rqÒ "O KO^_xH H~}#
Ò> =# H=e# =^#O aOk. O`H <~# ~`~
^~}<~` @ He LOK_^. x~OÔ LOz#C_ "ix *Q`Q XH HO@
Hx\e. Q`, Jy>, _ W`~ O|O^"# iH~# <~_H
JO^@ LOK_^. J LOz#O^ = J`# i=_xH uOK J=HO
LOk.
x~^QO H~}OQ =x+ JOu, "O, `èH L^H i`"# ^+=O
U~_Òk. D q^"# L^Hi` =` =# b+< `~KQ Z^~Ò\~.
K@ =u~H"# H~H _@O = = i~O aOKHQ ^~^$+H~"#
e` Z^~`x "iH è*e. q^=O`_# <~_` FHQ q+#
KiOK_O= =H=~O =# =` qx K~Q#=K. Wk q+` ZO`
LQ_#. L^~} =O_ Hg+< PO^# (1990) O^~OQ x~^Q
=, q^~ "i q+`# OH~OQ TOKx, L^HxH <, "i
HO^~ q"# rq` =yO eH~. L^= =~O K@H=O^ " |k K,
xz#@~` P ~H"#, ~"# O@# [~QO_ x~kOKQeQ"~=.
qî < @O| Ki`# `H=@O= J`x L^Hi` ^+", =~
W`~ ^+"# `yOK_xH J=HO U~_Òk. ^~^$+` zOz#@~` Wk
b ZO` LQH~O. f= Ou^` =# JiH\# "=`=.
<_ <~, <~ OY JkH=Òk. OH i`, i~
" D ^~^$+H~"# O@# H~}. èÔ_ x~HO _ =~
=YH~}O. D q^"# <~@ b JkH~ *e` ==iOKe. "#
J~OK< ^~}` "Qe. "` Hi#OQ ==iOK_^.
b JkH~ =aK~ ` ==iOK@C_ "i i`#, "i @O|
Ki`# #u` J~OKH=_xH uOKe. "iH #~"O HeOKO^ Q#
C &
I
J=~"# q+# è*e. ^"#O` =~ = <~# b+#

fx ~O_ *Q` =OKe. J^qÔQ <~# H @_O, K` _
`yeOK_O K_^. = <~# =Q <~` He LOKO_ q_Q LOKe.
= <~# b+< LOK=# O^~O= = Hx|# JH_ LOKe.
gO =# b+< #O_ Qh, l _H~~ #O_ Qh = Hx|#
WO^H~ eOK=K#.
OH =i PiH <~: D `~QuH KOk# " '"\ H~ <~Q =|_
<~ =O\~. D ~H"# <~ JkH~# qq^ ~HQ |~H=_xH
u~. x*~fQ =[= K^# bJkHi ZO\ ^+~}
OQO_ "# K\xH J*|`_. ^~}OQ D `~QuH KOk# <~ K
èqQ"~, H@ LO\~. JO`QO_ giH L#` =~ "i` O|O^ LO\~.
Z\ i`# WO\ <~# =ke @O_, "i OQO_ J\"ix
K\xH J*_" bJkHi qk. D q^"# <~ =# K_ O|O^#
`H=_xH Jx K@ #O_ =K~O HiOKe.
\H <~ : \H <~` =~^Q< =iOz#\H x|O^##
JuHqOz#O^# "i K@|ÔQ `QK~ fH"e. JO`HO_ "iH x=x|O^#
QiOz è*e. ~_ g^ \H b =~# b W"*# OOkOK_O
ZO` "x H#|~Ok. #Q~, @} b J#Q< [ ~E HxOK
\H b Q~H~. H|\ =~^ \OK_O \Hb ZO` J=~=.
\H x|O^## J= ~ \H bJkHi `# _ P x|O^## YzÒQ
\OKe. b# [ XH HO@ Hx_` LO\~< q+x =~=_^.
XH <~} qKiOK@C_ U i` Z@=O\ " = <~ =$uH
_<~ ^xx q+OKe.
L^: 1) è J<~Q=` ^_K#C_ H_ =O^ ÔQ`#O K_=.
2) XH J<^ _ PHe` ^_` ~># ÔQ`#= K_=.
-0000-
10
C &
I
(Beat)
Q J#Q Hx| Q _\ K_xH xs` =O uiy~"e# Ô H

=~O. @} J~` Hx g^, Hx Hh H XH 'c@Q x~~O|_Òk.
Qg}O` J~` XH\ H Z= Q= =^# H XH xs` =~x c@Q
x~~~. .. ikx c@ =~OY# H\~~.
==Q XH~ H W^~ Hx|# c@ _\ xq~. "ix `xv
K_xH _Hx|# O`~. W<H~, iW<H~ "i i^ c@
x~}q+" ^` =~.
c@ _\ Hx|# OOK=O^ b+< JkHi "~ x~OKe#
H~"x c@ |H q=iOz c@ =y# `~` "i#O_ x"kH# fHO\~. c\
x~}-O|Ok` iH~ QiOz Z...". P~~<O. 658 #O_ 672 =~
`|_#k.
~u c@ : ~u c@# P<~=# x~kOK@H (s O|OkOz# <~=) O~.
~u@ c@ _\H~ Hh= W^~ Hx|# OOK_O [~QÒk.
Q c@ : Q c@# [iy# <~=# ikOK@H~, Ui ^k=~,
J#=<^"# =, =^H~"# <~ u~QK# q+=, "i #_=_H
Hx@@ H~ Q\ c@ O~. Q\ c@ XH Hx|# Q_ O=K#.
@}=i Qg}c@ x~}Q~OKH=# JO=
(Chapter 35 of APPM)
1. x~tOz# Q ^x Qi `H=_O
2. [#O^`
3. "~ O =^= H =# [ x=OK ^= J# q+O
4. P ^ [~Q`# =Y"# H~H
5. ~^~ u
6. P ^ L# <~ x", "~ ^~}OQ K <~
7. =~ `Q^ L# OÒ H Q=O
8. ~# gk n x ^
9. K^~ =^~Q L# W H O`
Q _\ L#Hx| D HOkJO#Q~OKH"e.
1. H~ =^, =~\ =Q~ O` [~Q [Q_, H\@, <\ ^~`#O
L#"~ "^# "\x Qi `Q su ==iOK_O.
C &
I
2.
3.
11
`y W+O =z#@Q =iOK =# J^xH fH=_O.

U^< <~x Qi =K~O è# "O@< ~^ fH#@ H ~kx ^Q~x
b+# O, `# <~xH ~ `Q *Q` fH=_O.
4. ~^~ P@OHQ L# QO# ^ "<# `yOK_O.
5. \H =^ `Q K~ fHx \H# H=OQ #_OK_O.
6. c@ OÒx ^~, J # K"~O>, <~ U"< LO> "\x
JiH@_O.
7. Jy =^, `y_# q^` fQ, =û L# =<, =# QiOz#
q=~ +< èK_O.
8. `~# , =ke @|_# Px Qi b+< i~ K_O.
9. =e"~, Q_"~, #, ~n ~^~ ^\OK@ O K_O.
10. " Q$, ` x LOK_O, ÔQ = H<"~, ÔQ, E^~,
K_#_` Q"i x =OK_O.
11. `# JyOz# xOk` x LOz "i K~# Qi qK~}K_O.
Qg}c@
* ^`, "i P ~H}b =Y H~==< "x "i =#
`H<@@ =iOK_" c@ Hx| =Yqk. b+< H, K=Q J`#
==iOKe. [, b+< =^ "~kO\"_ c@ Hx|.
^~}OQ Q= c@# 4 q^=Q qlOK=K#.
Z) =~ `Q^ Q (H< c@)
a) <~ Q (HOc@)
) K_#_`Q "i x Q (a..c@) _) W`~ q+ Q (qx c@)
Z) =~ `Q^ Q (H< c@) : b+< ik U Q==<` `~KQ
`Q^ [~Q< J\ `Q^ =# *OuH OQ= H<, `Q^# x~kOK@H~
O c@# H< c@ JO\~.
a) <~Q (HOc@) : U Q=<` PH O|OkOz# <~= Z=Q [~Q< J\
<~=# x~kOK@H~ O c@# HOc\ Jx JO\~.
) K_#_`Q"i x (a..c@) : b+< Ui Q `<~,
K_#_`Q = ~u" <~= K@ "`<~ ^ Jx "i x H~
O c@# a.. c@ Jx JO\~.
_) W`~ q+ Q (qx c@) : b JkH~ Z=~< H q+=
Q= OîOz#C_ H z#z# q+ qK~}H~ Qx, =#, "~O@
C &
I
12
J= ~@QiOz "o#C_Qx, <~ J~ QiOz qQ` q+ Q=

"o#_ ^xx qx c@ Jx JO\~.
Hx| Q q^ (c\ _\H) "o#C_ D HOk q=iO|_# =K~x
HiOK=#.
1. =^H~=Q <~ x" "i #_=_H# Q=xOKe.
2. ~+#, |O_, x=, "^Q *_e (aH) =
} =i J#=x` x" LOKe.
3. WO` =O^ c@ "# ~A #O_ uiy c@ "o# ~A=~ U"< <~=
[iQ H <~=# O|OkOz# =Y"# =K~= è#K ^xx
HiOKe.
4. Z=~< H`=Qx, J#=<^"# =Qx Q==# =z#>` P
=K~= HiOKe.
5. H._., _.. H ` <~ Z=~< <~= K@ "`<~ H "~
OkOz# _|H< "~ Y~ Z=Q K#@~` J\ =K~O HiOKe.
6. Q== Z=~< ÔQ` H#"~ L<~? LO> "i ^Q~ K_#_`Q,
J#=xOKQ = Z=~< =z "o# =K~=# HiOKe.
7. H, ~ ^H}= ^Q~ W`~ = QiOz =K~=#, <@~~
J="~, # O_ P^= LOK#"~, ~[H s, <,
"i H Z`Q_ QiOz =K~= HiOKe.
8. ^~ `~"` ="# H QiOz =K~=, b+< i~ Kx
H =K~= HiOz b+< c@ #O_ uiy =z# `~` +<
P~ D =K~=x è*e.
9
Q=O Ou^` OQ= HeyOK q"^, HH "^# "\ q=~
HiOKe.
10. Q=O L# H~# QiOz `H"e.
QH (c@)O|OkOz#iH~
1. #=< O`H= HO (..a)
2. c@ H=
3. ~O@ H=
4. H._., J#=x` `xv il+~
5. _\ ~~
6. q* ~~
1.
Q H=(c@|H) : Wq QH " Hx| "O@ O <\ H=. g\ U
Hx| U c@ "<_ J`x <O|~, `k, ==, Q u~Q=# ^=,
"^Q q=~=` <@ H=x Z_=" Q l " +< P~
C &
I
13
O`HO K~. Qx `xv K JkH~ J~`, ==, =, Z=~<

J#=<^"# = HxOz#K "ix tOz# q=~=, J~ K# = ~,
"i J_ "^Q q=~=h <@ HO _"# Q l " Q (c@)
Hx| O`H K=#. Q u~Q=# OÒ H_, _.., x"
LOK=# ` <~ L#K "i ~, J_ " Q H= ~O_= r (e ")
JuHOKe.
2. ~O\ H= (~O\ |H) : +< P~, c@ u~Q =# O`
Hx Q=# x~~OK#. JH_ ^Q~ L# Q=x WO\ XH H= LOK`~.
Q H~ "o# Hx| Hh, `xv JkHi Hh "i qkH =K~? ^! Jx
`H=_xH D H= P^~=. Q Hx| ~O\|H O`H= K# `~"`
P WO\ [=x H O`Hx c@ HO fH= LO@Ok. #Q~ S`
ZHxH c\" ~O\|H O`H K# q=~ .. iH~ J=`~.
Ò D û |~^ #Q~O J=##k.
3. O`H= `xv HO (O QK~ |H) : Q u~Q=# OÒ Z=i^Q~`
~O\|H LO@O^ "iH O`H D HO LO\~. b+< ik Zx
~O\|H LO\ Q= "sQ "i ~, z~<=, O`H D HO
LO\~. D H= +< P~ n#O LO@Ok. Q #O_ uiy=z# `~"`
c@ |H L# O`H=, D il+~ L# O`H` e K Hx| QH "_?
^! è KC@ g HQÒk.
4. H._. KH il~ : Q u~Q=# O`= H._., _.., J#=<^"# =
=#C_, c@ "o# Hx| "ix KH K# `~` "~ WO\ [~Q =<~? ^!
J#k D il~ "~. nx L^= U=#Q pH\ ~` D = <~=
K@ | ^~~? ^? è KC@ gQ =O@Ok. +< P~ <HHi
gix KH K, gi P^= r=<kH iÒ^ ^ "^Q q~= D il~
" J\ q+= l b H~xH è*= LO@Ok.
5. _\ ~~ : b+< |Ok u~E Z=~=~ U _\ K#k D il~
#"^ K~. Q, i^#, z~H qK~}, =# J= K@ "^Q
q+= Jx D il+~ "~. < PYi ~A# _\ q=~=x OQ
Q}OH q=~ f~.
6. q* ~~ : D il~ b+< |Ok "o# Q=h `n"sQ #"^
K~. +< P~Q =# bJkHi _ "^\ =_ < HO J`x
ik L# Jx Q=# OîOKe. XH" PqÔQ g_x HO `î =_
= HO<< J`_ b+< ikx Q=x OîOKe. .S. Q=x
14
C &
I
`xv K#_ q* ~~ P Q=xH =i `xv K# `k HO ~_ WOH` "~.

Z..S. / K.. `xv K#_ | WOH` " ~_ WOH` JO_~ < K~. ..
`xv K#_ | WOH` "~. J^ qÔQ ^ Q JkH~ Q= ~u |
K#>` qÔQ " ~O_ K~. c@ "o# b+< |Ok QiOz _
`=H Q}OH q=~ (H~s PH) f~. D Q}OH q=~ =# |Ok Zx
Q= OîOz#k, WOH Zx Q= OîOK=#k =Q Òk.
@}Q û : (\< c\ ") @}O`= L# b+< |Ok XH
qQ=# c@ H\~OK^~. nxx Q qQO JO\~.
Q qQO (Q _\K"O\) : Q qQx <Q H#Q qlOz XHH H< XH
_Hx|# W<K~Q xqO`~. XH" <= H# _Hx| W<KiQ
#K x~ Hx|# P H# W<KiQ xq~. Q qQO =O`"sQ Q
q^# x~OK#. J#Q 'Z H< L# Hx| 6 QO@, 'a H< L# Hx|
8 QO@, ' H< L# Hx| 10 QO@-D qÔQ q^ x~i~. H<q^ 4
~A XHi =~~. XH Hx| 4 ~A 32 QO@ q~=O aOK#. H#H
giH "~ q~=O W=#=~=^.
-0000-
15
C &
I
<~i^# <}O
(Investigation Skils)
i^# J#Q, H< 2(K) P~... H~= H=# HiOK H== XH

bJkHi K@ik [i H K~h ij# H i^#Q iQ}O|_`~.
XH "l@ H L`~ "~ =~=~< H=# HiOK H=O [i H
K~ _ ij# H i^#Q< iQ}O|_`~.
OH=Q KCH"O>H~ <~ JOu=OQ Ki+@ (<~~}) ^Y
K =~ [iQÔ` i^# H W<Q+< Jx qOKH=K. XH <~O QiOz# ^=
=K~O JOk#\ #Oz bK i^# ~O==Òk. <~ =#
ijeOK@O, <~= QiOz, <~# QiOz# =K~=# HiOK@O, #
qKiOK@O, <~# J~ K@O, <~ "_# P^=#, "e=^
"^#"\x, ~H= "^# "\x ij<~= HqH sH O@O, J=~=#
|\ <~# QiO [iOK@O "^#=h W<Q+< Q=. W<Q+<
HiOz#, "# =K~x =QOQ ijeOz <~ JOu=OQ Ki+@ ^Y
K@O` i^<H=O i J=Òk.
Hx Hx O^~= XH H# QiOz qKiOK==OkQ b# Qx, H
=~Hix Qx "l@ P^tOK=K. Jk _ W<Q+<Q< iQ}O|_Ò^x
x~K#O ~O_=QO ^~ J~==Òk.
<~i^# QOQ "" `< ~` <~Q J#=xOK|_"ix,
Hx O^~ ~^ K# =Hx, # _ b OOK@O <~ i^#
QOQ iQ}O|_^. P qÔQ OOK@O +< H^<x |#O KOk _
J~` XH<H H =#OQxH Q~# = JO^ O|OkOz# q=~#, `=
J`K~O K#"i ~# "_OK^ x~HiOK^~ (O`). "ix b OOz
<~ O|OkOz# q=~# ~|> Ò K~. i` ^$ P qÔQ
Xu_K_O =O["#x OH~ Ja_Ok. "Ò g^ J~O KH#=Ok
Uq@O>, <~ i^# ~+OQ L<, x|O^<#~OQ H~<,
i^<kH~O x JkHiK i^# [iy<, i^# *O [iy<, ~=#O
f=OQ LO@Ok. +< H gy =Ô _ LO@Ok. D H=O
P~... 41 #O_ 44,46,155,156,157 `k`~ H## He J#~OKH"e.
^~ JkHi =~` : Z=~,Z=i, Uq\, ZC_, ZH_, Z, ZO^ J<
# Qi Yz`"# ij# QqOz#C_ =`" ^~ JkHi =~_Q
QiO|_`_. <~O [iy# Ox =, ==, O@# ^`ÔQ
C &
I
16
ijeOK_O JkHi ij# =MÔQ LO_e. ij# =u~HO# Q_

Q=xOKe. L^~}: i^# _ ~H =~H, "e=^, <~
LyOz# P^ =O\ "\x <~O ^~HH=_O _ =~_# JkHi
Q=x_.
xt`"# *HH : ^~ JkHi ij# U"` Q=xOK_ "\x uiy q=~OQ
Q~ KHH` [#O #O. H~=O LÒ, K~`#O K#C_ =Oz
*H H Ô. D HO^ H#~z# JO =Oz *HHH ^Ô K~.
1. JÒ` ^ J"@_e.
2. q=~xO\h Ju ìÒQ Q~OKH"e.
3. = =~#, J"@ Q~OKH"e.
4. *HO LOKH=# q+x `~KQ =##O KH"e.
5. H~nH He LO_ q+ =sH~}KH"e.
6. ^"#O` Z=Q *<Ok# LyOKe.
7. J=~"# q+x "_O, \ f_O ^~ Z= HO Q~OK H=K.
ij# : XH =H ^x<< K J`x U~_ =#H z`x ij#Q qOK=K.
WO\ ij# g#x q=~# "Ò ^$O H i~ ~x =#
`<@@Q ijeOK_O ijx qk. J`x =#H iu |\ _ ij<
=O =~Òk.
J=Q ij# H~}
1. ij< =O L^QO, P"O He LO__O.
2. ij# =O^ Hx xtà He LO__O.
3. T[x` Ja# ij# < *_OK_O.
4. ij# Hx JO# Q=xOKH=_O, x Hx H` q+# [` K_O.
5. [iy# Jx q+# Q~ KH=_O JH`.
6. =$u s`, J s`, Hx q+ g^< ^$+ HOnHiOz, =i HxO\x x~HO
K_O.
7. K~ =#, W`~` O+} =# ij<OO =HHiOK|__O.
8. ij<Ox è*_O =Ò LO__O.
9. ij# JO~OQ LO__O =, HHiOK_O = Hx ~ `C ^~_O
10. `# *H H g^ JO=O = Yz`"# ij# KH=_O.
<~ =K~O : <~#, <~# Qi è K =K~x <~ =K~=x K=K.
C &
I
17
<~ =K~O = LQ
1. #=HOQ, =~=OÒQ iOz# =K~O <~ i^# <k~~. nxx
<~# JiH@_xH LyOK=K.
2. Yz`"# <~ =K~O =, XH <~O H ~~# `H_xH g=Òk.
nx= "= q+# ~|@=K.
3. ^~ JkHi q[=O`"# ^~ K#C_ xOk`# J~ K_xH
HiOz# =K~O LQ_Òk.
4. ^` ^~ aOK P^~ = <~# QiOK=K.
<~ =K~O H~}
1. b JkHi x*~fQ, ^Q qOz xK [ b #=Hx
OOkOK_O ^~ <~ =K~ H~}K=K.
2. <~# Qi i# =K~x JOkOK = QiOz "i x O^_O
=, =K~ H~}=Òk.
[=K~xJOkOK_xH H~}
1. fH~O
2. i`+HO O H H$`[`, ^~}OQ O H `H QiO [
=K~O W=_xH ^^_~.
3. XH <~x \=_O ^~ O^ =HQ` O.
4. <~ =^Q "~O, J.
5. `\ <~x Ò.
6. tH #O_ q=H O^@
7. ^~ JkHi`Q O|OÔ.
8. ^` QiOz# ~_Q WK =K~O.
<~ =K~ H~}`__ "~
1. |, ~, P\, H iH=O\ "< #_"~ H JO^ x K"~.
2. @, `, ^~, \H@, < x~OK "~ H JO^
xK"~ =i =_ "~.
3. ", "Q$ x~, `~_Q, H, ~~ ^H} xK"~,
E^Q "^#"~.
4. ` |Ok, @ |Ok. =OQe "~, ~ ~ "^#"~.
C &
I
5.
18
~Q@ H~, | =^ xK"~, #\ xK"~, =b

=i ~ qOu Q^ xK"~.
6. x=, ~, ~H|, H~ iOQ xK"~.
7. * |Ok.
8. ^g q~=}K# b JkH~.
9. =e`#O = ÔQ`< =<# ` <~.
<~ =K~=OkOK iH~,K~}
1. Hq# WO>e*< Ql\.
2. b +< LO_ <~ q+ zH.
3. "_ J~O_ |~ (".F.a) iH~.
4. Q= O|OkOz# <~ iH~ (~ - 4 P +< HO i).
5. H\H"~, H~ Qi è \H.
6. =Ô, QO*~ =O\ =^H^" J=_xH W=|_ #^~ iH~.
7. ~"} JkH~ iH~.
8. ~+<, |O_ LOK|_ iH~.
9. q=< iH~.
10. @x iH~.
11. ~, H, P` LOK|_ iH~.
12. O_ "i M`^~# Qi ` iH~.
13. [## =~}, q" #"^ K iH~
14. H| LOK|_ iH~.
~ H~x~}^~<~ =K~ H~}
<~ =~ He u~Q_O, "ix #qOz "i XH_Q LO_ =Kix
HiOK_O XH `H"# <~. W K_O = Hx <~ PKH OQ f=K.
L^ :
Z) pH\ "~
a) =^H^", <@ P^ "~O.
) ÔQ<@ K=}
_) x+^ ` K~}
W) QOQ<~
Z) `Y [iQ JH=.
l) Jqhu H
C &
I
19
<~ =K~ H~}_ =` "Qe# ^`

1. = Q` Ki` `H=_O.
2. OO =H ^` xqÒ O_ PîOK_O.
3. H QiOz Jx q=~ J`x` KO_ LO__O.
4. "Q#O H~O H=OQ HO i`+HO KeOK_O
5. F~Q "Q_O
6. "i q=~ |~Ò HO_ *Q` =OK_O.
^~ <~=# J`kH =Y` LOk. <~ ^~ <~x `xv
K_O, JH_ aOK uH H^~ HiOK@O, <~x *Q`Q ijeOK_O ^~
<~O [iy# q^<x `H#@O Ju=Y"# q+.
<~=O>, <~O [iy# ^ <~xH O|OkOz# uH P^~# Q=xOK^y#
O.
<~O
<~= QiOz# q+ =i <~=# \Q /g_ f@O QiOz
~xH < qOQ `<~. WC_ <~ x K w_O =i uH
P^~= H~ <~x `xvK ^` QiOz `HO\~.
<~O =Y` : <~ ^~ QOQ ^~ JkHi <~xH "O>< Ki JH_
=#@=O\ uH P^~# QiOz HiOKe. <~ "x |\ J=~"` \"#,
O| _[ _# eOz <~O uH P^~# HiOK@ Ke. U =`=
P"## uH P^~ K_~, "\x x} iHOz JaO W=@O H+=
J=Òk. "\H H q=_ `yÒk. J^ qÔQ <~q^<x QiOK_O,
<~x H#H=_O K H+= J=Òk. <~ ÒKH=_xH P~= =O@Ok.
Hx O^~ "`=~}== =# _ uH P^~ K_`~. H|\
^"#O` `~Q uH H^~# HiOz sH O_O ^~ JkHi H Ju
=Y"# qk.
<~xO~HOK q^</^`
1. Q~ "@.
2. <~= K@ '' >H< > "@
3. <~=x ==# =#k L#@Q =OK@.
4. P= KO_ '' \"/ O| _[ _ # eOK@.
5. "`=~}i`#O_ <~x H_@
C &
I
20
6. W`~# Z=ih <~=xH J#=uOK O_@

7. ~^ ^~# / k`# J#=~OQ <~= u~QO_ K@.
8. O_ [O`= ^ W`~ [O`=# <~ =xH ~hO_ H_@.
9. <~x \ / g_, z` @= =i =[~ ^~ iH~ K@.
<~xiH~ K_O
<~x ^~ JkHi iH~ K@O =# q+` =~ iK H#@,
~~ KH#@ =i HO H~ LQ_Òk. <~x iH~ K@
\/ g_ fe. <~ z`\x , =[~# `~ Ke.
<~x O~HOK_xH `H}K~ fH# `~"` ^~ JkHi, Hx iH~
K_xH ^==`_. J~` P qÔQ K_xH =O^ W^~ Ò` qh"#
O fHx =[~ "e. D # <~xH ~Q#OK fH=_O
=Ozk. <~qK~}=O D H, +< H# \+O K~. H q=~`
<\|H q=iOK=~ \Q fH<=~ U Hx L# K\#Oz H
f_^ ^ `H_^ ^ K K=~ ^x <x =~_^.
\Q (Photography)
<~O U qÔQ [iyO^ `H=_xHQ# <~O qq^ ~H# = (uH)
P^~# K` =~H=O \ fH"e. H q=Q "\H =Y`
W"e.
1. <~=O` H#|_ qÔQ \ fe.
2. ` Kx~# =HQ Q, P#" @@ QiO|_# qÔQ
L#@~`, nxx QiOK@ gQ =O _=# O "^#q =K qÔQ
\ fe.
3. H q= Q == (uH) P^~ J#Q P^ "^#q, Jq _ L#
K@` \ fe.
4. "e=^, ^=^, x=@ Q~ "^#q LO> \ fe.
5. qq^ ~H# H K@H L# i~ =K#@ \ fe.
Q=xH : \ f# =H ~, qO, LyOz# H"~, \ f# `k,
=O, JC_ LO_# "`~ "^#q qOQ H _s " <Q\"`
\ H~ Oe.
<~Oz`\x`~ K_O
<~^~ =O QOQ u ^~ JkHi XH <~ z`@O (Rough
Sketch) `~ Ke. <~ z`@O ^~#, H~ H=Q#
LQ_Òk. H=# b JkHi ^` <~ Z`@O `~ Ke.
C &
I
21
<~ z`@Ox~K#O
<~O [iy# =# ^~ Q=Q, H=Q, q+` LQ_@
gQ, <~O L# O`x, ux, uH P^~#, ~"# P^~#, <~ k#
``, ""xH ^Q~Q =i û wz# ~M z`=< ''<~ z`@O
JO\~.
<~ z`@Ow@ J=~"# ==
1. >100 J_Q,
2. >20 J_Q,
3. XH ~~ 12 JOQ,
4. kz
5. Q ~,
6. x,
7. ~ #OK@ H ~,
8. qq^ ~OQ K # (J=~"#K)
<~ z`@Ow ^`
<~ =O, O`= P^~OQ J=~"# ûx ^~ JkHi
x~~OKH=K. qq^ =}H ^` HO^ `_"#k.
1. =# ^ < û
1. D û ~O_ ~"# P^~ #Oz qq^ uH P^~ ^~x Hez,
QiOK@O J< `x Ly~.
2. ~O_ ~"# P^~# _=Q =i uH P^~ ^Q~Q L# "\x
ZOH Ke.
3. D ~O_ ~"# P^~# H ~Y# < JO\~.
4. WO_~ <~ WO\ Q_#, J=\ _~ <~O ~O_ H~O@ O#
^ K@# < Q fH=K.
5. < x~~Oz# `~"` uH P^~ < x= w` we.
6. x= ~Y, ^xx ^Q~ L# ~ aO^= (P^~O) #O_ L# ^~x Q_
QiOKe.
7. ~Y P^~OQ uH P^~ LxHx QiOK=K.
< û z`@O
C &
I
22
uH}û
1. D û J=\_~ O` J#=Q LO@Ok.
2. nx g#O` ^~OQ L# ~O_ ~"# P^~# ZOH KH"e.
3. ^~OQ L# uH P^~xH,~O_ ~"# P^~ L# ^~x z ~Y
we.
4. ~"# P^~ ZO` ^~O<< uH P^~ LO_=K.
uH}û z`@O
H *H< û (Cross Projection method)

1. D û WO_~ <~O eOQ, H\H, Q_ L# uH P^~#
zOK@ LQ_Òk.
2. WO^ Q_, H\H ` x=Q L# == ~ (<) =O`~OQ
~K|_#@ H q$` ~~.
3. ~ P^~#, ~O_ Q_ = #O_ ^ # ~ H = #O_ fHx
uH P^~ ~Y wz ^~x z~.
C &
I
23
H *H< û z`@O
ij#=[~<=
<~x iH~ K@ ij# =[~<=# "=#
=[~<= "#_ \OK=# JO
1. P ^xH ^"#O` ^Q~ x#, Q~=^"# ^ =#+ =HO
"e. ^=#+ ~ "e.
2. =[~<= ^ =#+ O`HO fH"e. ^=#+ O`H=
KQQe.
3. =[~ `k, ==, ^= zOKe.
4. =[~ H".<O. H< P , U +< O|OkOz# H, ^~ JkHi ~,
[~Q L# W`~ b JkH~ ~ "e.
5. =[~ "K# Ô b+< Uk, ZO` ^~O L#k zOKe.
6. =[~ " Ô K@ H i^ "e.
7. `xv K# `~"` WO\/== [=xH == n# ~K#O^Q#,
^ e W"e. =[~ ^ =x+ / H O`H= LO_e.(H< 100
.P~..)
C &
I
24
8.
# `xv K#C_ W`~ ` `xv K~OKe. "i Q~"xH OQO

"\O_ Ke.
9. ^ =#+Q LO_\xH x~HiOz# "# H< 187 S HO^ "l\
J#=u` \ K=K.
10. P~ K O^~O H< 48 P~... "~ Ke.
11. =[~/ b _OQ H Xil# ux O|Ok` H~ Oe.
uH H^~#HiOK ^`
<~= x uH H^~# ^`# LyOz HiOK_O =#
^~K PkHi K JOÔ_ =O_"\x _ HiOK=K. HOk ^`#
LyOz uH H^~# Hi~.
1.
~ û
D û H~O =YOQ WO_~ <~x `xv K=K. `xv U ` =^ #O_
J~< "^ \ Q_~O = u~Q û H~O Qh, =u~H ûQ Qh, Q_
P#Hx `xv K ~ =^^xH K~e. `~` Q_, WO\ HC QO }OQ
`xv Ke. WO\ "#HQ# Q Mm#, H`Q `q _# # `xv Ke.
WO\ Q Mm =i iK~ HO^ `H ijeOKe.
2.
û
D ûx _ WO_~ <~O `xv K@ LyOK^~. nx H~O `xv
Ke# O `=Q LO_, JO^ U"< z#z# == H~ `xv Ke= D
û K LQ_Òk. <~x n~K`~H~OQ qOz "_ Qx Hx
QQ qlOz XHH P~ XHH QO `xv Ke. `xv K@C_ XH z=i
JOK#O_ _=# J#iOz WOHH z=~ =~ }OQ `xv Ke. J=~"`
"^\i `~ _=~# `xv K, ~O_=i L`~ ^H} k# P qÔQ< `xv
K=K.
25
C &
I
û "^\ ~HO
û ~O_= ~HO
3.
*< û
D ûx =YOQ J=\ _~ <~ # `xv K@ Ly~. <~O
qOQ LO_ q=< "^#q e~# `xv K_xH LyOK=K.
W@=O\ x K`~H~OQ qOz, Hx =O_Q qlOz, XHH =O_x
XHH~ `#v K=K.
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
*< û
26
C &
I
4.
KH û
<~=O` XH =OQ `z `xv K_< KHû JO\~. JkH~ JO^~
=O =^Qx Ki JH_#O_ `xv =O z=~ ~"e J<H ~ D qÔQ
K=K.
KHû
~k-J`x =Y`
~k : ~^ J#Q <\ =@` Qx H "`=H=Q Qh, XH <~x QiOz
`` ^x `y# K~ f< xq`= b +#=z KC< q#=. ~^#
=iOK =Hx ''~k JO\~.
~k=#H u
1. ~k^~_ `# W`~ ^~ [iy# J<xH <= K=x b#
P~_.
2. ~k^~_ s~H=Q<, =#H=Q<, PiH=Q< k`_.
3. Hx O^~ ^_, ` "^Q <~= [i#_ ~k^~_, f="#
=#H =u_, ^ H (Shock) Qi J~ LO\_. [iy# q+x K
u LO__.
4. J`# èiQ b+<H =z LO_=K.
5. ~k^~xH b @ ^~=Q#(Prejudice) H =, OHK=
LO_=K#.
6. xOk` (Accused) #O_ ~k^~xH O LO_ O^~ J<HO LO\~.
L^ : - ~_ <~, ~_ H #H@ WO\"i ~^K }O
Òk.
7. =Y=Q = J`K~= [iy#_ "~ KCH< u _ LO_~.
L^ :- ^_ =i =#OQO [iy# H ^_ QiOz =`" K,
C &
I
27
=#OQO QiOz Kx O^~ J<HO. OO J==<xH _ J

K=K.
8. ^~}=Q ~k ^~xH b Z =i~ J< OO, O
LO_=K.
~k@ b=~#
1. ^~}=Q <~= QiOz, ^= =K~= WK =H ~k. <O K_xH
J=HO HeOK =H ~k.
2. XH PuH '~y ZO` x~OQ, xOHKOQ, "o _H~ QiH `# ^
KCO\_ J^ qÔQ - b +# '~k ~QQe. P iè
HeOK=# ^` bY^.
3. ~kx x\ tOK_^. s H Oz ~=x Ke. nx = ~kH
b @ qO U~_Òk.
4. ^+tH}, t+~H}J<k K@H~O b H~==.
5. ~k K# q+x J`x O`=@< "_O K =YO.
L^ :- qK~}=O u"k ~kx, h= P =@ K<" Jx J_y#C_,
K^x =^#= W P H gyÒk.
6. ~k, +#H =z#_ J`xH K^=~x H= ~^# "~OKHx~=x
"#H O~^.
7. ~k +#H =z#_ `Hy`=, H~# ~ `=x, l~ f~OK=x
O~^.
8. ~k +#H =z#_ P= O_ "O@< qKiOKe. b `~K~
fHQe#_ <~# @H< J=H= Q^.
L^ :- XH Ô`#= H ~^ =z# "O@< b"~ "~ @
W<~+<# Wz K@ H Q . # J~ K_O ^~, | +#,
~+# x LOK@O ^~ "< `xv ^~ <~# @H=K#.
9. H~}O LO> ` ~kx J#=xOK_^ - L^ :- H ~ q= Q
#Q ÔQ`#O [iyO^x ~^ = hHO` _H_k, ZC_ H<=,
~^#"? Jx WO\~Q+< K_^. J=~"` qK~} P q+O èqQ
~|\e.
10. ~kx J==#iK qÔQ "~^. J`# Wk =~H k`_ - O_
H~O Ke# û =iOK_^.
C &
I
28
11. <~= QiOz ~k< HO_, WOH Z=iH ` J<q+x ~|\e.

12. ~k Q=` +#H =z#_ ZO\ P= KO_ PuH
O JH_ ~^# iH~ K=K#.
13. ~k^~_, +#H =z#_ .S. Q~ ~ J< q+`, ^~ P=
K_^. `~= K~ fH"e.
14. ~Q @H =z#_ _H~ U q^=Q "iH zH` K~ J^q^=Q XH
~k b +#H =z#_ J`x =# F~Q qx, =#
i+iOKe.
15. ~k #= =#= LO>, Uq H~O\", J^ q^=Q OkOz, "i
= i~= K~ fH"e.
16. ~kH <= K=< #=Hx/ qx ^`"x HeyOKe.
17. <~= U q^=Q LO>, ^xH J#Q}=Q H "H" `, ^ H
_`=x =@_^. P qÔQ JH=OO^ Ò KQ_^.
18. ~k J~#_ J" Q~==# OQO HQO_ qKiOKe.
19. ~k Wz# ~^ g^ H #"^ iz#_ Z.S.P~ Hx Lz`=Q W"e.
20. ~^^~x H ~^# #=`, F~`, #u` P =# J~=
KH=@O.
21. =~`# ^` i` (Security) ^$ ~k +# =z#_ U^<
==# (Q, \H "^# "\x) ZH_< LOz "`<_ Jx Q=xOKe.
L^ : #H@ #u ~ _ ^~e LOz "=K. =z# =H .S
ZH_#k. ` Qk ZH_ L#k ijeOz " J=HO LOk JO^= ~@~
Qk Qx .S Qk Qx ~kx qKiOz O"e. JO^s Jx
i`# J#=xOK _^. Hx ^` q+" *Q` fH"e.
H - J`x =Y`
1. XH O@# QiOz OQ Kz# ^xx QiOz ^ q# ^xx QiOz
J=~=~#_ Q~ `KHx K =Hx H JO\~.
2. K\xH H= (J<<#_), <#O <~xK_^. ^x (<~x) QiOz
K q+# qO@Ok. K q+ ^#`# OìOKO\~.
P q+e iQ #"^ K@O JÒ` J=H=. JO^= Kq+x
iQ iH~Ke.
C &
I
29
H H =#H u
1. b+< =_=O> K=OkH =. =@O|O Z=~ b+<
Q__ `H^ J< =#, +< "_=O> OHK=, `K#@ =#
HOî LO@Ok. HO` =Ok b JO> _ _`~. W\H =[O
# =Hx b eOz< ^ `< OQ "<, XH ~H"# J#=#O`
K_O [~QÒk. H= KO> J<H ~ H~ "e, _|, ==
=$^x HO^~ "#HO["~.
2. Hx <#= u"k (_< ~) J_"# " "kOK_= =
H= K@ _`_.
3. HH xOk`_ #O_ J= HQ#x =. tH_# `~"` xOk`_
H fH~O f~H#=K#. L^ : - f="^, ~_, O=u~H
K <~.
4. =#HO^ Jx xi` K_=.
5. xx q+ `î xÒ b +# H_O ZO^? W^H nuisance,
J< PK#` `= `H < HO K_xH =O^ ~H=_O
q^k _ Hx#k.
H =Y`
1. U^< H# H~ qKiKO> =`< ^_Òk.
2. +< "^# <k.
3. H J=~= b LOk. Hx b J=~= J`xH ^< q+=
=izO_ b =iOKe.
-~H
1. PH Q (Interested witness)2. `@ (Neutral witnesses)
3. J~+ H (Reluctant witness) 4. , ~ (Women & Children)
5. x} (Expert witness)
6. =$u ~"# OK
7. J|^ H (False witness)
8. u H (Hostile witness)
9. K^=~x H (Illiterate witness)
10. =Q, Kq\ (Deaf & Dumb witnesses)
11. =^~` H (Talkative witness)
12. OHKO, _ (Shy and nervous Witnesses)
C &
I
30
H=-
1. H=O^ [~Q#k "~H ~H=Q J~= KHx ~@Q H= W==K#.
K ~A `~` H= WK#_ =iz~ H= iQ KH =K#.
2. Kz#k iQ K_=~H =K#.
3. }=` H= K@ x~HiOK=K
4. _| |_ `_ H= W==K#
5. XHi K#k `~"` H^x K=K#.
6. J<H W`~ H~} = J|^=_=K#
7. (=x+) H=x # ikÔ> uH H^~= ~}O.
8. H H H=, uH P^~= H= UH"#_ H |= Ki H~
<~# tHOK@ g=Òk.
qK~}Q~OKH=# q+
1. ` `y#O` =x H\~OKe. "i` `y#O` LO_e.
2. P`$`_O_ qKiOKe.
3. Hx qKiOK@_ P`_iQ q#Q_? ^~x iQ x~~OKQ_?
4. <~O [iy# HO x~OKQ_? K# q+O JO|^"# (selfcontradictory) q+"# L<?
5. k `?
6. J`x K H==Q LO^? "^# q+ Q=xOKe.
L^ :- `"~ *=#, =^=, [# ==, O`= =H pH\
", = WO\H =K@_ "^#q.<~= [iy# `~` g#O` `~
Hx qKiOKe.
7. H =, q^, iy# "`=~}=, H ~+_, _ J#k QiOKHx
^xH J#=Q tOK ûx =~H"e.
8. b P~ qK~}== H ZO\ ^+=Qx, =u~H`Qx
LO__^.
9. HO K=x |=OÒK_^.
10. ^~ J#Q}OQ K=x |=OÒ K_^. J`_ K# q+x iH~
Ke.
11. # U q^=Q Qx =@_^. J`# Uq K^KH<_ Jk
Kx"e. x~kOK_xH uOK~^.
C &
I
31
12. H< 164 P~.. "~ X^ \ "O@ W=^z#_ ^~ =Hx "l\

=O^ [~~e.
13. H< 171 P~.. "~ W<~~# Qx, Hx Qx ^~ Q=Q
|=O=`=Q < "O@ LO_x x~OkOK~^.
14. =K~= WK = ~# Q=Q LOKe.
15. # b+< ~=x QO@ `~|_ |@ "z=O_=#@= K~^.
K =~ Hq# Hx =dH H= # P^~_ =O\~.
16. H, PHx q+= b K *Q`Q ==iOKe. H~
H x~OK_xH "i H" =YO.
17. =[= <~=$ux Ji H@_xH J=~= ZO` LO^< q+x
b J`xH #KKe.
18. bO> L# O Q\ <== `__`<=< =# HeyOKe.
`#H WO\k [iy#_ Z LO@O^ qOKH< Ke.
19 XH H K# q+xH =~H H K# q+xH O`# O> =~ P
# qKiOKe. Z=~ KOk K =~ H~Q LO^ Jk QOz U^ XH
x~xH ~"e.
20 XH~ K# ^xH =~H H K# q+xH O`# O> =~ P #
qKiOKe. Z=~ KOk K =~ H~Q LO^ Jk QOz U^ XH x~xH
~"e.
21. XH~ K# ^xH =~H~ K# ^xH XH ~HOQ (corroborate) LO_@@
KKH"e. `C_ H=# ÒK_^.
22. H H [[=, HiOz# H^~# J^~_`~. x+HÒQ
OQ, b Y qh` Oz `y# H~ O^@O,
=# H~=O
23. qK~} Jx =Y"# q+ `H"e.
24. XHiHO> Z= # qKiOKe#_ XHH Hx "~ K qKiOKe.J#Q
XH Hx qKiOK@_ qQ` # H K =@ q#|_#O` ^~O
LOKe. J`xx qKiOz# `~` WOHH Hx _ J^ q^=Q qKiOKe.
qKiO|_#"_ ~ ` H=O_ `# Wk=~H Uq K# Jx
KO_ *Q` _e.
25. # qKiOK@_ P ^Q~ |O^=# "i^$+ LO_@@ "i =@
q#|_#O` ^~O ~O_ \e. Q~"xH OQO HQO_ qKiOKe.
32
C &
I
26. iQ qKiOz Jx JO qOQ `# `~`< @"O@ "e.

`~` Kkq qxOKe.
27. `H# <~O <~O [iy#_ "~ x|_ Kz# O< x\,
Q=xOz qKiOKe.
28. H PH x # "^@ qKiOz, `~` PHQ # z=i qy`
# qKiOKe
29. #qKiOK@ UO\ P= K~^.
30. <~= [iy# "O@< qKi K# q+ =# ` H=_= =
O@## Q~ `KHx qOQ K`~.
31. P"` xq+ HeOzK ^~# `C^~ \OK=K.
32. H =^~H Qx, ~kH Qx HiOK=K.
33. H _ =x+ J~#O^# Z=~ =O^ ~ ^_` "iH HiKO=K.
34. H `# x" =~= =i qK~} aOKH=K.
35. P"# HxH `Qq= W=^x èz H= K_xH x~HiOK=K.
36. P=Q HiOz# HxH H~ H q= `QÒk H q= W=H
=K#.
37. # ^Q qKiOK_O, `y# =K~x HiOKO_O, H ^^_
HiOK_O H^~# H_HiOK_O ^~ JkHi H KHKHx u#
z~.
-0000-
33
C &
I
O, Q", + Q" H ^~
b +< @`y# <~ ~O_ ~H 1. O H 2. Q" H. Q"
H< HxO\x + Q" HQ QiOK~. Q"H# W<H~Q~ ^~ K~.
O H .S Q~ Hx .K.F Qx ^~ K^~. Hx ~H Q" H#
._..F. Q~ ^~ K~.
Q" H : A.P.P.M.S.O 52-7 H~= D HO^ `|_# <~=# Q" HQ
iQ}~.
1. _H~\
2. " / / >< ~|s
3. ~II 100/- # ~|s
4. =~~
5. ^` O|OkOz Jx~H= LQ"^ <~=.
6. H| q_ <\ J=O\OQ @ =~~
7. =#OQ=
8. ~II 50,000/- ^\# HOQ =i ÔQ`#O.
9. `H ^#`Hey# [Q_, =i H O|OkOz# <~.
10. ~II 1,00,000/- ^\# ÔQ`#=.
11. ÔQ <@ H
12. Jx~H ==H$` <~=.
13. O|, _ ^~=, `, `\ O|OkOz# H.
14. bJkH~, "[\ ^ <kH~ ^~#O.
15. S.. H< 400,401 `|_# <~.
16. @H.
17. f="# ~_ =^= H.
18. =` =O^ ~"}
19. q+^~= yOz KO_O.
20. q+ i` "= ^~ J<~QO HQK_O
21. Hb =O^, Hb =`h=, q+i` P~O ^~ =~}OHQ K_O.
22. ./.\ ^~#O H.
23. q"` `# q""# 7OII, J#=<^"# iu Kx~<,
P`` Òz# H.
24. , JH=~"} H.
25. ~II 2,00,000 , JO`HO> Z=Qh _| îxQ= H
26. ` Y O|OkOz# H.
27. ~II 5,00,000/- Q *^#O îxQO K# H
è# H i W<H~ ^~ K=#.
34
C &
I
+ Q" H : A.P.P.M.S.O 52-2 g\ QiOz q=iOK_O [iyOk. Jq

OK<`H `, _H~\, ~|s, ÔQ<@ H, =`^~= ~"},
=`~} ./.\ <~=, _^~, ` O|OkOz# H,
~II10,00,000/-Qx, JO`HO> Z=Qx *^#O îxQ "# H, `
L^yK H [~|_#H, =QOQ ==H$` <~, OK<`H x~~
nH, , |O^, >~i <~=. H <~= [iy# "O@< O|Ok`
._..F/Z... `=# =i _.l. H `~" "* O=#. J^
=K~=# ../. "^Hx JkH~ JOîH O=#.
# è# Q", +b Q" HO_ qye# ^~}H .S./.K.F
^~K=#. `î ~ P H ^~ \OK=# JO QiOz
`HO\~.
^~}H - i^<O - Ki/ÔQ`#O
(Investigation of Theft)
U b+< ik<< ^~}ÔQ`< J~# HH\OQ, zOQ, ^$+

=~e ÔQ`#= K@, |, ~, "\ _ \H, Q ÔQ`#=
K@, W ` QQ\ ^ =~ `` ^ H#= " W ÔQ`<
O|OkOz# H "^#q #"^ J=@ ~^~}=. W@=O\ H ^~x
"= `H=# J=~O +<x u bJkHiH L#k.
1.
zOQ/K# H=_O
Wq=YOQ @}[~QÒ\~. k` K=@ =. LÔ Qx,
OÒQx "HOQ "`#C_, ^ x= =^, @~ # ÔQ HKHx
LO_, ~@ "i ^_K, "i =OQ`, K# QOAH=_O, ÒKx "_O
[~QÒ@Ok. = `= [iy# ^_ = H #O_ `~< < xOk`_
~~=`_. WO\ H ^~}OQ xH <~ ` ^#OQ LO@Ok. b
Z J~` `= ik Q u~Q` LO\~, <~ _ `= `= ik Q
u~Q`, `= H \~\# Z#O@ <~ K LO\~.
WO\ "\x x~kOK_xH b ''_H " (Decoy system) "_`
LO\~. J#Q = be Hx, =i Z=i<< Qx <~O [~Q_xH J=HO L#
< #_ "ix ^~O #O_ Q=x LO\~. XH" <~ `~_`, "ix ~_
O__Q J#Q <~O K LO_Q< @< J=HO LOk. =~H û, ~_ H
x~OK_O ^~ J#=#^ i` u~Q`# ^ "\~ H L# =e
KH K_O ^~ JC_C_ D <~ @|_` LO\~.
C &
I
2.
35
^$+ =~eÔQ`#OK_O
D <~ =#OQ O =^ [~QÒ\~. ~E O J<H =Ok `=
_| _l\ K_O, _|# fHx ~=_O [~QÒ@Ok. Hx O^~ =
XO@iQ O "o `= J=~ xqÒ _|Hx, #QeHx fHx ~=_O
[~QÒ@Ok. L^~} W =^ U^# O_Q L#C_, q"O H~ #Qe O
#O_ fHx ~=_O [~QÒ@Ok. JO\ "i ^$+ =~e, "i =^ L# H+ Q#
Hx, Es Q# Qx H=_O HO` =Ok <~ <}O Ok LO\~.
<~ ^~}OQ [O@Q LO\~. XH~ O L# =e Q=x |@ L# =HH
Q W LO\~. |@ L# =H `# \~\ H ^$+x =~_xH U^< ^~x (_
O\ ^~x) K_O ^~ J`x ^$+ =~_. ^, XH k ~ <@# HO^
_", g <@ HO^ _~Ok Jx è, J`x^$+x =~_. J^ =O @~
=^ L# =H O_ Q# Hx ~~=`_. D <~ _ =#OQ xH <~
LO\~. Hx O^~ Hx QOQ _ |@ #O_ =z <~ _ J=HO
LOk.
3. "<ÔQ`<
Wq _ =YOQ @} [~QÒ\~. <~ J<H q^Q P~\ K
LO\~.
(Z) #Q~^Q~ <~ He XH H~# J^ fx,\# |@ "o#
`~"` , H~ _=~# `_` H\" Qx, |`~OQ H y_" Hx,
^ `= H, \ `Q_xH P, J`# ky#_ "#O` ~~=`~.
(a) Hx O^~ _=~# KO, "x `= _", "#O` ~~=`~.
WO\ H, ^~^, q["_ #Q~ Wk=~ K OqOK~.
() W =O^ Qx, @ =O^Qx ~ K#@=O\ H~#, @~# ÔQe
LO\~.
(_) OQ HOH Z^~Q ^ J~"O\ HOH =^ ~ K|_# kKH
"<e (@~, "\~ H) ÔQeOK_O.
(W) "< #O_ >iH~~ O\ q"# iH~# ÔQeOK_O.
(Z) XH "<x ÔQeOz# `~"`, P "# O` =~ <~O K, P `~"`
=i ZH_< D "<x =ê"=K. JO> <~O K, ÒKH=_xH D
"<x "_#@.
WO\ <~ ^~}OQ xH QOQ ` LO@Ok. <~_ ^~}OQ K<
=i WO[< <O|~ O\ "\x _ `yOz, #Hb #O|~ ~` il+< _
KO@ LO\~.
C &
I
36
q^"# H ^~ H=O b +< ik< HO_, K@ H l

_ [~QÒk. "<# H#Q, qHO K "i =^ =YOQ ZOHs Ke.
"< ii^~, "HxH <~O QO OKH< J=HO LOk. <~O [iy# q+x
Ju `~Q P K@ H b+#, l JOkOK_O K J=~O. XH" xOk`
"H fx ~~#_, ~_ H U~@ K_O ^~ ÔQe ~_ O__Q @<
J=HO _ LO@Ok. c\ L# Hx| _ "<e Q=xK@C_, JO^ L#
= J#=#O HeOK qÔQ L<~, Ju "QOQ b #O_ ÒKx uiQ
Ò K<~ J< q+e _ Q=xOKe. J#=#O =z# "< #O|~#
"Hx "O@< Control room è. Control room "~ \eOQ L#
"< ^~ <~ "<x @HQ~.
4. H H\OQ / *|ÔQ`<
Wk K ^~}<~O. Ju `= =` _#k J~#\H, <~i`#O`
_# x Wk. g\ <~_ ~_ O__Q îH` ` J`x @H=_O H+O. *|
ÔQ`< ^~}OQ _| ÔQeOK|_Òk. H|\ qy` sQ P#" >
J=HO ^. *| ÔQ`< ^~}OQ [#=~O L# K@ [~Q`~. L^~}
*`~, O`, ~ +#, ~, |, | +#, O, , x= ,
"^# [# =~O Q O` Wq `~KQ [~QÒ\~. J<H ~[H s
=" _ *| ÔQ~ q~O =#O K LO\O. ~[H <
L< W#C_ *| ÔQ `= x `= KO@ Ò\~.
[#=~= L# K@ ^~}OQ b _ LO\~. JO@C_ g~
J#=#^ =e QiOK_O K J=~O. *| ÔQ \ ^~}OQ u b
+< LO\~. "@xO\x *Q`Q ijeOz, =# Q~OKH=_O J=~O. *|
ÔQ _ XHHi ^$+ =~e Qx, XH =Hx _ H\ Hx ^Q`#O K LO\~. Hx
O^~ XO@iQ Qx, [O@Q Qx <~ K LO\~. [O\Q xK O^~O XH_
*| H\, JO^x ~# =~H_H JOk_. XH" ÔQ`#O K# "_ @|_<, J`x
=^ Uq LO_^. `~"` "i^~ XH xs` O HHx ÔQ = OKO\~.
WO\ ÔQ`<-i^<O
PH O|OkOz# Jx <~ Z= Ò WO\ ÔQ`<. H ^~ JkHi
.K.F. J~#\H, ^~ =YOQ _k Hx|, JO^= b
Y JOîH D ^~ QiOz J=Q# LO_e.
<~ qK~}DHOkq+#QiOKe
1
<~xH `__ U"# `H i` L<? L^: O_Q, *`~, ^ WO\
U^< "_H/OH< O\k [iyO^?
C &
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Q_
1
2
3
4
37
UO\ OÒ? H~O L# W, , @, , Ti z=~ L# O`=?

Jx =sHiOKe.
ZO\ s ÔQeOK|_Ok?
Place of entry and exit J#Q <~_, =z, "o# î (^=).
<~_ UU Q^ uiQ_?
ZO\ / K# <~_ =k_?
<~_H P OÒ QiOz Wk=~H è#@Q TOK_xH J=HO LO^?
L^~} P WO\< Wk=~ xK# ~O\ H=K, ^ P WO\H JC_C_
=K =H H=K.
<~_ `H =ke "o# ==, "\x @HO_ (=@O_) *Q`Q LOK_O.
HO`=Ok <~ Hx #=HO\~. "~ <~O =^ = q~# K~.
=iHO` =Ok WO\ qye L# P~x uO\~.
<~_H KOk# Ku Q_ "^#q L#K "\x Dog Squad =K =~ `H_^.
XH O^~O KC, H~, =ke "o LO_=K. "\x Dog Squad =K=~
`H_^ .
<~ =O <~_ U"# *Q` f<_? (=#+ xkOz# QkH QO
"_O, ^ K@ H W QO @_O O\q)
"e =^ Qx, He =^ Qx LO_ J=HO ZH_ LOk? OQ~ O\ |~
"~ =K =~ P O`x `HO_ HkeOKO_ LOK@.
<~ =~ ZO`=Ok LO_=K? <~O ~x |\ Wk XHi Òk.
L^: |~"# J~# |@ fHo QQ@_O.
<~_H ZO` = LO_=K? (L^~} ÔQ`#O H +@~ #O_
=O^Q z# e "\, `~"` ^ " "t~)
H#O " eH "tOz#_ Q=xOK=# q+
Q_ Hx, ` =^Hx, "O\@~ =^Hx H#O "#_, P H#O q #O_
ZO` Z` O "|_Ok?
Q_ Z@" `q# =\ "|_ LOk?
U"# x=@ Q~ L<?
Ò QQ\ "tOz#_, Ò ZO\k, ZO\ ''H LyOK~?
ÔQ Ò Kq LyOK~? ^, Ò |^ H_`, ZO\ x=@` |^
Q\~ Q=xOKe. P x=@ P WO\x^< H |@ #O_ fHx =z#^?
38
C &
I
WO\ HC H#O "#_, WO\ HC >` K|_O^, H =\`

K|_O^? <~_ Z HC H ZHQeQ_? H#O #O_ QkH Z ^H_?
Oe "^# "\x Z H HkeOK_ O\ q+x Q=xOKe.
6
<~ ij# = <~_ Casual offender J#Q U^ J=HO Kx
"tOz# "_,H Professional offender J#Q =$u s` <}O Q <~_
J< q+O b ^_Òk.
7
WO\ ÔQ`< <~_H, k`_H =M=d H~H LO_^. ÔQ P#"
Uq\, ZO\ + =\_`_? J< q+ =K~O LO_^. H=O <~
ij# =, <~_ LyOz# q^#O (Modus operandi) = ÔQ Z=~
LO_=K Jx TOKe =Ok.
8
ZO` èqQ <~_<, `# O|OkOz# U^ XH =ke "o LO\_. ^x
QiOK_O < b <}O, q[O LOk.
9. q+ ij# J#=xè qKiOz#_ ^~ J#=x` P <~= K
L<~? ^? J< q+x x~iOK@ LQ_#.
^_ / |Ok@ ÔQ`< (~|s / _H~\) H i^# K#_ Q~OK H=#
JO
Investigation of Robbery / Dacoity Cases
PH O|OkOz# ÔQ`<O\ z#z# <~=`@ JC_C_ f= <~#

^_, |Ok@ <~ [~QÒ\~. D ~H"# <~# Z=Q ~Ò^ #Q~ /
@}t"~ Hhx WO_#, ~u @ }OK |, ~# W`~ ~H# ~_
g^ }OK "< O|OkOz _ [~QÒ\~. Hx O^~ <~
<~ K O^~= JH_ =#+ }x `@_O, =i #
=#OQ= K_O [~Q` LO@Ok. D <~ K_" =$uQ Q QOQ ^
"OQ LO_#. g~ qq^ ~H= ^_ / |Ok@ QOQ QiOz `H<~.
H< 390 S.. ^_ QiOz, 391 S... #O^ |Ok@ QiOz x~zOK|_#k. D
H ^~ K#_ Q~OKH=# JO:
<~O |~OQ O LO^, WO\, ~_ =~=, ~ =#^?J# q+
Q=xOK=#.
<~ =$u ~=Q ~|s, _H~\ K"~? ==H$` <~?
JO`~l, JO`~ ~+ QOQ O|OkOz# "~? P^= Hey L#"~` P
P^=, U `~ KOk#" Q=xOK=#. L^: `, _ ^~=,
K, , `, O\ ^<# P^=, W#~_, H>O\ "@
C &
I
39
P^=, ~O\ == q~@O, HK`` `#_O.

^~}OQ ~|s/_H~\ # <~ ^ LO\~. k`
J_H# = "ix Q Qi K_O, Hx = KO_O ^
f=Q QiK_O [~QÒk.
==H$` <~ ^~}OQ `, _^~= ^ ^<#
P^=. "_ J=HO =O@Ok.
D <~ K_" =$uQ Q QOQ # <~= <~ ij##
K# JO# |\ XH J=Q# ~=K#. ^~}OQ D QOQ <~= K@
`=^# ex #~=$Ò K LO\~. L^:- ~"} ^`, D <~=`@ #
O QiK_O, =#OQO K_O, J_H# "ix `K_O, Jx <~# XH
`~ P^=# "_@O.
XH~ ^ W^~ <~ ^_ # = Hx ~ k` u~Q|_
H K`` `#H#_ Q Hey LO\~. Hx <~ Q "~ "Q=`
J^#K x~# ^=, pH\ OKi# , ^ XO@iQ L# ~+ =^
#O_ Q_ |=O`=Q "~ îOz# |OQ~#Q, K`x == Hx =^~.
P = k` Q Q_ HQ=K. WO\ H <~# k`
QiOK@ JO` O H^. ^~ JkHi F~` k` #O_ <~xH, <~xH
O|OkOz# z#, z# q+# _ `H=#. ^# |Ok@, ^
^_ <~ H ^$+ JO` =, , î H## \ |O,~,
O, =i x"Q$= "^Q "\ LO@Ok.
^~}OQ |@ L# Hh Ui# ~î =# "<#, O*~
~#, O, #O_ XO@iQ =# "ix g~ Z#HO\~.
=K~= JOk# "O@< .K.F. |Ok` "o Qx ^ |Okx OQx
g ^ =~Q <~ [iQ iux JiH@=#. <~=# Q~ "~OK=#.
<~ g=< LO> "ix J^xH fH=#. D H W=|_# =dH
~^# iH~ KH==, <~ q=~=#, <~= # <~ OY#
èLO> "i ~# "=#. "~=\_# +, , îOz# ^, s~ =~O,
^KH# P q=~=, W`~ , k` Hey# Q, W`~` U"< i^#
xH=K JO }OQ iH~ K=#. JO~ =K~=` "`~H ~^
W=|_#K P ~^# HQ #"^ K "O@< ~k H \"O\ i q=~
`Hx ~-2 ._. iH~ K=#. ~k^~_ JO^@ #C_ W`~
=i<< "# "O@< iQ qKiOz, i q=~` "i \"O\# ~-2 ._.
HO^ iH~ K=#.
C &
I
40
.K.F. `y#O` |Ok` "O@< <~= # "o, Jk Kki O_ K~

fHx, \" =` <~=# }OQ ijeOz uH H^~#
"e=^, ^=^, ~HO W`~ ", Mm`\, |\, ^~Q ^
<~K =ê"|_# W`~ P^~"# =O> "\x HiOz ~xH ~@sH, x}_
Ja# `H# xqÒ "O@< @~ P J_* ^~ O=#. x}x
Ja= q"# H=Q< HO_ <~# QiOK@ Q_ LQ_#.
_Q_ =# Q_ LyOKH=#. _Q _=K =~ <~=#, JO^
<~ =ke \# ==# i~HOK=#.
<~O [iy# "O@< O|Ok` .K.F. Wz# =K~= "~ K@ H
b +< JkH~ J#=x` H~ "i Uix J^^` <~= K#
<~# QeOz, <~= [iy# == "~ ZH_=#k `Hx, [iy# <~=#
"iH O|O^= L#^^ J<q+= ^$gHiOKH=#. ~^~, |O_,
~+#, _ "^# ^ x=OK=#.
LQH~ =K~= LO> ^~ JkHiH "O@< è*=#.
J^q^=Q ~ _H~\ ^ ~|s [iy# q+=# ~ b"~, lb ^
\ b è#_ `y# ^ xLOz <~# @Hx, ^_ =#
n#~KH=#.
W D <~ [iy# HxO^~ WO\x "~ U =`= u\OKO_
Oy ~#\H P WO\x "ix O`# K@ "i ^~#O K_O,
J#zÒQ =iOK_O Q_ [~QÒk. Hx O^~=, Hx QOQ, qz`=Q P
WO\# P~ ^~= u#_O, ^ fiHQ =O@KHx u#_O, ==` q~#
K_O, g^ J`K~O K_O Q_ K~.
^~ JkHi <~ ij# "O^~= H\ Q`@
_.P~.a/..P~.a. =^## Hq# QOQ# i ~ \ P"#, Hq#
H ~~Y s~H `H`#, _# fHx ~ k`, K@H"iH
KOz, <~ s~H `H`#, x|_#,#_z#, Q# K# f~# q=iOz <~
PKH `H#@ uOK=#. <~=# iQ `xv K_" HO_,
<~O K@ H =_ <Q Hg@~ ^~= =~ P= KO_, OaOQ
K\ <~K =ke"|_# U"< ==Qx ^ ^z@|_# ÔQ `Qx LO_=K
J< ^$+` b *y H~=` }OQ ^ [iOK=#.
J^H fH# J#=x`/<~# }OQ qKiOz/ WO\~Q+< K "i
H XCH \"O\x iH~ K=#. ^~ qK~} U~A, U=ix, U WO\,
Z_ Z=~=i` He <~= K#k, <~= U"q == ^K#k, Z=~=~ UU
C &
I
41
== OKH#k, P == ZH_=#k ÔQ == Z=~< Hx =O> "i q=~,

<~= # `\<~ i q=~=, "~ ZH_#k, D <~xH =O^, `~"`,
U <~=, ZH_H_, Z=i` He K#k, U ==/ _| ^KH#k, P ==
q=~= O^~K=#. <~`, <~= q=~=, "~ <~=# Uq^=Q
Ki#k, <~= #O_ Uq^=Q, Z@" x+qOz#k, ~H H LyOz# ~"}
^#= Jh `Hx, J`x <~= K=#kQ J_y J`xx J#iOz ^~
JkHi <~O K~Hx D <~ P <~=# K<~ Jx ^$gHiOKH=#.
WO@~Q+< =iO` =O J=~=~# O^~=, <~} i=O_ K# `~"`
H_ H~ ^~ ^~ <~# b i=O_ fHx `î WO@~Q+<
K=LO@Ok.
^~ JkHi n#O KH# ÔQ`# OK ^~ QiO [iOz H~
O=# ^ "l\ ^~ _ QiO *~=K. =^~ ~ èx
O ^ ~ = =^ ~ /J#=x` #, K ` " l \ Qi ^~
J#=x`_/=^~x QiO K~OK=#.
=^~ XCH \"O\ "~ <~= # W`~ <~# @H#@
^_ H|_# W`~ ==# n#O KH#@ `y# K~ K@=#. ÔQ`#
^z# < ^ K@=K#. ^~ i J~# "O@< u <~x ` J`#
K\# P^=, J`x^~ iH=sK# ==, J`x L# H=, J`xH J#~OK
H# `K u=^~H O|OkOz# q=~=# q_q_Q `` Ki+@
^YKe. =^~x ZH_ J~ K#k, =^~ QiO Q H= u =^~H
O|OkOz# q=~= `H=Q <~~}K Ki+@ "=#. O|Ok`
@~ K Ks +@ `~K~OK=#.
s <~=x"iOK@ K~
1. <~ QOQ HêH =K~O ^ Z=Q ^_, |Ok@, <~=[~Q
^ <~x"~}xq`= Wk=~ <~ [iy# ^=, [~Q@
J=H=, J#OQ ## O`# ^$+ LOKHx `y# ^ \eOQ
sx, ^ c@ Hx|#, .S Qi ~"H} `y# K# Wz
xqOK=#.
2. c@ Hx| =i " b ~^~ x~O`~ \eOQ
x~OK=#.
3. c@ Ui c@ JkH~ J=`=Q LO_, ~Ò^ x H~=`
"ix QQ qlOz P Ui, P Q` Q x~OK=#.
C &
I
4.
42
K@ H b +< H~=` <~ [iQ J=H=# ~@ ~Ò^

|, s, "^# "#= H<~Q O` "\H Z~ K=#.
5. " \ s# P Ui `QK# Wz =` ~K=#. P
s " ~_\ W==#. | }Q } x~#
^ | ^_H _ <~ H~ x LOK xq`= =Y"# |
+< =@ " J#=x`#, "i =^ ## ==# ^ K=#. D
i` U x["# }_ _ z~ __. J~< ^ K=#
"ix HiOK=#kQ H~=#. D <~# JiH@@ xqOK|_#
JkH~ 'PÒ~H} QiOz (H< 93 #O_ 106 S..) }=Q
èK=#. ~u@ [~Q Q, \eOQ# L#`kH~
=~=OÒQ ~"HOK=#.
6. "< _=~, } ^_^~ ^_H _ =
xOQ LO_ O_ `y#O` |=# LyOz Z^~=#kQ
=" U~@ K `=#. "iH 'P`~H} QiOz q=iOz `y#
= [ J=Q# HeOz ^_^~# n@Q Z^~#_xH
=Ò K=#.
7. c@ W<Ks =i Hx| P Ui# |\, JH_ =# |\
=O^Q< }oH U~~KH#=#. Wk=~<~ [iy# O`, <~
[iQ J=H=# = iOQ K@=#.
8. P Uix x#, KO^ "O#, Q=ì, "\#, "K
Hq\Q " \eOQ "i =# qxyOKH=#.
9. ~ ^_ x"iOK@ ^ Z~ |OkH "~ x~iOK=# q^
QiOz +"# J=Q# HeOz `y# K# Wz ~` O^ Z~Q
O=#.
10. } g^ ^_ [~Q=K## J#=<#_ ^ Z~
|Okx wH H< # y } Z~ K=x zOK=#.
= b Z~ K O^~ y< }O K=#kQ
zOK=K.
11. ^~}}Q b z# \ ` Q@Q fHx, =,Z=iH
b< q+O èO_ ^_ [~Q J=H# ~@x |O^
}O K ^_ = `Q K~ fH=#.
12. ^_ H H="# i^# QqOz ^_^~ Hi#tH O^#@Q K,
`y# K~O K\ ^_^~# X~`~K=K.
43
C &
I
13. u .K.F. Q_ `# ik x"=O@# ^_ _# <~

x~O`~ x =i ~"H}Hey LO_, n~HO@ "i PKH èx H=
l W`~ b +< _..P~.a ^~ =K~= O=#.
14. JC_C_ ~, | ^~}} JH~O HQx su
J#=x` H~ PHH `xv K@=#.
15. P i`# |\, J=~"# U K~ J~< (K@O "~) fHx <~#
JiH@=#.
~_ =^ H ^~ K#_ Q~OKH=# JO
(Investigation of Road accident cases)
=Ô QiOz =K~= JOk# "O@< .K.F. Q~ `y# |Ok`

<~=# "o ^=OQ JH_# H`Q`# PuH `~eOK@ U~@
K=#. g#O` `~Q <~x, \Q, g_Q, K ^~ iH~K, ~_
J_=Q L# "#=#, =$`^# Z_ "\x ~_ J_=Q O_ `yOz
\H# xOuOz ^~}\H iux <H=#. <~=<, =^H~#
"#O _=~#, "iiux, J#Q =` ^~= qOz =<~? x^=` "#=
#_<~? `y#_qOQ # L#^! J#q+O `H=#. =^ Qi J~#
"< }# }# =^ gO # W`~# }OQ
qKiOz, "i \ "O\ # iH~ K=#. =^"#O _=~ =`^~= qOz
LO> PuH >OQ, _OH< iH\ xq`= O=#. <~=O^ >~ Q~, _
=~, U~_# _ "\ O` \ JO_ ~< <~= # "#O, >~
#=<, >~ Q Z` ~|~ _*< "\ PH$u, XH^x` XH\ e K_=#.
>~"_H =# Jiy# û, i~ =# U~_# Q~"< LO> U >~ =# U~_<
`H< J=H=Ok. |~^, ^=, "O\, W#~[#, =OK, `~, ~OQ, w, #<
"^# "\=# >~Q~ ~_ U~_`~. \ JO_ ~< H =^xH Q~#
"#O =# <# ijeOz JK@ JO@H# P "#O H ~OQHx, W`~ ~OQ
H# ijeOz, =O^ +< =K~O JOkOK_O ^~ J#=<^
"#=# Q_ ijeOz, =^=# Q~# "#= ~OQ _ P"#=
_H#K@ L#"" QiOz x~iOK=K. J^qÔQ =i_ ÔÒ "~ ~O_
"#= _H#_ XH "<xH O|OkOz# ^~= =iH "#=
aOK J=H=Ok. J#Q ~OQ, QA=H =i ~"} K|_`#
== H ^~=, XH "<xH O|OkOz#q =iH "#= aOK#.
D q+ ij# ^~ <~"<x QiO=K. =^=# O|OkOz# "#=
il+# |# n#O KH=K#.
44
C &
I
"#= }#C_ JH`Q#, |OQ# # "#K >~Q\Q

~_ ~Hx *~@=# ~_ #Q U~_# Q~# _=~ Jx JO^~. nx
H` =` <~O[iy#_ "#O ZO`"Q=` #_KK#k `H#=K#.
<~O [iy#C_ "#k ^ xK#k, xk, "# `~"` ZO`^~=
~#k `H=K, <~ ij#, H_O@ Qi J~# "< _=~,
`~"` "#O Uk , ZO` "Q=` #_#k, Z=~ ZO`^~O " "#=#
HO\ K@ uOz#k ijeOz, <~ x~~} ~=#. n#O KH# "@~
"< iH~# "\~ "H W<H~ JO^K=#. WH =^=# Q~#
"#=# "\~ "H W<H~ ^~ `xv K~Oz "#= H HO_+< QiOz
iH\ O^=#. H H "x |\ <~xH H~}"# _=~ #_K#
"#=# H~ x~~}K@ x}x H Ja=# O^=K.
=^=# H~}"# "#= H _=~# J~K J`x =^ #O_ _qOQ ##
n#~KHx i=O_ O=#. n#O KH# _qOQ ## `î
K~xq`= "\~ "H W<H~ O=#. =^=# XH\H< Z=
"#= _=~ x~H= H~}=x i^# è` P _=~# J~ K=#.
"#=^ H =$`# K =OK<= x~Oz Z.S.P~` @ WOH
i~# H~ O=#. f="# Q =`" LO_ `î =~} JO` =#
"# H## 304Z S..Q =i H~ `=#. "# =^ qK~}O=
QiOz Z...". P~~ <O. 506-4 `|_Ok.
= J`K~ / =#OQO
(Attrocities on women - Rape)
J`K~O Ju f="# <~O. Wk rqÒ f= "x HQKOk.

J`K~xH Q~# =# =[O hKOQ KOk. P O@# =O P" ""H
rqÒ _ LO@Ok. Hx O^~ ~, k`~ J~# `# ~# _
"e"=K. @O|x = _ k`~ex K U=yOKO\~. D H~} =
J`K~xH _`# =H Ju "# <~xH _`#@Q =#O QOKe.
JO^= K@O _ J`xH Hi#"# tH qkOk.
J`K~xH H~}
1. qH =$u, P` xQO H=_O
2. = XO@iQ ^~H_O = <~_H J=HO H_O
3. XH =# J==<xH Qi K_O ^~ Qf~H=_O.
4. OO q$OYOQ =# K_ O$u, x=, \.q K#x #Q ^$
=x+ qH` OKÒk.
C &
I
45
Hx O^~ qq^ H~}= J`K~O QiOz `C_ ~^ _ =K

J=H<~. Hx D <O` b u J`K~ Hx ~kx
J#=xOK_^. ^~ J~# `~"`<, Jx H^~e K# `~"`< XH
x~~} ~"e.
J`K~ H ^~
J`K~ [#OK~O x K@, ZH_ ~ ^ [~Q`~. H|\
Z=~ LO_H=K. JO\ O^~ k`~e H=# #=O> P" K@ s`
<O [~Q^. JO^= b k` = Wz# \"O\ `__ qQ` Hx
JO> <~ i`# (Circumstantial evidence) KHQ ijeOz, HiOKe.
Scientific evidence / HO D H K =Y` OìOKO@Ok.
J`K~ H bQ=xOK=# q+
k`~eQiOz
1. <~O [iy# =O
2. k`~e =, P" =~# / #_=_H
3. k`~eH U^# =` =O^ W=|_O^?
4. k`~e HH q# Z=~< L<~?
5. k`~e s~O Q, =YOQ O\ H~_ Q~, Q Q~, QA
Q_O = He# Q.
6. k`~ îOz# |@ ziy# Q~ H =~^< Q~
7. s~O#, |@# g~O =~H
8. qHOQ |`~O [iy# H J~` ~H=O O\q LO_=K. JO\q
U"< L< J<k Q=xOKe.
xOk`_ QiOz
1. xOk`_ =, s~H iu.
2. xOk`_H P =# |ìOK H LO^?
3. xOk`_ =YO, "_ ^ ~OQO K@ U"# Q<?
4. Q_ zxy L<?
5. ~HO ^ g~O =~H J`x s~O# Qx, Q_# Qx L<?
6. k`~e "O@H s~O ^ J`x Q_ L< Jx Q=xOKe.
<~xH O|OkOzij<O
1. <~O #Q@ Q~ L#"?
C &
I
2.
3.
4.
5.
46
ye# QA =H#"?
<~O |~OQ =? ^ <~xH J#"# =?
<~O [iy#@ K|_# =O P OÒ [#=~O LO_ J=HO LO^?
<~ O k`~eH O|OkOz Qx, <~_H O|OkOz Qx =="<
L#"?
6. ~HO H g~O =~H#"?
7. "O@HO\ H"# H q U"# L#"?
k`~e@ b "Yi
1. k`~e \"O\# H Hx ~OO< Z\ i# J#=xOK_^.
KOk K#@Q HiOz ^~ x*x `H"e.
2. W|Ok HeOK / =## <OK , J==#H~"# "_^.
J=~"#=@H tOKe.
3. k`~e Hx XH = Ki =HO fH"e.
4. k`~e` <~_H ~ iKO L#^ ^ J< q+x ~ qK~}
^~ `# `~"`<, P"# tOKe.
5. k`~e q=~ g_ `_^. nx = P" =iO` =#H PO^#
HÒk.
6. J~~u XO@iQ u~QQe` P ~[O ~H ^~}O Jx =`QOn J<~.
[ ^`=O HQO> WO\ "# <~ b \= K
J=~O.
= J`K~ / =#OQO H qK~}QiOz Z...". P~~ <O.
532, 533 `|_#k.
= =~H@O H~ "kO ,=~H@=~}H^~
= "kO J< q+x H< 498(Z) S.. O^ =i Z....".
P~~ <O. 537 #O^ q=iOK_"Ok.
H$~Ò JO>
Z) ~ H J`x |O^= K~ =# P P`` _ u U~_` (Likely to
drive the woman to commit suicide) P K~ ~"#qQ
iQ}O|_`~. JQ "i K~ =# H =#H, s~H P~Q=
K_=@ J=H= L#@~` (to cause grave injury to life, limb or
heatlh whether mental or physical) J@=O\ K~ _ ~"# K~Q<
iQ}O|_`~.
C &
I
a)
47
U^< =# Qx, Px Qx q=Q ==# Qx f~=OkQ

JH==Q _=O_ K, P x Qx H P" O|OkOz# |O^=# Qx
"kOK@O _ H$~`=Q< iQ}O|_Òk. JO`QH `= Hi# q^=Q
= H P H q=Q ==# f ~=@O q"#O^ Q# P"#
OOK@O _ ~`" J=Òk.
) XH q"` x P" ~Qx H ~ ` |O^=Qx H$~=Q OOK_O.
=~H@ "kO, =~H@O K= Z= J=`# O^~O D H#
O^~K|_#k. q"= J~# 7 OII, =~H@ "kO= =~} H< 304(a)
S... HO^ H#"^K ^~ K=#. q"= J~# 7OII =~H@
"kO= =~}Oz# q+O P"~ Hh J`x |O^=Qx P"# P``
~Oz LO_=K#x H< 113(Z) S.W.Z. H~= H~ qOk.
498(Z),304(a),H^~ JkHiQ~OKH=# q+=
1. k`~e ~^ Qx ^ P"è Ô_ ^ J#^=, JHK ^
QiO Ok# =O ~^ `H}" OkOz H #"^ K=#.
2. D H k`~ q"` Jx, P" `# ~ ^~ Qx ^ J`x |O^=
^~ Qx H$~Ò#/ O Q~#^x +< "~ x~OK= L#k. D
H H ^#` L# L`~, "`, _s, O JHO@=i W`~
uH P^~# }=Q sHOz <~=` <~, eO K=# O/
H$~`= Qi K uHx qKiOz \"O\ iH~ K=#.
3. ~ J`x |O^=# _ qKiOK=#.
4. J=~=~# "~ ^, J~ H==Q x~iOK=#.
5. k`~e s~O QO> "_H sH O `y# iH\ O^=#.
6. D H _| H~, P H~ _=O_ =O_ P "~ k`~ K ~
\O\H "o# O^~ LO_=K, ZH_ P H~, J^#H@O H~ _=O_
L#@ "`~H "# P^~ aOKH =K. J@=O@C_ ^~ JkHi
KHKHOQ ZO`=Ok << qKiOz i# =K~=# `H=#.
P" `# ` =^ |O^= =^ `#Q_# KCHx =O_=K. D
q+xO\ ^~ JkHi ^$+ LOK=#.
7. 498(Z) S... H Hy[|, << ~|, "~O@ [~ H
"l@K @ [~|_H.
C &
I
48
=~H@=~}O
304(a) S... (=~H@ =~}O) H ^~ JkHi ._..F. =~H@
=~}O 304(a) S... x~zOK|_#k.
''q"= [iy# U_ O=`~= , q"` J~# He# Q=
e`=Q Qx H W`~ s~H Q= =# Qx =~}Oz LO_ ^~ Q=
JqH"# su LO_, P q^=# =~}=# =O^ =~H@= f~=OkQ
P" `# ~K`Qx, J`x |O^= K`Qx OO|_#@~` J@=O\ =~}= =~H@
O|Ok` =~}=Q iQ}O|_Òk. P" ~ H J`x |O^= P" =~}=#
H~}=Q qO|_Òk.
D H |A~= =^~ LO@Ok. D q+= H< 113(a) S.W.Z.
`|_#k. ^x H~O =~@O HO XH =H XH x `K_ ^ J#k q"^^"#
q+O H=K. P" Kx=@ =O^ ^~=H =~H@O HO P"# OOz#@ ^
^\#@ ~#|_#C_ =~H@ K= P =H ^_x <#= qOz
f~=#.
=~H@ x+^ K@= H< 2 '=~H@O x~zOK|_#k. P~.. H< 174(3)
"~ D H Zy\" "l@ WOH x~OK=#. D "~ H#"^ J~#
"O@< <~O# =z ZOHs x~OK=#x Zy\" "l\ iHl+< Wz
=OK<= O^~=Q ^~ JkHi HiOK=#. = OK<= i J~#
"O@< ==# =~" xq`= O=#. qQ` Jx J[=~} x JO<
=OK<= =i =~" q+ \OK=#.
=~H@ =~}O H (304(a) S..)+< "~ H~#O^ x~OK=#
JO=.
1. =~}Oz# H q"" 7OII i H=## q+O
2. P `# ~ ^ J`x |O^= ^ JO^~He =~H@O H~ =#HOQ
Qx, s~HOQ Qx ^ ~O_ q^Q Qx OOz#O^=< Kx~#^#
q+O.
`# <~= K^ Jx |A= KH=# ^` =^~ g^ =#k. ~^
x JO# |\ 304(a) S... ` @ H< 498(Z) S... _ Z.S.P~.
"=K. ^~ O^~OQ ^~ JkHi =~}Oz# H q"" 7OII
iH^ J# q+O QiOz =i H@= H~ _=O_ K# JO= QiOz#
H^~ HiOK=#. =$`~e |O^= PO^## `yOz #=Hx xO O
Q~# O^~# `H=#. Hx ~ =~}Oz# H èÔ_
C &
I
49
P"< =^~g^ x x JaQ Q_ K J=H=O_#. g#O`=~

=$u~e WO\ K@ H H~=O@# =i =$`~eH iK=# Ò`
# qKiOK=#.
H=O =$`~e ~H |O^= H< P^~_ ^~ i K_O Ja+}O
H^. Hx O^~ =$`~e èÔ_ H< P" ` ^ K@ H"iH
P"# O QiK# q+ è LO_=K. Hx H èÔ_ ^_`~
Jx =$`~ `# O Qi H|_`# U JOx _ KH~ LO_ J=H=Ok.
HHx Kx~# =~H@ =~} H q+ <~Ox qye# ==# W`~
H^~=# ijeOz *Q`Q HiOK=#.
^qH ^~ i J~# "O@< <~ <~=` O|O^=O^x ^$=_`
J~ K=#. (H il~ J~# "O@< =^~ i`~" J< J#=#=
L#C_) ^qH ^~ i JQ#O` =~ J#Q =OK<=, =~" =i
=Y"# # qKiOz, =^~# ~< LOK=#. =^~ `
^qH ^~ ~_ J~# "O@< Z@=O\ P= KO_ J~ K=#.
^~ O^~=Q Ò` # qKiOz =$`~eH `#~ =^# Z@=O\
O|O^ L#q J##k =$`~ D q+O Z=iH< L`~ ~ L# Z_ "\
^~ ^$gHiOKH=#. =$`~e \O\ "~ `# ~ J`==, P__K ~#
O ^~ _| O##, q""# "O@< xOk`, P U"< H#Q K
LO>, xOk` =~H@O fH# q+x, JO`HO_ =$`~ O Q~#
JO# _ ^~ JkHi x~OK=#. ^~ JkHi D H ~A "i ^~
[i P=O_ ^~ i K=#. H @ O^~=Q P= KO_
# H~ [~ ~K=#. D q+=x Z...".P~~ <O. 537
q=iOK_O [iy#k.
=~} - ^~
=~}O J#Q Ô r=# H ÒQ OaOz=_O. nxx QiOz# i
q=~ "^< GO `HO\~. =~} ~O_ ~H=Q =sHiOK=K.
1. [ =~}.
2. J[ =~}
[=~}: [ =~}, ^~}OQ =~O =# ^ [OQ U~_
J<~QO =# HeQ =~}. g\ ZO\ J#=<, b "O LO_=.
J[ =~} : `, P``, O`=# =^, "<
}OK#_ [~Q =~}, [O`= =# HQ =~}, _Q@ =#
=~}, q^``= =# HeQ =~} "^#q Jx J[=~}Q ~#=K.
C &
I
50
J[ =~}O OqOz# O^~= YzÒQ =OK<= x~OK=#

^` ^~ JkHi LOk. =OK<= H =Y L^= H H#|_
=~}H~}= H#Q#@. =OK<= H i ~ ", ^x K@|^`
U =~} Z=~ =OK<= x~OK=# J##k `î ~
`HO\~.
"s` H~}OQ =H =~} Oq~. D "s` ~O_~HQ
K=K.
1. H$u "s` 2. =#= `^ =# [iQ "s`.
L^: `#, <g, HiK, HO_Ki _O, HOO "^Q#q
H$u "s`.
Hx ~H H$u "s` OK ^ =#= =H `^ =# L^qOK
K<x JaQ=#k.
=#= `^=# HeQ "s` :- ~ =^, ~_ =^, q=#
=^, =O`, a_ _O, Hb P~h =# HeQ =~} "^Q#q.
b "iH i~ K|_ =~} Jx Q_ J[, J#=x` i` [iQ
=~}.
U^< =~}O OqOz# q+O =K ~^# |\ Jk P`` ^
J#=#^ =~}= H Z=i=<< L^~HOQ KO|_<~ ^ =^=`
[iy# =~}= J# q+x |\ P H# "~ .S.P~ #"^ K O|Ok`
.S.P~. # O H f=`# |\ JkH~ è `y# |Ok` <~=#
K~Hx <~= K_O_ i~HOz, J=~"#K \"/_Q_/_
^~= x}x H~= fHx uH H^~ HiOz <~x, ==#
\, g_ f, K w iH~ KH#=#. D H~H== [~Q@ =#
<~=# O|OkOz# Ui W^~Qx, JO`HO> Z=Qx Q~=h#
OK~f^~#, =$`x =$`~e H (QiO è LO>) ~H |O^=# =i
<~=# O|OkOz# `H ^ ~HH= WK"ix =< *sK eOKHx
=OK<=# x~OK=#. "ix J^ =< OKf^~ =HO qKiOz
"i \"O\# q_Q iH~ K =OK<=## H" "~ =~}Oz# =HH
O|OkOz#, =~}H~}xH O|OkOz#, <~ i~ O|OkOz#, =~}Oz#
=x Jx q=~=# iQ ~O@ =OK<=x 26 H" O|OkOz#
=K~x iH~ K=#. OK<= i J~# `~"` == "_H P~ =^
i# =~}H~}= `H#@, = OK<= H H`@ =~" H~
O=#.
C &
I
51
=OK<= iJ~# `~"` == ## ==# <~xH O|OkOz

<~= ## ==#, <~x iH~ K# `~"` `î ^~ H~ ^=
KHx @~ P J_~*` @ H~ ^~ Qx, _.. ^~ Qx x}xH
O=#.
=~}xH O|OkOz# H <~ Z=~< LO> "ix J~ K, "i Pn#O
=# <~xH O|OkOz# ==# n#O KHx J=~x |\ "\x Q_ @~ P
J_~* ^~ x}xH O <~xH <~xH, <~=# Q O|O^=# ~A=
Ke. ^~ q+OJ_Q_Q< D H @ O^~=Q _< ~ =#e
UqÔQ H "~. ^xH =# ^~ i# =^#O U=#k J#q+O
Q~OKHx ^~ K Ki+@ "=#.
J[=~} - ^~
J[ =~} QiOz Z..." P~~ <O 490 #O_ 503
q=iOK|_#k. Jx J[ =~}Q_ OK<= YzÒQ x~OK=#. [
^"# =~}O HO_ ``@, Jx~H= =~} _ J[=~} HOkH
=~. D =OK<= QiOz .P~.. H< 174 #O_ 176 =~ q=iOK|_Ok.
=~}= HQ@ |@ H#|_ H~}= `H#@ =OK<= =Y L^=.
=OK<=x~OK=# H
Z) P``
a) `
) [O`= =# Hx, O`=#Hx, =^=`#Qx Hey# =~}
_) q"^^ =~}O.
=OK<=# ^~}OQ .K.F. x~~. J#=<^ =~} QiOz
=K~= JO^H# .K.F H il~ K .S.P~ # P= KO_
Zy\" "l@ O=#. "O@< <~=# K~Hx <~=# Q~ "
H^~ <#OQO_ K_=#. HhO W^~ ^ JO`HO> Z= =Ok ^
=#+# P i~ x=#"ix OK~f^~Q U~@ KH=#.
"iH =OK~u O^~=Q H#175 P~.. "~ OK~f ^~Q
==iOK=#kQ `` ~O <O 71 "~ =# W==#. =~}Oz# =H H
=~}H~}=# è# Z=~< LO> "iH H_ =# *i K =OK~u
O^~OQ eOz OK~f ^~ =H= qKiOK=#. =OK<= i~ "
O^~= =ij# QiOz D HOk q+= "=#.
Z) == H#Q#C_ L#u.
a) Q =i "\ Q~, "\u, ~OQ, _=, "_.
C &
I
)
_)
52
Z=H qiy# iu LO> "\ H q=~}

== g^ i~# L# ==, Q~, #Q, ^ U W`~ O|O^"#
q+= L#" ijeOz "=#.
W) =, "O@H u, =Y=~# "=#.
Z) Z`, U"< ` Q= =x# Q~, e~, =K, "^#q, =i Jq
s~= U ^= L#q Yz`=Q "=#.
l) W`~ q=~= U"< LO> "=#.
=OK<= O^~=Q =z# # qKiOz "i \"\# ~O 65 "~
~ q_Q =OK<= i~ [`~K=#. "i \ "O\ O`HO
K=# J=~O ^.
WOH i~ (= OK<= i~) QiOz "#_ Q~OKH=# JO= (P~~ <O
492 - 503)
1. = OK~f i~# ~" 72 "=#. JO^ =~}=# Q `H
H~}=#, Q~ =~# H OOK|_#@ U"# Q~ == L#_
"\ q=~=, =i P Q= H Q~ U P^=K K|_#@Q
H#|_`#^ J\ q=~= "=#.
2. OK~f^~ =i H Ja=# "# `~"` i~
=OK<= [i# JkHi O`H=# K=#.
3. = OK~f i~, ^x` @ # qKiOz iH~K# \"O@#, "O@<,
H~, JkH~ O=#.
4. OK~f ^~ H O` Ja=# i~ #O^ #"^ K~^. "\x
H_s #O^ O|Ok` ^~ JkHi #"^ K=#. i~` UHqOKx
=# O`H= K=x |=O`= K~^.
5. P i~ H H~< Hx,^ \\ Hx O|Ok` +< iH~
K=#.
6. XH\ HO> Z= =~}= L# _ XHH ==# XHH = OK~f
i~# q_q_Q "=#.
7. ~ H_O@ #O^ H .K.F =OK~f [i# _ ^~ i~#
~ b O=#.
8. = OK~f J#O`~O U =Ò PO KO_ 12 QO@ =xb
"iH H OK~f "iH Kx~# "iH q=~=# ~" 73
è*=#.
C &
I
9.
10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
53
_H~` =~" `xiQ K~OK=#<_ x|O^# ^ Hx = OK~f

== i# =~}H~}= èx _ `H =~" K~OK=#.
<~=# ijeOz# J#O`~O "O@< =OK~fx ~OaOK=#.
bH_ Z=~< =H Kx` "l@ QiK, = OK~fx [iOK=#.
P Ui x=tOK Ò`# =i ^Q ==iOK "ix
OK~f^~Q HiOK=#.
<~=# =i ==# ijeOK#_ #, OK~f ^~# ^~
JkHi` > =OKH#=#.
=OK~f i~# ===# K@<, OK~f ^~ =H=< "=#.
Z=HQx, q_q_Q =#\ J== Q=Qx, qq^ =, qq^ `n
HiOz#_, =OK~f i~# q_q_Q "=#.
=OK~f i~#, XHi iK=#. "~^ û iK~^.
=OK~f i~ H \"O@# "~^. "\x "~Q iH~K,
=OK~f i~ [`K=#.
= OK~f i~, H\"`Qx, k^Qx LO__^. k^@ `x
~#_ JO` =O^ "# ^xx H\", ^x# H#|_#@Q " z#
O`H=# K=#.
.S.P~. "|_# H =OK~f i~ "@ =O^ Qx H
" ==#Qx, è=z#\ =^~ ~ =i `H ~#
"=#.
Kx~# "xx QiOK@ `Q K~# K@=#.
== QiOK|_xK == H \#, "e=^# f=#. \#
f@ =O^ ==# HêO~^. f# \ #O^ =Y= q=~=Q xK
== H `, [=# =i ==# ~O_ \# u#, \#
f=#. == q"# = L#@~#K == H K@ H _
\xH =K#@Q \ f=#. ` H<#K ==
QiOK|_#\H, ==# ^qkQ \ f~OK=#.
==# H= û ` #O_ ^= =~ f Q=# ijeOz qnHiOz
"=#.
J^q^=Q =# ijeOK#_ XH ûx J#iOK =#. ~=Q
LO__ Q~ =^ #O_ == H ^~=, k#, qnHiOz "=#.
C &
I
54
25. Q= H Yz`"# ["# u =i i=}=# qnHiOz

"=#. _= "_# =`" "=#. ` `H#@ J#=~=
Q=# `H~^.
26. == g^ L#\ |@# Yz`"# ~OQ, u, i=}=, ~, Q,
~O^= H u, Uq^=Q H#Q#|_#q =i "\ u, i=}= "\
==# qnHiOK=#.
27. ''HO` ^~= `~"`, ''H ==# JO` ^~= H^ J<_ =@# HH,
Yz`"#\ H`# H==#.
28. ZO` ~H= L#k, ~H =~H == g^, == g=# ZK@#q `H
<\ K=#. JO^=# Jk <~", H^ è#. == =#q z#
Q=, ^Q= `H=K#.
29. = OK~f i~ #O^ ~H= L#\ UU == * K#k "=#. (7=
H")
30. ~H= Hey =#\ ==#<~=#O^, OK~f^~ =H=#O^ H
K "=#. ~H =~H =# ==# H K =O^ Jq h_
P~\, P `~"`< H K@ =~z~^.
31. = OK~f i~ ~H =~H L#\ |@ "^Q "\x OK~f^~
=H=< H K "#@Q "=#.
32. = O K~f i~ K=# Q iOz ` # ''Yz` " #
q=~=#"=#.
33. ==#, == H~ }=Q "^H=#. J@ "^@ =#, ==#
QiOK@ J=~"# ' ^~H=K#.
34. J#=xOK|_# P`` H == H J~K`, Q@, " Q#
`H"^H=#. XH" "O@HQx =i W`~ ==Qx HxOz#K
OK~f^~ =H=< n# ~KH=#.
35. OK~f i~ OK~f^~ O`H=# `H O^=#. J#O`~O U
q^"# PO O_ = OK~f i~# H~ O=#.
36. u \# ==# H f O^~ "l@ H J#=ux O^=#.
37. u\# ==# P Ui x=tOKK#\ ~^~ ^ =#+ =H=#
`q H f=#.
C &
I
55
38. "_H P~# _ P =# =z [~Q#@Q U~@ K=#.

H~}"=#Q `qH f# == =~" xqÒ PuH O@ gHx
u LO_#.
39. ` H<HH, P`` HQx, H_O\ HQx ==#
=~" sH xqÒ `H O=#.
40. ^~}OK~f OK~f^~ TOz K# Ja= H~O
J#iOK~^. ==# `x iQ =sH xqÒ O=#.
41. .". iH\ "_H P~ =~}=# Q H~}=# `` `#
Ja=# "@# Q=xOK=#. J^ K@ H~= J#=uOK|_#.
42. ==# .". xqÒ O#_, ^~ JkHi `# ^Q~ =#\ =K~O
JO` "_H P~ O=#. JO`QH ==# Z\ P= O_
.". O`, QiOK@Q# .. x ==` @ O=#.
Z= OY=~}OqOz#_ (P~~ <O.493)
~ =^, | =^, @ ^ q=#=^, =< e
~#C_, Jy=^, q+i` P~ fH#C_ HeQ =~}, q+i`
"= bHl [iy#_, `#, <g, HO, "^#q OqOz#C_
J`kH OY =~}= OqOK J=H=O@Ok. JO\ =O =~}H~}=
JOîH èO^. D i` J@=O\" =OK<= x~OK=# J=~=
^. Hx U^< `H i` J^ O^~= =~}O OqOz#\H
J#=<^"# =~}=H =<#HO> P `H"# H} =#=#H# XH\,
~O_ == =OK<= x~OK=K. Hx i~= O|OkOz# H~"
KH#@ Kx~# "iHQx, Q_# "iH Qx, "^kHi iH\ *s K=
LO_#. JO@"^ |O_ i~ i=Q LOK@ Q# "# P
^= #O_ `~Q `yO=#. (O~}xq`=)
Zy\" "[\ =`" =OK<=x~OK=# O^~(P~~ <O.494)
1. q""# 7 OII P`` KH# =~}= q+O
2. q""# 7 OII =~}Oz# =~}O q+O =~}xH W`~ H~}"#
O^~.
3. q""# 7 OII =~} PO^~= P" |O^= Z=~< =OK<=
x~}Hi`, U W`~ H~}= =<<, bJkHi =OK<= J=~= Jx
qOK O^~=.
4. bH_#, * =i Z<HO@~# OqOz# Jx=~}#.
C &
I
56
Jx O^~=# ==# Yz`=Q =~" O=#. "l\

qK~}O^~OQ # è# (1)(2)(4) ~# O^~ b JkHi H
i^#x q+ J^#OQ ZOH~s è# q+# =OK<=
~#=K#. @ O^~=Q Zy\" "l\ iH~ K# \ "O\x
q+, b ^~x q+ Z@=O\ i` `_ ~O_
*Q`_=#. ^ @ O^~= =^~ _ J=H=Ok.
Z) U"< _"# == q+=, =~}O ~H"#C_ `y# H~}=#
iH~ K, P =K~=`@ H< 176(3) P~.. "~ XH iHl+<#
^Q~x Zy\" "l\ OK == "eHf O^~= P# [~
H=#x H~=#. J^== == _# O Q~ "=#.
a) ==# "eH f# O^~= ^~ JkHi ^~ P== H
QiO# ^$gHiOK=# ^~ ==# =~" xq`= `~eOK@ g
H^x, o# u LO_=K#x qOz# O^~=, ==# "eH
fH=#, "l\` @ _H~# Q_ eOKHx, ==# "eHf#
`~"` \ =~" x~OK =#kQ H~=#.
QiO èx==
Q~ èx== q+= ^~ JkHi D HOk q+#
\OK=#. (Z...".P~~ <O. 499)
1. QiOK@ gQ == H =Y= "H ~O_\ =i _=# z
\Q fH=#.
2. =Y= ~H =~H`# ^ W`~` iQ H#|_x u LO>, J^ iux
z L# XH \Q =i QiOK@ gQ =Y=# = K
`~"` =~H \Q# fH=#.
3. == U =`=# KOk# =H^ QiOK=#.
4. QiO z# =K, K@, ^ g^=# >~ Q~, U^< s~H
"H= L#^,^ W`~ s~H `H` J#Q H, K` P~= ",
Q}O "i =# @H` ^q `y LO_@O, J^# Hey LO_\O
"^Q#q.
5. ==# K@ H U"< >~ =~Qx, W`~` <~H O|OkOz# ==,
Q~ L#"" ijeOz, ZH_KO, ==# D ^= _" ~
J# q+x QiOKe.
6. xH k#uH#, \.q.K<#, \#, "~# ~O K~OK=#.
== H \# QiO J=H=#^" uOK=#.
C &
I
57
=~}O OqOz# H ^~ Q~OKH=# JO= : (Z...". .F. <O

502)
1. q+O =# =~}Oz# H qye# P~ ^~=, "OuH KH# ^~=,
HiOK=#. P~= fH# Yz`"# ==# `H=#.
2. Li, QO` ayOK@ =# Hey# =~} `_# `yOK_xH, ^ H\
K_xH =O^ Z@=O\ P^~=` (`_,Q_,) == "_|_Ok.
=Y= ~H=# f~ (Lividity in face) ^=, H#~u, <H y |\H
=z L#^? <\ #Oz, = #Oz U^< ^== Hi L#^ J< q+ Q_
iH~ K=#. "_ Hu, "_g^ U"< Q~#", QO` @#
"e=^, =^ U"< L#" J< q+ ijeOK=#.
3. == K~=Qx, qQx L#_. == <\K@ ~H= =~H#",
q, K~= K@ H ~H= =~H#" J<q+x ijeOK=#. ==
H K~= ^~}=Q L#^, Q~Q L#^ =i == H ^=
|\H H#_Q~ U"< L#" ijeOK=#. H, Kùx
ijeOK=#. Q WH Qx, <KQx L#K `yOz ^~K=#. ==
gk ^ q=~, îOz#f~ ijeOK=#.
4. |~OQ ^= `QqO|_# O^~ P Ui#, P Ui H
ux =i == g^# Q OY# iH~ K=#. P^=
LO_#@~` ^x g^ L# U"< =^ K^~O_ *Q`Q H K=#.
5. `, _ ^~= =~}, QH PH$u, s~= H
U Q= L#k, Zx "Q= L#q =i Zx x+=}Q#q
Jx iH~ K=#. Q K@ "O@H ^ K~= He# Q~# q=~OQ
~H=#. <~= #O_, n#O KH=#. qye L# _ iH~#
iH~ K n#O KH=#. <~O H =# ^ _ =# [iy#
qÔx K ^~ iH~ K=#.
6. "# =^ H >~Q~, *~_ Q~# iH~ K=#. == g^
=# Jx Q=# q=~=Q iH~ K=#. == L# ~_ Q=#
q=~OQ iH~ K=#. =$`x H ^ Q Qx, ^~ Qx "#=
JO@~# O^~ "\ q=~# iH~ K=#.
7. ~"# t= L#K, _`_ ux =i U"< O QiK# Q~
iH~K=#. |~ H~ J~#^" Q=xOK=#. =i _H H" JO_
JH~< +\# Hq# WO>e*< Ql\# KiOK=#. i q=~=#
"*# lx ., .S, ~~x .S, Z._..F., Z.
C &
I
58
O W`~ =< ^ L"< qOQ H U"< WO^ =# i~ J~#"

`H=#.
8. Z...".P~~.<O. 575 "~ OQ~ O\ fH=#. == o# u
LO> == H K` 10 " H "^\ H}# HuiOz x=
K=#kQ "_H P~ iHl+< W==#.
9. Kx~# =HH U^< <~Ki` L#^" `H#@ Oy _l\ OQ~ O\
|~ =i \ OQ~ O\ |~ O=#.
10. \Q`, == H i q=~` XH ./.K.F# ~Q l
_..P~.a =^, QiO `H# xqÒ O=#.
11. lx .K.F. OîH W\= =H H#|_x H U"< P +# ik
i~ J~#"" l HO\~" ^~ `Hx =# =^ aOz# Q~èx
== H eH i H"< L#"" x~iOKH=#. ==
=~}xH ~O Q L#@~` H# 302 S.. HO^ "O@< il~ K
P k ^~ ~OaOK=#.
13. ` U" Jx J#=#=# J=HO=#@~`, == #O_ "# `\
Q_g^Qx, `\ HyÒQx ~HOL# O fHx, h_ P~\ q+`
_.<.Z. OQ~ O\OQ > Ô K=#.
14. Z...". JÔ 31 ~#|_# q^=Q ==#O_ s~H "#,
W`~ uH P^~# HiOK=#.
== P_, =Q Jx èx O^~= ^=_ Z=H# =i H\ ==#
=i K~=# (O) eOQ x~~}xq`= n#= KH=#. == He~
L#K Z=H =i |_^# HiOK=#.
^#O@#^~
^# O@# =^ iÒQ Hx, L^ ~HOQ `Q @_O =# Hx
[~Q`~. `CQ c= H~" K_" ^ Q f~H=_" ^ WK~HOQ P
^ }#+O K_O nx "#H LÔ J~ LO@Ok. Jy=^H b JkHi
^~Ke LO@Ok. W`~ <~^$ HO_ ^# O@# `H *Q`
fH"e. WÔ` Jy=H Ô"~, W`~ ~OQO "tOz =O@ P~H=O^ P
^x U ~HOQ# =~H=O^ Ke. `H HO, He# J= ~O ^#
O@# O ZO` ^#O Q =K~O JOk~. H|\ =O@ K~QQ<
J#=x` O^~ qq^ ~H# He# ^~# "O@< Q sHHO O_O
=Ozk. nx= =O@ K~Q_xH H~}O, nx"#H LO_ ~xH ^ ^#j
U*O@, ^#q^#O, e`# QiOK=K.
C &
I
59
^# O@# =# ^~}OQ HxOK `H H U=O> ^# ^"

^ ^~. ^# ^~ iQ ^Q=~< ^ =O@# P~Ò <#O J~<,
i^# ^~ ^# J=H WOH a< LO\~. He# Q_ eH, H iK~,
H~@, Mm _ "^Q#q Q Oe.
Jx~H Jy =^ Q# i^_ ijeOKO_ LO_ J=HO LOk.
QO_ "# ^x ~# sH ^~ q"# xi+ =K~O aOK=K. Q H~#O,
Yx[|_^, HO` "~ He# H~# ^~O, JQK~ "= "^Q#q. Q LO_
"## =i"~. #<, \, \~, ~OQ, ^$ H~# ^~ H_O= #\
H~# i`"# Q "=_Òk. Q Q LO_@O #<, \, \~ LO^x
^$gHiOk. ^# = D JOxH ^#O Z=. QO_ "# = U ^~O =
^#O [iyO^ H@=K. DH, A@ H_O= =~~H"# "# =Ok.
=#O He# `~` qye# |_^# sHOK_O= =O@ H~}O, Hx
^~OQiOz# =K~O Òk. ` [iy# s~Ogk ^# XH=~
HO\~. "\ |_^ sHOK_O J=~O. |_^# O@<O HkeOK O_
HiOK_O U ~H"# ^~O HeO^ `H=K. g\x Jy=^ O =^ Hi
He#`, Q}Q}, U ~HO H "II JO `~.
fQ, q^` ## Q sH O_O `xi. nx^~
Jy=Ô q^` ~~\ =# [iy# q+O è#. L^: lOH ^ W`~
^g=# fQ` He L< ^ `H=K.
q^ìH~ ^ LH~}x O L# Q# `~K sH Oe
=Ok. HyÒ, = H_O ^~ =yx <#O KO\~. Hx~ <#O K#
^~x H#H=_O `xi. H=O^ He# Hy`, = HxOz< "\x
Q sHHO OeO^. Hx ~ |_^ x~}O ^~ ^~x =",
Hy`" ^ WOH^ x~~OK=K.
He# HyÒ g^ ~`, JK L#^ J# q+O q+}^~ x~iOKH=K.
J@=O\ O^~ He# ^~x *Q`Q Kki/He O_ HiOz i=}O
HO>~#~ `= HêH` Q Oe. ^~O Ju xÒQ LO_ ^xg^
\ ` e. JC_ Jk Q\Q LO@Ok. ~# ^ =~@ zH q+}#
He# #=<` e KHx ^~x QiOK=K.
^<xH _"~ qq^ ~H ^#j ^" =y~. \, H~<
=O\ \eO L`` Ju ^~}OQ "_Ò\~. +j ^#j JÒ`
^#O L# "\x Q ijeOz QiOKe.
C &
I
60
H H~}
1) qq^ ~H~# H H~}`y#x HO>~#~# U~~KH"e.
2) = L# ^ K# HO>~#~# U J#=x` ^~H~<, ^# =
^"# \ =O\ "\x Q g~#O` `~Q `~eOKe. D H~}
^#j ^=O` `_# <, WO^#O` `_# H, HyÒ,eH, W`~ Hr
=y W=h +j WO^#O` He LO_=K.
3) Jy=Ô [iy# J K@ J<+}[~Qe. =O@ ~yOz# ^~O WQ@~,He#
Jy, W`~ fQ ^ W`~ ~H ==, J#=#O L# He#
== i~ QO HH~< HiOK=K.
4) \, #< ^ W`~ ^#j ^"# ~"} K_xH LyOz#
HO>~#~ HO "`He.
5) iH~ Q~, ye# QA=H, ~OQ =H, W`~ H QQ\
"tOK~#_xH gQ LO_ "\HO ^~}OQ "`He.
sH q^#O
1) ^# O@# [iy# Ox tk# ^$, Hîx sH K_O.
2) ^bH~}, ~# sH Hx~ qt`=y Uq He< z~.
3) "-^= H=\Q ^~ `|ÔQ +=# =yx J#OQ
QiOK=K. Wk JÒ` LQH~ q^#O.
4) W<~_ Q =~@qu, ^= =~@qu ^~ ^#O Wq_ L# ^~<#
sHOK=K.
5) He# |_^# O^`}H =~@zH q+}K ^x è# ^~ He#
|_^` e KH=K.
6) ^# @# LO_ tk# "~K QiOKO^ " H=\Qx _<
#=< q^#O` He W\= Ly<~.
q+ ^~-^~
p# HO #Oz q <~ ^# Q=O LOk. rq`x ~OQ
<#O K_O x| PÔQ Wk x KO@Ok. q+Q eÒQ Z< =~}
OqO\~. q+Q J#=#O L#C_ b# ez ikOK=x
H~Ò\~. Jk =^= ^ P`` ^ q+Q ` Jx x~iOK=O\~.
q+Q H# ikOK_O b H+^"# H$`". qq^ q
LO_ H} ~QO_q XH ~HOQ LO_@O, Jx ~H q èQ aOK_O
C &
I
61
i^## H+`~O KOk. sH Hk "Ò q+O O H=_O = H~}, QiO

= ``Ò\~. g\H O|OkOz Z...". P~~ <O. 529 #Oz 531 =~
`_"#k.
q+q*#GO J<k q+^~ QiOz q=iOK GO. q =O, @H,
^~, x~~#, s~H ^~K~, OH`, H}, HiOK_O, QiOK_O "^Q
JO# D GO q=i~.
<\H ^ @H ^ ~HOH QOz#C_ U ^~"` f=OQ P~QxH
=Ô HeyO^ ^ `# K~ ^~ H}*x <#O KO^ `H}Q}O ^ `H#
`~"` Q}O = D " HeyOK P ^~x 'q+OQ ==i~. q+ ^~O U
"Ò =~}x HQKO^ ^x =^H~ / =~}"`^ JO\~. Wk XH q+
^~xH XH ~HOQ LO@Ok. = =, P~QO, J"@ / ~+ `_# |\
=Ò LO@Ok.
q+QO ^~ ` [iy`, +< "~ =~}x XH xi+ q+O ^~
[iyO^x x~iOKe. P~`_ P qx Hey L<_x k`_ g^ yOK_x
x~OKe. "^kHi =sH K q+QO ^~ =~}O OqOzO^ ^ J#
JOx ^gHi_. <"^q*# "` q+^~x "~K Qi_. q+O QiOz#
J#=<x =K~O P^~OQ "@"^@ i^<kHi =HO K_. "@"^>
Q}Q}OH`#, q+ H}# rqOz LO_Q< ^ =~}O OqOz# `H}" Hey
LO_@O "\x QiOK_O ^<OO. i^<kHi D q+" ~# =K~O
JO^*Q_. H|\ D JkHiH q+ OH`, H} QiOz ~~# *#O LO_e. ^x
^~ q+Q H ikOK_xH Q q+_H O JOkOKe LO@Ok.
<~O Hx HiOK@O, sHOK@O
Z) k`_x sH K@O, J#=x` ^~x HiOK@O H O|OkOz# Ki`#
<@ KH=@O J<q <~O i^<kHi K=# ^#"# #.
=H zOK OH`#, H}# *Q`Q Q=xOKe. =~}O OqOz#
O^~O =sH `H}" U~@ Ke.
a) q+QO [iy# O^~ ^~# ~O_ ~HQ Hi~. XH\
r=~"#k, =~H\ W`~. "Ou, [O, H_ `=_, =Ò, ~HO,
=+^=O, L^~ r~ ^~, HO, =Ò, O, Tiu`,
"^_, Z=H, Q, A@, #~Q "II#q r=~"# ^~. W`~ ^~
H=~, H~`, , W`~ _ (q+ "HQ LyOz#q), QA Q
^ HC (qx fH=\xH LyOz#q) g@x\h HiOKe =O@Ok.
C &
I
62
r=^~ *Q`Q HiOKe. "# HO>#~` Hb O_ KH"e. u

XH^x q_Q `HOz HiOKe. U ~H"# O~HHx LyOKO_, ^xg^
|# JuHOKe. W`~ ==# _ *Q`Q LOKe.
_) "x =sH xqÒ `q, "eHf# O^~O =s~x =Q` @
W`~ #=<` @ P s~O LOz# QOx =\x _Q\ Z=H# QuQ
[@Q HiOKe.
W) J#=xOz# `#, qye~# P~ ^~# ^ W`~ h# ^
qye# =O^# HiOz Q Oe.
Z) =H@ q+O H@"# Ô K@ L# H}*O HiOKe. `
WO*H# q+O# W^ ûx LyOKe.
l) `K#C_ qx yOz# =H q+O L# _#/# è J=HO`<
<#O K_. H|\ K` |@#, K` O_#/_#, WO\O P=~}
K`K^~O L# O`# g\HO "`He.
K) q+O J#=x` O^~ JO`~ J="x `xiQ Q sHHO
Oe. =}JO`~ J== *_ =sH [i# `~"` =}>
LOKe. _OH~_ O`$ ^=}O O~HOKe. <~O #Oz n#O
KH# = =yx O~HH #=<` Oe.
==H$`<~ ^~ Q=xOK=# JO
==H$` <~= H x~K#= PO^^ ==H$` <~= K@= 2001
`_"#k. ^x H~O XH=HK`Qx <~ == K` Qx, ^#O ^ P
O^ H~ |Q=`Qx, O`Qx H kiO`Hx H#yO|_`#
K@=u~H"# K~. P K~ XH @^y# <~" HhO 3 OII *tH Q^ LO_e. 10OII
H= ^~ =H ^ == HhO 2 JaQ H~O^ "|_ LO_e. D
<~ @^y# <~
L^ :- = QOQ _| H~K H_, `, =^H^", _
=y JH=OQ `~ K@, ~"}K@, Hey LO_@, =#= JH=~"},
E^Q$, =\ HOh #_@, ÔQ<@# =kOz K=}K@, Hx+
|=O` =, "^Q#q.
HO` =OkH Hx O` XH<\=~Q U~_ <~ K@" =$uQ Hey#
"~O^~ ==H$` <~ O|OkOz# <~. "i Hx O^~ XHiHH~
iKO O_ _ LO_=K#.
C &
I
63
DK@=x=MO:
1) D K@= ~# <~=x @^y#q.
2) J=~=#O> H~, =^~ A_+ i=O_# 180 ~A=~
_yOK=K.
3) D <~= =O^ ~ W=|_^. J#Q H< 438 .P~... =iOK^.
4) D <~=# _...HO> HOk ~ JkH~ ^~ K~^.
5) D <~=O^ .S.P~.# il~ K@ _.S.l.Qi J#=u fH"e.
6) .. P ~ JkH~K iH~ K|_ =^~ X^ \"O\#
H~O^ J#=uOK|_`~. (H< 18)
7) D <~= qKiOK@ `HH~ U~@ K|_`~. D H~ XH l[_
^ J_+# +< [_# [_Q xq~. =i `H aH @~,
J_+# aH @~# xq~.
8) H=O ^$ J=~=#O> `H H~ qK~}~=Q K@=K.
(W< H"~ _OQ H< 19)
9)
D <~=O^ tH qkOK H~, tH`@ <~ P _ [ K=K#.
(H<20)
10) D Hx =^~H PO Wz# "~, ^+~}K#"~ _ tH~.
11) ==H$` <~ O=x _ _ tH~_.
|~ <~
HO@~ >Hr LyOz K <~=# |~ <~= JO\~. Ò
~` ^= |~ <~ ^~ è ^< L#k. HO@~ i*#=, HO@~
>Hr iy `#\H OK= |~ <~ ^~ è ^< L#k. Hh |~
<~= iy=K#k. .a.S x PiH <~=qQ=, Jx ~x b
JkH~ |~ <~= ^~ Kq^#= >xOQ W<~. D qQ= WOHOQ, H =h "^Q |~ <~= ^~ =Y ` +Ok.
OK=# =` ^~= JH=~"}, P^= JH=~"}, =i
LQ"Ô #". JO`QO_ ÔQ <@ K=} ^ PiH ==, JO`~` ^`
=C. JO^=# <~# J^K, Jq [~QO_ K_@= =Y ^`. =h
O_iOQ =i " QO_ ^ PiH == =C ^ PiH == OAH"O>
~O_O\x J}z "=# P=H` LOk.
C &
I
64
` ~A =^ ^~ +~ =~\ =s, HO_s =~\ JkHOQ

@|_ _`<~. +~ =~\ H~, "@~ Z< J=H`=H K =~\#
X_^_ # K~. JC_ Z=Q PiH <~= #"^ J J=H=
L#q. =#^ PiH == =O^ "O> W@=O\ PiH <~=# =~=O`=Q
Z^~"e J@=O@q [~QO_ =O^Q *Q` fH"e. HO@~ <~=
QiOz# q+O Z...". P~~ <O. 526 #O_ 528 `|_Ok. =i W#~
"+< >Hr H 2000 `|_Ok.
HO@~ <~=^~ K q^#O
1. HO@~ i*#= ~A~A =~`# `~}O ^~ Yz`"# q^<x
\OK=.
2. HO@~ <~ H=# HiOK#_ `Q *Q` \OK=#. H`
K ^+i}= Z^~=`~. J@=O\ O^~= ^~ JkHi .S._
#Oz Qx. Z..Z..., #OzQx x}x eOKHx J`x
H~= fH=#.
3. HO@~ <~ H= HiOK#_ HO@~# K *Q`Q O_eOQ
K=#. JO^ K =Y"# =i q"# =K~=O@Ok. U"<
qO_ K K =^=O@Ok. HO@~ <\=~ J#O^#=
K|_ LO\~. JC_ JO^x =K~= K@ xH" LO@Ok.
J@=O\ =K~=# iOz#_ ^~ JkHi +e O fH"e.
HO@~ <~=#^~ K#_ Q~OKH=# JO=
1. W<Q+< "^ \#\ #Oz i J=~ +e H O
`xi.
2. =K~O, =~# HO@~ O_ K_O.
3. HO@~ H <, HO@~ "#H QO x qq^ H<H# \ f_O.
4. H| z=~ JuHOK_O.
5. ~_ \<g@~ JO` #O_ HO@~# ^~OQ LOK_O.
6. <~= aOK ._, _.q._, ~_# *Q`Q H K=#.
7. H K@ q^^"= x H# "_=#.
8. <~= aOK Jx~H `# *Q`Q ijeOz Z@=O\ z# Hy`x
J~< * K=#.
65
C &
I
O~ ^~ û
Complete Investigation Process
~^^~_ +< =z XH @^y# <~= QiOz ~`~H=Q ~^ K<

H <\ =@ ^~ K` J@=O\ "\x, <#O #O_ ZO_~"O\ J~#
~^, i~ P~ #O_ ZO_~"O\ =z# ~^# ^= =K~
x"kHQ `~K O|Ok` JkH~ O=#. >b< ^~ Qx, >eQ" ^~ Qx
=z# ~^# Z.S.P~. #"^ K~^. FIR ~^^~ H O`H= `x
iQ LO_=#.
FIR #"^ J~# "O@< ^~ JkHi ~k H \ "O\ iH~ K=#.
J`x s~= Q=O_< ^ J<~Q=` LO_< ^ f= J`` LO_<
"O@< zH` xq`= "_H iHl+< ^~ Z~` ` PuH zH` =i
wound certificate H~ O=#. ~k^~x #O_ n# ~KH=# ~H
=~H Q ^Qx, <~=# O|OkOz W`~ == U"< LO> OK<= ~
n#O KH=#. O^~#~OQ ~k^~x "O|_ Z=~< =z LO> "ix
H_ qKiOz "i \"O\ H< 161 (3) HO^ iH~ K=#.
~^ JO^`< J=~x |\ <~ ~H}xq`= `y#|Okx O=#.
HH f=`# |\ JkH~ q+=# `=#. Z.S.P~ #"^ J~#
"O@< ^~ JkHi g#O` `~ <~O# "=#. <~= U"< <~=#
O|OkOz# P#" ^~`"#x }OQ ijeOK=#. <~=# qq^
^` iH~ K=#. (g_Q, \Q) ~K. <~=H ij# / [~
=[~<= `~ K=#.
<~= Kx~# =# n# ~KHx OK<= x~Oz `î K~
xq`= ` PuH O=#. H "x |\ D HOk O^~ ~q#
JkH~ (`t~/P~._.F) =`" =OK<= [~=#. 1) =~H@ =~}
q"= [iy 7OII =~}Oz# 2) H__` 3) b H
=~}Oz# =H 4) _# ==# "eH f# O^~=.
<~= <~=# O|OkOz# uH P^~=# ~# û HiOz
OK<= HO^ n# ~KHx ZH~ Fx< xq`= @~ P J_~* ^~
O=#. J=~=~` \", P~.Z.., _Q_, ZHl" ZH~ =#
LyKH=#. J=~=~` <~=# ZO` H= `~"`<< #~ xiOK@#
^$+ LOKHx iH~ K=#.
<~ ij# =i J\ =~ qKiOz# H=# |\ ^~ JkHi
J <~= [iy#^? ^? J< J=Q# ~= LO@k. H = L#@~`
C &
I
66
xOk` PKH H~, W<~O\ ^~ ÒK, g#O` `~ J~ K "ix

}OQ ^K qKiOz <~= "i `# x~iOKHx W`~ <~ ` U^< LO>
_ ~|\ <~=` O|O^=# =^~Oîx J~K i=O_ O=#.
<~# =iO` qKiOK =# O^~=#, `# H H=# <~, W`~
H P ^~, JkH~ K` J~ H|_ A_+ H_ L# O^~=#
=i <~ b J~# ÒKH#@ <~Q H~ Oy~# O^~=#
P =^~# H~ J#=u`, H~ J#=uOz#O` H=, H~ zOz# x|O^#
"~ b H_H fHx "ix }OQ qKiOK=#. D O^~= J
=^~ ^~ <~xH O|OkOz# U"< == n# ~KH== "\x
OK<= HO^ n#O KHx P O^~= `~K# OK<=# \"O\#
H_s# n# ~KH# ==# =^~` @ O|Ok` H~ n#O
K=#. <~ J~` "ix J~ K#_ = bJkH~ `xiQ
LO_=#. <~ A=< J~` `y# *Q` fH#=#.
<~ x~~}H J=~x |\ == QiO, =^~ QiO, <~#
<~=# fHo "~ <~= K# q^=# QiOz `H=#. "e=^, ^
=^, s~H ", W`~ uH P^~ U^< LO> ZH~ Xx< ^~, "_H
i~ ^~ <~=# <~xH, <~xH J#O^xOK=#. <~"x |\ "\~
"H W<H~ H iH\, W`~ _~"O\ JkH~ H H H_
HiOK= LO@Ok. <~"x |\ ^~ JkHi J=~= Jx q =^~
H <~= XCH \"O\ =i H H= +< J#OQ
LO@Ok Jx qOz# HO, "iH \"O\# A_+ "l\ QiK iH~
K~OK=#.
H "x |\ # ~# ^` H^~ / Xx< HiOz Z/
QiH H OQ` q=iOz "iK # \Oz _ K~+\ `~ K~Oz
J=~"# H JkH~ _ x"kOz "i J#=u _ Ok, H n#
~KH# s` @ H~ n#O K K~+\ ^Y K=#. (H< 173
P~..)
H "x |\ ~^ U=Ò x[= ^x qOz# O^~ JO^
O|OkOz# H# HiOz q=~# O^~z H ~~ K@ Q# #
i~# `~ K J=~=~` JkH~ J#=u Ok H~ ^YK "l\
Qi #O_ H ="# L`~ O^=#. H "x |\ ~^ HO` "~
x[=O_ =iHO` He`=Q LO> JO^ O|OkOz# H#, q=~#, H_s
Oîz JkH~ ^$+ LOz ^~ x[x~~}kQ H#yOK=#. H
67
C &
I
= #@~` =^~# J~ K~^. =^~ J~ `~"` H_ Ki+@

"Q U^<< =^~Oî # Qx, XH~ ^ HO`=Ok =^~ Qx ^~
O^~=Q "iH <~=` O|O^= ^ Jx ^$=_` H "x |\ JkH~
J#=u fHx "ix H#O_ `yOK=K. ~^ Wz#O` =`=# JO^x
q+= H@|_ =`" ^~ H#yOK=# J=~=^.(H< 173 P~..)
-0000-
68
C &
I
^~ JkHiH Hx| _Q ==iOK@

(Assisting the Investigating Officer)
b _~"O\ Hx| ` JÒ` HH"#k. _~"O\ =Oz~

~"<, q=~ ~"< Hx| =~# g^ P^~_ LOk. =~= O`x
Q== O^ _ `= `~# [ JO^@ LO_k Hx| =`"
J##k xi"Ô=. [ b J< ^xH Hx| J< == K=OkH L#k.
ZO`Q =<xH H_ <k U =^~" J~#@ ZO` qt+` Hey# b
_~"O\ Hx| <k.
Hx| `#qk x~} L^Qs` JkH~ zOz# "~ Z<<q^
x~iOKe. < q^ Jx ~#_O gH^. ` =[= * xq`=
THO^x "# Q_ Z^~< iu L#k. D q^ QOQ `# ^#Ok# q^#
c@, \eOQ, x, OaOQ, |O^|, H~, Z~, Q~ "^# O^H q^
HO_ ^~ qQ= _ ^~ JkHiH _[=Q LO@ H ^~ `#
=O` `# +OK= L#k.
^~ JkHiH/ .K.F QiH Hx| <~= QiOz `# =K~O
JO^# "O@< +=Q, =Q i q=~=` q.K.Z. \ ^~Qx <
^~ Qx =K~O JO^* ^x P# K## \OK=#. <~"x |\ W`~
JkH~ _ HO =K~= JO^*=#. H=xH+< H =Y`
g~ ~<e\ _="O\ J< }OQ Ò\~.
<~ =K~= JOk# "O@< ^~ JkHi K# "~ JO^@##
"~ `y#O` |Ok` "O@< <~x K~Hx, <~O Kki O_ K~
K@=#. <~O# Uq^=Q i~HOK=< ~xH # J# H q=~=Q
`|_#k.
<~= k`, k` `~# |O^= ZO` ^Y=`, PO^#`
O` Q~ LO\~. "~ P == qsÒQ Q_ =iOK=K. "ix Fî,
Oìz, ^~=K#= K, `=# Jx q^= P^HO\= J< #=H=#
HeyOKe. <~# Ò_ @Hx tH QiK= J<#=Hx HeOKe. `î
#+O, ^_ O O_ "iH ^~O HeyOKe. ZO` O=#=` ==iOz
iux J^xH `KHx ^~ HiOK=x Hi ^~ JkHiH Jx q^=
H~= JO^@@ K_e. "~ PO^# LO_ <~=# "iH è O_<
OQiK J=H=Ok. P q^=Q [~QO_ "ix J##~Oz "i H~= Oê.
gOx [ L`H`` <~= =^ QOQ =z <~=# `H@ ^~
C &
I
69
_K J=H=#k. P q^=Q [~QO_ =iQ ==iOz H`=

L`#= HO_ K_e. ^~ JkHi <~=# K~H#=~ P `~"` <~
ij# i JQ#O` =~ _ P# K# "~ ==iOz H~
JOkOKe.
^~ JkHi <~=# qq^ ~H=Q iH~ K= LO_#. JO^
QOQ \Q, g_Q, K, ij#/n# OK<=,=OK<= ^~ <~
i q=~=# O^~K= =O_#. g\ P^~OQ O=`~ Q_z# `~"` H_
^~ ~OaOz#_ L# <~O su< q=~` <~O# #i~}O K
J=H=O_#. D q+ ^~ JkHiH H~ JOkOz XH . `#
_ q+` XH Q ^~ JkHi J J=H=Ok.
<~ ij#x =MO XH\ uH H^~ "uH HiOK@.
<~O/<~x =^/ k` =^ aOz# uH H^~ =` <~xH,
<~=` L# O|O^x x} JaO ^~ u~Qx s` x~OK=K. D uH
P^~ "uH H== P <~ "x |\ qq^ ~H=Q L#q. P ^`x
q=~=Q z`~= ^~ H_ g~ WO` =# `H<~. ^~ JkHiH
JO^x H uH P^~<, P# HiOz# . "\x QiOz S.F QiK
HiO* |"# H# ~|@_xH ^^ _<~.
^~ JkHi ^~ q+OQ W`~ JO_ P~~ = s` ZO`
`=`==` LO\_. P == ^~ JkHi zOz# "~ ^~ *=Q
*~Q xq`= OKf^~#, # QiOz "ix ^~ JkHi =^ [~
~K=#. , J~` "i =^H ~ qKiOK= LO_#. ^~}OQ
Hx <~ OK~f^~Q ==iOK@ Z=~ =O^ ~H=K. JQ
Q_ `= è#, `=K# <~xH O|OkOz# q+ b "iH `@
=O^ ~H=K. JO\ =, u Hx| "i WM [` Ò|O^
Hey "i #=Hx HeyOz ^~# HiOK =#kQ H~=#.
^~ JkHi K# "~ <~ "x |\ "ix J~ K@ iJ~#
su =`" Z@=O\ u iu<# `@x KHKHOQ ==iOK=#.
<~# J~ K@ S.F QiH HiOK=#. P =O Hx|
J=`=OQ LO_ `= x HQO_ KH=#. `xi i`
PÒ~H} J=Q# Hey J=~=~# "~ |=# LyOK=#. P
iu H=~ î f< "#H_H_^. qq^ O^~ J~ K@ b
Q JkH~# P~.. ~# "~ `H<~.
70
C &
I
^~ O^~OQ ^~ JkHiH HiQ <~ ij< =O l

HO^= #O_ \" , _Q_ =z# O^~ uH H^~ H~}#,
HOQ#, \" HiOK=#. uH H^~ QiOz "\ =Y`
QiOz Jq U"q Z LO_< J< q+ QiOz, "\x HiOK@ =i H K@
QiOz ~xH < ~O= }OQ `H<~.
-0000-
71
C &
I
WO@~Q+<
XH =Hx tOK_O ^~ H =\__O ^~ x*x `H< H< WO@~Q+<
JO\~. XH H il+~ J~#\ #O_ b =_ ~H =` ==i~.
1) ~^^~_
2)
3) xOk` / J#=x`
D =_ ~H = #O_ ~|@H< q+e H_HiOz H _s ~O H~
[~ ~K_O b "i qk. WO@~Q+< JO> Z^\ =H ^~Q =iOK_O J<
J~O ~_Q ~=_O = D ^x =x" ''ZQq<+< ^ ''WO@~ J< ê `
^ "_`<~.
~^^~x _ XH qÔQ H J#=K. J`# k`_ _ H|\ J`x
~^^~ JO@<O. D ~^^~, #O_ x[O `H=# J=~O
b LOk.
qK~}
XH q+x OQ K#"~, ^xx QiOz W`~ ^~ `# "~
Q iQ}OK|_`~. H x~OK_xH gi HO K J=~O. ~^ =Y`
QiOz, H =Y` QiOz Wk=~ `<O. =, =#H u,
q+# J~O K< H "~ K HO =O KÒk.
# qKiOK@C_ DHOkq+eQ~OKH"e
1. H H =#H u, =# |\, J`# XH q+x iQ QOK_ ^
J< q+O `H"e.
2. H H J=Q< H. L^~}, W^~ =\_O@#C_ J`xH, "i
=@e J~O K< H LO^ ^ Q=xOKe.
3. ~k` L# x` |O^Ò = q+x =HHiOz K`<_ J< q+O
_ `H"e.
4. H H qh`. JO> #==K ^ J# q+O. nxx WOw+ H_ae\
JO\~.
5. <~O [iy# =O H `# K#@Q P O LO_ J=HO LO^ ^
K_e. `# K# O #O_ q+x K J=HO L#^ ^ _
Q=xOKe. L^~} pH\ U^< <~O [iy#_, `# < K@ #O_
K#x H K#K, `# K# K@ #O_ P q+x Q=xOK J=HO L#^
^ J< q+x _ `H"e.
6. H H =#H u. L^~} `y# =` Qx =i WOH^< H Qx
L#K J`# iQ Q=xOK J=HO LO^ ^ Q=xOKe.
C &
I
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
72
J`# ~k H `= J~` _ q+e =HHiOz K J=HO LOk.

H H *H H iQ LO^ ^? J`# qQ` ^~}q+e iQ
*HO KHx KQeQ_?
H xOHKOQ, O O_ K "`=~}x HeOz q+x [H
`KH=_xH `__e.
b_OQ =K~O JOkOK_^. L^~} WO@~Q+< `# è# q+x
HH JOkOK_O ^~ H J^ q+x z= =Q $+Oz K J=HO
LOk.
HO` =Ok =@H~Q, q+x HeOz K"~Q LO\~.
XH H K# q+xH =~H H K# q+xH `_ L#C_ Z=i HO
Z= #=^y#^ Q=xOKe.
J<H =Ok XH q+x XH ~HOQ K`#C_ ^x qh`#
Q=xOK_O J=~O. L^~} Q= HH L# O`= XH =~ "~
=~H =~ "i `C_ H @_xH Hx HeOK O^~O\~.
JO@C_ u XH Hx "~~Q qKiOz, q+e ~|\e. "~ ZH_
H#n, <~ O ^Q~ "~ LO_\xH H~}O Uq\, P =O Z=~
ZO\ _ "<~, Z=~=~ ZH_H_ #O_ =K~ J< H"# q+e
tOK_O ^~ "~ K =@x J=H`=H |@ _`~.
"~ <~O [iy# =O JH_ LO_\xH H~}O Uq@x qKiOKe.
# qKi#C_ "ix J#=x<~< =# ~h_^.
H# |~K_xH H J=~O b LOk.
~k` O|OÔ #@=O\ Q~=^"# ''#@ q\< JO> `@"# =H
HxH Z= ^#` W==K.
` <~ O H q=~ iQ `H"e. J=~O J~` <~ O
^Q~ fHx "e. "~ JH_ Uq K~< q+x qKiOKe. J~` u
Hx <~ O ^Q~ fHx "_O = "iH JO` =O^ <~O QiOz
èH ~< JC_ U^ HeOz K J=HO LOk.
Hx H ''>~< q\< JO> Wk =~H kO_ O|_# O\~. g~
K u q+x *Q`Q H KH KH"e.
H "^\ #O_ J|Ô K`<_x è# HO, J`x HOx J|^
QiOz tOz J`# J|Ô K`#@Q x~OKe.
C &
I
73
21. `C_ H ^ H< ` "^# "\ K =Ok `@ = HO

K_xH =O^ ~H=K. "iH `y# ^~x HeOKe. K@O ^~ "iH ~H}
LO@O^< q+O èKe.
22. Hx K@ z# HO Ju =Y` OìOKO@Ok. J=HOQ
LO_@O = "~ [iy# q+x [iy#@Q KQ~. ^xx ~ K_xH
qQ` Hx HiOKe.
23. =#OQO H ~k ` =~H H LO_H=K. JO\ O^~ P"
Hx J#=~OQ J#=xOK_^.
24. H @ =# ZO\ ^~=Q# LO__^. F< "O_` qKiOz# `~"`<
x~~}KH"e.
25. Hx qKiOK@C_ J`x Q~=OQ qKiOKe. ^~Q =iOK_^.
26. `# K HO = <~xH tH _, =*xH " [~QÒ^x Hx O^~
K= LO@Ok.
27. _ L#C_ "ix q_ q_Q HO_ XH =OQ qKi "~
HO` ^~O `KHx q+x èK=K. O^~x |\ D ûx "_e.
XHi q_Q qKiOz#_ q+x "_~.
WO@~Q@~ LO_=# H}
1. Z^\ =x+ =#Ò `H Hey# H LO_e.
2. *H H Hey =O_ H / xOk`_ K u q+x }OQ Q~ @Hx,
`~"` K q+` O|OÔ Q=x LO_e.
3. =i.
4. H / xOk`xH qO HeOK_O. `# K@ H~O J`xH <O K#x #=HO
HeOKe.
5. F~, #O =O_e. ZC_ _ L^HxH # H_^. WO@~Q@~ L^HxH
# H=_O H qQ KOk#@Q Hx xOk`_^ K~ J=Òk.
6. WO@~Q@~ JH~"# J"@, Ò^~_@O, s J#OQ H^`
LO_@O, #uQ =\_@O, ^~+_@O W=h J`xH #x HQK~. Wq
xOk`_H WO@~Q@~ g^ âx HeOK=.
7. WO@~Q@~ =Oz =~#, =@ qO, ^ Q}O, <uH |O îOKe.
Wq #C_ xOk`_H J`x Q~=O HQ^.
8. ij<H Hey <~ x }OQ ijeOz# `~"`, H / xOk`_ K u
q+x iQ ijeOKe.
C &
I
74
9. xOk`_ _OQ*, =Y H=oH# Q=xOz u O^# Q=xOKe.

10. xOk`_ =\_ +` iQ iKO LO_e. + èH` Jk ^
J=~Ô.+# `CQ Qx, J=~``Qx =\_`, xOk`_H Jk
ÔQ H#_=K.
11. =[Ox qq^ =~ H =#`x `Hx LO_e. nx = WO@~Q+<
""e `H=_O ==Òk.
qK~}û
~kx, Hx qKiOK_O Wk=~ `<O. WC_ J#=x`} / xOk`}
Z qKiOK ÒÔ.
WO@~Q+< ^`
1. x[O Uq\ x~iOK_O
2. J#=x`_` <~O XOK_O LÔ H^. J#=x`_ x[OQ <~O K_
^ Jx `H=_O =YO
3. J#=x`_H K~=~< L<~ ^ `Hx, " q=~# `H=_O
4. u <~_ H ` Uq\ `H=_O (L^~} XH_ Q_e` #iH
LO_=K =~H_ ~ K LO_=K)
5. ^K# =# ~|@H=_O.
6. <~O` O|OÔ x "ix qK~}#O_ `yOK_O.
7. <~xH O|OkOz# Jx q=~e }OQ `Hx, <~O `# Wk=~H
Q=xOz# q+` H=_O.
8. ÔQ` ZH_< ^z< Qx, Z=i =^<< LOz<, P q=~ `H=_O.
9. xOk` =~"< <~ K LO>, "\ QiOz qKiOK_O.
10. Wk=~ [iy# <~ JO\ xOk` T z` K|_ =O>, P <~
QiOz gix tOK_O, P <~O K J=HO giH LO^ Jx qKiOK_O.
11. <~x H "_ P~O_ (<~O K q^#O) x QiOK_O.
12. ÔQ ` H< "~=~< LO> "i QiOz =K~x HiOK_O.
13. <~OK_xH "\" (LÔ) U"< LO^ Jx `H=_O.
14. xOk`_ \"O\ P^~OQ <~xH O|OkOz# H HiOK_O.
P~... UqKÒk?
P~... H< 161 H~O e, kè, J#=xè qKiOK JkH~O
b LOk. J qKiOK|_# = `xiQ `= è# =K~x b
C &
I
75
Ke. Hx ~` ~*OQ= O^ ~z# H~O `## `# ^+Q

x~OK< \"O\# |=OÒQ fH_xH g^. H< 163 (2) H~O Qx,
xOk`Qx KQ Wz# \"O\# b x~HiOK_^.
WO@~Q+<H `~ H=_O :- H ^~ K JkHi =i J`x \"x
H q=~# }OQ `Hx LO_e.
1. <~O ZO\ uH HO aOz#^ è LO_e. Wk=~H <~
QiOz U"< PKH WK~ Q=xOKe. (L^~}, <~_ Z~Q, _Q
L<_<, s~O < K@ Q Hx =K Hx L<< Hx K#_
P q=~ xOk`_x e L<? ^! Jx Q=xOKe).
2. xOk`_x ZO\ "e J< ^xx =O^Q< }oH `~ KH"e.
3. U^ K\Q " <~_ ^xx "O@< Q\, J=~"# =K~x
^z> J=HO LOk.
4. xOk`_ _ è"#"_ J< q+x =iz_^.
5. ''WO@~Q+< D* Z \ P @ "O_ JO> qK~}J<k W^~ = èqH
=^ Ô J#k = Ò. JO^= WO@~Q+< ~# qÔQ `~
H=_O K =YO. O> xOk`_ b# K #=< iu~=K.
6. <~O xOk`_ "_# +#, =O_eH eO\ q+e _ `x
LO_e.
WO@~Q+<=Y`
1. xOk`_ / J#=x`_ _ XH =x+ J# q+x =~=_^. J`xH
L# =#= e Q~qOKe.
2. F~, P` ~x ZC_ Q@H_^.
3. xOk`xH J~= + qKi J`# `~Q J~O KHx, iQ =^#O
K J=HO LOk.
4. xOk`xH J~=Q LO_e. J`x i*# ~H `y#@Q LO_e.
5. S.F. `=Q =\_e. xOk`_` Z= =\_OKe.
6. S.F. L^HxH # H_^. s~H kiO K XHHi e` #=
J=HO LO@Ok.
7. S.F. `## QiOz Jx q+ ` Jx, J`xx `# #==K#< qO
HeOK =iOKe. P qO He` <~_ Jx q+e qnHi_.
8. HO` =Ok S.F. xOk`x` ''x[O KC, h # H LO_^, = ZH_ ^K"
KC, J H il+~ K^ Jx K x*x ~|_Ò\~. Wk ~# q^#O
C &
I
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
76
H< K@ =`". ~f H K@O H< 29 H~O xOk`} =\ x[O

~|\< ^x JOwH~` ^|u#^.
xOk`_ "Yi / ^~} Z LOk J<k Ò^~Q Q\e. ^x H#Q}OQ qK~}
yOKe. (L^~} HO` =Ok xOk` J}=Q LO_=K. =iHO`
=Ok x~H "Yi îOK=K).
x*x =`" ~|\e J< q+O =~z_^.
J_Q@C_ ^~}"# =@f~ LyOKe. L^HOQ _=_Q
J_Q_^. P U^ =Y` Wz#@Q xOk`_H è_^.
=# H=# q+x xOk`_ K#C_ ~O_, =_ q^Q
=i J_Qe.
L^HO K# <~e xOk` ^~}OQ Ò^~Q JOwHi~. JO\ H
S.F. #u K ''JO\ iu Z=~< J K J=HO LOk, "_H
P q^"# H=O^ Jx K_O ^~ `~Q x*x ~|@Q~.
<~x QiOz J<H q=~ J_Qe. J K#_, xOk`_ `# `#Q
~~ q~^"# =@ K J=HO LOk. JC_ x*x xQn J_Q=K.
J_Q =O xOk`_H =#" =K~O JOkOK_^. (L^~}
P WO\ H _ LOk H^ ^ < =Hx Z=~ _K~ Jx J_y` <
WO\ H LO^h, XH =Hx _K~x J#=x`_H Òk. XH" J`_
x[OQ xOk`_ HH~< b xH U^ =^#O K=K). q^"#
b_OQ H< JO\~.
WO@~Q+< J#=~"# ^~`#O K_^.
xOk`x P~Q iu Q=xOKe. WO@~Q+< Xu_x iOKQ_ ^ Jx
`H=_xH U^< _H~K sH K~OK=K#. QO_ [| "^#
~Q#@ J#=#=#K WO@~Q+< Xu_H =~}OK J=HO LOk.
xOk`_x J_Q_Q< J#=x<"" J< =# ~h_^. J`# K
q+ ~~ q~^# Q=xOz, ^x ^~ J`x Z^~"e.
xOk`_ H ="e Q=xOKe.
xOk`_H H q+" "^ sH [i LO>, P sH x"kH# _ ijeOz
^xH J#Q}OQ tOKe.
WO@~Q@~ ^~}"# ^ îOz LO_e.
C &
I
77
22. xOk`_ U^< q+O K#C_, JO^x x*x*e "i K_xH =~H
\" _ LO_e. (L^~} <# <~O [iy# ~A# < Ô L<#
Jx J#C_, P q+x xOk`_H èO_ "i K U~@ LO_e).
23. XHHi xOk`_ O\"O\# QiOz =\_=K. (L^~} #= Zx
<uH ` LOOK=? ^ h * tH _` h ~, >Qu Uq\
PzOK =O\ # WO@~Q+< LyOK=K).
24. xOk`_ QÒ U <~= K^x K=K. xOk`_H <~Ki` Wk =~H L#^x
J#=#O = J`x "e=^# "O@< sHOKe. "e=^ HO@sH~}
H=_O = D x `~Q K=K. XHHi S.F. ''<~Ox "e=^`
i~Ok Jx K_O ^~ x[O ~|@=K.
25. Hx O^~ WO@~Q@~ K \Q `# JO` `#x, `y# H
aOKx K_O ^~ x*x ~|@=K.
26. XHHi xOk`_H W+"# [#O \Oz, #= WO\ x K LO_=Ok
H^ Jx K_O ^~ _ x*x ~|@=K.
27. WO\~Q+< Qk =Oz Qe, "`~ LO_e. xOk`_ =YH=oH =i
_ OQ*# Q=xOKQey LO_e.
28. >e<, \.q. O\ J=~^ LO__^.
29. W^~, =Q~ WO@~Q@~ L#C_ <~_ K# q=~# `Hx J^
û WO@~Q\ Ke.
30. xOk`_ <~O XCH# HO, <~O H q=~# J_y `Hx J=~"`
<~O ^Q~ fHx "o Z <~O K|_O^ x~iOKH"e. <~O ^Q~
xOk`_ fHx "e. JO`Hx WO@~Q@~ b_ K_^.
31. K~uiy# <~Q S.F.# `C^= \OKQ~. XHi <~O K<
J=# "~# i=~Q KOz# O^~<~. S.F.
J=# "i Xu_ KO_ *Q`_e.
32. WO@~Q+< J#Q OOK_O H^. WO@~Q+< J#k XH H. Wk èx "
OOK_O K~.
33. <~e qKiOK@C_ ^, *e KOz ~# P~h W"e.
34. = xOkè qKiOK@C_ = b ^~< qK~}[~Qe.
35. WO@~Q@~ J~#@, LÒ H~#@ J~k Q J`x^ K~
J=Òk. JO^= x~Ò =# =@, =~# è_^.
C &
I
78
36. WO@~Q@~ =`~"#, ~[H ~"# ^ =~ O|O^"# J

LOKH_^. (L^~}, g_ < =~xH KOk# "_ H|\ Ò_ K
LO\_ J< x~~} ~_^) x+H` |k` PzOKe.
37. WO@~Q@~ =Oz *HH LO_e. qK~}O^~= xOk`_ K# u
q+x _ Q~OKHx, ^xH `y#@Q J_Q` LO_e. J=~"`,
xOk`_H èO_ iH~ K, ^xx `~"` q#_O ^~ Jx q+
Q=xOK=K.
38. xOk`_H Z^~Q ^Q <\ ~O>, Jk ~# Jax HeOK^.
xOk`_H =# `= JaO U~_Òk. XH" <\ K< @HQ <\
KH"e. ^ XH~ Z^~Q ~x t LO> =~H~ H# LO_ @HQ
<\ KH"e.
39. XHHi xOk`_H ~ W== LO@Ok. D x[O XC< _ H~
LitH, =r= tH _^ Jx èKe. Hx J|^ g W=_^.
40. #Q~^Q~ xOkè qKiOK@C_ " XHi<H~ H=O_, "~~Q
LOKe. O> W<Q\OQ |$OÔ Z `= }oH# KiOKO\~, JQ
xOk` _ `= Uq Ke J# q+e KiOKH=K. XH_ K#
q+x =~H_H J#=~OQ b_OQ H< ^~ JOkOK_^.
41. =#HOQ |## xOkè qKiOK@C_ "i `, |O^= H
H~x fH=K. "i =HO xOk`_ `# `C# QOz XC<
J=HO LO@Ok.
42. WO@~Q@~ XH \"Q L#C_ "~ xOk`x =O^ ~~O =\_H_^.
xOk`_ K# q+x KiO_^. HQkH "o =\_H"e. UU
"e J< q+O _ |@ KiOKH"e.
xOk`_ qK~}-q#_O _ XH H
q#_O =_ q^
1.
YO_OK_O HO q#_O : Z^\ "_x `# "^<\=` F_OK< LÔ`
=O^Q J`_ KOk qx, ^xx YO_OK_O. `= ^#`# x@H=_xH,
`= =@# <yOKH=_xH q< û Wk. =#O q#@Q q LO\O Hx,
Z^\ "_ =@ `C "`H_O, "O@< =# =@ x~OKH=_O =MÔQ
LO@Ok.
2. ^Q q#_O : nx Z^\ "_x J~O KH=_xH x["# ^` qO\O. Z^\
"_ K# q+x q#_O =~ ~. Hx J`# K# ^x x*x*
qKiOK_O =O[OQ LO@Ok.
C &
I
3.
79
H" (H) iH" e[xOQ : b H=# <}O W^. D H =#O

Z^\"_ K# q+x ^Q q#_" HO_ Z^\ "_ =# x[OQ
L# q+x Q=xO. J`# K# =@ x*x*e `Hx, ^xH
J#Q}OQ =#O "^# KO. Z^\ "_ K# =@e iQ J=Q#
K<= ^ Jx _ =# =#" ìOKHx, Z^\ "_H ~O_ H=_O
WO^ =Y"# q+O.
q#_Oz\
1. q<< PH OKH=_O. q#_O XH Q H. ^Q qO@, =# H=#
q+O JO` Z^\ "_ K@@Q K_O.
2. =# =@ xe"e.
3. =#O *Q`Q qO@<O J< Jax Z^\ "_H HeOKe. XH q+O
iQ J~O H#C_ =~Hi tOz q+O `H"e.
4. ZO\ J=~^ O_ KH"e. qK~}=O \.q. , =#+
~HH, "* K^=_O, >e< H O\ J=~^ O_ KH"e.
5. Z^\"_ ^$+ H}x _ iQ}OK_O J"@ KH"e. xOk`_ =YOQ
U^# ^H~"# q+O K`#C_ <~x J`x ^$+ H}O #O_ _
Q=xOKe.
6. Z= Q= =\_ J=HO Z^\"_H W"e. H Z= HO
H\~OK_^. 70Ò q#_O, 30 Ò =\_@O Ke.
7. Z^\"_ U^< K`#C_ P=# J=~O ^. Z^\ "_ K# q+O
~~# `~"` J_Q=K.
8. H" e[xOQ K J=~O. =#O qx J~O KH=_" HO_, qx J~O
KO@#@Q Z^\ "_H _ èe. Z^\ "_ K u =@# =#O
Q=xOz J~O KO@#@Q J`xH èe.
9. Z^\ =H =", =Y H=oH J~O KH=_O <~H"e. nx< WOw+
''_OQ* Jx JO\~. XH =H =\_` ZO` q+O J~` èK_,
`# ="` _ JO` q+x =H~_. L^~}, <\` #q
<\` "HiOK_O J< "`.
80
C &
I
<~ x"~}K~
(Prevention of Crime)
b H ^qH q^ JÒ` ^#"#k <~ [~QO_ x"iOK_O.

XH ~yH ~Q= =z# `~"` =Hi QKH=_= HO> g#O`=~
J<~QO ~O_ *Q` =OK@ "H^! J^ q^=Q <~= [~Q@ J=H=
Wz P <~= [iy# `~"` Z< H+# QiJ~ =x "zOz <~x `
K_O HO> J P <~= [~QO_ K_@" JOîH ~=. J~< U
=[O<< Z@=O\ <~= _ [~QO_ P@= Z=i`~= H^. Hh b
_~"O\ "~ z`k` <~x"~}H~ `==O` H~== x~OK=#.
Wk=~ <~ K b iH~HH# Jx~H <~# J#Q H._., a.
J#=x`, _.., =i Ks` H#"~, W`~ ~H <~Ki` H"~Oî H
x"= O|OkOz# `* =K~= Hey O_ b+<x L^QO^~ "i
WO_# KO_, "i uHêH "i r=#e x~O`~ x LOz Z= HO
WO\O^ [~Q O> "~ `= Z_<~ `Hx P b+<
JkH~ P =K~= O "i x =OK=#x, "i Ki` `` H~=#.
J^qÔQ W`~ O` KOk# D ~H= <~ =# b +< ik LO> `y#
x LOz `Q *Q` fH=#. c@, \eOQ, x, _~OQ, PHH
`xv O\q Jh _ <~x"~}K~ Q". XH qÔQ KO> H ` K_O
Q_ =~H H [~QO_ x"iOK_" Jx K=K.
<~x"~} QOQ ~^~, KH U~@ K P "<#, JO^
}# "ix JC_C_ PHH `xv K=#. <~xH O|OkOz# J#=<
U"< LO> "ix }OQ qKiOK=#. " ^_ x"iOK@ KH =^
=z "#=# P Hx "#= He# `~"` "\H Z~ K `î
~O@ =~ "o JH_ b |OkH JK=#. | _H~\ `~KQ [~Q
O^~= Z~ O=#. ^_^~ _ x["# } Q \H@ Hx x~#
^=H | ~Q< _=~, HO_H~# P^` kiOz, |# P }#
kiOz ^KH< <~# JiH@@ b _ D <~# x"iOK@
^~}^ } =kiQ z#\ `# Q@Q LOKHx },
J@=O\ <~ [iy#C_ `QK~ fH=#. J=~"` ^_^~ H Q_
[~=#. \H "~`"O\ O^~ _=~# ="iz "iH H_
PÒ~H}QiOz q=iOz, ^_ O^~ u\OK=OkQ zOK=#.
O^~= =z#C_ [/} _ D q+ `=#.
C &
I
81
@}, #Q~ =Y=Q t"~ O` Hhx WO_ ^_, H#

<~ [~Q` LO\~. D Ui c@, \eOQ ==# H=OQ ~"HOK_O,
J=~K_" HO_ P O`x [# _ Q Q=# K Q
\+O K=#. i`# |\ c@ ^ Qu~Q =# `~KQ =~ K
LO_=#. J#Q XH xs` xH xs` ==< Q b "~ =~ qQ`
= Z=~ LO_~ J#< iu ~O_ K_=#. Z=Q ^_, ÔQ`<
[~Q`#, [~Q_xH J=H=# O` Q, \eOQ JkH ^#`
W==#. g~ Wk=~ <~H# qq^ O^~ c@, \eOQ, H\ QiOz, H_,
a W`~ qq^ ~H= <~ QiOz q=~OQ `H<~. Q, \eOQ
= "Hx" J#=<^ i` HxOz# "ix Q b }OQ
qKiOz i# =K~O L#@~` +< `z .K.F QiH JK=#.
<~x"~}K~ QOQ qq^ ~H= <~# J^H fHx `î <~=
KO_ LO_O^ P~.. x H< 106 #O_ 110 "~ qq^ ~HQ Zy\"
"l\ =^ O_ F=~ K~OK=# P~.. g~ D H# QiOz# q=~=
`H<~.
<~ - <~# Hx@@
b q^ <~x"~}`~"`, <~# ikOz <~# ` K "ix J~
K, "i H^~` Ki+@ " H~ `y# tH _@@ K_O =Y"#k.
x["# <~# H#Qx Ks `# n#O KHx "ix J~ K =~ P <~#
H#Q#_= JÒ` HH"# "~ W<~O\. ^~ JkHiH W<~O\ JÒ`
q"#"~. XH b JkHi =Oz ^~ JkHiQ ~`KH"O> J`x# q+
i*#=`@ #=H"# W<~O\ LO_@ ZO` J=~O. .K.F `# ikx
Jx O` Jx ~H W<~O\# U~@ KH"e."i QiO# Z=iH
èhO_ `y# `H# JO^K LO_=#. ^_ H W`~ PH
O|OkOz# <~ U^< =K~=/ LO> `<~# ` K_O ÔH^.
è# <~ Q_ ~s L#C_ "ix J~ KO> "~ _ ZH_<~ J<
q+O èk W<~O\ ^~<. ^_^~ W`~ P <~ _#"i H
HêH, U=O ZH_ LO_<~, "i J"@, "~ H# ==, "~ _|
Y~K q^#= Jx H_ W<~O\ ^~< HiOK= LO@Ok.
PH O|OkOz# <~ J#=x`# J^xH fHx qKiOz J~K
"i XC^ \"O\/OK<= `~ K P "~ "~ K# ^ #O_/
ÔQ` H# "i#O_ KsH QiH|_# Px OK<= ^~ n#O KHx k`
^~ KsH Qi H|_# Px, J=~=~# "~ =^~# QiO K=#. D
q+x Wk=~H }OQ `|_#q.
82
C &
I
^ =i n#O
(Search and Seizure)
qq^ H ^~ O^~= ^~ JkHi i^# QOQ `y# H^~

HiOK H== U =H<<, ^"< (W, "#=, | Ô "II) ^ K
JkH~=#k. H YzÒQ il+~ J~ LO_=# J#x|O^# ^. A_+ "l\
i "~O@ *s K~, (H< 93 P~..). J`=~ = ^~ JkHi "l\
Qi "~O@ O_< ^ K=K (H< 165 P~..). i`# |\ ^~ JkHi
`# HOk JkH~ H_ < ^= ^ K=OkQ "`=H L`~
W==K. H< 100 P~.. = LOz# ^=x ^ [~ q=~
`|_#q. XH =Hx J~ K# O^~= P =Hx YzÒQ }=Q ^ K=#
(H< 51 P~..). <~ ^y# ^=# ^ K@ QiOz H< 47
P~.. `|_Ok. Z...". P~~ <O. 440, 441 ^ =i n#O
K< q^#O QiOz q=iOz<~. ~O <O. 57,58 =i 59 ^ =i n#O
xO ~=.
|~OQ ^ K= L#C_ P O Z=iH O|OkOz#k, Jk Z=i
n#O L#k Jx x~iOKH=#. H< q` OÒ |~OQ ^ J~#
_k|, H, Q_"= =^ [~ ^ <@ O| |@ _@
^~}q+O. P O^~ P O Z=iH O|OkOzOk J#q+O, Z=i Pn#O
L#k J< JO= sjeOK=#. Z^\ =~="~ Q_ `= ì =~x H
WiHOK< `= U"< [iy#^? J<JO=Q_ ijeOKe. |~OQOx
^ |@_# <~xH O|OkOz# ==# Jq < "iH O|OkOz#q Jx
x~OK@ H+`~=. D JOxH PO|#Q W`~` H^~ HiOK=#.
^K@#C_ Q~OKH=# JO
1. ^ K\xH i# H~} =O_e.
2. ^ K b P~ +< W<Ki H <~O ^~ K JkHi (S.F)Q
LO_e.
3. ^~}iu ^ K_^. J K== "l\ =^ #O_ "~O@
Oê.
4. g` ^ K=# ^=# ijeOK=#. P = #O_ |\H #O_
eH ^~ QiOz }OQ `H#=#.
5. èqQ, K~Q |Okx ^ H~ Z#H"e.
6. W^~ H Z==Ok ^=#+# Q fH"e. P ~M "ix
fH"e. Q P = [=xH `= Qh |O^= Qh =O_~^.
C &
I
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
83
^ QiOz ^ K= =i ^ ZO^H~ K<~

è* ^ _OQ "e.
^ K= x H=~ Ke. J~ H =H iO_ K_e. |\
#O_ eH, e #O_ |\H == O_ KH"e.
WO\ [=xx Qh ^ P = n#= =# =HH Qh ^ QiOz
èK b "ix # ^ J#=uOK=#x H~e. P =H
J#=uOKH J__` J`xx P~ K=K#. XH" J#=uOKH `
H\H "H# Z_ "\x |^H\ eH "=K#.
.K.F =^ #O_ "`=H"# L`~ OkO_, P "~O@ ^
L`~ WO\ [=xH ^ P = n#= L# =HH Kkq qxOKe.
=O> "i OQ= HQO_ ^ Ke. "i =^ ==
U"< =#=x J#=#=O> "ix `< ^ K~OKe.
^ K == îH# =# ^ K _OQ #O^ #"^ Ke.
J~ K|_ =^~ ^ == îH#_ J`xx iQ ^ Ke.
P^, U"< Q `ye =O> Q=xOKe.
XH " J`xH Q U"< L# Z_ ^ J~# `~"` _H~ =^ Oe.
XH " J`x iu Q# Z_ J`xx "O@< _H~ =^ Oe.
^ }OQ Ke. WO\ [=x Qh ^ x"=# J`xx ^ K@
[~Q =O_=x H~e.
^ K@C_ sx _"* K_^.
H O|OkOz# == îH#_ îH# = == H q=~=
#"^ Ke. KOKe.
Jx q=~# ^ _OQ " O`H= Ok ^ x~Oz#
JkHi O`H=, WO\ [=x Qh ^ x"=# =H O`H K XH H
P = x"O L# =HH W"e. Uq ^~HH ~# Z_ ~ _OQ
"e. îH# == =i b P~ O`H= K# p\x
JuHOKe.
Xil# _OQ# O|Ok` "l\ PO O_ Oe. XH H .S
QiH, XH H _...H, XH H H H~ LOK=#.
XH " +< ik " ^ K= =z#_ O|Ok` +< W<Ki
bJkHix ^ K_xH HiOK=x iH*+< W"e.
84
C &
I
21. ^ +< ik "= K#_ ^ _OQ H O|Ok` b+<

W<Ki P~ QiH O|Ok` (P ik) "l\ Oe.
"<`xv
` i` qsÒQ "< OY ~Q_O, ~"} H~
"~Q=_=` <~ H "< "_HO ~^~}"Ok. kKH "<
"^Hx |, s =~ P <~, <~= K@ "_# == H~
=i, <~OK f`# == H~ ^ K= LO_#. W=h uH
H^~ HOkH =~.
x
(Surveillance)
x JO> `HOQ Qx ~H=Q Qx K_#_`Q "i =i J#=x`

HêH# "i H K~# *Q`Q Q=xOK@. J"@_ <~, `<~,
*g# q_^ J~# xOk`, <|^"# =#Q_# y<~? H `= `
J"@< H#y<~? J<_ q+x x ^~ `H#=K#. D x XH
=Y"# <~ x~^H K~.
x QiOz Z...".37= JÔ q=iOK_O [iyOk. U ^xH< P
^=x * OH= s`, ^ JO`~` ^` ^$ P =[Ox [ O`=Q
rqOK@ P ` K~ fHO\~. JO^=# =[Ox K_#_`Q
"i, *OuH OQO HeyOK "i, ^ ^` qÒ HeyOK "i x~O`~ x
J=~O. x*xH x J##k i# XH Q=. x == \+=Q L#
=[=< [ YO`` LO\~. ~*OQO H~O XH =H ^qH K P
=H x J##k OQH~O Jx qOz<, ^= H, =[= H ^$
^+ x ZO` J=~=.
s +@ Hey# <~ x =OKe. (~-5) <~ Ki` (~-4) Q"i =i
[#~ HxH< il+~ (l..P~) #"^ J~# <~ z~<= `x, "i
x" H =$u Z@=O\ =~ =< "O@< O|Ok` .K.F QiH èKe.
W`~ b +< ikx <~ `= OÒxH =z#@Q è, J`x x"=, =$u
QiOz `Hx `= .K.F QiH è*=#.
x ~O_ q^ :
1. XH =H =~# J`xH èO_ J`x K~# `H=_O.
2. Z=i# J~` x LOK^KH<" P =HH èO_ J`# U ^=
uiy<, J`xx "O|_ J`x K~#, J`# Z=i` He Uq K#k, Uq
C &
I
85
=\_#k q=~= `Hx O|Ok` JkHiH Z\HC_ P= O_

`@# _~OQ JO\~.
O =u~H g^ K_#_` Q "i# x
1. J"@_ <~, è# ÔQ, Q=x, ~_, QO_, _~ Hq#,
HO\ û ` K"~, |Ok@ <~ K"~, ^_ ^~, JH=~
W`~ =`h ^~ `s J=HO^~, H^~, =\, QOaOQ, W`~
O^= ^~ _| #OkOK"~, =aK~ Q$ x~, # # J="~,
yOQ, JH=OQ x`=~ == ^K"~ H W`~ O` ~"} K"~,
*OuH OQO HeyOK <~ *"~, LQ"^, f"^, Hx+ HêH#,
`xH ~e H@O_ ` Yx[ O^ J#qOK"~, W`~# \
O_H\ ^` ` HO\ O^"~, # JQ~iz, "kOK"~, \,
^< K"~,aH sH #+O HeyOK"~,H_OQ K _| = K"~,
JH=OQ P^, O| `~, J=_O K"~.
<~ K# "ix H K~x J#=#O =# = ~OQ x =Oz
=K~O HiOz K@s` K~ fH#=#.
1. ~ 3 l..P~ ~ #"^ *|_# = =i i+@ Hey# =
x =OK=#. "i HêH =i x"= =i#_ P O|Ok`
.K.F., a..P~(Z) " WOHH .K.F O=#.
2. <~Ki` Hey# =H ~ } LO> P q+O ^Q~ =# ~ b
`=#.
3. <~Ki` Hey# =H "~ ~xH ` P O|Ok` .K.F. WOw+
a..P~(Z) " O=#.
4. K_#_` Hey# = HxOKO_ ~s J~` P =H H PKH
`H=_xH P =H UU ^ `_ P .K.F. K@H +#
=i a..P~.(a) ^~ ..a. XH H~ O=#.
5. <~, O=u~H =i ~_ HêH, #_=_H, r=<k x
=OK=#.
6. b JkH~ <~ r=<k, O^# W`~ q+ x =OK=#.
7. ~OQ =K~O HiOK_xH W<~~# U~@ K=#.
8. b JkH~ PC_C_ Q= OîOz# q+ `H=_O.
9. O\ QO_ _ U~@ K=#.
10. =\, QOaOQ, =aK~O x~OKO_ K=#.
86
C &
I
11. <H|Ok P~+< x~Oz K~ fH#=#.

12. JH=OQ =_ "~O O_ K=#.
13. KH, " s U~@ K, "< `xv K_O =# Z=~# <~
"< } LO> "ix J~ K K@O "~ K~ fH#=#.
<~,O =u~H, ~_"^Q "i x=OzKH K=# ^
1. "i x".
2. LO_Q` x"=.
3. H, ~~ W`~ =`h qH HO^.
4. EÔ, =\ , =aK~Q$.
5. |O_, ~ +<, x= 6.
O`, W`~ [#= ^.
<~=# b "~ KHK# `~` <~ K~. H|\ =~Q ^
Oz=O_ "i x LOK=#. ~_ `# x"O =# . eq\ HO_ "~
Ui Z=Q u~Q` =O> JH_ J`xH ~_+\ F< K=#.
* #Oz ~ g^ q_^ J~# Mn =i tHi J~# `~"` q_^ J~#
Mn x
* tH J#q Hx H~}K` Hx +~` g^ *#Oz q_^ J~# Mn
g^ =i tH i J~# `~"` q_^ J~# Mn g^ x K J=~=. *
#Oz q_^ J~# Mn HO^~ *x `\ Mn` iK U~~KHx <~
=K~# =i_ KHx ` J#"`, H` ^`` `\ * "` He
~\Oz# L`=` uiy <~ H~H < J=H=Ok. b JkH~ XH
K@ =""#C_, <~, <~ i^# QiOz U q^=Q KiOKHO\~ J^
q^=Q * H# qq^ O`x qq^ ~H <~ `=`= J#"#
=i_ KHx H~_Q\# <~Q =~ =Ô LOk. * <~# `~ K
O J< Ju+ H_ LOk.
H~} =# * #O_ q_^ H|_# u Mn q+= J`x HêH r=#
e x~O`~ x J=~O.
-0000-
87
C &
I
H~ - b+<
Court - Police Station
H~ -b+# =^ Ò|O^
u b+< il+~ J~# u H _,Z.S.P~. ^ #O_ Ki+@ ^
# i~ ^ ^\, HxH< / JH@ / _i l =~ _ u ^# b+<`#,
O|Ok` H qKiOK JkH~= Q "l\ / [_ Qi` =__ LO@Ok.
.K.F., "l\ / [_ Qi` $^=, Ò|O^ H~=_` H O|OkOz
H~ ==~h O@_`~. H~ . / K. H~, b+< J#O^#H~Q
LO_ "l\ / [_H =i .K.F. =^ $^= "`=~}O <H_xH
Ò Ke.
x Xu_ # .K.F. / JkH~, `= H~ [~ H"e#
= ^ "l\ / [_ Qix =Q H== L# i` H=
.K.F. / JkH~ Ò_ è~K=#. .K.F. / JkH~ `=
ikx H q+ QiOz JC_C_ O|Ok` "l\ / [_Qi` H Ki
H~x @~ H O_OQx `yOK_xH g=Òk. H Ki+@ K# "O@<,
H~ |Ok` Ò|O^ Hey / P~ #O|~ =K#@ K_=#.
.P~... H< 320 "~ ~rH^Q H W~s ~rH =Y=Q #
O^~= "i` O|Ok` H~ \+< "~Oz ~r H HO U~@ K|_#
H-J^` (_H bQ s Pî\) H i+iOz O_OQ H OY#
`yOK@ .K.F. Q~ =i H~ .. / K.. H$+ K=#.
# Z.../..Qi=^ [~ ~K@
H @~ O^~=Q # Z.../..Q~ =^ =O^ ~A#< [~ \,
"~ JO` =# b"~ iH~ K# 161(3) .P~... \"O\ H~= H~
H= U q^=Q K=#k `s^ Wz H HxH< =K@ .ZK.F.
=i ../K..`__=#. H =Y`# |\ P H U q^=Q
H= W#k Z\H_ H~ ../K., .K.F.Qi è~e. =i
=O^ qKiOz# Hx _<"~ U q^=Q H K#k ^xH P H U q^=Q
["az#k ^$+ LOKHx `î HH P q+# è* `y# q^=Q `s^
W"e. J=~=~` =# [iy# H p =i H ZQq<+< i_
H# fHx `î Z.../..Qi ^~ `s^ WOKe.
=^~ ~ H~ ^~M KH# O^~, Z.../.. ~
J_H#@ `y# H~}=# " H _sx i ~ HO .K.F.Q~
C &
I
88
JO^K=#. `kH~ H J~` "O@< `î K~ xq`=,

JkH~ `=#.
=< =i "~O@ J=
HO H~ #O_, =^~ / H =##, "~O@# fHx g# |\ H~
../ K.. J=K=# ^ .K.F.QiH è W`~ |OkH J= xqÒ
JO^*#@ K_=#. D =#, "~O@ HO J= J@@ K_=#.
"~O@, =# J= K H== P~... 6= J^=x H< 61 #O_ 90
=~ O^~K|_# x|O^# "~ #_KH=#. ^~` O|O^= Q
JkH~, > O^~=Q "~ H= W==# `n# =O^Q qOQ" /
~_ "* ^~ è O|Ok` ._.# "iH JO^@ LOK=#.
+<x il~ Z\H_ =##, "~O@# #"^ K LO_e.
u < il+~ JH `~ K ^xx H~ il+~` iKH"e. ~ b
+< J~` il+~ u <Q < XH i JH `~ K ^xx H~
il+~` iKH"e. ._..F./ Z... "i ikx +<# `xv K
O^~= HhO ~O_ < XHi il+~# `xv Ke.
H~ HO_~, H~ H _s
U `n#, U H, U H~ qK~} ~##k J< q+ g~#O` =O^Q<
`` H~ HO_~ H==Q `~ K b +< JOîH JQ_#@
LOK=#. .K.F.Q~ =i H~ ../ K.. H~ HO_~# |\ H==Q
H~ _\ x~OK=#.
H~ H _s# u H# Ki+@ ^Y K#\#O_ H==Q u
"~^ # [iy# OQ`# `` P ._. KH=#. .K.F.
H~ H _s ux ._..F. O=#. b +# .\. H _s# Jx\x
H=OY _=O_ _H\ +@ i =K~=# O^ ~ H= û
U~@ KH=#.
=^~#H~ =O^ [~ ~K@
=^~# i=O_ K O^~=, J~ H~, H_s, i=O_ i~
=i W`~ O|Ok` iH~` @ "ix O|Ok` H~ [~ ~K O^~=
Z~ |Ok` @ H~ ../K.. [~ J~, i=O_ ~e\ ~O` =~
Z~ |OkH HiQ LO_=#. H< O|OkOz# H =^~,
H~ [~ J=`# O^~= LkH i` <H< iu LO> =O^Q< `Q
K~ xq`= H~ ../K.. JkH~ =K~= W==#.
C &
I
89
=^~ b J~# ÒKH#@ Q# <~Q H~ Oy =

O^~= ^~ JkHi/.K.F. QiH H~ ./K. =O^ =K~=
W==#. H Oy~# `~"` P q+= è `î K~ xq`= JkH~
=K~= W==#. H =Y`# |\ =^~, HêH# Q=x H
JH\ Qx HxHQx J~# O^~= P Q =^ `Q^ K~Q J=HO>
q+x H~ ./K., Z.K.F/ JkH~ è*e.
H=O Ò_ i=O_ L# =^~ H H_ i_ i JQQ "i
H i=O_ H=# _yOK xq`= ^~ JkHiK P H~ H~ ./K.
iHl+< K~OK=#.
H sx H~ JO^K@
.K.F/^~ JkHi P H n#O K# H s# J#Q
<~=#, <~=# O|OÔ L# K@, <~x =^ H <~xH O|OÔL#K@,
<~=# O|OkOz# ==# "\x n#O K# O^~= `~K#
OK<=# O|Ok` iH~` @ H~ s ~O 60 n# ~K# ==
q=~=# " H= H~ JO^* ^Y O^=#. O|Ok` `# ._.
^~K=#. H~ `y# ^` H~ uiy H sx b JyOz#K,
^~ sh +< îz H~ P^tOz# =O H~ "iH JO^K=#.
"l\ =O^ <~=XCH
^~ JkHi qOz# O^~=, =^~/ `# =O^ è#
\"O\#, A_+ "l\ =O^ _ è` HO |OQ LO@O^#O>
JO^ Q# p A_+ "l\ Z^@ P q+O ``, Z=~=iK` "l\
Z^@ H< 164 .P~.. "~ \"O\ WOK=< ``, XH A_+
"l\# xqOK=x iHl+< W==#. P "~ "~ zOz# A_+ "l\
Q~ O|Ok` b `# \"O\ iH~ K=# =^~ / =#
*iK~. P =## b "~ J= K# ^ =# è# `n<_ "l\ Q~
"i \"O\# H< 164 .P~... "~ iH~ K^~. D \"O\ iH~
K#_ H~ i~ b HêH LO__^. =i "OQq# /
=^~ Z@=O\ Xu_ Z=i #O_ H_ ^ Jx "l\Q~ ^$gHiOKHx H#
#"^ KO\~. D \"O\ iH~ K# "l\ `# iH~ K# \"O\ ^~
H Ei_H< Q H~ O`_. ^~ JkHi ^~ \"O\ H `#
fH"O> i_ HQ O^=K.
C &
I
90
=~}"OQ=
=~}"OQ= J##k <#O "@^y# q"# H=.
=~}"OQ= #=^y#^x H~ q H=O J^H H= g^ P^~_ Hx
=^~ tH qkOK=K#. =~}"OQ=# QiOz H< 32(1) ~`^ H
K@=#O^ ~#|_#k. XH =H H =~}H~}= P =H Kx= =O^ Wz#
=~}"OQ= ^~ `H#@ J##k i"O\. ^~}OQ XH =H Q= Hey
LO_ Pu Ki# "O@< _H~ O|Ok` b Q_# =H H \"O\#
iH~ K xq`= iH*+< W~. Q_# =H H } iux |\
"l\ _ P =H H =~}"OQ= iH~ K xqÒ iH*+< O~.
^~}OQ iH*+< JO^H# ^~ JkHi PuH =z Q_# =H H
iux `Hx, _H~ H Ja= `Hx, Q_# =H =^ iu
L<_x q ^~ JkHi _ "l\ QiH =~}"OQ= iH~ K xqÒ
iH*+< O`_. J`=~ i` =~}"OQ=# Z=~< iH~ K=K. Hx
"l\ Q~ iH~ K# =~}"OQ=# << JkH H q=
LO@Ok. =~}"OQ= W# =H P == i $ LO_=#.
=~}"OQ=# _H~ =HO iH~ K# O^~= "OQ= W#
Q_# =H i $ L<_< q+O _H~K ^$gH~}O^=#.
= =i == QiO ~_ (> S_O\H+< ~_ P ~< s)
Z...". P~~ <O. 474
Z...". P~~ <O. 474 s QiO QiOz P~~ 470, 471 =
QiO QiOz q=~=Q ~#|_#k. = QiO q+O QiO [~_xH =O^
== H~ O LO> H~ P=~} "l\ K`Qx H "i L`~ Ok#
=[~^~ K` Qx QiO [~=#. H~ == OH=O^ QiO [~
O^~= b Z=~x ^= OK~f^~ OK<= HO^ =
QiO [~=#. QiO O^~=Q QiO [~=# ==# JO\" =iHx
==` He ^~# U~@ K# =@ H# ez QiO K~OK=#.
= QiO H# YzÒQ A_+ "l\ QiK K@=#. ^~
O^~= #O_ `= K# <~xH O|OkOz# = i P#"#
`Hx "i H \"O\ "=#. "i H +, =@f~, #_Hf~, ~OQ,
=Y=~#, Z`, =, "O@H ~OQ, U"< J=== , îOz# ^ q=~=
Jh _ u Hx UHO`=Q qKiOz iH~ K=#. g` "~ K# H}`
Q~ èx <~ = `~ K=#. QiO K=# ,
QiO|_=# <~# Qx, "i \# Qx, g_ Qx JO` =O^ K
91
C &
I
LO__^ J##k =Y"# q+=. =H QiO O^~ P g ^=

b=~ LO__^. QiOK=# =Hx e#"~ 1:5 `=QO_, 1:10 HO>
Z=HO_ He =~Q x\ QiO K~OK=#. XH H QiOz# `~"` J`xx
WOH QiO K=# ` H_^. QiO J#=x`_ =i qQ`
"~ xK# <# `î H QiOK@ =O^ =~=#. QiO O^~=
=^~ U"< J*H< è` "\x _ "l\ Q~ iH~ K=#. D QiO
K~ "`x "l\ _OQQ iH~ K i K=#.
QiO [~=# =^~ * LO>, *~ QiO [~Q= q+x P
J#=x`xH / =^~H `=#. P J#=x`_ `# PH~= Z@=O\ =~
KHO_ J#Q * J_\ J~#<\ #O_ Q_=, A@ Oz LO> +" KH#O_
LO_@O ^ +" KHx LO> ~QhO_ K_@O =i * =z# ~A îOz#
^< îOK=#. D q+=h = QiO K "l\ `# _OQ
~#=#.
-0000-
~xH <
(Forensic Science)
92
FSM
<~ i^# ~xH # =i LH~} H `-LQO

(Introduction to Forensic Science) A.P.P.M.S.O No.547-1
~xH J< POQ Ô '~x J< \< ^= #O_ L`#"#k. \< +

~x JO> '<< O|OkOz# ^ '|~OQ K~ O|OkOz# Jx J~=.
~xH ## < < LyOK q*# GOQ ~O\~. ~xH # JO>
=iO` OQ ''<~ <# HO H$u `#, ^`# J#~OK_O
^~ uH H^~x QiOK_O, =HHiOK_O, =kO K_O =O\ "\H x~tOz#
q*#G q+OQ x~zOK=K. nxH 'Hq#eH J<k =~ ~Ô. D ^x
^~}OQ J"iH Ly~.
OKx <_ OHuH Qu qÒ KOk. <QiH` iH` H
"QOQ ~QqOk. J^qÔQ <~ =$` _ Z< =~ K@K<~.
OHuH q*#O ^~ =#= LQH~"# H` OHuH iH~ JO^@H
=K~. J~` Wq =#= q<<xH _ H~}= J=`<~. b
O|OkOz#O` =~ ~O_ JO Q=xOKe.
<~ OHuH ~OQ H~O` H~`H K~# xiOQ H#y<~.
xt`"# ^` ^~ <~ =$ux Ju `= HO Z= ^~O "O*<~. Ju
`~Q }OKO^ g HeyOK ~"} ^< #, WO@~<\ =O_@O =
=i JO`~f <~ HêH =O = Z< H` <~ [~Q`<~. L^~}
q=< =oO (*HOQ), @~ O|, \x~ O| ^~ qÔHO_
[~Q`<~.
~O_= JOO OHuH i*#O b H~H < ~H}HO
LQ_Òk. JO> Ja=$k KO^`# ^ #`# =K~ ^`, ZHxH,
HO@~ < <~ i^#, "^ ^`, q#` P^ =y, "\x
LyOK ^` b H~H= ^#` =<~. nO` iH`
=}# <H_xH g HQÒk. J~` =# Ô W_ HO`=~ "~
q^#O ^~eh) 'c@ _\ _ OK~, P~\. "~ ^<# "\~. JO\
i*#O =#Ô _ =K J=HO =Ok. q^ H` H` ZHxH ^< ^~
`= H#|O_ #H` HOu =# ~` _ OKOiOK =# QiOK QQ`<~.
HO_H# =^ J_= <~ ^ ~HH# ~_~ ^< ^~ Hx_`<~. JQ
Hx ~H O|, J^$ P^ LxHx _ H#Q< ^< Hx\~.
FSM
93
~_ =K~ ~ = K z`, "e=ê _ >eO@~ O\

~ ^< ^~ ^~O` O`<~. ^$=}^<# _ b Y
qxy<~. <~ ~~Y# XHi g_ > iH~ K_O = ZO`=Ok
^~ JkH~ KOK_xH gHQÒk. Hx O^~ J#=x` \#
>eq[< ^~ =# [ KOz, "ix J~ K_O O H~=K. D
qÔQ <~ i^# ZO` LQH~"# =K~O HiOK_O [~QÒk. i#,
q^, ^`, =K~ H~}, \eOQ ~OQ H* ~\ \.q. "# LyOK_O
= HeQ [< JOîH `. =K~ ^`H g_ iHiOQ û ZO`
J#"#k. ZO^HO> == O_ ._ x H=e# =K~O uiy `H=K.
iH~ H=OQ z#qQ, KHQ =O_ L#` =}` qxQ O Hey
b H~H= LQ_`<~.
[< ~Q`# H~}OQ J#=x`# <~ O|O^ iH~ #Oz `~Q
QiOK_O H+==Òk. JO^= <~ =$`, <~ q^<, ÔyeOK|_ "<,
q"# == q=~ Ò^~Q `H=_xH, O|Ok` J#=x`# QiOK_xH
HO@~* K "\ O fO@<~. HO@~* K|_# \H #Oz <~
Q` Ki`, K~, J"@ "^#q Ò^~Q O^_O ^==Òk. JQ PiH
O|O^"# i< q+ _ HO@~# b Y LyOKO\Ok.
\H# HO\ K_O, ~uO|= \eOQ K_O# HO@~# Ly<~.
Hx xq< Hx H Kz`#, "e=^# ijeOK_O HO@~ ^~
^==Òk.
<~ i^# Hx ^ HÒ H#H|_# h "e=^ =sH~}^`# <_
J#i<~. J\ uH, ~xH, H$u "^ x _ <~i^#
Q Ly<~. Ja=$k KOk# < <~ i^# Q >
~@~, O_~ , P\"\H ~O\ , O ^_ q=~, _O\ KH ,
O_ =~ "^#q _ xHO K|_~. W\= HO < <~ i^#,
"^ Q H#x QiO ^` Ja=$k KO^~. JO^ JÒ` `*
û '#\< PH"+< Z< XH\.
Ò bY LyOK "\~ "<` @ J^<`# "< _
b H~H= J=~O. eH~ O _ J=~". qq^ ~H# b
H~H eH~ ^~ ij#, pH\ K_QeQ iH~, "~ =K~
He LyOK_O ^==Ò^" PzOKe. J`=~ i` ~+ `
eH~# LyOk.
FSM
94
bY [ #Oz P^~}H~==`# ^$ ~#~# K\x H_@O

b H+`~==Òk. =#+# KOO_ x HeyOK H` P^ =yx
H#H=_O HO Ja=$k KO^`# ^ qsÒQ x^ "z<~. L^~} Q
Q<, "@~Q<, ~_ "~~, ~|~ `\ "^Q#q. b tH} OHuH
q*# ~OQO kOz# Ja=$kx LyOKHH` PtOz# e` kOK_O
ÔH^. Ò D = Xu_ Ju =Y"#k.
J`^xH, H=O`"#, =$u~"# iH~# b H~H =i#C_
^xH qt+"# =OkOK_xH g HQÒk. OHuH q*# ~OQ qxQO
LQO = b H~H= H=O`"# =~ HxOk. bY q*# ~OQ
x~}`H # K@H` q+` ZO` qKiOKe =O@Ok. b D ~OQ
tH}x P ~OQ ^ H#|~K@@ K_e. JQ "~ JÒ` P^xH P^
=Y`# _ QiOKe =O@Ok. JO^= Jx ~ tH}H~H= b
JkH~ `H tH}W"e. JO^ H=xH+<, <~i^# _ =y,
"^# "\ LQ QiOz Ke =O@Ok. WO^ HO b ^, LÒ
J=~O. W\^H =# Ô Hq<r tH}Qx, <~i^#, "^
QQh, OHuH ~OQ P=H`# QiOK_O ^. H|\ "\ P=H`#
`~Q Ò QiOz `y# K~ fH"e# J=~O LOk.
<~i^#û
H< 2. (K).P~.. H~O bJkHi ^ "l@K xqOK|_ =H
<~xH O|OkOz# `y# Hx HiOK_< i^# JO\~. JO> XH <~O QiOz
i~ JOk#C_ <~ x *Q`Q sHOz <~xH O|OkOz# Jx ==#,
P^~# HiOz, "\x O|Ok` x} sH xqÒ O, iH\ Ok,
\"O@ iH~K <~x J~ K, J`x =^ aOz# H^~ HiOKe. <~xH
O|OkOz# == HO WQh, Ô Qh H< 100/165 P~.. "~ ^
Ke. U^< îH` n#O KH"e. Wq <~x, <~x H~ x~OKO^
HQ LQ_`~. H~ JaQO (K~+\) ^Y K=~ ^ # i~
H~ JO^*=~ ^~Ke.
QÒ ^` #O^= <~# sHOz K Hx qx f~
K"~. Hx O^~ i`# |\ < i~O K_xH `y# P^~ #C_
< x~` =_#=H# J#iOK"~. ^=_ `y# qÔQ tH_x Jy sH
(Jy K` =OK_O) h~ sH (h\ HO` HO =xy =O_@O), q+ sH (q+
^~# qOQ@@ K_O) "^# J^~}^`# PKiOK"~. JQ
J#=x`# zÒ QiK <~x XOK_O, # _ ^\ Hx
KOK_O =O\ ^` J#iOK"~.
FSM
95
=Hx OOz <~ XC< qÔQ K ^` =Ozq H^h, K@ ik<

i~O [~Q< q+x 17,18 ` K~OH fHK~. WC_ _ `~K
b H =~} QiOz "~ K^=`<O. g\= b == ZO` K_ ~
=Ok. HO`=Ok JkH~ `= iq` `H=_O ^. K@O Q`<x
qi<~. K\x `= K`H fHx ^~ = Ò^~Q e` O^x
L|@_`<~. FH #tOK_O, x Xu_ ~Q_O =O\ H~} K` J#=x`#,
<~# J=#+OQ O<~.
<~ i^# J=OaOK ^` J<QiHOQ#, P@qHOQ# =O_O_
=#=` ^$HÔ` qKiOKx P~... ` z<~. ^~}OQ ^~
JkHi KHKHOQ, q~=O O_ J_y# Xu_H =i =#H JOuH Q~
J#=x`_ U^ XH x*x K=K. P i` x# J#=x` s~H,
=#H O HeyOz <~ i^# =Oz e` kOK=x KCH=_O
=#=`xH J==#O. *f b Hq+< D q+x `Q ijeOzOk. `xi
i`< W@=O\ K~ _x zOzOk.`xi iÒ>, K~y# QO#
K^~Q@_xH, O, ^+=~# Q "ix J~ K@C_ =i ZkiOz#C_ =`"
b |QO Ke. x} b H XO@iQ =Oz, zÒ
QiK_O K@s` JH=" HO_ =#= q=# H~z#@=Ò^x ^x
YO_OKx *f b Hq+< +O KOk. WO\ K~ ZO` `~Q =#O> JO`
=Oz^# JaO Hq+< "e|zOk.
''=O^=Ok ^+ ÒK#\H, XH x~+H tH__^# `x Z\
i`# =~=_^. q*#O Ja=$k KO^_O = =lHOQ Z< =~
=K~. <~i^< ^` û< Ke# J=~O U~_Ok.
<~O x~OKO^ HO HiOKe. HO ~O_ ~H. XH\ `H HO.
~O^k ~H HO.~H HO ~O_ ~HQ =O@Ok.
1. <~O K_xH LyOK iH~.
2. x} Q iH~#, = P^~# sHOz WK i~.
WO^ Q=xOKe# JO"q@O> `H J<H H~} = K#k
K#@ K~. HH, =^~HQ O, |Oû, =^~ = HeQ O,
=~z=_O =O\ H~} K` `H HO `_ =O@Ok. Hh ~H HO = JO\
W|Ok =O_^x q*# O x~OzOk. (Man may lie, but not the
circumstances) H|\ ^~ JkHi uH, ~xH, =$H, [O` P^~_
<~x OQ x~OK=K. ^~ KC_ ZO\ = (uH) P^~ HiOz,
x}_H U û ^~zO, P H ZO\ Hx HiOKe J< q+O
è=O> K.
96
FSM
^` <~i^# K_xH _k '~xH < ~@s.

OHuH ^` ^~ <<xH LQ_ Hx D O JOkOk. XH =H
<~O K_< J#=#O = P =H J~^? H^? J# JOx ^$=~K_xH
LQ_Òk.
-0000-
97
FSM
=i_ ÔÒ, <~O, uH H^~

(Principle of Exchange, Scene of Crime, Physical Evidence) A.P.P.M.S.O
No.549
=i_ ÔÒ
< ^ A_ _H~ Z_O_H~ D Ô`x Q`HOQ x~OK_. D
ÔÒ H~O U"< ~O_ == XH^x<H\ `H#C_Qh, _H#C_Qh,
XH^x =# ^~= WOH^x =i_ KO^`~. n< '=i_ ÔÒ JO\~.
XH =H <~O K@C_ P Ô J`x `H_=, =H |O LyOK_O =
<~x Q~ _`~. ^=^, "e=^, zxy# Q_=H, "O@H, ~H
=~H, g~= =~, Q~\ =H "^#q <~xH èO_< <~O
_`~. ^ <~x ^Q~ k` ~H=, "O@H, ÔyeOz# =, <~=x
=\, ~OQ, <~= LyOz# ` =i iH~= ^~`~. Q_# `H<
P ~OQ =H s~xH JO@HO@Ok. J`x s~O =# ô H`Q ~OQ"# Q_
JO@O@Ok. <~O =ke \# Q~#, ==#, <~_ `#` fHo# =~H
"^# "\x b JkHi ~# û HiOz, <~= ^~H#q, <~x ^Q~
îH# <~=# =i k` O|OkOz#=x x~Oz <~x x~iOK=K#.
<~O
<~O [iy# Ô ^ <~xH O|OkOz# P^~# QiOz è^ <~O. H
^~ ~OaOK =O^ <~x XH H= û ijeOKe. ZO^HO> û
^~ [iO^ <~O Q LQ_Òk. <~_ <~O K#@Q <~ O
x~Ok. <~xH, <~xH Q O|OÔ x~OK_xH <~O Q `__Òk. <~O
K_xH LyOz# û `H=_xH g=Òk. nx ^~ ` <~ iH~
ijeOz <~_ QiOK=K. <~ x }OQ `xv K <~O U û H~O [iyO^
Q Òk. JH_ aOK J<H == HiOz x} O` "~ }OQ
ijeOz =Oz e` JOk~. <~O == = HeQ LQ D qÔQ
=O\~.
1. <~i^# O^~OQ HiOKe# Hx XH Q` e`, P Q
` ~# HH =O> "\x H#Q#=K.
2. HiOz# HO U^< |#"# HHO> "\H O|OkOz# H#
*Q`~Ke.
3. `H Kk x[=? J|^=? J< q+O Òk.
4. H= û Ke#=h `~Q iK=K.
98
FSM
5.
6.
qK~}x J#=<# x=$u KH=K.

<~#, <~= Kx~# "ix, <~=# O|OkOz# "#=#,
<~= LyOz# H~, H`, `, iH~=# q@H =i
=^H^= ^~# Z..Z. =i Z..a. K sH =#
QiOK=K#.
7. _H\ =i Hb ^~=# x~~}K=K#.
8. <~=x ~H ^~, =~H ~=, ~_ g^ >~ ~_ Q~#
"^Q "\ ^~ <~i^# LQ_ `~.
9. <~i^# ^Q~, >~ Q~ "^Q "\ =# <~= [iy# sux
(Reconstruction of Crime) `H#=K#.
~` ^= ^=OQ XH ` O =$u <}= x`# ISO
iH+<# Ok# FSL =# ~+O ^~^ L#k. H FSL i~ D HOk
JO= W~.
1. Biology 2. Bio-Medical
3. DNA 4. Serology
5. Chemistry
6. Narcotics
7. Toxicology
8. Computer Forensics 9. Documents
10. Polygraphy
11. Physics 12. Forensic Engineering
13. Ballistics.
<~ ~O_ ~H
1. WO_~ (WO\ [iQq)
2. J=\ _~ (|@ Ô [iQq)
WO_~ : WO\Qh, QkQh, "#O Qh <~O [iy` ^x 'WO_~ <~O
JO\~.
J=\_~ : # ~# HO_ |@ <~O [iy` Jk J=\_~ <~O
J=Òk. <~ P^~ HO `xv Ke.
WO_~ <~O
WO_~ <~= HO^ LîOz# <~_ uiy# ^= J`xH
O|OkOz# Physical Evidence ^~Òk.
1. QqQ_# K@ (Place of Assembling): <~O K_xH <~ He K@.
2. =z#î (Line of Approach): QqQ_# O #Oz <~O K_xH =z# î.
3. K~|_# `= (Point of Entry) : WO\H "tOz# î.
4. <~O (Scene of offence) : <~O [iy# Ô.
5. "o# î (Point of Exit) : <~O #Oz "o# î.
6. u~Q=#O (Line of Retreat) : <~O #Oz "# "o# î.
FSM
7.
99
ÔQ` OK# `= (Place of Distribution of booty) : ÔyeOz# `

OKH# Ô.
#xO\h `xvKe. Hx H Wq Jx ^= =O_=. H
"x |\ `xv Ke =O@Ok.
J=\ _~ <~O(|@<~ O)
1. QqQ_# K@ (Place of Assembling): <~O K_xH <~ Qq_#
O.
2. =z#î (Line of Approach): QqQ_# O #Oz <~ O =~ =z# î.
3. <~O (Scene of offence) : <~O [iy# Ô.
4. "o# î (Point of Exit) : <~O #Oz "o# î.
5. u~Q=#O (Line of Retreat) : <~O #Oz "# "o#î. Hx H
YOQ ~î ÔQeOz# ` OKH# O_=K.
@H_xH g# <~xH O|OkOz# ~^ +< JOk#@~` H #"^
Ke. Q O|OkOz# ~^ JOk`, Q_# =Hx g ` PuH
zH` HO Oe. b JkHi ^~ =O `# |Ok =i H\ H` @
g#O` `~Q <~xH "o `xv Ke. JH_ aOK P^~# ^=#+ =HO
=[~ " n# ~KH"e.
ZO` Ò^~Q <~O Ki` JO` =Ozk. HxH LQ_ == Kî
O_, _=O_, f"|_O_ n#O KH=K. "< _Hx ~îH
J_OQ =O_ H b `~Q <~O Ki `xv Ke. ~îH J_OQ xez#
"<# `yOKe. J KH` ~îH W~" "< Py }
W|Ok _`~. HH# Q= W~=~ ^q KO@<~x èQ< Ò^~Q
<~O Ki` P ^gx P=K. JQ ^g LyOK P^ n#O KH=K.
=^~# J~ K }, P # HQO_ PiH@=K. H|\ b JkHi i~
JOk# "O@< `~Q <~O Ki ^~ "^\e. <~xH "o# `~` ^~
JkHi PO^# KOÔ_ xOQ =O_e.
<~ObDHOkqÔQ=iOKe:
1. ~kx HiOz F^~ =@ K =^~ K@s` K~ fHQ=x
g W"e. <~O K~|_Ok, xk `H"e.
2. <~O =^ QqQ_# "ix JH_ #Oz O", <~O K@ 'Q~ "e.
=O^ <~x H_ Ò Ke.
FSM
3.
100
W^~ ^ =#+ =HO <~O `xv Ke. g ~kH Qh, =^~

Qh O|OkOz# "~Q =O__^.
4. ~kx, # eOKH"e.
5. <~x *Q`Q ijeOz `xv K ûx, Ke# #e Q=xOKe.
6. W`~ Ke# # QiOz "iH è*e.
7. Physical Evidence _=O_ ~H}K~ K\e. <~=# HO^ Wz#
^` ^~ Record xH fHx~=#.
1. \
2. <~= H z`@= w@
3. <~=# O|OkOz# q+# "@.
Z) \ fe# û, "\ ~"e# qq^ ~H# uH ==.
a) <~O H z`@O w_O (~ K)
) "e=^ HO `xv K "\x iH~ Ke.
_) ^=^ HO `xv K "\x _ iH~ Ke.
W) W`~ ==# `xv K HiOKe.
Z) = OK~f x~OK_xH U~@ K~OKe.
l) <~O =^ # eOKe.
\Q / g_Q
<~O U qÔQ [iyO^ `H=_xHQ# <~O qq^ ~H# = (uH)
P^~# K` =~H=O \ fH"e. H q=Q "\H =Y`
W"e.
1. <~=O` H#|_ qÔQ P O`= L# ` x~}` \ fe.
2. ` Kx~# =H Q Q P#" @@ QiO|_# qÔQ
L#@~` nxx QiOK@ gQ =O _=# O "^#q =K qÔQ
\ fe.
3. H q= Q == (uH) P^~ J#Q P^ "^#q Jq _ L#
K@` \ fe.
4. "e=^, ^=^, x=@ Q~ "^#q LO> \ fe.
5. qq^ ~H H K@H L# i~ =K#@ \ fe.
Q=xH : \ f# =H ~, qO, LyOz# H"~, \ f# `k, =O,
JC_ LO_# "`~ "^#q qOQ H _s " <Q\"` \ H~
Oe.
FSM
101
uH H^~
=[ , Ja=$k kOKO> <~# JiH\e. [iy# <~# ^~
K~Oz, x*# `Hx, <~# @Hx tHOK_O [~Qe. <~# tHOK_xH
HO J=~O. <~ i^# ^~ K JkH~ ~O_ ~H Hx HiOK_O
J=~O. JO^ "^\k [iy# <~x K# = K HO. ~O_k <~ ^~
îH uH H^~ HO. Hx i` =x+ J|Ô K=K. Hh uH
H^~, i~ =Ò Z\H J|Ô K= J# q+x JO^~ Q~OKH"e.
x^zOk "^, ~u _H =~ u z# q+xH J|^_"~# D HO
H=O =x+ HO g^< P^~_ <x~O K_O Z=iH< H+==Òk.
P^xH =[O #`# GOHuH ^` ~Q`# Hk <~ ^~
^"#O`=~ ^` LyOK@O, uH H^~ LyOK@O
Z==Òk. nx =# =~=O`"# ^~ K@, <~x QiOK@ J=HO
HQ`#k. DO^~O HO JO> Uq\? H= Zx ~H=? J# q+O
Qi `H"e.
H= J#Q : H= J#Q H~ qK~}, H~ L`~ g^ U^< JO=# |A=
K@ <\=@ (F~) ~OQ K@OHx, Q ^~ èK@Qx, `
(_"O@s) ^~ èK@ " > ==# H= JO\~.
H=~H=
H=^#OQ~O_ ~H
1. `H H= : J#Q <~Q *<Ok ^~ QOz# JO#
=HHiOK@# `H H= JO\~. L^ : H` Kz# ^x =HHiOK_=.
2. ~H H=: J#Q <~=, <~xH OOkOz# W`~ O`=
^ <~x =^ #Oz =i k`x #Oz s~HOQ ^ `~HOQ O^
Hx ~HH= JO\~. L^: ~HO, g~O, Z=H, ~, "O@H, ~s
J~# _"O\, QA=H "^Q#q.
=x+ HO
1. H=O^ [iyOk "~H ~HOQ J~O KHx ~@Q HO W==K.
2. K ~A `~` HqK@_ =~z~ HO iQ KH =K.
3. KOk iQ K_O ~H=K.
4. }O` HO K_xH x~HiOK=K.
5. _| |_ `_ HO W==K.
FSM
6.
7.
8.
102
XHi KOk `~` H^x K=K.

H=O^ [iyOk =HHiOz K=K.
J<H W`~ H~} = J|^=_=K.
=x+ HOx # ikÔ> uH H^~ ~}O. =x+ HO,
uH P^~ HO UH"#_ H |O Ki H~ <~ tH_Òk.
<~_ K èqQ <~O K_. J~` <~_ ZO` è"#"_<, XH O`xH
"o <~O K#\H =i_ ÔÒ H~O J`xH èO_<, <~xH O|OkOz#
P#" <~O =k_. <~O, <~xH O|OkOz# P#" "` fH`~.
D qÔQ <~ <~ O =ke"# ^ <~O #Oz fHo# P^~# uH
H^~Q Ly~. Wq [iy# <~xH =# H. D =# H <~
i^# =^~. g\x Hx@QeQ H =~# ^~ JkH~, ~xH
x} XH HQ <~H#@~`, L=_ H~O` Z< JO`|@x O@# Ò
J^` q[ kOK=K.
uH H^~=
~H H=# =~ qÔQ uH H^~ JO\~. uH H^~ D HOk
= #Oz a~. Wq <~O <~x, k`x =^ #O_ a~.
1. s~ ^" #O_ =K H= : L^ : ~HO, g~O, [O, K=@, Hh~, ,
=Ò, =O.
2. s~Q =i J=" : L^: ~, =OO, , Z=H, Q, Q,
"O@H "^#q.
3. uH, ~xH q+ ^~=, "\x =OK HO>#~.
4. _"O@ =i \Q, g_ z`, # =i WO "^Q#q.
5. `, _ ^~ =i "\ J=.
6. # =i Lx "^# == ^~ Q "^Q#q.
7. "e=^, ^=^, + O\.
8. QA=H, ~O\ K "^Q#q.
9. "+# Q~ L^: > ~@~ Q~, >~ Q~ "^Q#q.
10. O\ Q~, ^q Q~
11. == "# Q~ L^: i <O|~.
12. =\, ^=, (P+# _)
13. x=@ Q~
FSM
103
14. iH~ L^: _, _=~, u, Q, ~ "^Q#q.

15. H`, , }O, q "^#q.
16. =$H, [O`= O|OkOz# ^~= "^Q#q.
W" HH <~xH, <~xH O|OÔ (eO) K W`~ ^~# uH
H^~Q LyOK=K. D uH H^~# LH~}K sHOK_O
=# <~# YzÒQ QiOK@ J=HO =#k.
<~ ^~uH H^~q=
`H H= Jx H aOK@O Ô H^. Hx O^~ `H H=
aOz## ^xH Hx iq` L<~. # |\ H= =i=K
L^: 1. HO` =Ok L^~HOQ =iHO` =Ok HÒ`<, Jqhu`< ^
O`< `_ HO K=K.
2. HO`=Ok H= W=_xH W+_H=K
3. WOHO` =Ok q+x QOK_O, uiy ^x =HHiOK_O `_ =O_=K
4. *HH `=Q L#_ ^ H~ H= WK=xH PO H=@O
=# QOz# q+O =i=K.
5. HQ=#O =~}OK=K ^ =u qOK=K.
`H H= =# # è#@ Hx O^~ Hx = U~_=K. H|\
^~ ~H H= HiOK@O L`=O =i P=HO.
~H H==#DHOkLQL<~
1. ~H H=# q[h# P"Ô LOk.
2. HÒ O_ =O@Ok.
3. JOî =O^ îOz x~OK=K
4. U HO, U OÒ<< îOK=K
5. J=~"#_ =~ =~ îOK=K.
H=# u ^~ JkHi uH H^~# Qi `Hx "\x *Q`Q H
K O|Ok` x}xH O JaO O^_O `H"e.
uH H^~# O~HOK@
<~O =# uH H^~ Hx O^~ K_`~. WO^=# x}
g\x sHOK@O, JaO W=@O K H+O J=Òk. H=# uH H^~#
g#O` Ò^~Q H=OQ HiOK@O =# "\ H H q= ~QÒk.
b OQ uH H^~# HiOK@ `y# <}O H` "e=^
FSM
104
x}, _ ^~ x} ^ \" =KO` =~ <~x , uH

H^~# O~HOKe.
<~ OuH H^~_Q@ H~}
1. <~O K@ H LO_ [ Ò` <~O OKiOK@.
2. =^~ =a=< Q = J#Q |O^=, ` Hx
`yOK@, _ K@.
3. <~O [iy# `~"` WO\x = J=HÒ` ==# `@.
4. qKq_Q uiQ = =#, z# <~O u~Q@.
5. "`=~}=O "^# H~} =# uH H^~ K_=#.
uH H^~#O~HOK@ fH=# *Q`
1. <~xH OOkOz# =K~= JOk# "O@< <~xH "e.
2. K@ Qq_# [# ^~OQ OOKe.
3. <~x \ =i g_ f~OKe.
4. ^ =#+ =HO =[~ ~e.
5. <~O H z`\x we.
6. k` WO\x =# HkeOK_^x Ke.
7. <~O K@ XH Z~\ i|< H\_O =# [ <~OH "tOKO_
=O\~.
8. =M"# <~# O~HOK@ Q~# xqOKe
9. z#, = ~@# <~OH "tOKO_ K_e.
10. xOk`xH O|OkOz# "~ L^~HOQ uH H^~# _KO_
K_e.
11. "`=~}" =# uH H^~ K_O_ K_e. L^: <~O
~H =~ L#_ =~O _#K H@x `~. J@=O\ O^~
~HO =~H =#@=O\ ^# =i ==# `_=O_ ^z =OKe.
J=~=~` >O\ "~OKe.
12. <~O x _ ^~ L#K "\ K@ WH " K@
H [# J=Ò K P OÒ #O_ Mm K~OKe. Q~@, c_
"eyOK~^. =O_ ^~# ^Q~ fHx ~_^, q^` ~~#
xe "e. PO|< eOKe. "O@< _ ^~= x}# eOKe.
105
FSM
13. [# OK~=x <~O " =O> "\x H, #H "^#q u#O_

KK@ Q~# xqOKe.
14. uH H^~# x} HiOKO` =~ JH_ Q~ _\ =#"~
P O`x =ke "O_ =O_e.
-0000-
106
FSM
~H=
<~i^# ~HO H ` -LQ= =i <~O ~H =~H#
^~K@
(Blood - its uses in investigation-Preservation of Blood stains at the
scene of offence) A.P.P.M.S.O No.550 & 552
<~ i^# `~KQ Z^~ Ju =Y"# H ~HO XH\. `,

^~<, =#OQO =O\ s~H O` _# ^^ u <~ H~HO# Wk
HxOk. JO^= nx q=# qiOKO_, ^x q=# `=Q JOK< "O_
^x "x, O=h`# J=Q# KH=_O J=~O.
=#OQ `, `, ^q, |Ok@, ^_, "< =Ô, =#OQO
"^# "\ ~HO =Y"# HO.
1. ~HO Hi ZO`~O^ `H=K
Z. ~HO JO` =# Hi=O> Z~~OQ =O@Ok.
a. ` ~HO =~H` #|_ =O@Ok.
. ~HO Q_H@_x |\ ZC_ ~HO HiO^ `H=K.
2. <~x x~~OK=K.
Z. <~O Q ~HO =~ s~O Q Q J#=Q =O_e.
a. ~k ^ K# ^xx |\ ~HO ~_O ^ _=_O K_e.
. <~O Q <`~# |\ ^~ JkHi <~# QiOK=K.
3. Z. =O XH QO =O> JkHOQ ~HO H~_O =# <~O < J`#
=~}Oz#@ Òk.
a. =O Z=Q QO_, <~O HkQ ~HO =O> Jk <~O
H^x, "~K@ KO JH_H fHz#@ QOKe.
4. ~H =~H/~HO i# û.
Z. ~HO i# ûx |\ =O _# ux Q=xOK=K.
a. =~O xOQ# |\ =O, =~# `H=K.
5. ~H =~H/KH# |\
Z. Q `ye# =H, =^~ <~O K#C_ =O_ u `H=K.
a. s~O =O^" Q# Q"`, ~HO s~O #Oz HO^ H _
_Òk.
107
FSM
6.
. ~HO KH =~Q _ =O> QO `ye# `~` P =H HO` ^~O

#_zQx, iQuQx =#@ Òk.
~H KH# |\ Jq ZO` Z` #Oz _ x~~OK=K.
PH~O
Z`
1. QO_x KH
20 JOQ
2. ~x PH~O KH
20 JOQ #Oz 40 JOQ =~
3. ^ KH,
60 JOQ, H z# KH _=O>
Drops normal to the surface
Drops at increasing height and angle
~H=Q: ~HO <Q QQ qlOK|_Ok. Jq 'Z Q 'a Q, 'Za Q, 'F

Q.
~HO Q= LQ
1. Pu z# =~ [iy` QiOK=K
2. \# a_ Ò_ Z=~< J#=#O =O> `H=K. L^~} Ò_ ~HO
'Z Q, è ~HO 'a Q J#O>, \# a_ ~HO 'Z Hh, 'a Hx ^ 'Za
Hx =O@Ok. JO`Hx 'F Q =O_^.
3. =^~ <~O K#@ x~OKO^ W`~ HO` @ LQ_Òk.
4. =^~H, <~xH Z@=O\ O|OÔ #@ x~OK|_Òk.
5. J#=x`x ^Q~ îH# ~H =~H Hu, |@, <~=# O|OkOz#=x
|A= K=K.
108
FSM
~H sH ^~ aOz# ~H= =x+ ~H=,[O` ~H= `H=K.

~H =~H#^~K_O
=#+ x HeyOK Jx H# ~HO HO "^He. JO> ^~#O, `,
=#OQO, ~_ =^ "^# <~ xOk`x ~HO <~O =$`_ ^ k`x
Q#, |@g^ H#Q#C_ <~x ~A= KO^ J=HO =Ok.
HOk qÔQ ~Hx, ~H =~H ==# ^~Ke.
1. HkeOK_xH gHx == ~H=~H =#@~` P ==# QQ\ z#
=H# fe. KH ~H =~H =O> Ji# `~` =e` fe. ~H =~H
`_Q =O> ~~t _O_, h_ P~\ ^~Ke.
2. |@ ~HO =~H =#@~` h_ P~\ =~H g^ =_`~O_ <~x,
=$`x |@ q_q_Q ^~Ke.
3. =\ ~HO =#@~` =\x *Q`Q fe. D =\x =O` ^~Ke. XH
J_Q ^~O ''HO\ O HiOKe.
4. <~_ s~O ~HO =#@~` ~ Hy`x HkQ LC "# h =Oz, P
Hy`x =^~ s~O =# ~HO =~H =OKe. P HyÒ ~Hx Ok.
^xx h_ P~\ HyÒ ^~Ke.
5. "O@H ~HO =O> ~HO =# "O@H# HuiOz, P~\ < HyÒ
^~Ke. O HO =~Hx "O@H# _ HuiOKe.
HOq=
<~O =# ~HO, =^~ ~HO XH Q O|OkOz#@~` H~ H
x~OKO^ W`~ H`@ _Òk. "~ Q~` =^~ <~O K^x
x~OKO^ LQ_Òk.
-0000-
109
FSM
<~i^# qq^ ~H= Q~ LQ= - ^~Kq^#O

(>~ Q~, *~_ Q~, x=@ Q~)
(Various marks - Preservation & Utility of various kinds of marks such
as tyre marks, skid marks & tool marks) A.P.P.M.S.O NO.567-2,3
<~i^# <~O L# ^=^, ^~H Q~, "# >~ Q~, _

Q~ "^Q "\x \H =~ JO^~. Wq <~x ^ <~ "#O# QiOK@,
Jq =z# =i "o# k# `H#@ LQ_#.
>~ Q~
"< H_O@, W`~ <~ K# HO^ <~O >~ Q~, _
=~ U~_`~. g\ O`< Jk ZO\ >~# LyOz# "#"
`H=K. JO`HH Jk U ~H"# "<xH KOkO^ _ `H=K. <~O
[iy#_ "#O U "#O_ Z@ "#n H "#H =zO^ J#k _ `H=K.
>~ Q~ Q=xOz HO^ ~# "\ H~O` P Q~ U >~ = U~_
H#H=K.
1. >~ #=<.
2. >~ Q Z` =}O, "\ PH$u XH^x` XH\ e K__O
3. >~ "_H = Jiy# û, i~ = U~_# Q~ O` H#H=K.
|~^, ^=, =OK, `~, ~OQ, w, #< "^# "\= >~ Q~ ~_
U~_`~.
_ =~(*~_ Q~)
"< }#C_ JH`Q#, |OQ# " >~ Q\Q ~_#
~KHx }OK_O = ~_ #Q U~_ Q~# _ =~O\~. nx H`
O` <~O [iy#C_ "#O ZO` "QOQ #_|_On `H=K.
>~ Q~, _ =~# \ f, H (JK) f ^~K=K.
_ =~ P^~=Q "#= H "QO HOK@ Ò
`=:
WO^
v <~"#"Q=
v sH "#O H "Q=
s <~"#O H _ =~ _= s sH "#O H _ =~ _=
1
110
FSM
`_z"`
=#OQ "<# "\ K KH|_# =i WO[< KH|_# #O|~
O` QiOK=K. Jq ÔyeOK|_C_ ^~ #O|~# |=OÒQ QH "
H#|_O_ K@O H =O^ #O|~ L# OH QH# `~` H` #O|~ "@O =
QiOK\xH g H^. Jq QiOKxK "<x n# ~H< LQO ^.
==Q "#= `~ K#_ "_ O #O|~ =kOK@O =
J_QQO =i_ KOk Q\_Ok. JO^= H H#|_ #O|~ QH "< "\
J_QQO =Ò =~ LO_^. ''HqH WzOQ ^~ QH "# O =O^ LO_#
#O|~# QiOz \ fH=K. nx O` ^~ "<# QiOK=K.
O =# #O|~# QH "# H P QO x}_H O`, JH_ QH "|_#
#O|~# H#Hx ^~ JkHiH èK~.
x=@ Q~
<~ <~O K_xH J<H ~H# x=@# L~. `~KQ "~ "_
x=@ $_=~, ~OO, H`~, u, H\OQ ~ "^#q =Y"#q. "`x
LiÒ LyOK_xH gQ x=@# ^$_"# Q\ O` `~ K~. H|\
x=@ U =Ò K_O_ ^x Q~# Li` g^ U~~Ok. P Q~<
'x=@ Q~ Jx JO\~. x=@ K_O_ LO> Jk ZO`H"< x=@
Q~= <~x QiOK=K.
x=@ Q~# 'WO+< Q~ '_OQ H ' Q~, WO+< =i
Q~, i\\" Q~ J# <Q q^Q qlOK=K. x=@ XH ==
LiÒ g^ |OQ "^_O = U~_ Q~# WO+< Q~O\~. x=@#
LyOz#C_ Jk @` *~_O = U~_# Q~# _OQ Q~O\~.
x=@# LyOz#_ WO+< =i _OQ Q~ He LO_=K. x=@`
^^ H@_O = i\\" Q~ U~_#.
>e<, >eQ, ZHH fQ# ÔyeOK@C_ <~O qye# fQ =H g^
<~_ LyOz# x=@ H HuiOz# Q~O\~. "\x x}x =^
@ O@C_ <~_ HuiOz# Qx +OQ ~<e. ~O_= z=~# <~_
LyOz# x=@< LyOz HuiOK~^. x=@ Q~# _xH P ==<
H K O_O =Ozk. J\ O_xH g HxK '~ P i` P x=@
Q~# H (JK) f Oe.
-0000-
111
FSM
`-` @ *Q`, x~}, i~H}

(Preservation and Utility of documents) A.P.PM.S.O NO 424
OKOx "^g JkH QO ` ^~< [~Q`~. ~=#OQ =#

=[O ` H=OQ =Y ` OìOKHO@<~. `C_ ` ~_O
_ iy` LOk. uHHO ^^ 70% `Q^ L# ` KOkO^. ^~
=O HOQ Z< ~ ~` Z^~H=K. JO^= ^~ JkHi, qq^ ~H
`Q^ L# ` ij#, = ` @ *Q` =OK_O, "\x i~HOK_O,
` x}_ #Oz `# aOK O =O\ JO QiOz J~O KH"e.
`Q^L#`
=O ^ =}H` OÔQ L# Ku` ~#, > K#, =kOz# Q~#
U ==#~< '`Q^ L# Ò JO\~. WO\ q$`"# x~K#O ikH
^~}OQ =# ^#Ok# =lH, "~ H~H Z^~ ed`, =k` =y
JO` =Ok. Y, K, _| ~^, =x~~ ~, M`H, a,
_qOQ #, HO\, g<=, J=H ^"A, ~, @s \H@
"^#q HOQ Z^~ ~^~}`.
`@ *Q`, x~},i~H}
J*Q` x~}= Ò q= `yÒk. JO^= `x *Q`Q x~OK_O,
i~HOK_O ZO`< J=~O. sH xqÒ `# x}_H O`#C_ HOk
K## `xiQ \OKe.
1. `x =\K`` @H_^. JK Ò =e#O H=K. JO^x q+
^|u#=K.
2. `x ~^~H"# H=~ LOKe. J K_O= `x |\H fO_
JQ K_\xH gHQÒk.
3. < "O|_ `x =_==^.
4. s~ L+O ^ `= `# ^|f=K. H|\ "\x *| @H_^.
5. U [#O H"< ~ `x U^< ~#O` \\ K~^. x}_H
J#=~"< ~, D J `x \Q fe.
6. Òx Q# sHOK= = "\ K@ ~OQ x` Q~\e.
7. `x Z= "`~, LxH ^ `= # K~^.
8. "e=^ OQ J=~"` "^@< x~iOKe.
9. Ò g^ > K~^.
FSM
112
10. `x < K_O, HuiOK_O, `_` H@_O ^ zOK_O =O\q K~^.

11. `Q^ L# ~` OQO HQx su HO\H <~Q HxOKx O Ò
g^ Q~\e.
12. `# `H ^` ^~ x}_H Oe. =Y"# H ^~ JkH~
OQ `x x}_ ^QiH fHe. "\x ^~ O#@~`,
#+O #Oz, ÔQ`#O #Oz "\x c= Ke.
13. ~iOQ Y, QiO z` _K K# Jx ` *a` LOKe.
==O
`Q^ L# Ò = =O qa# s` LO@Ok. = =Y"#q.
1. Ku~`# QiOK_O.
2. O`H# QiOK_O, ~sx Hx@_O.
3. <, HyÒ, ~ =O\ ~` =yx sHOK_O.
4. Z~[~, =~ K~, `_z"` =OH#O.
5. WO_O>_ =i He# (Charred) ` qnH~}.
6. ~` O|OkOz# H=x x~iOK_O. 7. > e =OH#O.
8. Ku~` =OH#O.
9. ~|~ O# x~iOK_O.
Ku~`#QiOK_O
Ku~`# QiOK_O J<k `Q^ L# ` O|OkOz# Ju =Y"# QO.
`x J#=x`_ ~_? k`_ ~_? J< q+x x~~OK_xH ~O HO^
O`Hx QiOK_O J=~O H=K. O`H# > K~? =~Q iK~? J#
q+x x~iOK_xH _ O`Hx QiOK_O J=~O.
Ku~`#QiOK `
Ku~` J<k z`Y#O, <@O ^ HOQO\ Pi` H. ~`# <~H=_O, H
K_O` _H# è ^ =}H JH~ ~# H K_O qî q+O
~#^y# +"# H}. J`# #=< KOk# =#H =^# `# =O^
`KHx ^x ~`Q `# Ku HO_~ ^~ J#=kOK_xH u_. H `~"`
HO J|Òk. ~` _ xt` ~O U~_Òk. P `~"` Ò K^g
LO_^. ^^ uaO| K~Q LO@Ok. #=< O~OQ Hz`"# ~x
=# QOK^. JQ HO_~ ^~ #=<# HzÒQ #~ù K_O [~Q^.
D ~O_ q+# =Ò\~. D =#H, HO_~ =` = <_-HO_~ K~
q^#O U~_, ~` XH `H` kOk.
FSM
113
XH =HH qH}"# Ku~` J<H q`"# JO e`". D JO XHH\

~` `k~xH, eH =i H}H ^Ô KOk. g\x =eHOQ HOk JO
x~i~.
1. "^\ <~H# ~` q^#O. 2. HH=O Ku~` J#=O, qxQ
i`
3. J`,QO= U~_# s~H J^~}i` ^ , =#H
=`, W`~ =# i` LO_@O ^ H=_O.
"HH H}
W^~ qa# = KOk# Ku~` ZC_ XH ~HOQ LO_^<k Q ~A"#
JO". ~ =H s~H, =#H u` _# "HH =`= U W^~ = ~`
H}# HzÒQ #~ù K_xH g U~_^. P qÔQ H}`, ", "QO,
Xu_, JH~xH ^xH =^ Z_O, HOQ JH~ i=}, J#O^<, HO
HêH, ~` <}O, w` <}` "^# JO =Ò\x qOK_"Ok.
JO`HO_ =i<, Z_O, H_OQ KOK_, J<"O\, =~H=O (eOQ) q~=
zO, "H~}O =O\ =HQ` J"@ ~ =Hx `HHiOK_O `__`~.
Ku~` H~$Ò "O L# =, iz`"# `Q^ L# `
O|OkOz# # ~# Jx H}# sHOK_O, `<ÒQ ijeOK_O [~QÒk.
XH XH Ku~` H}x l\" `<`H ij# ukHQ fH=_O [~Q^.
QiOK_xH ^ QiOKH=_xH O|OkOz# `k x~O, iz`"#, `Q^ L# ~`
=^ L# `y#x ^~}H} OY g^ P^~_ LO_e. Hx O^~, `<`H
ij# JOkOz# iz`"# ~` `y#x H} #C_ l\" x~xH ~=_O
x}_H H+O H=K. Hx ^ =`" L# ^ |k~HOQ J["# su ~#
~O L# ^ ~K~` [ ex =~Q~K_xH *Q`Q ~# `Q^ L# ~`#
x}_H =iOz#C_ _ W|O^ ``=K. Hx ^ ^ "H
O|OkOz XHi ~` J"@# =~_O HOQ O H=K Hh n~"# ~x
^ ~`# =~QiK x K H+`~==Òk.
~`#qÒ K JO
Ku~`# J<H"# JO`~`, |~` JO qÒ K~. "\ Hx:
Z. ~K< =y : HyÒ, HO, ~, x, X`, @ "^Q#q Wq ~`
=` ^Ô K~.
a. s~H ^ =#H H : L`[O, J`, O, ^, K`
QO, =`=O^ ^ P =O =O\q ~` H}# =u~HOQ
qÒ K~.
FSM
114
. = : HO Q_K Hn ` H} Hx =~} #=`~. ^

=ke`~. Hx H` H} =~`~. =$Ô JH~
`y=K. JH~ ~O `_ ~=K.
_. [ "q^ : XH =H ~OkOz# ~O_ ~` #=< u q+O#
XH ~HOQ LO_=. ["# ~` "qÔ [ ^"# QOQ LO@Ok. XH
=H XH ^x J<H~ ~#@~` ^ O`H# J<H~ K#@~`
HuH q=~ #~`` ZC_ XH~HOQ LO_=. JH~~O,
A, J#Ò, " =O\ Hx iq`x D qK<# [ "qÔ\~.
O`H#QiOK_O
O`H# QiOK_O ^~}Ku~` =iOK ` O`H _ =i~.
JO`HO_, W`~ ~` =~ ==Hx =iHx H}@ `H ij# J=~O.
HO_~ xO`}, =#O, P~QO =i =H, ~` O|OkOz# #:#O,
=#H =$u=O\ J<H JO Oz` = q}e`" O`HO. D JOh
O`HO "#O KO^`~. `Q^ L# O`HO# `# QiOK H}x\ q+O
=}HO` i~#@~`, XH =H ~O_ O`H K_< x~xH ~=K.
~sxHx@_O
O`Hx ^ Ò U^< Qx JÒQ ~OkOK_O ^ =~_O ^~
=~ =Hx "yOK_xH XH =H K `" ~s. =~ =Hx "yOK_xH K
Ò ^~ ~`# P~ K_O, *s K_O ^ |kb K_O ^~ _ ~sH
_@O [~QÒk.
~`Ô "~O Q =$k KO^_O`, q^" [~Q_O` ~s O@#
_ `^#Q}OQ< iQ~. ~s J<k H+"g H^. D x K_xH HOKO F~,
=Oz~` <}O, `y#O` H, èq, ~=<# `@H< ^~O LO> K. =~"
~sx Hx@_O `<`HOQ Z= H+O.
~s ~H
~sx ~O_ jiH HO^ =sHiOK=K
Z. ^K ^ J#H$` ~s
a. J#~d` ~s
^K ^J#H$` ~s :
#=< ("_) # H K_O ^~ ^ =<# =# LOKH=_O ^~
=~H =H Ku~`# J#HiOK_xH uOK ~s# J#H$` ~sO\~.D ~sx
H ^ J#H~}~s Jx_ JO\~. Jx ^`H Wk JÒ` H+"Ok. ~s
q[O, J`x q^, H`H <}O, H, g@x\H qOz Q}h"# ~ J`x ^~O
g^ P^~_ LO@Ok.
FSM
115
J#H$` ~s ZC_ HzÒQ LO_^. ~s x <=kQ# H+O` _H#k

Q# L#@~`, `= H "H HO^ sH K#C_ `~K HO q~=, HO H
# Q~, OHK z, `C_ +_OQ =O\q "_=`~. "Ò g^ <
He\ Ug QO_^.
J#~d` ~s :
JO^@ L# =< ("_)# > K_O ^~ ~s K_O [~QÒk.
Wk Ju "~@~# ~s ~HO. XH O`Hx ~O_~ HzÒQ J^ su, ~O
K_O PK~}`HOQ JÔ. xs` O`HO, J#~d` ~s Jx x~iOK_xH q"Ô
L# O`Hx "`~ "_ g^ ~ WO* Ke. Hz`"# ~ WOl+<
J#~d` ~sH ~A=. J#~Y<xH (tracing) O|OkOz <Q ==
^`<~.
Z) H~< HyÒ >OQ : D û, O`Hx _H\ K=# Ò g^ H~<
LOK`~. H~< HyÒg^ "_ O`Hx LOK`~. < ^ x ^ #x
~O>_ iH~O` O`Hx J#~Y#O K~. P qÔQ Ok# O`HO H~< Hx
~HO (WOH<) ` > K~. D ~H"# J#~Y<x "H HO^ Hx@=K
"H ^~ K@C_ H~< *_ HxOK=K.
a) WO_O>_ J#~Y#O : ~s K=# Ò g^ "_ O`Hx LOz, #x, Q\
~O\` O`Hx J#~Y#O K_O ^~ nx k~. <` ~K_O` WO_O>_
B\< ~=Òk. ~ K# ~Y e "Qh "e "Qh WO_O>+<
Q=xOK_O ^~ D ~sx Hx@=K.
) >OQ ~ ~s : D û "_ O`Hx >OQ ~ g^ J#~Y#O K~. P
`~"` WO_O>_ >OQ =kiQ ~s K=# Ò =ki |kb K~.
_) i` HOu : H=#"# HOu` HOk " #Oz HOu=OÒ K# QA g^ Ò
LOK`~. P `~"` ~s HOu g^ HxOK O`Hx J#~Y#O K~. "_# ~s
K# Ò g^ LOz, i` HOu HO^ Q=xOK_O ^~ ~s |@_Òk. ~O_
~` ~ WO* J~#@~` Jk L=_ =x zOk. JO` HO_ ~s
K# O`HO J^~}"# +_OQ, <=^~#, H+=~# HêH, < H =_O =
U~_# JO`~, HO#O =O\q +O H=K.
^K J#~d` ~s
~O_~H ~s ~~, ~` +OQ HxOK H}# =~=` K_xH
u_. Hh +OQ HxOKx H}# J#HiOK_O q==`_. ~s
^~}OQ KQ LO_=. g\H < He\ (~M <}`) O_=K. JO^=
x}_ +OQ HxOKx H} @, ~M <}` @ Z=Q ^$+ HOnHi_.
FSM
116
Ku~` =}
Ò ~K~`# ^ ^x ^~x QiOK_O = J~#C_ x}_ W`~
iz`"# =O Q `` `<`HOQ ijeOK=# J=~O LO@Ok. JO\
`# '=} JO\~. =}H ~`# ~O_ s` O^=K.
Z) J~# =}O : ^~^~ J~# "~ nx O^=K.
a) J~# x =}O : ~K~` èO_ nx O^=K.
=}H ~K# O|OkOz#H~$` ~A=
HO J#=u =YOQ LO_\xH =}x ^~"OkQ ~A= K=
LO@Ok. ^x ~K~`Q qOK =H` <~Q, u~QxkQ ^x J#O^#O Ke.
#=<# HiOK@C_ ^~^~ `~"` qK~}=O J=~= ^x
=}H`# ~A= K_xH `y# K~ fH"e. x}_ ^ "l\ =HO
J#=x`_, Pî` =<# WK@ K_O^~ nx ~A= K=K. ~`# K#
^gH~}^~ ^ J#=x`_ ~`` iKO L# = ^~ _ nx ~A=
K=K.
=}H ~`#O^_O Z?
HOk =~^~H `# J#iOK= LO@Ok.
Z)
=}OQ =i# J#=x`_, iz` ~K# ^"#O` =~ XH ~HOQ
LO_e. JO^= `Q^ L# `xH LyOz# ~` =yx e# ~`
=y`< O# ~OkOKe. ^"# K@ ~` iH~O, HyÒ
J#=x`_ "_#@=O\^ J~LO_e.
a)
iz` ~K#, `Q^ L# Ò L# Hx ^, JH~ =^
_ LO_e Hx O^~ Òx Hz`"# ~x "_OKH =_O
"OKhO H=K JO@C_ `Q^ L# ~` HxOK HH"# ^
JH~ =^x K~_xH qa#"# ~x `~ K_O J=~==Òk.
_)
J#=x` ~` H} [ qK< ikx sH_ îOK_xH `y#
OY iz` ~Ò_e.
=}H ~`#O^ q^#O
U ~H"# OQO O_ |g^ H~"# Oy= ~x ~_xH
(i)
J#=uOKe.
J#=x`_H `Q^ L# Ò K_^. Hx ^# Z He ^
(ii)
ZH_ q~= z# "e ^ ~# ZC_ ~OaOKe =O\ JO
O|OkOz J`xH K# W=_^.
FSM
117
=}H ~x *Q`Q ZOH Ke. ^~ JkHi J<H~ ~x _H\

Ke. `# ^~}~` J"@ J#=x`_ uiy =KqÔQ us _H+<
"Qx OKHO@ "e. `# ~`# =~Q ~K_xH ~ =H |k~HOQ
u =_ #~ =^ qK#O HxOk. =}H ~K## ~@C_
^~ JkHi, J#=x`_ uO^# JO> ~ =H JO`$x ^ x
Q=xOKe.
(iv)
`Q^ L# ~` H=O Hx ^ ^ XH O`HO L#@~` HhO W~"
#=< HiOKe. O O`H# XH +\g^ fH_^. q_q_ +@g^
"~"~ `n fH"e. `Q^ L# ~` Hx ~Q L#@~`
J~^ O ~Q i`~. J#=x`_ K` qq^~H ~`
iH~#, Hy`x `Q^ L# Ò LyOz LO_e.
(v)
"#H" H <O|~, `k, ^~ JkHi O`HO, LyOz# ~` iH~O
q~# ~_O ^~ O# QiOK= LO@Ok.
J~# x =}#O^_O Z?
J#=x`_ ^~H` ^ `# Ku~` =<# W=_xH u~i W`~
P^~ #Oz O HiOK_O J=~O. |k~HOQ =~Q~K_O LO_^ H|\
J~# =}ez# K@ _ J~# x =} J=~O. Y, <\ H, M`
H, K, ~^, _qOQ <<, J=H `, r` \H, @ il+~,
H~, ~, O iH~ =O\ =< J<H"# P^~O\~.
`Q^ L# `xH =Hb# =} H#Q#_O =YO. q"^^ ~` ~O_ ^
=_ O=`~ ~# q+x ^~}OQ `<`H ij# O`$H~OQ
q~.
~` =yxQiOK_O
HyÒ : ^~ =O HyÒ =O QiOz P#" f = Z^~H=K.
nxH =}H #=< J=~==`~. HhO J~^ +@# =}Q =iOK=
LO@Ok. "#H" `y# H x~x ~_O ^~ XH +\# QiOK=K. `s
=O HyÒ # ~#, uH H, XH O #Oz =~ O# "~
K_xH x}_H g HeOK H}# =~Ok. ~OQ, Li` PH~O, "@~
=~, |~= ^ =OÔ =O\ JO# sHOK_xH Juh`, H~#
sH Hy`x Q =iOK_O [~QÒk.
<, x "^#q : K ~H < `H"# H} LO_H=K. H|\
<# QiOK_O JO` OOO H^. D JÔ < K# w` iq`"Ok. J^
~K~` J^ <` ~ J`# ^~}OQ < O|OkOz# w` H}# _H\
K=K.
(iii)
FSM
118
~O\ <, UHH QO_x ~Y# =ke_`~. Q "u#\H `H"#

x Q~# îOK=. JO^ "_ WOH, J~# ^=O H^ H|\, Jk HyÒ
QH =OK^. ^= WOH su< qiOk. W\=e HO =~\ |~ ^
\ < Hx<~. ~ ~O\, zÔQ LO@Ok. H|\ Jk HQÒg^
WOH# qiO*Ok. H "_, \ i=}O g^ P^~_ LO@Ok. W`~ iH~
H #Oz ~` H# =~Q~K=K.
O>< < WOKqOK QO_x ~O\# î~. J~` =u_ iy#C_
x Q~ q[# LO@Ok. nx "O@< Hx@=K. =~" <# xt`"# H\<
^ < z=~ WO_O>+< ^~ `HOK=K. Wq `~K pQ Hx~. ==
x _ `xiQ Q\, H q=". nx O_~Q Ly~. "`\ x
Z= Ò Q\ LO@Ok. Q\^x HOQ Z= H LO@Ok. x ~`#
Q~@_O D JOx LyOK_O [~QÒk. H~OQ x == O\`
Q` @ `_Q L#C_ < ~OQxK Zx< J^H _ LO\~.
WOH (~) : ~` LyOz# ~ QiOz ^~ K_O Hx~ J=~O. K
~H ~` ~# LyOK_O [~Q` LO@Ok. HOk ~H ~^~}O.
H #Oz QOz# QeH P=O, \xH P=O q=" S~< Q@<\ WOH.
(i)
~ =}` q=O K#C_ ~OQ x ^=O =Ok. JO^= WOH
~OQ ~=_xH `y# J^Hx nxH He. O>< < "_ == |H WOH D `~QuH KOkO^.
_ WOH J<k =eHOQ XH J^HO ^ J^H q= ^=}O. Wk
(ii)
ÒH^.
< WOH `y# "HO ^q`"# J^H q=O\~. QH Pî`
(iii)
< WOH ~^~}O.
WOH `<`H ij#
XH ~HO WOH (~)` ~O_ `# ~_O [iyO^ ^ Jx x~iOK_xH qq^
uH, ~xH ^` JO^@ L<~. WOH `<`H ij# Kx ~
H=\Q `HOQ J#"Ok. J^HO ~ J#@H J^H q[# q^#O, qa#
J^HO O@# ~ a#OQ LO@Ok. P qÔQ è# =i `Q^ L# ~
=^ `<`H ij# J<H JO =~Ok.
`_"` =OH#O
XH `x =~_xH K Ju == q^< JO^x Q# `_
"_xH uOK_O XH\. D `_"`# (Z) ~# (a) OuH q^#
PK~} @=K. Hi< ^ q< [O, iH P=O O\ Hx ~< ~`#
q=~O K~. Hx ~, h~, P, Z\< O\ ^=} H~Q`. Hx
FSM
119
~# =YOQ H~< ~# `yOK_xH _@~O@# LyOK_O [~QÒk.

HyÒ LiÒ g^ ~_ HeyOK_O ^~ ~`# `yOK_xH ~|~ Z~[~, ~[~ _
^ Hux Ly~.
OuH Z~[~, HyÒ QO gk Q# QO K~. ~|~ ~H, HyÒ
LiÒg^ Hx~. `H HOux Ly Hîx HO^ ^ XH"#Oz
Hy`x u~H Q (transversely) `H_xH HOux J#=uOK_O =# Ox HyÒ
Q _ Q==`~. `_"_O [iyO^ ^ J< q+x "H
"_Oz#\H JH_ J# ^ JH~# Jk zOK^. ~# `_"`# `~K
Hx@=K. J"x" _, J_< Q, P "^#@=O\ Hx `
Q"_O ^~ ~`# #~îOK=K. Juh` H~}, ~~}HO HO^ sH
K_O ^~ J ~`# "_OK=K ^ ~# Z~[~ x QiOK=K.
=~
`~KQ ~# ^xg^ =m ~_O (over writing) ^ J\H L# ~` =m
*_OK_O J<k `# =~Ok. `_"` `~"` _ Wk K=K. JH`
i H <~ "H# LyOz#C_ < H _ QiOK^yOkQ
LO@Ok. H|\ =~ KO^q\ +==Òk. D sH HO^ LyOz# ~
~OQx z#z# ^ ^ ~` e _ Hx~. ~# ^x g^ =m ~_O ^
1 x 0Q, 0 # 9Q JOH# =~_O ^ J^# K~ Ju ^~}"# =~.
K~
K~ ^~ `# =~_O [~QÒk. JOH z=~ ## K~_O, `y# Ô
~_O = ~# JOH `~"` K q=# OK=K. D ~HO K~#
1) a#"# < ^ ~` ~#C_
2) "~ =H ~ J^#OQ Ki#C_
3) W~ W~Q LO_@O ^ J^~}q~=O LO_@O ^~ Wk J Ò
QO H^x +"#C_ ^
4) ~` HO Hx@^y# `_ L#C_ Hx@=K.
`_z"`
`_z"_O JO> ""xH q+x `yOKO_ ~` PH~x <#O K_O
^ ^x HxOKO_ K_O. ~# ^xg^ =o ~_O ^ x, <` H
K_O ^ ~ ^ # ^"x qiOK_O K == û. `_z"#
~`# HOk ^` ^~ qnHiOK_O [~QÒk.
(i)
qq^ H} HOu HO^ =YOQ i` HOu` sHOK_O.
FSM
120
Juh` H~}` sHOK_O ^ ~~}H~}` \Q ^ ~~}

uaO| H#~~ "H HO^ sHOK_O.
(iii)
~OQ ~` sHOK_O.
F=~ ~\OQ# (~# ^xg^ ~_x) `yOK ~# sHH \\"O\
(iv)
K# `~"` "O@< J^ < ~` `_z "#@~`, J ~x K^=_O
`~K H+==Òk.
g_ H HO~@~ iH~# W\= ~OkOK_O [iyOk. =~#,
K~#, `_z "`#, H\"`# H#H=_xH Juh`, ~~}ik qa#
ÒQOQ ^~ `x < K_xH D iH~ g HeOK~. ~`x U^~<
Qx H H#, # HO^ îOK_O ^~ `<`H ij# K_xH ^ `<`H
ij#HO O`H# XH^xg^ XH\Q ~ WO* K_xH _ D iH~
LQH~=x Q=xOK_"Ok.
WO_O>_ `
WO_O>_ ` : HO^ =iHx Hy`# XH HyÒ =H g^ U^< q+O
~#C_ HO^ L# +\ # L# +\ ~O^q\ "_OK WO_O>+< LO_=K.
PH~=# L`~ WO_O>_ ~` Q =YO LOk. HOk q^< ^~
WO_O>_ ~`# H#Hx, K^=_O [~QÒk.
(i)
u~H (transverse) HO` ^~}HOuHO^ sHOK_O.
(ii)
WO_O>_ ~` J_<` Q"_O, WO^ xH"# J_<
i=}O. WO_O>_ ~Ò# qQ` LiÒ# ^y LO@Ok. D
=Ò ~`# "_OK=K.
(iii)
WO_O>_ ~` LiÒ g^ Q\ _ K_O.
(iv)
WO_O>_ ~`# Hx@_xH W\=e HO ZH\H _>H< J~@
(W.Z._.Z) # q$ÒQ "_@O [~QÒk.
=_# ` : =_# ^ HHOQ =_# `# qnHiOK_O `~K ^".
WO^HO ^~ "\i# K *Q`Q HiOz sH xqÒ Q
=iOKe. D ` qnH~} HOk ^`# Ly~.
(i)
u~H (transverse) ^ ~ HO` qA= sH.
(ii)
J ~ H~< ^ W`~ ~~}HOu x~^H ~ L#@~` Ò iQ
=_H~#@~` ~~}\Q ^~ ~`# qnHiK_O [~QÒk.
(iii)
=_# ~`# K^=_xH Hx O^~ ~ <>\ ^=}O `__Òk.
(iv)
^^ ~O_ "~ @ ZH* Kx \QH H =^ =_# `x
Xu\ LOz, P `~"` == û _= K_O = J q+xH
O|OkOz# \QH <y\" Lù H=K.
(ii)
FSM
121
~` H=O
L# ~xH U^< "i`"# K~ K~" `H=_O Hx ~ J=~O.
~`H=x H#H=_xH H =~# J^#O K_O [~QÒk. ~O_ ~`Q,
XH\ JO`HO> Z= < <# YO_ Ju"#O (overlap) KOk#C_ =`"
~` H=x ^~}OQ x~iOK_O [~QÒk. H=x x~iOK_xH HOk JO
^~}OQ _`~.
H` OH #Oz ` OHH ~ qiOk.
(i)
<, ed` ~YO\ K# $+OK=K. OH Jqz#`# K=K. HOk
(ii)
OH qz#`# K=K.
< x ~+OQ LO> Y ~Y "O|_ L# Q OQO U~_=K.
(iii)
Q U~_ OQO, H =~# zOK=K.
HyÒ =_`gk ~ ~`# qz#"# HyÒ QH ~OQ iOK
(iv)
~ su ^~ "O@< QOK=K. ~# `~"` Hy`x =_z#C_ WO\
=O HxOK^.
~O_ x ~Y YO_OKHO@#C_ ~O_ ~Y, "^\ ~Y Q\ Q~#
(v)
QO KOk. H` Q~# ~ WO* KOk.
~K<HO
Ò H HO Hx O^~ =YO OìOKHO@Ok. D HOk JO#
J^#O K_O ^~ iq` ~K< Hx JOK< "=K.
HyÒ iu, "@~=~, Q ~, "_# lOQ, "\i =O\ JO
(i)
#Oz HyÒ Hx ^^Q JOK< "=K.
~ =# |\ ~K< Hx x~iOK=K. PHH~}= ~ ~OQ =z#
(ii)
=~, ~ w` #Oz U~_# H~_ ^ \ q~}, ^^ ~K< Hx
=HO KQ=.
Hx J~^# H xs` <# "_@O _ Ò =# zOK=K.
(iii)
L^~} <, 1950 `~"` =`" ~`Ô LQOxH =zOk.
JO^= 1950H ~O <` ~# Ò LO_H=K.
~q# O gk `H"# Q~, Z\HC_ =z# =~ "^#q
(iv)
Ò =# JOK< "_xH `__`~.
"\i iu, Ò =g^ HO` HOux iO *=K. JO>,
(v)
HH=O Òx U^ XH QO [iy# =~ Ò =#
x~iOK_O `__=K.
`C_~HO Hy`x ^ ~` iH~x LyOK_O, <H_, ~+O,
(vi)
#Q~O, ~_ ^ gk "^# "\ ~ =~ =O\q, q` ~K< HO
#@=O\ Ò g^ = =K~O, He` Ò "_ H#Q}OQ
=K ^+ H}# iQ}H fH=_O.
FSM
122
1988 #Op .Z. H\ s XH JO`~f WOH |sx U~@

K_"Ok. ^^ 6000 ~ #=<# HiOK~. g\x ` `
=# x~iOK_xH Ly~. Juh`, ~~}, ~# sH#
LyOK qÔH, qÔ~` ^` ~O_O\h J#iOK_O [iyOk.
` Hx x~~OK D sH# Jx^ qxyOKH=K.
> e =OH#O
` x}_H Z^~ Ju ^~}"# "HxH (OuH) Y# ^#O >~@~.
"e=^, _ P^ Q ~@~ XH Hs `~< _ XH
~H"# > ex =~=. ~O_ > ~@~# HzÒQ XH~HOQ `~K_O
JÔ H|\ u O`xH `H` LO@Ok.
> K# "\i O|OkOz# Ju =Y"# H}# HO^ ~#|_"Ok.
(a)
>~@~ `s^~#, "_# QiOK_O.
(b)
xs` >~@~# QiOK_O.
(c)
J `x > K_xH LyOz# >~@~` HO_ =~ > ~@~`
=~ K_O [iyO^x ~A= K_O.
(d)
> e =.
(e)
># QiOK_O.
>~@~ =}
> K# Ò =O QiO ^ ^~` =O\ JO# x~~OK=
=z#C_, ~A= K_O J=~"#C_ P `x >~@~ g^ > K_O [iyO^
^ Jx x~iOK_xH J#=x` >~@~ ^~ Lù K# =}H > =<#
HiOK= LO@Ok. HOk qÔQ ~O_ ~H =}# ~kOK= LO@Ok.
(a)
H=|^ #=< (~Q~ "<) :`Q^ L# Ò ~x JO\ i|#
Hy`x LyOz HzÒQ H Ke. ~O ^^ 15 OO> JO\
` kO\x Ke. ~O n~OQ LO> "^\ k ^ k# O#
H Ke. u Hx q_ HyÒg^ Ke. z=iQ XH JH~xH, H~H~
KOk# Hx ij_H W=_xH +, <<-+ l+<` "Ò H ~#
> Ke.
(b) H~< #=< :Ò ij_, =iH ^ ~+"# ># Hx@_xH
gQ ~xH KOk# XH @ H~< #=<#, i|<# LyOKO_
`Q^ L# OÒg^ > Ke. ` HyÒg^ H~< =^ HiOK_xH
H~< g^ <~Q H# H\e. =}+\ HOk =K~O LO_e.
(a)
(b) OÒ i <O|~
>~@~ `s, "_
(vii)
123
FSM
~H# `k
(d) H, ^~# == (Zya\) OY
> K# `x QiOK_O _ Ku~`# QiOK `, ^` g^ P^~_
LO@Ok. O`x QiOK_xH x}_ HOk JO# iQ}xH fHO\~.
JH~ i=}O, PH~O.
(i)
> KOk# ZQ_ kQ_ =^. Wk ^~}OQ #Oz HOkH =~Òk.
(ii)
(iii) xs` P^ "#, ~# O.
(iv) Ju"#O O\ W`~ OuH .
># QiOK_xH HOk q=~# J^#O K_O [~QÒk.
+, "H~}O, q~= z "^# "\ ~@, J~` ~x J`<
(a)
HO* K LO_e.
(b) =HQ` `H H} : L^~} Q\Q H@_O, èHQ H@_O, J=#"#
@K, =i# OQ "^#q.
=k` q+O=OH#O
Hx O^~ H~\ # LOOz H, "Q*< "^~# "\x
=kOK=K. JO\ O^~ =^}# QiOK_O J=~O H=K.
=^} LyOz# > _*<, H+< J#Q}OQ =k` q+xH =~
H}O\~. eH _ `H H}O\~. D H}, =^}H
~+"# ~, U~@ ^ x~} eÒQ U~_`~. q"^^"# HO,
~ ^ H~Ò QiO# x~~OK_xH ~A= ux ~~ K_O ^ O #Oz
QOz# J ~O =< H# JO^@ LOK_O J=~O H=K.
(c)
-0000-
124
FSM
\" - _Q _
(Clues Team- Dog Squad) A.P.PM.S.O No 454-4A
\" (A.P.PM.S.O No 454-4A)

Z.. b =#=, ~1, ""2 .X.<O.554 #O^ \"
Qi q=iOK_"#k.
\", Z..Z.Z.Z. _~H~ H OHuH ~"H}HO^ xKOk. JQ
O|Ok` Z./. H H~H= ~"H}HO^ q^ x~Ok.
\" # OQ QiOKH#@ HOk qÔQ J~O W=_O [iyOk.
H" ,
Z |~\s,
Je"\
D Zq_<,
"
Ò \" u l#O^ U~@ K|_~. \"< =~ qÔQ
''" O\H W<"Q\OQ x\ Jx ~.
\" Oê Ok:
O\H P~ / O\H PO\ W`# \" W<K~Q =i ~xH
ZH~Q =O\~.
1. >H+<
2. \Q~ =i g_Q~
3. "e=^ x}
4. H~ XH " Q~
\" XH K@ #O_ =~ K@ =@ gQ XH "#=, uH
H^~# iH~ K@, HiOK@, ijeOK@ J=~"# iH~,
=y =~_"#k.
\" H ^#q^
1. ^~ PkH~, OOk` Z./. P^~ H~}, ^~
q+O , H~, JOkOK@.
2. O|Ok` P~.Z... ` =#O He LO_ OHuH H~O O^@.
3. =Y"#, OK<`H"# H ^~ PkH~ HiH "~ <~xH "@.
4. <~x iH~ K@. (\Q =i g_ Q)
5. uH P^~# K_O_ K_@O.
6. uH P^~# HiOK@.
7. uH P^~# sHOK@ =i JaO `@.
8. uH P^~# H=OQ HOQ K@. i^# JkHiH J*C@.
FSM
125
9. _ ^~# xs~O K# `~"` "\x ijeOK@ =i sHOK@.

_Q_
Ki` è#\ #Oz *y= =#=xH =Oz `Q#, =xQ#
=O@ =#=x H Ju #=H"# [O`= XH\Q ~QOz#q. =#=xH H+
= =i Ju H+"# i` _ Z@=O\ e`= [=x`
PtOKO_, [O` OK=< XH #=H"# [O`=Q ~ `K<~ D *y.
=#=_ *y= H èq `@# J~= KHx, "\ =# =#=
OKxH LQ_@@ =K<_. H. 4000 (a.) O. <_ Dl ^=
*y=# P ^~A "i = "\x "i H HO H H_xH `~`
"~ "@ "o#C_ *y=# `_Q fHx "~. ~#~# D *y=#
^ _ LyOK_xH Jx q^ ` K_"#k 1544 OII h 8=
~A, 5= K~ J< ~< ~A < [iy# ^xH 400 *y=# O<_.
W@ *y=# " OY ^= H~H LyOz =Oz e`# Ok<~.
=#=_ g\x iQ J~= KHx ^< HO_, =#= OKxH
LQ_@@ "\H J=~"# tH}~z WC_ =Oz e`# O^`<_.
PO^^,^H}~`Ô_Q _ P~OO
^H}~` ^= =# bY "@"^\iQ =^ `= "~
1952 OII *y=# * =H xqOz<~. PO^^ `= ~#~# g\
<}x Q=xOz =Oz e`# Ok *y= OY# Oz ~+O "Ò g\H
=# 1973 =~ qxyOKO@ =z<~. [ "~" g\ OY# =iO` Oz
~R= =Y"# ~O* xqOz "\ =# u"iH JOk =Oz e`#
O^K<~. ~+=x u l#, Hg+#~\# =i WO@e*< _~"O\,
~b P^~O# _Q _ L#q. _Q _ K. WOKiQ LO\_. u
*yxH XH . x _Q O_~Q xq~.
_Q_ = LQ
*y=# <~i^#< HO_ ^ ^ H~Q~, ~ q+#i ~
=i F_~= \eOQ H~H QH #=O^# "uH f_xH =i _
^~, =O^ `# H#Q#_xH, q=<, ~ +< =i =Y"#
*f < L#OK .P~..Z., a..Z.,S.\.a..,..l.
<..l # "_K<~.
*y= `# =` u "## OQ Q\ Ju `= J#Q "HQ"
= =# qq^ =#= ^QO^ secretion # resolve KQ H
Hey#k. <~< QO_ _\# Z@=O\ ==<< 5 J_Q =~ ##
FSM
126
Q@Q^. *y "## Q> HQO_ =x+x Q~ @_= "\H" \.

*y= J#Q =#=x *Q$u iK [O`=. "\ [=xH Z@=O\ P^ =z< ^
`= J`xH èO_ ^_H x# Z_ D *y= =O^Q< Q@_" QO_
[=xx *Q$`~K#. =#=H< *Q "# Q> H 40 ~@, 20 ~@
KH =i qxH_ H 10 ~@ JkHOQ LO\~.
_Q_#ZeOKe: b *y=# <~i^#H H~=O^ D HOk q+#
<~ i^# JkHi Q=xOKe. J=~= J#O>< _Q _# eOK=#.
1. "@"^@ <~=# ^~_" HO_ JH_ u ==# Ju *Q`Q
~`~ ^ P ~O\"~< =@O_ *Q` fH#=#.
2. <~ i^#H *y= J=~= Jx J## Z_ <~i^# JkHi O|Ok`
JkH~ *y=# O=x Jx q=~=` ~_ "*, >eQO ^
>e< "* W==#. D Requisition O|Ok` JkHiH 48 QO@
K~@@ *Q` fH"e. 48 QO@ `~` <~= <~_ =ke \# J`x
"# (K=@) Pq~ =#. JO^H~ ZO` `~Q g` JO` `~Q
Requisition O=#.
3. <~= K_|_# ^ <~= <~ O|OkOz# == x Z_
*y=# H~Q_^.
4. <~i^#H *y=# Hi# Z_ <~i^# JkHi <~=< =O_.
*y= K xx `Q *Q`Q Q=xOz *y= K# xx JkH~
`* i^# ~OaOK=#.
5. <~= <~ =ke \# ==# *Q`Q XH HyÒ K\ *y=
"O|_ fHo JC_C_ uiy "# W==#.
6. <~ J^ xH KOk"~ ÒKHx# Z_ ^ J^ = =# Z_
*y= "i "## Q\ <~x QiOK_" ^"i WO_# KOK_"
[~Q#. <~ |\"~#K <~xH =z# k# =i <~= K
"o~# ^~# KOK#.
*y H q= : <~i^# *y=# =yOz Jq ~z# P^~#
OQ i^#xH fH#=#. Hx g\ P^~#< XHix <~_x H~
x~OK=. *y= K u xx <~i^# JkHi XH =K~x JOkOK
Informant Q qOz `Q P^~# (<~xH O|OkOz#) QK ~`~ x}
P^~` He H~ x~OK=#. J=~=x J#O> HxH *y= H
Handler # <<xH eOK=#.
127
FSM
tH}=i x~}: =YOQ =# bY H=# *y=# ^x =

2 #O_ 3 ==L#_ H#_= [~Q`#k. 3 #O_ 6 ==~ House Hold
Training J#Q D = [=x` ^ Handler ` J"@ _@O ^
Hanlder ` =# (Love and affection) Z= KH#_= [~Q#. =i 6
=#O_ 2 O.=~ =# H=# su `s^ ~==K#. *y= K
x`"# [O`=. g\H _ =# ~O\ =# ` =#=Q ZkQ =~
H=# P~Q *Q` fH#=#. "\H _ =#+ =kiQ ~Qx"~}\H#
"~OK_= =i ~`~ |xH =Q_ \xH "_=#. g\H Q~"Kx h\`
< XHi #= K~Oz H=# Dog powder s~O \OK=#.
_Q _ qq^ *` #H : OK= 300 Q *y= *`
Q=. Hx ~`^= XH XH *u QiO Ok#k. Jk ''~[O. *y=
*`# D HOk q^=Q q_n_"#k.
1.
SPORTING BREED
2.
HOUNDS
3.
WORKING DOGS
4.
TERRIERS
5.
NON - SPORTING BREEDS
6.
TOY DOGS
=# LQ_ *y= =_. JO^ 1. Alsatian, 2. Doberman

Pincher Wq [~h ^=# KOk#q. 3. Labrador Wk H#_ ^= New
Foundland O`=# KOk#k. D =_ *`# ~` ^=< HO_ W`~
^ _ <~i^#H HO_ W`~ # _ LyOKK<~.
Labrador
-0000-
128
FSM
eH
` - `\, eH x}_ Ja=
(Ballistics - Fire arm - Ammunition -Ballistic expert's opinion)
A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 557-1,2
` `\
` LyOz ^_, ` "^Q J<H ~H# <~ K=K.
`# LyOz P`` KH=_O _ D<_ =#O K<O. O q^
, Q=Ox =~ `Q^^~ `# LyOz J<H ~H# <~ K@O
W_ ~^~}"Ok. ` @Hx "@_, "\x ~K@_ J*Q` =
Qx, `H H iOQ "Hx[O iQ H=@O = Hx =^ [~Q=K. XH =H
"~H =Hx `H` ` K P``Q<, =^=` [iyOkQ< zfHiOK@O
[~Q`#k. ` LyOz K# <~# q[=OÒQ i^# K x*# "eH
fO> `, `\# QiOz# i*#O <~ i^<kHiH è LO_e.
`H (Fire Arm)
_ ^~= #O_ =z# "= K` Qx, =i U W`~ H K` Qx |\#
Ju "QOQ qi "_xH J#=Q `~ K|_ ^<x ''`H JO\~.
`H Q=
1. =l
2. O\ \
3. ~
4. i=~
5.
6. ZH\H~
7. i~ \
8. O_
9.
10. |\ H
11. O\ P H
12. P H
13. \ P H
14. y
15. \Q~
16. \Q~ Q~
17. =y<
18. ~ P~
19. |\ \
FSM
129
`H x~}OJOê Q: `H O^ =_ =Y Q LO\~.
1) ~
2) H<
3) H
1. ~
Wk ` `~ K|_ Q@O. nx ^~ `\ Oê QO_ (|\) |@H
Ju "QOQ qi "|_Òk. ~ #O^ =_ =Y Q LO\~. (Z) KO|~ (a)
b_ () ~. ~ #O^ `\# LOK ^x 'KO|~ JO^~.
~ #O^ `\ LOK "# 'cK ZO_ Jx JO\~. ~ ~O_= "# '=l
ZO_ Jx JO\~. `Hx e#_ KO|~ LOz# `\#O_ QO_ (|\) |\H
=z ~ ^~ Ju "QOQ qi "|_Òk. KO|~ "O |\ "O H< HOKO
^kQ LO@Ok. D ~O_O\x He ^x ~ 'b_ Jx, \ Ò^ 'KO|~ H<
Jx JO\~.
2. H<
~ "#H "# 'cK H< J=~|_ LO@Ok. nx O^ (Z) \Q~ (a) \Q~
Q~ () iOQ < (_) ZH\H~ (W) Z*H~ (Z) =y< J< QO\~.
\Q~# "e` <H` Jk iOQ # Xu_ HeyOz `\# =O^ <\"Ok.
`\ J_Q QO =^ Q H 'qOQ qH~ LO@Ok. nx x`"# _
^~ #O_ =O@ "=_, `\Oê 'O@ K~ #O_ "= _`~. D
"= #O_ U~_# H = `\Oê QO_ `H ^~ =l H# #O_ Ju
"QOQ qi "|_Òk. `Hx e# `~` `\ H `H KO|~ LO@Ok. nx
KO|~ #O_ f"_xH, `H #O_ |@ qi "_xH ZH\H~ =i Z[H~
`H J=~|_ LO\~. \~\ iQ Qi@_xH `H#O^ ''\ U~@
K|_ LO\~.
3. H
Ku ` (O_ P~) `H "#H Q# ''y LO\~. ~ `
L_< H U~@ K|_ LO@Ok. y H L_< H `# K`` @Hx
H_xH LQ_`~.
`\x~}O: (Cartridge)
H\_ O^ HOk QO\~
1) H\_ H H `\ H 2) =s H H ~+< H
3) O@
4) "_ @
5) `\ QO_ H |\
FSM
1)
130
H\_ H
\ Q< ` (12 ~ `H) H\_ H# Q\ J@` `~ K~. i"~,
~, =\ ` H\_ H# W`_ O (Brass) ` `~ K~. Wk H\_
Oê Q "@~ HO>#~Q x KOk. nx HO^ ~# qQ` Q#Oz
H K|_`~.
2) =sH H ~+< H
H\_ J_Q =^ Q# =s H LO@Ok. nxx W`_` `~ K~. nx
qOQ qH~, x`"# _ ^~O LO@Ok. `H Oê iOQ #` =s
H# |OQ <H#_ =O@ "=_Òk.
3) O\
=s H #O_ "=_# =O@ O@# JO\Ok. O@ #O_ JkH
HQ "= Lù J=`~. g\ H K` *H `H#O_ Ju "QOQ |@ qi
"|_`~. O@ =_ ~H
Z)
Q< _~ : nx \+O <>\, Q_ (Charcoal), QO^HO
(Sulphur) q=O LO@Ok.
a) H _~ : nx <\*, Q< _~ q=O LO@Ok. Ò
`~# H\_O^ H _~# O@Q "_`~.
) q H _~ : nx <\*, Q< _~ q=O LO@Ok.
Ò `~=`# H\_O^ H _~# O@Q "_`<~.
4) "_,@
"_ \Q< Ò^ H\_O^ LO\~. "_# Cork, Felt or
Paper ` `~ K~. H\_x qq^ ^~# "\ "\ < LOK\xH
LQ_`~. `H O^ H\_# e#_ Wq |@ =z ~# iQ
= LOKÒk. W ~# iQ = LOK@O = Lù J~# "= H =$^
HO_ H_`~.
~= (Pellets): g\x O` `~ K~. Wq \~\ `Q`~. \ A
<O|~# |\ ~= |~=, i=}O =~`~. L^~} LG #O^ 6, SG #O^ 8, \
A ~O_ <O|~ 1 #O^ 100 @O\~.
5) `\QO_ (Bullet)
nx =Y"# QO `\ QO_. g\x O =i q= ` `~
K~. Wq OMH~O LO\~. D qÔQ O` `~ K|_# |@# =iH
O` LOz _ `~ K~. g\x ''*H\ Hey# `\QO_ Jx JO\~.
131
FSM
Hx |@ J_Q QO " Hk ^~O K@ XH #x Q" U~@ K|_

LO@Ok. nx< 'H<\~ Jx JO\~. Wk |\# `\ H ÔQ ayOz LOK_xH
xH =Ok.
|\ x~}=
~ `\ x~}=
` ~H= ^*=
`# =_ ~H= Jq.1. ` ~ ~ P~: ` ~ Ò^ ~
e QO ##Q LO@Ok. L^: \ `H, =\. nx Z) cK _~, a) =l
_~ J# ~O_ ~H LO\~. g\x HOk qÔQ qnHiOK=K.
Z. cK _OQ `
cK _OQ Ò^ `\# cKZO_ "# _K~. `= `~
K Ò^ Z= Q= D q^=Q =O_#. L^: .a.a. Q< (Single
barrel breech loading), , i"~ "^Q#q.
a. =l _OQ `
=l _OQ Ò^ O@, "_ =O^QO_ H QO_ =^Q
q_q_Q =O_#. g\x JxO\x `H =l H##O_ _ K~. =l _OQ
Ò^ W#H_ ~ HOk Q=# J=~|_ =O_#. Wk O@ "_ =i
\Ks `H ~ #O^ iQ J=~@ xH =Ok. D ~H"# Ò^ cK ZO_
"# ~ XH #x "# è =O_#. D "# Q=# ~+< H LOz =~
=# ^~. =l _OQ ` ~ ##Q =O@Ok. D ~H"#
` LyOz Oy [H~# Qx Ks P \x =K#.
L^: .a.".Z (Oy ~ =l _OQ)
_.a.O.Z (_| ~ =l _OQ)
132
FSM
2.
~ ~ `
~ ` ~ x ~ ~eOQ K|_ LO@Ok. ~ H=
=kiQ peH Hey LO\~. D peH# 'Q" JO\~. peH =^# Q Z`# "\x
'O_ Jx JO\~. ~eOQ L#O^ = [H~ `# K@ `# u~Q_O =Ok. D
qÔQ u~Q_O = [H~ QeH ^ "@C_ ~Ò K~Òk.
L^: ~, , i"~.
~ ~ H J_H` @=
3.
~_H ~ P~
Wq \ `. `\# 200 ~ =~ KKHx @@ KQ=. nx
HkQ =l ZO_ ~< ~eOQ K|_ LO@Ok.
-0000-
133
FSM
_ ^~=
(Explosives)
_ ^~=
_ ^~# ~ ^xO^ Hx =~ [iy, J`kH"# "_x, K
#i=}= "=# Lù K~. DK~< _ JO^~. _ ^~O
_O = |O =Ok. JO` QO_ i~ g^ J`kH _<x HeOk.
` HO <~ K\xH _ ^~, ` O^~
Ly<~. H=# u b JkHi <~O \xH J=H= L# _
^~# O| _[ _ K` xs~ ~K=#. e# `~"` "\ J=#
*Q` ~K_O, "\x Z.Z.Z. x}xH O Ja= O^@O, J=~"#_
<~xH ~Oz _ ^~# _* K@ "^# JO QiOz `H"e.
_ ^~=~H=
_ ^~# ^~}OQ ~O_ ~HQ ql~.
1) `= H Q _ ^~= : `= "QO` K~ [~Q "\x ' ZHl"
JO\~. "\x xC ~=`# =O@`# =K. L^: Pi#s Q< _~
2) Z= H Q _ ^~= (ZH l") : K"QO` K~ [~Q"\x
' ZHl" JO\~. "\H i~# `<`#H K H LO@Ok. g\x @
Q\ Xu_ =i ^ J=~=. g\H xC# JOk Q =O_`~ Hh =. g\x
_\<@~, OQ H` ~.
L^: <\y[i<, P~_ZH ( s~ _="O\ ZHl"). HOQ KO>
1000 mts / s "QO HO> `= _ H` "\x ZHl" Jx JO`HO>
Z= H` "\x ' ZHl" Jx JO\~.
A
g\x LyOz `= _ ^~# ~. g\x H _~ _
^~O` `~K~. A XH z=~ ZHl" =Oz "~H "# JO\Oz
~. A #Oz =z# z#=H _ OqOz# O =#@~` "\x
HiOKe. g\ P^~O` "\x `~ K# HOh ~# `H=K. J#=x`x
WO\x ^ K#_ J" ~H"# HOhH KOk# A îH` Jq <~^~
LQ_`~.
_\<@~
_\<@~ ^~, A O` Z= _ ^~# `~. g\x
'OQ H JO\~. g\x JqxO, ~y, H` x`"# _
FSM
134
^~ #Oz `~ K~. g\H ~O_= "# A# ay~. A

J=~|_# OQ H# ZHl" =Oz, A xO\ Jk OQ H#
Ok. OQ H _O = =z# ^, H, ZHl"# _xH ^Ô
KOk. WO\ OQ H# <<ZHH OQH Jx JO\~.
A J=~|_# << ZHxH OQ H

Hx HOh ZHH OQ H `~K~. g\x H~O@ O`
=K. OQ H _O = U~_# =H <~O _=O\~. D =H
Hi Jq U HOh `~ K|_#" `H=K. J#=x`x WO\ J^ ~H"#
HOhH KOk# H îH` Jk <~ ^~ LQ_Òk.
_#"@
g\x Q Q# =i ^~ QQ@_xH Ly~. g\x A
O` OQ H ^~ ~.
_#"@# <\yi< _ ^~O` "@~ HO>#~#O^ `~ K~. Wq
H~O` 2 #Oz 8 JOQ _= Hey =O\~. nx `~K# HOh ~ #
~|_ =O@Ok.
@=
FSM
135
O|
_ ^~=# H LOz, `y# L`[H` He Ly O|Q
==i~. Wq q^ i` H` JO> }x, P #+O Kx KO\~.
Wq D HOk ~H=Q LO_=K:
1. Q<_
2. <@ O|
3. P_ O
4. >O O
5. \ O
S.W._(WO"*_ ZHl" _"*)
`=# U=i ^| f@ gQ, ^~}OQ LyOK == Z= H
Q _ ^~x LOz `~ K O# S.D._. JO\~.
1. O|
2. L`~O O| 3. HO O|
4. \x~ O| 5. \.q. O|6. |c \
_ ^~=L#^=O^ fH"e# K~,*Q`,\OKe# "=
K~Q L#_ ^~=q+=fH#=# *Q`K~:
1) _ ^~# i~ OÒ x=OK [# Mm K~OKe.
2) _ ^~ K@ WH | i Z`Q \e.
3) P O`= xC, =O@, ZHH ~ ~\ O_ K_e.
4) xC<~ O`=, "^ H~ JO^@ LOKH"e.
5) _ ^~ L# Ô xH [, [O`= ~O_ K_e.
FSM
6)
136
_ ^~xH ^~O Q~x U~@ Ke. P O`= K@ Q~Q XH

i|<# H@=#.
7) _ ^~=# Ô, O|Ok` q=~ l b JkHiH èKe.
8) _\ HO\~ P ZHl", HO^^ "ix _ ^~ =^
eOK@ =i _* K@ `Q U~@ Ke.
9) g#K _ ^~# ^x \ f~Oz, <~ z`\x we.
10) _ ~O Q _ ^~"` HOKO H K x}xH O` K. qye#k
[ u~Qx Ô îz Q~# " H_e.
11) <@O| J~` "O@< ^x `H~^. O| h e. `_ J~#O^#
Jk ^.
12) `~"` h xO# |H\ Qh H _Qx <@ O|# Ku ZO\ Xu_
O_ f LOKe.
e#==q+OfH"e# K~
1) _ OqOz# K@H e# == H~ "uH "\x n# ~KH"e.
2) WO\q ^~}OQ ~OQ Hey LO_@O =# OQ QiOK=K.
3) "\x @H~` HiOz ek< H=~ LOz H Ke.
4) Ku` `H` K=@ =# =O =i ~OQ =@"HH x}x ij#
LQ_H=K.
qÔQ <~Ox _ ^~ q+O *Q` fH"e.
<~Ox`` ==iOK=# q^#=
1. <~Ox `# x} =`" `H=#. "\ g^ U"# "e =^/
uH P^~= L#K "\x HiOKe.
2. `H KO|~/ =y< `\ L#@~` "\x J<_ Ke.
3. e# `\#/ Mm H\_# ~|~ ~` HiOz ^k \ H
K=#.
4. `# sH xq`= O#_ Hx| ^~< O=#. O~^.
5. `Hx H K#_ ^xx ~K~^. J~` `H J<_ LO_@@
KH#=#. L#k L#@Q "# Q_` K\ H K=#.
FSM
137
`, `\ =i _ ^~=# HK q^#=
` `\H K@
1) `H K@ ^k LOz H Ke.
2) =O^ QO J#Q ~ ~O^xH ^kQx, a~_Qx LOz =e.
3) i"~ J~` KO|~ _ =` \e.
4) `\# q_q_Q ^k` H K "\x ~# J@> \e. Jq Mm `\,
H^ qnHiOKe.
5) Mm `\ J_Q Q# | JO\OK~^.
6) `H `\ Qx, =O^Qx LO> "~ Ke. g HH` J\ q+x
qOQ è.
7) ` `\ ^~ O~^. =x+ ^~< Oe.
_ ^~=#H K@
_ ^~= H#Q#|_# "O@< "^@ Jq O_ x~kOz P `~`<
"\x `He. _ ^~= L# O`= K@ b# xqOz [#,
[O`=# P xH ~O_ Ke. P O`= xC O_ K_e. Q `Q~^.
_ ^~=# H#Q# q+O qOQ l JkHiH è`, `y# x}_x JH_H
O~. JO`=~ J\ ^x `Q *Q`` H_e. _ PH~O Q _ ^~"`
HOKO H K x}xH O` K. qyeOk [ u~Q_x O`= ^~z Q~
" H_e. JkH OY _ == n#O KHO> "\ K@ ^k LOz "~
"~ J@> H Ke. qye#q [ u~Q_x O`= LOz Q~ "
JkH~ è "i L`~ "~ #_KH"e.
<@ O| J~` "O@< ^x `H~^. P O| # he. Hk \
`~` <@O| h\x HO@Ok. `_ J~#O^# Jk ^. `~` h xO#
|H\Qx, H _Hx <@O|# Ku` ZO\ Xu_ O_ f LOKe.
<@O|H K û
=O^Q h LOz Q <##@ Ke. XH | `~K ^x ^~
JkHi O|# n#O KH#C_ L# O`H K~Oz P | i
ek< H=~ <@ O| LOz H=~ JOK =e. nx LOK_xH i= _
=` " | JuHOKe. D O| Z\H `_Q LO_ ^. D _# i# Q_
Oz LOz ^x QO Uk J#k q=iOz =H ^~< Oe. D qÔQ K_x
^=#+ =HO =[~ " H Ke.
FSM
138
e#==
_ OqOz# ^xH K@H e# == H~ "uH "\x n#
~KH"e. WO\q ~OQ He LO_@O = OQ QiOK=K. "\x @H~`
HiOz ek< H=~ LOz H Ke. Ku` `H` K=@= =O =i ~OQ =_"
HO_ x}x ij# LQ_H=K.
~xH H
*H H HêH# QiOz è q*<x 'eH JO\~. J#Q Jq qi
"|_# k =i |O P^~OQ Jq_ ^x QiOKQQ@O.
eH J# ^= ''e J# \< ^= #Oz =z#k. e J#Q \<
+ ~# "^# "\x qi "_xH ~O_ `` H\ q =kiQ =OQ `~
K# iH~=.
~xH eH J#Q
`# =i `\# QiOK@ <~ i^# LQ_ "\H
O|OkOz# JO sHOz èK@ LQ_ q*<x '~xH eH
JO\~.
<~ i^#~xH eH q*#O
`# LyOz <~ K#_ <~O `, `\ H, g\H
O|OkOz# == J= <~O a~. g\x =Q HQ ~#=K#.
Wq ^~ JkHiH <~xH O|OkOz# =K~O JOk=Q=. <~O îH
H^~# ^~ JkHi HiOz ~xH< |~@s, ^~^ OOKe.
`, sHOK_xH ~R ~xH # |~@s XH `H qQO U~@ K|_Ok.
nxx eH qQ= JO\~. WO^ xK eH ZH~ H^~ ==#
ijeOz ^xH O|OkOz# =K~=# W=Q_.
HiOz O=# ==
eH ZH~ W=Qey# =K~O
1. `H
Jk x["# H = ? U
~H"#k? He|~ ZO`? x KO^? ~
K|_O^? Jx KQ_.
2. `\ H, |@
|_# `H ~HO, He|~, HOh, Jq XH
`H #Oz |_#"? H^? Jx KQ_.
3. ~O_ JO`HO> Z= |@
~ O_ ` , JO` H O > Z =
LyOz<~? Jq U ~HxH KOk#q? "\
He|~ ZO`? Jx KQ_.
139
FSM
4. `\ H, |@
P `\ P `H#O_ e#"<? J#Q

J#=x`x `H"< Jx KQ_.
5. ~= =i "_
"\ i=}O ZO`? |~=, ~ A, `\
A ZO`? Jx KQ_.
6. He# ^~O `H#@,
=~ ZO` ^~O #O_ He<_? Jx
J#=x`x #O_ `H, `\. KQ_.
7. ~+< H, =l _OQ `H <~Ox ~+< H J#=x`x #O_
n# ~# `H #O_ e|_#^? ^?
Jx KQ_.
8. Q QO_ He` Q =H,
|\ `QQ yeO^? ZH_, U " #O_
peH# Q.
H|_Ok, "^\ |\ `ye# K@ QiOz
KQ_.
9. ~O^ Q KH, W`~ Q_
Jq |@ `ye#_ U~_#"? ^? Jx
KQ_.
10. ^=, ô
J#=x`_ H [iOn, xn x~~_.
11. e# `\
Jq U ~H"#q? HOh ~, A ZO`?U
~H"# `H` eOk? KQ_.
<~ i^# qq^ ~H uH P^~ - "\ LQ =i ^~K q^#O
(Preservation of Material objects ) A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 557-3 569-1,2,3
^~}OQ ^~ ^ ij# L# JOx ~A= Kk ^ ~A= Kxk

U^~< H". uH P^~ JO> Jk <~O <~x =^, k`x =^ aOK
+"# ==. Jk z#k ("HH) ^ ^k (=HH) H=K. Wk U ==#~<,
Jx ==#~< - r= ^ xs=, #, ^= ^ " ^~# P=iOKHx
LO@Ok.
^~# q[=OÒQ =yOK_xH ^~ JkHiH J=~"# Ju q"# "\
uH P^~O XH\. Wk <~O [iyO^x ~A= KOk ^ <~xH ^x k`_H ^ <~xH
<~O K# =HH =^ O|O^x ~A= KOk. Wk Hq# <~x ^~ K_O
^~ JkHiH `y# =~ _ KÒk. <~ Q OHuH q^< QiOz
=~, iq` QiOz ^~ JkHiH iQ iKO L#C_ uH P^~O,
^~ Ja+}"# q= kOk. HxH O|OkOz# H^~ "x
H_\xH ^~ JkHi Hx x~O`~O O~HOK= LO@Ok.
=HH =O L# uH P^~ ^~ JkHi ^$+x `~Q PHiOK=K.
FSM
140
J~` ^~}OQ "H H i=}O L# H# H#H=_O H+O H|\ Jq

^~^~ ^$+x ÒKH=K. Hx =~Q qq^ ~H JO "HH
HO HO> =Y"Ok Un ^. L^~} >~ Q~# |\ H~ PKH H#H=_O
Ô H=K Hh "=OQ =H H~ L<_< q+x ~A= Kk Q, "O@H,
^= =O\ "HH H. J^ qÔQ, Qx sHOK_O ^~ LyOz#
PÔ U^ QiOK_O Ô H=K Hh J#=x` PÔ gk "HH J#"
P^xH <~_H =^ O|O^x =HO K~.
<`~,<`\ =~H
<`~ ^= ~O =O> "# Q_` =YOQ O_* Q_` ^ ^k`
`_z, Q h_ P~\ O=#.
Q_ "^# "\ <`\ =~H =O> "\x h_ P~\ H K Oe. ^
[OM#, u"p# <`\ =~ =O> P Qx =Ò HuiOz h_ P~\ HK
Oe. z# #^~O =~HO> JQ HK Oe. ^q J~` <`\ =~H Q
OÒ =Ò "~K Oe. J "~ K_xH g H#C_ JO> Q_ "^# "\
=O> =Q Hu` <`\ =~H QH ek< H=~ " H Ke. <`\ =~H f
H# L# Q_ ^~=# 'HO\Q O=#.
g~O,g~ =~H
g~O ^=~O =O> "# `_Q_ g^ f P~\ Oe. JO^xH HOKO
_ "@~ He. Q_ g~ =~HO> P Q_# h_ P~\ =~H# QxH
W~" ^k =Oz ^x J@=H =~H `QO_ =Oz ^~O` H\e. `~` H
Ke. u =~H# W^ qÔQ ^~Ke. Z\ i` g~ =~H =_` ~_^.
H K@C_ eH p= O_ `y# *Q` fH"e.
g~OH}
1. QOl = lQ~Q =O@Ok.
2. XH q^"# "# Hey =O@Ok.
3. qq^ ~H# PH$u =~H U~_`~.
g~O ~\*" =O\~. z# , =e"~, "Hq KH# ~+
g~O ~\*" =O_=.
=#OQO H <~O, =~==O, "# |@, =^~ =#OQO
K@C_ "H# Q_ g~O HO J<+OKe. =~==O g~O =#n xn
`xv K, ^~K_O HO _ "_H JkHiH iHl+< W"e. g\x "~ HiOz
Z..Z. O~. g~ =~H =# |@# LuH g~x OQ Q@=K.
H|\ "\x ^"#O` `~Q n#O KH"e. <~= îH# g~=#, g~
=~H# k`~e H Q_# Z..Z. O=#.
FSM
141
Lq,K=@
Lq, K=@ Q ==# J^ qÔQ H Ke. 'HO\ Lq H==, P
=H <\ #Oz KOK` fH=K. ^xx `_Q_ g^ " P~\ O=#. K=@ J=~O
=O> =Hx "_Q ~= "=O K~OKe.
"O@H
|QO ^ #Q@ H "O@H a~. `, =#OQO, ^q,
|Ok@, ^_, "< =^ "O@H a~. <~O =^~# Q
`ye# =H#, =~==O K@H, <~ LyOz# JÔ# "O@H
LO\~.
"O@H @O
"O@H
"O@H "~, , H# J< =_ Q<~. "_, H~H, \H
J< Q<~.
"O@H "~
sH K# "O@H r==# Q"` "\x H#@ qOKe. "O@H
=_~, r=O #@Q =O> "@O`@" =_~#@ qOKe.
"O@H H#
H# [OQ ^ HuiOK|_ =O_=K. , "O@H z=~ ["#
H# =O\~. HuiOz# "O@H H# z=~ ZQ_kQ_Q =#@~` "\x ^# x
PÔ` HuiOz#@ x~iOK=K.
FSM
142
"O@H#ijeOK_O =#HOkJO`H=K:
nx |\ "O@H _=, U QO #Oz P "O@H =zO^ `H=K. "O@H
= LQ.
1. =x+" ^ [O`= "O@H `H=K.
2. =x+"` P_"i" ^ =Q"i", ZO` = Jx K=K.
3. s~O U QO #Oz =K~ `H=K.
4. "O@H z=~ HuiOz =O> ^<# PÔ`< JO> _ ^ H`~, Hux
LyOz#@ Òk.
5. H# Hey =O> "î# P^` H\#@ `H=K.
6. "O@H He Hqe =O> `H Q O|OkOz#kQ QiOK=K.
7. "O@H ~OQ "=O> Jk <~i^# LQ_Òk.
8. "O@H \+ JO@Hx LO> ~HO Q H#Q#=K.
9. PixH, "~s =O\ q+O = Kx` Hx < `~` _ "O@H ^~
H#H=K.
U H "O@H HO U Q"^He?
1. ` H =$`_ Q#, |@g^, i~ == xOk`x "O@H
=O_ J=HO =O@Ok. `QO =# HuHQx, H~HQx JO@H# =$`x `
"O@H xOk`x =^ ^~#.
2. =Ô HeyOz i <~ Kx~# =H "O@H "# >~
JO@< J=HO =Ok.
3. =#OQO H xOk`x "O@H k`~e XO\g^, KuQ, xOk`x
=~=O g^, e |@ g^, H |@ g^ =O\~. Wî
"O@H <~O =O\~.
<~ x~}"O@H ^#`
<~x =^ aOK "O@H, =$`x "O@H XH> J~#K ^ =$`x Q
=# "O@H <~x "O@H XH> J~#@~` P <~O` <~xH O|OÔ =#@
qOK=K.
=#OQO H s~O îH# "O@H, J#=x`x "O@H XH> Jx
x} è K#@~` P =Hx =^~Q ~A= KO^ J=HO =Ok.
"O@He sHOz# x}_ Jq ~+_", " ^ U^< [O`=^ J#
q+x è KQ_. Jk s~Ox U QO, Z Q|_O^ è*_. "O@H
FSM
143
sH ^~ P "O@H =# =x+ K =$u _ `H=K. P~xH q+QO =

Kx~# =H "O@H sHOK_O = q+QO [iyO^< q+O Òk. P=
K~=, e K~=Q J" q+O "O@H sH LQ_#.
D qÔQ <~ i^# <~_x ^+Q x@_O "O@H HOQ
LQ_`~.
`_
H# Ki, Li"Hx P`` K#, KO Li"# "^# H `_
HOQ LQ_Òk. WO\ H <~O aOz# `_ qye# QO HO
}OQ `xv K n#O KH"e. `_ O` <~xH, <~xH O|OÔ =O^x
x~OK=K.
<~ O aOz# `_, ^~ HO n#O K# `_ Q `xv K
Jq XH `_? H^? J< q+x D qÔQ `H"e.
1. `_ `~ KO^ LyOz# =_ ^~O.
2. ~i `_ "O.
3. i U " u|_Ok.
4. XH x\ _=Q ~ OM.
5. `_ "Ò Hh, Q Hh HO\H H#|_ û |\.
6. XH x\ _= ~i `HO.
7. `_ Q Q OY.
8. u Q Q ^~ OY.
9. ^~xH JO@Hx =# w, ~OQ "^#q.
H/KH
K@ #iH ÔyeOK_O, H "^ ÔyeOK H, H# Ks H, <~x
|@ LyOz# x=@ H =H, H O|OkOz# _ aOk. g\
P^~OQ <~_ LyOz# x=@ ^~ <~x x~OK=K.
^~ HO n#O KH# H "^ O` P "^# Hx@=K. P
"^ H "O, H\"|_ "^ H "O, W`~ `_ =OÔ, ~z, "#
O` <~ x~~}K=K.
<~ i^# =O aOz# H @, =H ^~ LyOz, Jq U
H #O_ =K `H=K.
FSM
144
~OQ
^~}OQ ÔQ`#O, "#O _Hx i~# H ~OQ# HOQ
HiOK=K. <~O ~OQ =HQ, =~HQ ^ ~OQ ~O aOk. `*
~OQ~` =~H _`~. WqHH ~OQ "# == g^ _ ~OQ aOk.
^=
H# <~, "# =^, ^=Q [iQ =#OQ H ^=#
HOQ HiOK=K. J aOz# ^=# OK O` HiOz >@ Qh,
ek< H=~Qx " H Ke.
=\x ^=, Qex ^=, ^=, i= ^=, =$uH O|OkOz#
^=, [O`= O|OkOz# ^= ^ K@ O|OkOz# ^= W ^= J<H
~HO\~. <~O ^= a P ^= U ~HxH KOk#^ `Hx, J#=x`_x
^ =^~x J~ K J`x |@ =i s~O J@=O\ ^= HO `xv Ke.
"\~ "< _H#C_ <~O "O@ ^= _=O>, H_O\ K#
s "O@ ~"} K|_`#@ `H"e. H# Ks H Q_ ~e =O>
Q =@ " =HxQx O` Jk XH =O #Oz =zO^? ^ J< q+x
è*_. P HO =^~ <~x x~~}K=K.
QA
H# Ks, "< _H# H QA =H H^~Q a~. QA
=#, QA ` QH\# H _ D H a~.
QA `~ K_xH 'WH "_`~. ~H# = =^ H~H =
QA `~=Òk. JO^= QA =H# `xv K P =H U ^ QA H #Oz
=K `H=K.
Z)
~_ H~
a) H<O\H H~ ) iQ U~_# ~_ H~
|O LyOz# ûx |\ QA =# Q# P^~OQ KHx |O U "
#Oz LyOK|_O^ `H=K.
FSM
145
|O LyOz# "#, J=è QO Jx " ye =# peH =# ^x

~_O H~ JO\~. |O LyOz# " ye KO^H~O =# Q# H<
O\H H~ JO\~. H<O\H H~ = |O LyOz# " Q =H ye# QA
=H _\xH J=HO =Ok. QA =H# |\ HO^ q+# H#H=K.
1. <~O îH# QA=H XH `H"# QA== #Oz =zO^ ^ J<
q+x `H=K.
2. <~ O îH# QA=H _\ QA=H, `Q=H ^ H*_
Q=H J<k `H=K.
3. QA Q_# |\ P Q_ ZH_ #Oz ~O"Ok, |O U k #Oz
yOK|_Ok J<k Òk.
4. U H}O #Oz qi# == QA ` `HO^ _ `H=K.
QAQ#|\ `HQ JO
1. QA Q# |\ |O U " #Oz yOK|_O^ `H=K.
2. QA ` ~O_Qx JO`HO> Z= OY Qh |\ ~OÔ> Q
L# Q O` U ~OÔ =O^ K|_O^ `H=K.
Z.
a.
3.
4.
~O_ ~ XH^x `~` XH\ |O LyOz#O^# U~_# Q,peH

"_= ye# H\H JÔ
Q O` ZO` ^~O #Oz `H eOk `H=K.
Q# |\ U ~HO PÔ LyOzOk `H=K.
QA =H# HiOK@C_ "\x \ f~Oz, Jq _ =# x QiOKe.
Q# Qh, QA =H# Qh HiOK@C_ "e =^, ^=, ô, <`\ =~H
*Q`Q ^~Ke. O^~x |\ QA =H HiOK_" HH "\x H=û ye#
FSM
146
= PH~O =K@ ~e# J=~O HQ=K.

Hx O^~ <~_x QiOK_xH =H# ^ ye# QA LQ _Òk.
QA =H <~x ^ =O> *|, O@ =_` =O_K. <~x =^ HiOz#
QA =H# <~O =^## QA` e. D O^~OQ <~_ "# ^~H
_ QA =H HiOK_xH uOKe. "#O _Hx i~# =^ QA
=H Q "uH HiOKe. J#=#O =# "# >~ g^ Q QA=H#
HiOKe.
` -`\
`H K@ ^k =Oz H Ke. =O^ QO JO> ~ ~O^xH ^kQx,
a~_Qh =Oz =e. i"~ J~` KO|~ _ =` \e. `\# q_q_Q
^k HK Jq ~# J@> \e. Jq Mm `\, H^ ~<e. Mm `\
J_Q Q# | JuHOK_^.
`H `\Qh, =O^Qx =O> "~ Ke. "~ K_xH gHO> P
q+x qOQ è. ` `\ ^~ O_^. =x+ ^~<
Oe.
=\, ^="^#q
=\,^=, |_^ "^#q z# Qi> HiOz, >@Qx, ek<
H=~Qh =Oz "\x z# > H Ke.^=, |~^, HêOK|_x == =O>
wH f ek< H=~ " H Ke.
Q_-#-^~ Q
Q_, #, ^~ Q ^~ <~_ QiOK_xH gOk. J~` ^~ JkHi
g\ q+O Hx =MO QOKe. D == ~OQ, =`H`#O, "_# #,
JeH, ^~Ox =_H# q^#O (_ #Oz Z_=) x\ _=# Zx O<~.
ZO` |~=Ok, Q_ "_# ^~ (#, u) Uq@< q+# `H"e. kQ=
K# ^` ^~ Q_ ^~ <~_x H#Q< J=H L<~.
1. KHe "x =~ ^~, >~ =~ ^~ <~_x QiOK_xH gOk.
2. Q~ èx =O Q |@ =# >~ Q~ ^~ "x QiOK=K.
3. <\ Q_ H ` K#@~`, P Q_ =OQ =^~x Q@\xH g=Òk.
4. `H XHi Kx~# =H Q\ Q_ =O@Ok. nx |\ =^~x
Q@=K.
5. |~= H\ h =x+x =Oz `K , P |~= LyOz# `_# ^
Q_# |\_ =^~x `H=K.
FSM
147
#Hb <}
> ^k =Oz #Hb <}# ^~K=K. > " Oe. <}
`sH "_# = K@ ^k \ H K=K.
ÔQ<@
ÔQ<@# ^~ ^ =H ^~ O=K. ^~ O@C_ il+~
Oe. <@ =O_ q= c= Ke. <@ ziy =O> JuHOK_xH
uOK_^. <@ ZO\ Q~ @_^.
fQ
Ks K@C_ <~K HuiOK|_# fQ# O@C_, fQ K@ ^k =Oz
^x Q\Q LO_ J@ Qh, Q_ Qh LOz `~` P fQ LOKO^ i J@> fHx
JO^ \ H Ke.
_ ^~
_ ^~ H#Q#C_ =O^ "\x O_ *Q` _e. P `~`
`He. _ ^~# OÒ K@ b# xqOz [#, [O`=# P
xH "O_ K_e. P OÒ xC O_ K_e. Q `Q_^. _
^~O H#Q# q+O l JkHiH `*, OOk` x}_x JH_ O`~.
JO` =~ P ^x *Q`Q H_e. _ ~O Q _ ^~"` HOKO H
K x}_H O` K. qyeOk [ u~Qx Ô ^~Ke. Z= "Ò
_ ^~ n#O KO> "\ XH\ H ~O_O\x =Ò K@ ^k =Oz `y#
J@> ^~z H Ke. qye#q [ u~Qx OÒ =Oz Q~ "
JkH~ è*e. "i L`~ H~O #_KH"e.
<@O|
<@O| J~` "O@< ^x `H^. P O| # he. Hk \ `~`
<@O| h\x O@Ok. `_ J~#O^= Jk ^. `~` h xO# |H\
Qh, ^ _Qh <@O|# ZO\ Xu_ O_ =OKe.
e#==
_ OqOz#C_ P ^xH K@H e# == HO "uH "\x
n#O KH"e. WO\q = ~OQ Hey =O_@O = OQ QiOK=K. "\x
@H~` HiOz ek< H=~ =Oz H Ke. Ku` `H` K=@ = =O =i,
~OQ =_" HO_ x}_ ij# LQ_H=K.
148
FSM
qq^ <"*xH x}
uH H^~ HiOz, ^~z H~ O@ fH=# *Q`
(Expert - Forwarding of material objects) A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 425
<~ qK~}K@C_ x}` KiOz "i Oê. ~f H K@O

H< 45 H~O 'x}_ J< ^xH J~O q=iOK|_Ok.
1. q^j K@O QiOz 2. QiOz 3. H QiOz 4. Ku"` QiOz 5 .
"e=^ QiOz XH JaxH ~"e#C_, JO^ <}O Hey# "i
Ja# x["# JOQ Hi~. JO\ =H< 'x}_ JO\~.
H< 46 S.W.Z. H~O x}_x H~ qKiOK=K. <~ x~~} x}_
HO ZO` q="#k. H ^~ LQ_ qq^ ~H# x}.
qq^ ~H# x} "i`
1. r=G x}_
s~H ^", s~ Q, "O@H,
_@", "H, "H Q, Q
"^# "\x sHOz JaO WK@.
2. ~r x}_
~Hx sHOz, Q# QiOz JaO
WK@
3. "_H x}_
"^ < JO
4. _.<.Z OQ~ O\OQ x}_
_.<.Z ^~ =H QiO
5. ~xH x}_
~# ^~ sH
6. q+ q*# x}_
q, q+ ^~# sHOK@
7. _ ^~ x}_
_ ^~, "\ J=# sH~
8. =` ^~ x}_
=` ^~ J#Q ~~<, HH<, =i<
"^Q ^~# sHOK^~.
9. eH x}_
`, `\ sHOK^~.
10. _"O@ x}_
Ku "`, J#=<^ `, ~s, >
Q~ "^#q sH~.
11. lH x}_
~O@, QA =H, =\, ^=^, H~h
<@, x=@, "\Q~ "^#q
i~H~.
12. ~xH WO[hiOQ x}_
H\_, "\ x~} Q ,O`
=yx sH~.
FSM
149
13. _>H~ x}_

J#=x`_ K#k x[",J|^" QiOK@.
g~ HH Hx ` Y KOk# x}# JkH~ `= Y O|kOz#
q+ JaO WK^~. L^:
"< `xv JkHi
"\~ "< u, =^ H~}
~xH ~ /"^ JkHi
" sH , s~ Q
"e =^ x}_
"e=^ sH, QiO
@OH JkHi
<}= sH
H~h <@ x}_
#Hb H~h <@ sH, QiO
uH J^~# HiOK@, HOQ K@, @~ P J_*` @Q x}xH uH P^~=#
O@ OOkOz# x==o.
H ^~ HO J<H ~H# = (uH) P^~# QK qq^ ~H#
x} ij# H~ Oe LO@Ok. H ^~ K u PkHi _ D =
H^~# U qÔQ `H=<, QK=<, HOQ K=< `H"e. "\x
HiOK_xH x~tOz# `.
1. u ==# _ g#O` `=Q `He. J `H#_ P == L#
Q~ K_O_, == yeO_, L#q L#@Q LO_@@ *Q`
fH"e.
2. ~OQ LO_ ==# `H#_ `Q *Q` fH"e. ZO^HO> ##x
Q_ #, `# Hx Q~O_=K.
3. g#O`=~ H ^~ JkHi K` ~|~ `_Q îOKe. .
4. Hx ==# `H@C_ JO^~ ==Q `H û< LyOK~^.
HO^ H#~z#qÔQ==#`He
Z. K^#Q =O_ == JO> QA H "^# "\x "\ z=~ @Hx e.
g#O` =~ XHH " =`" XHH z=~ LOz Zè.
a. Q, "^ "\x JOK =i J_Q Q JOK# XHH "e`
`H\ fe.
. , Hu "^Q "\x _ JOK, _ JOK# K_ " O`
@Hx fe.
_. `` J_QQO, ~ JOK# "eH#` @Hx fe.
W. HyÒ , "O@H, ^~Q, z# QA =H H JO\ z# ==#
@H~` fe
FSM
150
Z. ^=, ô "^Q#q OK` fe.

l. _ ==# Ku` `H~^. =x `H# `~`< `He. <@
O|O> "\ h~ e. Jq h\ Q <x# `~`< "\x Ku` `He.
K. <`~, g~O, ^=^~#, ~xH ^~#, "Ou K|_# ^"#,
=O "^Q "\x z# Qi>` fe.
==# H ^~ =O W^~ ^=#+ =HO =[~ "
n#~H"e.
qq^ ~H# ==# H K û
H~ [~ ~Ke# ==# H K@C_ fH"e# *Q`.
1. H K# \ XH^xHH\ `ye yeO_ LO_@ *Q`Q LOz, "\
=^ ^kHx, Q_Hx LOKe.
2. H@xH W`~ == Ki JiÔ HO_, yeO_ *Q` _e.
3. OQ x ==` H@ H@O_ K_e.
4. \Ox == O_, HO_, Pqi HO_, HiO_ K_e.
5. ~# =` "_ x ^=^~ HiO_, zOÔ_ K_e.
6. }H=O^ H@# ^"# > LOz Oe.
7. H@ '| T_O_ JuHOKe.
8. HOQ q@C_ == yeO_ LO_@ H Ke.
9. ~O_ Hx ==# q_q_Q H Ke
10. == LOz# > ÔQ Ke.
11. @~ P J_* H=~ _ P H< LOz Oe.
12. g#O` =~ ==# =x+ ^~< Oe.
13. J~` == Q ~ O` H=~ J_ qOQ " J=~"`
c= Ke.
14. > QO U^#n q=~OQ zOKe.
g#O`=~ # K# *Q` fHO> == ^`ÔQ x}xH K~`~.
JO^= x}x ij# =QOQ LO@Ok. H i^# H=OQ
LyOKH=K.
151
FSM
x}xH "=# *|
U^< == x}_ sH O#C_ ^x`@ XH *| _ " Oe.
n< '@~ P J_* JO\~. nxx OH` x}_ ~# PaO W=_xH W|Ok
HQÒk. ^x= i^# O@_Òk. JO^=< @~ P P_* K =Y`
W=|_Ok.
@~ P J_* DHOkq+Ò_ ~e.
1. +<, HO#O|~, H<.
2. =#+Qh, [O`=Qh ZO`=OkH OO^=Ok.
3. ZO`=Ok Kx~.
4. OQ H Ki`, H [~Q_xHQ H~}, ZC_, ZH_, Z [iyOk?
5. sH O# == *a`, "\ q=~}, ZH_#O_ U i` n#
~KH#k "e. *a` =~ <O|~, | LO_ =~ <O|~ i"e.
6. u == q+O sH Uq\ J# q+O è.
7. HOQ K# q^#O, ^xx fHx Hx| ~, #O|~ "e.
8. O KH > ##, H ## "# XH\Q LO_e.
"#O/H #< "e.
q+QO H
@~ P J_* è# q+QH D HO^ H#|~z# q+ _ "e.
Z. q+ QO `~"` H#|_# H}.
a. H_\ [#O H `Q_O "^Hx "@"^\ q+ H} H#|_#\H Q
=^HO
. H_\ [#O H `Q_O "^Hx Kx~#\H Q =^HO
_. J^ [#OQx, ^=OQx WOH=~< KH<~ J@~` "~_ J^ qÔQ
^_<~, J< q+ QiOz `xiQ "e.
-0000-
152
FSM
~xH < ~@s

Forensic Science Laboratory (A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 562-1,2,3, 555,556-1)
OKO "@"^\ ~xH < ~@s 1910 < Ôx e<

OK_O [~yOk. nx =i_ ÔÒ ukOz# Z_O_ H~ 'HqeH W<@\
J< ~` OK~. 1935 O_< '"\e@< b ~xH OK~. Jx
~OQ Ja=$k Q}hOQ kOz# J"iH 1923 UO[ ~xH <
~@sx <H~. OKO Ju ^^# ~xH ~@s #~ #~QO _~
|~ P W<+Q+< (Wk J"iH <~ i^<Y) O =Ok. Wk JO^x ^~
JkH~ ZO` LQ_Òk. Ju z# ^"# [< ~xH < i^#
K_xH XH ^ i~ O# <H~.
=# Ô "@"^@ t= OQ ~+ Ò H`H` ~xH <
~@sx 1952 U~@ K~. <~ i^< ^` =~ K`\# HO^
Ò 1957 HH` O@ ~xH < ~@sx <H~. Ò D HO^
è# ^ ~`^ Ò "i =_ O@ ~xH < ~@s =<~.
1. O@ ~xH << ~@s, .a.S. #_b (1968)
2. O@ ~xH << ~@s, ^^ (1968)
3. O@ ~xH << ~@s, KO_~ (1978)
~xH < ~@s,PO^^
Ò =# Ô ^^ Jx ~ P ~+ ` "~ ~xH <
#, P bO HO^Qh ^ P <~ i^<O HO^Qh
~OaOK~. =# ~+O x*O Ò Oz# HqH ZQq#~ ~@sx
PO^^ b O .S._ qQO JO`~Q" L# O\H H<# He ~xH<
~@sQ OK_O [iyOk. D 1974, #=O|~ 15= `n# ~OaOK|_Ok. nx
PO^^ ~+ b O HO^ U~@ K_O [iyOk. qq^ ~H <~ ^~
JkH~ HiOzO uH H^~# WO^ sH~.
~R~ ~xH# Q ^~^x ~_ OÒ LOk. nxH
JkuQ XH _~H~ LO\~. W`x ^ S.l.. b O\H s. W`xH
HiQ *~O\ _~H~, JO\ _~H~, O\H P~, O\H JO@
"^Q "~ LO\~. Z..Z.Z.Z. _~H~ PO^^x qQ` Of ~xH
# Q# _ ~"H~.
~xH < ~@s u JO\ _~H~ HO^ XH O\H P~, W^~
O\H JO\, XH JO\, XH >H+<, XH J>O_O\ LO\~.
(JO\ _~H~)
2. \HHl
(JO\ _~H~)
3. <~\H
(JO\ _~H~)
(JO\ _~H~)
2. ~l
(JO\ _~H~)
3. _.<.Z
(JO\ _~H~)
(JO\ _~H~)
4. | "_H
1. Hq
HqH
(*~O\ _~H~)
1. |l
|lH
(*~O\ _~H~)
(JO\ _~H~)
3. ~xH WO[hiOQ
(JO\ _~H~)
2. eH
(JO\ _~H~)
1. lH
lH
(*~O\ _~H~)
~xH < |~@i

_~H~
3. ~xH HO@~
(JO\ _~H~)
2. eQ
(JO\ _~H~)
1. _"O\
[#~
(*~O\ _~H~)
FSM
153
FSM
... LO_ qQ
1. r=G qQO
2. ~r qQO
3. "_H qQO
4. _<Z OQ~ O\OQ qQO
5. ~xH qQO
6. q+ q*# qQO
7. =` ^~ qQO
8. eH qQO
9. _"O@ qQO
10. lH qQO
11. ~xH WO[hiOQ qQO

12. ~xH Hr
13. ~xH HO@~
154
sHOK JO
s~H ^", s~ Q, "O@H,
_@", "H, "H Q, Q
"^# "\x sHOK@.
~Hx sHOK@, Q# QiOz JaO
WK@
"^, < JO
_.<.Z ^~ =H QiO
~# ^~ sH, _ ^~ sH
q, q+ ^~# sHOK@
=` ^~ J#Q ~~<, HH<, =i<
"^Q ^~# sHOK@
`, `\ sHOK@
Ku "`, J#=#^ `, ~s,
> Q~, "^#q sHOK@.
~O@, QA =H, =\, ^=^,
H~h <@, x=@, "\ Q~ "^#q
sH~.
H\_, "\ x~} Q , O`
=y "\ sH~.
J#=x`_ K#k x[",
J|^"QiOK@.
HO@~ <~# ikOK@
^~^x ~R ...` @ ~ROx qq^ O` Of

... =#q. g\H JO\ _~H~ Jk`Q ==i~. D
P~.... =# ~RO qY@O, q["_, QO@~, u~u, H~,
=~OQ, x*=^, HsO#Q~ =i |~^ =<~. J=~#|\
H#Q}OQ D Of ~@s# qi<~. `= D ~@s |r,
~r, \HHr =i H" qQ xKK#q. u s[# ~xH <
~@s XH JO\ _~H~ Pn#O LO@Ok. J`xHO^ W^~ O\H P~, W^~
FSM
155
O\H JO\, XH JO\, XH >H+<, XH J>O_O\ LO\~.

WO^ |lH =i HqH _~"O\ =`" LO\~. Wq _~H~
Z..Z. Pn#O xKO\~. W" HO_ u l HO^= #O^ _~H~
... "i OHuH ~"H} =i P l .. =i #Q~
b Hg+#~ i# P^~O \" xK<~.
_"O@ qQO
WO^ xK x}_x O_ ~\OQ ZH~ Jx ~. W\=e HO
~[H <#, `kH~#, ^x#, PH~=# L`~ ^~ kiOK_O
[~QÒk. =~H@ =~} _ L`~ uH H^~Q ^~`~. L`~x
Ku"`# sHOz, P H J#=xOz# = Ku ~`# D x} sHOz e
K L`~x ~O^=~ KQ~. 'H\ q^ \H~H J#@ ÔQ O`H` `,
iH@ $+Oz O# "yOz _| H*_O, L^Q OkOK_O [~QÒk.
Ku~` x}, `x ÔQ O`H#, =~#, K~#, `x HO\H
H#|_x "`# Hx@QQ`~.
`x ~|~ O =^ sHOz, Jq ^~ JkHi J#=xOz# ~|~
O` "|_, ^ KQQ`~. Òx ~`# ~ ~OQ =~ W`~
^~O`<< H"|_#C_ "\x sHOz KQQ`~. > K|_# Hy`
sHOz Jk U >~@~ g^ KOk KQQ`~.
`, `\qQO
D qQOx x}_x eH ZH~ Jx ~. D x}_ sHOK uH
^~ QiOz `, `\ JÔ z=~ XH \H ~O W=|_Ok.
lH _q[<
WO^ xK x}_x l Jx JO\~. g~ #Hb @s \H@#, ÔQ<@,
<} "^# "\x Qi~. ^~ JkH~ O# \, _l Hb K|_Ok,
xk q*#O` Hx_`~. ~_ =^ H O@# O aOz#
QA=H, ~O\# sHOz Wq J#=xOz#, _Hx i~# "<xH
O|OkOz#"? H^? KQQ`~. sH HO ^~ JkH~ J#=xOz#
"#O H QA, ~O\ =H HO\ OQ f Oe. ÔyeOz# H~,
@~ "^# "< uiy @|__ "\x sHOz x["# WO[<, K <O|~#
QiOz, "#O O`^~x `H<O^ ^~ JkH~ _`~. =x+
`~# H Hx O^~ ~ Z=H "^#q HO`HO `~` ^~`~. P
~, Z=H, `~# =x+ \ x} O#_ ~ WOl+< >HH ^~
sHOz P ~ \x =H^?H^? J< q+O ~xH x} x~i~.
FSM
156
`, J~, fQ =# @ Q~ sHOz x=@# QiOKQQ`~.

=\. ^= zxy# Q_ eH, `_=H# _ sH~. D qQO xK
x}, uH H^~ sHOKO^, HQ, H\g@~, "H "^Q
J`^xH iH~# LyOz q+ H#HO\~.
~xH qQO
D qQOx x}_x Hq JO\~. g~ ~xH O|O^"# sH K~.
^~ JkH~ _ OqOz# OÒ îH# J=# WH_ sH~.
~xH sH K` g\O^ _ O|OkOz# ^~ Uq =< H#QO\~.
Hx ~H# <~ <~ P=# W`~ Ke x HeyOz, HH kOK_O
[~QÒk. J@=O\ H ^ =# =~H, =\# L#"\x sHOz Jq P=O
K` U~_Ok xk è*~. Jy=Ô, =~H@ K= H îH# ==#
=# H~<, \ =O\ "\x g~ QiOKQQ`~. =^H~"# =O^, < +Q~
=i F", QO*~ "^# =^H~"# =` ^~# _ g~
QiOKQQ`~.
\HHr
J#=<^ i` =~}O OqOz# H =~}H~}O `H=_O <~
^~ Ju =Y"# JOO. WO\ H "^kHi "x sHOz, H_x Q
~HO, "^_, Tiu`, =Ò_ "^Q s~ Q f O#, "\x WH_
sH~. D qQO xK x}_x \HHl ^ Hq JO\~. g~ s~ Q#
q*#O` sHOz, JO^ U^< q+O =O> Hx_`~. XH =H `y "#O
#_#@~` P =H #Oz f# ~HO, =Ò sHOz ~HO P ZO` =#^
H#QO\~. D sH P =H `y=<_x x~OK_xH xH =~. D =^< =#
Ô ~Ok# ~f ` O xK# JO^"# 22 O=`~ =u ="
WO\ HxOzOk. D =~}O JOîH P~O HeyOzOk. P" s~Ox J="#
H=\Q J< H ^~ sHOz# ~xH< "` \+O <_
q+O H#Q<~. Ô` q+=~}=x JOîH è~Ok.
r= qQO
Ò WO^ ~r _q[< _ Wq_ =Ok. D qQO xK x}_x
|l Jx, ~r xK x}_x ~l Jx JO\~. WO^ =#+,
[O`= O|OkOz# P^~# sH~.
=#= s~O ~HO ^# ` +Ok. D ~HO <~ i^# K
LHiOk. `, =#OQO, ^_ H <~O ~HO zO^Òk. P zOk# ~Hx
<~_ `# s~O g^, Q_ g^, LyOz# PÔ, "#O g^ fH_O
FSM
157
[~QÒk. WO\ =~H Hey# ==# ^~ JkHi <~_ #Oz n#O KHx
O#_ g\x sHOz HOk =K~O JOk~.
P =~H: 1. ~H =~H? H^? 2. =x+ ~H=? ^ [O`= ~H=?
3. =x+ ~H"` ~HO Q 4. [O`= ~H"` U ~H"# [O`=^ Qi~.
XH =H `# `_x KO_. Kx~# =H H ~HO Q 'Z. ~O_ ~A
`~` O`_x J~ K~. J`x WO\ Hux n#~KH<~. P Hu =~H `#
~H=x K_. `~` i^# Jk Kx~# =H ~H Q 'Z` i~Ok. <~x
~HO 'a Jx èOk. nO` Hu gk ~HO, Kx~# =H ~HOQ x~OK|_Ok. <~O
~H HO <~xH LyOz# Hux, <~xH, <~xH O|OÔ =#@ x~OK_xH
LQ_Ok. D ~HO HO <~xH tH qkOK^ LQ_Ok. == =#
g~ =~H#, [O, K=@# Q_ Qi~.
W^ qQO xK |l "O@H, # Q =i W`~ =$H O|O^"#
==# sHOz "\x Qi~.
i^<qQO
i^# H` H` q^<, ^` H#QO\~.
\"
Ò =# ~RO u l =i Hg+#~@ XHH x\ JkuQ
O\H JO\ =<~. P# OQ XH \Q~ =O\~. gi l
HOÔx Oy_l\ OQ~O\x\ #Oz "e=^ x}_ _ He=_.
x@ P l b iO>O_O@ #Q~ Hg+#~ J[=~+
xK<~. giH " ", H"~, H^~# Hx@@, HiOK@
H=# =y W=|_Ok. g~ Jx ~H <~ <~ x `xv K, J=~"#_
\ fH=_O, He=^, "e=^, ~HO, g~O, "O@H, "^# <~xH
O|OkOz# uH H^~# Hx@_O, g\H O|OkOz# ^qH sH K_O,
g\x HiOz O_O ^~ JkHiH _`~. i# xO`}P l
Z, #Q~ Hg+#~ LO@Ok. >HH ~q[< _~H~ Z..Z LO@Ok.
~R"e=^ O (..a)
OKO "@"^\ "e=^ O =# Ô< 1897 HH`
OK|_Ok. `~` HH`< 1955 = O=`~O O@ OQ~ O\ |~
OK_O [iyOk. WH_ =#Ôx <~ "e=^HH, JO`~f <~ "e=^
iH~ ^~K_O [iyOk. XH ~+Ox <~_, =~ ~ROx <~O K#_ J`x
QiOK_O, J`# K# "#H\ <~ QiOz q=~ `H<O^ D O `__Òk.
FSM
158
=# ~ROx "e=^ O ^~^ #Q~O ~R <~ i^< qQO HO^

U~@ K|_Ok. Wk XH _~H~ Pn#O =Ok. WO^ xK W`~ "e=^ x}
1) OQ~O\ W<H~
2) OQ~O\ W<H~
3) OQ~O\ JO\ W<H~.
Ò =# ~RO =~ 6 H =Ok <~<~. gi H "e=^ iH~
xK_"#k. XH =Hx H~"~ <~_Q ^$gHiOz tH "#_, J`x 10 "e=^
OQ~O\ g^ fHx "#H " J`# K# <~ QiOz q=~ ~~. g\x
S_O\H+< P [#~ H H< 3 H~O, P b+< W<H~ Hh
JO` ^ Q L^yQh f, _H H" iH~ |~ ^~ ~+ "e=^ O
O`~. "e=^ x} g\x =sHiOz |~ =OK`~. D iH~# 10 _l\
iH~ Jx JO\~.
b "~ U^< <~O Hh ^ J#=<^ i` XH =H XH Ô
u~Q`#_ J`x J~ K, "e=^ f O# O^~O P =H J"@_
<~_, H^ ``~. D =K~O H~"iH P <~O ` <~xH H< 75 S...
H~O J^# tH qkOKO^ LQ_Òk. WH_ ^~K|_# <~ "e=^
iH~ XH J"@_ <~_ XH OÒ <~OK "~ OÒ =O> ÒKHx
u~Q`# O^~ J`x @H<O^ LQ_Òk.
Oy_l\ OQ~O\x\
u l HOÔ XH "e=^ qQO P l b iO>O_O\ J[=~+
U~@ K|_Ok. WO^ ~< <~ Oy_l\ iH~ ^~~. nx
._... x\ JO\~. nxH OQ~O\ W<H~ =O\~. gi ^Q~
<~Ox <~ =ke "o# "e=^# Hx\_xH, "\x iH~ K_xH H=#
iH~ =O\~. lx ^~ JkH~ D x}# Jx <~ <~ ^~
=yOKH=K. <~O qq^ == <~ ke "o# "e=^# Hx@_O,
HiOK_O gi =Yqk.
XH_ ^~^ #Q~O Q\ ÔQ`< JkHOQ [iQq. g\x Z=~
K<~ b "iH JO`|>k H^. z=~ XH H <~x "e=^ a\ _
=O_\x x} H#Q<~. nx P^~OQ <~_x @H=_O [iyOk. P <~_
JO` =O^ `# K# <~xO\h XH<_.
<~ "e=^ ^~ <~x QiOK_O HO ^~ JkH~ "e=^
x} `= =O` x JOk"e =O@Ok. <~ "e=^# HiOz#
x}, ^~ JkH~ P <~ J#=xOz# = "e=^` x} e
K <~_x Qi~. JO`HO_ |~ =# ~< ÔQ Oy _l\ iH~`
_ e K <~_x Qi~. "e=^ ^~ <~_x QiOK_xH D Oy _l\
iH~ LQ_Òk.
-0000-
159
FSM
#`# OHuH i*#O
(Latest Scientific Aids)
_.<.Z. OQ~ O\OQ, A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 562-1

XH =Hx YzÒQ QiOK@ _.<.Z. OQ~O\OQ >HH Ly~.
1. u r=H}O HO^HO LO@Ok. nxx H"*= _.<.Z. =O@Ok.
2. _.<.Z. J#Q _JHi#HH-P_.
3. _.<.Z u =H# `H JO`~ x~}= Hey LO@Ok. Z=i`# ie
LO_^. J~` UH~ H= ("<*Q\H \<) XH qÔQ =O@Ok.
4. _.<.Z. "e u# xK# =O\ x~}= Hey =O@Ok. nxx "@< =i
HH J# G"` H#Q<~.
5. _.<.Z. P_<<, ^q<, Q<<, \< J# J}=, \ KH~
J}=` He xK# O\ PH~x U~~~.
6. _.<.Z. ^~= ~H=, g~=, [=, Z=H=Q, HO_~, "O@H
"~ "IIQ Q LO@Ok.
7. _.<.Z. OQ~O\#, "e=^ O|O^= ^.
<~i^#_.<.Z.LQ=:
1. =#OQ= H J#=x` ~+x ~H= O #O_ _.<.Z f k`~e
s~O |@, =*# =# g~H}` e <~x x~OK=K.
2. <~O HiOz# J#=x`x ~HO, Lq, Q~@ H, Q LO_
P^~# HiOz _.<.Z f J#=x`x O ~HOx _.<.Z. è
` =i s~ O OOkOz# H <~# QiOK=K.
3. =< qOQ H "~` =# "O@H, , Z=H, K~H}x
_.<.Z.` J`x ^Qi ~H |O^=# QiOK=K.
4. =`$`, `$` x~~} "x ~HO, è, Ò_ ~HO x _.<.Z. ` e, P
Ò_H/ èH \# a_ ? H^ ? `H=K.
5. [O`= K~=, H}, ~H= x _.<.Z.# sHOz, Jq P H [O`=
KOk#", ^ Jx `H=K.
6. =$H= H Qx _.<.Z.# sHOz Jq P "H, P *uH
O|OkOz#"<? Jx `H=K.
7. =i_ H ~H Ox _.<.Z. sH ^~ P / "x
x["# èÔ_# QiOK=K#.
FSM
160
eQ sH ( _>H~) A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 568-1,2,3

H ^~ =^~/J#=x`x qKiOK#_ J`x =^#O_ x*#
~|@@ D eQ > K LQ_#. =^~ ^~ _w "^_
LyOKO_ "i =^ #O_ KHKHOQ D û ^~ qKiOz Hx q=~#
`H#=K#.
D sH =_ ~H iH~ Ly~.
1. #" Q : Li _O Q =~# iH~ KOk. nxH KOk# @|#
Ku, uH_ K@ H_`~.
2. Hi Q Q : ~@# ($^ O^#), ~H " f==`#,
i=}x Wk iH~ KOk. nxH KOk# fQ, @|# KuK@ (J~ P~)
J=~~. ~H@ (a.) HeK@_ LyOK iH~O O\k J=~~.
3. Q< Q : "" Xu_H <#K K~O H x~^H` `y, q^` "
i=}O K~O ~QÒk. D =~# D iH~O iH~ KOk. nxH
KOk# fQ# (ZH_) KuK_ ", LOQ~ " H\ i=}O
q^` =O K~.
<~^~ <~ KC q+ x[", H^ x~iOK\xH 'eQ (_>H~)
# Ly~. D iH~O <~Q F=H x[O K<_, J|Ô K|`<_ `^.
^~}OQ =x+ J|Ô K#_ =u_, "" ~, O ~QÒk. nx =#
Hx =< s~H (llH) =~ J#Q <~ ZO_=@O, K=@ @@O, =}H@O,
J#=~OQ H^@O "^# =~ =~. W@=O\ =~# iH~ K qq^
iH~ =~x '' _>H~ JO\~. D =K~x q+Oz XH =H J|Ô
K|`<_, x[O K|`<_ K=~ x~~}K=K.
_>H~ sH=O^QÔKH#HOk~HJ_Q`~
1. O|OÔ x / O|OÔ L# (i"O\ JO_ Wi"O\ ). D~O_
q^= He J_Q`~.
2. HO\ (HO\ H<) : <~xH , <~xH O|OkOz# <~Q
J_QH ~##, JO`s#OQ <~xH O|OÔ Hey =O\~. <~_x PzO
K~.
3. L^Qi` ( H P >#< H<) : Wq <~Q <~x Qi J_Q .
sH J~# `~` qq^ iH~ ^~ =z# Q# ijeOz x}_ eÒ
``_.
FSM
161
iq`
1. Wk#\H #~ Ò Yz`"# e`x W=^. Yz``= ^ H=# H~
^xx #=^.
2. <~ ~@ê#"~, cu x"~, <~<== Qi O x"~ J~`
D û ^~ J#=x`_ x[OK|`<_, J|ÔK|`<_ `H=.
3. "`=~}i` =i sH x~OK~= i` eÒ
P^~_Òk.
4. x}_ ~#"_ HH` sH =$^ J=Òk.
5. J#=x`x s~H / =#H i` Q_ e`x qÒ K~.
J~` _>H~ P^~OQ H Hx aOK@, J#=x`_ =O^Q<
^ sH =O Ò KOk x[O `@ J=HO LOk. H=# =Y"# H
^~ ' _>H~ iH~x "_`<~.
~< "" OQ~O\OQ
U =HH< QÒ `# K# # O|OkOz# J#" "^_ xH"
LO\~. QÒ `# K# # QiOz "#>` "^_ *HO =# J#"
^ =K~O Ò^~Q L`l`" "^_x #~# =^ H_OQ _H_OQ [~Q`~.
J`x J#== x ^ J`xH O|OÔx q+ QiOz J_y#@~`
#~# =^ K~ K <=kQ [iy #~# =^ #`# O|O^ U~_`~. q^`
`~OQ ^~ "^_ [iQ =K~ =i_x QiOz #"^ K_O ^~ XH =H `#
"# U qÔQ =^#= K`<_ J#Q `# J#==x, *H=x
q+ K|`<_ ^ J< q+O `H=K. D ûx ~< ZHH P+<
QK~ eOQ (Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling) Jx _
~. WO^x =_ =Y"# JO =K~x Z<H_ K@, *H=
LOKH#@, uiy [H `KH#@. D ûx LyOz <~_ <~= <_ ^
x~iOK=K.
sH K q^#=
U^< H xOk`x ~< =OQ J=~"` . ~O JkHi O|Ok`
x} P~# `= Oe. =O^Q ^~ JkHi O|Ok` x}_ ~x
"=# # ~Ok~. g\x P_ JO\~. J^ qÔQ <~xH
O|OkOz# z` \, \, g_ HOQ ÔQ LOKHO\~. g\x qA=
JO\~. g\` @ <~xH O|OÔx , \ ÔQ LOKHO\~.
sH ~OxH =O^ ZH_ Hey L# ZHH# xOk`x ` _`~. JO^
FSM
162
32 K# Q E.E.G. iH~= LyOz xOk`x H =#H uO^## iH~

K~. P_ # K#_ xOk`_ H =Hx LO_=x K|`~. qA=
KOK@C_ xOk`_ H ìz K_e. g@xO\H xOk`_ K =#H
uO^## q+Oz J`xH <~=` O|O^= L#^ ^ x~i~. Q}OH~OQ
W\ =~ [iy# D sH e`# K 100% q[=O`=~.J~` <
~"# P"^=, H q= Wz#@~` Wk _.Z<.Z. OQ~ O\OQ =kiQ <~
i^# LQ_ XH J^`"# >HH HQ^.
<~J<
<~ ^~ QOQ xOk`_ x[O K|`<_ J|^= K|`<_
`H#@ D ûx Ly~. U^< H D sH J=~"#_ .. ~O
JkHi O|Ok` x} J~# `= O`_. D sH K@ XH x}
|$O^x U~@ K~. WO^ XH J#\, ~xH Hl, _H~ "^# "~
LO\~. =O^Q S.F.` KiOz H O|OkOz# ~OkOKHO\~. D
sH K@ xOk`x J#=u, H~ J#=u H=#.
D sH QOQ xOk`xH 5% #O_ 10% _O O@^ ^=}=# WO[H<
K~. nx =# xOk`_ =`H "o XH q^"# u LO\_. D ^
U"< " "\H =^#= K=K ^## qKH}*<x H~ `# è#
Jx =^#= K|`_. `# #+= HeyOK =^#=# _ K|`_.
D =^#=# q+Oz <~_ <~O K_ ^ x~iOK=K. nx H H
q=# H~ `= H qKH}*<x LyOz x~i~.
"~O\ HQ
XH=H QO`#Oz, <\#Oz "=_ |=# ^x `~OQ=Q Q
zfHiOK_=# "~O\ Jx JO^~. "~O\# iH~K iH~=#
'"~O\ HQ Jx JO^~. D û ^~ XH=H =\_ f~, "=iOK |=
"Q=, Hh P^~=Q QiOK_xH Ly~.
=HH =HH QO` #Oz "=_ |= `_ LO_@=# g\x =#
QiOK_xH, =H #Oz =# "~K_xH LyOK^~. QO`=i, qqH K<
_ =H#Oz "~ =Hx QiOK_xH D û LQ_Òk.
iH~ K q^#=
J#=#=# =H QO`# (>) iH~ K=#. =# =H QO`# (>)
iH~ K=#. D iH~x |`~OQ =^ L# ==, Hh, "Q=,
i=}=# JOK< "@ ^~ Wî =^ L# `_# QiOK=#.
FSM
163
XH Hh ~O_ > QiOK_O ^~ |= XH =H =\_#@ ^$gHiOKK.

~O_ "~"~ Hh# QiOK_O ^~ "~"~ = =\_#@ K=K. D ûx
' >e< ~@s xK# ~< Hi J< [~< WO[h~ H#H=_O [iyOk.
W^ ûx P\=\H û ^~ HO@sHiOz# û = <\#Oz
"=_K |`~OQ# QiOz =# QiOK q^#= H#Q<~. D û =#
Hq# H# >e< kiO, J#=~ "kO < H, H_, ` <~#
QiOK@ "^Q "\H b W<"Q+< Ly~.
HO@~ <~
Q` Z< ^Q HO@~ LQO L#\H K@O J= K U[h
HO@~ O|OÔ L# <~# QiOz \OKH^. "~<O ~H#, H"_
H, uH ^` "^Q "\` He LyOK_" nxH H~}O. [
HO@~ JH~` ~Q_O, =HQ` HO@~ ~=_O, "\x Q$ qxyOK_O,
H~, "}[ HO^, O "^Q K@ LyOK_O, "\H P<<
J#O^#O P=@O =# HO@~ P^~ <~ iQO^ Z= J=H U~_~.
HO@~ <~ J<q H` >Hr`@ =z# iH` <~. D ~A Jq
=^H~OQ `~~. =HH, P O|OkOz# O^ <~H< D <~
"~Q LO\~. èHQ O H=_O, =O KQ JO^@ LO_@O, HO@~
"\H~ <~ P^xH LH~}Q JO^@H =K~. ~# H=~#
i^ #O^#, " HiOKx u 97% >H <~ JO`zHO_< LO_
`<~. D H` <~# Q>O^ `y# K\ H=_O _ =~ H~}O. ~`
Ò =Q =K~ OHuH K@O# (Information Technology Act - 2000)
J=H `z, K@O J= K U[h HO@~ <~@ Hi#OQ ==iOKO^
J=HO HeOzOk. D =Q =K~ K@O J= JOMHOQ b O |~ <~
qQ# <H~.
HO@~ <~O JO> Uq\ ?
HO@~ <~x Z< q^Q x~zOK=K. '' <~O K_xH `HOQ HO@~
^~ K K~# HO@~ <~Q iQ}OK=K. ''Z=~< x*~f O_ [#O
O^x qOz HO@sH~}# "i` =~#` qxy HO@~ "=x
.H. P_\ Hg+< x~zOzOk.
|~ ~xH _ HO@~ <~xH O|OkOz# i^#, q+}HO@~
== ^~ H #~x~}O, <\=~, ~=^=O, H (i~)
"^Q "\ ^~ i^ <~# i+iOK_O _`#k. HO@~
<~x =iO` q$ÒQ q=i, ''U =H J~< ^~îÒQ JO^@ L#
FSM
164
<\=~ K~|_ =~ K_O, `yOK_O, #+O K_O =O\q HO@~ ==,

<\=~, Q" ^ ^ÒxH K HO@~ <~OQ iQ}~. _| ÔQ`<xH,
P, =K~xH, LQ"^ K\xH =u~HOQ#, |=O` = "^Q "\H
HO@~ <~# KO\~.
Z=~ HO@~ <~#K~?
HO@~ <~# ^~}OQ Z= K^=Hx <}O L# =$u x}
KO\~. giH * =Ô#, H~#O Z= =## LO@Ok. giH <~
=~# ^ QÒ <~ K# iH~ LO_^. <}O L#"~ PiH [< ^
L^H ~}`, *#O @ L`l` HO@~# îxQO K_O ^~ K "i`
K~ tH LO_^x KO\~. H`Q 'H~ J#Q = =$ux} "@H "tOz
"\x <#O K =i ^ #, Q"#, OH` "^Q "\x ÔQ`#O K
=~O XH\ |îOk. <~x K_O "Q Qx L^HO`< ^ PiH [<
H" KO\~. W\= =~R b "\ H~ HOQ i}qOzOk. H~
_ O` "\, HOQ iH~ LO\~. "\ ''"= H KO. "O kO,
"O Ki` $+O, "O q+O J< OÔ LO@Ok. HO@~ <~xH XH LÔ ^
^ LO_H=K.
HO@~ ^ _l@ <~
_l@ OHuH û U^x iH~# <~O K\xH qxyOz#@~` J\
<~x _l@ <~= JO\~. Hx HO@~ </"<, WO@~<\ ^ WO\<\
J#O^xO|_#C_ J@=O\ == KKHx ~ [i <~# |~ <~x
~. J~` O_J< ^ ~ [iQ <~# HO@~ <~O\~.
HOQ
D <~xO\# J#=ux == J=u` "tOz ^`=# =K~x
#tOK@O, q^ K~ QOQ ~Q ^ xH J=E_O, =K~x
`yOK_O, ==# OaO K_O, xH~x W`~ =K~x `yOK_O, == =#
q"# =K~x iOK_O =O\ ^+ _ =H HO@~ i+ 'HOQ J<
<~x K#@Q Ja=iOK=K.
S.\.K@= 2000 x H< 43, H< 66 HO^ D <~= H q=~}[iyOk.
^^Q H\ ~ [i=< =i * tH D <~xH qk~.
D"~ kiO
==h HO@sH~}K@O ^~ =z# è``@ ^+e` _
"QH =K~. HO@~ ^~ =K~x, "~x QO XH z=i #Oz =~H
z=iH J=bQ `= ==k, HO O\x D "~ J#=K. kiO Y
165
FSM
O_O, ^+K~O K_O, Jj ^*O "__O, JH~ z`~=# O_xH

D"~# `~K îxQO K<~. k` J~` "ix =#H "kO
QiK |~ HOQ# _ D"~ îxQOQ qOK=K.
D"~ ^~ z`~=# O <Ô P = K@# JjO îOK W`~
=# xQ_OQ O H< QQ Jx JO\~. nxx QiOz# q=~}S.\. H
2000 H< 69 O^ ~K|_#k. W@=O\ <~, ÔQeOK|_, f"|_
=K~x uiy ~|@QQ_O, q"# =K~x "~` xO_O, xH ~O_ =i#
q"# =K~x #~îOK_O D"~ ZH_ #Oz L^qOz#^x KQQ_O,
D"~ ^y# QQH W"*x "eH f_O J#q |~~xH Q
W\= Oz# |~ ~xH qQO K> =Y"# #.
WO^Q# k` HO@~ Q= K~^ Q#H ^xx =K~x
`H "~ x=@ "_ a\ " û H K, =K~= U q^"# =~
QiH^< q"^ ~ÒQ <#= W@=O\ _l@ Hx " @=K.
HO@~ ^~ K "=
WO@~<\ ^~ @s x~Oz _| HiOz, "~= H= XH ==#
J=`=x _| fHx ==x OH=@O, L^Q=# W=x WOKH =_O,
O M`H H K JO^ _| _ K_O "^Q#q HO@~ _
L^~}. W@=O\ H O|OkOz b x} H~O fHx ^~
Ke.
-0000-
166
FSM
HO\H HxOKx H~}"\ LQ

(Use of Invisible rays ) A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 420-1 to 6, 421, 422-1
<~i^# LQ_ HO\H HxOKx H~} =_ ~H. Jq J"\,

W<~_ =i= ZH~ H~}. D H~} HO\H HxOK=. H#H< g\x 'W<ql|
H~} JO\~.
J"\ H~}= LQ
1. H=~# ìz uiy JuHOz<, JuHOK@ LyOz# lQ~ O` P
H=~ ìz =~ JuHOz#n xn `H=K.
2. #\ Q_ <`~ =~H _#C_ Jq LuH "<, P =~H# H#Q#=K#.
3. ~# ^~`Qx W`~` Qx `_z#>~` Hx@=K.
4. #Hb<@#, #HbO# QiOK=K.
5. H#|_O_ LO_@@ "# ~ "`# Hx@=K.
6. c= K# L`~O, ~ "# # =i<, LyOz# "#O
O` =i_x H#H=K.
7. Q_ L# =Ò, Q~# H#H=K.
8. ^#HO_ H ~O ^x JO# LyOz#k xn H#H=K.
9. H@_ O_# QiOK=K.
10. \ Hbx H#H=K.
11. e+ x L# <`\ =~H# H#H=K.
12. qq^ ~H# ~, ~OQ ~ "_#, Jk ~ b#"# ûx |\ "\ `_
QiOK=K.
13. HyÒ# L# "@~ =~#, w` "# #Hb Q~# H#H=K.
14. qq^ ~H# QA =H# Hx@=K.
15. q"# =*, =`, H$u="#" H x["#" Jx H#H=K.
ZH~ H~}= LQ
1. J@>, KH> Q ^~# ># `~=O_< Hx@=K.
2. |@` =@H@|_# "\ q"# == LOz ÔQ~"} KO> Jq
qO_< H#H=K.
3. =#=x s~O `H QO_ W~x LO> `H#=K.
4. `H QO QO K@ ~OÔ `H =O^ L#n xn Hx@=K.
FSM
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
167
=`= e QOx x~}O U qÔQ L#k `H=K.

=#=x s~Ox Z= qiy#n xn `H#=K.
=H# XH^x` WOHH\ @ LQ_Òk.
JkHOQ o# " "e=^ fH=_xH LQ_Òk.
P~}, q"# =* "^#q ÔQeOz H_xH qOy` H#H=K.
J#=#=# z` x["#" H J#H~} J<k `H=K.
O|, W`~ _ ^~ e" x~}O H#H=K.
"# QiOK_O \ f, |uH L#C_ f# \` e QiOK=K.
JO> |uH L#_ U^< Z=H qiy LO> \.a. [|` ^_ LO>
D û LQ_Òk.
W<~_ H~}= LQ
1. ~# ^~`Qx, W`~`Qx `_z"<, "\x Hx\ JO^ =O^
LO_# "\x H#H=K.
2. He# Hy` L# "` Hx@=K#.
3. Hy` `_z"#, H#|_H~# "`# H#H=K.
4. =^# K^==K.
5. H=~x L`~O H=~ `~=O_< \ f=K.
6. XHi ~# "\x kk =m ~ H#H=K.
7. XH zÒ WOH zÒ " H#H=K.
8. `\ H |\ ~OÔ, K@H HO\H H#|_x KQ =O__O =i
#Q Hqe =O> H#H=K.
9. " @O =# H =H = Z= J~#O^# H#|_O_ ~# 'K
Q~# \ f=K.
10. qq^ ~H# x` "# "` H#H=K.
11. qq^ ~H# ^` "# "` #H=K.
12. HyÒ JkHOQ "_@ =, `|_@ = iQ H#|_H ~# "` H#H=K.
13. XH eH Qey# ~O_ == D H~}= "~"~x `H=K.
14. "# "` WOHHi "#, `_z"# "`# H#H=K.
15. qq^ ~H# WO` "# "`# H#H=K.
-0000-
168
FSM
"e =^
(Finger Prints) A.P.P.M.S.O. No. 765 to 768
"e=^
Ku", J~Ku " ^~}OQ ##Q =O\~. ##Q L# QO #x
i_ JO> HOKO Z`Q w` =O\~. g\ #_= ~< () =O\~. g\
P^~OQ U~_ =^# "e=^ JO\~. "e=^ H= ~@ _x, u~Q x
#=H"# HO.
"e=^ `H H}
1. OKO U ~O_ "e=^ XH\Q =O_=.
2. è H_ t=Q =#C_ U~_# "e=^ =x+ Kx~ =O o O`
=~ =~ KO^=.
3. "e K~= QxH Q O `ye<, =x~# `~"` uiy "^\ PH$u Q
"e=^ U~_`~.
JO H~}OQ "e=^ QiO q= Z=Q LOk.
<~ ^~"e=^ LQ=/=Y`
1. "e=^ #=H"# HO.
2. Q~ èx "#, H=# QiOK=K#.
3. Y~ `= , LQO Z=.
4. èHQ Ò^~Q HiOK=K, qHOK=K, sHOK=K.
5. <#O "e=^ Hx #=Òk.
6. <~# Yz`=Q QiOK=K.
7. OKO WO` =~ "e=^ HO `CQ x~OK|_^.
"e=^ H q=
~f H K@= H< 45 H~O "e=^ x}_ WK H= O|Ok`
JO=Q =O@Ok.
"e=^ P^~OQ WK H= `xiQ W`~ H` Corroborate H=#
J=~O ^. J~` ^xx i HOQ HiOK =O^ H~ W`~ H# HiOK
=kiQ< ^x H qh`# `#O``#Q O`$H~OQ P"kOKe.
"e=^ ^~# HiOz#H:
PO^^ ~R= z`~, H_ l 1998 O=`~= OK#O ~HuOz#
FSM
169
i ` H "e=^ P^~OQ u~uH KOk# xOk`# @H=_O

[iyOk.
i_ @~ |\ ~H=
P~ Wq ~O_ ~H=
(1) ~< (2) >O>_ P~
Wq ~O_ ~H
(1) ~_ (2) P~
=~ Wq ~O_ ~H
(1)~ =~ (2) PO_ =~
HOl\ Wq <~H
(1)O@ H\ (2) \O_ (3)
@~
H\ (4) H_O@
1. P~ : (Z) Wq [<5% LO_#.
Z. ^~}P~ : s i_ XH " #O_ WOHH " J =kiQ U~_
LO_#.
a. >O>_ P~ : >O>_ P~ P~ =^ Q# XH i_ Q_~= H O|= =
Z`Q KKHx =O_ XH >O\ (Q_~O) PH~O U~_ LO_#.
2. : Wq [< 60% #O_ 65% LO_#. WO^ i_ XH "#O_
|î J^ " uiy =K#. Wq ` @H# # PH~=# e
LO_#.
Wq ~O_ ~H (1) L~ (2) ~_ .
Z. L~ : OQ~ O\ H U@" `= () z\H# "e " =o
LO_#.
a. ~_ : g\ "e=^ U@" `= @# "e" LO_#.
3. =~ : Wq [< 30% #O_ 35% `= =~ =O_#. =$`H~= H
JO_H~= Qh s i_ J=i O_#. Wq PO_ =i ~ Jx
~O_ ~H.
4. HOl\ : =_~H KO^x "e=^# HOl\ "e=^ JO^~.
Wq XH\ HO> Z= OQ~ O\ @~ U~_#. Wq [< 1% #O_ 2%
LO_#.
Z. O@ H\ : D ~H"# "e=^ "e =^ =^QO XH\ H ~O_
i_ XH H@ PH~= =O_ qye# i_ PH~= =O_#.
a. @~ H\ : Wk ~O_ He U~_#k. D ~H"# "e=^ ~O_
XH "e=^ q^ U~_ O_#.
. \<_ : Wk _ ~O_ He U~_#k. D ~H"# "e=^
~O_ XH^xHH\ =u~H k U~_ O_#.
170
FSM
_.
H_O@ : D H= KOk# "e=^ H=~`"# x~}=

HeO_#. XH "e=^ ~O_ ~H=# PH~= J#Q XH , XH =~
H ~O_ =~ Hey O_#. g\x H_O@ Jx JO^~.
"e=^ #=< z`=
Z.^~}P~
W.~_
Z.O@ H\
. @~ H\
a.>O>_ P~
Z. =~
. _. J~
a.\<
_. PH_O@
FSM
171
"e=^ O <~ ^~^x` "e=^ HO@sH~}(F.A.C.T.S.)

"e=^ O
^~ QOQ <~O aOK "e=^# sHOz <~# QiOK_xH Q#
"e=^ O l ~, ~R~, ^ ~ =<~. l ~ =#
"e=^ O# l "e=^ O JO\~. nxH JkuQ W<H~ ^ XH
"e=^ x}_ =O\_. l [iy# qq^ <~ aOK "e=^# `#=^
iH~ =# <~ "e=^` =i b O J#=x` "e=^`
ie JaO ~~.
~R~ ~R "e=^ O LO@Ok.~ROQ ` <~ "e=^# ~R
HO^"# ^~^x _.l.. P #O^ Q HO@~ #"^ K l =#
"e=^ O, HO^ "e=^ O J#O^xOz =OK`~. l =i ~R
HO^x D HO@~ W<H~ [#~ P b , b HO@~ s, _.l..
P ^~^ "i P^~O xK~.
*f ~ HO^ "e=^ O #_b H^. WO^ Ôx ` <~
"e=^ =i JO`~f <~ "e=^ ^~K|_ =O\~. J=~"#_
~R "e=^ O _Òk.
"e=^ O `
1. ^~ JkHi O# "e=^# sHOz JaO W=_O.
2. g#O` Ò^~Q <~=# Ki JH_ K<O\# _= K sHOK@O.
3. __, H# <~=, |Ok@ <~= , <~ UH OM# "e=^
iH~# x~OK@O. K<O\# _=K, iH~ =# "e=^`
ie <~# QiOK@.
4. <.K.F. Q~ _..P~.a H O# "e=^ ~O =^ iQ =#k
xk K "\ H~}x # èK "\x uO@O.
5. <HHi *# OîOz _..P~.a. H~ tH_# "i "e=^ #
HiOK_O.
6. <~# "e=^ P^~OQ QiOz# H H~ [~ "i Pa=
èK@O.
7. <~= îH# ^$zH =^ l "e=^ O =# "e=^K
QiO|_x _, "\x H l H ~R "e=^ O iH~# sH
xq`= O~.
FSM
172
"e=^ HO@sH~}
Ò u l HOÔ# =i ~R HO^"# ^~^ # "e=^
O|OkOz# HO@~# OK~. Wq u l b H~=# =i
^~^ _.l. Qi P HOH # =<~. D HO@~# ''WO\<\
(Intranet) ^~ J#O^xOz XH ~~ =K~O JO`\x Oîz =OK`~. D
HO@~ "e=^# sHOz xOk`# QiOK_xH J=~"# "~ =O@Ok. D
HO@~# Z.Z..\.. (H) HO@~ JO\~. J#Q OQ~O\ J<
Hq# >OQ ". WO^ l HO^ Q HO@~ P l O|OkOz#
=YOQ P <~ OOkOz# ` <~ H "e=^# HO\sHiOz
HO@~ ^~z =OK`~.
Z=i "e =^ iH~ Ke : (Z...,". P~~ <O. 768)
D kQ= è# = (A=<, ~+, , #O) H "e=^
fHx b+< ` iH~ LOKe.
1. ~`tH$u J^ 12 =i 17 `|_# <~, XH OII Qx
JO`HO> Z=Qx tH Qi J~# =.
2. ~`tH$u H< 170,302,304,328,338,465 #O_ 477Z =i 489Z
#O_ 489_ ~# <~ tH Qi J~# =.
3. ~`tH$u J^= 6 `|_# <~= tH _# =.
4. P^ K@O, Z<._...H =i ZH* K\ `_# <~ tH
Qi J~# "~Oî H =i =`^~=, P^ Q~Q
J#=xOK^y# =.
5. i< ZHKO* "~O><< H |OQ~ yOQ K"iH, H~h =i
W`~ q"# ==# yOQ K"iH.
6. P~.. H< 109 =i 110 =O_ Zy\" "l\ Z^@
O_=~ J~# =.
7. ~` tH$u H< 363 #O_ 373 <~ tH QiJ~# "iH (=#=
JH=~"})
8. ~ P i~H}K@O 1966 x <~= tH Qi J~# =.
9. xH K\ `|_# <~=# K@ J"@ _# <~ =i
K\ `_# <~= K |+~} Qi J~# =.
10. i#~ H 1946 |+~} Q~# i#~
FSM
173
11. ==H$` <~ # "~OîH =i ^_, <~i` @ QOQ H

# "iH.
12. Mn QiO K@= "~ = H H` ("e=^, ^=^, \)
fHx LO> J\"i H H\"|_## ^ H f"|_ "~ q_^
J~##, "i H`# b iH~ #Oz `yOK=#. H~ Qx, "l\
Qx, -_q[# "l\Q~ Qx Wz# L`~ "~ J\ H`#
iH~O^ =OK=K.
13. S.. H< 511 ^ 109/114, 120(a) x tH_# =
14. ~`Ô "e ^ K# <~= tH _# O^~= P ^
#O_ O|_# "i H "e=^#, \ OQ~O\ |~ LOK=#.
15. ~`Ô "e ^ K# <~= tH _# O^~= P ^
#O_ O|_# "i H "e=^#, \ OQ~O\ |~ LOK=#.
JO`~f <~ JOî H "e=^ \ |~ ^~K=#.
16. _ ^~= K@O 1908 ~# <~ tH Qi J~# "iH.
17. ~` ~ K@O 1980 H< 126,128 HO^ tH Qi J~# "iH.
18. Mn QiO K@= "~ ~` Ò "~ Wz# L`~ "~ U =H H
"e=^ J~<.
19. S.. L# H< "~ 25 OIIQx JO`HO> Z= Qx Hi# tH Q~# q^j
<~ H.
20. Z.. J"@ _# <~ K@O 1962 "~ #"^ H|_# =.
21. O^~=< QH U=H H "e=^<< ^~K_O J=~= Jx D
HOk O^~= qOz# = H.
Z) He` <~Ki` Hey#"~.
a) s~H O|O^ <~,
) P O|O^"# <~
ZH< <~ # "~ S.. Qx, ux^ K@= Qx O|Ok`
H< "~ HhO XH i tH Qi J~#"~.
22. ~[HO, LQ"^ <~` O|OÔ L#"i "e=^# HiOz ^~~.
"e=^f ^`
<~ ^~ QOQ <~O x "e=^# _= K= =O@Ok. J^
qÔQ ^~ JkH~ xOk` "e=^# HiOz, s O= LO@Ok.
J#=<^ =~}H =O H "e=^# HiOz Kx~# =Hx QiOK=
=O@Ok. WO^HO ~H~H ^`# Ly~.
FSM
174
xOk`x #Oz "e=^ HiOK@

^~}OQ P <~ xOk`x J~ K#_ J`x H "e=^# HiOz
sH O=# "e=^ f ~O xOk`x H ~O_ ~H# "e=^ fe.
1. ^~}"e=^
2. îOz# "e=^
^~}"e=^ : WO # "# <~Q ~O X`@O = U~_ =^.
g\x f@_ "ex H îOK~^.
îOz# "e=^ : WO # "ex XH" #O_ WOHH " îOz f#
=^# îOz# "e=^ Jx JO\~.
îOz# "e=^# H=OQ fOk xk `H=_xH ^~}"e=^
LQ_`~. îOz# =Ô^ i_ O|OkOz# qQO JkHOQ LO_@O=
"e=^ ~H# `H=_xH =i _xH H=OQ LQ_`~.
"e=^f û J=~"# ==
Z. 12JOII 6JOII A Q Q Qx H ##Q =# .
a. ~|~ ~~.
. WO @.
_. "e=^ f ~O.
"e=^fH"e# ^`
1. # H#|~z# iH~ ^=, "O@ "^#q O_ OQ LO_e.
2. | =i ~~# H|i#<, Ol_< H H~<` ~Ke.
3. `= "`^ WO | " ~~ u Kx ~= U~_@@ Ke.
4. WO JkHOQ LO> `HyÒ \ Jkq JkHOQ L# WO# f "e.
5. | LO_ WO Z\ i`# PiO_ `_Q LO_@@ K_e.
6. "e=^ fe# =H " OQ |` H_Qe. J=~O J~` \ Hx
i\ Qx "_e. `~` " `=O_ `_"e.
7. LyOK >| <Q J_Q Z` LO_e.
8. "e=^ fe# =H K`, " aQ=Q HO_ =^Q ==Q
LOKe.
9. "e=^ fe# =Hx >| Z^~Q =~ 18 JOQ= ^~O
LOz "e =^ fe.
11. ~O H#|i# H~O "e=^ =~ H=OQ fe.
12. WO | Qx, ~O Qx "# u@_ èHQ< ue Qx Q\Q Jkq
u~^.
FSM
175
13. WO | "# u@_ "^\ H} =~ H=OQ WO JO@H<@@

K_e. ~O _ J^qÔQ fe.
14. " WO JO\OK@C_, ~O =^ f@C_ èHQ " uiQ@@
K_e.
15. _Ku îOz# "e=^ f# `~` P Ku qQ` <Q " ^~}=^,
P `~` @#"e Q~ fHx, J^ qÔQ Z_=Ku Q~ _ fe.
<~O"e=^ H~ J<+}H~}^`
<~= <~x "e=^ ^~ J`x LxHx QiOK@ <Q ^ L<~.
Z. <~= K< O\ H~ "`H@O
a. XH" JQOz#>` "\x _= K@O.
. x K_O
_. <~=x "e =^# ..a. "e=^` e <~x Hx@@.
<~O <~_ K` Hx ~H ^~ (~HO, w, =\, ~O@, WO)
JO\#@~` <~O ql| O@ U~_`~. <~O <~_ `# "e=^#
"#O, `~, |, |OH, =O\ H Li` =ke` "\< gq*| / H O@
JO\~. Hx ~ HO\H H#_x qÔQ K=@= #<` _# "e=^ <~O
LO_K. g\< >O\ O@ JO\~.
>O\ O@, QA, H, J^, ZHH |, , "~# `, ##x
=\`, OQ} y<, "i+ / e+ K# KH, Li`, c~",
`\, ~ P~, "<, ##x ^~, ~, ~_ U~_`~.
"uH q^#= : <~x }OQ "e=^H "`He. K O^~ H=O
"e=^ =`" <~O O H=K. nx ^~< xOk`x J~ K=K. < P
JK, <~O #Oz ", x~= ^~= =^, <, Q_, HC, H\H, _KHx
=z# Q, JOK L# ==# QA "# Ku`< sHOKe. g\x QiOK@
+\ "_e. Li`x qq^ H} sHOKe. XH H}O H#_x O@ "~H
H}O H#|_=K.
"e=^#HiOK@
<~O Q ql| "e=^# \ f, H "e=^# OQ~
@ \ f, >O@ "e=^# _~ û ^~ ^ Pqi û ^~,
^=}û ^~ _= K HiOK=K#.
"e=^#qHOK@=i *Q`
<~Ox "e=^# K< O\ Jx JO\~. g\< K=`~OQ ÔQ
ql\OQ H~ Jx JO\~. Wq =_ ~H
FSM
176
1. ql|
2. H
3. >O\.
ql| =^
Wq HO\H +OQ Hx~. ~O@, WO, ^=, <`~ "^# ~OQ ^~
Ku" JO\#_ J\ "` W`~ == `H` HO\H HxOK "e=^ U~_`~.
"\x `HOQ _= Ke# J=~O^. <~Q \ f iH~ K=K.
H =^
|, H"u, `~, "#O "^# "`x == g^ U~_ =^# H =^x
JO\~. g\x Jx k#O_ sHOz K ''POQ~ "Q \ f iH~ K~.
>O\ =^
g\x _= K_xH =_ ^` H=.
1. _~ û 2. Pqi û 3. ^=}û
K< =^ Wq K =Y"#q. >O\ J#Q ^y# Jx J~O. Wq HO\H
HxOK=. H#H< HO\H HxOK@@ K_xH `Q q^"# _~# LyOz _=
K~. Z\ <~O [iy< >O\ =^H }OQ ijeOKe. <~O Z=~
"tOKO_ ==# `HO_ `y# K~ fH"e. <~_ UU Ô^ UU
==# `H LO\_ QQ PzOz "\q^ LO_ >O\ =^# _= Ke
LO@Ok.
>O\ =^# _= K_xH J<H ~H# _~# "_`~. Li`
~OQ =u~H ~OQ _~ "_ _= K~. L^~} `x HyÒ#, `x OQ}
\ g^ =O_ >O\ =^# _= K_xH #x _~#, == q^ `x
_~# "_`~.
=Y"# _~
1. x=~ _~ : Wk Jqx" / ^~O =i KH _~ q=O. nxx
QA ==, ~< q^ =# >O\ O\# _= K_xH "_`~.
2. =OQh _H_ : Wk =OQh J< =_ ^~= #O_ `~ K|_# #x
_~. nxx `\ =i H" H~ Hey# ## ==, OQ} == q^ >O\
O\# _= K_xH Ly~.
3. K~H _~ H Q_ : ~ q^ H _"O@ ~ q^ Q >O\
O@# _= K_xH "_`~.
_~`_= K q^#O
^~}OQ PK J< H "O@H` `~ K|_ |+# "_`~. |+#
_~ Jk P _~# == LiÒ Ke, ^~ |+` Li`x "Q `_~.
FSM
177
nx= _~ ~}= >O\ =^x l_ ^~xH P`H=_O = P =^ H w`

Hx~. J_ |+# i_ k J#OQ H^` J^# _~# f"e.
g#O` `= _~# LyOz#_ =Oz e` =~. |+` Li`x
^"#O` =$^=Q `_e. D qÔQ _= K# >O\ =^# \ f iH~
K=K.
eOQ û
_= K# "e=^# \ f_xH gH#C_ eOQ ûx
Ly~. XH\ H ~O_ JOQ= "_ Hey# < > fHx JuHOK=#.
J_ P == O\ U~_#. "\x \ ^~ iH~ K^~.
"e=^# ~# û _= K q^#=
J_< qOQ
` Hy` Hx, Z= ##Q L# WO\x ==# Qx #<` U~_
=^ _~ "_~^. D û J_< "_# LyOz J_< Pq~#
"e=^H O`~. J_ "e=^ L# K@ == Q^= ~OQ "e=^
U~_`~.
x< _< +< û
x<_< J< ^~x J\< ^=}= He x<_< +<Q `~
Ke. P ^=}O "e=^ He# ~# =Oz f=# ^ P ^=}=# ~
q^ K=#. XH\ H ~O_ QO@ `~` K# = \ ~ ~_ H~
"e=^ U~_`~. `~` \ f iH~ K~.
3 H 5 Ò Hey# ~<>\ ^=}=# `~ KHx "e=^ He#
== K_O Hx ^ ^=}O P ==# =Oz Hx, pH\ Ô _ K
`~` ~~t ZO_\` =^~ Q^= ~OQ "e=^ U~_`~. g\x \ f
^~Ke.
"e=^qHOK#_ fH=# *Q`
1. _~# =s Z=Q "e=^ "~^
2. PK H DH |+` _~# "#_ "e=^ ~Y =u~Y k "
~^~^.
3. eOQ K#_ < ># =_` O_ "e=^ iz "e=^#
HiOKe.
4. "e=^ qHOK#_ Ku QA îOKe.
FSM
178
5. "e=^# ^xHk `HOQ HiOKe.

6. \ f#_ "e=^ +OQ =K@@ Ke.
Kx~#= "e=^f@
Q~ èx ", PHH =~} =~}O J#=#=< ^xH Q H~}
`H=_xH, =~}Oz# =Hx Q~@_xH "i "e=^ fH"e. Kx~# =
"e=^# "\ qq^ ` fH"e# ^`.
1.
J="J@W@=OKQey#_
XH =H Kx~# Hk HO J~`, "e=^ f_O O. ZO^HO> Jx
J="# Z J=~=O> J =OK=K#. "x >| "H _H\,
"e=^ f\xH LyOK | fHx ^x WO " ~~` ue. _Ku
@#"eH ~~` WO JO\Ke. =^ f ~O L# H" i HyÒ
fHx JO^ Q# `~ K# # LOz, ## "eH `HOz u` #Q
~ "e=^ U~_Òk. P =^ Q Hy`x f ~O ^x H O
JuHOKe. J^qÔQ qye# =^ f JuHOKe. n< < û "e=^ f_O
JO\~.
2. J="aQ#C_
iQ~ =i L#C_ H _He Q\Q ayOz#C_ "^\ H} =^ HuiOz
=^# # ~# qÔQ iH~ Ke. \O_~ "~ J<H ij# [i
=_K~# " "e=^ f_xH `H ^<x ~OkOK~. XH `H
H_ "# =#OQ LOK_xH "_`~. =^ iH~ K_xH Q\
H~O\~.
3. =O@ ~O^LO_#C_
=O @ è^ LO> =O "# "^\ H ~O_= H} =^ _H~
O` HuiOz "~~ '~__ ^=}O îz H=OQ |
JuHOz |~ Oe. |~ "e=^ f iH~ K~.
4. =OiQo LO>
=O iQ o =O> K~O H~<\ ZH~` \ f "e=^ iH~
K=K.
5. h\=xyL#=O
" h\ =xy L#_ " K~O =_` _=O@Ok. =_` =_xH
~Ol 'y[i< Qx, Qe Qx, "_h Hx "e xH O` =_` `~. JC_
< û "e=^ fH=K.
FSM
179
Q~ èx= ""#îz"e=^ O O û
U^< XH b +< ik XH Q~ èx =x+ =O H#Q#C_ P =O
H "e=^# "O@< f@ g Hx i`, P =O H "# D HO^
û ^~z P l HÔx "e=^ |~ O=#.
1. Q~ èx "x =~O O#_ OOk` S.F.Qx .K.X Hx
"_H P~ QiH XH J~# Ò O=#. JO^ =~" K|_
=O H k"# k "~ "~ ^~z `= JyOK=x H~=#.
2. "_\ =u Qey 4 JOQ _=, 3 JOQ "_ Qey# k #
=~O KK# _H~ QiH ~~ K=#.
3. k q^ k Ku "# ` | (p\) J#Q _ @# " "^Hx
Z_= z\H# " =~ =~ H=x ` | (p\) " "\q^
JuHOK=#. _H~Q~ HuiOz# "#, " =~ H=x |\ P
LOK`~.
4. u # ^~K ^=}x ([~\" +<) J#Q ~e_ J<
^=}x " =OK=OkQ =~" K _H~ Qix H~=#. nx =#
" K_O_ =i "\ #O_ K_"# ~O_LO@Ok.
5. ~e_ J< ^=}O ^~Hx HO <~, P, y[i<# =
He P ^=}x ^~K ^=HOQ LyOK=#.
qÔQ ^~K|_# k Ku" Hey# # XH J@> =Oz " P
># OOk` l "e=^ W<H~ QiH XH J~# Ò ^~ O=#.
"e=^ Y "\ "e=^# f "\x ^~^ "e=^ O O P Q~
èx =H =O H QiO# JH_#O_ =K > H J<> J< e`= ^~
èH#=K.
XH " "e=^ O#O_ J<> Jx =z# HO O|Ok` b +<Qx
^xH ~Q# =# U^< H J<> J< q+x ^$=~K^~.
OQ~ O\ H\x iH~=
1. \Q - 2
2. ..~ |+
3. H @
4. H <
FSM
5.
7.
9.
11.
12.
H
6. J_" >
=y~OQ Q 2 1/2
8. \~\
\~@
10. ~|~ Q"
OK KH
OQ~ O\_~
Z) x=~ _~
a) K~ H _~
) =OQh _ PH_
13. P\"[~
14. PK ^~ |+
15. Q +\ 33
180
181
FSM
^=^
^=^
^=^ <~ i^# K LQ_`<~. u =H ^=^
PH~O "~ "~Q LO\~. JO> XH =Hx e# ^=^ WOHH =HH LO_=.
^=^# "\ PH~# |\ D HOk qÔQ =sHiOK=K. Jq
1. <~ >
2. H +_
3. >
4. \ \
5. H< a_ >
6. PH_O@ H J<~ \ "^Q#q.
^ =^ U~_# ^=# |\ ^=^# ~O_ ~H=Q qlOK=K#.
1. Li` ^=^
2. Oy# ^=^
1. Li` ^=^
Wq Q\Q L# q =i W`~ Li`= ^=, <`~, ~OQ "^Q"\
=# U~_#
2. Oy# ^=^
"`x q q^, =^Q Q q q^ U~_# ^=^# Oy# ^=^
Jx JO^~ Wq =_ ~H=. Jq.
Z. HkQ Oy# ^=^: WO_ K@ Q Mm ^=O^ D ^=^
U~_#.
a. XH "~Q Oy# ^=^ : = #O^, `= Q = O^ D
^=^ U~_#.
. `Q Oy# ^=^ : #^, K~= =i |~^ Q O`=
O^ D ^=^ U~_#.
<~=[iy#C_ ^=^ H~ "`H=# ^=
1. <~=
2. <~= K@ H
3. <~ <~= K@ =O^ QqQ_# =
4. <~ QqQ_# = #O_ <~= =~ }Oz# î
5. <~= K# `~"` "o# î
6. <~=x `# OK# =.
"# =# Qx, ~Q, [ èH <~= u~Q@ =#, ~Q,
=, z# u~Q@ =# <~ =x J_Q =^ `~ K_=@
P~= H^. Jq K_ O_ ^~K=# ^` H ^~ K JkHiH Q^.
JO^ Q# g#O` `~ <~= Ki J_Q =^ "_ =uQ ` H =`x
FSM
182
> H QO iOK=#. =~= =K#x J#=#= =#_ "_ =` Q `

iOz K@ =\x Z`Q `=#. J@ K# _ J_Q =^ =~= _^. h
=^H =K@ gO_^. Q~ " =^# H_=#.
^ =îH~ K ^`
1. \ f Li` =i Oy# ^ =^# ~`~ ^` ^~ iH~
K@ =O^ \ f=#. \ f#_ H"~# ^ Q~
Li`=# =O`~OQ =OK=#. ^ =^ "O|_ , ^ =^ QiOz
q=~= "# Hy`= =Oz \ f=#.
2. =Q XH K@ #O_ ~OHH K\H fHx =# == ^=^
=Oz# _ J\ ==# n#= KH#=#. "\ "#H H #O|~, b +<
~, i^<kHi O`H=, O`H= "=#
1.
>OQ
QA H Li` ^ =^# > f ^~K=#. D û H~= >OQ
K@ QA H fHx Li` ^ =^ `QO_ J#Q QA H# <Q
= HO^ Q=# ^~ =Oz @=#. ^ =^ Q= #O_ HO\ K <~Q
=^ =Oz, ^ =^ Q~# QA H #` KH @K > K=#.
JO^ H <O|~, b +< ~, =^=O_# = U He ^ =^ J##q
qOQ ~ H ^~ JkHi =i O`H= K=#. P `~` QA H
f ^x >OQ ~ LOz ^ =^ H i w` wz > K=#. >OQ ~
# _ Jx q=~= "=#.
2.eOQ û
\ QH <y\" , eOQ > O` ^ =^ e K=K#.
3.c\OQ û
\ QH "_ (\ "_) ~# ^ =^ =Oz "Q H@=#. D
qÔQ K#_ "_ ~ HÔ_ K_=#. Q_ D û H~= ^
=^ f#_ "_ ~ HÔ_ @H#@ W`~ O fH#=#.
Oy# ^=^ ^~K û
1.
\ f : ^ =^ _= " =Oz \ f=#.
2. H û : ~ P i, ~< =i ~< "` JK f
^ =^# ^~K=K.
~ P i `JKf@
^=^ H` K# K@= =Oz HOK= J^==# K@= K@ =#
FSM
183
=\x HOK= Z=Q =K#@ K@= K@ O^ O_ f=#. =^ P,

Q_, ~ W`~` U^< _LO_# "\ = ~Y K_=#x J#=#O =# _ "\x
f"~^. =^ h~ =O_# _ WO ~` Hx \OQ ~`Hx
f"=#. \Q< O` +H ^=}= K=#. Oz KH _~ Kx Q_
"Hx ^ =^ KQ , H K@= JO` K=#. D H~= ^
=^ JK f@ `~ K=#. JO`\H` H~= h~ fx =#"#
H` ~ P i _x fH#=#. h\ ^~ _x HOK= HOK= "K
Ku` H=#. ~ P i Q_H@O_ H=#. Qe |_Q =O__^. P
q== HO = `~ J~# `~` K@= XH = Qi> =Oz Qi@ _#@
q==# =#. Qi@ _ ~ P i i ^ =^ JO` =#=Q
=Oz "OK#. Q= K@= =~ =z# `~` Kx "^~ ^| Qx, "~ QA
Qx =Oz =~ q== =#. HOK= Pi# `~` H q=~= ^=^
H~OQ x` "=#. P `~` = #O_ JK# "~ K h\ H_y
P~@=#. Pi# `~` H K=#. <~ = H#Qx JK f# ^ =^#
HO O\ Jx, sH H~ f# =^~ H J#=x` ^ =^ > O\ Jx
JO^~.
HO O\ "=# q=~=
1. b +< ~, H <O|~, H O@ "=# q=~=
1. b +# ~, H <O|~, H< P
2. _ Z_= ^ Q~, Z=i^ J`x ~ x"=
3. O`H=: I.
II.
4. H ^~ K JkHi O`H=.
#_H zÒ
XH =H #_z#_Hx, ~Qu#_Hx =~Q U~_ ^=^ =x #_H
z`= JO^~. XH =H #_z# q^<x, k# `H#@ #_H zÒ
LQ_Òk. JO^ =~Q ~O_ _, ~O_ Z_= ^=^ J=~=.
FSM
184
<~ ^~#_H zÒ LQ

1. XH =H #_K_, iQ`_ `H=K.
2. Z` ZO` LO_=K< JOK< "=K#.
3. U k "o#k `H#=K.
4. XH =H H s~H ux `H#=K.
L^ : =ic[O =# =H , =Q =# =H, Qi} , O\"_, `y# =`
#_z# =H.
#_H zÒ z` @O
Z.a. _~H< <

,_. "HOQ #
W, Z. \<
Z, Z, H. x H}O l, K. J_Q _=.
Z, *. J_Q =^ ^~O
"HOQ H~
1. _~H< < : #_z = k# `Òk
2. "HOQ < : _, Z_= =_=# H ~Y. Wk u =x+H "~ "~Q
LO_#.nxx 'Q~\< JO\~. Wk _ Z_= =_=# He ~Y. ^~}OQ
Wk _~H< ~Y =O`~OQ LO@Ok. =H #_K@C_ # LO_@@
#_=_O = W U~_Òk. H, Qi} , |~= ""~ "i
J_Q# H " #Q #_~. nxx |\ #_z# =H Z@=O\ "~#k
QOK=K.
3. \ < : J_Q =^QO_ = ~Y. _~H< #, \# He K@ U~_ H}O,
K O^~ _ HeQ~, Z_= He Q~ "~Q LO@Ok. =#OQ
D H} =~=. Hx J^ =H |~= " #_z<, Z` #_z<, ~Qu<
D H}O =~ LO@Ok.
FSM
4.
5.
6.
7.
185
\ Oy : _~H< <, \ < =^ U~_# H}=. Wk _ HeH, Z_=HeH

"~ "~Q =O_#.
x H}= : ~O_ ^= =^ H}=. ~O_ ^ H} "`xH Wk
=#O.
J_Q _= : _ Z_= ^= =_= =^ ^~=. Wk Z`# |\ =~#.
=#"# Z`Q =H #_H J_Q _= 27 JOQ ^H LO@Ok. nxx
|\ =H Z`#,#_KKO_< H ~Qu<_ J#k Q=xOK=K. J_Q _=
40 JOQ qOz#>` ~Qu#@, ~O_ J_Q=^ =^ ^~O `_
LO> =H O\#@ Q=xOK=K. Hx ~H [| J#Q i, eH _*~~
L#"i J_Q ^~O `=Q LO@Ok.
J_Q "_ : _ Z_= ^= "" Q =^ ^~=. =#OQ
Qi} , =e"~, H #_H Z=Q LO@Ok. |~= `=Q
L#"~, = L#"i #_H `= ^~O LO@Ok.
186
FSM
~\ ~
=Y"# ~ ~Y ij# P^~OQ =Hx QiOK ^`
P^xH =sH~}q^#O Jx eH# QiOz# `~"` z=~ `H`#
QiOKe. KCH^Q `H` H~< S^~ eH W`~ < "~Q L#"\x
QiOKe. Wk ~O_ QQ qlO|_Òk.
~ Z =, Z`, =, ~OQ# QiOz# =~# LO@Ok.
~ a =H H q=~ J#Q ~, Ò_ ~, eOQ=, =$u, J"@
"^#q LO\~.
=H =~# iH~ K@C_ J`x =Mx Z^~Q#, H#O_ =iOKe. J`x
=@#, #_H# QiOKe. `H` H~ J`x s~x sHOKe.
~ Z, ^~}eH
1. Z`
_=
(5' 10'' H< Z=)
g_O (5' 5'' 5' 10'' )
\
(5' 5'' H< `=)
`H` =~QA H s =x+.
2. a
=
|"# =x+
g_O
# X
`H` Qx, =Oy ~# "_, # H_.
3. "x K `
Q^= =~O
#
\H =K, +, e =K.
4. =
= JOK< "Hx i` D HOk qÔQ
"=K#.
=#_
#_ =_
^"_
=e"_.
FSM
187
'P< i< J# GA_ =H H ~~Y, J== x~}=# |\ =Hx

QiOK=K#x x~Oz<_.
Wk <Q q^=
1. ~OQ# x~~OK@ : H# Q_ ~OQ, "O@H ~OQ, K~= ~OQ.
2. OQ x~~OK@ : `, W`~ Q= H i=}=, PH~=.
3. ^~}=Q x~~OK@ : ZO`=, ~O, +, ^, OH u.
4. K~~x Q~# x~OK@ : Q@, e~, ì O_, JOQ"H=,
=#+ =~# Hx =O^ x~K#= P^~_ #k. u ~= =#
`_# QiOKe. q=~# iH~ K#_ i =Y=, PH~=, #_H,
+ P =H s~= =# Kkix Q~# "e.
FSM
188
\Q =` =H H QiO `, H =i W`~ J===

^~}"# =x+ Z`# U_ Q=Q qlOK=K#. XH =x+ ` U_O@ XH
QO LO@Ok. 1/7 Q_O #O_ _ ^H, 2/7= QO _ "H ^H, 2/7= QO "H
#Oz =_= ^H 2/7= QO LO@Ok.
` "O@H "^ #O_ Q_O =~ =_ QQ qlOK=K#. ` "O@H
"^ #O_ J_Q QO ^H 1/3 QO #^\ #O_ =^H 1/3 QO, = J_Q
QO #O_ Q_O ^H 1/3= QO LO_e.
1. =YO PH~O
H =YO
QO_x =YO
K`~O
_"\ =YO
`H`
=YOQ HxOK ^=_ Z=H
< ~# ^=_.
"_ KO "II
2. ` PH~O
QO_x `
` QO Z`Q
` Q= K^#Q
` "#H K^#Q
3. "O@H i=}O
_=
~OQ
<
` "O@H (HHOQ H iQ)

PH~O
<~Q LO_ A@
LOQ~ A@
|@` (=O^~ H "#H)

4. #^~ Z`
`QQ
Z`Q
"_Q
z#Q
189
FSM
" Ò
5.
`H`
H#= PH~O
`H`
6.
H i=}O
~OQ
PH~O
`H`
7.
i_
<~Q
"#H "e
L`Q
=_` ("iH, <~Q H =O`~OQ)
q= =Oy
<~Q
H ~#
Q|~Q
#Q
HxOKx qÔQ
z#q
^q
#
|_^ ~OQ
hO
<
<~Q
"Q
`Q
L`Q
XO\ H#
Z~x H
" H#
~ `~KQ P~_O
_= ^k z#k
*H< ^k, ^| =
"_ z# =, "_
<~Q
H<H, H<H"
190
FSM
8.
9.
=\
=H z=~
K=
: i=}O
PH~O
l+<
Kq `"
`H`
<~
i=}O
PH~O
10. ^=
#O
\Q
QO_OQ, |Q
^q, z#q
H z# =, HO^ =Oy# =.
^k
z#k
QO_xq
K`~O
n~ K`~O
HQ
uH}H~O
` ^Q~Q
|@ Q HxOK
HO^Q
Z`Q
K`~OQ
HO^ kQ`#@
"O@H` _#
QO HQ
KqH ~OÔ
^k
z#k
<~Q
JOK H z#q
JOK HOkH =Oy#q
qKHx LO_q.
|@ HxOKq
^q =O^ =z
HOk ^q =O^ =z
191
FSM
11. Ô`
Ô`
12. Q_=
13. "_
`H`
i=}O
#O
~OQ
`H`
"Ò
i=}O
`H`
i=}O
`H`
= ^=
#x ^=
Q}O "i LO_ ^=
^q
z#q
Q HxOKq
=OH~q
O^
`
T_~#
qiy ~#q
H@_
_KHx =z#k
"# *i#@
~KQ
K^~OQ
~O_ Q_
QO` Q_O
pe# Q_O
_=, \, #, =
HO~=_ (P_" P)
QiO H\ q^#O
`HOQ K#"i HO J^~OQ =Hx ed` ~HOQ q=iOK_O JO` O
H^. `H H `# K# =H QiOz =@ q=iOKH=K ^ b JkHi _
=z` ^` P =Hx q=iOKH=K. D ~"# J_OHx JkQqOK\xH N
Z. . "H_< (J"iH) ^$ QiO Q# 'QiO H\ q^#O ~OkOK~. nx
= J#=x`_ z`~=# ~OkOK_xH =dH q=~}# HQx, k`_ Qx
~==K. D# a# =YH=oH H# 40,000 =Ok = \# HiOK_. gi
Q}Q}# ~^~H _ gkH =~_. H\ 544 ~^~H _ L<~. XH _ 4
5 i=}O LO_ =YH=oH# `Ò\~. XH _ XH JH~ OM OHÒ
1/2
1/2
FSM
192
LOk. D _# P# 12 =~Q qlOK_.

Z - = iq`
l - J^
a - Q_, g
K - H
- KO
\ - ` îOK \/Q "II#q
_ - H#=
Z - ^
W - H
< - =
Z - =YO ~OQ
- QiO Q~# QiOKO^Q#
QiOz# =K f~`#. nx w< x`
Qi~.
"Ò H\ , ~+ Q}Q}<~. H=e# =Hx q=iOz#_
O|Ok` ~^~H _# Òz, Kz ^Q~Q i q=~}O^ K~. D H\#
J"iH Z=Q Ly<~. nx =# Ô J#iOK\xH g_^. ZO^HO>
D H\ L# H} =# O` KOk#q H=.
\\ q^#O
H=# ^ J#=x` = Yz`"# ^$`# q=iOK@O Z^~
=# JkQqOKO^ .H.. KOk# N *H #s '\ \ J# q^#O
~OkOK_. Wk \ P^~OQ z`~=# ~OkOk.
#s Z< =O^ QO iQ =# \# b \ iH~ #Oz
HiOK_. WO^ 162 [` H, 151 =, 159 <, 112 KO, |Q, 261
`Q (WO^ Q_, g `_, J^, \ "II#q) Q \<~. D
z`~=# qq^ =M` = ayOK_O [iyOk. qq^ Q OQO = 12,000
qe# qOz# =YH=oH# ~OkOK@O [iyOk.
u \ =O^ QO ^ i ~\ OH`xz èHQ ^x uQx
HiOK KHQ~. @=K, H}` ^ =K ~^~H =x U~@
K<~. OH` q^#O = `H}" b+#, B\ =K~O
JOkOKQQ`~. nx= H=e# =H ^$ \# gHiOK_O ^_Òk. D
QiO == ~ ^ K K~O =Ok. QiO H\, \ \ QiO
q^<# =# Ô LyOK@O H+O, ZO^HO> g\ =# ^ [< =YH=oH
K~^.
HO@~ Pî` ~\ q^#O
HO@~ PQ=#O` =#= xi` z`~= q^#O JO> QiO H\, \ \
q^< HO KeOk. W=h OKH q^< Q~. *f <~ iH~
FSM
193
O W\= HO@~ Pî` z`~= x~}x ==OÒQ ~OkOzOk. nx=

`= =x qxyOz, Jk =~ Q q^<H< H=OÒQ H=e# "ix
H#H=K. H HO@~JkH "Ò ^Òx qq^ =#= H}# x K=K.
g\ H~H = z`~=# HO@~ =x@~ g^ [xO K=K. nxH `H #
^ <~ k` q=~}# _ [`K=K.
D q^<x Ò =O^ \ P^~OQ ~OkOK~. "\x H, #^~,
H, <~, KO "^# H} P^~OQ q_n~. J^#OQ Q_O, g, J^,
` îOK \ "^# H}# [`~K~. D H}` < K _l@* K H
HO@~ ^ÒOQ x K~. g\#Oz H=e# H}# ^$zHOQ HO@~ `~
g^ k`_ ^ `H H q=~}P^~OQ ~Ok~. D q^#O Z_\OQ H~O
=O_@O= "qH ~\ ~O^Òk. u H}xH XH OH`x H\~OK~.
g@xO\ ^~ ~OkOz# JOwH~ Q"# z`~=# O\ ^ \ f~.
q$ÒQ HO@~ <\=iOQ a#@~`, K\x J=K qq^ O UH HO
JO^* gO@Ok. `xH =O^ z`~= =# ^ÒO ukHQ aOk. nx
^~ 150 H@ qq^ z`~=# ~OkOK=K. D q^#O W\= qq^ <~ H
LyOK_O [iyOk. "\ ^~ `H~"# e` _ =K~. #=< OQ
z`~= xiux HO@~ J^~OQ Z w=K = 43 zOK_O [iyOk.
FSM
194
FSM
195
FSM
196
FSM
197
FSM
198
FSM
199
~xH "_<
(Forensic Medicine)
200
FSM
~xH "_<
(Forensic Medicine)
"^ <G=-<~ i^#^x`

"^<G= "^q*#= XH qQ=. "^G= "^= =i
<G i*#= Hey LO_ <qK~}, <~x~}, <~i^#
qxyOK_= =# nxx "^<G=Q iQ}OK|_`#k. <~ QQ=
=#= s~= @ [iQ <~. J\ <~i^#, <~x~} <qK~}
<"Ô HH ` =~. "^<G i*#O <~ sH =
OK~f H, "OQ H~} aOK OHuH P^~# H=OQ
QiOz, Q}Oz, OQOK_xH ^Ô KOk. J^ qÔQ s~ <~ Q~# H
_# = "^x"kH#, =~} "i =sH x"kH# HOQ J=Q# KHx
"*xHOQ <~i^# [~_xH D G i*#O J`=~=.
"^<G= qq^ ~H=Q =|_`#k. Jq.
1. ~xH"_<
2. bQ"_<
3. A_+"_<
4. "_HEi_<
~xH J# ^= '~" J# \< ^= #O_ =z#k. ~" J#Q 'f~
KC=. ~=< HO [ XHK@ Ki f~ KCH# ^=# '~" Jx
JO^~. "^G f~ KC@ qxyOK@ =# nxH '~xH "_< Jx
~ =z#k. <~^~ QOQ =~}z, =~}#O`~=~, H~}=,
Q=, q+= "^# JO O|OkOz "^<G # "^<
x} <x~~}HO H~ èK~.
"^ <G=H LQ=
1. QO_@ =# ~_ H# #_z " @i =~}Oz ~_# _#C_
J`x "o# "#= _=~# xOk`xQ @Hx#K = sH ^~ P =H
=~}H~}=# QiOK_= =i =~}#O`~Q=# QiOK_=
=# "#= Kx~# =H == #_#@ è#.
2. =^=# H~}"# "#O _=~ =` H =^H ^== ==# <
K<_ J##k J`xH K "^ sH ^~ x~iOK=K#.
3. XH g^ =#OQ= [iy#k Jx <~~}K#_ P H "^ sH K@
^~ P" g^ [iy# J~`=# JOK< "=K#.
4. =# QiOK@, =# JOK< "@, =~}H~}=# H#Q#@
"Ô= ZO` J=~=.
5. Hx =~}= `<, P``<, PHH O@# =# J##k x~iOK@
D G= H ZO` J=~=.
L^:- h@=#Q@, Li, He =$uKOk# =, q+= =~}=,
O# =~}=, `H Q= "^Q#q.
FSM
201
~xH x}_ <~ i^#J`x `

Z) "^<G x}_ "^\ Hey "^<G qQ= iK=
Hey LO_, Q=~"O@ s q^ x~i# "~Q LO^~.
a) "@ "^x}# "^<G qQ= = sH K@, = OK<=
x~OK@ J#=uOK~. Hx O^~= J#Q PH_O@ [iy<,
^_, q+= fH# H J`=~ "^= JOkOK@, Hx `H"#
H x}` Hey# "^ x} "@Q JO^@ LO_ Q=~"O@
s = H#C_ "i "^~"# < #= JOkOK@
"@ "^ = LyOK^~.
) "^<G x}_ `# "^ i*#=# "^=# JOkOK_xH HO_
=$`x =~}H~}=# H#Q#@ q+OK@ LyOK=#.
"^<G=-=sH "^Q JO= Hxx==
1. Q=~"O@ s L# "^x}_, OK~f, =xe\, H~~+< O
^~ x=H= K# "^x}_ b =i <#=
P^= Jx ~H= =OK<=, =sH# x~OK^~.
2. ` "^kHi JO^@ xHOQ #C_ H = L#C_ WOKi
"^kHi Z=~` xqOK|_ LO^~ "~ =`" =OK<= =i =
sH K=#.
3. ~f "^ q^#= - q, P~kH, <x, ^ "^Q "\ _w
Hey LO_ Q=~"O@ s L< _ "iK Z@=O\ = OK<=, =sH
K@_^.
4. =sH xq`= ==# `~eOK@ Z@=O\ P= K_^. P"#
uQO@ == @ =# K P^~= H=@ P~= L#k.
5. =sH# ==# f=z# k#=#< K@ uOK=#. ==#
^~K j` Q^ (H ~* H) "#K ==# JO^ LOz
=~\ k#= = sH x~OK=K#.
"^< G=#<~ ^~LyOK@b P~ `
1. <~= ^~ K b P~ "^ < G qQ= i# J=Q#
Hey LO_=#.
2. ^~ J`= xH ~^. 3. ==# `~eOK@ P= K~^.
4. <~O i# P^~= HiOK@ x}` Hey LO_=#.
5. HiOz# P^~= <~ P^~= O|O^= Hey LO_=#.
b P~ "^< G qQ= i# P=Q# H=_O =i
J`x qK~} J`= îOK@ =#, <~O i# ^~, P^~=
HiOKH =_O =#, ==# `~eOK@ J`= îOK@ =# K
<~=# ^$gHiOKH =_O =# <~ ÒKHx =_O [~QÒk.
FSM
202
~xH x}_ `# JO^@ L# =`` *Q` =Oz sHOz `#

i~ Jx q+=# O^ ~z qK~}JkHiH, H~ =iOK=#. `#
i~ Z@=O\ H\ "`, Ki "_O "^Q#q O_ *Q` _=#.
"^<G qQ= H = i# ==, J=~= J~# H
`y# P^~= HeOK@ ^~ <~=# JOK< "_O =i <~#
@H#_O qK~}JkH~ =i tHOK@ H~ HiQ `# `#
+OK#.
203
FSM
=H QiO
(Identification of Persons)
rqOz L# H =~}Oz# =H H s~= H == K\ z= P^~=Q

XH =H `< JxQx =~} îH# ==, =J=+=, JH =i ~ J`x" Jx
"*xHOQ, uHOQ QiOK_=# =H QiO JO^~.
Z) rqOz L# = a) =~}Oz# "i =H QiO b P~ J=~O

J=Òk
Z) rqOz L# =
1. `~# "~
2. ÒKHx u~Q`# ^+ / x
3. P` z## =~_O.
4. ÒKHx i~# Mn, <~ =i L<^. 5.=~"+ #=OK
a) =~}Oz# "i
1. Q~èx ==
2. $o#, He#, q~"# ==. 3. =J=+=
4. JH
5. =YO_#= "#C_ =HQiO J=~O J=Òk.
"^<G ~OQ=H QiO H ^#`
"_H bQQ =H QiO Hq# =i q H LQ_#.
1. Hq# H : `, =#OQ, QiO|_x ", =^ =i #
=~_= "^Q#q.
FSM
204
2. q H : q", ~, P `Q^, W#~<, `~# "~, =O

x~~}, =`$ `$~"# "* "^Q q H =Hx QiOK_xH ~xH
x}x` @ ~xH =i [# O|O^ `H sH, <~O = J~#
P^~= "^Q#q _ LQ_#.
=H QiOLQ_ JO=
=H QiO =i x~~} kQ= JO= LQ_`~. Jq
1. *u =i =`=
2. eOQ^=
3. =
4. ~OQ, ~=, =YH=oH 5. "O@H
6. s~H H` 7 .
"e=^
8. ^ =^
9. JOQ"H=
10. Q=K
11. K@
12.=$uQ~
13. Ku"`
14. ^, P~}= 15. =@, ^x
16. #_H
17.J"@,^`
18."^,*H=,q^
19. =Hx QiOK_xH J=~= J~# "`~.
20. ZH~
21. W..l.
22. W.W.l.
rqOzL#=# QiOK@ LQ_ JO=
rqOz L# = K#= Hey +, ""= Hey LO^~. gi
L#@=O\ *<Ok=# xK~OK@ ^~ gix QiOK@ g HQ#.
rqOz L# =# QiOK JO=
1. =@, ^x 2. #_H 3. J"@, ^` 4. "^, *H=, q^ 5. Ku"`
` i` <~=# QiOK@ "^ <= Ja=$k KOk#
JO= "tOz <~# QiOK@ qq^ JO=# "\~. Jq i^#
^ =i Hx `H i` H~ J#=u` <~ yOK_O [~QÒk.
J@=O\ "\ 1. ~< OQ~ O\OQ
2. <~ J< ^` =Y"#q.
rqOzL#=# QiOK JO=#q=iOK@
1.=@,^x:- =@, ^xx |\ =Hx QiOK=K.
=@,^x =x |\ =~ OìOKO@Ok.
Hx~H= [|#_ L^ : [| K_O, T_#_ =@,
^x=~~=K.
<H, QO`, ^= O|OkOz# G zH` ^~ =i Ô`
zH` ^~ =@, ^x =~=K.
_aOQ Pi qqH ^~ XH~ WOHH~ =\_#@ J#HiOK=K#.
=@, ^## iH~ K_O ^~ =# QiOK=K. Xil# =i
_H\ ># ~xH | sHOz `H#=K#.
H=# D JOO =Hx QiOK@_ K *Q`Q LO_e.
2. #_H : #_H f~ XHH =H XHH qÔQ LO_@O =# =Hx QiOK@
g HQÒk.
=` @ #_H _ =~~=K.
FSM
205
Hx ~H= [| - H [|, #~= |#`, H"`=, Z=H

q~Q@, JOQ= `yOK@ "^Q "\ =# _ #_H =~
~=K.
#_H OQ LyOz# T`H~, ^~H, J_Q Q~ ^~
_ =Hx QiOK=K#.
3. J"@, ^`:- = "i Ja~z "~, iy# "`=~}= "~,
O^= "~ qq^ J"@, ^` Hey LO^~.
L^ : 1. Z_=Ku` "_=
2. Q~ H~H_O
3. = ZQ_O.
4. +~ =i H =\=\H iK_O.
5. U^< ==# <\ @H#_O (Jy, # H, HO\ J^=
= "^#q).
6. H~` =\_@O.
J"@, ^` _ = =^ =~ KH#_O [~QÒk. Hx
=#H, H zH` ^~ _ =~ f~=K.
4."^, *HH, K^=
XH =Hx J`# Kkq# K^= ^~ QiOK=K. L^ : _H~, WO[h~,
"HxH, \Q~, ~O@~ "^Q"~.
g~ ZH_ L## `= =$uH O|OkOz# JO= gix QiOK_xH
LQ_`~. = `= iy# "`=~}=, O, `# K@H ==#
QiOK_O ^~ "ix QiOK@ g HQ#.
5.Ku"` :- Ku"` ^~ =# QiOK@ g HQ#.
Ku"` J, #Hb _ LO_=K#. g\x Ku"` x}_ H#Q##.
Ku"` Hx ~H= [| =# H[|, #~= |#`, =#H
[| OqOz# "i Ku"` =~=K#.
=`@ Ku"` _ =~=K#.
6.~< OQ~ O\OQ
Wk =H H =+= ("^_) xH= J~# *H=# |~` ~K@
^~ P =Hx QiOK_= =i P O@# P =HH Q OO^=#
`H#_= [~Q#.
Wk ~xH H #`# H. WO^ =HH W.W.l. q+# t~}=#
`yeOK@ ^~ J#=#=# =HH O|OkOz# *H, z`=, K, \,
==# KOK@ ^~ J`x "^_ "\H O|OkOz# =K~= xH=
J~#_, "\ H HO# W.W.l iH~ K_O ^~ P =Hx QiOK@
LQ_#.
7.<~J< û
D û =HH =` WO[H<# `Q "`^ JOkOK_O =# - `= L#
uOz n#= Òz, iQ =H H= O_ =K~=# ~|@ H#
'<~ J< JO^~.
FSM
206
D û =H #O_ =K~= ~|@@ b H~ J#=u

fH#=#.
D sH x~OK@ `H "^|$O^= J#Q J#\, r+<,
#~ +e ~"H} x~OK|_#.
D û =H P~Q= == K@, O@# O|OÔx
q+= QiOK@ [~Q#.
H}=< HO_, W`~ H}=# QiOK_=, =i \, g_
^~ K~= K_= ^~ =# QiOK_O, J`xH <~= Q O|O^=#
x~iOK@ ^~ tHOK@ [~Q#.
==#QiOK@
XH=H =~}Oz# `~"` H J`x s~O #Oz "~_# =$` s~ Q=#
==Q QiOK|_#.
XH=H =~}Oz# `~"` îH# H|~=, J=+=, JH P =H" Jx
uHOQ, "*xHOQ QiOz x~iOK_=< ==# QiOK@Q K_"#k.
==J#Q
1. qQ` s~= (=$` s~=) 2. o# ==
3.He# ==
4. = J=+=
5. JH
6. =YO_=
==-"^<O=
=# QiOK@ Hq# H K =Y=.
L^ : QiOK|_x ==, `, =^=, =YO_=, =#OQ`,
t` "^Q#q.
Jx "_H bQ H ~xH x}_ == Hey# ~O_ Q~#
"H#@ ^~ QiOK@ g HQ#.
==# QiOK_= Hx O^~= K H+= J=Òk.
L^ : $o#, He#, Hqe q~"# ==, HO, <g, q=#
=^=, ~, ~_ =^=, =~^, `# "^Q#q.
H~ _eH
<~ ^= aOz# P^~= =i == aOz# P^~= ^~
[iy# O@## H <~=# JOK< "@< H~ _eH JO^~.
==# QiOK@ LQ_ JO=
1. *u =i =`=
2. eOQ^=
3. =
4. ~OQ, ~, =Y H=oH
5. "O@H
6. s~H H`
7. "e=^
8. ^=^
9. JOQ"H=
10. Q =K
11. K@
12. =$u Q~
13. ^, P~}=
14. =Hx QiOK_xH J=~=~# "`~
15. ZH~
16. W..l.
17. W.W.l.
FSM
18.
207
_.<.Z.OQ~ O\OQ
JO= XH\Hx, qQ` JxO\ ^~ Hx =H QiO ^_#.
JO= XHH\Q HO^ LîO|_#q.
1. *u~OQ=# QiOK@
` i` Q|*+<, q^, "~=, @i[O i@ = XH OÒ
#Oz =iH O`=# `~e "_O, "~ ^=, O`= ~x"O
U~~KH=_O [~Q`#k.
H=# q^j ~x"O U~~KH# ^=, =#Q~ q=#, =^,
~_, ~ ~=^, Q~èx == H = J=+= O J~#_ He
Hqe, qH$` ~O ê# "x QiOKe#_ ^=OQ *ux x~~OK= =Ok.
*ux x~~OK_= =YOQ HO^ "\ g^ P^~_ LO_#.
1. = H ~OQ, ~, =YH=oH 2. H3. HO\ ~OQ
4. ` "O@H 5. =^~} 6. ~x |\ *ux x~~OK_O [~QÒk.
"\x P^~=Q KHx =#=*ux =_ =~=Q qlOK_O [iy#k.
Jq
1. HH+#
:
~#
2. =OQe#
:
[h, Kh Où"~
3. hQ~_
:
hQ, " WO_
1. ~` Où "~ : ~f K =~ Q^= =~O Hey LO\~. #\
H# (Si), #\ Kx "O@H =i ~ H WO_H K =~
HH+## e LO_, Hk\ hQ~_ H}=# Hey LO_#.
2. =`= : =#Ô qq^ =`= ==Q L#q. Hx g\ O^
=i OÔ \OK "~ Z= Ò =O_@ =# =H QiO O^ =i
=O O^=Q QiOK@ Z=Q \OK|_#. D =`=# |\ =H QiO
`_
O^ ~+_
=O ~+_
1. ~OQxH h K|_ LO_^
1. h z#=< K|_ LO@Ok.
2. "`_ LO@Ok
2. "`_ LO_^.
3. ` g^ H A@ LO_=K.
3. LO_^
4. Kq `" ~O^ LO_=K.
4. LO_=
5. [O^= H g`= HO`=Ok 5. îOK~
O^= î~.
6. ~^H îOz LO_=K
6. LO_=.
7. Z~,, ` ~OQ,#^@ @ 7. LO_=
<=, ~Y LO_=K
8. #k\g^, "K~,"H g^ K~O 8. LO@Ok.
Q\_ HQ U~_# Q~ LO_=
9. s~ QO K@ LO\~.
9.LO_=.
5.
H, K`
eH WO_H
~ "_
~ _=.
JH
1. ~
2. =Y=
6.
7.
~OQ
~=
=YH=oH
`"O@H
1
2.
3.
4.
*u H}=
^~}=Q =O\~.
z# `Q=
(80-85)
QO_OQ LO@Ok
z#kQ LO@Ok.
`x K~=
`y# Z` LO\~
^~}su LO\~
=OÔQ,=^~ Q^= ~OQ
H iOQ uiy LO\~.
HH+#
#K^~OQ LO@Ok
^Q, |~Q, |QZ=H
Z`Q LO\~.
z#qQ LO\~.
=^ ~H=
(75-80)
x=O_ H Q^= ~OQ

\Q
H z#q
KQ, #Q LO\~.
=OQe#
*ux QiOK@
#Q, _=Q LO@Ok.

|QZ=H Z`Q, ^=_ Z=H =O^
_KHx LO@Ok.
^qQ LO\~.
_= `Q=
(70-75)
#Q
_=Q LO\~
^= =Q |@ qKHx LO\~
#Q iOQ uiy LO\~
hQ~_
FSM
208
209
FSM
#=`~OQQiOK@HOkqÔQK=K.
O^
1. K@ LO\~.
2. q"` #^@ @, @
@ LO\~.
3. }q^= QO_ Hey LO\~.
4. _ H Z_= = _H ~O^=,
HOî = ^=# ~O^=
LO_#.
5. =OQ `= q"= J~#
î~.
6. Kq JOK#O^ XH\ H ~O_ H=
~O^ LO\~.
7. |~M îOK~.
=O
1.
2.
LO_=.
LO_=.
3.
4.
LO_^.
K=~ = _H ~O^=
= ^=# LO_#.
5.
=OQ `= LO_^.
6. Kq JOK K@ K Kq H=
~O^ LO\~.
7. |~M îOK^~.
` =[O =Ò =i_, W`~ =`= a# O^= XHiHH~
\OK@, P^xH #= <QiH` =# Hx "~` O^ \OKH =_O =# Hx
O^~= =`=# QiOK@ H+=Q#.
S.F. `# qKH}*#O, =O K> z, aOz# P^~= ^~ =`=#
QiOK=#.
3.H -eOQ=(,~+ ^=)
r== H~= eOQ^= s~H$u =i eOQ===# |\
`H#=K#. =YOQ
~+ :- ~OQ=, =$+} =i @ QOk.
: - x, Q~= =i JO_=# |\ `H#^~. Wq Jx
=x "ix QiOK@ LQ_#.
eOQ^= `H#@ HOk O^~ "^ ~OQ Hq# =i q
H _ LQ_#.
Z.
"~`
a. P`Q^
.
q"~"# "*
_. =#OQ
W.
q_
Z. #OH`=
l.
=`$, `$~"# "* K. =i_ `Q^
S.
~ =^, =YO_= aOK@ "^Q#q.
FSM
210
s~O=`@HQ =~#|\ eOQ ^=`H#=K#.Jq
~+
1. JO_=,x, Q~= Hey,
1. ~OQ=, =$+}, @ QOk
|`H== Hey LO\~.
Hey LO\~.
2. s~H$u ~+H< z#kQ LO@Ok.
2. s~= sQ ^kQ LO@Ok.
3. #_= (H\=O) ^kQ LO@Ok.
3. * "_Q LO@Ok.
4. HO~=_ Z#kQ LO@Ok.
4. QO` =^ HO~=_(J_" P)
^kQ LO@Ok.
5. < Z^Q=. z#qQ LO\~.
5. < Zky LO\~.
6. @g^ `\ K~ LO_=.
6. Q~= îOz# @g^ `x
K~ LO\~.
7. Q_=, g=, @, Kf# "O@H 7. gi LO_=.
Hey LO^~.
== i` ~+ ^= `H#@ = Hx HO^
`|_ H H+=.
1. keOQ=
2. QeOQ=
3. $o# " 4. JO[~= / Z=H
1.
keOQ= : XH =H , ~+ [#<==, Hey LO_@=# keOQ=
JO^~. g\ OkH qq^ =} LO@Ok. D keOQ= 2 ~H= Jq :
Z) ~+ : ~+H} Z=Q =O_ P_H} `=Q LO\~.
a) ~+ : H} Z=Q LO_ ~+ H} `=Q LO\~.
2. Q eOQO : "+^~}K HO^~ = =i =#H H "s`= H"~,
HO^~ <~ <~= #Oz ÒKH=_xH ~+Q#, ~+ Q#
[, b H H u~QÒ\~. gi "+^~}f "_O =# =i "^sH
^~ J q+O Òk.
3. o# " : o# " `= PH$ux H~, tk= LO\~. h\ _#
", o# " q_^ K# "= =# s~O La#@ J~ `= PH$u =~
OìOKO\~. W@=O\ H eOQ ^= QiOK_O K H+O. Hx
Q~=, ~+ @ QOk Wq ~O_ W`~ s~ Q HO> x^#=Q #.
Wq @ Z= =O fH#@ =# g\x QiOK_O ^~ eOQ ^=
QiOK=K.
4. JO[~= : s~= tk" Z=H H JH =`" aOz#_ eOQ
^=# `H#@ ~xH x}_ =i ~xH = O^_O ^~
S.F. `H#=K#. =` > s~Ox Z=H =~ HQ#. z#
Z=H# |\ eOQ ^= `H#@ K H+=. Q Zky# Z=H aOz#_
eOQ ^= `H#@ =. H = =z#"i JO[~= Q Zky
LO_#. JO^=# Z=H# sHOK@ ^~ , ~+ H} `H#@ g
HQÒk.
FSM
211
HQ=< x=O : D x=O H~O JO[~= =i "\ J=+= aOz# eOQ

x~~}`= D q^=Q HOK |_#.
1. i JO[~=
100 %
2. H\=O ( e)
95 %
3. ~ =`"
90 %
4. ~ =i H\=O
98 %
5. H =i Ku _= Z=H
80 %
4.=: =H = x~~OK_xH D HOk JO= P^~==`~ Jq .
Z) Z` =i |~=, a) Ô`=, ) Z=H Z^Q^, _) W`~ H}
Z) Z` =i |~= : Wq Z=Q z# =# x~iOK@
LQ_`~. Z`=i |~=# |\ XH =H =# =~Q JOK<
"=KQx YzÒQ x~~OK=.
a) Ô` : =#=xH Ô` `= i = ~O_~ zQi~. 1.
Ô` ( `èH Ô`=) 2. ` Ô`=. XH=H = Ô`= ^~ ^^
22 #Oz 25 OII =~ JOK< "=K. =#=x Ô`= H~_ Ô`,
p_Ô`, #=Ô`, q~Ô` J< <Q~H= H=.
212
FSM
J O[~=
Ô`= zQ~ q^#=
FSM
213
`èH Ô`= : Wq P~ < = Q "^, "iH ~O_#~

OII =K iQ zQi~. # HOk ^=_ 10,10 K# "Ò 20 `èH
Ô`= LO\~. 6 #Oz 7 OII = =^H= Wq ~e`~.
` Ô`= : Wq 6 OII "^ 17 #Oz 25 OII iQ zQi~.
` Ô`= "Ò 32. D Ô`= "^@ HOk ^=_ =~. *# Ô`= 17
#Oz 25 OII HO =~.
=Hx QiOK_xH Ô` K LQ_`~. =O Jx Q o#
Ô`= =. T_#Ô`=, H@_Ô`=, Ô`= O|OkOz# zH`
"^# "\ ^~ =Hx QiOK_xH LQ_#. =YOQ ~=^=# q=#,
~, ~_ =^=, He =O@ =~}Oz# =, o# ==, =J=+=
QiOK_xH Ô` LQ_`~.
) Z=H Z^Q^ (Ossification) : \# t= Z=H OY ^^ 300
#Oz 400 =~ LO_#. t= Z^Q`# Hk H= =K=~ Z=H
Z^Q^ HxOz "\ =Y Q=` He =_x JH+< (Z=H Z^Q^)
JO^~. Z=H Z^Q^# QiOK_O, ZH~ ^~ s~Ox =Y HQ= \
f@O ^~ =H =# x~iOK^~.
L^ : [=, "K~, =}H@, Ò\, =i "H H "^Q#q. D
Z=H Z^Q^ ~+ H# XH OII#O_ ~O_ OII =O^Q [~QÒk.
_) W`~= : W`~ H~}=# QiOK_O ^~ _ =# QiOK=K. Wq
= iy# Hk U~_ s~H =~.
H}=
=Q"~
1. HO~=_ z#kQ
1. QO`=~
1. 12-14 UO_
=O_#
=#O^ LO_#.
HO~=_ ^kQ LO_#
2. 12-14UO_ =
2. z#qQ LO\~
2. #=
^qQ Z^Q`~.
3. LO_^
3. | ~=_O
3.13-14 OII =
HxOk.
4. g= =i Q_=
4. 16-18 OII
4. LO_=
=#O^ HxOK#
5. =~OQ= =^ "O@H 5. 14 UO_ =
5. 13UO_ =
HxOK#
HxOK#
6. KOH "O@H ~Q^ 6. 15 UO_
6. 14 UO_
40 UO_ =^\# = ` "O@H <~=_O ~Oa~. HO\ #
K@ `x ==, =Y=g^ =_`, =~OQ= "O@H `|_@O = =H
= 40 UO_ ^\O^x K=K.
FSM
214
=-"^<O^x^#`
<~^` (Criminal Responsibility)
1.Z) H< 82 S... H~O 7OII =H"~ K# <~= tH^.
<~^` LO_^.
a) H< 83 S... H~O 7 #O_ 12 OII = <~ =$u LO_=K. Hx
_#"~ nxx x~iOKe.
) H< 89 S H~O 12 OII =#Oz 18 OII = L#
Wz# H=# Z= ^#` LO_^.
_) H< 87 S H~= 18 OII |_# "i H= ^#` W=|_#.
2. q" X_O|_H : 18 OII =Q P_, 21 OII
=Q =Q"iH q"= K_= K@s` <~=.
3. tH : Aq< [ K@= H~= ~ 16OII = , eH 18OII
= <~= K# "iH LitH, H~Q~ tH qkOK~. gix ` #~"
HO^ =Oz "iH q^|^ <iOz, =$u tH}# WOz, 18 OII xO_# `~"`
ix, 20OII xO_# `~"` eH# q_z>^~.
4. =# OQO : XH =H 15 OII = Q `# ~` Qx, 16OII Q W`~
eH` Qx "i J#=u L<_ H #K =#OQ=Q iQ}OK|_#.
5. =H J~}: H< 369 S 10 UO_ # JiOz#, H< 361 S
H~= 16 OII ix, 18OII eH# "i O~H #Oz "~ K#,
H< 366-Z S H~= 18 OII =`` =aK~= =O`=Q K~Oz<,
H< 366 - a S H~= 21 OII =Q =`# =aK~ xq`= W`~
^=# `~eOz# =H J~}HO^ =K#.
6. H = ("[~) :18 OII = ^\# "ix H =Q
iQ}OK^~. H~ O~H} @|_# "ix 21 UO_ = `~"` H =Q
iQ}OK^~.
7. H~` : U = "~< (z# Ò) "~ K|`#k x[= Jx H~
#q#_ H=Q HiOK|_#.
8. L^Q = iqu : 14OII =Q K KHs H "\ K~OK_O
HiH K@OH~O tH~O.
9. t ` : 9 < Q~= L# O_=# Wk =iOK^.
10. JH= Q~== : `# #~ù H H~# ("<*) `~"` nxx
iQ}OK~.
11. QiO : u "~ ZO^~ ~_ O@ LO\~. \#
QO@, ~A `_` ` H# LO\~. ~@# Hx =i H= Hx
O^~ `~=~ J~#_ # QiOK_O J=~=Òk.
12. #OHÒ, =O^`= : =# Ô^ ~ =O^ Hh #O H~.
"<* ^ @~.
FSM
215
5. ~OQ, ~, =Y H=oH : =x+ ~OQ H s~ K #Q, Z~Q, Q^=, |OQ~

~OQ LO_=K. è Ô_ #Oz ~OQ =i ~= =Ok. ~f
HO\ #Q, HOî H e H= LO\~. HOî K= z#qQ, ^qQ
LO_=K, ^= =Q, "~@Q, #Q LO_=K.
6. "O@H : ==g^ "O@H oO_ =O_@O =# =Hx QiOK_xH
Z=Q LQ_`~. ~f "O@H #Q, <EQ LO\~. K<,
[h "O@H #Q, Q~Q, xH_KHx LO\~. hQ "O@H T
=O_ iOQ K@Hx LO\~. "O@H <~ LO_@O, =i HO^~ "O@H ~OQ
"H#_O [~QÒk. [O`= "O@H, =#= s~ "O@H x~}O `_
Hey =O_@O, [# ^~ `_ =O_@O =# g\x "HH, \< sH ^~
H#Q#=K#. H@<, K, <<, t, T, _H< "^Q#q "O@H# e
LO_#. "HH sH ^~ g\x "~K=K. "O@H# "HH sH ^~
ijeOz#_ "e ~ (\H) =^~ (H~H) e ~ ("_) Hey =O_#.
g\ x~}=# |\ "O@H# J# ==` "~K=K#.
7. s~H H` : =O H _= r=O L#_ H< 1.25 O\ g@~ - 2 O\
g@~ _= Z=Q LO@Ok. H~}O ÔH H}*O =~}Oz# `~"` `#
@`x H=_O =# s~O y _=Q =O@Ok. Ô H _=# HK@
XH KHk"# ` PxOz =iH k"# ^ PxOz "\ =^ ^~= ^~
HK^~.
PO`"\ (i< O)
D û ^"ix =`" QiOK g H^. D û =# ` <~#
QiOK=K#. 21 OII#O_ Z=H Z^Q^ eÒQ _= ~Q@O LO@Ok. P
`~"` _= ~Q@O LO_^. D û HOk H` fO^~. Jq
1. x|_ =i ~#_ Z` 2. `, _ Kq H _=, "_ 3. Z_=
=^", Z_= z\H# ", Z_= =O*~ _=, Z_= ^= _=. 4. Kf H Z`
_= 5. ~O_K` =^^~= 6. Z_= HO\ ~OQ. "e=^ Hx\# `~"`
D ûx J=OaOK_O =x "~.
8. "e=^ ( _HQ - Q< O)
D û @# ", qyo# " H z=i QO WO Jk `HyÒ
=k~. `Ô ije =^ +OQ Hx~. "g^ K~O w` qq^
PH$` LO\~. "e=^ XHix e WOHHiq LO_=. XH H_# \# H<,
H=H< "e=^ "~ "~Q =O\~. XH =x+ rqÒÒ ÒQ =~O_
LO\~.
~ (~O^îx û)
Wk "e=^# QiOK_O XH Q=. "eg^ L# K~Ox w` Z< ~O^
LO\~. Wq K=@ ~O^. K=@ QO^ `~# K=@ g\^~ |@ =Ok. D
K=@ ~O^ H OY, J=iH XH =H tÒQ LO\~. =Hx QiOK_xH
LQ_ D ûx ~O^îx û JO^~. JO~OQ L# "e=^# QiOK_xH
FSM
216
D û LQ_Òk.
K=@, ~H=, #<, ô, "^# "\` `_# "` P^, sK~, QA,
Hy`=, W#= =#Q "\ `H#K =HH èO_< "e=^ _`~.
<~i^# D =^# HiOz ^~Ke. Q~ èx "x QiOK_xH =H
"e=^ b JkH~ fH= LO@Ok. <~ 10" =i ^ =^
fH#|_`~. ^~}= Z_=Ku @# " H =^# fO\~.
9. ^=^
J#=#O L# =H ^=^ f, îH# ^ =^` e K_e. g\x
Z=Q z# P` @ LyOK^~. q=## =^=
=~}Oz# =# Q~@@ LyOK^~. JiHe P<, ^| ^, QO`
"^#q ^=^ QiOK=K. JQ |@, K Q~ _ LQ_`~. Jq
Jiy~# f~, " H\# q^= XHHi XHH q^=Q LO\~. =H QiO
^= Q~ (eO\), JOQ\ Q~ (\ O\), Q~Q~ (<~ O\)
"^#q _ LQ_`~.
10. JOQ"HO
JOQ"H @H` U~_#q, =^ U~_#q LO_=K. ì^q, JOQ\,
P~", 33 Ô`= "^#q @H` U~_#q. qiy# ^ `y# H, Z=H
qiy# `~"` U~_#q, =^ U~_#q.
11. @=K, Q =K
@H`Qx, =^Hx s~=g^ U~_ `x, #x =K ~OQ LO\~.
g\x QiOK_O^~ =HH QiO gHQÒk. Q =x# `~"` s~=g^
U~_# =K =# Q~ @@ g Q#. D =K Q= PH~x Hey
LO\~. QO =K g^ "O@H ~Q_O, K=@ @_O LO_=. L^ : ^<# Hu`
H PÔ` K# H` QO w`Q <~Q LO@Ok. He# QO =K q~OQ,
q$ÒQ LO\~.
12. K@ (\@ =~)
Wq ^ ^~ s~ ^" WOHx, Hiyx ^~=# K~= g^ QK_O
^~ U~~K =K. H~#= (H~<) ^~=` K# =K ÒQ LO\~. =#
K@# H#Q#@ P =\ H~}=# =K L# s~ Q iO
K_O ^~ g\x `H#=K#.D K@ s~O U QO, U PH~O,
U~OQ L#k QiOKe. == o K~= ~ T_~< _ K@# +OQ
QiOKQ=. Hx~ ` <~ = |+` w~Hx Qx, @ ^=H=#
LyOz K~x HHx Qx, H ~i, [~ zH`, ZH >HH^~
K@# f"Q~.
13. =$u Q~ (Occupation Marks)
=H K =$ux |\ Q~ U~_`~. D Q~ ~OQHx, J~OQ Hx
LO_=K. L^ :HH+O K"i K` H HLO\~. [O g^ |~=
FSM
217
""~, H H=_ ""i [O K~O #Q, =OÔQ HH LO_K. H\H"x

_K~ HH LO_=K. K >"_ Kf HOk QO K =u_H QO`_
LO@Ok. >~ Z_=Ku K_ "eH k ~O^ LO\~. H=i " K` x
~=` U~_# He# Q~ LO\~. =O@ K K` z#z# HuH` Q~
HxOK=K. \Q~, ~OQ x"~, =O^ " Ku" ~# ^~
`H_ =# qq^ ~OQe Hey LO\~. Hs, Q# xK Hi ' Kq Qae f
sH U ~H Hs, Qx xKk `H=K.
14. =, P~}=, ^
îOz# ^, "\ q=# |\ =H =`# JOK< "=K. ^
x~" J~#K K =$ux H#H#=K. z# x~" J~#K "~
K^=`# # QiOK=K. ^# O`^~x KHe ^ >~ Q~ _
=O\~. g\ =# _ =# Q~@=K. ^ "# ~, ql\OQ H~, _s,
H_\ H~, L`~=, ~^, <, Z.\.O., _a\ H~, "^# "\ ^~ =#
Q~@@ P~= H^. P~}=# |\_ =# Q~@=K. iOQ,
"K, , Ò K=, HO\ J^= =, \ "^Q#q _ Q~@@
LQ_#. ^, P~}= ìOK|_# == _ J~ =O_=K. JO`HH
XHi #Oz =iH~ HO_ ^~Hx, =i_ ^~Hx "_`# == LO_=K.
15. =Hx QiOK_xH J=~"# "`~
"~ =# U~_# "`~ =Hx QiOK@ gQÒk. "< "`~
Q iK= L# =Hx _ 17 Q* ^~O |_ LO> QiOK_O H+O. H$u=
"`~ =Hx QiOK q+O P i`#|\ gHOKH"e.
16. ZH~
rqOz L#_ f# ZH~ =YOQ `, KfH f# "\` Kx~#,
J#=#O =# =H J" Q ZH~ f sHOK=K =i =Hx QiOK=K.
Z=H K# zH`, Ô`= KH# zH`, [| "^Q#q _
ZH~ ^~ QiOK=K.
17. W..l.( ZH Hi Q)
Wk QO_ O|OkOz# ~Q=# H#Q#@ LyOK sH. rqOz L#
= U~_# QO_ [|#, J#=#O L# = W..l` _O =# =Hx
QiOK_xH Hk=~ J=HO L#k. W..l. =~ H#Q}OQ zH` ^~
=~@O [~Q=K.
18. W.W.l. (ZH Z< Q)
Wk "^_ U~_ HO# ^ OH`= iH~ K@ LyOK sH.
D iH~= ^~ ~xH <~i^# H H`Q H## JO= '~< OQ~
O\OQ. <~ ^=# O|OkOz# ^$=, =@, OH`=, ==
"^Q#q J#=#O L# =HH KOz J`x "^_ U~_ HO# OH`=#
W.W.l. iH~=^~ iH~ K_O =i P =HH P <~=` =i <~=`
O|OÔ L#n xk QiOK=K. P~+# ^~, =O^ zH` ^~, ~< H#~
H}`, W<H< [| ^~ W.W.l _ =~ ~=K.
FSM
218
~ WOl+<
== H i JO[~= H `QO H ~ =`" =
J~#_, J#=#O L# H QiOK=# =H H =Y= \` ie K
ûx '~ WOl+< JO^~. WO^ =H \ ( =Y= Q=) <~Q =O^"
K#kHx, H uiy L# \ J~< iÒk. #=`# =Y= \ J~`
WOH =Ozk. #=`# =Y= \ Ô`, ~ H Ô`=# ie K_@
LQ_Òk. `= HO f# \ J~` WOH =Ozk. \ H <y\"
^~H#_ L# \`< s H ^~ <y\" fH#=#. =Y= H \#
(A) ^~}A \# KH#=#. D qÔQ KHx sH ~ H
<y\"#, =Y= \ H <y\"# XH^xg^ XH\ \, \x H# =^
^~=# i` =#OQ LO_@@ K A <y\"# \ (=Y=)
fH#=#. \ H <y\"# H"~ =O^ J=i ^x =O^ QO_ Q J=i
=Y= H \# Q g^ zfHiOK=#. ~ L# "`x H}*=# `yOK
=#. ~ H ^=_ < _ z`=# e K_=K#. ~# XHK@ ~OQ
LOK=#. nxx QO_Q g^ w# =Y z`=# @ P~= L#k.
H"~# QO_ Qg^ w# =Yz`=# i=#OQ ^~=# iKHx, ~
\ f@ ^~ (~) A <y\" =K#. ~ =i =Y= \ A
<y\"# XH^xg^ XH\ \ "_ ~ g^ \ fH#=#. Wk '~
WOl+< \. D ~ WOl+< \# HOk qÔQ =K#.
FSM
219
1. =H H#, ~ HO\ == #O Wq_ L# q^= =i HO\

=^ ^~=# _O.
2. #^~ Q= _O. 3. = #_q Z=H Q= _O.
4. = HOk Q= _O. 5. ^=_, |Q Q=, = JOK #Oz _O.
6. H#= Z` _O. 7. ^=_ JOK _O.
8. Kq ~O^ Q= _O. 9. Ô`=# _O.
D ~ WOl+< \ eH i~#" ^ Jx K_@
LQ_Òk.
Z) îH# ~ Q=, `~# =H \ ~O_ XH eH L#" " Jx
i=K.
a) ~Q=, \x =H"~ "~ Jx è K=K#.
) \ =i ~Q= eH i~# XHHi "~ =, "~ ~
`Q @ J=HO L#k.
~ WOl+< \# HO@~ QH^~ _ ie K_@ J=HO
L#k.
=YO_sH
Hx i` =O iQ HH JOiQ, YO_ ~O _ aOK=K.
Hx O^~= =O o~ H tk= J~~ Q~@_xH gHO_
LO@Ok. Hx O^~ s~Ox XHH J=+ QO L^: `,K~, H, L^~, Kf
Q "^Q#q aOK=K. =YO_= D O^~= Z=Q Hx~.
1. ~, q=#, | =^=
2. ` J#O`~O <~_ "x =Q YO_Oz ~"#_ H ^z#_.
3. "x HOK [O`=, ^~ L^ : #H, ~|O^,`_ "^Q#q.
4. O_"<, O| q@#=, ^=~}= "^Q "\ ^~ =YO_=
aOK#.
=YO_=Hx, o# == = J~#_ =# Q~@@ D qÔQ
K=K.
FSM
Z)
220
=x+ H [O`= O|OkOz# s~ Q= :

`, "O_=, H, K` Q= îH#_ =x+ H [O`=q Jx K_O
O. D qÔQ HO_ Z=H J`# K~, HO_~ Q= îH#_ \<
> ^ PO\Q|e< W<a+< > ^~ H#Q#=K.
a) aOz# s~ Q XHi H Z= =Okq Jx QiOK_O :
qq^ s~Q=# XHK@ Oî#K Wq H#Q#=K. XHi HO> Z=
s~Q L<, aOz# Q XH^x` XH\ eH <, XHi HO> Z= =Okq
Jx K=K.
) eOQ=
, ~+ ^=# `H#@ `Q=, L^~, H\= Q= îH# è
K=K#. ~ , H\ ==, s~= "O@H J=iH# |\ _ eOQ^=
K=K#. @ QOk, Q~=, "HH \ sH ^~ _ Q=xOz
K=K. D Q= s~O o #tOK@ qQ` J=== HO> Z= ==
@#.
_) =
s~= H Z^Q^, Ô`, ` "O@H ~OQ, Z=H Z^Q^# |\
=x JOK< "=K#.
W) s~H H`
Z` : J_OQ ~Kz# K` XH =^" H##O_ =~ =^" H# =~ Q
H` =x+ Z`# =#O. H== XH K~ "Ò îH<, ^x ^~ H`# ~\Oz,
25 JOQ= He` (Kf"_) =H Z` Òk. J^ qÔQ ^ #O_ H\=O
OQ=O=~ Q ^~=, Z` QO LO@Ok.
Z) s~ Q "~K|_ q^=
Wq s~ Q JOK Q=xOz K=K.
L^ : HuiOz, ~OO` H, p|_# ^ [O`=K H~H|_#" Jx `H"e.
l) QiO
K@, Q =K, =$u Q~, JOQ"H, "e=^, P~}=,
^ "^Q "\ P^~OQ =Hx QiOKe. ~ WOl+< û ~ =i =H
\ îH#@~` \ ie K_=K.
K) =~}H=
nxx x~~OK_xH îH# =Q U i` L<~. ZO` =~
o~ "^# =~}#O`~ H}= LQ_`~.
S) =~}H~}=
~ Q= =# Hx, =Y J=== Hey# Q, ~H< `y
LO_@O, H` Q, =Y s~ Q Z=H qiy LO_=K. L^ : ~, "_
"#, ~_ Z=H =i H>=H Z= OY q~Q@ "^#q.
*) Q =~}=# =O^ ^ =~}#O`~= Hey#=x x~iOK_O
s~ Q JOK#, Q U~_# q^=# QiOK_O ^~ K=K#.
FSM
221
Z=H sH ( JHsH)
H== Z=H =`" îH#_ D HOk JO=# sHOz `H"e.
aOz# Jx JH# JO[~ PH~O XH ûQ J=~H"e. nx=# U Z=H
H=, Uq= Jx +OQ è#.
1. aOz# Z=H# e "Hx, QiOz, \f sH~= OOKe.
2. Z=H K~, HO_~ Q= JuH L#K "\ o# ^# QiOKe.
3. Z=H `_Q L#" H ZO_ L#", "# Hey L#" Q=xOK=#.
4. Z=H# "_ h\ H_y, h_ P~\e.
Z=H =`" aOz# D HOk JO= =H QiO# sHOKe.
1.
=x+"H [O`=^
nxx \< sH^~ K=K#. Z=H |_^# ~xH sH
QiOK_O ^~ _ =x+" H [O`=^ Jx K=K. 5-15 OII = H<
Z= H= \# Z=H# \< > ^~ K@= H+=.
2. XHi"H Wî"
aOz# Z=H ==# XH H=û J=~@ ^~ K=K. XH ~H=
Z=H XH =HH H=# ^xHO> Z= OY L#K Z= =OkH O|OkOz#kQ
QiOKe. H ^=# Z=H îH< qq^ =q Jx K=K.
3. eOQ^=(H)
14 H 15 O=`~ = Q = Z=H Z@=O\ ^= HxOK=.
^"i H\ ==, ~, Ku Ô_ Z=H, `_ Z=H, He Z=H îH# H JOK<
"=K.
4. =
Ô`=, Z=H Z^Q^, Z=H _= =i = =# Z=H HQ
=~ Q=xOK@ ^~ K=K. 22-25 OII = =~ =# HOK=K.
JO` HO> Z= =# Z=H sH ^~ K_O H+O.
5. =HQiO
Ô`= ^~, Ô`= K# zH` ^~ QiOK=K. Z=H Hey#
[|, ~= qiy J`# Z=H, Z=H K# zH`. s~O
JOQ"H= =# U~_# Z=H =~. @H`< U~_# Hx Z=H [|.
~ WOl+< û ^~ =H ~ =i \# e K_@O ^~ =H QiO
^_#.
6. Z`
i JO[~= Z`# 1- 11/2 JOQ= (K~=, HO_~= =O^=)
He` Kx~# =H Z` Òk. qq^ Ku, He Z=H H` P^~OQ =H Z`x
xi+OQ x~~OK_O ^_Òk.
7. Z=Hq~QQ@|_# q^=
s~= #O_ Z=H #~H|_ ^ [O`=K H~H|_, H|_, ^ ~OO`
H|_ "~ K|_< J#k Z=H z=~ (JOK) Q=xOK_O ^~ K=K.
FSM
222
"^~"# <}=# LyOz "~ K|_< H =lO Z=H Jx _

`H#=K.
8. =~}H=
Kx~# 3 < `~"` Z=H =O J=+= Uq qQ=. 1OII=
^\# Z=H `=, ^~# HxOK=.
9. =~}H~}=
Z=H# sHOz =~}H~}= H#Q#@O H+O. Hx H=,"_, "#,
H>=H qiy L#, `H` He#@ Z=H QO_ ~= LO_, OO^
=i ~xH q+== =# =~}Oz#@~` ~xH sH =#
=~}H~}=# H#Q#=K#.
=H QiO J##k # LîOz# JO=< HO_
1. "~uH KiOK_O.
2. >eq[<, ~_ ~O K_O.
3. WO@~<\ "\ LOK_O.
4. PKH è# "iH |=u =O\ H@# W=_O
5. K@ H Q= \O \O "~OK_O.
6. ~# " =Y"# ~n^ LOK_O
7. Jx b+< =H H =K~=, \# OOK_O.
8. .a.S., .S._. =i WO@~ "^Q "O>_ "\ LOK_O.
"^Q H~H= K@_O ^~ =H QiO ^_#.
223
FSM
=~}H} =~}#O`~= s~= U~_ =~

(Signs of death and changes after death)
=~}=x~K#=:
1. =H r== tÒQ #tOz =_O =~}=Q K|_#.
2. r== L# =H s~=x r= ~xH H tÒQ OaOK_O ^~
U~_# ux =~}=Q K|_#.
=~}= s~=# OqOz# q^=# |\ ~O_ ~H=Q qlOK~. Jq.
1. =~}= (=\H _`)
2. H}* =~}= ( ~ _`)
1.
=~}= : =~}= OqOz# "O@< s~= U~_# =~#
=~}=Q K|_#. Wk Hx HO_ #Oz Hk xq+= OqOK#.
=~}= s~=x =Y J===# QO_, Tiu`, "^_ H H
ÒQ OaOK#.
2. H}* =~}= : D =~ s~=x H}*= U~_# r= ~xH
H OQ= U~_@ =# H= Q_K Hk s~= U~_ =~. Wq XH\
#Oz ~O_ QO@ U~_@ P~O=Q#. nxx H}* =~}=Q K|_#. D
=~ =~}= `~"` Hk QO@ #O_ Hx ~A U~_#. D =~ =$`
s~= Hx H}=# HeyOK#.
=~}= s~= OqOz# q^=# |\ =_ ~H=Q K|_#.
1. H= =~}=
2. OH =~}=
3. O# =~}=
1. H= =~}= : s~=x "^_ t`=Q OaOK_= ^~ U~_# u. D
=~}=# H= =~}= JO^~. Wk "^_ U~_# [|, Q=, q+
== =# r= ~xH H OaOK_O ^~ U~_#. s~= D u =#
JK`<= (x^}u) U~_#. = sH ^~ g\ H~}=# QiOK=K.
2. OH =~}= : s~=x QO_ =i ~H ~}== U~_# t` r=
~xH H OQ= HQ_O =# s~=x =Y J=== ~H
~}OaOz =~}= OqOK#. D u ~H == =#, QO_ [| =#
U~_#.
3. O# =~}= (Asphyxia) : s~=x H J===# Tiu`
=i "\ =~= U~_# OQ= =# r= ~xH H OQ= "\e
=~}= OqOK#. D u =~=# |OkOK_O ^~, q+ "= _O
^~, Tiu` U~_# [| ^~ U~_#.
=~}= QiOz `H=_O ^~ S.F HQ LQ=
s~= U~_# =~}H}= S.F. `H=_O ^~ J`# `èH, `
}O# `_ `H##. JO`HH =~}==# `H=K.
Z. `èH }O# (Suspended Animation) : s~=x =Y == J~#
<_ ==, ~H ~}==, == `èHOQ r=~xH H OQ= Hey
` }O# HQH =O^ =~ L# ux `èH }O# JO^~.
FSM
224
L^: JC_ \# t=, h@ =xy# =, q^^`=# Q~# =,

=`=O^ qOz# =, ` `ye# Q= =#, J^~ (H) =#, =u qÒ
x"~, Q q^ ^~ HO` =Ok ^= ux Hey LO^~.
`èH }O# Hx HO_ #Oz J~ QO@ =~ LO_=K. Hx ==
<Q #Oz P~ QO@ =~ _ LO_=K. D u s~= ~H= Hiy# PH[<#
=i x= LOKH# P~=# qxyOK#. D ux `èH=Q s~=#
j`bHiOK_O (hqOK_O) =i J#+ (=`=O^) ^~ HeyOK=K. HO^~
Q nxx Qq^ ^~ kOK^~.
a. ` }O# : WO^ s~=x =Y ==# <_ ==, ==, ~H
~}== iQ OaOK_O ^~ =~}= OqOK#.
=~}H}= (Signs of death) :=~}= `~"` s~= U~_ qq^ H}=#
HOk q^=Q qlOK~.
1.
s~H H =~}= (Somatic death - Immediate Changes)
Z. J~H u =i HêH H=@ (H=)
a. O# (~~@i J~)
. ~H~}O# (HiH J~)
2. H =~}=H H}*=~}= (Cellular death - Early Changes)
Z. K~= e~ u H`# H=_O
a. H =~
. HO_~= aQ= H=@
_. s~= K|_@
W. = =~H
Z. = Hi#`
3. tk=H o=@ (Later Changes)
Z. @ (Putrification) a. Z_~
. =qH+<
"\x XHH\Q HO^ LîOK_"#k.
Z. J~H u =i HêH H=@ (H=) : Wk =$u H ~O H}=.
D u ~y K# H LO_^. Wk <_ == OaOK_O ^~ s~= U~_#@=O\
u. Wk Hx == `èH=Q _ U~_#.
L^: x^=, H, =~ "k, ~~ =i W`~ =` ^~= qOz#
"i q^` `= =i h@ =xy# "i HQ#.
a. O# (Respiratory Arrest)
WH_ H ÒQ Py LO_#. H <Q #Oz P~ xq+= HO>
Z=Q, `=Q Py L#K =~}= OqOK#. `èH }O# HOk "\
HxOK#. L^: `# `#Q H# x@, JC_ \# t=, h@ =xy#
"i
. ~H ~}O# (HiH J~)
ÒQ =_ #Oz S^ xq+= =~ QO_ H@H#@ Py#K ~H
~}O# Hey =~}O OqOK#.
_. K~= OqOK =~
=~}= `~"` K~= e~ uH`# (Z\) H~ K~= Q
225
FSM
= =~H =i HO^_ Q= Q `_
= =~H
1. =H~}HH |_ == H
s~ Q = =~H U~_Òk.
HO^_ Q=
1. HO^_ Q= s~=x ~H
H <oH Q= =# z\ ~H=
Q_ H@@ =# U~_#. Q=
K# P^= PH~=# HO^_
Q= e LO@Ok.
2. =~H U~_# s~ Q= " 2. Q= U~_# QO "
LO_^. =~H JOK H=OQ LO_ JOK LO@Ok. Q= JOK HzÒQ
U~_ LO_=.
HzÒQ U~_`~.
3. W`~ Q= Q~, Q_
3. = =~H QO W`~ Q=
Q= O\q LO\~.
Q~, Q_ Q= LO_=.
4. Q= H ~OQ H= Q_K
4. = =~H ~OQ XH ~HOQ
Hn =~` LO@Ok.
LO@Ok.
5. = =~H U~_# Q H# 5. Q= U~_# Q H#
~H= "eH H~^. h\` H_y<
~H < Q_ H\# ~H= "eH
Hi=#. Q JOK h\` = ~H= =~H _=. ~H= Q=
H H}*= KKHx =_O
K# Z@=O\ ~H =~H HxOK=.
=# D q^=Q U~_#.
Post - mortem staining over the back of the body
FSM
226
K. = Hi#` (Rigor martis)

=~}= `~"` s~=x WK (Voluntary), JxK (Involuntary)
HO_~= aQHx LO_@# =Hi#` Jx JO^~. rqOz L#C_ s~=x
HO_~= Z.\.. J< ZO*= ^~ OHK "HK= [~|_#. =~}Oz#
`~"` D ZO*= qOKH =_O =# =i s~ H}*= HH P== x=
=# HO_~= aQHx =Hi#` U~_#. = Hi#` =~}= `~"` XH QO@
P~O" s~=O` 12 QO@ U~_, `~"` 12 QO@ s~= LO_, `~"u 12
QO@ s~= "`= q_=#. nxx '~ P _[< Jx JO^~. =Hi#` "^@
JxK HO_~= (QO_) "O@< U~_#. WK HO_~= =Hi#` "^@
H#~ U~_ `~"` "_ =O^ Q=, =Y=, Kf, K`, @, z=~Q H
HO_~ U~_ J^ =~ H== q_Òk. = Hi#` s~= U~_@ JK@
L# "`=~}i` == H s~H u =i =~}H~}= |\ P^~_
LO_#. L^: j` HO = Hi#` P=Q U~_ P=Q q_=#. J^ ZO_
H= Ò^~Q U~_ Ò^~Q q_=#. ^=# (==) "~@Q Q_=,
îOK_=. HkeOK_= =# = Hi#` Ò^~Q q_=#.
=Hi#`# e LO_ H}
Z. "_ Hi#` (Heat Stiffening)
s~=# 50 _w O\Q_ LQ` Q "`=~}= Hx, =O@ Hx
LOz#_ HO_~ aQHx~ Q\ _`~. WH_ s~ H}*=x =OH$`
HQ+< J< H < =Hi#` aQ= U~_#. s~= "_ Hi#` U~_#
`~"` = Hi#` U~_^. == @ =# "_ Hi#` J^$= JQ#.
L^: Jy =^= =~}Oz# "i s~ "_ Hi#` U~_ "i s~
aQHx~ =+ ^= K# (Boxing) PH~=# e LO_#. nx< ''H~
P\@_ Jx _ JO^~.
a. j` Hi#` (Cold Stiffening)
== H s~= Ju j` "`=~}= 3.5 _w HO> `= LQ` =^
LOz#_ s~=x H= ^~= hqOz aQHx `~. j` Hi#` =
Hi#` U~_#. j` Hi#` U~_# ==# ^~}LQ` =^ LOz# j` Hi#`
==Q#. L^: =OK HO_, =OK ^= îH# == j` Hi#`
HxOK#.
. =aQ= (Cadaveric Spasm)
J[ =~}= =H O, PO^#, =#H =u_, =# Qi J~#_
rq` z=i H < Jx HO_~= =~}== XHi aQHx
`~. nx< =aQ= JO^~. Wk =~}Oz# "O@< U~_#. s~= U Q=
Xu_H Qi J~#^ P Q=x HO_~= == "O@< aQHx `~.
H$u=OQ =aQ= HeyOK_O J[O. =aQ= =~}OKH =O^ U~_# #Q@,
O~}# zOK#. =Hi#` _ =aQ=` He U~_#. =i =Hi#``
@ q_=#.
227
FSM
Post - mortem changes
Plastic Post - mortem changes
FSM
228
L^: #Q@, O~}=$` `x Ku <~x ` "O@H, |@ eH,

P~}= "^Q#q KuO^ aQHx LO_#. P`` =H LyOz# Hu,
_, "i KuO^ aQHx LO_#. h@ =xy =~}Oz# "i "i KuO^
@H# Q_, z, fQ "^Q#q ayOz @H##. =aQ= =# == H
=~}H~}= `, P`` Jx x~iOK@ g HQ#.
S. @ (Putrification)
=~}#O`~= ^= qye L# r= ~xH ^`= (ZO*=) s~ r=
H}=# riOKH=_O =#, J^ == == J`kH=Q qiOK Hr=
^=# +Q lOK_O =# s~= pH, tk= J~ = J=Òk. o#_
U~_ qq^ ^# == H s~= g^ HxOK qq^ H}=# QiOKe.
Jq 1. ~OQ=~
2. ^~# "= q_^
1. ~OQ =~
=H Kx~# 12 QO@ `~"` uH_ _" K~= =^~PK
~OQxH =~Òk. 18 #Oz 36 QO@ `~"` =YOQ *, `_, Kf
H~" ~H <= JeH (~) = U~_ K~= QO_ KQ HxOk. nx<
'=~eOQ H 'g# <\=~ Jx JO^~. Wk =Y=Q o# ^ U~_#
_[<_ "= ~H=x "Qa<` K~<Ok PKx ^~=Q q_=_O
=# U~_Òk.
2. ^~# "= q_^
1. =~}Oz# 18 #Oz 36 QO@ `~"` == #O_ ^~# "=_@
"^Q#.
2. _[< _, <\[<, q^<, J"x =O\ "= ^~# =Y
H~}=. ^= U~_# D "= _#= =# == La, ~~Y
=~Òk. H L|_O, ^= = J~, <~ `~=|_, <H |@
_KHx ~=_O, @ L|_O, #=, ~+ =$+} =i
JOQ= La=_=, K~= g^ | U~__O, K` ^ K~= `H#
"O@< `_Q= T_ ~=_= D ^ HxOK#.
3. h@ =xy L# == D "= KiH =# h\ H `Òk. ZO_H=
h\H == `@ 18 36 QO@ _Òk. KeH= == h\H
`@ 2448 QO@ _Òk.
4. 4872 QO@ `~"` "O@H, Ô`=, Q~, =^ J~ èHQ LO_#.
5. 2448 QO@ == DQ "^# H@H= = U~_# Q_ =# `x
gQ_ ~OQ ~ U~_ ^= u~QKO_#.
6. 35 ~A "^_ ^gqOK#.
7. == K~=, =O HO_~= e J=== ^=~= KOk
H== J O[~=Q qQ_xH Hh= 3 < _Òk.
8. Z=H `_, `=, ^~# XH O=`~H= =~ LO_=K#.
FSM
229
Q}= H=@ =# K~= g^ U~_# Q= "_Q qKH=. ^=

ZO_~ Q\Q#, Q^= =~= LO\~.
W. H =~
H "~ LO_^. Hx uH` =~}= `~"` H=@ =# H xH
=`|_#. HO\x Hi =H ~#. HO\ HOuH uK~ K=. HO\
qKHx LO_#. HO\ g^ =u_x HeOz< HO\ qq^ PH~=, PH$`
U~_#. r== L# H# D q^"# K~ HxOK^.
Z. s~= K|_@ (Cooling of the body)
^~}s~ LQ` 98.4 _w ~<\ (37 _w) s~ LQ` "`=~}=
HO> JkH=Q LO_#. =~}= `~"` s~= H LQ` K|_@= ~O"
"`=~}uH K~HO@Ok. u QO@ 1.5 _w ~<\ KC# LQ` `Q#. ==
H LQ`# HK@ 25 O.g _=Q ^~g@~ 050 _w iH~ =~ Hey
== H s+ <= (~H=) LOz LQ`# HK^~. u QO@ `_`
~O_~ LQ`# #"^ K "\ `_# QiOK@ ^~ =~}H=# HOK=K#.
=~}H= =#= s~ ^~}LQ` == H LQ`
QO@ `_` == `y# LQ`
Time since death = Normal body temparature - Dead body rectal temparature
Rate of fall of temparatureper hour
s~ LQ` JH_ L# "`=~}i`# |\, s~ x~}= |\

=~}H~}=# |\ == H s~= K|_@ [~Q#.
l.
= =~H (Postmortem Lividity or Hypostasis or Postmortem
Staining)
=~}= `~"` s~=x ~H~}"= OaOK_O =# ==x ~H=

=H~}HH |_ "xH P^~`"# Q ~H H <oH x= =O_
Òk. D K~ =# == K~ e Q qQ` J=== Z~x ^= =~
=~H (~_+ ~) 12 QO@ ~O", =~ P~ QO@ OiQ
U~_#. g\x = =~H JO^~. = =~H =# == H s~= U qÔQ
LOK|_#k Jx `H=K. = =~H == O~OQ U~_H =O^ (=~}Oz#
P~ QO@) ==# =i#@~` = =~H U~_ = _ =~#. iQ
= =~H U~_# `~"` (P~ #Oz Zxqk QO@ `~"`) ==# =i#@~` =
=~H =~^.
L^: ==# "H ~O_\# = =~H g O^ HxOK#. == ~
~O_\# =O^ Q= = =~H U~_#. Li f# ==, x@|_#
== = =~H HO^ U~_#. h@ =xy# == = =~H `, JiH,
J~ KÒ^ U~_#. = =~H HO^_ Q=# e LO_#. = =~H ~OQ#
|\ Hx O^~= s~xH U~_# q+ ==# QiOK=K#.
230
FSM
# U~_ =~ == < @ @ H ==k. W" =~ h@ =xy#

==# ~\O ==, < u@|_# ==# 8 ~@ == =~Q
_Ò^x GA JOK<.
*. J_~
== H s~= Z= `= Hey# ^=O^ LOK|_#_
("`=~}= `= JkH `= L#C_) == @ |^ J_~Q =~#.
L^: =^ f~ O`=, #n `@ O`=, K~=, O@, "Q,
=OH "^Q#q.
J_~ JO> H= =i "#= qo`" xH+< K~ =# |O\
l_ q== U~_Òk. D |O\ l_ q== `Q ZO_Q_ ~= "`\
w s~= Q= ~ U~_ == | qQO =~Òk. D ^~=
` A#"# =Ok. h\ `Òk. JO\Oz# he~OQ =O_ HiyÒk.
J_~ s~= U~_@ =_"~ #O_ =_< HO _Òk. D K~
=# == H Q ~ ~Y =~H =H QiO# s~= U~_# Q=
LxH H#Q#@ g HQ#. =~}H~}=# JOK< "=K#.
9. =qH+<
Z_~, WH u<, HO_ g^, |O_ g^ _ LO_ " =O_>O_,
=_Q Q~#C_ Ôx h~ Pq~~ K~O, =OO ZO_~ Z=H
J`HxÒk. K~O #|_, =_`` `C ~OQ HxOk. =O =qH+<
[~Q\xH 3 < #O_ 1 O=`~= _Òk. =YH=oH# Q=xOz =H QiO,
Q# sHOz =~}H~}O H#Q#_O ^_Òk.
=qH+<
ZOqOQ (Embalming)
~e< "^Q ~xH ^~= ~H<=H ZHOK_O ^~ =O
_x x~kOK=K. q=< ~"} K=# " ZOqOQ `xiQ
J=~O.
FSM
=~}=O
=~}=x =~Q JOK< "O^ D HOk JO LQ_`~.
=~}#O`~ =~
1.=O_O
1624 QO@
"Ò =O
1.5 _w ~< \
K~ i=}O (Q@)
2.= =~H
12 QO@
P~O =O
6 QO@
Oi =O
3.= Hi#`
36 QO@
`, "_, J=" ~OO
12 QO@
"Ò Ô
1836 QO@
q_=_O ("q)
2448 QO@
q_=_O (j`HO)
4.=O_O
u H_ _ "
2 QO@
K~O K|_@O
,,
"= L`^#
1836 QO@
_# ==
,,
~Q u~Q_O
2448 QO@
"O@H, Q T_@O
4872 QO@
"^_ ^gqOK_O
,,
~}
3 < `~"`
231
232
FSM
QQ` q+
5.
H_x ^~O
=x+ u# ^~O r~" 35 QO@ @^\ z# QH "Òk. =O
@ =H PYi [#O H LxHx, K# ux =sH Q=x~.
6. =O =Ò
xkOK =O^, x^z# "O@< =` q~# K@O ^~}OQ u "iH
J"@. H|\ =O @ MmQ, =Ò xO_Q LO> =~}O `:HO
[iyO^x, =Ò MmQ LO> =^ ~u =O^ [iyO^x @HQ JOK<
"=K#.
7. Q_O "O@H
"O@H ~A 0.4 qbg@~ KC# ~Q`~. nx P^~OQ z=ii Q_O
wH# =O `~` ZO` HxH =~}OzOk JOK< "=K#.
<~O îH P^~
8. ^ ==
=O L# ^ ~u" H Q\"? P H Hs ^ Jx
Q=xOK=#. L`~, "~uH g^ `n QiOKe. Q_~O Py`, P >=
QiOKe. qye~# P~O H ux Q=xOKe.
9. =~}O
=O HO^ L# Q_ "H H u, =~}=x Q}OK_O
LQ_Òk.
-0000-
233
FSM
== = J~# K@ fH"e# K~ - ==# =sH xq`=

`~eOK@
= =~}= qq^ H~}= =# OqOK#. =~}Oz# =H == =i

J`x K@HQ P^~= ^~ =~}H~}=, <~ PKH `H#@
b"iH LQ_#. Hx O^~= =~}= Z= =OkH PHHOQ
OqOK#.
L^ : ~, q=#, ~_, <g `k`~ =^ O^~= b "~
H`Q`# H_@O, ==# *Q` K_O, =sH K_O, <~ H~}=#, <~
P^~= HiOK_= "^Q K~ jQu# K\e.
O^~= b"~ iQ OkOK#_ == o=_O, <~
P^~= O HH=_O "^Q K~ =# - <~=# QiOKH =_O, <~
ÒKHx =_O [~Q#.
Scene of death of Accident
Scene of death indicative

of Suicide
==aOz#K@b"~ fH"e# *Q`

== H =K~= b+< =z# "O@< K=# q^
1. =K~= JOk# =O =i `k =i Z=i#Oz =K~= JOk#k
"^Q q+=# ^= =K~= HO^ fHx H #"^ K=#.
2. JOk# =K~= `# ikx JkH~, A_+ / Zy\" "l@
=K~O JOkOK=#.
3. `y# |Ok` == aOz# K@ P= HO_ "o qK~}K@=#.
234
FSM
==aOz#K@-b P~ fH"e# *Q`

1.
J# "O x+^=
Z) J#, J#=x`# <~ Ô "tOKO_ K_=#.
a) [# ==# `yOK=#.
) iH_ ^~ <~O J# "tOKO_ K_=#.
K~ =# <~ P^~= K_O_, == [O`=, W`~
^_ KO_ =O =O HO_ `Q K~, *Q` fH"e.
2. <~O[iy#O@##iH~ K@
Wq K ^~ , \ ^~, g_ ^~, < iHiOQ ^~ `#
Q=xOz#, qKiOz# "\x iH~ #"^ K=#.
3. P^~= H~ "`@ : <~O <~= x~OK@ J=~= J~#
P^~=# HiOz ^= K=#.
4.
uH P^~= : uH O|O^"# P^~= HiOz ^= K=#.
<~=# O|O^= Hey L# Jx P^~= "~"~Q HiOz, "\H | ",
HiOz# `k, =O, H" #O|~ ", W<Q\OQ P~ O`HO K ^=
K=#.
XH JkHi #Oz =~H JkHiH HiOz# P^~= JO^*#_ JO^*#
`k, =O =i ^xH~ JO^*|_#k =i fH#"i O`HO, i ~,
J_ fHx ^~K=#. nx=# HiOz# P^~= Q@|_O_ *Q`
K@ J=HO L#k.
5. ===J~#K@Jxq+=#*Q`QijeOK@:
== P Ô #Oz Òz# `~"` == L# q^= =i O@#
=# L# O|O^= iQ `y=#. H=# <~O == L#_ qq^
H}= \ fH#_O, == L#k L#@Q K wH=_O, == i~=
L# P^~= J# ==# ^`ÔQ zfHiOK_= ^~ <~= [iy# q^=#
JOK< "@ P~= H^.
Scene of death indicative of Suicide of Poisoning
FSM
235
==aOz#K@ =~}H~}=QiOK@-S.F.q^:
1. "x sHOz# =O, `k, = QiOKe.
2. == H s~ LQ` KQ LO^, "_Q =O^ J< q+O ^~g@~
s+<O \ H"e.
3. =Hi#`, = =~H, @ "^Q K~ =# =~}=O#
HOKe.
4. == H i~= ijeOz = J~# P^~= L^ : =~H,
, P^, Hy`=, "~uH "^Q#q ^~Ke.
5. == U u L#k ("H H ~ _ L#k) QiOKe.
6. == H |@ `_<, ZO_~<, ~H=, g~=, |~^ "^#
=~H# QiOKe.
7. P~=, h=, B+^= f# ZO`\H q+= H}=
"^#q `H"e.
8. q+= L#@ J#=#= L#@~` qye~# P~=, h=,
B+^=` @, , @,Q ^~Ke.
9. s~=g^ U~_# Q=# QiOK_O.
10. ==# QiOK_xH J=~"# Z`, |~=, ~OQ, ~=, "O@H, ,
~+_ "^Q#q `H"e.
11. <~ ijeOKe. <H <\ L#^, |@ _KHx =z#^, <\x
Ô` , H@_ O_, <\ ^~= U"< L< (q+ ^~=,
z, |~^, Q_eH, P~) QiOKe.
12. Ku @|_# P^=, == L^ : z, "H, WH,|~^,
P^=, "O@H, P~}= "^Q#q `H"e.
13. "_g^ Q~, Q QiOKe. L^ : `_, " Q~, H`,
Q_,HO^_ Q "^#q =i Li, QO`@ "^#
O|O^"# =~}H~}=# QiOK@ LQ_#.
14. O# =~}= HxOK H}= L^ : e~# Q~, <~,
=#Oz #~Q H~@O, =,=` g~ q~# LO_@O =i ~H==
"^Q "\x QiOKe.
15. q+= =~}= s~= HQ =~ =YOQ <~, =#Oz #~Q
H~@O, <\O^ =~H, ==#Oz "=_ `H "#, = =~H ~OQ
`_ "^Q "\x QiOKe.
16. <~ i~=# Q=xOK@. L^ : sK~ L# q^=, `, H\H
Q_ \# q^=, QkxH H WO\xH "tOz# q^= ( Qkx H\H,
` QQ\# qÔ)
17. P` ` H <~=# O|OkOz# L`~=, H~}= " L#K "\x
^= K=#.
FSM
236
18. Li`_, P^= "^Q "\x <~=# O|OkOz#q ^= K=#.

==aOz#K@S.F.QiOK=# =YJO=
1. ==# QiOK@O
2. =~}==# JOK< "@O
3. =~}H~}=# JOK< "_O 4. P^~= ^= K_O
5. =~}H~}= O|OÔ L#"ix qKiOK_O, J~ K_O "^#q.
~=^=[iy=$`s~=Z=Q L#^=S.X.x~iOK=# q^
~, ~_, q=#, <g, HO, `# "^Q K~ =# ~

=^= OqOz#_ Z= =$` s~=, z^= J~# s~=,
=YO_=, o~# ==, iQ He# == =Q#. J@=O\
O^~= S.F. HO^ ~#|_# *Q` fH"e.
1. Z= =$` s~= L# ^= b JkH~`@, ~xH x}_,
Ô` "^ x}_, _ ^~= x}_, b *y=, ^=zH`
"^|$O^= XH QQ U~_ JH_ qkx~}JkHi HO^ `= q^#
x~OK^~. g~ O@< O P^~= HiOK_=, =$` s~=#
QiOK_O, Q= Hey# "iH ^= zH` =i ~~ s#
x~OK^~.
2. O@< O J# "tOKO_ x~kOK=#.
3. O@< =# XH û H~O qlOz ikOK@ U~@ K@ ^~
O@# U~_# H~}= è#.
4. O@< O \, K =i `# Q=xOz# q+=# iH~
K=#.
5. u =$` s~=# XH <O|~ Wz "\x s~=# H\LOz, ==#
^~K=#.
6. =YO_=# ~xHx} ^~, Ô`"^ ^~ iK @
Q~ @@ g HeOK=#.
7. Q~ @x ==#, He~# ==#, =YO_=# Q~@@ ^,
#Q, P~}=, "i *| îH# ~, S_O\\ H~, \H@, <,
OH H_\ H~ "^Q "\ =# Q~@@ g HQ#.
8. Ô` x} =` HO` =Okx Q~@@ g HeOK=#.
9. _=~, q=# \ =$` s~= =sH [iOK@ ^~ =~}H~}=#
H#Qx, O@# O|OÔ L#^ Jx JOK< "=K.
10. =^ H~}=# _x}, b *y=, \O, ~xH <
ZH~ =` JOK< "=#.
K~x S.F. `# ~"H} Ju*Q`Q x~OK=#.
==#<~^=#Oz=sH xq`=`~eOK@
==# <~^=#Oz `~eOK#_ `y# *Q` fH#=#.
1. ==# ZO` g` JO` Ò^~Q `~eOK=#.
237
FSM
2.
==# <~^= #Oz `~eOK#_ Z@=O\ P^~= =Ô_

*Q` _=#.
3. ==# XH en< +@ #O^ Hx, _+@ #O^ Hx K\, H =i K`#
ek< H=~O^ LOz `~eOKe.
4. =H J~# s~ YO_=# "~"~ en< H=~O^ LOz `~eOKe.
5. Z= =$` s~= L#_ u ==H s~=# XH #O|~# H\,
en< +@ H LOz `~eOKe.
6. ==# "~@Q Q@O, HkeOK_O K_^. nx=# =Hi#`
Q@|_@O, =O Q HQ*_O =# Jq =~}O =O^, =~}O
`~"` [iy#" Jx J#=xOK@ P~= L#k.
7. ==# K~ =# =i ==# LOK Hx, PO|<
"#=Hx W^~ H =Qi O` `~eOKe.
8. ==# `~eOK@` @ `# WOH i~ Hx ~xH x}_H JO^*e.
=i U ==# ==# JO^*#k, Z=iH JO^*#k, `k, =O,
f# JkHi O`HO `# =^ iH~ ^~Ke.
==# `~eOK@ Z@=O\ J`= K# == @O, == =O
H=@O, [O`= ^~ HO|_@O "^Q K~ =# P^~= #tOz <~=
x~`= HO_ =#.
-0000-
238
FSM
=~}H~}= - =OK<= =i = sH
=x+H =$`= qq^ H~}= J#Q ~Q=, `, P``, PHH O@#
=# HQ#. <~= [iy# O@< = == "#_ ==# QiOK@=,
=~}H~}= =i =~}== JOK< "_= = OK<= ^~ <~=
[iy#k Jx J#=xOz#K P^~=# HiOz, ==# =~O `~eOz
=~}H~}x ^$gHiOKH"e.
=OK<= (Inquest) : == = J~# K@ H =~}= J#=<^=Q L#k
Jx QiOz#_ , =~}H~}=# H#Q#@, =~}Oz# == `H#@,
=# QiOK@, <~=# JOK< "@ K@ qK~}# =OK<= JO^~.
= sH (Postmortem): =~}= J#=<^=Q LO_, =~}H~}= H#Q#@,
=# QiOK@, =~}== `H#@ ==# -~xH x}_
sHOK@< =sH JO^~. WO^ == s~Q=# }OQ sHOz ~xH
x}_ `y# =~}H~}=# q+OK#.
=~}H~}=
1. P``
2. `
3. PHH =^=
4. [O`= ^_ =$u5. O`= =^= =$u
6. J#=<^ =~}=
=#Ô =OK<=# =_ ^` K@_O [~QÒk. Jq
1. b =OK<= (Police Inquest)
=# Ô O~, HH` ` Jx O`= Z. K.F. ^~
=OK<= K@_O [~QÒk. qK~}JkHi `# =K~= JOk# "O@ Z= =Okx qKiOz =~}H~}=# JOK< ", i~
`~ K=#. i~ i J~# ^ W^~ O`H=# i~#O^
fH#=#. =i `# O`H= K, `sY, =O, +< Ui# `=#.
=~}= OqOz# H~}= ^~}=, [=, Z@=O\ J#=<^ <~= =i
"\ P^~= = H<, J#=#= #K =$` s~= "i O^=
JyOK=#.XH " =~}= J#=<^=Q L##, <~i` "\ P^~=
= J~#K qK~}i J~# ^ ==# =sH xq`= Q=~"O\ PuH
`~eOK=#. ==# =~" H~ Q=~"O\ _H~ JO^*#_
qK~}i~ H XH Hx =i <~ O = J~# P^~= ( Li`_,
P^= "^#q) JO^*# >=, `k, = =i f# JkHi O`HO K#
Hx `# =^ ^= K=#. =OK<= H =iH Hx "l\ "iH
JO^*=#. S.F. # qKiOK@ b +< eOK=K. #
H~#O^ "l\ "i =O^ [~ ~K=#.
2. H~#~ qK~}:
D q^#O =#Ô =O~ #Q~O J= L#k. ( .8 P H~#~
H-1875) D qK~}HOk "\ [~|_#.
1. PHH =~}= (Sudden death) - H~}= èx =~}=
2. P``, `, t`3. =^ H~}= =# - =~}=
4. q+= =~}=
5. =`=O^ (J#+ =~})
6. O`= =^= =# U~_# =~}=
7. ~_=^
8. H =i ~H== =# Hey# =~}=
9. tH HO =~}Oz# Mn 10. * =~}Oz# Mn
11. #~" HO^= ( =$^, +~Q, z#, J<^) =~}.
H~#~ q^ #Q~ ik=~ LO_#. H~#~ =K~= JOk# "O@< J`#
O@< O# OîOz, O@< O W<KsQ L# b P~, W~Q
~Q "ix, |O^= ` - O@# O|O^= L#"i H
H~=` qK~}K@=#. H~#~ HiQ 'Ei LO_=K#.
Ei : g~ OO ^``"# q^=O`, QiO Ok# =# Q Ki
- "i =HO qK~}K\ "l@ H H~#~ f~ KC#. f~
UHqOz#_ H~ H# JyOK|_#. H~#~ 5-11 =Ok Ei #
< >=, ^=# qK~}xq`= [~ J==x =# *s K "i =H=#
qK~}K@=#. H~#~ =~" K@ =i =sH K# _H~ Qix _
qK~}xq`= < ^=, >=# [~ H=x =# *s K=K#. #
qKiOz H #"^ K=#. =~}H~}= [= Jx è#, <~= [iy#@
J#=#= #_ ==# "i O^= JyOK=#. J#=<^ =~}H~}=
J~#, <~= [iy#@ J#=#=# ==# =sH `~eOK_=, J#=#=#
FSM
240
"ix, <~# J~ K~Oz, @~ HO "l@"i =^ OOK_O [~Q#.

F< =iH
Wk <~_ ^~H#_, =~}H~}=# H#Q##_, aOK#_
qK~}# <~=# H=# =K~= ^~#O` =~ "~^ "@# ''F< =iH
JO^~.
H~#~ `# qK~}Hx Hg+#~ P b "iH OOK#. H~#~ H
"l@ JkH~=HeyLO_#. J`x =Q =iHO^~ xqOK|_ x
= HeOK|_#. H~#~ W`~ ` H~H=# _ x~iOK#. H~#~
=sH, u@|_# ==# "eHf sHOK@, =Q=# ~xH sH
xqÒ ..Z. OOK@ JkH~= Hey L<~.
3. "l\ qK~}
g~ l "l@, _ql# "l@, Zy\" "l@ H ÒK
xqOK|_# HH~, _\ HH~ H =O_ ~"# JkHi qK~}K@^~.
D qK~}HOk "\ [~|_#.
1. Mn =~}=
2. b H_ =~}= =i b WO@~Q+< =~}=
3. b iOQ =~}=
4. =~H@ =~}=
5. ^#= K# ==# `q f sHOK@
6. U q^=~# =~}= J~#, b ^~ K\< H K@H~# "\x _
`# qK~}K@=K#.
7. H~#~ qK~}iK# H _ "\e@< "l@ `#qK~}
K@=K#.
=sH - =~}H~}=QiOK@
=sH (Postmortem)
x~K#= : nx# J\ H =~O Jx _ JO^~. =sH J[ =~}=
=~}H~}= H#Q#@, =~}== QiOK@, =Hx QiOK@ == H
= J=+=, Z=H "^Q"\ ` ~xH x}_ ^~ =~s
[~|_ sH.
=sH ^~=~}H~}=#H#Q#@
=sH ^~ =~}H~}=# H#Q#@ HOk JO K J=~=. Jq
1. <~O îH# P^~=
2. <~O =O K@ L# i`.
3. ==# kOK@ ^~ îH# P^~=
4. ~xH Q sH q+}^~ QiOK@.
5. Q= s~O U~_# q^= =i s~=x [|` "\H Q
O|O^= q+OK@.
~xH x}_ `# *<x LyOz îH# P^~=#, Q
FSM
241
e`=# q+OK_O ^~ =$`x =~}H~}=# JOK< "=#. ~xH

x}# ~xH ^l, W<Q\OQ P~Q xqOK|_# b JkHi H
H~= =# =~}H~}=# YzÒQ JOK< "@ ^_#.
=sH ^~ =~}H~}=# D HOk qÔQ =sHiOK=K. Jq.
1.
[=~}H~}=
Z) s~= O^ Hey# Q= H [| =# rqOK_= JO== JQ@
L^ : I) "^_ ~H<= z\ Hey# ~H==II) QO_@
III) s~=x ^ ~H<= z@@.
a. = sH H#Q# H~}= =~}=# ~OK|_ LO_#
L^ : I) =Hx `# H~#i ^=#
II) OH x"x
III) HxH QO_ =i Tiu` [|. D H~}= =$`_ rqOz
L#_ f# "^=# qKiOK@ ^~ JOK< "=K#.
2. J[=~}H~}=
Z) J[ H~}= =# =x+ rqOz LO_@ JO== JQ@
L^ : I) ` #~H|_ LO_@II) ` #QQ@|_ LO_@.
III) QO_, Tiu` H `yOK@ "^Q J^~}K~ =#
=~}= OqOK#.
a) J[ H~}= =~}=# ~OK|_ LO_=K#
L^ : I) J^~ (H) H ~H== =# =~}= OqOK@.=sH W`~
H~}= H#Q##_ g\x QiOz#K W" =~}H~}=Q K=K#.
II) JOiQ =# H~#i ^=# Hey# = - ^~}Q=
=# U~_# =u_ =# iQ =Hx =@ =# =~}= OqOK#.
=sH : <y\" J\
=sH `~"` _ =~}H~}=# H#Q# H =@# <y\"
J\Q K|_#. =sH, Q sH q+}, q+== q+}J#O`~O
=~}H~}= H#Q# H =@ [~Q#. = sH [~ H Wk 2-5 % Hey
LO@Ok. Wk H = =$` HxOK#.
<y\" J\H H~}=
1. i# =~}H~}= JOK< "H =_=.
2. == L# H}=# iQ QiOKH =_O.
3. s~=x JO`~ H}=# iQ QiOKH =_O.
L^ : "Q <_ uK~ =# Py# QO_, =~"k =# =~}=, iH<,
Ji=# U~_# =~}=, s~= L# WO[H< Q~ Q~@H =@, q^^`
Q= QiOKH =@, q+ =, `H@ Q~ QiOKH =@, q+,
~xH ^~=# iQ Q q+OKH =@, J#== `= L# ~xH
x}_ ~# =~}H~}=# `HH=@.
J~ J\ : =$`x =~}H~}=# =sH^~ iQ q+OKH =@, îH#
H~}=# =~}H~}=Q ^$gHiOK@. L^ : =~}H~}= ^~}[|#
FSM
242
e#q, z#\ Q= O|OÔ Hey LO_@, q+ ==# O|OkOz#

H~}= LO_=K#.
=~}H~}=
1. ^~}[| H ~Q=# e#q. L^ : =~"k, H =# =~}=.
2. r=~xH H OQO HQ@. L^ : sq, _a\, ~H#`,
a.., \+O =}= K`Q.
3. ~# `_. ^~~_, @@s, J_# ~# `_.
4. H Q~@x Q. L^ : "Q<_ K~=# Py# QO_, H<H+< `QO, "_ Kf, @g^ U~_# ^~}Q.
5. q+== : H}*= =~ ~O_ x^#=Q xK q+=.
L^ : =`=O^, <_ =O_= xK q, "H q.
6. W`~= : Ji, iH< =# =~}=.
PHH =~}= : P~Q=Q u~Q`# =H PHH=Q L#@O_ "k H}=#
Hey QO@#Oz 24 QO@ =~}= OqOK@# PHH =~}= JO^~. D
q^"# =~}= `= 10% =~ LO_=K#.
PHH =~}=# =~}H~}=:
1. QO_ O|OkOz# H~}= ( 45-50 %)
2. Tiu` O|OkOz# H~}= ( 15-23 %)
3. <_=O_= H~}= (10-18 %)
4. r~H == H~}= ( 6-8 % )
5. =`H, [#<OQ= "^ H~}= (3-5 % )
6. W`~= (5-10 % )
=~O iH\ ( =sH iH\)
J[ =~}=, f= =^ Q= =# =~}Oz# ==, QiOKx
==, J#=<^ =~}= =sH K^~. =sH =~}H~}=,
=~}==, Q= ^$gH~}=i =~}= OqOz# q^= O^~z
LO_#. =sHH XH Hx l b iO>O_O\, XH H W<Q+<
P~, XH Hx "l\"iH =iOz XH Hx `# =^ iH~Q "_H P~
LOKH##. q =i Hq# H H~ H=Q =~O iH\# O^
~K^~.
Q=iH\ (Wound Certificate)
Z=~h H K Jx @# =i Jx Q=~"O\ @
Q_ L# =Hx sHOK_O, zH` K_O =i "i s~= g^ U~_# Q=#
H_O\ il~ #"^ K_O [~QÒk. PH_O\ il+~ #"^ K#
q=~=# "_H P~ `# =^ ^=Q LOKHx, H~ =i b"~
J_y#_ "\x |~` ~K=#. iH\ H XH Hx H=~ W<Q+<
P~ JO^*_O [~QÒk. Q `ye# =Hx W`~ @ O#_
b"ix Z~Q OOK=#.
243
FSM
QiH\#"^ K q=~=
1. =~ OY
2. ~, eOQ=, =, J_
3. Ò_ H O~Hx ~
4. `k, =O =i sHOK = q=~=
5. k`_ H xOk`x` @ =z# Hx| ~, #O|~, b+<.
6. k`_ H xOk`x` @ =z# O|On ~, J_
7. xOk`_ / k`_ Wz# =K~O OH=Q O^ ~K@.
8. xOk`_, k`_ QiOKO^ gQ J`x s~=g^ Hey# ~O_Q~
H =K #"^ K=#.
9. =HH s~H H` =i x~}O, k`_x /xOk`x H J#=u
O`HO.
10. Q= iH\ #H
=~ QO
QOL# QO f=`
QO HQ*# i=~
OY H`
Ô
PÔ
Hq# H Q=~"O@ P^= "~ H~ "_H P~ Zq_#Q
Q= iH\# W==K#. k`_ / xOk`_ "_H bQ Q` =~}Oz#
"O@< P q+=# g b +# `=#.
"^kHixS.F. J_Q=#
1. == g^ U~_# Q= `", P``", PHH O@"125 ?
2. == =~}H~}= O|# =# Hey#^ ?
3. Z=H H =YO_= aOz#_ =H QiO `H#@ ?
4. == L# Q= =~}=# =O^ ? =~}= `~"`< ?
5. == L# H}=# |\ =~}H~}= q+ == Hey LO_=K ?
6. ==~}H~}= [= ? J[= ?
-0000-
244
FSM
O# =~}=
(Asphyxial Deaths)
O# =~}=LiQO` ayOK@QO`@, h@=#Q@, ~O^==`,

<OJ_OH - "^< O=
O|# : x~K#= : =Hx H == HQ OQ= = HQ H+=#
O|# JO^~.
Neck Structure
1. H : (JOiQ U~_# O#) nxO^ H iQ OaOK^. nx

=# H}*=# H=# PH[< Hk `= `y=#.
2. J<H: nx O^ H iQ OaOz s~ H}*=# H=# PH[#
iQ `y=#. nxx J<H JO^~.
O# H~}=
Mechanism Causing Asphyxia
FSM
245
1.OuHH~}= : WK@ "_# ayOK@ ^~ H == OQ= HQ@ ^~

=~}= OqOK#. L^: Li, QO`@, =xy=@. "_#ayOK@ =# HQ
O#
2.~Q H~}=: L^: HiO`^Q, ^#~`= "^Q#q.
QO` ayOK@ ^~ =~}= OqOK q^=
QO` ayOz#_ H OaOz#K 35 xq+= =~}O OqOK#.
Z) fH#H =_= a) =~ ~=_= ) O# HQ_=
XHi "Q <_ g^ Xu_ _#= HQ_= ^~ QO_ Py "O@< =~}=
OqOK#.
O# =~}H}=
O# =~}=^~}=QDH}=HxOK#Jq
1. s~= h= ~OQ =~_= : K~= =i Li` Q=# ",
^=, K= h= ~OQ =i LO_#.
2. <~ =i = #Oz #~Q =z LO_@ : Wk Tiu` " (Z_=)
=# HQ#. Wk KQ, `Q ~H=` _ Hh, [= #~Q` _ Hh
LO_#.
3. |~ ^~= `~KH#@: =~}= OqOz#_ ==` ^~=
`~=|_ ==, =`=, HOî g~= qiOK|_#. <~ `~=|_ <\
#O_ [= H~#.
4. ~H= : s~=x ~H=, ~H H <oH K~#. ~H= =^~ ~OQ
Q_H@O_ LO_#. Tiu` =i QO`# HC ~ ~HH <oH
~H= K~_O = Z~|_, " HeyLO_#.
FSM
5.
246
\~\: Wq QO_k JO` z#z# ~H ==. g\x \d ~H

== Jx _ JO^~.
Wq ~HH <oH z@_= =# U~_#.
Wq =Y=Q =Y=, H#Q_ HC ~, `, QO_ =i Tiu`
O^ U~_#.
O# =~}==sH~}
O# =~}= Hey# q^=# |\ HOk q^=Q qlOK=K#. Jq.
1. "_# ayOK@ ^~ : I) s~= "_n@ =# L^: Li
II) s~= "_n|_ O_ L^: Z) LK ayOK_=, QO` ayOK_=.
a) K` ^~ : QO` @.
2. == J== h~ H ^" "tOK@ ^~
L^: h@=xy =@
3. ~O_ ^` HO_
1. = =i <\x =_= ^~ : (Smothering)
2. <\ Q_ H # OaOK_= (Gagging)
3. <= J#== J_= _@= (Chocking)
4. LK, x=# HeyOKO_ |OkOK_= (Traumatic Asphyxia) : Kf
g^ PHH |~= _@ =#
5. "`=~}= =~ ^~ (Suffocation) : q+"= ^~, Z`
^= PH[# `= `Q_=, =^ ` }Oz#_ ~H=
Z= "= Hiy "Q=Q "eH =K#_ U~_# H =~ =#.
6. Kf g^ ~x =, <~, = O# HeyOK_=.
Li
Li `_ "_ s~O |~=, "_ îOz# LK ay@O ^~, =~}O
OqOk.
Li : 1. <# `HO_ Li "H#_= 2. <# `` Li "H#_=.
=H <# `HO_ s~= "_|_#@ K@ ^~ Li "H##. WH_
=~}= Ò^~Q OqOK#.
L^: K@H=, H~O@O, #, WO\^, HH= Li
"H#@.
FSM
247
~xHh, "Hg^Hh, ~Hh, "~ "~ ^` Hh, s~= <#

`` Li "H#_=. WH_ =~}= x^#=Q OqOK#.
L^: H\H, `, Q=, s, * TK Li "H#_=.
Li=_x |\ ~O_ ~H=
1.
^~}=_ : WH_ LK =_ "_ "#H =^ Q=# Hey, `_ "_

W~" =#=Q H K= "#H~ LO_#.
WH_ LK =_ =# "_ =OQ Xu_ HeyOK|_ LO_#.
2. J^~}=_ : WH_ LK=_ "_ =O^ Q=# Hh, H O^Hh
LO_#.
WH_ "_K@ `_ =OQ ayOz LO_^.
Li"H#@ LyOK ^#=
1. `_, K#, , [O^=, fQ, _ +@, OK, p~, Ku Q_, HO_",
=OK= `.
Li xK#H =^ ` W~Hx =_= =# =i K@H= =^ `
W~Hx "__= =# _ =~}= OqOK#.
Li"H#=$` s~==i O@<=S.F.Q=xOK =# q+=
1. =H Li "H#@ LyOz# `_ H LK J`x s~= |~= `@
H#Q^ ^ Jx Q=xOK=#.
2. "_K@ L# LiQ~ LyOz# LK eH L<? ^? Jx
Q=xOKe.
FSM
248
FSM
3.
4.
5.
249
Li` L#C_ ==# \ fH#=#.

< ZO` Z` L<_ =i LyOz# P^~= Q=xOK=#.
Li `_ H _=, "_K@ ayOz# K@ H` =i =_ "# q^=#
Q=xOz iH~ K=#.
6. `_#, Li=_x Z@=O\ OQ= HQO_ HuiOK=#. HuiOz# JOK#
#x ^~=` ^Q~ =K#@ z# @ " ^= K=#.
7. ==# =~" `~eOK#_ Li `_# ^`^=Q OOK@ =#
=sH =O ~xH x}_H == g^ LiQ~, Li"H# LK
O|O^= L# q^= H#Q#@ = JQ#.
=~}===i H~}=
1. "_K@ Li`_ LK ay_O =# "^_ ~H ~}= =i
<= " ~}Py 5 xq+= =~}= OqOK#.
2. XHHi "Q <_ u K~ =# QO_ H@H#@ "O@< Py =#.
3. Lif# <~ "_"#, =YOQ 2,3,4 qiy =~}= "O@<
HQÒk.
=~}#O`~ H}=Wq
1. H}=
2. JO`~ H}=.
H}=
1. "_y, `_ =_H =u~H k ` "e LO_#.
2. H `~KHx ^ QO =Hx LO_#. H# q" LO_#.
3. <H <\ O^Hx, O^# H~H |_Hh, <\ |@ =z Hh LO_#.
4. [= <\ #O_ H~#, #~Q` _# ~H= <~ = #O_ H~=K#.
[= rqOz L#C_ H~# H#H YzÒQ Li =~}=# OH`=.
5. ==, =`=, g~= qiOK|_ LO_#.
6. `_Q~ "_ Q=# U@"Q QO`=_ JOKg^ HOk ^=_
=O`~=Q LO_ Kq =~ qiOz LO_#. "_ "#H Q=# HO`
"~ `_ Q~ _x Mm LO_#.
"`\ Q_ H `_ LyOz#K Q~ èHQ # _#.
Q\`_, "~, K# LyOz# Q~ `Q Q U~_#.
`_Q~ Z~Q LO_#.
LyOz# `_ _*#, (<# q^#=) Li Q~#O^ HxOK#.
250
FSM
7.
==~H H O^ U~_ LO_#. <# `K qq^ Oy= L#

s~= == U "# <# K LO^ P Q= ==~H U~_
LO_#.
JO`~ H}=
Hyoid Bone
1.
2.
3.
Broken Hyoid Bone
Li Q~ HO^ "_ K~= H#K JK@ ^`= ZO_, `Q "~ HxOK#.

"_ HO_~=, ~H <= zuH LO_=K#.
"_ "# =YOQ 2,3,4 qiy LO_=K# ^ `y LO_=K#. Wq Li
tH Z=Q [~Q#.
4. _ Z=H qiyLO_#. Tiu` Z~iLO_#. QO_ _Q=
~H=` xO_ Z_=Q= MmQ LO_#.
5. @ e J=== e=~, =, =` O_=, "^_ Z~i LO_#.
"^<G ~OQQ=xOK =# q+=
1.
Li=#Hey#=~}=#QiOK@
H== "_g^ `_Q~ Kz Li =~}= Jx K_xH ^. =~}Oz#
"O@< "_K@ `_ " "_n `_Q~ U~__xH g L#k.
"_g^ `_Q~` @ <\ #O_ [= Hi# Q~, "_ HO_~,
~H< Q, `_ Q~HO^ K~= w~Hx ~, ~H= Q_H@_= =i
qQ` O# =~}H}= LO_ L#C_ Jk Li=~}= Jx
K=K#.
<~^= "# P^~=, s~= Li #Oz "_`# q^=, ==
g^ U~_# Q, == s~= g^ L# ^, P~}= iu, Li`_
ayOK# q^=, <~= sK~ J=i L#q^= "^Q#q QiOK_=
^~ Li =~}=# x~iOK=K.
FSM
2.
251
=~}#O`~=HeyOz#LixS.F.x~iOK@ (Postmortem Hanging)

=H Kx~# `~"` Hx, KO|_Hx Li HeyOK=K. <~= QiOz#
JO=# |\ D =~}x x~iOK=K. =Hx ` K# = #Oz QHx =z
Li"# Q~, Li`_ "x "_ ayOz P `~"` P^~=# `yeOz H
Q|_#. nx =# `_Q~ LiayOz# P^~= g^ HOk #Oz H y#
Q~O_#. Li `_H Q~ =$`x KuO^ = H^. = =~H W`~ s~
Q= U~_ LO_#. =sH ==H JO`~H}= Li =~}=# e
LO_@ J~^Q [~Q# H Hk `= [~Q#.
A_+ OyQ
LitH# ~`tH$u H~= qkOK@. WO^ Li =~}H}= O~OQ
U~_ LO_#.
3. Li =~ } = ` P` ` H PH H = ^ = = [iy#^ Jx S.F.
x~iOK@
Li =~} ^~}=Q Z= `= P`` =# HQÒk.`, PHH
O@# =# U~_ Li J~^Q OqOK#.
Z) PHH LiH~}==i =~}=QiOK@
D =~}= Z=Q z# =i = "s`= Hey# "i
U~_#. z# P_O@#_ "_ K@ ayOz# P^~= ^~ Li U~_@,
xKK@ O`= ^ W~Hx "_ K@ Li U~_@=, "# KH= p~,
Kx O\ ^ W~Hx "_K@ Li U~_@O "^Q#q. g\x O@< =#
ijeOK_= ^~, Li P^~=# =i "_ =^ "`x Q_ LOz#@ QiOz#
PHH =~}H~}= QiOK=K.
a) P``H~}==#Li"H#@
P`` [~Q ~^~}=~}= Li XH\. Z`~# Q=#
P^~=Q KHx L^ : #, WO\ ^=, HH=, K@H= "^Q#q
LyOz Li "H#@ ^~}=. Li "O@#_ LyOz# , s
"^#q QiOKe. <~ ^= `_ LyOz# `_,=\, ^= =~H J`x
XO\g^ ^ g^ =Q#. Z@=O\ P^~= LyOKO_ Z` Q=
"# Li P``# zOK^. s~=# <# ``#@, ~x Hx, _Hx Hx
"# Li P``# zOK#. =$`_ Li "H< =O^ P`` `=
K@=# L^ : _ H Hu` "_=^, =}H@ =^ U~~KH# H`Q, q+O
qOz# P^~, s~= HH#@ uOz# P^~ "^Q "\ =# =$`x
s~Og^ `# `#Q HQ*# Q LO_#.
252
FSM
4. ` K@C_ Li " =~}= HeyOK_= J~^. J~#\H J [iy#

O@# L<~. =$^, =` =O^ =` L# "iH, # <~ Li ayOz
KO=K#.
`H~}=^~HeyOz#Li=~}xS.F.QiOK@
==,sK~ KK^~Q LO__=, =$`x ^ ziy LO__O H `y
LO__O, O~}Q H P`~H}Q Hey LO_@=. =H ^ JO@#
=~H, W`~` Q\ Q~, "e Q~ QO` W`~` Q U~_ LO__O "^#q
QiOK_= ^~ Li ` =~}=Q x~iOK=K.
eOzOQ : Wk ` Li. WO^ = QOQ xOk`x H <~_x H J#=x`x
JO^~ H Li "_=# ' eOzOQ JO^~.
P``,` ^~HeyOz#Li`_
Li (`)
1. LO_^ H J~^Q LO_#.
1. "_ K@ Li Q~ LO_#
2. = =~H #_= #Oz H =~ U~_ 2. W`~ s~ Q= U~_ LO_#
Li (P``)
LO_#.
3. Ku =i He " <# K k# Hey
LO_#.
4. <~^= LyOz# , Op,
s LO_#.
5. <\ #O_ [= U@"Q Hi LO_#.
6. \d ~H == LO_#.
7. ~+ =~OQ= OaOK|_ g~ #= Hey
LO_#.
8. =,=` q~# LO_#.
3. LO_^.
4. LO_=.
5. LO_^.
6. LO_=.
7. LO_=.
8. LO_=.
H}= ^~ Li "H# = H}# ijeOK_O ^~ P``, `
Li# QiOK=K#.
QO` ayOK@
Strangulation
FSM
253
x~K#= : s~= "_|_O_ "_K@ LK ayOK@ ^~ HeyOK

O# =~}=# QO` ayOK@ JO\~.
QO` ayOK@ qq^ ~H= : qq^ ^` ^~ "_K@ O# HeyOK|_#.
Jq.
QO` ayOK û
LyOz#P^~=
1. `_ =` QO` ayOK@
QO` K@ Li Q~ LO_#.
2. Ku "# LyOz QO` ayOK@
QO` @ (Throattling)
3. "^~ H~, H> =^ QO` ayOK@
|<_ (Bansdola) JO^~.
4. "K~, "H, ^= LyOz
=yOQ (Mugging) JO^~.
QO` ayOK@
5. "~Hh, fQ#Hh LyOz
Q~\OQ (Garroting) JO^~.
QO` ayOK@ (Strangulation)
"\ Z=Q QO` ayOK@ `_H "~ =` ayOK@, K``
QO` @ =# HQ =~}= Z=Q HxOK#.
QO` ayOK@ ^~ Hey# Jx =~}= Z=Q ` L^=
K|_#" Jx K=K#. P``,PHH O@# K J~^Q HxOK#.
QO` ayOz#=~}=H}=
QO` g^ Xu_ O~=Q HeyOK_= =# "^_ ~H= ~~ `"
J~H uH # H=_=, =~}= OqOK@ [~Q#.
QO` g^ Xu_ x^#=Q, JO~=Q HeyOK_= =# =Y= he
~OQQ =i =, <~, K= #O_ ~H= qOk.
`_ H "~ =` QO` ayOz#_, LyOz# =H H |=
g^ QO` ayOK@ [~Q#.
QO` K@ LyOz# `_ H "~ XH\ ^ ~O_, =_ K@ uiy
LO_#. `_ H "~ =_"# Q~ LO_^.
Li "_ "#H Q=# Li Q~ LO_^. QO` ayOz# =~}= Li
Q~ "_ K@ LO_#.
=~}#O`~ H}=: Wq ~O_ ~H=
Z) H}=
a) JO`~ H}=
Z) H}=
1. =Y= La he ~OQ LO@Ok.
254
FSM
2.
3.
H `~=|_, |@ _KHx =z, H# ^qQ LO\~.

\d ~H == (Wq QO_k ` JO` z# ~H ==) H, `
=Y Q=# HxOK#.
4. " =_KHx LO_, "eQ~ he~OQ LO_#.
5. <\ #O_ = #O_ #~Q` _# ~H= =Ok. <H |@ _KHx
~=K.
6. =, =`, g~= q~# HxOK=K#.
7. QO` ayOK@ Q~ : `_ Q~ "_ g^ J_=Q, O~=Q, HO~=_
g^ H kQ= Q# XHi _*#` @OQ U~_ LO_#.
8
"`\ Q_ H `_ Ly Q~ Q HxOK^.
QO` @
CASE OF THROTTLING & SMOTHERING
a)
1.
K`` QO` ayOz#_ @#", qQ` <Q ", QO` W~"

Hx~.
D " Q~` @, J~ KO^H~ Q\ Q~ _ Hx~.
~O_ K`` "_ H` "_ XH " @# " =~H " qye# "
Xu_ Q~ Hx~. " Q~ `H# q^#=# |\ =~` LO@Ok.
JO`~ H}=
"_g^ `_ Q~ HO^ K~= H#_, JK\ ^`= ZO_ `Q "~
LO_=K.
FSM
2.
3.
4.
5.
255
"_ HO^ `_Q~ Q K~= ~H= Q_H\ LO@Ok.

"_HO_~, ~H< zuH LO\~.
QO`=_ Z=H ^~~_ Hi* =i HH~_ Z=H qiy LO_=K.
~_ Z=H QO` ayO ^~}=Q qiy LO_^. QO` @
^x H qiy LO\~.
6. Qe Q@=, Ti u`, "^_ e J=== Z~ i LO\~.
7. QO_ _ Q= ~H=` xO_, Z_= Q= MmQ LO@Ok.
8. #~Q` _# ~H= <= xO_ LO@Ok.
"^ < G~OQ
1.=~}=QO` ayOK@=#< Hey#^?
"_g^ `_ ^ Ku " Q~ Hey LO_@=.
#Q_@O =# Hey# Q_, HO^_Q =Y=, qQ` Q
L#C_
O# H}= J#Q =Y= h= ~OQ LO_@=, `, =Y=, H
O^ \d ~H == LO_#.
"_ HO_~=, ~H <= zuH LO_@= ~_, ^~~_, HH~_
Z=H qiy LO_@= Q=xOK@ =# QO` ayOK@ =#< =~}=
OqOz#k Jx K=K#.
=~}=# =~ W`~ q+ = H}=, =^H~"# W`~ Q= =x
x~iOKH"e.
2. QO` ayOK@=#,Hey#=~}=P``,` H PHH=QHey# =^=?
P`` QO` ayOz#=~}=
Wk ^_^. H~}= QO` ayOz#_, "^_ ~H== `y J~H u
HQ#. J~H u =# HQ x`= =# `#H `# QO` ayOK@ ^_^.
PHH O@#: Wq _ K J~^.
z# =^=` HeyOKH#=K#.
Hs =^=` O`= |@ W~Hx QO` K@ ayOK_=
=# =~}= OqOK#.
` O@# :QO` ayOz# =~}= Z=Q ` =~}=. , =$^,
P_"i g^ [~Q#.
K`# ayOK@ ^~ HeyOK =~}= Z= `=.
FSM
256
=`=O^, ~~=` L#"ix Dq^=Q `K@ Z=

J=H= H^.
QO` @ : x~K#= : =HH QO`# K`` H O# HeyOK@ =#
=~}= OqOK#.
D q^"# <~= Z=Q , =$^, g^ [~Q#.
g^ [iy# <~= Z=Q =#OQ= _ LO_#.
=~}#O`~ H}=
1. QO` Q= "e=^ @#" XH ", Ku "e Q~ =iH "
LO_#. ~O_ K` LyOz#K, @# " Q~ =O^ H "#H Hh
qye# " Q~ =~H " LO_#.
2. "_=^ Q\` Hey# J~KO^H~ Q_ Q= LO_#.
3. P_"i =#OQ= [iy# Q~ LO_#.
4. XO\g^ |@ ziy, Kki#"O@H, ye#KuQA, HO^_Q LO_#.
5. "_=^ HO_~=, ~H <= #ey LO_#.
6. ^~~_ Hi*, ~_ =i HH~_ Z=H q~Q@ [~Q#.
7. "_=^ L# H}*= ~H == Hey LO_#.
Li,QO` ayOK@=`=
Li
1. ^~}=Q Wk P``
2. `_Q~ U@"Q JO~=Q HO~=_
g^ LO@Ok.
3. "_HO_~= J~^Q Q_`~.
4. LitH ==Q "_ "# qiy
`Q`~.
5. "_,=Y=,qQ` Q Q_, HO^_
Q ^~}=Q LO_=.
6. "_ y _=Q LO@Ok.=Y= e~
LO@Ok.
8. <\ #O_ [= Hi LO@Ok.
9. ~_ Z=H 20 `= H
Q~Q#.
QO` ayOK@
1. ^~}=Q Wk `
2. `_Q~ J_OQ O~=Q HO~=_ g^
H HOk Q=# LO@Ok.
3. "_HO_~ Q_`~.
4. J~^Q [~QÒk.
5. ^~}=Q Q_, HO^_ Q
LO\~.
6. LO_^.
7. =Y= La h= ~OQ LO@Ok.
8. J Hi LO_^.
9. ^~}=Q q~Q^.
257
FSM
10. <~` O|O^= LO_^.

11. O# H}= Q U~_
LO_=, =, <\ #O_ ~H= K
J~^Q H~Òk.
12. Li Q~ HO^ "_ K~= H#K `Q
"~ ZO_ ~ LO@Ok.
13. "_ ~H <= K J~^Qz\
LO@Ok. =Y=Q s~= K HOkH
_ "_#_ z@Òk.
14. Tiu` g^ | LO_=.
10. < ~ ` O |O^ =

LO_=K.
11. LO\~.
12. K~= HO^ ~H= Q_

H@Hx LO@Ok.
13. ~H <= ==Q z\
LO\~.
14. LO_=K#.
H@=#Q@ (Drowning)
x~K#= : h~ H W`~ ^=H= =x+ =xy#_ " ~}Py, O#
=# =~}= OqOK#.
g
H== =, <~ =xy# =~}OK_= [~QÒk. Wk Z=Q z#
OqOK#.~~, =` =O^ == = =` L# "iH, QO_ @
=z# "i, =~ "k Hey# "~, Hk \ h\ _#_ =~}=
OqOK=K#.
=xy=@=#HQ =~}==_ ~H=
1. =Oz h\ =xy =@ : W@=O\ =~}= Z= `= Hey LO\~.
L^: =, H=, O@, ~, [=, #^, K~= "^Q#q.
2. LC h\ =xy =@ : Wq `H=Q LO_#. L^: =^ h~.
=^ h\ =xy#_ H< =Ozh\ =xy#_ =~}= Ò^~Q
G
OqOK#.
_ _xOQ : WH_ Tiu` xH h~ "tOKH =O^ =~}= OqOK@.
3.
nxx _ _xOQ JO\~.
Kx h~ XH iQ <=x ~\HH "tOz#_, ~\H
g
H}*= OkOz aQHx =@ =# =~}= "O@< OqOK#.
258
FSM
=~}===i =~}=HQ q^=

1. XH=H h\ _ =xy#_, D` ~H ~#K, J`x |~= h\ eH "o
K` Qe H~ J_OK@ =# h\# `#. U^< P^~= H~ h\Q@ g^
Q <K, =\, ~# @Hx HH "#. h~ <= "tOK@ =#
^x` _# ^Q =K#. =~ h@ =xy#_ O^#` h~ `Q@
[~Q#. D K~ =~ =~ [iy#_ s~= |~= iy h\ e J_Q
K~#.
2. h@ =xy# =H ~H= [iQ r= ~xH =~ = "^_, QO_
}"= H~` U~_ =~}= 5 8 xq OqOk.
3. QO_ PQ@= ^~, ~\H aQHx =_= =# XHi =~}= "O@<
OqOK#.
4. ` x h, h x q _# =H Q` _ =~}OK=K#.
5. XHi QO_, Tiu` OaOz# _ J~QO@ #O_ <Q #Oz S^
QO@ =~ }=O_#. nxx `èH }O# JO^~. W@=O\ "ix h\
#O_ "eH f# `~"` @x h~, =~=# = K# `~"`
QO_ =~# =i H$u= ^= zH` ^~ HeOK_= =# uiy
rqOK#.
6. =~}#O`~= s~= HeQ =~, == @ =# s~= Qe
Ki èH J~ h\ H `#.
ZO_ H= J~#K == h\ H `@ 18 36 QO@ _Òk.
g
Ke H= J~#K h@ =xy# s~= H `_xH 2448 QO@ _Òk.
g
=~}#O`~ H}=: Wq ~O_ ~H=
1. H}=
2. JO`~ H}=.
H}=
Drowning
FSM
1.
2.
3.
259
s~=, |@ `_ KQ LO\~.
|~^, <K, =\, WH s~= g^, |@ g^ JO\ LO\~.
=Y= e~ LO@Ok. H Q= =Hx Qh, `~KHx Qh LO\~.
H Z~i, H# ^qQ LO\~.
4. <H La |@ =z LO_=K.
5. `x, #x, Kx #~Q <\ #O_, = #O_ = LO@Ok.
6. Kx h\ `H_H K~= Q H HO_~= aQHx =_= =#
Q~Q QQ~@ KOk#@ K~= '` K~= = LO@Ok.
7. ~OQ= =i =$+} K~= =_KHx LO@Ok.
8. Q_,z, "H, H=, P = aQ= Hey` Ku @H#|_ LO\~.
g\x QiOK_= =# =xy =~}Oz#@ ^$=~K_xH `__`~.
9. J~K`, ^ K~= `Q e~, "`|_ =_`î 'KHe K` =
LO\~.
10. == H s~= Z= ~A h\ L#K h\x [K~=, K
"^Q#q HiH# Q LO\~.
11. }~H}H= =~}== =H Z=Q #Q_`, =Hi#`
`~Q P~O" `~Q J^$= J=Òk.
JO`~ H}=
1. `x#~Q <= LO_#.
2. =\, |~^, WH, <K "^Q#q _ <= HxOK#.
3. Tiu` # = La OA = "`Q LO_@ =# "e` <H` QO`
U~_Òk.
4. Tiu` H# h~ ~H= Qe` _# ^== H~Òk.
5. QeQ\ Z~i #~Q` xO_ LO\~.
6. QO_ _ Q= ~H=` xO_ Z_= Q= MmQ LO@Ok.
7. @ e qye# J=== Z~i LO\~.
QsH:1._@"sH :
Z) _@" J##k H"# P *uH KOk# =$H Où. nx ~ Hi#"#kQ
LO_ "_H, P== `@H# H Hey LO@Ok.
1. Wq ~O_ "H# #O_ 1ZOZO A =~ LO_#.
FSM
2.
3.
a)
260
Wq =Ozh~, =^ h\ _ rqOK#.
g\ P ^=, "`=~}=,h\x |\ qq^ *` ~H= H=.
=H U h\ =xy =~}Oz<_, P h\x "# O^ b@~ h\x \
Q OOK=#.
) h\O^ L# P == H Tiu` Q_ ^~ ~H= "tOz
QO_, JH_ #O_ ~H ~}^~ qq^ J=== =YOQ "^_,
H=, Z=H QA, "^Q J=== K~#.
_) g\x Q qq^ J=== L# P#, h\ O^ L# P#
i@ ^~ =x+ }=#C_ h@ =xy =~}OK# Jx è#.
W) s~=x _= Z=H #Oz Z=H QA f D _@" > K^~.
Z) o~# ==, Z=H =`= = J~# == D _@"
> K^~.
Q\~ >
Wk ~H=x H~_ `=# zO|_@= ^~ =x+ h@ =xy Kx~#@
x~iOK=K#.
^~}=Q QO_ H ~O_ (Z_=,_) [~iHx ~H= H~_ `=
=#=Q LO_#.
=Ozh\ =xy Kx~# == Z_= [~iHx H~_ `= 50`=
_ [~iH HO> `=Q LO_#.
=^ h\ =xy Kx~# == 30 `= #O_ 40 `= _ [~iH
HO> Z_= [~iH JkH=Q LO_#.
h@=#Q@-=~}H~}=#S.F.QiOK@
1. [ [| =# h\ _ =~}OK@.
2. h\ L#_ [ [| =# =~}= OqOK@.
L^ : QO_@, =~"k, a.., ` ~H<= z@@ "^#q.
3. PHH O@# =# h@ _@. 4. h@ _"H =O^ U~~z# Q.
5. h\ _`#_ U~_# Q. 6. h\ _# `~"` U~_# Q.
7. h@ =#Q@.
g\x S.F. ==# L# H}, =~}= =O^ =i =~}<#O`~=
U~_# Q `_, <~^= = J~# P^~, =OK<= ^~
QiOK=#.
FSM
261
"^ < :
1. h\=#Q_==#< =~}=OqOz#^?
q+ = H}=,s~= g^ =^ Q= =x x~iOz# `~"` D
HOk H}= =# h@ =#Q_O =< =~}= OqOz#k Jx ^$gHiOK=K#.
1. `x #x #~Q =,<~ #O_ H~_=.
2. h\x z, H =$H=, =$H ^~=, |~^, WH O\q = aQ= =#
Ku \ LO_@=.
3. Qe Q@= `x Kx #~Q LO_@=.
4. ~|~ # = Tiu` La, H# `= #O_ #~Q, ~H=, h\
qo`"# ^== H~_=.
5. h~, |~^, WH, H =$H ^~= <=, @ LO_@=.
6. =^ Kq h~ LO_@=
7. "^_, H=, Z=H QA _@" J< H =$H H} LO_@=.
2. h\ =#Q_= `, P`` H PHH =^= =# [iy#^?
Z) PHH h@=xy#=~}=:
PHH =~} =Y=Q , =~"kQ, =`, ~~ "HO
L#"~, D` ~x"~, h@ _#_ =xy =~}OK_xH P~= L#k. D`^
"K@@, Ò_Q_ Qz ^ _~` L# == PHH=Q h@ =xy =~}OK_x
zOk. "@~@ H #=`> =#Q@ : =H #= K#_ PHHOQ
U~_# [ [| =# H *~@ =# ` W`~ s~ Q= Q" $ H~
h@ =#Q@ =# =~}= OqOK#. W@=O\ H ` h\ =xy LO^ ^
Jx sHOK_O, == H i~=# QiOK@, h\ `\x h\ ~x h\x
O HiOK_O =H *i#_ J`x ` H "_ "#H Q= U~_# Q
QiOK@. |=OÒQ h\`\ =Oz KO# H == H =i KÒ^
Hey# " HO^_ Q U~_ LO__O =i HK` `` H\# Q~
LO_@O.
t =~}=
#= K#_ Hx, = =`q~# K#_ Q~=` PHHOQ t
[##O U~_ t= h\ `>Hx, \< < Hx =#Q@ =# =~}OK#. t=
Tiu` aOz# | h =i ` @ h# sHOK@ =# t =~}=#
h@=#H =# =~}Oz#@ ^$gHiOK=K#. D` HO =z# "~, K >"~,
FSM
262
F_ xK Hi XHi h@=#Q@ PHHOQ OqOz =~}OK^~. gi

Z= =Ok D` ~x"~ LO^~. h\x `_H=_xH =z# =^=` h\
_=@ [~Q#. qQ@ g^#Oz, _qOQ ~#Oz D` H@@ HO^ ^H# "~
`QO h\ J_Q# Q^H=_O =# "_ "# q~Q@ =# h@=#H =~}=
OqOK#.
P``h@=#H =~}=:
h@ =xy# =~}= P`` `= Z=Q K|_#. P`` K#
s~= HxOKO_ Qz ayOK@, ^ îOz LO_@ HxOK#. h\ ^H
=O^ HO^~ `= |@ f"@, K, + Q@# =ke"@ [~Q#.
s~= |~= ayOz LO_@ HxOK#. D ~= `_` ayOz LO_@, |@
H@H#@, *| LOKH#@ Q=xOK@ =# P``, ` =~}=#
x~iOK=K#. XHi P`` ^_#"~ "iK` H# "~ |OkOKHx
h\ =#Q@ [~Q#. "~ |OkOKHx# q^=, LyOz# P^~=#
QiOK=#. h@=#Q@ _@ =O^ J`# P`` ` L^ : q+=
qOK@, =}H@, "_ =^ H`Q QiOKe. h\ _H =O^ s~= g^ U~_#
Q q Q@, ~ "^Q#q `Q@ =# U~_# Q _ QiOKe. h\
"= JkH=Q L#_ ` qye# = == Z= ^~=
`~e=_xH J=H= ^.
`h\=#H =~}=
` K LÔ` h\ =Oz KO@ J~^. J~` t=, , =$^,
~Q, =` "HO L# "ix J~^Q h\ =Oz KO_xH gOk. U=~Q h\
X_# # `@ L# =# xH `, `# h@ =Oz#_ J~H u U~_
h@=xy =~}OK_= OqOK#. J\ ` s~= #Q@ Q~
HxOK#.
h@=#QH =O^ =H s~= g^ U~_# QO` ayOK@, QO` @ H
f=Q, Z= OY Q s~=g^ U~_ LO_=K. s~= g^ qq^
Q U~_# HO^_ Q, `= h\ J~< `# H = <~ =Oz KO@
` <~= HxOK#.
h\=xy=~}Oz#"iHxOK Q: Wq =_ ~H
1. h@=#QH =O^ U~_# Q
2. h\ _@_ U~_# Q
3. h\ =xy# `~"` U~_# Q
Z) h@ _H =O^ U~_# Q PHH O@# =#, `, P`` =#
U~_ LO_=K#.
FSM
a)
)
263
h\ _@_ s~O h\Q@, qQ@ "^Q#q `ye#_ U~_# Q.

h\ _# `~"` J_Q# L# <, ~, W`~ iH~# `Q@ =#
U~_# Q.
_) s~O h\ =xy ``#_ h\ J=# J@ W@ H^@ =#
=YOQ =Y=, `, K`, "H, H Q= Q_ Q U~_@.
W) =^=, #k @ (+) H ~ `Q@ =# `#, XH^x H#
=iH\ H` =i `y# Q U~_ LO_#.
Z) h\x [ K~=, K, = H~@=# HO_, ^=, =,
=~=== Q= U~_#. D Q= x` Q=
=$`H~= HiH# Q~ (Q_ Q) HxOK#.
h@=xy#=OH `@
1. h@=#Q@ =# ==H s~ LQ` Ò^~Q H=@ [~Q#.
2. h\H =$`s~= `@ qq^ == @#. JkH |~= Hey#"~,
z# h\H Ò^~Q `#. ZO_H= h@=xy# =O H `@
12 #Oz 18 QO@ =O @#.KeHO 18 #Oz 36 QO@ =O
@#. Ju j` ^= 2 ~A #Oz XH "~= @#.
3. h@=xy# =O K =~ P ^=# Hk g@~ ik< H `#.
h\ "O L#_ h@ =xy# Ô #Oz Hx =O^ g@~ ik<
h\H `#. h\H è# =O h\ "=# ^~@=# Hk ^~=
=~ Q|_#.
x~^# =~}=
x~K#= : x~^H =~}= =HH "`=~}= L# P=[x `=# `Q@ =#
H P=[x <= "tOKO_ x~kOK_= =# HQ`~.
D =~}= QO` ayOK@ H Xu_ HeyOK@, h@ =#Q@ ^~ HO_
# x~kOK@ ^~ =~}= OqOK#.
=sH~}<Q ~H=
1. ~O^= =` (Smothering)
2. < J_yO` (Chocking)
3. Kf g^ Xu_ (Traumatic Asphyxia)
4. q+ "= @ =#
264
FSM
~O^==`
Smothering
x~K#=: <~ =, =@ ^~ O# Hey =~}= OqOK#.

1. Wq Z=Q PHH=QQh, ` L^=` Qh HxOK#.
PHH O@# : z# , t= `= _H ~_ `# kO_ H |@
J^=|_@ ^~ =~}= OqOK#.
1. z# = ` J~#"~ a_ Wz#_, ~= J^=#C_
J#=q =# a_# H "Hx xkOK#_ "@ =# a_ =
<~ =Hx =_= =# =~}= OqOK#.
2. `y#"HO ` a_ g^_ =, <~ =@ ^~ =~}=#
H~}= J=`~. Wq ` ^= Z=Q HxOK#.
` O@# : a_, t=, [|_#"ix, =$^# =, <~, K`, kO_,
^\ ^~ =_O =# =~}xH H~}= J=`~.
=~}#O`~ H}=
1. x~^H =~} H} K `=Q Hx~.
2. HOî ^= ye, e " HO^_ Q Hey LO\~.
3. = J^=|_, ^x Z=H qiy LO_=K#.
<=J_yO` : Wq =_ ~H=
1. QyOQ : WH_ |@eH# <\O^ H <=# |OkOK_= ^~
=~}= OqOK=K#.
= sH == == <\ Hh, QO` <= J_Q Q_
=H ^~#.
2. KHOQ : J# ^~= <= J_Q _@ =# PH[< Tiu`
K~H=_= =# =~}= OqOK#.
L^: =O=, K=, Z=H, QO_,=`,=\ "^#q, Qe Q\
"tOK_= =# Ti H =x+ =~}OK=K#.
FSM
265
3. Ku g^ ~x, =, <~ =_O =# (Burking)

Ku g^ ~x =, <\x Ku` = O# HeyOK_= ^~
=~}= OqOK#. nxx |iOQ Jx _ JO^~.
Wq Z=Q PHH =~}= : L^: è, XH =OK= g^ _Hx
L#C_ x^ è g^ "_= ^~, Kf g^ |~=_, = <~
=Hx =_= =# =~}= OqOK#.
` O@# J~^: L^: HO^~ <~ =$^, ~Q, QO_ g^
~x, =, <~ =@ ^~ =~}= OqOK#.
Kf g^ Xu_ : x~K#= : Kf g^ Xu_ =# LK, x=# |OkOK_= ^~
=~}= HQ=K#.
Wq Z=Q PHH O@# =# HQ#.
L^: u~<, |~OQ , T~yO, `H@, "< =^=,
H@_ H Q# =\ H Q_ H WO\ HC e g^ _#_ =~}= OqOK#.
=~}#O`~ H}=
=Y=, "_ =i Xu_ Hey# Kf Q= h= ~OQ LO_#.
Xu_H HO^Q Q= `Q e~ LO_#.
e~# Q= =i h= ~OQ Q=# "~ K =^ q_n|_
LO_#.
s~ JO`~Q= =YOQ `"_ =i Kf QO ~H==
Hey LO_#.
H>=H,"_ =i g "#, H= =i Ku H He Z=H
qiy LO_=K#.
# J=== HO^_, p~_ Q Hey LO_#.
4. q+ "= @ : x~K#= : q+ "= @ =# |O^#= Hey
=~}= OqOK=K#.
L^: H~<"<H_, H~< _ PH_ "^Q#q.
1984OII [iy# q+"= bHr O@# q^<_ "=
_= =# K=Ok =~}Oz# OQu JOîH èO^.
Q# `# = _<A \O D q+ "= K~@ =# JO^
xK Hi, _H x K"~. g\x @ =# J~Hu `~"`
O# Hey =~}= OqOK#.
FSM
266
45 xq+= Tiu`xH Qe K~H, x= L# Qe Y~ J~~

=~}= OqOK#.
x~^H =~}#O`~ H}=
H}=
1. |=O`=Q =, <~ = KO` <~, =, ^= Q_ HO^_
Q LO_=K. "`\ Q_ ` kO_` =H <~ = KO#@~` Qq
HxOKH=K#.
2. Kf g^ Xu_ Hey#_ H>=H ==Q q~Q`~. =Y=
e~ LO@Ok. H `~KHx Z~Q La LO\~. <H |@
_KHx La LO@Ok.
3. #~Q, ~H=` _# ^== <~, = #O_ = LO@Ok.
JO`~ H}=
1. <\ Qe Q\ J#^~=, =`, =\, P~ ^~=,
QO_, H~<, "^Q#q LO_=K#.
2. QeQ@= Z~i LO\~.
3. \~\ J# H ~H== Tiu`, QO_, "^_, "#= ~
g^, W`~ J=== g^ LO\~. Wq QO_ k Ò` i=}= Hey,
<\, HO^, =Y= g^ _ HxOK=K.
QO_ _Q= ~H=` xO_, Z_=Q= MmQ LO@Ok.
"^_ =i @ e J== Z~i LO\~.
"^ < :
1. Ti/ x~^H =~}= =# OqOz#^?
Ti H =~}= Oq #Q_@O =# <~, = ^= Q_,
HO^_ Q LO\~.
QO` J#^~= LO_=K#.
Kf g^ Q, H>=H q~Q_= LO_=K#.
2. Ti H [iy# =~}= `, P`` H PHH =Ô =#
OqOz#^?
P`` x~^H =~}= J~^. PHH O@# =#, `
L^=` [~Q x~^H =~}Z= `=.
<~, =, #O^ Q_eH, =\ "^# J#^~= J_Q _@ =i
267
FSM
=, <~, K`, Q_ kO_` = Ti hO_ K~. Dq^=Q

^ "ix K_= H+=, Hh t=#, #, =$^#, ~QQ#, `y#
=` L# "ix =` "H= L#"ix KO@ [~Q=K.
"# =^= u~<, T~yO [#= `H@, Q#
H@_ HC Q_ _= =# Kf <H |_ =~}= PHH=Q
[~QÒk. ~O^= =` q+"= @ ^~}=Q
=^=` =`" [~Q#.
= O# =~}=
Wq =#H ~Q =#H "s`= HOz# "i HxOk. Wq
=# ^= HO> Ja=$k KOk# ^= Z= HxOk.
Hk\ O# HeyOK@ ^~ "H=Hq HiH f~# =#
HeyOKH#@ ^~ `$<O^^~. Hh D O# =^=` iQ
HQ_O ^~ =~}= OqOK=K#.
L^: " = =i " =$ux "~ D q^"# =~}= Z=Q
#Q^~.
O# HeyOKH#q^=
1. QO` ayOKH#@ ^~ : `_ H "~ H |@eH =` QO`
ayOK@ ^~ O# HeyOKH##.
2. H~O@ fQ `H_ HeyOKH#_= =# _ `$ HeyOKH##.
3. ` =Y Q= =#Q#@ H H=~ Qh, Q ^~Qh = "Hx
O# HeyOKH##.
4. \, H~< >\H~_, Wke< H~_, P" P_ "^Q"\x _=
^~ H H Q "Hx _= ^~ `$<O^^~.
=~}Oz#=^~ P^~
1. =$`x Qk ^~ qs`"# =, `=, _s.
2. =$`x O|On` J`x =~# "H| K_O
3. =$`x s~= =^ ^~ P^~=, `_,Q,H~O@ fQ "^Q#q.
4. P``, ` O|OkOz# P^~= aOKH=@.
5. O# =~}H}= =$`x s~= HxOK@.
-0000-
268
FSM
q+ q*# G=
(Toxicology)
~` ^= q+=, q+i`"# =$H=, Hq H@H= =O^ qiqQ

=# =#= `= JO^@ LO_@ =# qq^ ~H=Q qq^ ^` ^~
q+ ==# #Q@ [~QK#k. =YOQ PHH O@#, P``, `
<~= D q^"# q+= fH#@ =#"~#k. g\x QiOK@ `Q K~
fH#@ ^~ K =~ }xx, <~=# JiH@@ P~= H^.
q+=:x~K#=:
U ^~= J~## qq^ ~= s~=# H s~=xH fH#C_
J<~Q= HeyOK@ Hh, }x HeyOK@ Qh [iy#K J\ ^~=# q+=
JO\~.
q+= ~xH ^~= Hh =$H= #Oz aOK#\ ^~= Hh
Hq H@H^ =# =Q ^~=# Qh, "`=~}= Hey# q+"= Hh
qq^ ~= q+ == HeyOK#.
L^: L"`, Q<~, PixH P=, H~ ^=H=, Hq O~H=, = =i `
q+=, Hi, "~, OQ =# HQ P~ q+=, H~< "<H_, H~< _
PH_ "^Q#q.
^~}=Q q+= Jx = "iH q+ ==# Hey~. q+ ==
q+= H "`^# |\ "i =# |\ s~= H P~Q iu =i q+=
s~= x K# H=# |\ "\ H == HeyOK#.
q+ == Jq Hey# q^#=# |\ =_ ~H=Q qlOK=K#. Jq
1. PH` O@# = (Accidental Poisoning)
2. P`` O@# = (Suicidal Poisoning)
3. ` O@# (Homicidal Poisoning)
PH` O@#= HQ q+ ==
=^=` Hx q+= fH#@ =# s~=# q+ ==# HeyOK#.
L^: =H@, ` H@, H~< `Q@O, =O^ Z= "`^ fH=@=.
Wq Z=Q z# , =u q`= x "i, =$^ HQ#.
P`` O@#
WH_ q+= = `# `#Q fHx q+ ==# HeyOKH##.
L^: L"`,Hq O~H =O^, x^ =` "^Q#q.
269
FSM
Calotropis
Datura
Nerium Odorum
Castor Plant
Cerbera Thevetia
Abrus Precatorius Seeds
270
FSM
Lathyrus Sativa Dal
Streakiness Nux Vomica Seeds
Cobra
Marking Nuts
Poppy Seeds
Scorpion
FSM
271
Wk Z=Q , =^ = =`, =#H ~Q HxOk.

Ò@#
D~, Q ^+=` W`~ q+ == # K@. L^: L"`,Q<~,
<_,PixH q+=. Wq U = "i<< HxOK#.
q+= s~= "tOz# q^=# |\ : 4 ~H=Q qlOK|_#q.
1.<\^~
K q+= <\ ^~ s~= "tOK#. L^: q+i` P~ h=,
=O^, HqO~H =O^, P= H~ ^=H=, H~< "^Q#q.
2. ^~
Hx q+= " ~O Tiu` ^~ s~= "tOK#. L^:
H~<_PH_, H~< "<H_, Hq O~H =O^ D^~ "=.
3.^^~:(WO[H< ^~)
^ ^~ s~=xH <~Q q+=# fH#@. "^=$ux "~, <~\H
=O^ x Z=Q D ~Ox q+= fHO\~. L^: F=, k_<
=O^.
4.K~=^~
K~= ^~ q+= s~= "tOK@ =# q+=# HeyOK#. L^:
=,`H@, HOksQ,`<\Q @@, HqO~}=O^, P=H~ ^=H=
"^Q#q.
q+=s~=HQK ==#|\ : 2 q^=Q qlO=K
1.
q+=s~=g^ fH#^==`" x K@(H H<) :
WH_ q+= s~= g^ _# H `ye# Q= =`" q+==#
KOK#. L^: P= H~ ^=H= s~= g^ _# Q= =`" H_=,
| ~=_= [~QÒk.
s~ JO`~Q=q+==#HeyOK@
q+= s~= "tOz# `~"` s~ JO`~Q= `# q+==# qq^
s~ == xK@ ^~ ==# HeyOK#. L^: <~\H =O^ <_
=O_= g^
Kx< q"#=,<_ =O_=
q+= s~= "tOz# `~"` : qq^ =~= qiOK|_#
1. <\ ^~ : "O` K@ ^~ |@ qiOK|_#.
FSM
2.
272
== ^~ : r~== ~H=xH QO|_x q+= == ^~

|@ qiOK|_#.
3.
=`= ^~: r~== ^~, H == ^~ WO[H< ~O K~=
^~ s~=xH "tOz# q+= =Ò_= ^~ ~ K|_
=`= ~O qiO|_#.
4. K~= ^~ Hx q+= K=@ ~O K~= "eH qiOK|_#.
q+=s~=q+ ==#HeyOz#==#|\:
2 q^=Q qlOK=K.
1. "O@< q+ == HQ K@ : (Acute Poisoning) :
WH_ q+= Ju `= == s~= "tOz# "O@< q+ ==#
HQK#. q+= Z= "`^ XHi fH=_= =#, `= "`^
Z= ~ `= H==k fH#_= =# q+ == Ò^~Q s~=#
HQ#. L^: x^=`, Hq O~H =O^.
D q^"# q+ == P``, PHH O@# ^~ [~Q#. `
O@# K J~^Q OqOK#.
2. x^#=Q q+ == HQ K@ : (Chronic Poisoning)
WH_ q+= `= "`^ Z= H= s~= "tO K_=. Wk
` L^= HQK q+ == HxOK#.
q+ =H}=
^~}=Q q+= s~= fH# "`^, i=}=, "\x fH#
q^=, Jq s~= xK# H=# |\ qq^ s~ == q+ ==# #
J~# f~, =HH s~ ux |\ qq^ H}=# HQK#.
XH =H q+ == HeyOK|_#k Jx Hx =Y H}=# Q=xOK@ =#
J#=xOK=K. Jq
1. P~QH~"# =HH JH`Q ~Q H}= Hey#_.
2. U^< P~=, ^=^~ h= Hh lOz#, `y# "O@< J<~Q=
Hey#_.
3. ~Q H}= Hey# =H H}= f=` ~Q` L#C_
4. =~ = XH O, XH =O, XH ~H"# ~Q H}=
HxOz#_
5. q+ == Hey# =H H =, =`, "Ou ~H= q+ == HQ
K# ^~=# H q+=# QiOz#_.
FSM
6.
273
=~}Oz#, J~H u L# = i~= "# q+=# q+

= H}=# Q=xOK@ ^~ Q~ @=K#.
x^#=Q(HxH) q+ =H}=#HQK q+=#QiOK@
1. ~y `# fHO@# P~=, =O^, h= ^~ ~Q H}=
~Q` L#C_.
2. ~y H P~Q iu Qi "^= K~Oz< x^#=Q H}OK_=,
i~= @ J<H, s~ |~=# H=@, J#=#OQ LO_@
"^Q#q.
3. ~yH "O` q~K#= Z= H= PQO_ =m =m HQ`#C_.
4. ~yH `# L# "`=~}i` #Oz W`~ ^= `~eOz#_ ~Q
H}= `Q@ H ===@.
5. `= "`^ ~y H "Ou, q~K#=, ~H=, =`= q+=#
QOK@ ^~.
q+ ==Hey#=H #Ozq+=H##Q#@ HiOK=#q
1. "Ou "Ou K~OK#_ =z# ^~=# g#O` @H#=#.
2. 10 qb ~H=.
3. =`= (ZO` g` JO`)
4. ==
10 qb Q= He# _O ~_ ~H=# ^=~= LOK@#, x=
K@# LQ_#.
`L^=`LyOK q+=, "\ H}=
1. =Q =k. 2. Ys^ `=
3. "#, ~OQ, ~z xk.
4. OQ J#=#= HQO_ P~ h=`, =O^` He W=QeQq.
5. q+ == Z= Hey#q.
6. q+ = H}= ^~}[|# e#q H x^#=Q [| H}=
HeyOK#q.
7. q~Q_ =O^x q 8. =sH ^~ =Q Q~@x q
9. s~= Ò^~Q #tOKq.10. ~xH sH, ~H sH H#Q#xq.
L^: i< =i ê= H}= Hey#q.
. PixH =i JH<@ ^~}=Q LyOK q.
FSM
274
P`` L^=`LyOK q-g\ H}

1. OQ =q.
2. Ys^ `=. 3. ~zxq, "# xq
4. Z= q+ == Hey#q.
5. P~ h= ^~ fH#QeQq.
6. Z= H+= HeyOKO_ =~}= HQKq.
F= =i i@~\ =O^ H}# K =~ Hey LO\~.
L^ : ZO_< ^~}=Q LyOK#k.
q=sH~}
1. H~_ q.
2. =O@ HeyOK q.
3. =O_eH q.
1.
H~_ q (Corrosive)
D q `= ~xH ==` `H# ^ Q=# HHOQ H_=,
HOK_= K~.
L^ : P== : _HiH P==, <\HP==. iH P== "^Q#q.
H~= : _O H~<@, _O _H_, J"x "^Q#q.
2. =O@ q
D q `= ~xH == = <~, H_, = H}*= HO^#@
K#. Wq =_ ~H.
Z) JOk ^~= (Inorganic) :
L^~} PixH, ~y, =, ^~= "^Q#q.
a) Ok ^~= (Organic) :
1. =$H O|O^"#q : P=^=, QiqO^ yO[ "II
2. [O` OO^"#q : =H@, `H@ "II
) OuH q+= (Mechanical) :
QA_, =[ _ "^Q#q.
3. =O_eH q+=:
Wq s~=x qq^ == g^ xK#.
Z) r~== g^ x K q : L^: H~_ q, =O@ q,
a) ~H ~}==, QO_ g^ xK q: L^: Q<~, Q, PH<@
"^Q#q.
) Tiu` xK q : O# HQK#q.
L^: H~< "<H_, H~< _ PH_ "=
FSM
275
<_ q : L^: \+O <_.

_) <_ =O_= g^ xK q : "^_,"#=,#~= g^ ==
KOK q+=# |\ HO^ qÔQ =sHiOK~.
1. #~= xK q : ~i q+=.
2. "^_ xK q : Wq K ==# |\ =_ q^=Q
qlOK=K#.
Z) x^ HeyOK q #=O^
a) "HO LOK q ~~.
) L<^= HeyOK q L"`, QO*~ "^Q#q.
_) "#= xK q : Kx<
W) L<^= HeyOK q : L^ : L"`,QO*~ "^Q#q.
Z) Q~== HeyOK q : Q<~, PH<@, l_, Z~\, =, PixH,
"~i, \+O ~OQ<@.
l) =^=` HQ q : ^~}=Q Q$O LyOK ==.
L^ : H~<,S~< =`, ^= =i H@H <tx =O^.
K) W`~ q+= : Hi (Food Poisoning), W#e<
4) =#,Q~#KO@ LyOK q
J| H\i~, Q<~, L"`, JH<@, PixH, HqO~H =O^, Kx<,
lO, _, <>_.
5) q+=# }=
J|< H\i, H@< P~, l_,PH<@,Kx<, = q+=, ~i
q+= "^Q#q.
q+ "xH#Q#@
rqOz L#C_ =i =~}= `~"` _ q+=#, q+ = H}=#
H#Q#=K#. ^~}=Q q+=# "\ ==# ~y WK =K~= Hh, ~y
|O^= ^~ Hh, ~y L# = îH# P^~= ^~ Hh q+ == Hey#k
Jx K=K#.
^~}=Q D HOk q+= ^$+ iOK_= ^~ q+ ==#
J#=xOK=K.
1. U qÔQ q+ == Hey#k. 2. ZH_ [iy#k.
3. q+ ^~= Uq LO_=K#.
4. q+ == Hey ZO` H= J~#k.
FSM
276
5.
6.
s~= g^ q+ = H}= Uq H=.

ZO` =Ok D q+ ==# # J~<~.
~y^~ K=~ "~ fH# q+=# `H#=K.
z# J~#K "i èÒ_, P ^~ "~ fH# q+=#
`H#=K.
~y =~}Oz L#K J`x i~=# }OQ `xv K aOz# q+=# "\
= H}=# ~y s~= Q=xOK_= ^~ JOK< "=K#.
Hi, L^Q J~#K "~ xK# Hs, H~Q~, i~
LyOz# q+ ^~= Hh, q+"= Hh, ~#=, =O^ Hh
LO_=K#.
q+ ^~=Hey#~yH}=
1. J~H u
2. K~= =~
3. H== =i <_ H@H#@ =~
4. s~ LQ` =~
5. HO\ =~
6. ~y =~# =~
7. "O` Hh, Ju~O Hh LO_@
8. =` q~# [~QH =@
9. =~ =K@.
H}=
1. K~= _i, "_Q LO_@= [~=, <H _~_=, ^H
Z=, H# ^qQ, <_ "Q=Q, =` q~# H+=Q, =~, =u
=}=, <=kOK_=, J~H u HQ#.
2. H# z#qQ, <\ #O_ [= Z= H~@, K~= Z=
K=@ \,lQ@ "O`, HO_ #Oz h~ H~@, "O`, <_
|#=Q LO_@ Ju~= \, J~Hu HQ#.
3. FO (#=O^) 3. H# z#qQ, H <=kQ s~ LQ` `Q@ <_ <=kQ
|#=Q LO_@, \, J~Hu.
4. HH<
4. H# ^qQ, [~=, <_ "Q=Q LO_@ =u q`= O_,
\, J#= K=@ Z= @@, `_Q L# K~=, J#=Q
LO_@.
5. x^=`
5. J~Hu, ~H _#= `Q@, <=kOK@ s~ LQ` `Q@.
6. "_`# =O^ 6. Ju~=, K~= _i, <_ "Q=Q HO_ h~ H~@, P=eO`,
xe "@ L^: x^ X<C, K`H =OH~ =@, J#=Q LO_@, =}_
=`, _l",
"^Q#q.
FO, P
q+=
1. L" ` , J\
_ # Hx ~ H
=+~"
2. HqO~H =O^
FSM
277
~Q =^ i`q+ ==L#@ QiOK H}=

1. ~yH O# Hey#_.
2. ~yH ^=zH` ^~ H iH#_.
3. ~y J~Hu LO_ ye##, yz## K#= #C_.
4. ~y H H# \i@ "`~ uK~ (^qQ H z#qQ)
KOK#C_.
5. <_ |#=Q 50 ~ xq+=# H "Q=Q 110 ~ xq+=#
H JH==Q H@H#@ L#C_.
H}=# Hey# ~yx Z@=O\ P= HO_ PuH `~eOK=#.
q+Q== =~}Oz#"iqxH#Q#@
D HOk qÔQ sHOz H#Q#=K#.
1. =~}#O`~= s~= HQ =~.
2. ~xH sH.
3. [O`= Q=. 4. i~=, i`, <~ ^= ij#.
=~}#O`~ H}=
H}=
Z) "# : Hx q+=# "\ `H "# Q=xOK_= ^~ Q~@_O
[~Q#. Jq. L^: H~O, D^~, #=O^, ZO_<.
a) ^ : q+= H q+O` _# "Ou =# s~= g^, |@ g^ zOk
Q~# HeyOK#.
L^: <\H P_ ~OQ, iH P_ #x =_# ~OQ.
) K~= ~OQ
q+ =O K~= ~OQ# |\ K=K#.
L^: 1. ~ q+== =# K~= K ~OQ KiH Hey#
~OQ =K#.
2. PixH q+ == =# < ~OQ# Hey LO_#.
278
FSM
_)
<\ Q= :
<\O^ =~H P_ H P q+== =# Hey LO_#.
Poisoning by Sleeping Pills : Note Tablets in the Oral Cavity
W)
WO[H< Q~ :
K` Ô_= g^, "Ku O`=, `_ g^, ~^ g^, =}H@
O`= ^ Q~ LO_#.
Z) "# =# Hx q+=# H#Q#=K
L^:1.
H~< "#: HqO~H =O^, H~<, ZO_<
2. "e "# : ~.
3. P" "# : _[# <_.
4. ~~ "# : ~~, <~.
5. J~\ O_ "# : H~ _\
l) = =~H
q+= "\ == =# s~= U~_ = =~H O^ ~OQ =~
HxOK# Jq. L^:
1. Ki O_ Z~ ~OQ: H~< "<H_ 2. =^~ OH ~OQ : _[# <_
3. H : FO
JO`~ H}=
1. H~_, =O@ q H_ =Z~Q HOk#@ K O__, ~O^=
U~_@ [~Q#.
2. ~xH sH
s~=e Hx J=== yOz# q+=# QOKHx LO\~. "\x
~xH sH~= OOz yOz# q+=# H#Q#=K#. Jq.
Z) rqOz L# "i
1. "Ou KH# ^~= : 300 ZOZ "`=
FSM
2.
3.
a)
279
H_x ^~= "Ou K~Oz#_ =z# h~ 500 ZOZ

~H= : 100 ZOZ
4. =`= : 100 ZOZ
Kx~# "i (q~ H~})
=~" K#_ ~xH x}_ q+ ==# QiOK@ r~H
== O|OkOz# J=== *Q` Ke. nxx q~ H~}JO^~. WO^ D
HOk ^~=# HiOK^~. Jq.
1. H_ : JO^x q+=, r~= J=`# P~=` He H H_ "`=
=i ^x 300 ZOZ ^~= fH#=#.
2. z#= : Q= (30O.gII H XH J_Q) =i JO^x ^~= 100
ZOZ =~.
3. H= : J~HQ= (500 Q)
4. =Ò_= : XH =Ò_= H ~O_ Q= =Ò_= x=Q H
fH#=#.
5. =`= : =`=` 100 ZOZ
6. ~H= : 100 ZOZ, ^~}=Q g\x "~"~~Q x= LOK^~. g\x x=
LOK@ LyOK ^=}= _OH~_ H ~H_ i\#
LyOK^~.
Hx `H i` `H q+=# QiOK@ W`~ J==#
g
~xH sH~= OKe LO@Ok. D q+x =sH [~ ~xH
x}_ x~~~. Jq.
1. "^_ (QQ=) : P, x^=`, H~< "<H_, <_, H~"
q+=.
2. Tiu` (XH QQ=) : P, =` =O^, O# HQ K
q, QO_ O|OkOz# q.
3. QO_ ("Ò) : ~H ~} O|OkOz#, QO_ g^ xK q.
4. "#= : Kx< q.
5.
K~= =H : (25 O.gII) H~_ q, =O@ q _#Q
6. K~=, ^x HO^ HO_~ Q= He =i HO\Q J=è =#
Q=# ^ ^~ WO[H< ^~ W=|_# q+= QiOK_=.
7. H_ QO L# H= =i =Ò_= O_= K@ L# H=
HqO~H =O^ q+== H#Q#@.
FSM
8.
280
H KuO^ L# _= Z=H, ` "O@H (5 Q) Q~ Jx "q :

PixH =i ~xH =i HxH q+ ==# H#Q#@.
3. [O`= Q
O_ [O`= J#=#=# q+ ^~x yOz q+ = H}=#
`H#=K. Hh [O`= s~ ==# |\ Hx q+ == < "O`,
q~K#= H=_=, HxO\H xQOKH=_= [~Q#. L^: O^, "H, L"`#
ux r~= KH#Q=. q+ == g\ s~= HQ^.
4. i~,iìj#
=$`x q+Q= [iOz# xOk`_ q+=# HiOz# H
H#@=O\ ~^, H H^#=, P`` ~Q`, P`` H}= L#@ J~`
Q=xOz L`~ =#Q"\x HiOKe. @, , Q, qye~# ^~=
h=# HiOz ~xH sH~= OOKe.
q+=fH#=HH zH` :^=zH`
qxH zH` K#_ D HOk x== H~= "^= K|_#. Jq :
1. s~=xH "tOz, JO`~`= Hx qx f"_=
2. qxH q~Q_ W=_= 3. s~=x JO`~`"# H}= zH`
s~= JO`~`= Hx, WOHx q+=# `yOK@
Z) ` \#_, =H@ "#_ q+= ~H= ^~ s~=xH O_
QO `_` Q\Q ayOz H\e. H@ "# Qx _` x=Q Q=
K <\ ^~ ~H=# e Lq"e.
a) q+ "= == L#K ~yx P =#O_ `~eOz "# Qe =K
OH =i, g L#K PH[<# <\ =, = ^~ JOkOK=#.
) <\ ^~ H_H Ki# q+= L#K, ~|~ Q@=# <\ ^~ H_H
xK@ ^~ Hh, JOQ\ " \ ~ HeyOK_= ^~ Qh, Q~
"Kx h~ H \+O ~OQ<@ ^==# He `yOK@ ^~ H_
H_Qe H "Ou K~OKe.
"OuK~OK ^`
1. "Kx h `yOK_=
2. P"O_ h He `yOK_=.
3. Lh `yOK_=
4. WH ~# `yOK_=.
5. <\ " \ "Ou K~OK_=.
6. JOye (<\ z~<H) zQ~ H=` `HOK_= Ke.
FSM
281
"OuK~OK_x i`
1. J~H u L# ~y.
2. ^`= ux " q+= qOy# ~Q (H~_, =O@ q)
3. Pqi H " ~O L# q+= fH#C_.
4. =~ ~Q
5. X K|_# ~Q, H Q~# (J^~) = "Ou K~OK_^.
q+=# q~Q_
Wq q+=# |# ~z, "\ ==# `yOK_=, s~= #Oz
qiOK#@ K@ ^~ xK#.
q+=# q~Q_ =_ ~H=
1. OuH q~Q_ :q+= H_ =i =x Q_ `ye q+
==# HQKO_ Hx ^~= ~ =ki q+=# s~
JO`~Q= =^ U~_ x HQO_ K~.
L^: H= ^~=, #<, H_Q_x `#, , # h~
"^Q#q K q+= q~Q_Q xK~.
_ =i J~\ O_ Q _H, =[ _H q~Q_Q J`<@@ K
H_, = \ ~ Q_O_ H_Òk.
2. ~xH q~Q_ : Wq q+= Z^~ K~# HeyOz "\ H f=`#
`y~. L^: @ P= |# H~=.
3. llH H uH q~Q_ : Wq q+ = e` Z^~ H}#
Hey~. L^: L"`, #=O^.
4. s~= JO`~`"# q+=# `yOK@
"_ h` s~=# `_K@ ^~ K=@ ~O iOK|_#.
=` q~# B+^= =# =`= qiOK#@ K@.
q~K# =O^, Zx= WK@ ^~ == qiOK|_#.
5. =# q+ = H}= zH`
1. < =i [~=# ~\= a W==K#. ~\= ^
500 ZOl 25 ZOl H~= W==#.
2. Hi*# H= =O@, ^~^ Hey# K~= QO KQ ~=K#.
3. s~= ^== `y~#_, <H `_ Pi~, H QO@ _#_
X.P~.Z ^=}=# W"e. ~H<= ^~ QHA, # ZHOKe.
FSM
4.
5.
6.
7.
282
O# PH[# W"e.
=~ =z#K Qi< 30 ZOl a W"e.
J^~ W==# ^= zH` Ke.
QO` "z# _ Kx ^==# =`= W==#. QO` =^ "_H_=
@=#.
x=~ O\_\ :
XH " fH# q+= U^ è#_ x=~ O__\ fH#_=
[~QÒk. Wk K q+= q~Q_Q xKOk.
WO^x ^~=
1. "w+O PH_
: 1 Q=
2. \xH P_
: 2 Q=
3. PH">_ K~H
: 2 Q=
Hx~Hq-q+"-^=zH`
P= q+==O (Acid Poisoning)
Q_ iH, <\H, _HiH P= <\^~ fH#_ Jq `H# K@
^`=# ux" <#O K~. g\x P`` LyOK=K. Wq JO^@
LO_"~ PHH =^ QiH=K. g\x ` J~^Q Ly~. ^~}OQ
D P= # q^~, HO, Hs, Q xK "
JO^@ LO\~.
q+=H}
~y<~, QO`, Kf, H_ =O@Q LO\~. ~HO` _# =^~ Q^=
~OQ ^~O "OuQ =Ok. |@g^ _` =^~ Q^= ~OQ =~H U~_`~. <\
#Oz KOQ ~HO` H H~Òk. QO`" HÒk. HOk ^=_ HêOK_O, <`
_ =\__O, #=@ H+==Òk. Ti |~=Q LO@Ok. "^@ =|^HO, `~`
h q~K< ~HO` _ qiO|_`~. =` q~# `=~, ^` _ LO@Ok.
H# "_=`~. X K|_ <_ =O^yOk. $ =Ò z=i =~ LO@Ok.
=~}H~}O
P= q+QO [iy# ~yH 24 QOII< H=Qx, QO`@Hx H
QO` "= Hx H H_ He =~}O OqOk. HO` =OkH Hx < `~` P~
<O =Hx =@O = P~O iQ fHH zH " =~}~.
zH`
1. ~|~ Q@O` H_ H_Q@O, "Ou K~OK@ K_^. P=O = "`|_,
La~# H_ ye }==Òk.
2. P= Q_`# K# K\xH h~, , HeO, "w+OPH_ <Q
FSM
283
# He `yOKe. "O@< #`@. #<, h He# #O `yOKe.

3. ^H f~\xH S=H <\OÔKe. < `Q\xH =i WO[H<
W"e.
=~}#O`~ H}
k`# ^=, <~, |@ g^ =^~ Q^= ~OQ =~H LO\~. P=O
= <~, QO`, P~<O, H_ He, H~ ~#@ Hx~. ~y HO`HO |uH
`~` =~}Oz`, P=O = He# Q =#`# H}# K_=K.
P=O K@O (Vitriolage) - HH, ^+O L# = `~ P=O K`~.
=YOQ Q_ iH, _HiH P=# `~ =YO, |@ Ke JO^qH~O
K_O ^~ Q, ^+O f~O\~. nx= K=_O, XHHi =~}OK_O _
OqOK=K. ^ #Q~ =`H,J~ [iy#_ ` ZHH | P_ xO
[#O g^ q~~.
L"`
L"` K@ |O[~ = K Q@ ~Q`~. D K@, H, q`<
Jh q+i`. , QO\H~O, `, hO He# ~OQ LO\~. q`< HOKO
^Q, =OÔQ, q~ yO[ PH~O, =^~ Q^= ~OQ, "# O_ K^Q
LO\~.
=^ "`^ - 50-75 q`<
=^ ==k - 24 QO@
q+=H}
~y L"` u# J~ QO@ "\ =^ H} "^=`~. H_<, =O@`
H_ ^q#> "Ou KO\_. qOQ_O H+=Òk. <~, QO` `_ Pi`~.
ùiy, #_H `_|_, K`, H n#O ``~. X "_Òk. H#
"_~, XH== ~O_Q HxOk. "HO H=Òk. =H P_` J@ W@
H^` LO\_. z=iH \, H=` =~}O OqOk.
zH`
1. "Ou K~OKe.
2. \+O ~OQ<\ ^=O` H_# H_Qe.
3. ~xH q~Q_ ' Hi< W"e.
4. < `Q_xH llH q~Q_Q =i WO[H< W"e.
5. "_, Qi< W L<Ô, \ `Q`~.
6. He` H, PH[< W"e. "_ h\` Zh= W =O ^~ q+O qiO
|_Òk.
=~}#O`~ H}
L"` q`< H_, z# QO^ Hx~. P~<O, H_ Z~i LO\~.
H_ e ~ Z~i LO@Ok.
FSM
284
"^< G^#`
=# Ô L"`# <~ Ly~. L"` q`<# _K, Ku, J#O,
, f ^~, x He @~ Wz $ H~# `~"` "i =^
L# ^#O, #Q ^KO\~. P`` HO L"`# LyOK@O J~^. Hh
JH`Q L"`# ux =^xH # H=K.
#=O^ (FO)
` QQ zH# H, JOÔz Hi# ~x P~\, WQ~ @_O =
#=O^ `~=Òk. #=O^ #O_ =i =Ok.
=^ "`^ - #=O^ 2Q=
=i - 0.2 Q=
=^ =O - 6-12 QO@
H}
#=O^ u# ~y J~QO@ `~"` =O^ = H} "^=`~. D
H} =_ ^Q =~.
1.
L^H ^
"^_ K~Q xKOk. QO_ "QOQ H@O@Ok. =YO Z~~Òk.
JqÒQ LO@Ok. z# J~` \ =~. ^"~` Z= L^HxH #
J~ zQ =i~.
2. x^^ :
<_ =O_O =OÔQ xKOk. x^ PH#O`Q =Ok. `<, ` u~Q@,
x`=Q LO@Ok. Q\Q ye, |= K x^#Oz "#_O [~QÒk. ^=,
=Y= he ~OQH =~`~. XO` ^~^\ H, <_ =Ò H=OQ
LO\~.
3. J~H ^ :
~y x^#OQ, x^#O_ i J~H ^ K~O\_. `\<, H\< "=
~^. HO_~ =^, n#O ``~. =YO e~ HOk ^=_ HO^ *~Òk.
H# k"#O` z#" "`~ KeOKO_ LO\~. H Z~~`~. <_
H@H=_O, H `= ~ LO\~. D ^ zH`` HH=K ^
O|#, \ = =~}~.
zH`
1. $ LO> =`" "Ou K~OKe.
2. \+O ~OQ<\ ^=O` H_ H_Qe.
3. =O ^~ qiO|_\xH q~K#Hi J~# "w+O \ ( k L) W"e.
4. =`= ^~ q+O qiO|_\xH ~|~ Q@O^~ =`x f"e.
5. '#i< # q~Q_Q WO[H< W"e.
6. "_ \, H LÒ ~=_xH W"e.
7. "_ HeOK_xH HO|` H@O, "_h\ H_O Ke.
8. z=iQ PH[< ^~ H$u= HeyOz ~y H<O^ uOKe.
FSM
285
=~}#O`~ H}
O# =~}H} Z=Q LO\~. <~, =#O_ #~Q =O@Ok.
~HO #Q =O@Ok. H_ #x, "`x Q^=~OQ #=O^ LO_ LO\~.
#=O^ "# = =O@Ok. Qe Q@O Z~i LO@Ok. Tiu` Z~i, H Xu`
#~Q H~Ò@Ok. Tiu` Z~i #~Q` H|_ LO\~. QO_ _ QO
~HO` xO_, Z_= QO MmQ LO@Ok. @ e J=" (HO,O,
=Ò_) Z~i LO\~.
"^< G^#`
1. P`` - OQ îHk, ^HeyOKx =~}= J~#O^# #=O^#
P`` Ly~.
2. `- `H "#Hey, #\ ~OQ LO_ K^Q =O_@O = D =O^#
` J~^Q Ly~.
3. PHHO - t=, =i =#O " J~^Q #=O^= PHHOQ
q+"xH #=`~.
4. ^~O ~=_xH HO^~ <~ ` "^# <~ K=O^ fO\~.
5. ~ Q~ '_ ZH~.
~~
Z= ~~ `= =O `Q@ = D HOk H} Hx~.
Jq`"# PK#, HO_~ n#O `, #_H, =@ `_|_Òk. JO^~
# LO@Ok. =YO, H Z~~`~. "Ou K# `~"` HH=K. P
`~"` x^, `< `_=`~. D u HHH` "Q J~H uxH
*~`_. , <_ =O^yOk. Ti Ò ~~ "# H_Òk, ^ |O K
LeH_@ "O\_. H# ^==`~. X KQ LO@Ok. O#O =
=~}O OqOK=K.
zH`
1. $ LO> "Ou K~OKe. 2. P `~"` H_ H_Qe.
3. "KQ ^@ He.
4. H$u= H HeOKe.
=~}#O`~ H}
=Hi#` (~Q~ =i) Z= LO@Ok. =O @ POQ [~QÒk.
H_, Tiu` #O_ ~~ "# =O@Ok. H_ e ~ Z~i LO@Ok.
HO, O, =Ò_, "^_ Z~i LO\~. ~HO Z~Q ^=~O LO@Ok.
`Q_ J"@ = q+ =O Z" `Q_ x# J<H =Ok [| #=`~.
H}
PHe O_ Òk. LÔ < "Ou KO\~. h q~K<=`~.
<H, " =}Ò\~. KH"~ =~. *HH #tOk. HH qKH} H
#yÒk. =YO, X T^ (") =~. H"} P~QO H}Oz =~}~.
FSM
286
=~}#O`~ H}
HO zH~ ~ [| =z =O@Ok. =Ò_ #|_ #tOz LO\~.
"^< ^#`
OH = L`#=`~. `y# "HO Q, H~O@, h~, Jy =^
#=`~. `y#"HO qKH}*#O #tOz J~` _`~. "< #_,
`=HQH W`~ =^ H~=`~. e=~, =Ò_ [|` `Q_ J"@
=_ =H =~}OK=K.
` }O(P~xH)
`}O XHi Z= "`^ W f= q+= H} Hx~.
=^ "`^ - 0.2 Q=
=^ ==k - 1 H 2 ~A
H}
q+O fH# J~QO@ ^x = H} Hx~. "Ou =z#@,
Oy`#@ LO@Ok. QO`, H_ =O@, < LO@Ok.Z= ^H, "O`
H`~. "Ou ~HO,KOQ He =Ok.
q~K< KQ, "^@ HOKO ~HO` He, ``~` hQ, U ~OQ O_,
~yH èO_< = =O@Ok. P#O ^~^Q, <Q, =O@Q LO@Ok. =` q~#
`y =Ò ~HO` He ^` =Ok. H HO_~ < LO@Ok. ~y JqÒQ LO_
Oy`_.
H, K`, =YO K=@` K|_`~. X he ~OQQ =~Òk. K
PO^#H~OQ LO\~. H QO@ _`~. <_ =O^yOz, T~_@O H+==Òk.
\, J~H ^` =~}O OqOK=K. z=i =~ èqQ< LO\_.
f="# `}q+= H}, H~ ^ Ju~ "k H} e LO_@O
K` <~ D JOx P^~OQ KHx }O \ KO# H, H~ HQ #qOK
u~. JO^= b,[ D q+x *Q`Q QOKe. `_ D HOk
qÔQ LO\~.
H}
`}O
H~ / Ju~O
1. QO` <
1."OuH =O^ =Ok
1. < J LO_^
2. q~K<
2. "Ou `~` =~
2. "OuH =O^ =~
3. "Ou J~#
3. ~HO, `~O _ lQ~Q 3. KQ, hQ,`@Q
^~
LO\~
LO\~
4. =^~ Z~ ~HO` ^~# 4. QOl `Q, Q
4. =O
LO_, q~# ^Q LO@Ok.
n#O O_ LO_
zq#@ =Ok.
5. =~^
5. "~@Q, H Tk#@
5. ^x - =@
LO@Ok.
6. Z~Q =O_=
6. Z~Q LO\~
6. H
287
FSM
=^ "`^ - 0.2 Q.
=^ Q_= - 1-2 ~A
"^< ^#`
1. `- ` K_xH Z=Q Ly~. ZO^HO> Wk KHQ, OQ
^~Òk. ~OQ, "#, ~zxk. HOKO "`^ }O`HO. P~h
OQ He W==K. q+= H} H"} x^#OQ =~. H~
H} e LO__O K` <~ nx J=HOQ Ly<~.
2. P`` - < LO_@K J~^Q nx P`` Ly~.
3. PHH =~}O - P~O, h H+`"#_, B+ÔQ, J*Q`Q "_@O=.
4. Q~=O - <\` qOz ^ , Q~OzxH x=@O =.
zH`
1. "Ou K~OKe.
2. H_ H_Qe.
3. L=#O HeOK\xH <~, H_Q_ `#, s h `yOKe.
4. ^H f~\xH <\ S=HOKe.
5. q~K#H~# P=Ô, "w+O \ (k L) Wz< q+O `~Q =O
^~ qiO|_Òk.
6. < `Q\xH =i WO[H# W"e.
7. Z= "O`, q~K<= `_ Pi~#@O>, ~H<O ^~ QH*, <
ZHOKe.
8. s~x "_Q LOKO^ "_h\ H_O\e. H < `Q\xH =~# Ke.
=~}#O`~ H}
H} - =Hi#` Z= =O LO@Ok. s~O zH~, HQO@
_ LO\~. H, K`, he~OQ LO\~.
JO`~H} - <~, P~<O Z~i XHHi O__ =O@Ok. H_
r~==`# P~O`@, Q\Q WH ~}= ` }O LO@Ok. H_ eQO
Z~i, "`Q LO@Ok. XHHi H_ O_ =# ~OÔ _ U~_Òk.
z#Q Z= lQ@ ^=O T~Òk. e ~ Z~i JH_H_ ~HO zOk
LO@Ok. ^Q MmQ =_KHx LO_, "\ QO^ "z LO\~. HO, Q,
=Ò_, Tiu` Z~i LO\~. QO_ ~O_ " ~HO` xO_ LO@Ok.
s~O #O_ `}q~# - `}O Z=Q =Ò,=O, K~O, "O@H
Q^~, HO` K=@, `~O ^~, è _ qiO|_Òk.
n~HeH `}q+=O
HO^~ <~ `=# KO\xH `}O J__ H=H=OQ ~z
KO`~. `}O LyOK Hs xK_O =#, Hk "`^ +`"#
h~, P~O n~HO qxyOK_O ^~# HO^~ = D q+"xH <`~.
H} : PHe H=@, ^Q` QO` Q~Q~Q LO@Ok. "O`, h q~K<
=O\~. H_ < =O@Ok. <H _KQ\ ^~# =Ok. QO` ZO_, Z~Q
La LO@Ok. ~H q~K< J=`~. H HO_~ < JqÒQ xÔ_
|#`` e~ =~}~.
-0000-
288
FSM
Q= ~H=
Wounds - Types
=H s~xH, =#, PH ^ ~= Qx [iy# #x <GO xQ

iQ}Ok. (H< 44 S..) Hx WO^ `HOQ ^xH [iy# xx Q=Q
~#=K. ^ H}* ~O~ OQx "^ G= Q=Q x~zOk.
Q==sH~}
1. "_H =sH~}
1. OuH Q (Mechanical Injuries)
Z. HO^_ Q (Contusion)
a. Q_ Q (Abbrasion)
. H` Q (Incised Wounds)
_. @ Q (Stab Wounds)
W. p~_ Q (lacirated Wounds) Z. `HQ(Gunshot Wounds)
l. Z=H q~ (Fractures)
2. L+ Q (Thermal Injuries)
Z. `_ H (Wet Burns)
a. _ H (Dry Burns)
3. j` Q (Cold Injuries)
Z. Ke H~_ Q
a. =OK Q (Trench foot, Frost bite)
4. ~xH Q (Chemical Injuries)
Z. P_ Q
a. Pe Q
5. ZH~ Q.
6. q^` Q.
7. J}îH Q.
8. bQQ Q# ~O_ ~H=Q =sHiOK~
Z. Q (Simple Injuries) a.~ Q (Grievious Injuries)
9. "_H bQQ Q# =_ ~H=Q =sHiOK~
Z. `Q (Homicidal Injuries)
a. P`` Q (Suicidal Injuries)
. PHH O@# =# HQ Q (Accidental Injuries)
1.
OuH Q=
OuH H P^= ^~ Hh, == ^~ Hh, `# s~= ^~ Hh
K#= ^~ XH ^xH XH\ _H#C_ L`#= J~# H ^~ HQ Qx
OuHQ= JO^~.
289
FSM
Different Types of Weapons
Different Types of Weapons
Sharp Weapon Injury
Diffence Injury
Hesitation
290
FSM
Chop Wound
Sharp Weapon Injuries
Teeth bite marks
Depth of penetration
of a stab wound
Split Lacreation of Scalp
Grazed Abrasions
FSM
291
HO^_ Q: x~K#=
"^ P^= `ye#_ ~H H<oH z\ H}* QO ~H= Q_ H@@
= U~_# Q=.
Wq "~@, "^ P^=# LyOz K# Q.
H~, ~~, _He, |@, s, Ò, H~_ "^# "\x LyOK_O =
HO^_ Q U~_`~.
K~= ^|u#O_ ~H H<oH z\ H}*= Q_ H@HO@Ok.
HO^_ Q Q_ =i p|_# Q` @ HxOK=K.
OQ L# HO^_ Qx (Zd") JO\~.
^| `ye# 12 QO@ ~H= Q_ H@O@Ok. ~H= Q_ H@H=_=
P^= LyOz# |= g^, QO `ye# s~= H Q= =^
L`#=Q ~H<oH g^ P^~_ LO_#.
HO^_ Q~O_ ~H=QqlOK=K
1.
s~=Li` HO^_ Q
=Y=, `, K`, H, g, Kf g^ Li` QO HxOK#. WH_ HO^_
Q K~= "e ~ ~H= Q_ H@H=_= = Hx~.
2. JO`~Q HO^_ Q=
WH_ ~H H<oH z@_O ^~ Hi# ~H= s~ JO`~Q= Q_
H@H=_= = HO^_ Q U~_`~. L^: "^_, QO_, Tiu`,
HO_~=.
HO^_ Q Q= K# P^= A, PH~=# =#=Q H ^kQ
_ LO_#. L^: <\ g^ `ye# Q= = HO\K@ #Q ~H= Q_ H\
LO@Ok.
H S =_ ~H Q = HQ=K
Z) HO\ g^ ^| =
a) <\ ^| =
) ~ JO`~Q= Z=H z@_O=
2. HOk ^=_ Z=H qiy#_ HO^_ QO "_ ^Q~ HxOk.
3. Ò\ Z=H qiy#_ HO^_ Q= `_ ^Q~ HxOk.
4. HeH g^ Q= `ye# HO^_ Q= =_= ^Q~ HxOk.
HO^_ Qf=`
1. =#OQ HO^_ Q Q.
FSM
292
5. Q= JOK H# L# H}*=`
QO JOK =#OQ
H~ LO_#.
LO\~.
"_HbQ HO^_ QLxH
1. Wq Q
2. Q LyOz# P^=# JOK< "=K#.
L^: s, K#, H~_, ~~
3. Q=, = H=# x~~OK=K.
4. Q= HQ_xH LyOz# Hx JOK< "=K#.
5. Q= H PH~=, i=}=# |\, LxHx |\ P^= LyOz#
f~, Q f=` JOK< "=K.
L^:1. `_ e QO L# HO^_ Q =#OQ= |=O`=Q
[iy#C_
2. #Oz HO^ _#_ JO@H# =\, |~^, ^= QO Ô
HxOK_=.
3. K` |OQ Jkq \#C_ Ku " Q~.
6. HO^_ Q Q_ Q HO> `= =Y` Hey#q. H~}= U=#Q
Z) HO^_ Q= P^= PH~=# Z= ~ e LO_H =_=.
a) Hx QO@ #Oz 2,3 ~A `~"` _ s~= g^ U~_@=.
) QO `ye# Ô HO_ W`~ ^= U~_@=.
_) U " #Oz Q= Hey#k Jx `HH =_=.
PHH HO^_ Q,OHe` HO^_ Q`_
1. PHH HO^_ Q : Wq =^ =, ^_ = s~= g^ U~_#.
2. OHe` HO^_ Q : Hx ~H =O@ q+=# s~= g^ @
^~ HO^_ Q# H$u=OQ U~~KH=K. Wq Z=Q <~
=i b +< `C_ ~^ WK@ HO` =Ok `= s~= g^
`= `" HeyOKHO^~.
293
FSM
OHe` HO^_ Q
PHH HO^_ Q
1. =O@ q _O = U~_`~.L^: 1. Q =, =^ =, ^_
U~_`~.
l_, =iOQ #\ ~= _O =
2. s~ Q=, "e Q= Hx~. 2. s~= ZH_< Hx~.
3. ~OQ =^~ ~OQ# Q^= ~OQ# e LO@Ok. 3. ~OQ H=# |\ =~ LO@Ok.
4. JOK =#OQ LO\~.
4. Q z=~ =#OQ LO\~.
LO_=.
5. ",< QO K@ H =i Q= g^ 5. QO `ye# ^= =`" LO@Ok.
LO@Ok.
6. Zd" LO@Ok.
6. Zd" LO_=.
7. Q= ^= #=Q LO@Ok.
7. #=Q LO_^.
8. Q= =^ # q+=# `H#=K.
8. nxx `H#~.
"_HbQ HO^_ Qq=~}

1. PHH =^==# HQ Q= : Wq ^~}=Q HxOK#. Wq
s~= ZH_< U~_`~.
2. ` ` HO^_ Q : Wq _ s~= g^ ZH_< U~_=K#.
=Y s~Q g^ `,Kf "^Q K@ Z=Q Hx~.
3. P`` HO^_ Q : Wq s~=x Q= Z=Q Hx~.
=i =uq`= x "i Hx~. L^: K` H, ` Q= (#^~)
2. H` Q
x~K#= : ^<# P^= H iH~= ^~ H` @_= ^~ U~_#
Q# H` Q JO^~.
L^: Hu, Y_=,~,QO_ Q_e, ~ JOK, QA O, ayOz# fQ.
H`Q K~= Li` Q= =i ~H< `Q_O = U~_# Q
a.
D Q _= Z=Q#, ` `=Q# LO_#.
b.
Wq Hu, ~[~, Y_= =i iH H` ^~ U~_#.
c.
H_=e ^~ U~_# H` Q= =O^ Q= _=|_#kQ# `~"`
d
H` Q= Hey LO_#.
K~= =_` Hey H` Q= U~_#_ Jk "~ "~ O`=
e.
Hey =^ == K~= LO_#.
H` Q=H}=
1. Q= JOK: Q= P^= JOKH< ^kQ LO@Ok.
Q= JOK |@ qKHx LO\~. Q= Hey# QO HO^_
FSM
294
Q, Q_ Q LO_=. =$+} =^ Hey# H` Q= eH

=_KHx LO\~.
2. Q= "_ : P^= "_ H< QO "_ Z=Q LO@Ok.
H~}= H}*= H uH` = D qÔQ U~_#.
3. _=: _= "_, ` H< Z=Q LO_#. P^= JOKH<
^kQ H z#kQ _ LO_=K.
4. ~=: HO_ PH~= (Spindle) # HeyLO_#..
5. ~H == : ~H <= H` LO_@ =# ~H == JkHOQ LO_#.
=YOQ ^=# `y#_ ~H= H z=#.
6. Q= Hey# q^= : Q= ~OO `Q#, Q= z=~
(`HQ=) ` `=Q# LO_#. nx =# Q= U " #Oz U~_#k
Jx `H#@ J=H= H^.
K =O_ (Chop Wound) : |~"# P^` U~_# H` Q=. Wq |~"#
QO_Q_e, H~ HuO\ ^ P^` K# Q. JOK KH#@ LO_H HOk
~, Hqe LO\~. e HO_~, Z=H #~H|_ LO_=K.
H`Q:=x HOK_=
1. + : JC_ U~_# Q=: ~H= Q_ H\ LO@Ok.
2. 12 QO@ : Q= JOK Z~Q#, " Hey LO\~.
3. 24 QO@ : #x Kx ~ Q= g^ U~_#. ~H= ZO_ Q
U~_#.
4. 48QO@ : =^~ Q^= ~OQ U~_ e H}*= ~QKO_#.
5. 12 "~ : Q =K (Scar) U~_#.
"^<G ~OQH` QLxH
1. Q=# |\ LyOz# P^=# JOK< "=K#.
2. Q= U " #Oz Hey#k JOK< "=K#.
3. Q= Hey# q^=# |\ _, q_ H PHHOQ Hey#^ Jx
JOK< "=K.
4. Q= = JOK< "=K.
H` Q~H=
1. P`` H` Q=
D Q OY XH\ HO> Z=Q#, =O`~OQ# XH ^x H# =i
XH\ XH O`= HxOK#.
` =i Q= Hey# q^= =#=Q LO_#.
Q f=` qye# Q HO> `=Q LO_#.
Wk Z=Q "_, =}H@, `_ =i Kf g^ HxOK#.
295
FSM
>+< =~ ^ @ =O_ : (Hesitation Marks or Trial Wounds) Wq P``

=O^ OHK=`, O` HeyOKH# Q.
Wk z#qQ#, Z= OY, XH O`= HxOK Q.
èH HQ Q (Unintentional Wounds) :
Wq H` Q KH<@C_ ^<# P^=# @H# Ku e
" èH `Q_O = U~_# Q.
Wq =HH èO_< e QO U~_`~.
Z= |=` LyOz KH# P`` H` Q ^qQ LO_
` Q# e LO\~.
Kf g^ Hey# P`` Q Z=Q Z_=" #Oz HO^ LO\~.
Q= HQKH# =H `# |@# `yOz (QO_ q H =_=_O,
H f"_=) Q= KH##.
2. `H`Q=
Wq J_OQ LO\~.
HOk #Oz "# K|_ LO\~.
Wq s~= ZH_< U~_=K#.
L^: `Q=, g, =~OQ= =^ Hey# H` Q= ^~}=Q
` i`"#q.
"_ ^Q~ Z= H LyOz K# H` Q= = ~H <= `y
qs` ~H == ~H= TiQ@=xH |_@= =# H Z~~
ZOe[O = =$u "O@< OqOK#.
=^=` Hey#H` Q=
^<# P^= g^ _#_ D Q= HQ#.
Wq s~= ZH_< U~_=K#. Z=Q K` O^ HxOK#.
L^: =uq`= x "~ z# =^=` s~= g^ qq^ K@
^<# P^=` Q= KHO^~.
-0000-
296
FSM
QO` ("_) QO U~_# H` Q= - ` =i P`` `_

P`` H` Q=
`H` Q=
1. Q= = K =~ Z_= H# LO@Ok. Z_= 1. ~O_ ("_ W~") LO\~.
" #Oz QO` =Oî QOH =z LO\~. K
J~^Q Z_= _ " _ LO\~.
2. QO` =_( ^~~_ Hi*) QO LO\~.
2. ^~~_ Hi* QO`=_ HOk QO
LO\~.
3. k _ Ku "@O L# = Z_= #Oz _H, 3. J_OQ HOk #Oz H LO@Ok. =O^ "
#Oz HOkH LO@Ok.
#Oz K#_ Z_=" #Oz _H Q=
LO@Ok. "#H " #Oz K#_ P``
Q=# e =O@Ok.
4. Q OY Z= OY J#Q 2030 z# z#q 4. Z= Q ` Z=Q Hey=O_#.
z# Q ^ Q=# e LO_=.
K~= QO LO_ LO\~.
5. Q= JOK #ey LO\~. z#z# H` Q 5. QO JOK =OQ ~OQ KH#@ LO_
|@ `~KHx LO\~.
^ QO JOK =^ U~_ LO\~.
6. LO_=.
6. \+< H\ LO\~.
7. Q=# ` Q=, Q= z=~ `H Q= 7. LO_^.
LO\~.
8. f= z# z# Q ^ Q= LO@Ok.
8. Z= f=OQ#, `Q#, Z=H _ `y
LO\~.
9. W`~ Q= =}H@, `_, "H, p=O_ 9. ` =i "_ QO Q LO\~.
Q= LO@Ok.
Q LO\~. "#H QO\~.
10. _# Q LO_=. _# LyOz#_ 10. LO\~.
Ku" e "# Q LO\~.
11. K` Q= HeyOK@ LyOz# iH~= 11. "O@H, QO_, |@eH LO_#.
Q\Q = Hi#` =# ayOz LO_#.
12. P^ <~ Ô Hey LO\~.
12. <~^= P^= ^~H=.
13. |@ zxy LO_=.
13. |@ zxy =O_=K.
14. ~H =~H J^= g^ x|_ L#K s~= 14. "_g^ g Q= ~O_ K` ~H
=O^ Q= H =~ Hey LO_#.
=~H (_Hx L#_ Hey# H`
Q=) HxOK#.
15. H~\_ ^=x `y =O_^.
15. H~\_ =i AQ~ ~ `y LO_#.
16. <~^= ` Hh, `~" Hh, Z=~ xK 16. ==, sK~, ZO^~ =O^~Q ~"
Q_ @|_# Qk, L`~=, P`` H~}=, JO` Qlal Q# LO_, J# ==, Q~
J^= g^ zO^|_# ~H= =~H HxOK#.
^~#.
FSM
297
3. Q_ Q=
x~K#= : Q_ Q= K~= H ~ wHx, ^Hx, <Hx =_=
^~ Q_ QO HQÒk.
"^ H "~@ P^ ^|, Q~ Ò _@=, D__=,Q
~, O\ H~, "_=, " wH#_= D Q_ Q H~}=.
Q ~ J~ KO^H~=Q Hx~. =YOQ =#OQ=, QO` H_O
Z^~ J=`~.
H~_ < =#OQ= `, @, `_ HxOK#.
Q_ Q ~H= : Q_ Q= K|_# ûx |\, P^x |\ HOk
~H=Q QiOK=K#.
Z) Q_ Q= : ", = wHx =_=. Wk Q= Hey# k#
KOK#.
a) ^_ Q= : Q~<, HOH~ ~_ D__=, <@|_@=, ^~_= =
HQ`~. L^: ~_ =^=.
) Xu_ Q~ : Wk <~Q K~= g^ Xu_ HeyOK@, K~= Hqe =_=
=# HQ Q.
L^: QO` J^=@ `_, " Q~ =i Ô` Q~.
_) Q^_ Q= : "# =^ =Hx Q^_O = ~_@~ y, >~
Q~ U~_#.
Q_ Q =~}xH =O^ =~}#O`~= _ U~_=K. =YOQ
"# ~"} K@C_ Q~ `xH Q\Q `Q_= ^~ ^ Q~ Ò D__=
^~ XHi =H Ô =~}#O`~= _ Q_ Q= U~_`~.
=~}=# =O^
=~}#O`~=
1. Wq s~= U Q= J~<
: Wq s~= Z=H _KHx =z <
U~_#.
`Q Q= =`" HxOK#.
2. QO g^ ~H= LO@Ok.
: LO_^.
3. "H sH QO =x#
: HxOK=.
H}= Hx~. 1015 ~A
Q_ Q= =#Òk.
4. ~H= ZO_ Z~ Q^= ~OQ
: U~_^. KQ LO@Ok.
U~_#.
==g^ p=HiH# Q: Wq w_ Q# e LO\~. Hh Wq s~=
H LiÒ, Q^= ~OQ qq^ ~H PH~=# Hey =YOQ ==
=,<~, H, =~=== ^Q~ Hx~.
Q_ Q=: nxx Q= =x# ûx |\ x~~OK=K#.
FSM
298
1. JC_ Hey# Q=
: Z~ ~OQ
2. 12 24 QO@
: Z~ ~OQ , ~H= ZO_#O^ = U~_Òk.
3. 23 ~A
: Z~ Q^= ~OQ .
4. 47 ~A
: H` K~= ~Q HO^ U~_Òk.
5. 714 ~A
: T_=_= [~QÒk.
"^ < G~OQQ_ QLxH
1. Z) Wq P^= LyOz# k =i |=# K~.
a) == g^ HeyOz# Xu_ =# =i Q^_ Q = Hey# Q= Jx
JOK< "=K.
) ^~}=Q Q_ Q =^=` =i ^_ =`" HQ#.
=H `# `#Q KH# Q_ Q K J~^.
_) QO`H KO#_ == H QO` QO Q H Q_ Q
Hx~.
W) =#OQ= [iy# H `_, K# =i =~OQ ^=
Hx~.
Z) =, <~ = KO#_ =Y= g^ Q_ Q Hx~.
l) Q= =x# q^#=, =x |\ =H g^ ZC_ ^_ [iyOk Jx JOK<
"=K#.
K) e J== `ye Q=# _ Q_ Q=# |\ JOK<
"=K#.
p~_ Q=
x~K#= : Wq K =~ s~= g^ Z= H LyOz "~@ =i "^
P^ LyOK@ ^~ Hey# Q.Wq Z=Q =^ =, P^,
LyOz ^_ [i#_ HQ`~. Wq s~= Hey# Q=# |\ Q f=`,
Hk =~ LyOz# P^=# JOK< "=K#.p~_ Q f==~#
QQ iQ}OK|_#.
L^: Ô`, ~, H=, H~ "^#q LyOz#_, ~, ~_
=^ O` xK#C_ p~_ Q HQ=K#.
p~_ Q=~H=
1. \ Q : "^ P^= H < g^ _#_ =YOQ ` QO
K~= pe ~O_Q q_=_= = D q^"# QO U~_#.
2. H`Q= : Z=H _KHx =z# s~ Q= U~_#. L^: `,
H#=, |Q, ^=_, H Z=H,He Z=H#.WH_ K~= #ey
O_ q_~#@ H H`\#@ QO Hey LO_#.
FSM
3.
299
K Q : U^< "\~ "#= >~ s~= g^ xK@ ^~

K~ Q ^~ pe U~_# Q.
4. J=H< Q : Z= |~= Q "#= s~=g^ xK@ ^~
K~= p~Hx ~, Z= Q= Q|_ LO_#. HO_~= #ey =i
Z=H _ qiy LO_#.
K~= g^ >~ Q~ =i Q_ Q LO_#.
K~=# XH " s~=# JO@Hx LO_#.
5.
\~: H~_~ O\q K`, " g^ _#_ K~= e HO_~=`
@ `y T_=K#.
6. `y# Q : Q_eO\ ^#, |~=Q P^= g^ _#_,
^_ K#_ D q^"# p~_ Q HxOK#.
QO =^ `y, JOK #ey LO_#.
~H< zuH =Hx =#. ^=, ô "^# J#^~= HxOK#.
Q= JOK HO^_ Q, w_ Q HxOK=K.
p~_ QH}=
1. Q, P^=# PH~, i=}O ~` HxOK^.
2. QO HO^ H=|ÔQ LO_=. QO JOK #ey LO\~.
3. Q= HO^ Z=H qiy LO_=K. e J=== ^|u#_=,
H=, H_, ^=, Q p|_ H `y =i #O= KOk
LO_=K#.
4. p~_ Q=K@ HO^_ Q= LO_=K#.
5. Q= J#^~= ^=,ô "^#q HxOK=K#.
6. `, "H "^# s~ Q K~= Z=H aQHx y LO_@O
=# JH_ Hey# p~_ Q H` Q = Hx~.
"^< G ~OQp~_ QLxH
1. Q= Hey# q^=# |\ LyOz# P^=# Hk =~ JOK< "=K.
2. QO îH# J#^~=# |\ <~= [iy# ^=, LyOz#
iH~=# JOK< "=K#.
3. Q= =x JOK< "=K.
4. HO^_QO, Q_ Q=, p~_ Q= Hey XH K@ HxOK=K.
XH P^= =_O\x HQK=K.
FSM
5.
300
_= |_ Q (@ Q)
x~K#= : "_# "#ê# P^ s~= ^H#C_ U~_#
Q# _=|_ Q JO\~. L^: Hu,H_=e,H`~,<\ |=,_=~,
_,}= "#ê# QA, ~~,W# K=. J~` g\ "# ^#Q<
"^Q< LO_=K.
_=|_ QH}=
1. XH JOK Q Hu@ u*H~O#, ~O_OK Hu@ HO_ (Spindle)
PH~=# LO\~.
2. P^= "# "^Q LO> Q= ~O^ JOK #Q|_,p|_ LO\~.
3. Q ` _=, P^= "_H< Z=Q LO@Ok.
4. Q ~O^= _=, P^= "_H< ^~}=Q `=Q LO@Ok.
5. P^ _= H< Q ` `=Q =#OQ ^ Z=Q Hh LO_=K.
6. D Q ` HK@ =^=. QO Q_ H\# ~Hx Ki` ~H ==,
}x HQ#.
7. Hx O^~ _=|_ QxH ~O_ ~O^ LO\~. Wq ", x+=}
Q=. " Q= JOK xH =_KHx x+=}QO H<^kQ
LO@Ok. x+=}Q JOK |@ `~KHx " Q= H< z#Q
LO@Ok.
8. _=|_ Q k# QiOz Jk `, P``, PHH Q= =i
k`_ L# " `H#=K.
9. Q= |@ ~H= `= H~`#@~` s~= x`"# =Y
J=== Q= J~ LO_=K. JkH ~H== [iy LO_=K#.
H=# _=|_# QO Kf @ QO ZO` z#Q LO> JO` Z= *Q`Q
LO_e.
10. _=|_ Q= ~O^= |@ XH\ L< Z= Q Z=
J===
^|ux LO_=K#. _z# `~"` P^=# HOK=
"eH y =~k, WOHk =\=\H _z#K Z= Q LO\~.
11. "#ê, HOK= ^#Q L# O, QA, ZO_# H, W#=
"^Q"\ _` _=|_ Q= U~_=K. W\ O^~ Q=
"\H O|OkOz# ^~= H#|_Òk.
12 Q~@x @ Q= : Wk Z=Q z# `, =` =O^
FSM
301
L#"iH,[|` L# ~Q =uq`= x"iH HeyOK|_#.

D Q= HxOK ^=
Z) HO\ H (e JOK)
a) i\ `Q=
) "_ "#H Q=
_) [#<OQ= ("*<)
W) = e Q=
Z) s+<= (~H=)
@Q=#sHOK@
_=|_ Q=# sHOz#_ HOk "\x Q=xOK=#.
1. Q=# Q~ \ "\ OY# #"^ K_=, P^= = |@
Hey# xx QiOK_= K=#.
2. ~H =~H ZH_ Hey#q QiOK_=.
3. |@# XH ^x `~"` XH\ <=kQ `yOz K_@=.
4. |@# `yOz# `~"` Q# sHOz QiOK_=.
5. Q ZH_ (^ #Oz ZO` Z` Hey#k), s~= U Q=
Hey#k. A, PH~= =i Q= "Oz# ^~=, U "# (k)
Hey#k. ZO` `, e J=== Hey# Q. LyOz# |=,
Q= J#^~= Q=xOK=#.
6. Q=# <~ ^= îH# P^=` @ PH~=, _=, "_
=i P^= g^ ~H =~H# Q=xOKe. Q=# sHOK@ ^~,
Q=# K@ LyOz# P^=# D qÔQ JOK< "=K.
1. P^ H`
2. P^ ~H= 3. P^ JOK
4. P^= "tOz# k
5. Q `
6. Q k
7. LyOz# |=.
P^=îH#_ Q=#@
1. P^= H _=,"_, =O^= =i ^x H# "#ê L#^,
"^Q L#^, QO_OQ L#^, _ LO^ Jx Q=xOK=#.
2. XH " "#ê#^, ~O_ " "#ê#^ K_e.
3. P^= _ U qÔQ LOk.
4. P^ _ g^ ~O, =, ~ O\ JOK Hey L#^ Q=xOK=#.
10. "O@H H#
11. Z=H
12. J#^~=
9. ~H==
8. Q=`
7. Q=H`
6. Q= PH~=
4. Q= JOK=^
5. HO^_Q
3. Q= JOK
2. =
QO H}=
1. Q= HQ q^=
p~_ Q=
1. "^ H "~@ P^= ^~,
L^: Ô`, H, ~, H~
2. Z=Q Z=H s~= QO
_KHx =z# =
3. Q= JOK =OQ, ~OQ, 3. Q= JOK H=|ÔQ LO_=.
KH#@ LO_ |@ `~KHx LO@Ok. Q= JOK #ey LO\~.
_=|_Q=
1. "_# "#ê# H "^ Hey#
P^= ^~
2. ZH_<. Z=Q Ku, H_ QO
Hx~.
3. =OQ, ~OQ LO\~. "^
JOK L# P^= L#K JOK
#ey LO\~.
4. LO_=.
4. ^~}OQ Hx~.
4. LO_=
5. Q= H J_Q# Q 5. K J~^Q LO@Ok.
5. LO_=
H}*= LO@Ok.
6. =OQ Qh, H qq^ ~HQ _
6. =OQ# H O_ PH~O# 6. qq^ ~H=Q LO_ XH PH~O#
LO_=K#.
Hey LO_=.
LO\~.
7. `, _= "_ H< Z=
7. Q= qKHx ` H< _= 7. `H< _= Z=Q LO_=K.
LO@Ok.
Z=Q LO@Ok.
8. H}*= =OQ `y LO@Ok.
8. H}*= z^= J~ ^~Q 8. H}*= =OQ `y LO@Ok.
"_Ò_=K.
9. ^=# `y#_ Z=Q ~H= zOk 9. `=Q LO@Ok. ` QO Z= 9. Z= H `= LO_=K. #
~H== HQÒk.
LO@Ok.
~H== JkH=Q LO@Ok.
10. #ey `y LO_=K.
10. =OQ `y LO\~.
10. =OQ `y LO\~.
11.
qiy
LO_
=
K
.
11. `y LO_=K.
11. Z=H q~=|_ LO_=K.
12. ^~}OQ LO\~.
12. LO_=.
12. ^~}OQ LO\~.
H` Q=
1. ^<# JOKQ ==, P^=
^~
2. ZH_# HQ=K
H` Q, p~_ Q, _=|_ Q `_
302
303
FSM
"^ <G~OQ@QLxH
1. Q PH~=# |\ LyOz# P^=# JOK< "=K#.
2. Q `# |\ LyOz# Hx JOK< "=K#.
3. Q= Hey# k# |\ k`_H xOk`_ U "# L#k JOK< "=K#.
4. Q= =# JOK< "=K#.
5. Q= OY, Jq Hey# k# |\ Jq `, P``, =^=` Hey#^
JOK< "=K#.
6. =$`x H k`x Q=# <~ ^= =^ îH# P^=` e
K_=K#.
Q H~}=
1.
P`` @Q=
Z) Wq Z=Q s~= Q= =`" HxOK#. L^: Kf =i QO_
Q=
a) Q= k eH _ "H LO@Ok.
) Q= ` `=Q LO@Ok. Hx QO_ ~ _KO\~.
_) Q= Hey# Q= P^= ^~#.
W) |@ qn LO\~. zxy# |@ LO_=.
~Hi : Wk P`` _= |_ Q=
Wq k`_ `# @xH Hu H Y_=# ~x _KH#@ = Hh, H
Hu, Y_= `# <~Q #Oz _@O ^~ Hh U~~KH##. @ qs`
~H==, @ qKHx Q |@ ~=_O ^~ =$u KO^#.
2. ` @Q=
Wq s~= qq^ Q= HQ=K#.
XH Q= LO_=K. Wq PH`Q ^_ [iy#_ Hey LO_=K#.
#Q@ L#K Z= Q= s~= g^ HQ#.
XH ^= Z= Q=, JO` ` Hey LO_=K.
Kf g^ Hey# Q= W`~ Qg^ Q= LO_=K#.
L^: 1. Ku g^ (Ô_=) QKHx, Kf "tOz LO_#.
2. #=# _KHx# `~"` Kf _z# Q= U~_ LO_#.
3. =^=` U~_# @Q=
1. Wq = _z #_ Qh, _#_ ", QA O, H` QKH=_O
=Hh U~_=K#. Wq J~^Q Hx~.
-0000-
FSM
304
_# Q
x~K#= : XH =H g^ ^_ [iy#_ `#`# ~HOKH#@ K` H
J_@_= H ^_ [i# P^=# @H=_= = J`x s~= HQ Q#
_# Q JO^~.
_#Q~H=
1. ^_K# P^= "^k J~#K K` "#H Q= =O*u Q=
HO^_, w_ Q HQ`~.
2. D Q Z=Q =O*u Q, =}H@ J~K~ "#H Q= " g^
HQ`~.
3. J~^Q =H HO^_ `# H# J_ \#_ "H HO^ =i JiH
Q Hx~.
4. J~K~ =i Ku" Z=H q~Q@ P~=H^.
5. ^_K# P^= ^# Hk J~#K H` Q, _=|_ Q
U~_`~. P^ ^# XH" L#K H`Q Kug^Hh, "g^Qh
LO@Ok. ~O_ " ^# L#K J~K~ g^# " g^# Q LO\~.
"^<G~OQ~H}QLxH
1. ~H}Q ` `=# z~.
2. D Q J~H uHh, x^ L# =H g^Hh, =H "#H #Oz Qh
=` =O^H ~~ =O L# = g^ ^_ [i#_ HxOKH=K.
^_ [i# =H s~=g^ Q (Offencive Injuries)
1. Ku " "#H Q= w_ H HO^_ Q =H K# Qh ^ `#`#
~HOKH##_ HQ#.
.
=Y= g^ ^_ K#_ =H H `Q_O = p~_ Q z#q
Ku "#H " HxOK#.
3. ^_ K# =H K~ ` g^ Hh,^=_ g^Hh `ye#_ =H H Ku "
q~Q_xH P~= H^.
`#`#QKH#Q (Self Implicated Wounds)
1. XH =H `#`#Q `# s~= g^ Hx Q# HeyOKH##.
2. XH =H `# s~= g^ `# `#Q Qh ^ W`~ ^~ Q=
KH#@# ' aH\_ Q JO^~.
`# `#QQ=KH#@ H~}=
1. `# `=# Hh, |O^=# Hh ^_ H H J>" =~~ H
WiHOK@ KH##.
2. Q=# ~ Q=Q KH#@.
FSM
3.
305
[iy# O@# `#` LOk Jx x~OKH#@

L^: =^=/` <~=.
4. b =i Q~ _\ "~ ^_ "i` ~}_#@ x~OKH#_xH.
5. WO\x x=#+ WO\ ÔQ`#= [iy#_. ÔQ` ~}_#@
x~OKH#_xH.
6. Mn `= * JkH~ `=# H\#@ KOz H WiHOK@.
7. q@s s Z#H|_# "~ s #Oz ÒKH#@.
8. P_"~ `= g^ ^_, =#OQ `= [iy#@ x~OKH#_xH.
Q=# `= s~= g^ HQKHO^~.
Q=~H=
1. aH>_ Q K =~ H`Q=, Hx=@ HO^_Q,
He#Q, _=|_Q LO\~.
2. H`Q Z= OY K~= QO XH ^x H# XH\ Hx~.
3. ` g^ "#H #Oz =O^ H Q Hey LO\~.
4. K` g^ - Ô_=# #Oz HOkH Q LO\~.
=O*u HO^ - HO^ #Oz H Q LO\~.
5. H_ g^ x=Q LO\~.
6. Hg^ qq^ ~HQ LO\~.
7. _=|_ Q : Wq Z=Q Z_= Ku Ô_= g^#, Kf g^# [=
g^# LO\~.
8. He# Q : Wq Z=Q Z_= K~ g^ Hey LO\~. HkQ He#
Q= =`" Hey LO\~.
9. |@ z#Q@ : K =~ |@ zxy LO_=. QO_ T_ LO_=. XH "
|@ zxy# Hey# Q zxy# |@ eH O_ LO_#.
10. O@# eH : =H K O@# H ~^ =i Hey# Q=
O`# O_ _ LO_#.
zH` =#HQ Q (Therapetic Wounds) : x~K#=
"^ `= =^ =z# ~Q =i =^ Q= Hey fHz#"ix
zH` xq`= "i s~= g^ K Q=# 'zH`Q Jx JO^~.
Wq Z=Q P~+# K@ Hh, Ku, @ Q= @|, s~=x
==# |@ ~OK@ Hh K|_#.
FSM
306
XHi D Q= =^= H `, P`` Q= ^Q~Q

K|_ LO_#.
D zH` Q= XHi =^Q=# e LO_#.
`H Q=
` ^~}=Q ~H}|Ok, x =^#, P`~H}HO HO^~ =Y
=^#, ^_ ÔQ, #H@, qe>O@ "^Q "i =^# Hey =^=` Hx,
P`~H}~= Hx, ` `= =# Hx, ^= Hh ^_ Hx @ =#
s~= g^ Q U~_#.
`H Q=# OQ QiOK=K.
~ =# U~_# `H Q= =O_`# H~ H H_` \# Q=# e
LO_#.
s~=# ~O@ U~_# `H Q= H` Q= H p_ Q=#
e LO_#.
`H Q "Q= =i x+=}Q=# Hey LO_#.
`H Q s~= ~O^= O\ Q= "Q= =^ U~~K#.
"Q s~= "tOz# |\ =# H_Q_ PH~O Q=# U~~K#.
`H QH f=`
Z) LyOz# `Hx |\a) `H |\ "Q=# |\
) e# ^~=# |\.
_) e# H}O #Oz
W) `H QO s~O U~_# ^=# |\ qq^ ~H=Q Q= =i
=~}= OqOK#.
` ~O_ ~H=
1. ##x Q@= Hq : `H Q@= e Q= ##Q LO@Ok. "@ D
~H= ` Ly~. g\ `\ QO_ (_ ) Ly~. L^: "@
`H.
Q_ Q@= Hq : `H Q@= e Q= "euiy# x= Q_ LO\~.
g\ `\ |@ Ly~.. Q_ Q@= ^~ |@ ~=_= ^~ |\
OQ~O = u~Q` ^Hx Òk. L^: , i"~, ~.
`H QOH}=:
`Hx =H ^xH ^Q~Q e` Q@= =u #O_ "=_ =O@, =, Q
K~xH H_=, #Q K_=, "O@H Hqe =_= =i iQ
H~}KO^x `H =O^ K~= K@Hx =_= =# K _z#@ HxOk.
FSM
307
Q= LxHx |\ ^ g^ D H} HxOK=K#. ^~O iy# Hk

=,=O@,=O^ H == J^ H~O uiy HxOKO_ `~. Hx Q
=`= qQ`~.
Q< _~ H _~ : Wk.
Z) 75 Ò \+O <>@
a) 10 `= ~ ) 15 `= K~H.
`H e#_ D _~ =O_ Q# =O@# "=iOK#.
6090 OIIg ^~O =~ D _~ e# `~"` "^[|_#.
1 Q _~ ^^ 300045,000 "= "^[#.
D "= H~<_H_, H~< "<H_, <\[<, _[< _, _[<,
q^<.
Q x Q< _~ : Wk
Z) <\* (Q<H@<) H <\yi<
a) <\* (_| )
Wq `= =O@, Q# "=~K#.
1Q ^^ 12,00013,000 "=# "=~K#.
1. ##x Q@= Q `H Q (\Q< `H Q)
`H Q 30 OIIg ^~= =~ "^[|_#.
=O@ 45OIIg ^~O =~ "^[|_#.
x, qye# =O^ ^~= 1 g@~ ik =~ "^[|_#.
H\_ i=}= iQ Hk Z= ^~= =~ H}= "OK#.
H\_x H~ 2 g@~ ^~O =~ "OK#.
H\_x "_ 26 g@~ ^~O =~ " KO^#.
`H Q e# ^~O# |\ =HH H}= s~O U~_#.
" Q=: Wk `H QO_ s~OxH "tOz#_ U~_# Q=.
1.
`H s~=# `` e# Q=
`H QO_ =^Q xOK_= =i s~=# `H Q@= ``
LO_@O =# XH " Q= QO_OQHh, H_Q_ PH~OHh Hey
LO_#.
QO A `H Q@= A# Hey LO_#.
" QO JOK #ey LO\~.
K~= g^ "O@H Hqe LO_@=, =,Q,K~x # K_=,
FSM
308
" Q= K@ K _z#@ Q~ Hey LO\~.

"Q= K@ HO^_ Q= U~_ LO_#.
`HQ@= "_ =# K~= He LO@Ok.
Q= HO^ L# H}*=, e#_ U~_# Q =# z^= J~
LO_@=, s~= xH Hk ^~O =~ =x, =O@# HeyOz He# Q~
U~_@O, K@H L# ~H= "= |_@= ^~ OH ~OQ#
Hey LO_#.
s~O# ^ L#K Q, =, ^ g^ U~_@O =i ^ ziy#
Q~, He# Q~, x =O^ =~H LO_#.
2. `H s~=# ^Q~Q \ _= : (^^ 1 g ^~O #O_)
30OIIg ik =~ `H " Q= =^ He# Q~, #x =K
(Q =#) =i K _z# Q~ U~~K#. "O@H Hqe ~#
Q~ U~~K#.
`H QO_ XH g@~ =~ =^ He xOK_O =# XH " Q=
U~_Òk.
=O@ =# Q= =^ Z~x He# Q~ H | U~_=K#.
=x `_|@ ^~ `_z# iQ =#.
`H QO_ xH "tOz# `~"` KK^~Q J~#_ s~
JO`~Q= Z= Q U~_#.
\Q< Q s~=# XH g@~ ik e#_ ~ `H Q=
HO> f= Q U~~K#. H~}O Wk Z= _ ^~= Hey LO_@=
=i Z= Q# q_^ K_=.
3. 1#O_ 4 g@~ ike# :
Z) 12 g@~ ik `H QO_ XH =^ }OK_O ^~ XH "
Q=# U~~K@, QO JOK #ey LO_@O Hx~. WK@ He#, =,
Q H} LO_=.
a) 2 g@~ HO> Z= ik : WK@ `H QO_ JO~OQ qiOK_O
=# Q QO, LQ =kiQ qiOz LO\~.
WH_ He#, =, Q H} LO_=.
810 g@~ ik D Q qiOK#.
4.<Q g@~ HO> Z= ^~O`H e#@~`
`H QO_ O~=Q qiOK_= =# XHH\Q ÔxH "tOz
Q U~~K#.
FSM
2.
309
Z=Q `ye# HO^_ Q = ^, O, H Hey =~}=

OqOK=K#.
3. XHHi H_ Kfe x`"# =Y J=== QO `Q_O =
Q_ H@# ~H Q_ p= \ ~H < pH~, QOw# () U~_@O
= _ =~}= OqOK=K#.
HO^_ Q==#x~~OK_O
Q_ H@H# ~H Q=# |\ "\x Z~ "Qa< |@ =z
QxH ~OQ U~_Òk. D ~OQ =~x |\ HO^_ QO = H H=
x~~OK=K.
1) "^\ Z~Q#. 2) Hk QO@ #Oz =_ ~A h= ~OQ
3) <= ~A # ~OQ #Oz Q^= ~OQxH =~#.
4) 56 ~A KQ#. 5) 712 ~A Q#
6) 2 "~ `~"` == K~= ~OQ HxOK=K.
PH~=,i=}=LxH
1. Q= K# P^= PH~= HO^_ Q= LO@Ok.
L^: _He` K# HO^_ Q= QO_OQ
2. s H~` K# HO^_ Q= _=Q Ò, H~_ O\ ~O_ =O`~
HO^_ Q U~_`~.
3. XHi ^| `ye# K@ HO_ =~HK@ ~H= Q_ H@Hx HO^_
Q= HxOk. H~}= z\# ~HO = " }Ok.
=~}==O^,=~}=`~"` Hey#HO^_ Q`_
=~}=# =O^
=~}=`~"`
1. QO La (")LO@Ok.
LO_^.
2. H}*= ~H=Q_ H\ LO@Ok.
LO_^.
3. QO H ~OQ H=# |\ =~ LO@Ok. LO_^.
4. Hk\ |= LyOK_= = U~_`~.
Z= |= LyOK_O =
z# A HO^_ Q
U~_`~. Wq =~}Oz# 2
#Oz 3 QO@ =`"
U~_=K.
FSM
310
1015 O ik D Q qiOK#.
QO K@ LO_ H} HxOK#.
`H e# ^~O# |\ `H QO_ qiOK ^~O
10 g@~ 25H# 15 g@~ 35 H#
20 g@~ 45 H#
30 g@~ 75 H#
30 g@~ ^~O `H QO_ s~O K~= =i HO_~= =`"
"tOKQQ#.
\Q< `H QO_ U"< == QO_ }Oz#_ J#Q ^,
H\H J^, H~# "^Q "\ ^~ D QO_ qiOK#.
^j ` (Countrymade Weapons)
Wq <@ `.
Wq Hs `~ K# ` x`#= Hey LO_=.
g\ =H, _, " =i ~ =H LyOK|_#.
`H =O^ LyOK|_#.
g\ =# H`, HO^_, p~_, @ Q= LyOz# ^~=# |\
U~_#.
g\ #Oz "=_ =O@, =, Q ^~}` HO> `= ^~O =i
3045 O.g ^~O qiOK#.
> iOQ [~_= ^~ g\x QiOK_=, g\ Hx JOK< "_O [~Q#.
o ~# =i He# == `H Q= K~=# $+OQ
LO_=. H|\ g\x ZH~ ^~ QiOK_= [~Q#.
ae~ iHK\ ZH
Wq `H QO_ U^# ==# `H#_ L^: ^, H~# =O\ "\ ^~
QO_ qiOK_= ^~ s~O Z= ^~O #Oz `H e# qÔQ qiOz
Q U~~K#. nxx ae~ iHK\ ZH JO^~.
2. `H QO_ A
^ A QO_ Z= ^Hx= H LO_#.
`= ^~O #O_ e# Jx A `H QO_ Q XH q^= Hey
LO_#. Hh z# A QO_ s~O< LO_ =K#.
3. _ ^~=
`= Q# q_^ K `H _ =O^ =# =, K _z# Q~
`= i=}O =i JO` +OQ U~_^.
FSM
4.
311
`Hx |\
LyOz# `H A, ~ _=, ~A =i KHx |\ P^~_
LO_#.
`H LyOz# ~, W# =H, ", p~_ Q =i
x+=}Q= " QO H< ^kQ LO_#.
`H e# k# `H QO_ s~O L# ^, s~O U~iz# Q#
|\ Q ==# |\ x~~OK_O [~QÒk.
x+=}Q=
(s~O #Oz `H QO_ x+qOz#_ U~_# QO)
^~}=Q \Q< =# x+=}Q U~_@O J~^. Hh
Z) `H s~O# `` H ^Q~Q e#_.
a) s~= `= ^~O }Oz# `HQO_.
) Kx s~ Q `H QO_ "tOz#_ (L^: "_,K`,H)
x+=}QO LO_#.
s~=# ^Q~Q e# `H =# x+=}QO " Q= H< ^kQ
U~_#.
QO JOK |@ qKHx LO\~.
QO =^ =O@, =, =K HxOK=.
`H QO_ s~O qiOz "eH x+=}K#_ Z= OY
z#z# Q U~~K#.
=H s~O H Q_O\ == s~O PxOz#_ x+=}QO
H}# (H}*= z^= J=_O "^#q) `= K#.
x+=}Q= #Oz `H QO_,qiy# Z=H, H}*= "eH
=z LO_=K.
`H e# ^~O Z=Q L#C_ QO_ "QO `Q_O =# `HQO_
s~O< LO_ =K. x+=}Q= LO_H =K#.
II) Q_ Q@=Q `` e# U~_ Q: (i"~ =i ` U~_ Q)
1. " Q= : |\ s~OH "tOz#_ U~_ Q=.
`H Q@=# s~O# =^ Q ^~O# |\ " Q= H}=
P^~_ LO_#.
FSM
312
" Q= H ~H= :
Z) s~O# `` e# Q=.
a) s~O Ju ^Q~Q e# Q=.
) s~=# ^Q~Q e# Q=
_) s~O# ^~OQ e# Q=.
`H Q@= #O_ "=_# =O@ ^^ 8 OIIg =~ " KO^#.
Q 30 OIIg ^~O =~ " KO^#.
O_ qye# _ ^~=, =, ~= 6090 O ^~O =~
" KO^#.
Z. s~=# `` e# `H Q=
`H Q@= #O_ "=_# Q, =O@, "=, _ ^~=,
~= " Q= QO_ s~OxH |\ =~= QO_ U~_#.
O_ qye~# _ ^~= K~= e ~ QOK|_`~.
"Q= =~= =, Q, =O@ =# U~_# Q~ LO_#.
"Q= ^kQ#, pe# QO Q~ U~~K#.
QO JOK HOk LO_@=, Q "eH `#_O =# QO JOK "H
La#@ LO_#.
#x, He#, K _z# Q~ " Q= =^ U~_ LO_#.
"O@H Hqe# Q~ Q= =^ "_ "= "=_@ =# U~_ LO_=.
`H QO_ u~Q` s~O "tOK_= =# " Q= JOK =^
w~~ QO_x w_ Q= U~~K#.
K _z# Q~ LO_=K H LO_H =K.
D "Q= XHHi \Q< "Q=# eLO_#.
H@~ : `H Q@= e#_ U~_# <Q\" [~ H Xu_ =# Q=
=^ U~_# ~HO, He# "O@H, z^= J~# H}*=, ^ =H eH
QOK|_@# H@~ JO^~.
FSM
313
H~<: " Q= =^ QO_x =` U~_# =K =i =Kx K~= QO.

`H s~=# ^Q~Q \ e#_ Q "= "=_@ =# U~_#. nxx
H~< JO^~.
He# H}*=# "HH sH ^~ QiOK=K#.
Q= eH =,qiy# Z=H, ^ eH QOK|_#.
QO eH H~< "<H_ "= QOK_O =# =^~ OH ~OQ#
Q= K@ H Q H}*= HxOK#.
^ He#, =, K _z# Q~ U~~K#.
2. `H s~=# ^Q~Q_O =#U~_# Q=
`H =O@, "=_ ik ^^ 58 OIIg =~ LO_@# Close Range
JO^~.
~O\ OH (Point Blank) : `H s~=# Ju ^Q~Q H K~=#
`` _O# ~O\ OH Jx JO^~.
Q= QO_OQ =i JOK eH =_KHx LO_#. Hx~ "=
_#= =# JOK "eH qiOK#.
" Q= =^ HOk#, He#, #x, K _z# =K# U~~K#.
"O@H He =_KHx LO_#.
J+< H~ : " Q= K@ K~= Hqe w~Hx~ LO@Ok. H~}O
|\ OQ~O u~Q` s~OH "tOK@ =# U~_Òk.
w H~ : Wk `H Q@=x w =i ^= QO K@ U~_@O ^~
HQÒk.
QO HO\H Q= H}=# Hey LO@Ok.
s~=# ^Q~Q_=
Wk `H =O@ H ik ^\# `~"` = =i x ^~= "
KO^ ik =~ JO> ^^ 6090 OIIg ik =~ LO_#.
15 OIIg HO> Z= ^~O ik "_ "= K|_@ =# XH QO#
He# =i p~ ~# Q~ HxOK=.
" Q= QO_OQ, JOK xH =_=|_, HOk#, = =i K
_z# Q~ U~_ LO_#.
J+# =i wH~ Hey LO_#.
FSM
314
4.s~=# ^~OQ`H @ =#U~_# " Q=

" Q= |\H< z#kQ Q= JOK xH =_=|_, QO_OQ U~_
LO_#.
Q= =^ He#, =,Q H} LO_=.
" Q= JOK=^ =O^ w H~ =i ^x K@ J+< H~ U~_
LO_#.
U@"Q |\ s~OxH "tOz Q= i=}=# |\ |\
i=}= JOK< "@ [~Q#.
w H~ `H Q@= LyOz# w,P~,|\ Ò g^ _ =i
= =# U~_#.
J+# H~ HOk# Q= H} LO_#. nxx HO@+< H~ JO^~.
" Q=~O^=
|\ <~Q s~=# `H#@~` QO_OQ#, U@"Q s~=# `H#_
H_Q_ PH~O LO\~.
|\ = Q= HQK q^=. |\ H A =i "Q=# |\
Q= U~_@ [~Q#.
|\ s~Ox H}*= H O^`# |\ _ Q=# HQK#.
JkH O^` Hey# Z=H Z= f==~# Q Hey Z=H q~Q#.
`= O^` Hey# "`x H}*= `= f=` Hey# Q# U~~K#.
JkH "QO` |\ s~O# `H# " QO QO_OQ H pi# QOQ
U~_ =i s~O "tOz# `~"` ^x Q=O =~ LO_^. Z=H
`H#@~` Jq q~Q#. p~ ~# Q~# U~~K#. s~= #O_ x+=}
Q U~~K#.
`= "QO` }Oz# |\ =# HOk#, p~~# Q U~~K#.
Q=O =~ HQ@ =# s~O< |\ LO_=#.
Â |\ Z= f=Q= U~~K#.
QO_x PH~O Q |\ ^ A Q (H< PH~O Q |\ H#) U~~K#.
" Q= =^ H}*O x Q<_~ ^~= K~= =i
K~=e ~ KKHx ~ #x H < ~OQ# U~~K#.
^ QO_" Q=
^ z~Q@ =i QO xH ziy# ^ =H aOK#.
FSM
315
^Q~Q e# `H =# K~= =i ^# _ =O@, =, Q, K

_z# Q~ U~~K#. ^~O iy# Hn D Q~ HxOK=.
x+=}Q=
|\ s~O QO_x+qOz#_ U~_# Q=
|\ =i |\ =H s~O< LO_ ~#_ x+=}Q U~_=.
x+=}Q qq^ A, PH~= LO_#.
x+=}Q QO_OQ H p~ ~# Q H H` Q PH~O
U~_ LO_=K.
x+=}QO #Oz s~Ox H}*O, qiy# Z=H =H z^" "eH
=z LO_=K.
|\ =# qiy |@ _KHx =z# Z=H =# Z= x+=}Q
U~_ LO_=K.
XHHi " QO =i x+=}Q= XH A LO_=K.
x+=}Q=^~HOkq+=è#.Jq
Z) `H e# k
a) Q_# =H L# q^=
) s~O "tOz# |\ OY.
`H s~=# ^Q~Q \ e#_ U~_# x+=}Q= "Q=
H< z#kQ LO@Ok. ^~O iy# Hk x+=}Q= "Q= H<
^kQ LO@Ok.
x+=}Q= JOK "eH qKHx, s~ H}*O, H= "eH =z
LO_=K#.
x+=}Q=JOK=^
Z) He# =K
a) =` _# =K ) K_z# Q~
_) J+# Q~
W) wH~ Q~ U~_ LO_=.
x+=}Q=" QOH<^QLO_@ H~}=
Z) |\ u~Q|_# " "eH ~=_O ^~
a) |\ PH~O =~_O =#
) |\ =HQ qiy |\ "eH ~=_O ^~
_) qiy |@ _KHx =z# Z=H =H ^~
W) K~= p~~ "eH z^= J=_= =#.
FSM
316
` QO x+=}QO '~ PH~O LO_#.

XHHi |\ x+=}Q= =^ aOK#.
JkH |~= Hey# = " =i x+=}QO =^ H= "eH
=z LO_#. o# == _ W^ q^=~# =~ HxOK#.
i"~ =i P\"\H W^ q^=~# Q= U~~K#. |\
Z= "QO` ^Hx Q}O Hey LO_#.
`H Q==~OqOK@
`H QO =~ D H~}O =# OqOK#. Jq.
1. Q= JOK ZO_=_= ^~
2. s~O @ =#
3. Q= =#@ =#
4. ^= zH` K ^` =#
5. P~+< zH` =#
6. <@ zH` ^` ^~
7. =O s~=# O K_O, H_Q_O "^Q K~ =#.
`H Q=`ye#=Hx ZH~ f_O
1. `H |\# QiOK@.
2. `H |\ =H QiOK@
3. |\ =~= s~O QiOK@
4. |\ =HQ qiy# qÔ `H#@
5. Z=H qiy# q^= `H#@ 6. Z~~ ZOe[O# QiOK@.
Hx`H `H Q
Z)`H " Q=
1. \OaOQ |\ : |\ b H_` Qe }OK_O (` HO^Q u~Q`)
2. xOQ |\ : |\ <~Q HH =OH~ u~Q` }OK_=.
g\ =# " Q= ^kQ#
" Q= p~_ Q=# e LO_@O.
" Q= U~_H =K.
3. #~ LyOz# `H =# K _z# Q~ " Q= =^ U~_^.
a) iHK\ |\
|\ \~\ g^ `QH =O^ =^ U^< ==x `H_O =# k =i =m
\~\# `H_O H \~\# `H# `~"` |\ uiy `# k# =~H=_x iHK\
JO\~.
FSM
317
`H |\ s~=xH "tOKO_ K~=# `H HO^ _@ [~Q#.

|\ `H# K@ K~= HO^_ Q= U~~K#.
_) |\ s~O# ~O@ =_O =# K~= w~x ~# Q= U~~K#.
W) |\ s~Ox Hx ^= L^: = ~OÔ, Kq ~O^=, <~, KOH,
=~ ^~=, = ^~ QO_ "tOz#_ "^~= "eH HxOK^.
Z) XH "Q= Z= OY x+=}QO HxOK@
`H |\ qiy =H J~#_ XH\ HO> Z= x+=}Q U~~K#.
l) XH |\ =# JkH OY " =i x+=}Q U~~K@
Kf QO_ "tOz# |\ ", x+=}Q U~iz J^ |\ uiy Kf
QO "tOz, x+qOK_O ^~ Z= OY QO U~_#.
~x L#C_ H =H iQ``#C_ |\ s~Ox qq^ Q= QO_
"tOz x+qOK_O L^: Ku,L^~O, `_, H "^Q#q. =# Z=
OY Q U~~K#.
|\ " Q=LO_ |\ J^$=Q@: |\ s~OH "tOz# `~"`
Z) H_ Ki "Ou ^~ "eH =K@.
a) Ti u`x Qe Q@= ^~ ^Q#_ "eH =K@.
) <\ ^~ "eH =K@.
_) =xH "tOz = ^~O QO_ qiOK|_@.
W) " QO QO_ uiy x+qOK@ ^~ |\ J^$=Q#.
" Q=XH> LO_ Z= OY|\ aOK@
\O_" |\ : `H e#_ "^\ |\ "eH ~O_, ~O_=i
e#_ "^\ =i ~O_= |\ He XHi s~O "tOK_O (XH ^x `~"`
=iH\) =# XH QO QO_ ~O_ |@ s~O aOK_< \O_" |\
JO^~.
<~ ^=S.FfH#=# K~
1. <~ Ô ==# ^= K_O
2. \, g_, K fH#_=
3. == HkeOKH =O^, HkeOz# `~"` _ \ fH#_= ^~
|@ s~O HO^ _ aOK#.
4. |@ iK~#,Q_#, eOQ# `H# Q=# \ fH"e.
FSM
5.
318
^ s~O# "~KH =O^ \, "~K# `~"` ", x+=}

Q= \ fH#=#.
6. s~O L# |@ =i <~O Mm |\ H# \ fH#=#
^ ^~K=#.
7. <~ O xOk`x "e =^#, `H g^ "e=^# HiOz ^=
K=#.
<~OHiOK=# P^~
1. `H
2. e# |@
3. |\ H,+
4. ~H =~H, "O@H
5. iK~ =i <~ ^=x Q_ = J~# |\ HiOK_O.
6. |\ =# ye# QA =H
7. "e =i ^=^.
xOk`_ =i =$`x#OzfH#=# P^~
1. s~O L# ^ =i =~H Hey# Q=.
2. k`x ^, "O@H, ~H=.
3. Q<_~ ^g^, K` g^ = J~#k HiOKe.
4. <~=# LyOz# `H HiOK_O.
5. LyOz# |\, H\_ H +# HiOKe.
= sHQiOK=# JO
1. ^# HiOK@ ^ g^ =~H# QiOK@.
2. |\ =# U~_# QO# QiOK@.
3. |\ s~O "tOz# q^=# U~~z# QO# QiOK@.
4. îH# P^~=# HiOz ^~K@.
Z) |@
a) |\ H\_
"^ < O=
1.
DQO`H QOJ=<H^Jx`H#@
^ g^ U~_# =~H
" x+=}Q=
^,Q= =^ =O@,=,K _z# Q~.
|@ `H, H\_+ <~O aOK_O =# `H QO# QiOK=K#.
FSM
2.
319
Uq^"# P^=#LyOz#LO_=K
|\ H A,+ =i i=}=
H\_#, +# sHOK_O ^~
QO H A# |\ P^=# QiOK=K.
3. `H e# ^~O,k#QiOK_=
QO =^ =O@, =, K_z# Q~# |\.
QO U~_# q^=
", x+=}Q= k# |\
aOz# P^=# > iOQ ^~ QiOK=K.
4. s~O ZH=OYQL#
XH P^= ^~ Jx Q U~_<
XH |\ =# Wx Q U~_< Jx QiOK_O
Z= OY P^ LyOz<~ Jx QiOK=K.
5. e# ==#QiOK_=:
H}*O =^ U~_# =~# |\
e# ^= U~_# "= "# Q@_O ^~ (Hk QO@ =~
D "= "# LO_#)
i< y~ >
`H ^~=x _,PO\"x, iO# Q sH ^~ QiOK@.
#\< PH"+< J< =i J\qH J~< H ^~, _
^~=x PO\"x, H~ =i iO# QiOK_=.
6. QOU~_# =H rqOzL#=OQiOK@
s~Ox =Y J=== U~_# Q=# |\.
~H==# |\.
J^~, H=#
O#=#
W<H<=#
7. Q=U~_# `~"` =H HêH
s~Ox =Y J=== U~_# Q =# =H "O@< =~}OK#.
L^: `, QO_ "^Q#q.
FSM
320
~H= Hi# q^=, =~H J`# <~O #Oz Hke# K~ zOK#.

"<=H U~_# QO =H HêH O_ LO_=#.
8. `H QO`,P``,PHH O@#=#U~_#^JxQiOK@
Z) <~^= aOK P^~
a) =sH aOK P^~
) <~^~ ^~ QiOK_xH J=H= L#k.
P`` `H Q
P`` Q s~O# ^Q~Q e# Q~ U~_ LO_#.
s~Ox =Y J=== H}`, <~, QO_ QO |_ LO_@ [~Q#.
_ Ku"@O L#"~ _", Z_= Ku "@O L#"~ Z_=" QO
U~_\xH J=H= L#k.
|@ (^) `yOz LO_@ =i P``` Li, H@
P`` Q U~_ LO_@ [~Q#.
P^= <~O< = JQ#.
P^= g^ =$`x "e=^ =i ~H=~H aOK#.
P`` H~}=, L`~=, _s "^Q#q HxOK#.` ayOz
LO_#.=aQ= `H `xKu ayOK|_ LO_#.
` `H Q
1. Wq s~=# ^Q~Q Hh H ^~OQ Hh `H e# Q~ LO_#.
2. Z= OY Q qq^ s~ QO =i =Y"# Q Ku
L^~O, g =i ` =^ Hey LO_#.
3. `H QO_ s~=# ~Hx U~_# Q ` `=# zOK#.
4. s~Ox "#H QO g,`,#_= QO U~_# `H "Q
``=# zOK#.
5. x^ `# =i J~H u L# =H Z= OY Q HxOKH
=K. =Y s~ J=== Q U~_ LO\~.
6. ^< `H e# Q LO_#.
7. <~O K =~ P^= aOKH=K Hx = ` K
P^= =$`x Ku LOz P``# e#@ qO K^~. Hh
P^= JO` aQ=Q @_H LO_@O =i "e=^ "~ "~q aOK#.
8. <~O #Oz "x `~eOK_O. "x =O K@ [i# `
HxOK#.
9. `L^= H= ^~ aOK=K.
FSM
321
PHH `H Q
1. Wq J~^Q Hx~.
2. XH QO U~_ LO_=K.
3. `H# LyOK_O J^, x~H= =# U~_ LO_#.
4. D O@# Z=Q
Z) `Hx ==#
a) x}` H=_O =#
) <@`, ~# _ ^~= LyOK#O^ =#
_) `Hx =Q K#C_ Hx, sH#C_ Hx @=#
5. QOQ L# =# KK^~Q K@ K =~ b q@s =
`# @=#
6. s~O ZH_< QO U~_ LO_=K. K =~ s~=# =O^ Q=#
U~_ LO_#.
7. iHK\ |\ =#, "\_@ ~#_ ZQ_ kQ_ ^= `Hx
iQ _ K#_ e Q U~_=K#.
~+< ~\ : Wk XH Q". `H xH XH |\# LOz Jk U QO LO^
èO_ H}` =^ LOz `H @. g\ =# PHH QO U~_=K.
8. <~= [iy# K@ P^=, LyOz# |\ H, LyOz# |\
aOK#.
9. ^~ ^~ O@# î f# i` è#.
10. Q= `H s~=# ^Q~Q LOz @ =# U~_# Q~ Z=Q
aOK#.
"i` `H Q=: Wq
`# `#Q `H Q s~Ox =Y=Hx Q ^Q~Q HeyOKHx
` `= [iy@ KOK@ [~Q#.
D qÔQ `H Q=# QiOK_O, <~x JOK< "_O P^=
n#O KH#_O, <~# \ tHOK@# `H#@ b "iH ZO` LQ=.
_ Q=
_ ^~= Hey# O|, H"~ "<, Q<_ "^Q#q e#_ =H
s~O g^ Q= U~~K#. D Q=# =H H =O QiOK@ =# _
==# JOK< "@, QiOK@ J=H= L#k.
O| J#Q _ ==# ` J=i _\<@~ H A ^~
|_#. >~i O| 210 Hr |~= HeyLO_#.
_ OqOz#_ ^ "Ò Q =i Z= H "=_#. e# Xu_
FSM
322
^^ 1000 @# ~ WOK HeyLO_#. @ =# "=_# H =# XH =H qq^

~H=# Q= U~_#.
_ ==qq^ ~H=
_ ^~=# |\ Wq qq^ ~H=Q q_n|_#q. Jq.
1. ZHl" : _ ^~= _ Hey# "O@< Q}O Hey#q.
2. W<O_i : Wq LyOK q^#=# |\ ~O_ ~H
Z) *H_ : ==#, =#, ^=# @ "\ g^ _ ^~=
Hey# "\x q~@=.
a) J=~|_#q: _ ^~= Hey# ==# =O^Q< J=~Hx J=~=
J~#_ Q}O Hey#q.
3. ~xH _ ^~= : Wq ~xH K~ =# "_x, Q# U~~z
i~= " KO^q. Wq_ ~O_ ~H=.
Z) " KO^q: Wq K ^~O =~ "KOk "\ ==# KOK#.
a) " KO^xq : Wq e#K> `# ==# HeyLO_#.
_ ==e#H =i =O@=#U~_ Q=
1.
s~=z^=J=_=H qz#=J=_=
e# H =# _ ^~= =H s~=# JO\ @Hx L# H
^Q~Q L# s~= e z#z# =HQ =~#.
z^= J~# s~= ^^ 200 g@~ ik =~ "^[|_#.
s~ Q _ H =# z^" Hx Q aOKH =K#.
_ H H QO U~_#_ H `y, f= Q= U~_ LO_#.
=H =O^ =Oy#_ J`x =YO H Kf QO e#K Q K`,
=Y= =i Kf QO U~_ LO_#.
e# == Hk ^~O L#K H z# e# " L# s~ Q
Hk =~ ^|u#=K#.
2. He#Q=
_ == e#_ "=_# =O@, Q, H =# =H s~= g^ He#
Q= U~_#.
He# Q= s~O zOk#@ qq^ Q= U~_#.
=O@ =# s~O ^` @ K@H L# == _ =O_#.
He# Q= qq^ f=`` U~_#.
^ s~=# JO\@H# Q=, , + îOz# QO
(H~QO, #_= QO, ) He# Q= U~_ LO_=.
e# ^^ 2000 _w O\Q_ LQ` Hey# "_ "= "^[|_#.
3. " _#==#U~_ Q=
_ =# U~_# _# H i~= ^x "Q=` " KO^#.
''_#H JkH _#= Hey# `~OQ=Q ^x `~"` J_# `~OQ=Q
"tOz LO_#
8. _ H =K# Hey 8. ~_lH sH QO =^ H _ =K# Hey
LO_@
LO_#
9. H}*= =^ |\ H = Z= Ò aOK#.
9. HQ
"`x H}*= QO_ |\ "tOz#_ `=
`=Q LO_#.
9. `= LO_#. Hx Z=H O\ Q\ s~ Q=
QO_ |\ "tOz#_ = `= Z=Q Hey
LO_#.
8. LO_^
x+=}Q=
" Q=
1. |\ H< z#qQ LO_#. ^Q~Q e# `H =# 1. |\ H< ^kQ LO_#
p~Hx~ HxOK#
2. "eH LO_#. p~ ~# Q~ U~_ LO_#
2. eH =_KHx LO_#
2. Q= JOK
3. LO_=
3. QO =^ LO\~
3. HO^_, w, J+< H~
4. Z=Q LO@Ok
4. `=
4. ~H==
5. LO@Ok
5. LO_^
5. H=QO
6. LO_^
6. QO K@H H}*= 6. OH ~OQ H~< "<H_ "= @ =# HxOK#
~OQ
7. e "# ziy LO_#. QO eH ^ =H 7. "e " ziy LO_#. ^ =H aOK=
7. ^ eH
Q= H}=
1. Q= H`
`H " =i x+=}Q= `_
FSM
323
8. eOQ^=
9. <~L^=
4. Q OY
5. `H Hey# KuQO
6. P^= `
7. <~=
3. e# k
Q= H}=
1. Q= U~_ ^=
2. e# ^~O
P`` O@#
1. ` =i Kf QO HQ#
2. s~=# `` H ^Q~Q
|_ LO_#
3. "# H "#H "Q
HOnHiOK|_ LO_#
4. Z=Q XH QO U~_ LO_#
5. _ ^~= Hey LO_#
6. <~O aOK#
7. `# J#"# O`=,
WO\ <~O LO_#
8. Z=Q =Q"i HxOK#
9. P`` H~}= =
"=, PiH W|O^ "II#q
LO_=K
4. XH QO LO_#
5. _ ^~= LO_#
6. <~ O ^~#
7. J# Ô#, "@ "o#C_
LO_#
8. Z=i J~< LO_=K
8. Z=Q =Q"~
9. ^_, ÔQ`<, H 9. H~}= LO_^
<~, O, J ^
=Y H~}=Q LO_#
4. Z= Q U~_ LO_#
5. LO_^
6. K =~ P^= JaOK^.
7. ZH_< LO_=K
` O@#
PHH O@#
1. s~O ZH_< U~_=K
1. s~O ZH_< U~_=K
2. ZO` ^~O #Oz J~< 2. s~=# ^Q~Q LO_#
LO_=K
3. Z=Q "# LO_#
3. U k J~< LO_=K
P``,`, PHH O@# `H Q=# QiOK@ `_
FSM
324
FSM
325
"KO^#. 100 O_ / ~ WOK HO> JkH _#H Hey# `~OQ=

s~=# x HeyOK# H z^= K#.
_#H =#s~=U~_ Q
1. =H H s~=# |OQ <\ "_O H H Zyi HO^_@ =# |"#
Q= HQ#.
2. |@ ziy eHQ =~#. ^# ~xH Q= H~ _
^~=# QiOK@ ^= K=#.
3. _# H s~= QO_ =Oz qq^ J=== #+= HeyOK#.
=YOQ s~ JO`~Q= Qe Hey# =i ^==` xO_# ^=
Z= x HeyOK#.
L^: Z) Qe` xO_# Tiu` =i Qe Q\ D _# H "=
=# z^= H=_= =i Tiu` ~H==, Tiu` ~
~H== =i | U~~K#. nxx ''OQ JO^~.
a) Kq QO
H~i (\OxH "O<) HOk#@ U~__=, H~i [_ ~H==
HeyLO_@O, H~i ziy ~H== HQ_O, =^ =i e Kq ~
~H== U~_@O HxOK#. D =~ ~O_ K=# HxOK=K#.
) r~H ==
#~O L# e=~, O, H_ D _# H =# Z@=O\ Q=
U~_=. H_, = _# H =# p~Hx ~# Q= U~_@=,
L^~ Q=x Mm ^= ~H== U~_@= [~Q#.
_) QO_ =i ~H <= z\ ~H== U~_@O
W) "^_ =i ^xx HC ~ ~H== U~_@= [~Q#.
Tiu` z^= J=_= =# "\x Qe ~H~} "tOz =HH Z~~
ZOe[" =# =~}= OqOK#. _# H =# Tiu` H< r~H ==
Z= #+= HQ#. D _# H h\ L< _ W^ =~ HeyOK#. J^ #
~O L# "\ QO_ }Oz#_ (Q_,KH "^Q#q) J=è " L# "~
_ W^ q^"# i}== U~_#. Hx == =H s~= Z@=O\
=~ HeyOKH JO`~ QO f= Q= U~_ =H =~}OK#.
4. e#_ Zyi =z s~=# `H# == =# U~_# Q=
e#_ O|x W# =H =i K@H L# == =HQ
qiy Zyi=z s~=# _ Hx Q= U~_#.
L^: QA=H, KH=H, W@H=H, ~ "^Q#q.
HO^_ Q=, Q_ Q= =i `Q Hey# p~_ Q= He
s~= g^ U~_#. nxx ''@_ P WOEs Jx JO^~. Wq _ ^~=
=# U~_# Q=# zOK#. _ =# Zyi =z U~_# Q= 35
O.g. A Hey qq^ ^= U~~K#. s~ JO`~Q= =YOQ "_ #~
FSM
326
`Q_O, Kf QKH=_O, L^~ QO "tOz q~ Q=# K_O, H

=i K` QKH#_O =# ~H <= `Q_O "^Q#q HxOK#.
HO_ p~ =_O, QA=H, W# =H, ~, WH "^Q#q HO_
QKHx U~iz# Q= LO_#. p~ ~# Q= J# ^~=# ^=,
ô, WH, W# =H, |@ eH, QA =H aOK#. K~= g^ e#_
Zyi# ^=, Q, _ ^~= =# K _z# =K# U~~K#.
5. e# H =# =O`, Q_ "^Q#q = g^ _#_ f= Q=
=# Hx, O# =# Hx =~}= OqOK#.
6. e#_ U~_# Q =# O# H J~H u U~_#.
_ OqOz#K@K=# qK~}=i _ ==#QiOK@
1. qK~}K JkHi O@< = fH=# Jx *Q`# fH#=#.
J# " x+^= J= K=#.
2. O@< = _ == x} ^~ sHOz, x ==#
QiOK_O =i =# =^~`= K=#.
3. O@< =# \, K ^~ ^~K=#.
4. _ Ô K@H ^= aOK P^~= = ^ =i
"e =^, _ == J=~@ LyOz# =y "iH O|OkOz#
==, Q~\ H, P~ h=, "# >~ Q~ "^#q
HiOK=#.
5. O@< = K@ H x" [#, J#=x` QiOz
qKiOK=#.
S.F.QiOK =# q+=
1. D O@# _ == (O|) @ =#< [iy#^ Jx QiOK=#.
QeO_~ b =# " KOk @ =# s~= =i ^ Jx
O`= =#=Q H@ =i =# x+u LO_@ [~Q#.
O| O\ _ == =# s~= z^= J=_=, s~= XH "
Z= Q= Hey LO_@=, s~O Q_, HO^_, p~_ Q= He
LO_@= =i _== =# K _z#@ =K U~_#.
JkH "`= _ OqOz# QO < ^ QO` U~_@=,
H~Q~= H Hs O\q == K K^~Q =~_O HxOK#.
QeO_~, ~O\ _, \ _= _O ^$zHOQ H
PHH=Q HQ#.
~xH O| LyOz#_ ~#= x K@ LyOz#
=yx QiOK@ K =Y=.
e# = #Oz =$`H~= =O^ g@~ ik =~ _ == P^~=
H~ "`H =#. L^: O|_ LyOz# "~ =H, A "~, >= @s,
K, > "^Q#q.
FSM
327
=O`, sK~, eOQ# O| \# =#H `xv K=#.

^ g^ Hey# _ ^~=# ^` "~Q ^= K=#.
O_ qye# ^~=# "~Q ^= K=#.
`~eOKx == Hey# _ ^~=# ^k ^~ HiOz ^=
K=#.
J#=x`_ s~O aOK _ ^~=# (J`x Ku =i " O^)
HiOz ^= K=#.
"#= O^, sK~ O^, ^=, ô O^ aOz# ==# "~Q
HiOK=#. g@xO\x " ^= K=#.
2. =Hx QiOK=#.
3. ZO`=Ok Kx~<~ Jx QiOK_=, =YO_=# QiOK_= "\x
|\ =# QiOK@ uOK=#.
4. =~}H~}=
Z= OY Hey# f= Q=, He# Q=, J^~, H =#,
s~=x =Y J=== Hey# Q= =# =~}= OqOK=K.
5. =~}=# î f# i`
Z) e# K@ s~=# ^Q~Q L# ^xx |\ P =# ijeOK_= ^~
QiOK=K.
a) e#k e#H Z^ XH" HOnHiOK|_ LO_#. g\x QiOK@ ^~
_ == U "# L#q, "\H, k# JOK< "=K.
) Q$= U~_# _ Q$= Q eO_~, ZHH", H~<
", n=, [~H~ "^Q#q @ =# =^= OqOK#.
Z=Q D Q= "O@H =O@=# K@Hx =_=, s~= QO
K~= H_O =# U~_# Q=, W H Q_ H =O` _O =#
^x HO^ L# = Hey# Q=, O# =~}= OqOK=K#.
OuH _ Q=
~~, [~ H~, w[~ O\ Z= Pqix Lù K == e#_
Z= L+=, "_ Pqix "^[@ ^~ s~= Q= U~_#.
D q^=Q qq^ ^` ^~ _ OqOz =H s~= qq^ ~H=#
Q= U~~K#. g\x S.F. O@< = ijeOK_O ^~ _
^~=#, _Hx, =$`# QiOK@ J=H= L#k.
`H"# Q
He#Q(|~)
He#Q s~=g^ =O@=, "_^~==#, ~#==#, H~O@
=# =i ~_+<=# U~_#.
328
FSM
BURNS
_He# Q (Burns) : Wq =O@ H Jy ~= =# U~_# L^: "_Q L#
W#=, =O@ "^#q. "_`ye# ^= =i Q= Q= HxOK#.
K~= He, "O@H K@Hx =_KHx~ LO_#. "_ ==` He# "\
PH~= Q~ K~=g^ U~_#. |, K~= ~ He# Q= =`"
HxOK#.
`_He# Q (Scolds) : "_ ^~= XO\g^ _@=# U~_# He#
Q=# `_He# Q= JO^~. "_^== _# ^= =i HO^ H~@
=# HOk Q= _ He#Q= U~_#. WH_ K~O He #Q u~Q@,
"O@H K@Hx =@ HxOK^. | Jx He# Q= HxOK#. K~=
`_Q#, "`Q `QLO_, @O> ~ T_ =K#.
He#Q= K =~ P`` Q=Q LO_#. =^=` He#
Q= _ ^~}=Q HxOK#. He# Q= H f=`# |\
~+ He# Q= ( K~O ~ HeLO_@), s~ JO`~Q
He#Q= (K~HO_~ Z=H _ He LO_@) Q qlOK~.' ~ P 9 H~O
He# Q= f=`# JOK< "^~. 40% HO> Z= He L#K f= He#
Q=Q HOK^~.
He#Q==~}H~}=
1. H
2. Q= W<H< HQ@ =#
3. H= ZOe[O. 4. H_ ~~=#
5. q+"= _O=# (H~<_H_, H~<"<H_)
6. =^=` He# == s~= g^ _@=#
He#==#sHOK@
H}=
1. ==g^ |@ iQHh H Hk Q= He LO_#.
FSM
2.
329
"O@H : == g^ "O@H He =_KHx LO_#.HH#@

LyOz#@=O\ H~< H \ "^Q#@=O\ "\ "# =KKO_#.
3. s~= #Q =i LO_#.
4. =Hi#`=# ("_Hi#`) H,K` =_KHx ay LO_, =+^=
K# PH~= ( H~ \@_) Hey LO_#.
5. KOH#, Q[# He#_ ye# Q= U~_#.
6. He# Q= `=# |\ =~}=# JOK< "=K#.
JO`~ H}=
== H ~ "_=# "HK= KOk ye LO_#. =i "^_ ~
~HO Q_H\ LO_#.
"^< ~OQHe#QLxH
He# Q= =~}= =O^ OqOz#q Jx `H#@ Q=
H}=, Ti u` L# QKi# H}=, J=== =i ~HO
H~<"<H_ JkH `==# KsO_ Z~ ~OQ# Hey LO_#.
~xH He#Q=
P==, H~=- Z= O`` Hey#q s~= g^ _#_ U~_# He#
Q=. =~@, | ~=_O =i "O@H K@Hx=@ "^Q
H}= WO^ HxOK=.
ZH~ He#Q
~_+< = He# Q. K~= Z~i, ~OQ=i, "O@H ~@,
K~=g^ He# O_ U~_@. "O^ P< =K@ "^Q#q [~Q#.
q^` He#Q=
Wq =_ ~H=
1. * He# Q= : He# s~Q=#O^ QO` U~_, J_QQ= e~,
K@H K~= Z`Q LO_, Z~i HOkLO_#.
2. +|~ : x~= z=@ =# s~= g^ JH_H_ He# Q= U~_
Z~Q HOkLO_#.
3. x+=}Q~ : H~O@ s~= QO_ =Oz "eH x+qOz# Q=
K~= Q@ H pHx =@ [~Q#.
q^^`==#He#Q=
" U~_# q^` Z= H=OÒ Hey "QOQ qx K~#. <# `@
330
FSM
=O^ Jq =#=, [O`=, =$H= `H# Hex Q= U~_#.

Q= H} : |@ z#Q@, s~=g^ He p~ ~# Q=, s~=g^
L# P~}= Hiy U~_# Q =i W#=O\ P~}=
JO`Q}= HQ@, He#Q= s~=g^ =$H=H Y= U~_ K~=
~ Z~Q HOk#@ (ey |~) U~_#.
-0000-
331
FSM
Entry Wound of Rifled Fire Arm
Exit Wound of Rifled Fire Arm
Wounds Caused by Shot Gun Pellets
Exit Wound of Rifled Fire Arm
Cross Section a
Cross Section of a
Rifled Barrel
Smooth bore Fire
showing the Groves
Arm
and Lands
Different Cartridges
12. L^=
11. <~=
10. ^
7. ~H}Q
8. OHK Q
9. P^
6. Q f=`
4. Q= ==
5. Q k
2. Q= OY
3.Q= Hey# ^=
Q= H}=
1. Q= ~H=
10. ziy LO\~
x+=}Q=
1. ^~}OQ HO^_, Q_, p~_
Q= LO\~
2. XH\ ^ J~^Q Z= OY
LO\~.
3. ZH_< LO_=K. =YOQ |~OQ
Q, Z=H xH ^#H# Q
Z=Q s~=# XH " LO\~
4.Z=Q |~OQ Q LO\~
6. Q f=` Z=Q#, s~= e 5.U k<< LO_=K
6. f=` =~` LO@Ok
=~ Hey LO\~.
7. LO_=
7. LO_=K
8. LO_=
8. LO_=
9. LO\~
9. K =~ LO_=
` Q
1.Z=Q #~H|_, p~_ Q=, `H
Q=, _=|_# Q= LO\~
2. Z= OY LO\~
3. < Q=x LO_^. =YOQ `,
Kf, @ Q Qi @|_ LO_=K
4. Q= XH ^xx XH\ e LO_=
5. U k<< LO_=K
10. ziy, #<, |~^, w, =\,

=~H` LO@Ok.
11. Q_#\# Qk, K@, ZO\ 11. KK^~Q ==, K@ ~H 11. O@## |\ =~` LO@Ok
KK^~# == LO_=
12. LO_^.
=~H LO\~
12. ^, = ", L`~, P`` 12. HH, ^_, ÔQ`<, H <~
H~} Hx LO_=K.
P`` Q
1. Z=Q H`, =i _=|_#
Q= LO\~
2. Z= OY LO_=K
3. JO^@ Q s~ Q, J#Q
s~= =O^ H Q
4. =OQ XH ^xx XH\ e LO\~
5. _ "@O L# = Z_= #Oz _H,
#O_ HOkH LO\~
6. s~O Q= Z=Q XH\ H ~O_
e Q= Hey LO\~
7. LO_=
8. LO\~
9. s~= H# ^ = Hi#` =# Ku
O^ @|_ LO_=K
10. ziy LO_=
P`` - ` - PHH Q= `_
332
333
FSM
<G =sH~}
Z)
Q : Wq =^H~O Qx z~ Q=, Z\ JOQ"Hx, qH$`

~x HeOKH ìÒQ =x == Q.
a) f= Q : I.P.C.320 H< H~O D HOk e`x HeOK Q
f=QQ iQ}OK|_~.
1. ~+`x Q@@O
2. ÒQ XH\ ^ ~O_ HK Q@@O
3. ÒQ XH\ ^ ~O_ K= qxH_ Q@@O
4. U^< J=O ^ H Q@@O.
5. s~Ox U J="xQx, H#Qx #tOK_O ^ "\H ÒQ
H#` HeOK_O
6. `, =YO ÒQ JO^q#O K@O
7. Z=H ^ Ô`x èQ K_O, q~QQ@@O
8. 20 ~A@ qs`"# s~^ HeOKk ^ r=# q^<xH OQO HeOKk
^ =~}=^HiQ QO.
Q==
ZO`HO HO^@ QO `yeOk `H=_xH D HOk qÔQ gOk.
1. HO^_QO Hey# ~OQ =~# |\ Q= =# JOK<
"=K#.
2. Q_= w#_ `ye#, èH\ Q_ QO 12 -24 QO@ ZO_
H_Òk.
3. ~H= Q_H@H#_== 48 QO@ QO " =Ok.
4. "Ô Kx QO 36-48 QO@ p= @_O P~OaOk.
5. èH\ #x H`QO JOK 48QO@ XH^xHH\ ^Q~=`~.
7 ~A iQ =#Òk.
6. `g^ p|_# QO ==Q H= "Ô` 7 ~A =#Òk.
Z=Q #ey~# `g^QO, H= "Ô` 10-15 ~A =#Òk.
7. |#`, ~H#`, Ju=Ò "^ Q = QO =#\xH Z=
HO _Òk.
8. qiy# Z=H J`< H} 1-3 ~A "^, 3-15 ~A "`\ H`
Z=H U~_, 6 - 8 "~ iQ JÒ@Ok.
334
FSM
=~}=# =O^ =~}#O`~= U~_ Q

(Anti - Mortem and Post - Mortem Injuries)
=~}==O^ QQ==#q=iOK@
=~}=# =O^ HQ Q (Anti-Mortem Injuries) "\ ~=
XHHi "q^"# H}= Hey LO_#. g\x XHH\Q HO^ `|_#k.
1. =~}= =O^ ~H~}, ~H"= s~O ^~}u LO_#. H=#
=~}= =O^ U~_ Q ~H== (Bleeding) JkHOQ HxOK#.
Hx H =# Hx, J ~H_# iu (Low B.P.) s~O ~HO =OK
~H<= zOKHx =_O =# D u L# =H s~= g^ HeyOK|_#
Q= ~H== JkHOQ HxOK^.
2. =~}= `~"`, s~Ox ~H "= xez=_O =i s~Ox
H}*= ~HO XHK@ Ki WOH_O ^~ D u K# Q= =#
~H== HxOK^. H Hk ~H== HxOK#.
Hx =~}Oz# "O@< s~= g^ ~ Q= U~~z =i Q=
s~Ox ^~H<= gO U~_#_ JkH ~H == Hey, =~}=
=O^ U~_# Q=# eLO_#.
3. =~}= `~"` s~Ox ~H<=xH ~H= hqOKH =O^ U~~K|_#
Q=, ~H= Q= H H}*= Q_H\ =~}= =O^
Q=# e LO_#.
4. =~}xH Hk =O^ =O s~O U~~K|_# Q=, =~}=
`~"` Hk =O< U~~K|_# Q= `_ è@ H+=.
5. =~}xH Hk =O^ =O U~~K|_# Q= ~H= Q_ H@_=
"^# K~ |#=Q K#. H XHHi LO_H=K.
6. QO s~O U~_# `~"` s~O H H}*= K r=~xH
H J~#
Z) QO =^ "
a) QO =^ ~H=xH ~O (Lymph) qOK_O.
) ` ~HH}= uK~
_) p= @_=
W) QO =#`# H}=
D =~ QO U~_# 8 QO@ uHOQ Hx, ~xHOQ Hx,
"HH sH ^~ QiOK@O H+=.
7. QO Hey# QO H}*= K r=~xH H
Z) =~}= =O^ Q= H}*O HxOK r=~xH H QO
U~_# QO ~O_ *<Q q_n|_#.
FSM
1.
335
<y\" "@ iH< (Negative Vital Reaction)

WO^ QO JOK ^Q~Q ^^ QO JOK #Oz 0.2 0.5 q.g.
"_ =~ =$u KOk# H}*= Z=Q LO@Ok. nx =# QO =^ U~_
r=~xH H, ZO*= K~ |#=Q LO_#. nxx '' <Q\" "@ iH<
JO^~.
2. l\" "@ iH< (Positive Vital Reaction)
Wk <Q\" "@ iH< *< #Oz 0.1 0.3 q.g =~ "_ Q Q=#
''l\" "@ iH< *< JO^~.
l\" "@ iH< *< H}*= Z= `= r=~xH uK~ Hey
LO_@O, ZO*= `= JkHOQ LO_@O =# Q= =# H}=# U~~K#.
a) =~}= `~"` U~_# Q= : (Postmortem Injuries)
1. <Q\" "@ iH< *< Hey LO@Ok. 2. l\" "@ *< J LO_^.
8. s~= K r=~xH H, ZO*= uK~
r=O L# H}*O =`" HxOK#.
Wq QO U~_# "O@< s~O K u K~
s~O U QO QO U~_# D r=~xH K~ XH qÔQ U~_#.
D r=~xH K~ s~O L<, < =sH xq`= ZO` P=
K< J#Q =~}Oz# ==#, =sH Q =^ ==# =~
HxOK^.
QO =^ Z@=O\ zH` H K\< _ D r=~xH ZO*=
K~ =~ HxOK^.
PO\=~" Q= r=~xH K~, ZO*= K~ HxOK#.
=~" Q= q^"# K~ HxOK=.
=~" (=~}#O`~=)Q=U~_@ H~}=Q==
1. Hx ~H= K~ =# 2. ==# n#~K< H =#
3. PHH O@# =#
4. [O`=, H@H=, K "^Q [O` [
K~= K~ =#
5. uH H~}= =#
1.
Hx~H=K~=#
=~}#O`~= s~= HQK H =# Q= HeyOK|_#. g\
=Y"#q.
Z) = <~= xOk`_ / xOk`~ KO <~=# _@
=~}#O`~= == H s~=` K JH~, = "s`= =#
s~ =~=== =^ Q= U~_ qs` ~H== HeyOK|_#.
=~}Oz# s~= = <~= [iy#@ KOK@ =~=== =^
Q= HeyOK_O. ^~}=Q s~O `, =~Q =^ U~_# z#
Q= _ qs` ~H == HeyOK|_#.
a) =~}H~}=# H @@ (^K@) HeyOK K~ =#
FSM
_)
W)
2.
Z)
a)
3.
336
<~= _# `~"` =~}H~}=# H LOK@ s~= HeyOK

K~ "\ =Y"#q. s~=# He "_=, ==# WO\ Hx, H~
Hx, =O_`# ~ Hx LOz =O@ >^~.
==# "#=` `HOK_=
L^: == H s~=# ~ \H g^ _@=, |, s HO^ "_=,
#Oz HO^ `"_=, |~"# ~# LyOz == H s~=#
z^= K_=. QO` ayOz =~}= HQK# `~"` Li "#@ KOz
P``Q qO K_=.
H~}= <~=# OîOK_=, == Hey# Q= H}OQ
ijeOK_=, =~}= =O^ =i `~"` Hey# Q `_ QiOK_=
^~ <~=# JOK< "=K#.
==# =YO_=Q =i _"@O
==# =~}#O`~= xOk`_ =HQ (=YO_=Q) YO_Oz "~"~
^= "@.
=H =~}Oz<_ / ^ J< J#=#O` uiy Q U~~K@O
xOk`_ `x H s~O J`# =~}Oz<_ / ^ J< J#=#O` Q
=m, =m HeyOz#@=O\ H =~}= =O^ U~_# Q= =i
=~}= `~"` U~_# Q= ~O_ _ s~= Hey LO_#.
s~=#(=O)n#~K< K~
u\# ==# "eHf O@# q u@|_# ==# "eH
f K~ =# Q_~, Q#= O\ P^= `ye =O s~= g^
Q U~_@. ~ O\ ==` U~~z# Q p_ Q=# e
LO_#.
h@ =xy# ==# "eH f O@# =# h\ =xy# == H
s~= H}*= "`|_ `H# T_=K#.=~}= =O^ Q s~O
U~_# ==# h\ _"#_ QO #O_ U~_# ~H== =# D
Q =~}#O`~= Q=# e LO_#.
PHH O@#,K~=#
o# =O H s~=# =\# "O@< ~Q T_=K#.
==# =~"# `~eOK#_ Q_O, "~@Q HêOK_O =#
U~_ Q.
=\H ==# LOz#_ "~@Q ayOK_O =# "_ "#
q~Q#.
=O H s~= =O_`# == H ~ =O^ _L#, "_ h~
# "#, ZHH "~ `ye# =~}#O`~= _ He# Q=# U~~K#.
~_ H# #_z "#"~ W`~ H~}=` ~_ g^< _ =~}Oz#_
J`x #_# "#= =# U~_ Q
h\ _# ==, <H H ~ =# U~_# Q.
FSM
337
4.
[O`=,[K~=K~ =#
[O`=, H@H=, [K~= =O H s~O HQK K~ =#
Z) DQ, p= s~Ox x` Q=, `_ Hey# Q=# ux"@
=# Q_ Q= e# Q= HQ#.
a) K, W`~ [K~= h\ _# ==# ux"@ =#
) H, #H, ZH, ~|O^ "^Q J_q [O`= s~= ^_K
ux"@.
_) ^[O`= ^_K s~O =HQ zOz "@K K ^~O =~
=YO_= qiOK#.
5. uH H~}= =#
^~}OQ =$u KOk#_ ==# =Y##O (^#O) K K~ =# =YOQ
He "#_ "_ =# ~ =i W`~ Q ye ~H== U~_
=~}#O`~= U~_ Q=# e LO_#.
Hx =~}= =O^ U~_# He# Q= H~H "Qa< LO_#.
=~}#O`~ Q= H~H "Qa< LO_^. nxx |\ g\x "~ K=K.
H, Hiz#_ U~_# Q Q H@Q =i ~O_ `#
Ô`= =# U~_# QO HeyOK#.
K O\ [K~= =, H#, K=, ^= =O\ "`x H}*=
^_ K#.
=~}= `~"` s~Ox ^ ~H<= z\#_ U~_# QO Z=
~H== Hey =~}= =O^ U~~K Q=# eLO_#.
=~}=# =O^ =~}#O`~ Q=`_q=iOK@
=~}=# =O^ Q
1. QO JOK =^ ", QO "_Q
|@ qKHx "^Q H}=
HeyLO_#.
2.~H== JkH=Q Hey LO_#. =i
^=# #O_ JkH ~H= qOK|_#.
3.~HO zq# Q~ : s~O#, ^ g^
<~Ô ~HO H zq# Q~ Hx~.
4.QO H H}*O ~HO Q_H\ LO_#.
QO JOK# h\` H_y< Wk^.
=~}= `~"` Q
1. QO qKH^. JOK ^Q~Q HeyLO_#.
2. ~H== `= H Z=Q =i ~ #Oz
LO_#.
3. ~HO zq# Q~ LO_=.
4. ~HO QO JOK Q_H@_O K

|#=Q LO_#. H J LO_^. QO
JOK H_y< D =~H _`~.
5.~HO Q_H@@ : QO U~_# QO ~H= 5. ~HO Q_H@^. H =$^=Q Q_H@#. Wk
Q_H@_= =i Hi#"# Q}O Hey LO_#. Ki# "O@< =#.
6. QO =#`# H}= HxOK#.
6. QO =< H}= Hey LO_^.
7. r=~xH =i ZO*= uK~
7. D K~ |#=Q H J LO_^.
JkH=Q Hey LO_#.
338
FSM
~xH ~@s sH~= qq^ J===# HiOz ^~K@.

J==H~}- ^#`
qq^ H~}= =# = =~}= OqOK#. Jq `, P``, PHH
O@# =#, J#=<^ =~}= =i H~}= èx =~}=
OqOz#_ qK~}K b JkHi ==# =~=# OOK#.
=sH# K ~xH x}_ =sH J#O`~O =H H =~}= q+==#
# J~#k Jx QiOz#_ H =~}H~}= QiOK#_ == s~O #Oz
J===# HiOz ~xH Q sH~= - Z..Z. OOK#.
D J== H~} U J===# HiOK^~ Jx D ~= q=iOK_=
[~Q#.
^~}q+==~}=J==H~}[~@
^~}=Q q+== [iy#k Jx J#=#= Hey#_ HOk J===#
=sH HiOz ^~K^~. Jq s~= Hx J=== yOz# q+=#
QOKHx LO\~. "\x ~# sH~= OOz# Z.Z.Z. qq^ sH [i
yOz# q+=# H#Q#=K. Jq
Z) rqOz L# = HiOK=# ^~= H J===
1. "Ou K# ^~= : 300 O.Z. H "`= "Ou K# ^~=
2. H_x ^~=# "Ou K~Oz#_ =z# h~ (^==) 500 O.Z.
3. ~H= : 100 O.Z.
4. =`= : 100 O.Z.
a) =~}Oz# = - J===# HiOK@
1. H_ : JO^ r~= J=`# ^~= - "`= Q= HiOK=#.
2. z# = : "^\ Q= ^^ 30 O.g. H XH J_QQO JO^x
^~= HuiOz HiOK=#.
3. H= : J~ HQ= ^^ HuiOz HiOK=#.
4. =Ò_ : XH =Ò_= H ~O_ Q= =Ò_= x=Q
H fH#=#.
5. =`= : =`=` @ =`= ^^ 100 O.Z.
6. ~H= : 100 O.Z.
Hx `H i` `H q+=# QiOK@ W`~ J=== HiOz ^~K@
~xH x}_ Hx `H q+= qxyOz< H == H s~= Hx
Q= HOnHiOK|_# q+=# QiOK@ Hx O^~= =`" D
J=== HiOz ^~K#. Jq
1. "^_ (QQ=) : P, x^=`, q+"= ==, H~O
q+=, <_, "^#q QiOK@.
2. Tiu` (QQ= - XH Tiuu) : P, =` q, O#
HQK q, QO_g^ == K q QiOK@.
3. "#= : K< q.
339
FSM
4.
K~= =H : (2.5 O.g ) : H~_, =O@ q_# Q, W#e<,

=i<, ~~<, HH< q QiOK@. WO[H< ^~ Wz# q - k
Q~ Hey# K~= 10O.g. ~_ ik WO[H< Q~ =~ O~OQ
aOK=~ HO_#, H=# _ HiOKe. HO\Q J=è =# Q=#
_ fH"e.
5. "^_x ..Z. ^== : P q+== QiOK@
6. HO\x q\ ^=O : ~~, H~" q+=# QiOK@.
7. `~= : <~\H =O^, HH<, x^=` q+=# QiOK@
8. _= Z=H : H =i Kux _= Z=H 7-8O.g. =~
~xH q+^~=, n~H q+==, PixH, O\"x, êO
"^Q#q QiOK@.
9. "O@H : ^^ 5 Q= ` "O@H - n~H q+==, ~xH
O|O^ q+= - _, P~xH, O\"h "^Q#q QiOK@.
10. " Q : Jx "e Q# f OOK^~. n~H q+==# QiOK@
LQ_#.
11. Q~H= : Hq# J~<, = <~= Q~Oz, JO_=
=i x =~=H JO`~Q=# HiOK^~. Q~Oz, x =~=
îH# Jx ^~=# _ HiOz OOK^~.
12. HO_~= : Q o# =O HO_~ H}*=# f ~xH Q
sH q+} OOK^~.
q~#^~K@ LyOK ==-^=}=
HO>#~ : q~# ^~K@ Q \ XH b@~ H\, "#k,
^=`Hk, QA=` L#q LyOK=#. ~|~ =`# LyOK~^. Wk Hx
q+=# QOK#.L^ : H~", <
ek< H=~# _ J== H~} LyOK=K#. <# Q# Z=
LyOK=#. H~}= Wk q+=# QOK^. ~H=# H Hey#
\Hx, H H Hey# \ Hx HiOK=#.
q~#xLOK ^=}=([~\")
1. ^~}L^=}= ( @~>_ _O H~_ ^=}=)
2. ~H_ i\ : D ^=}= P, J\H _, <, ~ "^Q
q+== LyOK~^. Wk g\x xs~= K#.
3. k qb Q= _O H \+O ~_ LyOz# ^=}=# ~H=#
xK@ LyOK^~.
4. ~_ ^=}= (_O - \+O) : =`=, q\ ^== xK@
"_^~. HH<, H~< "<H_ q+O, P, <_ "^Q "\x H#Q#@
LyOK^~.
5. q~# 4 _w O\Q_ =^ ~l~@~ LOK=#. O> Kx Qe `Qx
"`=~}= LOK=#.
2
340
FSM
q~#Z.Z.Z JO^K q^#=

1. q~# HiOz# \ |# JuHOK=#. | q~# U ==
#Oz HiOK~ J`x ~, J\ <O|~, HiOz# J===, `k =i
= "=#. XH " HiOz# == Z~_ =i W`~ JO@"^
Hey L#K ^xx _ | "=#.
2. q~# x LOK@ LyOz# ^=}=# L^ : _O H~_, ~H_
i\ "^Q#q `H \ LOz Z.Z.Z OOK=#.
3. q~ HiOz# Jx \# XH J@> LOz `= "# `~"`
"=#.
4. q~ H` @, WOH i~ H, =~O H, "l\Hx LOz
Z.Z.Z JO^K=#.
5. Z.Z.Z. "~ "l@ H _... P JkHi Wz# P^~*_ L`~
x^ Z@=O\ sH [~~.
6. `= Kq =i "# #=< ~ XH ~@ H=~ LOz OOK=#.
7. q~ H# bHx| JO^K J`x #Oz "`~H=Q q~ H
JOk#k Jx HiOKH#=#.
8. bHx| `# ikQ Z.Z.Z. p ZQq#~ HqH JO^* i~
fH##.
9. Z.Z.Z. _~"O@ HiOz# O H sH =y# `~"` i~#
~xH x}, "l\ =i bP~ JO^*#.
10. sH =y# `~"` q~ # Z.Z.Z. "~ "l\ L`~ "~
=i bP~ H =y#k Jx i~ Wz# "~ <#= K^~.
-0000-
341
FSM
~H= - g~=-"O@H - "^< =Y`

~H=-x~}=-Q
~H= =#=, [O`=#, qq^ HqH@H=# ^= ~O qq^
=~=# Hey LO_#.
=#=, [O`= ~H= ^=~O Z~x =~= Hey LO_#.
W`~ [O`=, HqH@H= qq^ =~=# Hey LO_#.
~H= s~O #Oz "eH qOz#_ Q_H@@ =i qOz# Ô
=~H# U~~K@ Q}= Hey L#k.
=#= s~O ~H= qq^ Q Hey L#k.
~H= qq^ uH =i ~xH sH ^~ =#= ~H= H W`~
[O`*= ~H= Jx "~~K=K.
=#= s~O ~H= ^=~O QO_ =i ~H~}K ~H<=
^=#, ~, ~HH<oH ^~ s~O Jx J=== Q=
qOz r=H}*=# H=# PH[#, P~ ^~=# K~"@, JH_
qiOz# ^~=# q~H J=== K~"@ "^Q ## K#.
Z) ^=#=OK ~H=
D ~H= P=[x `= JkH=Q Hey QO_ #O_ s~Ox W`~
J=== ~H=Hx|_#.
WH_ ~H= "~ Z~ =~= Hey =O_#.
s~Ox ^ ^=# H`, p~_, @, `H Q= z\# H `y#K
Q_# QO qs` ~H== Hey =~}= OqOK#.
a) ~=OK ~H=
D ~H= P=[x `= `=Q LO_, H~< _ PH_ "= `= Z=Q
LO_, s~=x W`~ J="#Oz QO_, q~# J=== =OK#.
(Tiu`, H_ "^Q#q)
~ ~H= `= _#= Hey Q_#_ `= ~H== Hey LO_#.
L| ~ ( "iH - "~<) Q_#K Z= ~H== U~_#.
) ~HH <oH : Wq "O@H = #Q =# ~H<=. g\ =OK ~H=
`= _#= Hey Q_#_ `= ~H == U~_#.
~H =~H
~H= s~O #Oz "eH qOz#_ "`=~}i` J#Q}OQ
ZO_=_O =# =~H U~_#.
~H= =i "\ =~H <~O#, <~_ H k`_ s~Og^, |@
g^, <~P^= g^ _ LO_#.
Jx ~H=# ~HsH# =i =~H# ~+ ~xH #, sl#
~xH x~OK^~.
s~Ox Q= #Oz U~_# ~H==# |\, <~O U~_#
FSM
342
~H==, =~H# sHOK@ ^~ <~=#, <~#, k`#

QiOK@ J=H= L#k.
<~O <~_ =i k`x Wî ~H= =~H _ LO_=K.
~H= Q# sHOK@ ^~ # "i èÔ_ ^~ OHqOz#
O`#=, H^ Jx x~iOK=K.
=#OQ=, ^_ , `, P`` =#Q "\ =#Q <~= ~H
=~H# QiOK=K#.
Z) ~H =~H#e#W`~ ^~=
W#=`, ~OQ ^~=, ~_ PH_, Hx ~H=# ~=, QiO\,
Q Ò|=, "^#q ~H ~OQ LO_ ~H =~H# Hey LO\~.
a) ~H =~H#HiOK@
1. ~ ~# ~H= =Oz, h_ P~\, H=~ LOz OOK=#.
(O ~ ~# _ OOK=#).
2. ^# ~H =~H L#K =~H L# Q= =i =~H x Q=` @
HuiOz, h_ P~\ H=~ LOz OOK=#.
3. ~H= =~H` L# sK~, ` KH =#Q "\x =~H`@, =~H x
Q=` @ H sH~= ~xH x}xH OOKe.
4. ~H =~H Hey# Qx w_O ^~ =z# ^~=# XH QA ",
", ^=K sH~= OOKe.
5. ~H=# x= LOK@ "_ ^==
Z) 10 % \+O <_ ^=}= a) 10% y[i<, _ "@~ He# ^=}=
) `= O^` Hey#J"xO^=}=
6. ^ L# ~H =~H
Wq ^ U~_# f~ J#Q QO U~_#", e" Hey L#", U
QO U~_#k "#Oz HO^ Hi#^, Pi~ ZO_# =~H U~_#^ H
`_Q L#^, "^Q#q Q=xOKe.
"# ^ ~OQ, ~H=, ^xH ==, =i ziy L#", QO_
=i T_ L#" Jx "^Q q+= Q=xOKe.
^ `_Q L#" / _Q L#" Jx QiOKe.
==g^ _# ~H =~H, ZO_# ~H =~H h` = K< iQ
_=.
ZO_# ~H=~H K H= =~ xez LO\~.
P~x ~H=~H @=# sH J#~=Q `~=`~.
~H=~H#sHOK q^#=
Z) uHOQ sHOK_O
a) ~xH=Q sHOK_O.
Z) uHOQ sHOK@
FSM
1.
343
<~=~H=~H#sHOK@:
<~= ~H=~H Hey# q^=, [iy# ~H== |\ JH_ `, P``
k`_ =i xOk`_ #Q_# =i s~= g^ U~_# Q=
f=` K=K#.
=$` s~= # L# ~H= =i <~= L# ~H =~H# |\ <~=
#Oz ==# HkeOz#k, xk K=K#.
== H s~= g^ L# ~HK~# |\ Q= ZH_ U~_#k =i
Q= f=` JOK< "=K.
<~= U~_# ~H =~H =i K~# |\ <~= J^ ^=
[iy#^ ^ Jx QiOK=K.
~H=` U~_# H, Ku " Q~ =# <~#, k`# QiOK@ g
L#k.
^=#, ~#Oz U~_# ~H K~ qq^ ~H=Q U~_#.
2. s~OxUQ=#Oz~H=qOK|_#k
Z) |`H= ~H ==: <i ~`H== =# HQ ~H==. Wk
=YOQ H [#<Ok= =^, e |@, `_ =^ JO\ LO_#.
~H= Q_H@^. =^~, Z~ =~= Hey LO_#. ~H=# sHOz#K x,
Q~Oz ==, H}*= Hey LO_#.
a) =#Oz Hi# ~H= : ~H=, =`=_ H Q =i =x "O@H
_ Hey O_#.
) "Ou=# Hey# ~H= : Wq H_, Q Hey# ~H==. =^~ KH\
~OQ Hey =O_#. H_ =i Qx W`~ ^~=_ He
LO_=K#.
_) Tiu` #Oz Hey# ~H== : Wk #~Q` _# ~H=. `=_ H Q`
_ He LO_#.
W) =#OQ==# Hey# ~H== : WH_ g~=`@, ~H=, [<#OQ=
"O@H, x== _ LO_#.
Z) p= Q_#Oz Hi# ~H=. WH_ ~H= p=` He QO H p= Q_#Oz
HiLO_#.
3) ~H =~H H H= HOK@ : ~H =~H U~_# q^=, u, ~OQ# |\
~H== J~ ZO`H"#k HOK=K. J_ qOz# ~H= Z~Q =O_ K`,
^ `H< JO@H##. Qe "`~ ==# <` ~H =~H ~OQ =~#.
24 QO@ H==k Q^= Z~, Hx~A< Q^= ~OQQ#, P `~"`
#x ~OQQ HO Q_KHk =~Òk. Z= ~H== =# Hey# ~H= ZO_ =~H
U~_@ Z= H= @#. ~H =~H# h\` H_y< iQ =. J_ zOk#
~H= h\ _# H~Q#. ~H =~H XH\ ^ ~O_ QO@
^~}"`=~}= ZO_ =~H U~_#.
FSM
344
4. ~H= ^~ = =i eOQ ^= H#Q#@ : `~H}=x H H"*=#

QiOK_= ^~ eOQ ^=# `H#=K#. J_ \# t= #Oz Hi# ~H=
|#=Q, KQ Q_H@#. '@ "Qa< =# ~H= t=k Jx QiOK=K.
5. =~}= =O^ =i =~}= `~"` Hey# ~H== : =~}= =O^ (PO\
=~") Hey# ~H== JkH=Q =O_#. ~H =~H ZO_# `~"` a< Q
LO_@O=# ~ ~Q U~_#. ~H= Q\Q Q_H@#. =~}= `~"` U~_#
~H =~H ZO_# `~"` f` __Q ~e=# . ~H== `=Q LO_#.
"`Q Q_H@#.
6. ~H== Z=i#Oz qOK|_#k Jx QiOK@ : <~_ =i k`_ Z=i
#Oz ~H== U~_#k Jx D q^=Q `H#=K#. ~H Q <~_,
k`_H "~"~Q L#K Z=iq Jx `H#=K#. ^ e " L# ~H
=~H J~#K Jq k`_ s~O #Oz U~_# =~HQ# QiOK=K. ^
Q=# ~H =~H xOk`_q H k`_ ~H= J~ LO_=K#.
a) ~xH sH
1. Ol_< sH : D sH =# =~H ~H==# U~_#^ H W`~ J#^~=
=# U~_#^ Jx QiOK=K. Wk K x`"# sH. XH KH ~H= =_ H
KH h\` H< D sH K ~H=# QiOK=K. ~H =~H L# Qx, |@Q#
XH ie< H LOz XH Ol_< KH ^==#, XH KH _[< ~H_# "# P
=~H ~H= J~` =^~ he ~OQ =Ok.
2. "HH sH : ~H=~H Hey# ^==# XH @ z# QAH "
Hîx sHOz# ~H=~H J~` ~HH}= Hx~.
3. HH sH : Wk ~H=# ~_ J~# sH. 0.1 O.. ~H= L< _
D sH^~ H#Q#=K#. J_ U~_# ~H=~H#, ` ~H=~H# _ D
û ^~ H#Q#=K#.
4. \< sH (r=^~ sH) : D sH=# ~H= =#+^ H W`~
[O`*=^ Jx QiOK=K.
5. ~HQ : ~H=# Jq Hey# PO\[<, PO\ _# |\ D q^=Q qlOK~.
Z) ZaF - ~HQ : Wq <Q ~H=. Z Q (22 %), a Q (33%), ZaQ
(5%), F Q (40%). ZaF ~HQHO_ W`~ Q _ H=.
a) O.<.. Q : Wq 3 Q. @H`< U~_ LO_#. O - Q, <Q, O.<- Q. Q ` H O. Q, <..Q,
O.<. - Q, <..- Q, O... - Q "^Q#q
U~_#.
) - Q : D H~ 75% = HxOK#. nx Q 1, 2,11,
22 - Q. D Q H~ |# K~Hey "^ <~OQ `= =Y`
Hey L#k.
_) P~.K.Q : D Q H~= P~.K. l\" (85%), P~.K. <y\"
(15%)
FSM
345
Z, a, F Q KOk# PO\[< Z~ ~HH}= =i W`~ s~ ==

80% = aOK#. i| ==, #~= H}*=, K~= ~ Zne
H}=, Z=H =i Hi* |_ Q H PO\[< aOK=.
O.<.. PO\[< s~ J== H}*= = JQ#. P~.K. PO\[<
s~ H}*= =i Pq\H == HxOK#.
"^<~OQ~H==i ~HQ^#`
1. ~HQ : ~HQ PO\[< èÔ_ ^~ OHqOK#. ~HQ
@H` U~_ rq` H= J^ Q ~=Q LO_#. =`$ =i `$~"#
"[= L# ~H Q èÔ_ ~H=` _O ^~ QiOK
=K#.
2. _.<.Z. - OQ~ O\OQ : s~=x #H (HO^H=) Hey# Jx r=H}=,
23 [` H"*= =#= s~O Hey L#q. u H"*= ~
PH~= _.<.Z Hey LO_#. _.<.Z. _=, J=iH =H#Oz =HH
"~"~Q LO_#. u =H# Jx H}= ~"# J=iH Hey èÔ_
#Oz OHqOz# H}==# Hey LO_#. D J=iH "e =^ = u =HH
"~ "~Q LO__O =# nxx _.<.Z. OQ~ O\OQQ <~.
_.<.Z.OQ~ O\OQ HiOK=# s~ Q=
1. HO^H= Hey# Jx s~ H}= 2. ~H=
3. g~=
4. x ==
5. Ô` ^~=
6. Z=H =[
7. "O@H ^
8. HO_~ H}*=
9. K~ =H
10. s~ H}* e ~
g\ #Oz _.<.Z. qq^ ^` ^~ HiOz, iH< ZO*= ^~ z#z#
QQ K e K_= [~Q`#k. XH s~ H}= aOz# =Hx QiOK@ D û
LQ_#. 30 " ae< [< XHi _.<.Z. WOHHix e LO_@
[~QÒk.
_.<.Z.OQ~.O\OQ O H~}
1. 5 O. ~H= H <oH fHx "\x "# _w LQ` =^ il~@~
LOK=#.
2. ~H =~H# j` LQ` =^ HiOz OOK=#.
3. x== ^k LO_ ^~ HiOz, P~\ O=#.
4. x g~= = J~# ^xx H > @ HiOz j` LQ`
=^ LOK=#.
5. 10-20 =~ "O@H ^ =~ L#q HiOK=#.
"^< ^#`
1. _.<.Z qQ` ZO*=, \# H< ~`x Hey XHix e WOHHiq
LO_@ K J~^. <Q OII ` O# ~xH sH~= LyOz
sHOK^~. =#= s~ J=+= Hx =O^, " OIIq J~< _.<.Z.#
=K.
FSM
2.
3.
346
P^= g^ L# ~H=# xOk`x H k`x ~H=` eK_@ [~Q#.

g~==# x #Oz HiOz# `~"` "\x _.<.Z. >Hl ^~
xOk`x _.<.Z, ~HQ` eK~.
4. "O@H H ^ ^~ "# _.<.Z. ^~ xOk`x, k`x e
KK@ J=H= L#k.
5. _.<.Z. ~H_ ~O_ J=iH èÔ_ #O_ XH\, XH\Q He
OHqOK#. =`$`$~"# "[= _.<.Z.# = =z#_
=O^ XH ~H_# è` ie KK^~. ~O_= ~H_x H"*=
Ò_ _.<.Z.` ie KK^~. ~H_x ~ èÔ_` ie#_
"iH Hey# O`#=Q x~iOK=K#. eH i#_ è,Ò_# "~
K QiOK=K#.
6. =O x~~}=i ~HOOn# g\ ^~ QiOK=K#.
7. o#, q~"# ==# QiOK@, _.<.Z. >Hl ^~ ~HO|On#
sHOz `H#=K#.
=`$~"# "* : XH "xH W^~ ` \_#_, @
`~=~#_ ~HQ ^~ # è #Oz QiOK=K#.
<~i^#
1. ^g^, P^= g^ = J~# ~H =~H, s~ H}*=
~H=# e K_@, <~=# JOK< "@ LQ_#.
2. x ^== "# g~= ^~ xOk`x JOK< "_O.
3. == Ku Q~#, "# >~# "# H}*=, "O@H# xOk`x`
H k`x` @ LQ_#.
=~H# QiOK@ : ~H=, g~=, K=@, [=, ===, x==,
==`= == ^~ ~H= Q#, _.<.Z. # QiOK_=^~ xOk`x
QiOK@ J=H= HQÒk.
=Hx QiOK@ : =H QiO ~HQ LQ _`~. g\` @ W`~ JO=#
sHOK_=^~ =H QiO YzÒQ [~Q#.
=~}H~}=
~H=# O|OkOz# Hx "^ (L^ : Z~_ =i >\ =O\q),
i_x, x ~HQ ~H= ZHOK_= ^~ Hey# =~}=Q H#Q#_O
[~Q#.
g~=-<~i^#"^< =MO=
g~= : Wk ~+ [#<OQ=#O_ qOK|_, g~H}= Hey, #~ùH
LQ_ s~ ==. ~+ "Hq P~+< (@O| xO`}) K#K
g~H}= O_ g~= @ QOk == Hey LO_#. #~ù == iQ
Ja=$k KO^x H #tOz# ~+#, =i 12 UO_HO> `= =H =Q
"i# g~H}= g~= HxOKH=K. ^ K `= OY LO_=K.
FSM
347
g~=# QiOK@ : g~=# uH =i ~xH Q sH ^~

QiOK =K.
1. uH sH : g~ =~H `Q, zHQ, a QOl= ~^~HO HO_
LO@Ok. XHi eOz# g~ i=}O 2 - 5 .. LO@Ok. g~= |@ g^
_#_ Pi~ a~Q LO@Ok. Pi# g~ =~H h\` H_y< iQ =. 60150 qe< g~H} XH O.. g~= LO\~.
2. ~xH sH
Z) i< > : g~ =~H# XH `= _HiH P== ^~ HiOz#
^~=# QAH g^ LOz i< ^=}= XH KH# He# _~< ~OQ#
HQ*#.
a) ~i sH : HH P_ ^=}=# g~ =~H H ^~=#
He#_ =~ H U~_#.
) P_ >* sH : ~+x LO_ @ QOk#Oz qOK ==
P_ >* LO_#. g\x QiOK_O ^~ g~=# QiOK=K.
3. "HH sH : g~= =#= =i qq^ ~+ *u [O`= #Oz _
qOK|_#. Hx =#= qOz# g~= W`~ [O`*= ^~ qOz# g~=
PH~ }i=}O `_ LO\~. g~H}= `,"O_=, `H Q=# Hey
h H^_ K= LO_#. Hx g~H}= K#= LO_^. g~=
g~H}= PH~= i=}= |\ =#= ~+ g~H}=, W`~ [O`*=
g~H} `_ QiOK=K. g~H}= g~=# ~_ z=.
g~ =~H#HiOK@:
1. g~=# @ =` k`~e x =i ~H Q= #O_
HiOz g~H}= =i "\ HêH# "O@< K_=#.
2. g~= XH QA _ #O^ LOz k`~e ~, J_ " ^~K=#.
3. g~= =Oz# QA ^kx h_ P~\ XH >@| #O^ LOz ~xH
sH H= ^= K=#.
4. Pi# g~ =~H [#<OQ=, `_, |@ g^ L#K "\x "^Hu`
QH HiOz# ^~=# XH H=~ LOz sH~= OOK=#.
5. g~= [#<OQ==^ aOz#, = L# P_ x
#Oz QOz#K "~ =#OQ=# Qi J~<~ Jx K=K#.
6. "= ~+ g~= s+<=, [#<OQ= =^ qOK|_
LO_#.
7. <\^~ K|_# ( F~ H) g~= "_, <~, Kq Q= HxOK#.
g~="^< JO=
1. g~= =i "\ =~H# =#OQ=, =#OQ `= [i# H,
= <~= Hx@@ [~Q#.
2. ~+ #~ù g^ J#=#O, =`$, `$~"# "[= g~=
sHOK|_#.
FSM
3.
348
g~= =i "\ =~H k`_ / k`~, xOk`_ H s~=,

[#<OQ=, ^, ^@, kO_H=~ "^Q == g^ =Q#.
4. g~ =~H# e#@=O\ =~H QOl, p=, x == =i H_Q_
`# "^Q#q.
5. g~=# \< sH ^~ =#= g~=# W`~ [O`*= g~=` "~
K=K#.
6. g~= ^~ |_Q PO\[< QiOK@ ^~ =# QiOK=K.
g~=# ~_ J~#sH
1. XH O~ g~H}=# QiOK@
2. ZH i\H Z.K._. SZO*= û ^~ QiOK@.
3. P "\ iO\ û ^~ QiOK@,.
4. l\" \< sH^~ QiOK@.
5. Z= "`^ P_ >*# QiOK_O.
6. Z= "`^ H\x< >*# QiOK_O
qq^ sH ^~ g~=# QiOz <~= L# O|O^= `Hx
<~# tHOK@ b =i <== LQ_#.
"O@H-"^< ^#`
"O@H rqOz L#_ Hx, =~}Oz# `~"`, _xH Z= =O
_Ò__O =# =H QiO nx =Y` Z=. =#= "O@H x~}O J_H`
H#_ =_ ~Q L#k. Jq1. \H ("e ~) 2. H~H (=^~)
3. "_ (e ~). g\ "e ~ KQ ~OQx Q#, =^~ #H
(HO^HO) x _"\ H}*= Hey LO_#. D H}* ~ "x< ~OQ# HeyOK
^~ ~}= =O_#. "_ H~\< Hey# ^~=` _# H}*= LO_#.
x~}= H@<, x<,<~ (E\), t, T _ LO_#.
"O@Hs~=qq^ Q=J~#q^=#|\
1. ` Q= "# "O@H ^~}=Q _=Q, =$^=Q =O_, #Oz
HOk =~, #|_ LO_#.
2. Q_= =i g "O@H qQ` s~ Q= "O@H HO> =OÔQ
LO\~.
3. Kf, KOH, [#<OQ= "O@H qQ` s~ Q= "O@H HO> z#qQ
iOQ uiy LO\~.
4. H# =, H#~ Q=#, =x "O@H, z#qQ, |OQ LO_
JOK =~ #|_ LO\~.
5. qQ` s~Q=x "O@H #Q \Q =O_, H~H Q= "x<
^~= Hey =O_#.
=#= "O@H x~}= J_ H` H#_ =_ ~Q LO_#. Jq
1. \H
: "e ~
FSM
349
2.
3.
H~H
: =^ ~
"_
: e ~
g\ "e ~ Kx, ~OQx Q#, =^ ~ #H x _"\
H}*=` =O_#. D H}* ~ "x< ~OQ# HeyOK ^~ ~}= Hey
LO_#. "_ H~\< Hey# ^~=` _# H}*= LO_#.
x~}= =#= "O@H x~}=# e#@=O\ H@<, x< (^k) <~,
(E\) , = HxOK^.
=#="O@H, [O`="O@H Q `_
H}=
=#="O@H
[O`="O@H
1. u :
\H LO_#
2. H~H
3. "_
4. QO\
(~OQ ^~=)
5. \< sH
1. =$^=Q, KQ LO_#. 1. Q ~ Q#, =O^ O Q,

"e ~ \Q, "_Q, ^ q Q#, ` ~ O QQ H
KQ =i JH= =~ XH^x XH\Q J=~|_
LO_#
J=~|_ LO_#
2. =OÔQ#, ~Q# "_ 2. KQ#, "_H< ^^
H< 4-10 ~@ "_ J=i ~O_O` "_Q J=i LO_#
LO_#
3. qq^ ~H=Q JO`~ q[# 3. ^kQ#, q[# O_
Hey H q[# O_ H iQ J=i LO_#
J^$=~ LO_=K
4. "_ Q= K =~
4. =#=Q Hey LO_#
HOnHiOK|_ LO_#
5. =#= O |Ok O z# 5. [O` = H } *=#
uK~ K^
H}*=# uK~ K#
"O@H#|\ eOQ ^=H#Q#@

"O@H# |\ eOQ ^= K@ H+O. =Q"i# g, Q_# |\ =i
=Q"i "O@H =OÔQ#, Q~Q#, =i #Q uiy LO_@O |\ H#Q#=K.
"O@H ^x ~_ =Q"i (6{2) `=Q, (29{5) Z=Q LO_#.
"O@H ^~=#JOK<"@
"O@H ^ HH \+ ^=}= =Oz#_ Hiy =#. ^"i
"O@H H~Q=. J_ \# "O@H, Q~ t= "O@H "`Q#,
=$^=Q# ~OQ O_, "_ HeyLO_=. = iQHk D "O@H ~e~
"_ Hey# "O@H ~Q#. H = =z# (12-14OII ) KOH
FSM
350
=i =~OQ= "O@H ~Q#. ~+ 30= U@ #Oz ` "O@H ~@

[~Q#.
"O@H ~Q^
` "O@H 1#Oz 3q.g. XH "~=# ~Q#. Q_= "O@H `
"O@HH< "Q=Q ~Q`~. "O@H <~=_= 40 UO_ =#O_
~O=Òk. HOî "O@H _ "@=, czOQ K~OKH#_O [~Q#. _
"# "O@H# i< >HH^~ P"\ H~}=# OOz H#Q#=K.
ZaF~HQ"O@H ^~H#Q#@
=__ J~< >HH ^~ s~= U Q= "# "O@H< _
100% ZaF Q# x~iOK=K.
=H QiO
=H "O@H ~OQ #Q, `Q, Q^= ~OQ, ~y ~OQ "^Q H}=
^~ Hk=~ QiOK=K. "O@H ^~ =# QiOK@ ^ =Y` W=|_^.
H~}= =# |\, = L# [|# |\, Y##= K# qx |\ uQ`
=~ HQÒ__O =# =H QiO H+=Òk.
"O@Hk`_"H <~_"JxH#Q#@
"O@H JO\# w, =\, ^=, |~^ =~H# |\ "HH, ZHi\H
=i ZHHOQ ^` ^~, "O@H L# =}= `=, \< ZO*=
`=# |\ JOK< "_O [~Q#.
"^< ~OQ"O@H ^#`
"O@H <~=#, P^= g^, ^ g^, s~Q= g^ "#
^xx |\ Hx <~=# JOK< "@ Zq_<Q LQ_#. L^ :
1. "\~ "# =^= k`x "O@H "# >~=^ "# "O@H`
eK_@O.
2. =#OQ=, _q =O\ <~= xOk`x =~Q "O@H k`
=~=== =^ "#_
3. "O@Hg^ "# ^~=# |\ <~=# JOK< "@. L^ : =\, |~^
=~H <~==^ [iy# #Q@# zOK#. ~H =~H =H s~=
g^ Hey# Q=# zOK#. g~ =~H = <~=# zOK#.
[O =~H O# =~}=# zOK#. Q_, sK~, `
L# =~H "O@H g^ "#K <~=# JOK< "=K.
4. "O@H `y#, #ey# q^#=# |\ LyOz# P^=# JOK< "_O.
5. He#, =i#, KO_Hx~# "O@H# |\ He# Q=#, `H
Q=# JOK< "_O.
6. `_ =i _He# Q=# "~~K@.
7. "O@H ~Q^# |\ <~=x JOK<"_O.
8. "O@H s~O iy# q^#=, ~OQx |\ =# JOK<"_O.
9. eOQ^= `H#_=.
10. "O@H LyOz# ~OQ, czOQ _# |\ =# QiOK_O.
11. ~xH q+==, q+==. L^ : P~xH, _ "^Q
q+==# "O@H# sHOK@ ^~ H#Q#=K#.
351
FSM
OyH <~= - "^< ^#O=

` =[= ~+ =^= O_ JOî @ OyH <~= Jx
=~= "i Hx<~. "\ Z= <~= "QH ~H =_=, "QH
=z#q ~# <~ x~}HH=_=, b qK~} ~# <~x~}HH=_=,
b qK~} ~# <~^~= = HH=_= [~QK#q. OyH <~= K
=~ =` h=, `=, z`=, Hx O^H H@@
x~O^= =# [~Q`#". OyH <~=# x~OK@ b ~xH x}_,
~xH # ~@s, _.<.U. >Hr "^Q "\ H LQ= ZO`
J=~=.
OyH <~==sH~}
I.
OyH <~= : 1) =#OQ= (2) W< (3) J_s - JH= O|O^=
II.
III.
J^~}OyH <~= : 1) _q 2) >~_[O 3) e\ =i

4) F~ H
=#H OyH "s`=

1. _[O
2. =z[O
3. <He
4. \z[O
5. \""
6. Zya\x[O
7. =+<
8. "i[O
9. @i[O
10. J<_[O "^Q#q.
1. =#OQ= : [#<OQ=xH ~OQ "= HkQ H iQ [iy#_,
H<~ ziy<, z~QH ~<, g~ #= L< < =` xq`= O_,
J#=u O_ [iy# K~# =#OQ=Q iQ}OK|_#.
^~O_ L# `# ~` J#=u L< [i# OQ= =#OQ=Q
K|_#.
2. W< : =H `# ~H O|On`< OyH OO^= Hey LO_@=.
L^ : è, `~, K, JH, J` "^Q "~.
3. J_i - JH= O|OÔ : =HH W`~` OyH O|O^= Hey LO_@=.
1. _q : H ~+ = ^~= QO_ OyH K~# [~@. D K~ W^~
~+, ~+ =^ _ LO_=K. nxx |Qi Jx_ JO^~. Wq Z=Q
, #~" HO^=, Mn, <q, qe@s =i b ~
LO_"i HxOK#. ~`Ô D q^"# K~# [~, l<< [~`~.
[~ : gi H = =O^ [#<OQ= ~+ `yOK|_
"+^~}Hey LO^~.
l<< : =~=== ^`ÔQ LO_ "+^~}Hey LO^~.
2. >~_[O : "H"e\H >~_[O H x[O JO^~.
3. e\ : = [O`=` [~ OyH K~# e\ JO^~.
4. |H H~@( X~ H) : H ~+ `= <\^~ [~ K~#
|HH~@ Jx JO^~.
II)
FSM
3.
352
=#H "s`=
=#H H "s`= H qH~= =# H K~ [~H~< OyH `$x
O^@# =#H "s`= JO^~. g\
Z) _[O : _H K~ J#Q `# K~_x H@_O, u@_O, H~H_O, H_O,
Q HeyOK_= "^Q K~ ^~ OyH `$x O^^~.
a) =z[O : Wk _[O =u~H K~, WO^ =H `# K~_ ^~ `#
s~=# H =# ^ HQ#@ u\OKH=_O, H\OKH=_=, Q
HeyOKH=_= "^Q K~ ^~ OyH `$x O^^~.
) <He : ==` OyH K~# [~ PK# Hey LO_@= H OyH
K~ [~@# <He JO^~. J_ u@|_# == H Y##= K@
=O^ aOz# ==` D K~ [~^~. D K~HO =# KO@ K
J~^.
_) \z[O : WH_ H s~= # îOz# ^ H z`=# K_@= /
`H_= ^~ OyH `$x O^^~. L^ : ~O\, #Qz`, , p~, K
"^Q#q.
W) \<"[O H Wx : = `= "+^~}, =@, J"@, ^`, #
^~ eOQ^= J#Q ~+_Q, ~+_ Q J#HiOK_= / =iOK_=#
\H" H Wx JO^~.
Z) = F~e[O : = <\^~ OyH K~ [~_O ^~ `$x O^^~.
=Q"i HeyOK K~# + JO^~. HeyOK K~# HxeOQ JO^~.
l) = +< : = `= OyH J===# `H_O H W`~ s~= H
== ~^_O "^Q u K~ ^~ OyH `$x O^^~. ~+ Wî
D =# Hey LO^~.
K) ZHa\x : = `= `=Q `= =~===# `= s~ JO`~Q
J=== `_, Ku, L^~ Q=# W`~ K_#@Q H |~OQ ^=
îOK^~.
S) " i H e : = W`~ H =~OQ===#, s~
JO`~Q J===# H OQ K~# K_@= ^~ OyH `$x O^^~. Wq
Z=Q ~+ HxOk.
*) @i[O : WH_ = W`~# `H_= H iOK_= ^~ OyH `$x
O^^~. L^ : |#, ~n ^= W`~ `= s~=# `HOz
M#|u O^@# @i JO^~.
H) J<_x : = W`~ =` q~# K_= K_@= H `= g^ =`
q~# K~OKH#_= ^ W`~ g^ =` q~# K_O ^~ OyH `$x
O^^~.
) ~=xH : = =O@# K__= H =#= _= "^Q K~
^~ OyH `$x O^^~. Wk qs` _H K~ fH.
FSM
353
O.) W<_O\ P - JH~ OyH K~ : = H ~+ s~=#

`H_=, =^ @H=_=, =~===# |\# q n K_@= "^Q K~
^~ OyH `$x O^^~. D q^"# J~`= =i eH g^, g^
[~QÒ\~.
"^< ~OQOyH <~="O=
OyH <~= =YOQ, =#OQ=, _q, JH~ OyH =~##
b"~ qKiOK= =Ok. OyH <~= H ` qKiOK#_ OyH
<~= / ` QiOKe# =MO= :
1. <~^=# OîOKe.
2. <~Ô aOK ~H H g~=~H Hey# ^, _H# ^~K_O.
3. <~Ô aOK s~ "O@H =YOQ `, s~= =i =~OQ
"O@H# ^~Ke.
4. <~^= = J~# ziy# H T__# ^ =i k`_
/ xOk`_/ xOk`~e H |@# HiOKe.
5. OyH ` k` ==g^ aOz# Q Q~ =i =~OQ==
=^ L# Q Q~# QiOKe.
6. ~H =i g~=~H# k` s~= g^ QiOKe.
7. k` QO` H s~= H <\ H#@=O\ Q_, `_ K#, O\
"\x HiOz ^~Ke.
8. <~^=# =i JH_ L#@=O\ i`# ^`ÔQ zfHiOK_=
\ fH=_= Ke.
9. |@(^) ~H, g~ =~H x == =i O _
HiOz, ^~z ~xH Q OOKe.
<~ qK~}=OfH"e# *Q`
1. <~^=# P= HO_ OîOK_= JH_ L# i`# ^`ÔQ
zfHiOK_= \ fH#_=, <~qK~} J=~= J~# i`
J#Q == zO^~ =O^~Q LO_@=, ziy# H `yOz# ^, ye#
QA =H, #ey# H `y# Q_ "H |~OQ ^=, "O@H |@
Q, P~}=, ^ |@<, ~H, g~, |~^, =, =` =~H#
HiOz ^~Ke.
2. k`_ / k`~ =i xOk`_ / xOk`~ "^sH xq`= P=
HO_ ` PuH, J~#K L=< Hx|# Z~ Wz OOK=#.
P= J~# Hk <~ x~} J=~"# H= aOKH=K. =i
k`_ / k`~ PK< ~o =~ ~=@=, xOk`_ / xOk`~
H H=# `~=~ K_O [~Q=K.
3. aOz# H=#, P^~=# H~, ~xH P= HO_
OOK@ ^~ <~x~}=i H= #tOz O_ LO_#.
FSM
354
=#OQ=(~)
x~K#= : ~+_ `# ~ Hx `, P" J#=u O_ OQK~
[i#_ =#OQ=Q iQ}OK|_#. =#OQ= ~OQ "=
xxH HkQ H iQ "tOz =O_=K. x ~ ziy =O_=K H ziy
=O_H=K. g~#= LO_=K, =O_H=K. "#~ eH` (15OII ) "i
J#=u L## [i# OQ K~# =#OQ=Q iQ}OK|_#.
Reddening & Abrasion in the Posterior wall of the Vagina
1.
Z.
a.
.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
=#OQ= [iy# H xOk`_, k`~ Wîx "^sH xqÒ "O@<

OOK=#. "^sH# k` J#=u f# `~"` K=#. "#~
J~#K "i O~H J#=u fH#=#. "^sH K_O ^~ aOK
H=
`= H==k [iy# OQ K~# QiOK@
k`~e = x~~},
xOk`_ OQ K~ [~Q_ ^ Jx x~iOK@.
_H~ OQK~ [iy#k Jx x~OK H=# QiOz `# i~
O^~K=#. JO`Hx =#OQ= [iy#k / ^ J< q+= x~iOK~^.
k`~ =#OQ= [~QH =O^ OQK~ J#=u Wz#^ ^
J##k +< =i xOk`_ x~OKH#=#.
K@= H~= =#OQ=##k =Q"~ =`" KQ~ =i
=#OQ= K^. Hx JH~ OyH =~# K=K J##k K|`#k.
U = L<_ JO> XH OII a_#O_ O_ =ê =~ "i
=#OQ= [iy LO_=K. z# K =~ =#OQ= H LO_=K.
H~}O "~ s~HOQ |#OQ LO_ u\OK H `=Q Hey LO_@O.
xOk`_ H =#H iu J#Q =`h, =#H "s`=
=i #~= |#` Hey LO_@ "^Q#q x~OK=#.
FSM
355
k`~exsHOK@: k`~eH "^sH K L^=

1. k`~ Wz# =K~= "~ P" s~= g^ aOK H=#
HiOK@
2. k`~e H s~=, ^g^ aOz# H=# ~xH Q
sH OOK@
3. k`~eH `ye# Q=, Y"^, Q~=, =#H zH` "^Q#q
QiOz "\H `y# zH` JOkOK@.
b"~ k`~ex `# ^# =~@, #= KO_, JO`~Q
J===# = KH#O_ `y# W==#. nx =# H=
_=O_ <~x~} LQ_#.
k`~ex sHOK#_ fH=# *Q`
1. bH "l\"i J#=u Ò O_ k`~ex "^sH x~OK~^.
H~ H b "~ _ k` J#=u x^ "^sH x~OK~^. XH
k`~ "#~ J~#K "i O~H J#=u O_ K~ [~_^.
2. k`~e` @ ZH~Q =z# bP~ H <O|~, ~, U +#
"^Q q=~ iH~ K=#.
3. k`~e H ~, "i èÔ_, q" =K~=, J_,=$u, sHOK
==, `k, O=`~O, sHOK = =i Z=i ^~ sH O|_#k
=i k`~e s~O g^ L# ~O_ @=K QiOK=#.
4. sH# g#O` Ò^~Q K=#. H~}= z# ^|, g~=, [#<OQ=
=^ " "^Q#q Ò^~Q =#@, =i g~H~}H+=Q LO_#.
5. k`~e H \"O@ =i P"`@ L# "i \"O\# iH~
K=#. g\
Z) xOk`x` Q O|O^=
a) <~= [iy# =, `k, =O.
) `# U u L#k
_) =#OQO [~QO_ [i# u@#
W) =#OQ= [iy#_ [iy# ^ QiOz
Z) g~#= [iy#^ ^ J< =K~=
l) U"< x == L<. K) ~H== [iy#^
S) U^< Q~ x~^H ^#= qxyOz<~.
*) q"` J~#K ~` z=i i [i# ~uH
H) Z=i<< =H~ ez<~ ^
) =#OQ= `~"` [iy# O@# q=~=
O) =#OQO [~Q#_ =^ Z_< $H~<~
<) HOO\ K@ \# ==, XH " HOO\ P=Q Wz#K ^xH Q
H~}=.
6) k`~ J#=u` z=i i [iy# ~uK~, Y"^, x==,
Q~=, P~+< "^Q#q iH~ K=#.
FSM
7)
8)
356
k`~e =, Z`, |~= iH~ K=#.

k`~ex XH #~ H <~=` O|O^=x = bJkHi, k`~e
O|Onx =H= sHOK=#, "i~, J_ "H#=#.
9) k`~ `# `#Q "^sH HiOK#@Q LO_=#. =O`=Q
|@ T_n sHOK_^.
10. k`~e H s~H ^~_=# iH~ K=#. J~#K s~H
Z^Q^# iH~ K=#.
11) #_#_, ==`q~# K#_ k`~eH HQ`# ^#
QiOK=#.
12) k`~e H =#H iu, H L#^, J#=, H=, U_,
<=kQ L#^ "^Q#q iH~ K=#. k`~e H ~H= =i
=`=# sH xq`= HiOK=#.
"\ ^~DHOkq+} ~=#.Jq
Z) k`~e g^ `= HO [i# ~uH# ^$gHiOK H=.
a) k`~eH WO`=O^ L# [ ~uH H=
) k`~ s~= g^ L#@=O\ u@# H =`=O^ ==.
_) k`~ K|`# =K~=#, `# s~= g^ L# H=. "^sH
=# [iy# O@## ^$gHiOKK#^
W) k`~e #Oz HiOz# H= [iy# O@##, xOk`x ^$gHiOK#@Q
L#^ Jx gHiOKH=#.
k`~exsHOK#_ g\x QiOKe
Z) ^ : k`~e ^ g^ g\x sHOKe. Jq
1. ^=, |~^,~H=, g~= =i ==` =~H.
2. ~e# "O@H =i Q.
3. zxy# ^, T_# |@< =i "^Q#q.
a) k`~ex #YtY~O`= sHOK@
1. #_H : ^H~OQ =i X ^~OQ \ #_=_=.
2. k`~e =H`= =i =#H iu
3. =`h=, =O^ ==
4. s~H Z^Q^
5. O~}[iy# Q~ J#Q Q_ =i HO^_ Q =YOQ =Y=,
Kf =i `_ QO HxOK@.
6. Ô` Q~ ^=, |Q, "_ =i KfQO HxOK@.
7. Q~ `y H qiy LO_@= =i Q~ JOK xOk`xH O|OkOz# K~
=H, ~H= "^Q ^~= ` =# <~x JOK< "@ J=H=
H^.
) k`~e H =~===# sHOK@
1. =~=== =^ "O@H# ^"# ^~ ^q ~e#@=O\ "O@H#
FSM
357
HiOKe. =i Hx "O@H# HuiOz "~Q HiOKe. s~=x `,

W`~ s~Q=# _ "~Q HiOz ^~Ke.
2. ~H= =i g~ =~H# "~"~Q HiOz P~\ ^~K_=.
3. x==# H@< @ ^~ HiOz, P~\ ^~K_=, =i "\x
QAH g^ `Q HiOz ^~K_= Ke.
4. Y"^ O|OkOz# ==, O_ Hey L#" QiOKe.
5. =~OQ= =^ Hey# Q= :
Z) Q_, HO^_, p~_ Q=, Ô` Q~
a) x ^= HOk LO_@, p~~# Q.
) H<~ ziy LO_@= "^Q#q QiOKe.
D Q Z=Q # =i = =o# "i Z=Q Hx~.
2) xOk`x sHOK@ : k`~ex sHOz# q^=Q< xOk`x sHOKe. Hx
k`~ex sHOz# `~"` xOk`x sHOK@ ". H~}= k`~ xOk`x g^
HeyOz# Q, Q~# @ J=H= L#k.
Z) ^ sHOK@
1. ~H=, g~ =~H# sHOK@
2. s~= =i ^ g^ ~e# "O@H, |@ Q# HiOK@.
3. J#^~=- ^= eH Q~, <~e+ ~OQ "^Q#q.
4. ^ zxy LO_@=, |@ T_ LO_@= Q=xOKe.
a) xOk`x #YtY~O`= sHOK@
1. s~H ^$_`= =i Z^Q^- k`~e u@## Z^~#Q_ Jx
è@
2. =#H iu-OyH =#H qH~=, =`h, =O^ LyOK@.
3. k`~ HeyOz# Q, Q_, HO^_ =i Ô` Q~.
) xOk`x =~===# sHOK@
1. =~=== Z^Q^
2. =~=== =^Q "O@H# k`~ HiOz# q^=Q HiOK_=
3. Y"^ L#K "\x QiOK_=.
4. =H s~= g^ U~_# Q= QiOK_=.
5. Q : Wk ~OQ= =O^ K~ HOk Q= = J ^~=.
=#OQ= [iy#_ D ^~= H [#<OQ, =~=== =^
aOK#. D ^~= Hey L#K =H 24QOII OQ K~ [~#@ ^$gHiOK
=K#.
6. ~OQ= g^ = J x == : g\x HiOK_= ^~ =i
J_< uK~ =# x == he ~OQ# HeyOK#. g\x QiOK@
^~ xOk`x QiOK@ g HQ#.
FSM
358
xOk`x#OzHiOK =#q
1. ~OQ=, ~OQ ~K~ Q=, =`^~= =^ aOK ^~=#
~ ~^~, # h\` = K# `~"` = J~# h\x
HiOK=#.
2. ~H= HiOK@ ^~ J`x Q# `H#@, k`x g^ aOz# ~H
Q` @.
3. =~=== =^ aOz# "O@H# HiOK_=.
4. `"O@H# HiOK_=.5. Q~ ^y# ^~=# HiOK_=
6. W`~ s~Q= g^ = J~# ~e# "O@H# HiOK_= K=#.
k`~e#OzHiOK=#q:
1. =#OQ= [iy=O_=K Jx x~OK@
2. <~^=#, k`~eH Q O|O^=# `@
3. k`~eH, xOk`xH =^Q O|O^=# `@ J=~"# H#
HiOKe.
HiOK=# P^~=:
Z) ~e# "O@H
a) =~OQ "O@H (~e# =i HuiOz#)
) ~H= - 5q.b. - ~HQ H=
_) ~H=- 2= O- PO\HQO\ He#k - =`h= =i =O^
== sHOK@
W) =`=- =O^ == `H#@ (_Q)
Z) Q~O^ aOK =~^~=# HiOK@=# - xOk`xH O|OkOz# ~H=,
H}*= = J~ QiOK@ g HQ#.
l) x== =~OQ ^=, x=~=# =i Q~Oz ~H
Q=#, ^k H ^~ fH=_= =i ` fH=_=.
K) <\ [= - H@~ Q =# QiOK@
S) ^=, =~H #Oz O H~}
*) Ô` Q~ #Oz - `, O H~}=i \ \ fH=_=.
H) s~= g^ ~e# "O@H, Q# - J_" > ^~ fH=_=.
) =~OQ "O@H, g~= JO@Hx L#K "\x HuiOz "~Q fH#=#.
=#OQ=[iy#kJxK@ x^~<
1. g~ =~H O# HiOz g~H}# QiOK@
2. x == H~}^~
3. k`~e s~= =i xOk`x s~= g^ u@# O|OkOz#
H}=
4. Y"^# QiOK@.
FSM
359
=#OQ ==#QiOK@
1. Q - k`~e, xOk`x s~= g^ Hey# Q =x HOK@
2. g~ Q~
Z) x qOz# g~ g~H} XH QO@ "\ K#=# H=#.
a) 6 QOII `~"` Jx g~H} K# ~`=Q =~`~.
) x 24 QOII =~ g~ H} HiOK=K.
3. Y"^ : k`~eH JO@# Y"^ "\ H==kx QiOK_=,
xOk`x s~= g^ Q Y"^` e K__= ^~ H=# HOK=K.
xOk`xQiOK@ P^~=
1. ~H=
2. g~=
3. =`=
4. [=
5. "O@H
6. W`~ =~H
7. Y"^
8. ^, P~}=
HO~O\#QiOK@
XHHi HO`=Ok J=è "ig^ H# <~OK@ H `# K#
` W`~ QiOz#_ H `# Q~=uQ =i#_, J, ^+=, Q "^Q
H~}=` K_= [~QÒk. g\x QiOK@.
1. xOk`x QiOz i# =K~= W=H =@.
2. O@# QiOz i# q=~}W=H =@
3. XHi HO> Z= =Ok =#OQ= <~x K#_ "i q=~ iQ
q+OKH =@.
4. `# u@# xOk`x |= =O^ i^ Jx K@.
5. =#OQ= [~Q`#_ `# H =#O^= xOk`x QiOK# J#@.
6. <~=# QiOKH=@
7. <~ P^~=, k`~ K# =K~=# eH H=@.
8. k`~e s~= L# Q= |@ z~Q@ O|O^= H=@.
9. ~xH Q sH O@## ^$gHiOK#_.
10. P=Q HO~O\ Wz#_.
11. <~ JOwH~= H~ `@\~#_.
Q:( HO~O\)
1. k`~e s~= L# Q JO` f=`# Hey LO_H =_=. èÔ_
`= =~=== Q= `= Ku"^~ Q= HeOK_=,
q~H =O\ q _O, "^ P^= ^~ QO K_O
[~QÒk.H = = QOl H H_Q_ `## `= =~===
g^ "Hx g~ =~H Jx =HeOK@.
2. k`~e Q~O^ = J~# ^~= - k`~e s~ H}*=,
~H Q# @.
3. k`~e s~= L# Q x` J=== LO_H =_O J#Q
=~==, ^=, eO_.
FSM
360
4. Q ~H}Q=# e LO_H=_=.
5. OHK Q s~= LO_@=.
xOk`_ H =~=H #OH`=`H#@
"^sH ^~
1.
=~= : xOk`x H s~H Z^Q^ =i J`# WO` =O^
q"= J~#K J`x O`#=, ~ ^~ =~= JOK< "=K#.
2. #OH`=: #OH`=# H~}=
Z) ^~} H~}= :
1. z# =i ==$^
2. [|- `, "# O|OkOz# Q=, [| - +Q~ "k.
3. =~==, "#, ` `ye# ~ Q=.
4. =#H [| - O, PO^# ""e\
5. =`=O^ ==.
a) [#<Ok H~}=
1. @H` Hey# JOQ"H : ~OQ= z#kQ LO_@ H H=@, ~O_
~OQ= LO_@
2. =^ Hey# [| : H#~ "k, ~OQ= `yOz LO_@ "^Q#q.
xOk`_ =i k`~e H =x HOK@
[## ^$gH~}`= x "iH =x D qÔQ x~~OK^~. Jq
Z. uH=Q
1. Z`, |~=, s~H H`
2. =@ - QO` =~ H = =K# (15 - 16 OII =^)
3. =~OQ=, KOH iy# "O@H ^~
4. =~=== ~Q^
5. J~#K | =i =H* ~Q^
6. =Q"i g=, Q_= "^Q s~H ~Q^# |\
a. Ô`= : Ô`= Z^Q^# |\
. ZH~ = : ZH~ Hx =Y H Q=# f "\ Z^Q^#
sHOK@ ^~
OyH <~=[~ ~xH QsH
1. ^ : k`~, xOk`_ W^~ îOz# ^# OOKe. ^ L#
g~ =~H, x== J"\ H~}=# iOK#_ ~O\
"~# HeyOK#. g\x QAH g^ `Q f "HH sH K^~.
2. g~= =i g~H}# x QO HiOz#K - =#OQ= [iy#^xH
Yz`=Q x~~OK gOk.Wk Z=Q oHx =`, eH x ==
=^ aOz#_ =#OQ= [iy#^x QiOK=K#.
3. @|Hq K# ~+ g~H} g~= aOKH =_= [~QÒk.
361
FSM
W@=O\ i` <~x~}, =H QiO# HOk > K^~.

Z) P_ >* >
a) ii >
) ~H Q
"^< ~OQ=#OQ=#x~OK@
1. "^sH : k`~, xOk`x Wîx "^sH K~OK_O ^~ z=ii
k`~e g^ [iy# OQK~# ^$gHiOK=K#. JO`Hx =#OQ=
[iy#^ ^ J<k K@= x~OK=# JO=.
2. O~}[iy# Q~ : k`~ =i xOk`x g^, =#OQ=
[~Q`#_ O~}[iy L#K, ^=, ô "^Q#q aOK#.
=`=O^, h= ^~ $ H~# H O~}Q~ aOKH
=K. J^ qÔQ 16 UO_ L# eH J#=u` K# OQ K~ _
aOKH =K.
3. =~=== =^ Q : xxH ~OQ= HkQ "tOz<
_ =#OQ=Q iQ}OK|_#. H=# W@=O\ H =~===
=^ Q HxOK=.=~=== =^ Z@=O\ Q #K Jk ^~}
OQK~Q iQ}OK=K.
4. uH P^~= : g~=, ~H=, =~=== "O@H, ^=, ô, x
== "^Q#q uH P^~=Q iQ}OK|_#. D P^~= H=
Q_z# Hk #tOz=@ J=HO LOk. k`~, xOk`x H K~ =#
J#Q `_KH=_O,#O K_O,H_Q@O ^~ K P^~= Q@H|_#.
5. H#`= : "_H sH OQK~ [iy#^ ^ Jx =`" x~OK=K.
H#`= J#Q XHi _ OQK~ [~x =#OQ= [iy# H
H#`= x~OK|_^.
6. g~= H~}: g~ H~}=# xOk`x QiOK=K. HO`=Ok g~=
~HQ# H#Q# ^~= qOK Q}= Hey LO^~. g~ [=,
K=@, g~=, Hh~ "^Q "\ ~HQ# Hey# PO\[< qOK^~. D
~H Q# QiOz xOk`x ~HQ# _= ^~ H#Q#=K.
7. _.<.Z. >Hl ^~ : ` HO xOk`# QiOK@ K =Q
[~Q`#k. =#OQ= [iy# H "^~OQ K~ ^~ xOk`x
QiOK_=, O@#, OQK~ Q O|O^=#, =x x~iOK@
^~ J@ b qK~}, tHOK@ H~ HiQ `# `# +OK#.
-0000-
^= zH`
(First Aid)
362
First
Aid
^= zH`
(First-Aid)
^=zH` =i =Y` (Principles of First - Aid)

PHH=Q XH =x+ [| _#_ Hh, =^= ^| `ye#_Hh,
J~Hu L#C_Hh _H~ =# JO^@ #C_, PuH ~yx
fHx= =x+H [| Z= HO_, ^ Z= HQO_, }x
[~QO_ K zH`# ^=zH` Jx JO^~.
D ^=zH` = ~yH Hey#@=O\ =^=# `èH=Q ÒK_=
=i x}# _H~ ^~ zH` K~Oz, }= #Oz Òz, JOQ"H=
HQO_ H_@= J<k nx L^=. ^= zH` =# ZO` =Ok }
H_=K. H=# u ~_ ^=zH` QiOz `H=_O ZO` J=~=.
^=zH`x "@"^@ J=iz# "~ Z~ J# [~x ^_.
^= zH`x =MO= :
I. ^= _H LO_=# H}=.
II. ^=zH` fH#=# K~.
^= _H LO_=# H}= :
I.
^=zH` JOkOK =Hx ^= _ Jx JO^~. W`xH
1) ^=zH` QiOz J=Q#
2) `# i~= [iy#@=O\ ^~@#, [| OkOz PO HO_
^=zH` "_=.
3) ^=zH` > =i JO^x == LyOK_= è LO__=.
4) ^=zH` > #K O@# [iy# O L# ==# LyOz
^=zH` K@_=.
5) =Ô L# =HH ^~= HeyOz J`x PO^## ^~O K_=. qOu
HeyOK_=.
6) ^=zH` Z@=O\ P= HO_ K_@=.
7) =Ô z# = H ==# ^~z "i O|On
JO^K_O.
8) =^ O@## ^Q~x b +<, ~ +#, J=~=# |\ PuH
"O@< `=#.
9) ^=zH` Z@=O\ P= HO_ KH#_= "^# H} LO_e.
363
First
Aid
II.
^=zH`fH#=# K~.(Golden Rules of First Aid) :

1. ^=zH` Z@=O\ P= HO_ JO^K_= =# XH =H }=
=i JOQ"H= HQO_ H_=K Jx èHx LO_e.
2. ~H== Z= HO_ Pe.
3. H iQ #K H Py L#K H$u= HeOKe.
4. J~Hu L# =HH fH#=# *Q` fH"e.
5. P^ L# =HH JOkOK zH`# JOkOKe.
6. =Ô L# [#=x `yOz ~yH ^~=Q Qe `y@@ LOz,
qOu HeyOK=#.
7. J=~= "~ ^=zH`# JOkOz "O@< ^Q~x PuH `~eOz i#
"^= iQ JO^@@ Ke.
8. =^= L# =H q=~= è#K "i O|On è~K_=
=i ~y H ==#, P^~=# ^~K_O Ke.
9. J#=~=Q ~y |@ `yOK_^.
10. ~yH i qOu W==#. JO^ `y# = U~@ K=#.
11. ^"#O` `~Q PuH Qx H "^x =^ Hx fHx "=#.
Brief description of the structure and functions of the body
=#=s~ x~}= Anatomy (Structure of Human Body)

^=zH` K=## u XH~ =#= s~ x~}= QiOz `H#@
K =Y=. =#= s~x~}= è@ =# =H s~O U~_# =Ô U ~
L#k, Z@=O\ J== Q= U~_#k =i P s~Q= L#
J=== ^~}=Q x~iOK q^ `H=_O =Y=.
Z=H , <_== , ~H~}==, Tiu`, =Ò_=, HO_~ (Bones, Nerves,
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Muscles etc.,)
D J=== s~= `H Q= HOnHiOK|_ L#q. Jq K #

_ `H"#q.
JO[~= (Skeleton) : Z=H Q_` =#=s~= U~_ L#k. s~Ox Z=H
~# JO[~= Jx JO^~.
JO[~==#LQ
1.
2.
3.
s~=# PH~=#, ^$_`=# WK#. s~=x HO_~= J`Hx

LO_@ `__K#k.
~ "^_, Ku Tiu`, QO_, #_= Z=H =`=,
`ù J==, L^~= H_, = ^=Q L#q.
Z=Hx QAO\ ^~= J~# =Q (< =~) s~= Z~ ~H
H}= `sH LQ_#.
First
Aid
4.
364
~O_ H JO`HO> Z= Z=H XHK@ He H U~_#. D H, HO_~=

=# s~= qq^ HêH U~_#. s~= ^^ "`= 206 z#q,
^q, Kxq, "_q, _=q, \q Z=H H=.
Ku O^ LO_ Z=H
Z=H ~
1. O = (qOQ< ~ _)
2. Ô_ Z=H (=~)
3. =}|O^ ^~ (~_)
4. =~ Z=H (J)
5. =}H@ x Z=H (H~ <)
6. J~Kux Z=H ("\H~)
7. "x Z=H (O*)
8. ~ Z= (H~ <)
Z=H OY
1
1
1
1
8
5
14
1
He O^ LO_ Z=H
Z=H ~
Z=H OY
1. Ò\ Z=H
1
2. `_ Z=H
1
3. [OH (\a)
1
4. *#H (|)
1
5. p=O_x Z=H
7
6. ^= (JiH x Z=H)
5
7. He" Z=H (O[)
14
8. "Hez (h H)
1
qOQ< (Wing Bone) : D Z=H Ku "#H, [=# H` g "#H QO
LO_ ~O_ K` HêH `__ Z=H.
H~ < (Collar Bone) : nxx ~ Z=H Jx _ JO\~. Wk Ku =O^
QO [=#, H# H` LO_ Z=H. Wk KuH W~" LO_#. Ku HêH
HO_~=, Ku LK, x= LQ_ HO_~= HêH "^Q"\H
LQ_#.
H Z=H (Pelvis Bone): Wk =OH~Q LO_ ~O_ |"# Ò\ Z=H _,
Z_= " He #_= Q= L# J== ~H}HeOK#. Wk =`=
=i [#<Ok= ~H}H=K=Q U~_#. D Z=H XH^x` XH\ He LO_,
#_= "#H Q= uH Z=H# He LO_#.s~= H Q= |~=
"# ^~ H JO^K@ "~k= LO_#. Ò\ Z=H HO^ `_ Z=H
W=_@ H U~_@ `# Q_ LO_#.
~ (Skull) : ` ~ Z=H ~O_ Q=Q J=~|_ L#q. JO^ XH\
"^_# H`# Q=, ~O_= Q= =Y=# H`#k. Wk Zxqk Z=H
First
Aid
365
XH^x` XH\ @|_#@ |OkO|_# Q\ >. WO^ "^_ ^~K|_ LO_#. HOk
^=_ Z=H ` ` O^ =Y= #O^ Q Z=H Jx XH^xH XH\ J`Hx
L#O^# Jq H^@ g^. =Y=#O^ z# Z=H LO_#. Jq H, =,
<\H ~H}Q LO_#. ~ HOk QO ~H <=, <_ = Z< ^~= H=.
JxO\H< ^ ~O^= QO_ "^_ #O_ = "#= (# H~) "# xH
"tOK#. "^_ K x`=, =Y"# J== H|\ ` `ye# ^| H Q=
K =@ Q\q, Q#\q J~# H= Z=H iOK#.
H>=H (Ribs) : H>= 12 [`. KuH ~O_ H LO_#.
H>=H # L# 7 [`# J H>=H (@ i) JO^~. Wq î
^~=Hi* Hey ~= Z=H J`Hx LO_#. HOk H>=H 5 [`# #Hb
H>=H ( i) JO^~. g\ 3 [` `= ## H>= J`Hx
L#q. z=i ~O_ [`# Z^~ ~= J`Hx LO_=. g\x `K# H>=H
(\OQ i) JO^~. H>=H }O =Oy =O^ QO ~= Z=H "#H
QO "#` |OkO|_ LO_#. H>=H ~= QO K@ LO_
Tiu`#, QO_, H=, J#H=#, =# O~HOK#.
"# (Vertebral Column) : g "#H "##O^ 33 "# LO_#.
XH^x` XH\ "`\ ~|~ O\ ^~=` |OkO|_ LO_#. qq^ HêH Wq
J#OQ LO_#. "#x # 5 QQ qlOz XHQxH XH~
@|_#k. Wq
1. "_ "#
Wq 7 LO\~. g\x ~H "i JO^~.
2. g "#
Wq 12 LO\~. g\x `~H (Ku) "i JO^~.
3. #_ "#
Wq 5 LO\~. g\x O~ "i JO^~.
4. uH "#
Wq 5 LO\~. g\x H "i JO^~.
5. `H "#
Wq 4 LO\~. g\x HHH "i JO^~.
H ( Joints) : ~O_ Hx JO`HO> Z= Hx Z=H He#_ H U~_#.
H ~O_ ~=.
1) H^x H 2) Hk H
1) H^x H ( Immovable Joints) : D H Z=H JOK XH^x` XH\
He ayOz#@ LO_#. JO^K` D H Z=H J@ W@ H^@ g ^. L^.
` ~#O^ L# H D H= KOk#q.
2) Hk H ( Movable Joints) : D ~H= H Z=H H H= (Hi*) K
H|_ LO_ JeH =O\ |"# \K (eQ"O\) x|_ L#q. H K#=
LQ_ ^== D Z=H =^ L# ~ ^~ qOK|_#. Hk H 4 ~H=.
Jq
Z) |Ouy< H ( Ball & Socket Joints) : nx QO_=Q L# XH Z=H H
~O_= Z=H y<=O\ Q= J=i LO_#. L^: [= H, Ò\ Z=H H. Wq
^~=Q H^@ g L#q.
First
Aid
366
First
Aid
367
a) =_` |O^ H ( Hinge Joints) : D H O^ Z=H XH " H^@

=`" gO_#. L^: "H, "Ku =^ LO_ H.
) *~_ H (Slightly Movable Joints) : Wq Hk\ HêH Hey# H Wq
HkQ *~@ Qh u~Q@ Qh gQ L#q. L^: =}H@, p =O_, "# H,
H>=H O^ L# H.
_) OQ~ H (Movinatal Joints) : L^ : [= =^ L# H.
HO_~= (Muscles) : HO_~= =#= s~=x HêH U~_@,
PH~= U~_@ `__K#q. =# ^= ^^ 500 HO_~= L#q.
HO_~= ~O_ ~H= Jq.
Z) n# HO_~= (Voluntary Muscles) : Wq =# Pn#O LO_ "^_
P[ |_ x K#. s~ J=== HêH Wq `__K#q. D HO_~=
H (>O_<) Z=H H J`Hx LO_#. "<=H<_ ^~ "^_ D
HO_~= P[ OKO_#. D P*#~= J=== H^#. L^: H,
K`, `, "_, s~ =^ L^~Q=O^ L# HO_~=.
a) Jn# HO_~= (Involuntary Muscles) : Wq =# Pn#= LO_=.
H#H =# W+ H~= HkeOK@ g HQ^. =#= xkOK H= _ D
HO_~= qOu KO^H x K#. g\ x `H <_ ^~ [~|_#. L^: ~H
<= O^, r~ HO_~ =, H= , QO_ J=i L# HO_~=.
H (Respiration) : =H , ~\H (Larynx), <= (Wind Pipe),
H= (Lungs) H `__ J===. =#O^ Q "O@HK
Qex ^=, ô J_yO|_ ~\H ^\ <= QO_ =#= e# Qe
H= K~#. Qe @# LK= (Inhale), Qe =^@# x=
(Exhale) Jx JO^~. Ol = "`Q =O_ Tiu` (Lungs) J<H"# Qe Q^`
(Alveoli) xO_ LO_, =#= e# Qex }"= Tiu`# Ki# =e#~H=#
~K#.
r~H (Digestion) : =#= u# P~= K Q #=|_, <\x
[= ^~ HO` riO|_, J#"H# ^\ r~=xH K~#. WH_ [~~
~=` HO` riO|_ z# =# K~#. WH_ `~= (), =^~ ~=
(OH\H E), PO` ~= (WO@# E) He# P~= iQ r~" z#
=x q ^~ |_ ~= He#. ^=x qq^ Q P~~O ~HO
^~ JO^Òk.
First
Aid
368
~H~}= ( Blood Circulation) : QO_ ~H<= ~H ~} =YQ.

QO_ _He HO> HOKO ^Q LO_#. <Q Q_ Hey# =O= =^ LO_#.
=O^~ Ku Z_= QO ~= Z=H, H>=H "#H QO QO_ LO_#. ^=
Q= =i HOk Q= #O_ =e# ~HO QO_ Ki, JH_ #O_ OÒ =
Tiu` QO_ OHzOK_O = z=|_, JH_ _# ~HO uiy QO_ K~#.
QO_ Ôx qq^ Q ~H=# OK#. D qÔQ QO_ OHK "HK=
=# ~H~}[~QÒk.
Q==i H@ Q_ (Wounds & Bandages)
Q= - qq^ ~H - Q H@H@@ "^Q#q
Q=# ~O_ q^=Q =sHiOK~.
QO: "^<O i+ Q= J##k s~=x H}* ~O~OQ=#
Q= JO^~.
Q= : < i+ =H H P, s~=, =#, ~= Hey# xx
(WOEi) QOQ K|_#k.
qq^ ~H=# Q=:
OuH Q: (Z.) HO^_ Q (a) Q_ Q () H` Q (_) p~_
Q (W) @ Q (Z) `H Q (l) Z=H q~Q@
L+ Q : (Z) `_ Q (a) _He# Q
j` Q : (Z) KeH~_ Q (a) =OK Q
~xH Q : (Z) _ |~ (a) Pe Q (Alkali)
5) ZH~ Q (6) q^` Q (7) J}îH Q
_OQ =i O_r
_OQ : Wq QO g^ <~Q LyOK#@=O\ ==. Wq QO g^ <~Q
LyOK@ =# Wq =Q LO_=# =i HqO~H ^~=# _ Hey
LO_#. QO ^k HO_ HH= K~O_ ^ Z= HO_ QO "
=O^, ^k, QA, eO@# _OQ JO^~.
_OQ =_ ~H=:
1._ H@ (Dry Dressing) :
Wq _Q LO_H@. Wq _Q LO_ ^k =i O_r` H@|_#. Wq
Z=Q ~H== =i s~O Xu_ HeyOK Q= LOK@
LyOK^~.
2.`_ H@ ( Moist Dressing) :
D q^"# _OQ PO\H ^", P~O\"O@ |_ H@ H\#_
LyOK^~. Kx h\` `_# Q_` =O^ ^", P~\"O\ +< " `_H@
H@=K#. Wq Z=Q `y#, Q_ Q g^, He# Q= g^ LyOK^~.
nx =# QO# JO@ HQ^. Q= Ò^~Q =#@ LQ_Òk.
First
Aid
369
3.J`=~ H@ ( Emergency Dressing) :

J`=~ i` =iHx `Q_ H `x Hy`=` _OQ K@.
_OQ =#[#=:
1. ~H= H~_= `yÒk.
2. QOx ^=,ô `^~ HH=# K~O_ KOk.
3. QO ^k HO_K ^ #O_ HO` L=#= HeOk.
O_r(O_r H ~)
Wq _OQ# "\ #O LOK@ LQ_#. _OQ LyOK
O_rHx, Q_Hh i=Q ~ K|_, L`H|_, W K|_# |@ J~
LO_=#.
qq^ ~H=# O_r:
Z) ~~ O_r (Roller Bandage) : QO_=Q K@|_# O_r.
a) @OQ~ O_r ( Triangular Bandage) : =H}H~=Q LO_#. 38
JOQ= K^~ Q_# fHx, ^xx ~O_ =# He =^ HuiOz#
uH}H~ O_r `~ JQ#. D O_rx J<H q^=Q "_H#=K#.
) `H "#q : Wq
1. J<H eH H@Q_ ( Many Tailed Bandage) :
H@Q_ ZH= eHQ HuiOz# Q_ =YOQ @ g^ Q= H@_xH
LQ_Òk.
First
Aid
2.
370
<Q eH H@Q_ ( Four Tailed Bandage) :

H@Q_# <Q eHQ HuiOz Q_O (K|H=) QO ^| `ye#_
H@_xH LQ_ O_r ~H=.
3. '\ PH~ H@Q_ ( T - Shape Bandage) :
WOw+ JH~= \ PH~= HuiOz# H@Q_ =~OQ Q# ^| `ye#_
_OQK, H@@ "_ ~H O_r.
H@_xH LyOK Q_# O_r Jx (H@Q_) JO\~. D H@Q_ ^x`<<
`~ K "_H=K.
L^: #, [#<~, Lx (T<) ^ `H"# O^\H ^~=` `~# ZH
O_r, H O_r _ "_=K#.
Q=# H@H@ H L^=:
1. Q=# ~K_=.
2. Q=# JO@O_ LO_@=.
3. Q= Hey# Q=# HÔ_ LOz ^# `yOK_O#.
4. Q= g^ # PO\H ^" = Q= Ò^~Q =#@
5. Q= Hey# QO ~H ~}P@Hh, ~H~}zO@ Hh LQ_#.
@ H>@C_ J#iOKe# `=:
1. ~yH Y=Q LO_#@ _OQ# iQ HC#@ H@H@=#.
2. O_r Z= Q\QQx, =^QQh LO__^. =^Q L# _OQ T_=#.
Q\Q L# ~H~}# P@OH~K|_#. ~H== P@ ` "~== Q\Q
K@_^.
O_rH@ H\#_ J#iOKe# `=:
1. i# H@Q_# Z#H"e. H@Q_ A (_= "_), ~H=, `~ K#
^~= =YOQ Q=xOKe.
2. ~yH H~=Q LO_u (r+<) LOKe.
3. H@H>@C_ Q_# QxH ~ HeyOKe.
4. H@H>@C_ k`_H Ja=YOQ LO_e. `,g Q =`= "#H
H# LO_ H@H@=K#.
5. k` Z_=QO H>@C_ ~~ O_rx _Ku,_QO H>@C_
Z_= Ku LOKHx H@H@=#.
6. ^| `ye# QO g^ ^kx \ `~` ^x g^ H@H@=#. W K_O =#
H@ H [~Q^, *~^. P QO K~= p~^.
7. ~~ O_r z=~# ^| `ye# Q |@ JOK# @Hx, Q_# P QO
~O_~ K\# xH_Q LO@Ok.
First
Aid
371
8.
9.
H@Q_# HOk #Oz QxH, e" #O_ |\" H\e.

H@Q_ "^\ eH# 2/3 Qx HC` ~O_ eH# K_` H@ ÔQ
LO@Ok. Wq =YOQ Q_ Q= ^Q L#C_ ~~ O_r` H>@C_
J#iOKe.
10. =s =^Q Qx, Q\Q Qx H@~^.
11. H@_= i KH H@Q_ z=~# < ^ HOQ ~` HKe. ^
H@Q_ z=~# x=Q pe#@ HuiOz, ~O_ eH# H\# Q= K@ \
=_"=K.
H@ H>@C_ LyOK #=<:

1. ~~ H@ (Circular Bandage) : `, "O_=# LyOK^~.
2. O ~ (Simple Spiral) : ", =}H@.
3. i=~ ~ (Reverse Spiral) : J=== =# |\ O~ iQ
~#C_.
4. Q~ P Z~\ (Figure of Eight) : H K` i=~~ |^ nxx
"_=K#.
First
Aid
372
5. `, H#, Kq, ~=# H@ `H H@.

O_r =#[#=:
1. _OQ, O@# "\ #=#O_ HkeO_ KOk.
2. ^| `ye# QxH P^~=Q x|_Òk.
3. qiy# Z=H# HÔ_ KOk.
4. ~H==# `yOk.
5. ",<x `yOk.
6. ~yx Z`@, kOK@, "Hx =@ LQ_Òk.
Q= WK^=zH`
1.
Q_ Q= (Abrasions) :
Q=# PO\H ^== Hh, h\`Hh = K=#. L^: _\ H
i\. >\#< \H~_ WO[H< 0.5q HO_~=O^ k^~ WOKe.
2. ^~}=QqQ`Q= :
"# h\` Hh, PO\H ^=H=` Q=# = Ke.
Q=# "# _OQHh |@# Hh HLOKe.
~H== L# Q= H@# aQ`Q H@@=# ~H==# Pe.
WO[H< >@#\H_ W"e.
~yx PuH P= HO_ `~eOKe.
Z=Hq~Q@ (Fractures)
=^=` Z=H qiy#_ ^xx Z=H q~ JO\~. Z=H q~ s~O
U QO J~< [~Q=K. ^~}=Q JOQ (H, K`) Wq Z=Q
[~Q` LO\~. Z=H qiy#_ ^= zH` K_xH =O^ Z=H q~Q_xH
H~}= ZH_ qiyOk Z@=O\ ~H Z=H q~ `H"e.
Z=Hq~Q@ Q H~}=: 3 ~H=
1. PHH=Q, =^= =#
2. Z=Hg^ Xu_ == =#
3. [| =#
Z=H q~~H=:
1. Z=H =# q~ (O H~) : nxx ="|_# Z=H q~ Jx
_ JO^~. WO^ Z=H qiyLO@Ok. qiy# K@ U q^"# Q=
HxOK^. Z=H iQ Qh, HO` Q=Hh qiy LO_=K. s~= Q=#
QO U~_LO_^.
2. K K@ Z=H q~ : nxx F< H~ JO^~. Z=H q~Q_O` @,
qiy# K@ QO _ HxOk. qiy# Z=H H# XH "Hh, ~O_ "
Hx K~x pHx H _KHx =~. W [~Q_O =# QO LO_
First
Aid
373
H}*=# _K ~H== HeyOK=K. HH= QO #O^Ki p=

@#. D H~}= =# Z=H uiy J`H#@ J=~^= U~_#.
3. [i"# Z=H q~ (HOH>_ H~) : Z=H q~` @ W`~ =Y
J===# H=, "^_, Q, =, ^ ~H<# _K#@~#
^xx [i Z=H q~ JxJO^~.
4. YO_` Z=H q~ (H=>_ H~) : D ~H Z=H q~ Z=H K@
q~QÒk.
5. `H_ == =# Z=H q~ ( WOH_ H~) : `H_ == =#
qiy Z=H ~O_ H# XH^xxH =~H\ ^ Òk.
6. \#=~ Z=H q~ : Z=H qiy# H# i=#OQ LO_#.
7. =OH~ q~ (PaH H~) : Z=H H# =OH~Q qiy LO_#.
8. ~ q~ : Z=H# "e@|_#C_ ~Q q~Q#.
9. ` Z=H q~ (w< H H~) : Z=H =OQÒk H z@@ [~Q# Hh Z=H
q~Q^. z# Z=H ` z= LO_#. H=# D q^"# q~Q^
z# HxOK#.
10. __ Z=H q~ : Z=H qiy xH =`|_ LO_#. WH_ Z=H qiy
xH =`|_@=# Z=H HO^ L# s~ J=== x HQ#. `
QO (~) Z=H Z=Q D q^=Q q~Q#.
Z=H q~ H}=:
1. Z=H qiy#K@ < LO@Ok.
2. qiy# Q= zQ LO_, U =`= =u_x iOK^.
3. Z=H qiy#K@ " LO@Ok.
4. Q= `ye# Q=# ==Q H^=.
5. qiy#K@ (K~ H H) =OH~ =K. Z=H qiy#_ ^xH JO\@H#
HO_~ OHzOz qiy# H## XH^x =~H\ =K@@ Q`~. nx
e`=Q JOQ= (H ^ K~) \Q J=`~.
6. Z=H qiy#K@ HêH J=#OQ LO@Ok.
7. Z=H qiy#K@ qiy# H ~H# |= qxOk.
Z=H q~ WK^=zH` =i H@H@@ :
Z=H q~ L#C_ ^=zH`=O^ fH#=# K~:
1. =^= [iy# K@< ^=zH` Ke. =^=# #~# =Hx
J#=~=Q H^_^.
2. =Ô L# =H =i <_ iQ [~Q`< ^ Q=xOKe.
3. Q= `ye#K@ "# Q_` He.
First
Aid
4.
5.
374
P_#K H$u= HeOKe.

QO #Oz ~H== JkH=Q L#K "# Q_# Hh, O_lx Hh
Q\Q K\ ~H~}Pe.
Z=H qiy#K@fH"e# *Q`:
1. qiy# Z=H QxH HÔ_, qOu W==#.
2. qiy# K@ ~H== JkH=Q L#K Q_# Hh, O_lx Hh Q\Q K\
~H~}P=#.
3. Q= g^ "# h\` ~z H@ H@=#.
4. Z=H qiy H# |@ _KHx =z#K "\x xH `@
uOK~^.
5. Z=H qiy H# |@ ~#K O_l Q\Q#, H |@ =z#
O_lx èHQ# K\ PuH fHx ~=#.
6. ~y ~H== JkH= J=_= =#Hh, ^ =#, O@# =# Hh H
Qi J~#K H "^\ (J^~) zH` K=#.
7. ~H == [~Q`# Q "^@ zH` Ke. Q# ~z
~H"x JiH\e.
8. ^|`ye# Qx ^k` ~Ke. P `~"` Z=H qiy# J="xH H~|^
=` P^~= W"e. W K ~H== PQÒk. ~H<, HO_~
#~ x HQO_ LO@Ok.
9. qiy# Z=H HÔ_ H~|^ LyOz H@H\e. O_rH qiy# Z=H
g^ HO_, ^xH W@ J@ H\e. H\# H@ `y#O` aQ`Q H\e. ~H~}
PyO` Q\Q H@_^.
10. ^Q~ LO_ "^x =^ H @ P =Hx fHx "_xH uOKe.
H~ (~ Z=H q~Q@)
`~Z=H qiy#_ "^_ <_ =^=# x HQ#. ^x =#
J^~ (J~HO) =i __ H~ (<) LO_#. `~ J_Q Q= _
q~Q=K#. U^< \Q `Q@ =#, `g^ ^| H@@ =#, U ="# `g^
Z` #O_ _#_ ~ J_QQ= Z=H q~Q#.
H} : Kq, =, <\ #O_ ~H= H~#. "Ou JQ#. H Z~i #Q
=~#. `<, =~"k H}=# KOK#. ~yH J~H u Q= H
f=`# |\ P^~_ LO_#.
^=zH` :
1. ~yx "H ~O_ \ ` * Z` HeyOK=#.
First
Aid
375
2. Kq #O_ ~H= H~K#K Kq Q= HO^Q LO_#@ `# u LOK=#.

3. ~yH Ti Py L#K H$u=# HeyOK=#.
4. J~Hu L#K JO^ K=# zH`# JOkOK=#.
5. ~y H XO\ g^ aQ=Q =# ^# _eOK=#.
6. ~yx *Q`Q ije J`x HQ =~# Z\HC_ QiOK=#.
7. g#O` Ò^~Q PuH `~eOK=#.
HOk^=_ Z=H q~Q@(~ *H~ )
` Hey# Q, `H Q, #Oz HO^ _@=, H@@ =#,
"#=^= ^=_Z=H q~Q=K#.
H}
1. ~y =\_#_ < HQ#. 2. ~H=` He# [= Z=Q qOK#.
3. <\x `~K@, =@ H O_#. 4. Q= `ye# K@ <, " LO_#.
5. `H QO_ = ^=_ Z=H x OqOz#_ <H "#H *i O#
U~_=K#. 6. ^=_ HkeOz#_ H~H~ |= =K#. 7. JO^qH~= U~_#.
8. Ô`= H== `C#.
^=zH` :
1. <\ H$u= f"=#.
2. =\_=^x ~yH K=#.
3. Q_# Z=H g^ J~Kux \ ^xx ^=_ `Q#@ èHQ <H=#.
4. HOk^=_ HÔ_ O_r` P^~= HQ#@ èHQ H@ H@=#.
KuÔ_ Z=H q~Q@(H~ P =~)
"#=^=, H\#_, `H QO_ =#, HO^ _C_ Ô_Z=H
q~Q#. Ô_Z=H [= ^Q~Q Qh =^Q=# Qh "Ku H=^ Hh q~Q@
OqOK#.
H}:
1. qiy#K@ ", < LO_#.
2. K~ Hx O^~= ~KQ LO_#.
3. HkeOK@ gO_#.
^=zH` :
1. ~y îOzL# KH f~^. ~y K~ HkeOz#_ qs`"# < HQ#
H|\ J=~"` KH HuiOz f"=#.
2. J`x "Kux =Oz Ku", J=è [=# `#@ LOK=#.
3. Q_# Q= J`x ~= P#H#=#.
First
Aid
4.
5.
376
"KuH, ~= =^ "`# LOK=#.

[= K@ XH _O_*x " ~= K@H@=#. WOHH _O_*x
"Kug^Q Kf, H_ K@ H@=#.
6. H H~OQ "=#.
7. ~yx ~@Hx "#= Hh, ^ #_OKHx Hh PuH fH=#.
"#q~Q@(H~ P =i)
`H"#, ~H"# ^| =# "# q~Q#. |~"# == gg^
_C_ Hh, #Oz HO^_#_ "# q~Q#.
H}=:
1. qiy#K@ < LO_#. 2. qiy#Q= HO^ H"`= ~=K#.
3. =x+ x|_H =#. 4. =`= ayOK#. 5. H ~=K#.
^=zH` :
1. ~yx HÔ_ _H=x KiOK=#.
2. ~y "H #_=, p =O_ #_= `_ =^ `Q =`= kO_# LOK=#.
3. ^= '8 PH~= Q H@H@=#. H@=_ ^= =^ LO_=#.
4. ~y $ `=#Z_ <H =_` _@ =# Ti P_O_ u #O_ ~yx
ÒK=#.
5. ~yx =Y= O_#@ "H ~O_\ K~ g^ fHx=#.
6. ~yx HkeOz#_ J`x "_, "O_= =O^ =OK~^.
7. K~ xK ` KH, KH ~ =#Q "\ =` fHx=#.
H>=Hq~Q@(H~ P i)
`H"# H ~H"# ^| =# H>=H q~Q#. ^| |"#^` qiy#
Z=H H eH `|_ Kf =Y J==# QO_, Ti u`,
H= =#Q"\H x HeyOK#.
H}= :
1. Z=H qiy#K@ < LO_#.
2. Ti #C_, ^y#C_ qs`"# < LO_#. <x `yOK@ ~y
HkHkQ # Ti #.
3. qiy# Z=H g^ K~ \#C_ H~H~ |= q#=K#.
4. e J== x Hey# ~H== L# H} H#|_#.
5. qiy# Z=H Tiu`# Q~z# H=x Qe Kf "tOK#.
Wk =^H~ iu.
First
Aid
377
^=zH` :
1. ~= K@ ~O_ "_ H@Q_ K@=#. "^@ XH ^xx ~y ~= K@
K\ H=#O` aQ=Q ayOz H@=#. ~O_= ^xx "^@ H\# O_r QO
#O_ HOkH " H@=#.
2. H@H@H =O^ Ti |@ q_==x ~yH K=#. <x J=è"
=_ "=#.
3. Q_# " Kux "_ #O_ "_ Q_ H@# H@=#.
4. ~yx ~O_ @Hx PuH fH=#.
~Z=H q~Q@(H~ < H~)
`H, ~H ^| =# H~< q~Q#. [= H#g^ |~"# ==
_@=# =i Kux Kz HO^_#_ ~Z=H q~Q#.
H}=:
1. H~ < qiy# "# K~ iQ H#` #Q#. P "#H `=Oy
LO_#.
2. qiy# " Z`Q# qye# QO Z` O_ HxOK#.
^=zH` :
1. H~< qiy# "# K~x ~y `#O``#Q Hh H W`~ =`
HÔ_ K=#.
2. ~y îOz# +~ "^Q "\x f~^. ^| `ye#" ^ HuiOK=#.
3. qiy# "# KuH ~= =^ "` LOK=#.
4. _O_r qiy# " Ô_ Ku g^Q ~= K@ H@=#.
5. qiy# "# =O*uH \OQ~OQ " P^~= HQK=#.
6. H #K ~yx ~O_ @Hx Hh, #_OKHx Hh PuH fH=#.
} : Z=HH y#_ H "e@|_#_ H e Q= Q_#. J\
^x< W H } (~<) JO^~.
H}=:
H =^ < Z=Q LO_#. H# LyOKx u, " `~"` HO^@.
^= zH` : J===# J# #=#O^ LOK=#.H Q=# HÔ_
LOK=#. H H#|_#@ Q\Q H@# K@ H@=#. @ Q_# Kh `_ `_Q<
LOKe. Jk ^# `yOKx Z_ P H@# f" =~ J^ H@#H@=#.
First
Aid
378
~H =Q=Hey#_ WK^=zH`
~H ==
QO_ ~H<~H ~}
~H~}= ( Blood Circulation) : QO_ ~H<= ~H~} =YQ. QO_
_He HO> HOKO ^Q LO_#. <Q Q_ Hey# =O= =^ LO_#. =O^~
Ku Z_= QO, ~=Z=H, H>=H "#H QO QO_ LO_#. ^=
Q= =i HOk Q=#O_ =e#~HO QO_ Ki, JH_#O_ OÒ =
Tiu` QO_ OHzOK_O = z=|_, JH_ _# ~HO uiy QO_ K~#.
QO_ Ôx qq^ Q ~H= OK#. D qÔQ QO_ OHK "HK= =#
~H~}[~QÒk.
s~ H}* Q= H ~H<= `y#_ ~H= Q= #Oz qOK@#

~H== JO^~. ~H== Hx Q =Q# =i f=Q= JkH
~H== Hey LO_#. ~H== s~= #Oz =OK ^xx |\ ~O_ ~HQ
=sHiOK~.
1. # ~H== (Internal Haemorrage)
2. "eH HxOK ~H== (External Haemorrage)
~H==s~=U~_@
1. ^=# `y#_ (Arterial Bleeding) : Z= ~H== U~_#. ~H=
H=O`"# Z~ ~OQ# Hey LO_#. QO_ H@H#@# J#iOz ~H= "eH
z=KO_#. ^=# ~H= PH[# JkH=Q LO_#.
2. ~ `y#_ (Venous Bleeding) : =e#~H= (H~< _ PH_` _#) qOK#.
~H= #x Z~ ~OQ Hey LO_#. ~H== UH^~Q xH_Q =OK#.
3. ~HH <oH ( Capillary Bleeding) : Hk\ ~H== LO_#. ~H= "Q
qOK# H =_Q UH^~Q qOK#.
First
Aid
379
~H==#P@ J=OaOK qq^ ^`

1. ~H== `yOK@ =H s~=# LOK=# q^= :
Z) U qÔQ LOz` ~H== `Q< P u =Hx HÔ_ LOK=#.
~O_#_ ~H= `= qOK#. ~O_#_ WOH# `= ~H= qOK#.
a) Q=# U~_# Q_ H\# ~H=# K~~^.
) Q= U~_# Q= H ^Q~Q L#K H# KH|^H\ H# HÔ_
K=#.
_) Z=H qiy#C_ ` Q= `ye#Q= Z`Q LOK=#.
W) ~y s~= L# aQ` ^# `yOz ~yH qOu HeyOz ^~=Q Qe
`y@@ LOK=#.
~H==#P@
~H==# ~O_ q^=Q P=K#.
1.
`H=Q <H ~H==# P@ ( Direct Compression)
2. ~H=Q <H ~H==# P@ ( Indirect Compression)
`H=Q<H ~H==#P@ (Direct Compression)
Z) @# "e`Qh, Jx "`Qh "`x Q_ O` ~H= H~`# ^=
<He.
a) Q= J# ^~= L#C_ =i Z=Hqiy#_ q^=Q
K_^. ^x HQ <H=#.
) ~H= H~K# Q= è#_ P Q= "Ò Q\Q Xu@=#. ^x
=# ~H== J^xH =z H@H@@ gJQ#.
_) J#^~= Qh, qiy |\H =z# Z=H Qh #_ Q= U~_# s~
Q= "`\ _OQQh "# Q_# Qh LyOz Q\Q <H
H@H@=#.
W) `Q= XH _OQ i#_ Q=xH _OQ _# xz
^x =iH "`# LOz _OQ K=#.
Z) ~H == P@ Ke#O` Q\Q =`" H@=#. JO`H< Q\Q H@_^.
WOH ~H == JkH=Q L# _ XH H@ Q_ =iHx "` " "^\
H@ g^ K\ H\e. "^\ H@# =`= q~^.
~H=QXu ~H==#P@ ( Indirect Compression)
`H=Q Xu_x HeyOz#_ ~H==# Px _ ~H=Q Xu_x
HeyOK@ ^~ ~H==# P=K#. ~H=Q Xu_x HeyOK@ J#Q s~Ox
First
Aid
380
^ ~H<=# ^x HO^ L# Z=H J}z Jkq @=. ~H= H~#_ ^

~H<=# (^=x) Jkq#K ~H= H~@ Py=#. ^=## "\ <_x |\
`H#=K#. D ~H<= HO^ Q\ Z=H LO_@ =# Jq J^=@
gO_#. h\ # Q\Q Jkq#C_ h~ U q^=Q PQ< "`x ^ ~H<=#
Jkq#_ ~H= H~@ Py=#. @#"` Hh, "Ò Ku`Hh, @iH (~|~,
`, #, Q_` K# \, `) LyOz Q= Q# ^ ~H<=#
Jkq ~H==# P=K#.
^ ~H<= Xu_x HeyOK=# ^ (Arterial Compression Points)
1. H~\_ [~ ~O\ (Carotid Pressure Point) : Wk ` ~HO fHx= ^ ^
~H<=. Wk <=# W~" =O_ QO_ #O_ ` ~H=# ~~ K#.
~\H HOk Q=#, "_ H#, ~= Z=, Kq Z=H "#H JO\ LO_
HO_~=# =^Q QO@ @#"ex LOz <H=#.
2. ~ Z=H HO^ J^= =# #= (Subclavian Pressure Point) : Hq<
~H<= ~Z=H HO^Q "^\ H>=H J_OQ KOHxH =#. Xu_x
HQ K=# ^= @#"` J^=@ ~y "_g^ ~=g^ L# ^#
`yOK=#. J`x [=# HO^ J}z `# Q_# "# =Oz @#"e`
~Z=H HO^ J^==#.
3. H [~ ~O\ (Brachial Pressure Point) : H ^ ~H<= KOH #O_
Ku O^ Q Ô_ HO_~= HO^Q ~H=# fHx =#. nxx J^=@ Ku
<Q" ^Q~Q Ki ~y = HO^ \ ^ ~H<=# J`x Ô_Z=H g^
<H=#.
4. Jys [~ ~O\ (Auxiliary Pressure Point) : Pys ^ ~H<= KOH O^
LO_#. KOH O^ Q_# QO_\ LO_Q K\\ KOH =_z# Ku HOk Q Q
=# H~`# ~H= Py=#.
5.~_ =i J<~ [~ O\ ( Radial & Ulnar Pressure Point): Ku =} H@H
W~" ~_ =i J<~ ~H<= LO_#. D Q= U~_#
~H==# P@ =}H@ =Oî Q= W~" Xu_x HeyOK@ ^~
~H==# P=K#.
6. `_ O^ <H =# #= (Femural Pressure Point) : `_ Q= #O^
(Q*) =~ ^ ~H <= LO_#. Wq H HO^ Q=# ~H=# JO^K#.
nxx Jkq#K `_, H Q ~H== PQ#. "` <@ ~y "H# =Oz
J`x ~O_ K``# @Hx Q[ =^ Q=# ~O_ @#"# XH ^x g^ =iH\
\ \Q HOk Ò\Z=H JOK g^ \<=.
381
First
Aid
7. "He "#H <H =# #= (Poplitial Pressure Point) : \ ~H<=

"H "#H QO LO_#. "H HOk Q= L# ~H== P@ "H
==Q =_z LO_Q K\# Q_ "H "#H Q= \ "H =_z# ~H==
PyÒk.
8. J~Ku <H =# #= ( Palmar Arch Pressure Point) : =~P~ J##k
~H<= QO J~Ku O^ LO_#. J~Ku U~_# ~H==# P@ Q_#
QO_=Q K\ J~Ku \ _He ayOz#@~` ~H== Py=#.
Q=O^ J#^~=#`yOK@
(Removal of Foreign Bodies from the Wound)
Q=# H@Q_` H Q* "`# K@ J=~=#. "` Hke O_ H@

H@=#. H@# u#Q HH XH "# H}OQ (_Q) H@@ =Ozk. nx =#
J#^~= Hh, qiy# Z= Hh Xu_ LO_^.
qiy#Z=H QOU~_# ~H==#P@ WK^=zH`
1. qiy# Z=HQxH H^ O_ qOu W==#.
2. Q=# "# h\` = K=#.
3. Z=H qiy# K@ ~H == JkH=Q L#K Q_# Hh, O_rx Hh Q\Q
K\ ~H ~}P=#.
4. Z=H qiy# H Q= "eH =z#K "\x xH `@
uOK~^.
5. qiy# Z=H H |@ ~#K O_rx Q\Q#, H |@ =z
=#K O_rx èHQ# K\ PuH fHx =#.
6. H W==# ^= zH`# W==#.
7. qiy# Z=H H~|^ =` P^~= HeOz H@H\e.
8. XH " Q= H =^ L#K H` HÔ_ H@ H\e.
9. H\# H@ `y#O` aQ`Q H\e. ~H~}Py O` Q\Q H@_^.
s~= ~H ==
(Internal Haemmorage)
s~=# ~H == ~O_ ~HQ HQÒk. XH\ Q_@ =#, ~O_=k

s~ J=== U~_# [| =# U~_# ~H==. L^: J=== #Q@,
@ Q=, Z=H q~Q@, `H Q=, _ Q= "^Q "\
=# ~H== U~_#. H_ =i = J~, H#~ [|, ~H
~}[| =# _ ~H == U~_#. D e ~H == ~O_ ~H=
First
Aid
382
Jq.
1. "eH H#|_ ~H == (External Bleeding)
2. =~Q# L# ~H == (Hidden Bleeding)
"eH HxOK #~H ==
e J=== U~_# ~H== "eH HxOK#. Wq qq^ ~H=.
1. Ti u` U~_# ~H == : Wk ^y#C_ "eH HxOK#. Z~x
#~Q Hey LO_#. `= ~ ~H == #O_ f= ~ =~ ~H == U~_#.
L^: Tiu` Q=, \.a., H#~ [|.
2. J# H= (H_) :H_ #O_ U~_# ~H == "Ou ^~ "eH =K#.
D ~H= H _ ~OQ LO_#. L^: H_ H#~, J~, P_ `Q@.
3. = ( WO@~<) : Q = U~_# ~H == P~=`
He r~= JQ@ =# #x `~ ~OQ# Hey =O` He "eH qiOK|_#.
L^: = J~, H#~, Q=.
4. HOk = (~ WO@~<) : HOk Q = U~_# ~H == Z~
~OQ# Hey LO_#. L^ : = J~, , H#~ "^Q#q.
5. =` O_= U~_# ~H == : =Ò ~H= "eH =K#.
=`= #x Q ~OQ# Hey LO_#. =` O_= ^=O^ < LO_#.
L^: =` O_= ~, Q=.
6. =`= ~H == : =`= ~H= qiOK|_#. =`= Z~
~OQ# Hey LO_#. =` q~# K#_ <x HeyOK#.
=~Q#L#s~=e ~H==:
s~= U~_# ~H== Hx O^~= "eH HxOKH =~Q#
LO_#.
H~}=:
1. J=== #Q@ =# U~_# ~H==
2. _ OqOz#_ U~_# # ~H==
3. Z=H qiy#_ K@ L# H}*O ~H= Q_ H@@.
4. H=, =, =i OH U~_# ~H== "eH
HxOK=. D qÔQ U~_# ~H== K =^=.
#~H==~ys~=HxOK H}=
s~= e J=== ^~}u #O_ Ju Z=Q ~H== U~_#_
D H}= HxOK#. Jq.
1. ~y ~#C_ H x|_ L#C_ ` uC@, =@ [~Q#.
First
Aid
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
383
=Y= ^= `Q e =#.
s~= K|_ K=@ \ K=y#.
^= qsÒQ "#.
~yH =# q`=Q LO_^. JOux Hey L^H=Q H JuQ =\_#.
<_ |#=Q h~Oz LO_@ =i Ju"Q=Q H@H##. =}H@ =^
<_ K_\xH ^~H^.
7. Ti "Q=Q H+=Q fKO_#.
8. ~yH P=eO`, x@~ JkH=Q LO_#.
9. Hx O^~ ~yH Ti P_H=@, ~y K` q~@, =O\ g^ ^
zOKH#@ "^Q#q K#.
10. ~y iQ $`C#.
#~H ==-^=zH`
1. ~yH u#@, `Q@ Uq W=~^.
2. `# XH " "e fHx=#.
3. ~yH W|OkQ L#@~` H$u=# HeOK=#.
4. ~yx ^"#O` Ò^~Q PuH ~"} K=#.
5. e ~H== QiOz _H~ è~z P= HO_ zH` [~Q@
U~@ K=#.
"eH HxOK ~H==, (External Bleeding)
Wq s~= " HxOK ~H==. Wk `= f=` #Oz Z= f=`#
HeyLO_#. "e ~H== HxOK@ =# nx f=` JOK< "=K#. ~y =i
K@H "~ QiOz ~yx PuH fHx =@ ^~ }xx K =~
x~kOK=K#.
"e ~H==
1.= #O_ ~H=H~@ (Nose Bleeding)
=# U~_# Q=, ` Q= U~_# Q=, ~Z=H z@@
"^Q "\ = #Oz ~H= H~#. Hx ~H= ~H= Q_H> |#` [|
=#, _= "^Q "\ =# _ ~H= = #Oz Hx O^~ H~#.
First
Aid
384
^=zH`:
1. ~yx Qe ^~=Q `y ^= ~O_@=#.
2. J`x `# Hk =O^ =Oz ~@=#.
3. J`x s~= aQ`Q L# ^# =^ K=#.
4. = ^~ Qe =^x ~yH K=#.
5. <\ ^~ Qe =x K=#.
6. = =Oî Q\ Q= HO^ <H @=#.
7. =# p^_^ Jx K=#.
8. = ZO\ == \ u_^.
9. = Q=#, "_ "#H, KOH HO^ =OK Q_# Hx, Kh\` `_#
@=# Hx LOK=#.
10. = #O^ Q_ H\# ~H=# K~~^. J@ Ki# uiy ~H== U~_#.
11. ~yx PuH PO HO_ fH=#.
Kq #O_ ~H=H~@ (Ear Bleeding)
`QO U~_# Q=, @ =# U~_# Q=, `H_, _#=
=#, ~_=^=, =^=` Kq J# == "tOK@ H "^Q
== Kq \ uC@ =# Kq QO U~_# [| =# ~H== U~_#.
~J_QQO =^=` z\# Kq ~H=H~#.
^=zH` :
1. ~yx ~O_ \ `# HkQ Z` LOK=#.
2. ~yx "H Qx H Q= U~_ ~H= H~K# Kq" `# LOK=#.
3. Kq Uq \ u~^.
4. Kq g^ _ _OQ# Hx, "# |@# Hh LOz èH \ O_lx
K@=#.
5. ~yx PuH fHx "=#.
J#==J_ _@ (Obstruction by Foreign Bodies)
J#^~= ^=, ô, ~, ~Q, yO[, <}=, , h

"^Q ^~= s~=x Kq, =, QO` ^= W~Hx ~yH ^~}"#
^ #Oz f="# u =~ =i }x _ OqOK_O [~Q#.
First
Aid
385
1.QO`J#^~=-^=zH` (Foreign bodies in the Throat):

<}=, yO[, K=, =O=x Z=H, ^=, ô QO` J_ _
Ti P_O_ ~ =Y= h= ~OQH =~#. |O^#= U~_@, }x
OqOK@ [~Q#.
^=zH` :
g#O` Ò^~Q ^=zH`# K=#. ~y <\x `~z QO` =#
^~=# Ku"` \ fQey#K f=#. ~yx =O^ =Oz ~O_ [=
=^ gQ= Q\Q `@=#. Ti P_#K He` H# W==#. ~yx
PuH `~eOK=#.
2.KqJ#==-^=zH` (Foreign bodies in the Ear) :
Kq yO[, ~Q, Jy "^Q#q J__@ ^~ ^HeyOK#. D
^~=# Ò^~_ KuHOk# iH~=` |@ f@ uOz# Q| x
HQ#. p=, ^= O\ ~Q, Kq ô L#K Hx KH h~, #< ^
y[i< Qh #@~` P ~Q Kx~ |@ è =K#. Kq Uq \
u_^. W`~ ==# _H~ ^~ "eH f=#.
3.HO\J#^~= ( Foreign bodies in the Eyes) :
HO\ ^=, ô, ^=H, W# =H _=K#. HO\ J#^~=
L#C_ W==# ^=zH` HO\x #_^. i"# *|~= ^
K\ @= h\ `_ ^x H` HO\x #H# f"=K#. "_\ ` h~
HO\x JO^ =Oz H#~ HkeOz# J#^~= h\xH =zK~#. `
XHH "e h~ ^~Q # J#^~= |@=K#. "# H|i #<# ~O_
KH " H#~# HkeOz# P == ^ ~Q #< `QHx HO\ #O_ *i
HO^_=#. HO\ U^< ^=H= _#K He# h\` HO\x H_Q=#. HO\H
èHQ O_l H\ PuH "o HO\ _H~ KOK=#. HO\ z# W# =H
`QH# PO`=K y"=#.
4.= J#^~= ( Foreign bodies in the Nose) :
= QO_, , yO[, ~Q =#Q#q "tOK#. z# D
=^= Z=Q HxOK#.
^=zH` :
= J#== L#K P =# p^=x K=#. =_ e `=
=K#@ K=#. =H Uq \u_^. ~yx _H~ =^ P= HO_
fH=#.
First
Aid
386
Jy=^=H K~=i ^=zH` (Burns - First Aid)

He#Q=
Jy =^= ^~}[#r=# e PHH O@# ^~ Hh, ^~^
~H=QQh, P``, ` L^=` Hh =# K@H OqOK#. g\=#
= ^~}Q= #Oz }x, P#+= OqOK@ [~Q#. g\x "O@<
QiOK_=, `y# H K~ K@_= =i ^=zH` ^~ ZO` =Ok q"#
} =i P#+= [~QO_ H_=K#.
D Jy=^= ^~}Q$= #Oz Hs, H~Q~=, P,
P~ i#s, eH_ \# `~eOK#_, "~ O "^Q "\
OqOK#. Jy=^=# QiOz Jq "KOÔ_# JO^ zH# "ix
~HOK@#, P#+= OqOKO_ KH#@ ~ _~"O@ H^. WO^x
|Ok Jy=^= OqOz#_ fH"e# K~ QiOz ^=zH` QiOz
t` =^= [iy# K@ =K~= JOk# "O@< OkOz `y# H K~
K\ ^=zH` ^~ P#+=, }#+= [~QO_ H_^~.
Jy =^= OqOz#_ HQ Q
1.He#Q= (Burns) : 2 ~H=
Z) _ Q= (Dry Burns)
a) `_ Q= (Wet Burns)
_ He#Q= (Dry Burns) :
xC, He# ==, ~_, "~, H~O@ =# Hey# He# Q=.
`_ He#Q (Wet Burns) :
=~QK# h~, Pqi, "_^== =#Q "\ =# `_ He# Q HQ#.
2. Jy=^= O@# e# q+"= =# (Inhalation of Poisonous
Gases)
q+"= : =O@Q, H~< _ PH_, H~< "<H_ "^Q#q.

q+"=#_O =#HQ H}=:
1. `<
2. H=O@, h~H~@,
3. Ti <=kOK#.
4. J#=Q LO_@=, Ò^~Q J=_=.
5. i~= g^ ^ `Q_= 6. ù~Q@, "Ou=z#@ LO_@
7. QO`, <= =O@Q LO_@ 8. LK, x= "Q=O`=Q LO_@
9. <_ "Q=Q, |#=Q LO_@
10. =~ =K@.
11. J~H u
12. H"} LK, x =O^yOz O# HQ@
13. =~}= OqOK@
First
Aid
387
He#Q= ^=zH`
1. H`# s~ Q= g^ "O@< Kx h~, h\ =Oz# O_r Q_ H
"# |@ "=#. nx =# s~=e Q Z= HO_ *Q`
_=K.
2. He# Q= g^ L# Q_# HuiOz f"=#.
3. He# Q= J~# =Hx =^=# ^~=Q, "#=
"# ^\ " _H@=#.
4. He#|# z^=@=, QQ@@= K_^.
5. He#Q= g^ "# Q_#Hh, @=# Hh H LOK=#.
6. He#Q= g^ #< ~_=, =O^ _=, _~K@=, "#
~_=,# `@# _=,WO# ~_= K_^.He# Q=#
`H~^.
7. He#Q= Hey# =Hs~= g^ L# |OQ~ == J~# QA,
H=, K# O\q `yOK=#. ~#K HuiOz f"=#. Q=
=# He# Q= " U~_#_ D == @iH= xK s~ Q=
~H~}`y (QOw#) U~_@ H~}=Q#.
8. ~y $ L#K Hk\ \, , h~ Z=~ W==K#.
9. z# He# Q= J~#_ è =Q LO_#@
K_=#.
10. ~xH He# Q= P== L#K ~O_ KOK _LCQh KHe
_ Hh h He Q= # P==# iOK#.
11. H~= _ He#_ |#"# P_ +< (P=^==) J#Q "xQ~,
x=~=Hx, Q~"Kx h = He Q= # P H~= H
==, Q_` H}OK#.
12. Z= He# Q= Hey# =Hx "# OK, ^\ Hh H "O@< P=
HO_ PuH `~eOK=#.
q+"=eL#"iH ^=zH`
1. ~yx =^=#Oz ^~=Q `~eOK=#.
2. XH" ~yx `~eOK@ P= J~#K ~yH }"= (PH[<) PH[<
eO_~ =` JO^#@ H K~ K@=#.
3. ~yK@ [#= =y L#@~` "ix `yOK=#.
4. ~yH Qe, "`~ ^~=Q JO^#@ LOK=#.
5. ~y s~=# aQ`Q L# ^# `yOK=#. H =^ K=#.
First
Aid
388
6. O# L#K H$u= JOkOK=#. ~yx PuH `~eOK=#.

|@ xC JO@H#C_ ^=zH`
=^=` |@# xC JO@H# =HH iQ`_^ Jx KiOK=#.
iQ`@ =# JyH Qe`_ =O@ Z=Q#. xC JO@H# =HH i~=
îH# HO|o, ^\, >| H` K\ < îOKe. ^ Un ^~HxK < J>
îOKe. HK#C_ Kx h\x Hh, h\ =Oz# Q_#Hh s~= g^ "e.
J@ K@ =# He# Q=O^ | z< e J=== L_H~
^|u#O_ LO_#. He# Q=O^ Q_ JO@Hx# |=O`=Q f~^.
He# Q= WK ^=zH` W==#. ~yx PuH `~eOKe.
=H@W`~ H@ - ^=zH`
=H@ (Snake Bite)
= 3500 ~H= L#q. "\ 250 ~H= =`" q+=# Hey
L<~. =# ^= 400 ~H= <g^ OKiOK = L<~. <g^ OKiOK
= 40 ~H= =`" q+i`=Q#, 29 ~H= h\ OKiOKq (=^=)
q+i`=Q L<~.
=H@ q+ == s~= g^ =_ ~H=Q x KOk.
1.#~=g^
D ~H"# q+= =# =H HêH H KK~=_=, <=kOK_= H
O# U~_ }x OqOK#. L^: <Q =, H@ =.
2.~H~}== g^
D q^"# q+ == =# ~H= Q_H> Q}= = U~_ =x+ |~
^~= J#Q <~, = ^~=, QO Hey# ^=, = ^~ ~H= Hi
Kx=_= [~QÒk. L^: ~H O[i.
3.HO_~ == g^
D q^"# q+= = HO_~= OHK, "HK Q}= OaOK_=, K
~=_=, == W|O^ U~_@=, H_ ^|u#_= =# =x+H }x
OqOK#.
=H@ ^=zH`
1. ^=zH` =# =H@ Qi#=H } 80`= =Ok ~HOK=K#.
D q+= ~yH èK J`x ^~= HeyOK=#.
2. =H@ =# s~= Ki# q+= ~H~}== ^~ QO_, "^_,
#~=# Ki "\ g^ ^x ==# K#. H=# =H@ "# QO
"_\ Q_# Q\Q ayOz H@_= =# ~H~}<=kQ [iy q+==
s~= e Q= K~_= P= JQ#. D H@H@@ =# ~H~}
First
Aid
389
iQ PyO_ KH"e. H =i Ku Q= =`" q^"#

H@H\e. `, "_, g, @ Q= H~z#K@ Q\Q =u_ HeyOz ~H
~}Pe.
3. = H@ Q~# s~Q=# HÔ_ K_=#. D q^=Q K@
=# H@ "# Q= ~H~}x^#=Q [iy q+= s~O e
Q= K~O_ LO@Ok.
4. @iH (Tournique)
Z) =H@ L# ^= "# |@` ~Ke.
a) 24OII "_Q Q_#, H@ 5OII Q= K\ H@=#. nx =#
=H@ ^= ~^~ =i eO ~}=`" OaOK#@ H@=#.
^=# =i JO`~Q~ ^~ ~H~}OaOKO_ *Q`_=#.
) 1520 xq+= XHi D H@# q 1 2 xq+= `~"` uiy H@=#.
_) ~H~}iQ OaOK#@ K\# @iH =# H@ HO^Q= o QOw#Q
=~# =i " =K#.
5. =H@ Ô Q= K@
Z) =H@ "# K@ 'WO@ =~ Hu, _ H QA =H` 13 O\g@~
_= =i 0.1 O\g@~ `` Q= K=#.
a) Q= K# Q= Ki# ~H=# <\` e Lq"=#. D q^=Q
=H@ "# == #Oz XH QO@ =~ K=#. D q^=Q K#_
^= _ <\x = KH#=#. =i <\ Z@=O\ Q=,
O_ O_ KH#=#. #K =H@ Qi# =H ~H=x q+=
^=zH` _ s~= "tOz q+==# HeyOK#.
) \+O ~OQ<@# =H@ "# s~Q= ~^=#. HO` \+O
~OQ<@# "_ h\ " HiyOz P h\` Q=# ~K=#.
_) Q= L# ^x "# h\` H_y, `_z "# Q_# Hh ^kx Hh
HLOK=#.
6. ~yH ^~= HeyOK=#.
7. P_#K H$u= HeyOK=#.
8. H L# =HH =O^ H W==# zH` W==#.
9. ~y èqQ L#K J`xH =,^# Q@ L=# =@ K ~
HeyOK=#.
10. ~yH ^Q~ L# PuH `~eOz `y# zH` =i O\H g#" ~"#
WOK=#. KO# = H|~=# _ PuH fHx "=#. WO^=
zH` K "^_ H~z# = q+ i`=, q+~`= J##k `H#@
gHQ#.
First
Aid
390
`@@ (Scorpion Sting)

` H q+= ^x HO_Q= LO_#. ^~}=Q ZO_H= Z=Q
[ g\ H@ i# _^~. ` q+=, = q+= HO> =^Hi. Hx nx q+=
K `= `= s~= "tOK_= =# q+ == JO` Z=Q LO_^. nx
=# z# }x HQ=K. ` \#_ ^x HO_ s~= QKHx q+=
s~= "tOK_= [~QÒk. Hiz# K@ XH z# ~O^=# Hey LO_#. \#
K@ <, =O@ f==Q LO_#. < Q=# #. ", K~= Z~ |_@=
[~Q#. ` q+= <_=O_= =i ~H~}== g^ xK#. nx
q+== XH\ #Oz ~O_ QO@ =~ LO_#. ~yH "Ou =z#@Qx, J#=
Hey LO_@=, =~ HQ_=, Ti H+=Q f@, J~H u, Ô h=Q
=~_=, QO_ Py =~}OK_= OqOK#. ` ~H~H A, ~OQ Jx
O`= HxOK#.
^=zH` :
1. ` \#C_ = H@ Hey#_ H\#@ @iH QO H@=#.
2. H~z# K@ Q=# K <\ ^~ Hx, Xu_x HeyOK_= ^~ Qx ~H
== "eH =K#@ K=#.
3. H~z# QO S =H# LOK=#.
4. H~z# K@ PO\H ^=}= Hx, \+O ~OQ<@ ^=}O`Qx
H_Q=#.
5. QO g^ "# Q_# Hx, O_rh Hh, _OQx Hh LOK=#.
6. @iH# 10 xq+= XHi =^K uiy =~H@=#.
7. H~z# Q=# HÔ_ LOK=#.
8. ~yx PuH `~eOK=#.
zH H@ (Dog Bite)
~a "~ Hq Hey# [O`= =YOQ H, e, H`, O_ [O`=,
J_q [O`= ^_ K H~z#C_ ~a "k #. ~a "k H# [O`= s~
" =YOQ [= ^~ D H= qOK|_ W`~# H~z#_ s~=
"tOK#.
"k H}=:
D "k <_=O_= g^ == KOk. H~z# K@ <Q#, uqiQ#
LO@Ok. Q= U~_Òk. D "k H# =_ <Q~A [~O ~=_O,
X<C, `< ~=_O HQ#. D "k f=` iQ Hk ~y z#\ x _
iOKH =_O, Z= "`~# K_H =_O, Z= K=@ _O, <\
First
Aid
391
[= Z= H~@, HO\ h~ Z= H~@, H=, L^H=, i~#

iOKO_ LO_@=, s~= aQn =_O, =YOQ , QO` HO_~
aQnHx ~ ~y W|Ok _@O U^< u#@, `Q@ W|Ok HQ@O
HxOK#. D "k H# =H 10 ~A #Oz 9 < HO ZC_< Kx=K. D "k
=YOQ [O`= H~z# K@ H =O^ L# s~ Q= zH <H` <@
^~ D "k H}= HxOK#.
^=zH` :
1. H~z# K@ WK ^= zH` =# ^^ 90 `= H=# ^~= K=K#.
2. H~z# "O@< H~z# Q= | =i h# LyOz Q=# Z=
H_Q=#.
3. \+O ~OQ<@ He# h\` Q=# H_Q=#.
4. Q= Hey# Q= "# Q_# Hh, O_rx Hh H LOK=#.
5. Q= g^ H_= H@H@_= K_^.
6. ~H== JkH=Q L# ^xH K=# ^=zH` K=#. Z=H
qiy# Q=# K zH`# K=#.
7. H Py# H$u=# JOkOK=#.
8. J^~ (H) Hey# zH`# K=#.
9. PuH KHx "o PO\~a ^# WOK=#.
=OKH~_ Q (Frost bite)
Z= =OK` _# Ô x=OK "iH =OKH~_ Q U~_`~.
=OKK^#= =# =H s~Q=# H, K` ~H~}[~QH s~
Q= o=_O [~QÒk. nx< QOw< JO\~.
^=zH` : =OK ÔfH=# *Q`:
@~, +, îOKe. s~ LQ` HO_ *Q`fH"e.
Q= U~_# Q= "\H "_x HeOK@ "K^#=` _# \# LOK=#.
Q= U~_# Q=# HÔ_ ~yx ZO` g` JO` `~Q zH` xqÒ
@ `~eOK=#
J~H=($ H=@) (Unconsciousness)
s~=x "^_, <_ =^= K # P@OH= =# U~_# ux
J~H= H $H=@ JO^~. Wk "^_ O|OkOz# "^< HH W`~
s~= U~_# =^=# zOK kzO\k. $`C@ ~O_ q^= Jq.
First
Aid
392
1. HO` "H= H=@

2. iQ $ `C@ J~H u f=`# D sH =# JOK< "=K#. Jq.
Z) ~y` =\_@ =#
a) $`# ~yx ~@@ H x@@ H+=
) iQ $`#_ ~y H^_, HO_# HkeOK_.
_) HO\ qKH#, =_KH# K~ <_ == [|# |\, =^=# |\
P^~_#.
J~H u U~_@ Q ^~}H~}=:
x}=, O#, q+=, `# Q=, "^_ J^~@ =#, =~
~Q=, =_^|, i, QO_@, ~H@ f=" "^_ ~H< z@@ =#,
=^""k, =i W#e< "`^ qOK@ "^Q#q. J~Hu U~_@
J^~}H~}= "^_HO^@, H= Z=H z\ xH X`|_@. "#
qiy Xu_x HQK@, =~"k uiy U~_@.
^=zH` :
Wk ~yH U~_# =^ iux |\ P^~_ LO_#.
1. ~yH Qe Q `Q#@ LOK=#.
2. [#==# `yOK=#.
3. QkH H\H, ` ìz Qe, "`~ ^~=Q =K#@ LOK=#.
4. H= Z@=O\ P@OH= O_, H@_O_ L#K `yOz Qe
P_#@ K=#.
5. Py~# H h~=Q L#K ~yx ~ ~O_\ H$u=#
HeyOK=#.
6. Ti Q~H #C_ ~yx "H ~O_\ [= HO^# `HO^#
kO_ LOK=#.
7. `# XH" u =Oz ~yH Qe P_`#k xk QiOK=#.
8. Ti P_@ H+"## Ti P@OH= Hey## ~yx XHH Qx ~Qx
u= LO_#.
9. Q~H` _# Ti LO_ #~Q H~KO_# #~Q *i =@ ~yx <yO@
=_ =O` ~ ~O_ \ ` Kf Q= qQ` s~= H< HO^Q LO_
#@ @=#.
10. ~=, "_, #_= K@ L# aQ` ^# f"=#.
11. J~H= U~_@ Q H~}=# `H#=#.
12. ~yH "_ HQ#@ ^\H=#.
First
Aid
393
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
~yH $#C_ P~h= W=~^.

~y HQ =~# Q=xOK=#. Z=~ XH~ ^`Q ~y` @ LO_=#.
K~ g^ ~yx h_, Qe Q =KK@ K~=#.
~yH HOKO èqQ L#K ^= ZO_ O_ h\` `_KO_=#.
@g^ Z@=O\ Q= O_#_ ~y ^= J#K HkHkQ h~
W==K#.
18. "O g^ h zHiOK_=, KO^|, KuÔ_= g^ y@ "^Q "\
=# ~yH $# ÒK=K.
19. J=~"` QO_ =~#Ke.
O# (Asphyxia)
"`=~}=x PH[# `y#O` i=}O =#=s~Ox Tiu` qq^
H~}= =# aOK#_ U~_# ux O# H Asphyxia JO^~. =Oz Qe
(PH[<) s~=x r"== JO^#_ J~H=, Ti Py=@,
~H~}= [~QH=@ =# z=iu =~}= OqOK#.
O# Q qq^ H~}=
1. Li
2. QO` g^ Xu_
3. Kf g^ Xu_
4. QO` J# ^~= J__@
5. q+"= @
6. h\ =xy=@
7. q^^`=, _Q^|, "^_ U~_# [|, Tiu` [| "^Q
"\ =# O# U~_#.
O# H}=
1. Ti P_O_@
2. ùCKO_#, h~=Q LO_#.
3. <_ =_Q H@H#@
4. =H J~Hu HQ@
5. |Q, ^=, " H he ~OQ =~@.
H}= f=` O#u iQ Hk f=~H ~Q#.
^=zH`
1. O# U~_# H~}= #O_ =# `yOK=#, ^ P H~}=#
^~O K=#.
L^: =O@ =# U~_# Q =H L#K =O@# P~_= =i Q
#Oz =# ^~= K_O.
2. Qe ^~=Q ~yH JO^#@ K=#. QOQ Ki# [#=# `yOK=#.
i"# Qe gK#@ K=#.
3. H$u=# JOkOK@. O# iQ U~_# _ H$u=#
JOkOK=#.
4. ~yH ZO_, Ke, "# #O_ ~H}W==#.
First
Aid
394
5. ~y s~= K|_#K ^\, H HO|o H ~yH "_x HeyOK=#.

6. ~yH qOux W=#.
7. ^"#O` `~Q ~yx PuH fHx=#.
He` H (Artificial Respiration)
He` H ~yH O# U~_#_ JOkOK=#. O# q+
"=# @=# Hh, h\ =xy =@ =# Hh, J^~ =# Hh U~_#_
He` H HeyOK=#. "^_ <Q xq+= H= }"= JO^H`
^x qs`"# =~ =K#. }x OqOK#. J\ =~ ~O_@
~H=xH }"=# ZHOK@ J`=~ He` H =YL^=. ~H=
}"= LO_@ ZO` J=~= H#H <\^~ Tiu`H Qe JO^#@ K@
WH_ =Y L^=.
He` H qq^ ~H=
1.<\ #O_ <\H K Ti ^# (Mouth to mouth respiration) :
J`=~ Ti ^# <\ #O_ <\H Qx, <\ #O_ =xH Qh Qe
ZHOK@ L`=û. qQ` ^` HO> nxx =Q# e`= ^#@#
LyOK=K#. D û `~ zH` K=K#. ~yx "H ~O_ \ ~y <\
g^ "# K\ Q_ ", =# Z_= Ku"` = ^=zH` K"~. "i
<\ #O_ ~y <\xH Qe T^=#. H Py =m T^=#. D q^=Q xq+=#
12 ~ T^=#. xq+=# 20 ~ T^=#. <~ = =H _ Qe
T^=K#. H` =, <~ ~O_\ ^~ XHi Qe T^=K#. ~yH H$u=
HeyOz#_ Ò^~Q Ti uiy P_## qQKO^H =~ =~ KKO_=#.
Ti P_=~ Qx H _H~ =K=~Qx, PuH K~=~Qx PO_
He`H HeyOK=#.
2.Tû (Rocking Method) :
h\ _ KO\ JC_ \# a_ Hx Ti fH#O_# ^=
a_ H "_ "#H Z_= Ku`, ~O_H _Ku` @Hx XHi `Q=, =~Hi
HQ= HO^Q# LO_#@ T T# =ki K# HO` \H a_ Qe#.
3.`HO^ û (Head down position) :
z# qQh, h\ `\Qh _ Ti P_xK P x ~O_ ^= _
Ku` @Hx, "_ "#H Z_= Ku` @Hx `HO^ K qkeOz# H_x h~,
=e# "= |@ =z"#. =OzQe eH K~#. W@ Hk K#
HQ#.
First
Aid
395
4.e~ û ( Sylvester Method)

~yx "H ~O_@=#. Ti P_@ U^< P@OH= L#_ ^xx
`yOK=#. ~y <H <=# J__O_ XH~ y @H#=#. `# XH
H u "_# KK=#. He`H HeOK#_ ~yH `"# ~O_ "H#
qg^ LOz ~O_=#. ~y Kfg^ Q\Q K`` <H=#. ~y Tiu`
LO_ =e# "=, h~ =#Q#q |@ =z"#. Wk x=. Kf Xu_x
=ke ~y K`# [= g^Q `H y =m #_= H `=#. Wk LK= D
qÔQ ^ 12 ~, 20 ~ K=#.
5.~ û ( Shaper Method) :
~y Kf HO^ "`\ Q_ ~z ~ ~O_ @=#. H$u= HeyOK =H
~y #_= =^ "H# qg^ LOz ~#=#. ~y =Y=# `# ~#
"# uCHx "_# KK=#. ~y g HOkQ= ~O_K` "` Q\Q ^=
|~=O` " X`=#. ~y Tiu`x h~, q+ "= |@ =z"#.
`~` Xu_ `yOz, |~=# `yOK=#. W@ xq+=# 12 ~ K=#.
6.~ h< û ( Holzer Neilson Method) :
D û ~yx ~ ~O_ \ ` XH " u "_ K=#. ~y "K`#
J`x ` W~" \ J~K`# J`x ` HO^LOK=#. ^=zH` K"~
Z_="He g^ ~y ` =^ ~x _H# J`x Z_="Ku H# @=#. ~O_
K`# ~y g g^ \ ^=zH` K"~ "i ^= |~=` X`=#. `~"`
"Q |~= `yOz Xu_ `yOK=#. ~y "K`# `H y =m ûH `=#.
D q^=Q xq+=# 12 ~ K=#.
q+=^=zH` (Poisons - First Aid)
q+== Qi#= WK^=zH`
q+= qq^ ~H=. =#^= q+= qiqQ = H=_= qq^
~H=Q ~#=, =$H=, HqH@H=, =O^ ^~ =Q =
H=_= =# = q+==# =Q # JQ^~.
q+=x~K#=:
U^< ^~= P~Q=Q L# = fH#C_ Hx, s~=x U Q=#
`@ =# Hx }x H J<~Q= OqOz#K J\ ^~=# q+= JO^~.
q =sH~}
1. H~_ q (Corrosives)
2. =O@ HeyOK q (Irritants)
3. =O_eH q (Systemic Poisons)
First
Aid
396
q+==Hey#~yH}=
1. J~H u.
2. K~= "KQ# H K|_ Qh, _QQh, K=@` `_Qh LO_=K#.
3. |#=QQx, "Q=QQh, JH==Q Qh H O# LO_=K#.
4. <_ |#=Q Qh, "Q=Q Qh, JH==Q Qh, <_ H@H#@ Py LO_#.
5. s~ LQ` K `Q LO_#.
6. HO\ z#qQQx, ^qQ qKHxQx, "`~ uK~ Kx H}=
Hey LO_#.
7. ~y J#=Q, =u qOz# q^=Q qq^ K+ Hey LO_#.
8. "O` Hx, Ju~O Hx LO_#.
9. =~ =K#.
10. HO` =Ok =`= aQ@@ LO_#.
DH}=HxOz#K~yK=^=L#@ Q=xOKe
1. ~yH O# Hey#_
2. ~yH ^=zH` ^~ H [iy#C_.
3. ~y J~H u LO_ ye< K#= #C_.
4. H# ^qQQx, z#qQQx LO_ HOuH uK~ [~#_.
5. <_ |#=Q, "Q=Q H JH==Q L#C_.
H}= Hey# ~yH P= HO_ PuH `~eOK=#.
q+==^=zH` :
^=zH` H =YL^= ~y =iO` q+==# # HO_ ^=
#Oz ^~=Q fHx =_=, }x [~QO_ K_@=. XHi QO_ =i
O# Hey#K Hk xq+=< ~y =~}OK#.
q+== Hey# =H D HOk "\x ^=zH` K#_ Q=xOKe
1. ~y $ L<_ ^ Q=xOKe.
2. ~y H H <\O^ == =i <H J_Q L#^ Jx
Q=xOKe.
3. H iQ [~Q`#^ ^ Jx Q=xOKe.
4. <\ =i QO` Q= L# ==# `yOz, <H J__O_
LOKe.
5. O# L#K <\ #Oz, <\^~ H$u=# HeOKe.
6. ~y <_x ijeOKe.
7. ~y <_ =OQ L< _ O# L#K "iH <\ #Oz <\^~ H$u=
HeOKe.
First
Aid
8.
9.
397
~y <_ Py L#K J\ ~Q QO_ =~#Ke.

~y =i <_ =OQ L#K ~yx XH H u iH=i r+<
LOKe.
10. =~ L# ~Q WK ^=zH` W==#.
11. H =i K~= "^Q "\ g^ _# ~#=, q+=# "#
h\` H_y"=#.
12. =O\ g^ |@# `yOz, "# |@# `_yOKe.
13. q+ H@ WK ^=zH` W==#.
q+==# #J~#=HH WK^=zH`
1. s~= "tOz, JO`~`= Hx qx f"_=.
2. qxH q~Q_ W=_=.
3. s~= JO`~`"# qx f"_=.
4. =# q+= H}= zH` W"e.
1. s~= WOH WOHx =i JO`~`= Hx qx `yOK@
1. q+"= ^~ q+ ==# # J~# =Hx P O`= #O_ `~eOz
"# Qe, "`~ =K ^=# =~_=, H$u= PH[# =u
HeOK_= Ke.
2. ` \#C_, =H@ "#_ q+= ~H= ^~ s~= "tOKO_,
H@"# Q= `_` Hx, Q_` Hx Q\Q ayOz H\e. H@"#
QO _` (WO@=~) H@\ P O`=x ~H=# e Lq"e.
3. s~= _# q+=# "# h` H_Q_=, qxH q~Q_ =O^
_O Ke.
4. <\^~ fH# q+=, ~|~ Q@=# H_xH xz 15 Q=
P" O_ h\ He H 2 \ # LC XHQ h~ He Hx, \+O
~OQ<@ He# h\x Hx H_xH O "OuK~OKe.
"OuK~OK ^`:
1. "Kx h `yOK_=. 2. P"O_ h He `yOK_=
3. LCh `yOK_=
4. WHH _~ H ~ `yOK_=
5. <\" \ "Ou K~OK_=
6. JOy\ (<\x z~<H) zQ~ H=` `HOK_=.
"OuK~OK_x i`:
1. J~Hu L# ~y
2. ^`= ux" q+= qOy# ~Q (P_, Pb)
3. Pqi ~O L# q+= e# ~Q
First
Aid
4.
398
=~~Q
5. X K|_# ~Q
WO\ ~Q "Ou K~OK_^.
2.q+=# q~Q_ (Antidotes)
Wq q+=# |# ~K_=, "\ q+==# `yOK_= s~= #Oz
qiOK#@ ^~ xK#.
qxH q~Q_ =_ ~H=
1.OuH q~Q_ (Mechanical Antidotes)
q+= H_#, = Q_ Z@=O\ x HQO_ Hx q~Q_ ~
=kiQ J_Q U~_ xK~.
L^: H=^~=, #<, H_Q_ `# ==Q K q q~Q_Q
xK~.
_, J~\O_, QA_H, =[ _H q~Q_Q J`<@@ x K H_,
Q \ ~ ^| `QO_ H_`~.
2.~xH q~Q_ (Chemical Antidotes)
Wq qxH Z^~K~ HeOz "\ H f=`# `y~. L^: @ P==
|# H~.
3.llH (uH) q~Q_ :
Wq q+= H}= Z^~ H} Hey~. L^: L"`, #=O^.
~q+ i} H x=~ PO\_\
XH" fH# q+= U^ è#_ x=~ PO\_\ W=_O [~QÒk.
Wk K q+= q~Q_Q xKOk. WO^x ^~=.
1. "w+O PH_
: XH Q=
2. \xH P_
: ~O_ Q
3. PH<\_ K~H
: ~O_ Q=
3.s~=JO`~`"# qxf"_=:
1. "_h s~= `_=_= =# K=@~O
2. =`q~# B+^= =# =`=~O
3. k (q~K#H~, Zx= WK@) =# =O q+= qiOK|_#.
Ju =`q~# Z= h~, \ =i x=H O_# ^==#
fH#=#. 30 Q= _O @ Z= q+= qiOK@ LQ_#.
First
Aid
399
4.=#q+=H}=-zH` :
Z) < =i [~=# ~@= 500 q.Q ^, 25 qe Q= KC#
<\^~ W==K#.
a) Hi< H= L#K =O@, ^~^ Hey# K~= Q= ~=K.
) s~= ^" ZO_~#_, <H `_i~ QO@ _#_ F.P~..
^=}= <\ ^~ W"e. ~H <= ^~ QHA =i < ZHOKe.
_) O# PH[# W"e. He` H HeOKe.
W) =~ =O> Qi< 30 q.Q a W"e.
Z) J^~# `y# zH` K=#.
l) QO` "z# Z_ Kx ^==# =`= W==#. QO` "_ H_=
@=K#.
Hx^~}q+=q~Q_ ^~=^=zH`
1.># P==
"Ou K~OK~^. h~ Q `yOz q+=# KQ K=#. q~Q_
^~=Q = # _, #`@. Q_ LO_ # QK, q P "w+,
~O_ >| # xO_ XH Q h\ He `yOK=#.
2.># H~=
"Ou K~OK~^. h~ Q `yOz q+=# KQ K=#. ~O_ \#
"xQ~, <iO[ H x= H zOÒ_ ~O XH Q h\ He `yOK=#.
3.H~eH P_, , H :
"Ou K~OK~^. ~O_ >| # xO_ Z" Hk h\ He W==#.
JO^@ L#K XH HC "_H ~< ^== `yOK=#.
4.^~=:
"OuK~OK=#. q~Q_Q H_Q_x `## `yOK=#.
5.\:
"OuK~OK~^. h~ HkQ `yOK=#.
6.# =O^ (F==i =i<)
"OuK~OK=#. \+O ~OQ<@ =H# h\ He `yOK=#. "_
H,\ W==#.
7.x^ =`:
"OuK~OK=#. XH ^ # xO_ Z" XH Q xO_ h\ He
W==#. "_ H,\ `yOK=#. ~yx x^x=_^.
First
Aid
400
8.P~xH
"OuK~OK=#. `Q@ , s, H_Q_ `# W==#.
9.ZH,~Q=O^
"OuK~OK=#. h~ Z=Q `yOK=#. \+O ~OQ<@ =H#
h\ HiyOz W==#.
~yxPuH fHx=@ (Taking the Patient to Hospital)
~yx =^ = #O_ Hx, [| _ ^= #Oz ^=zH` J#O`~=
PuH fHx "@ =i i# "^ zH` WOK@ ^=_ H
=YH~==. ~yx _H~ H Pu =^ fHx " û< ~"}K@ JO\~.
[| _# H Q_# =Hx ~"} K =O^ Hx "=, x== \OKe.
Jq.
1. ~y $ LO_, HiOK"_ J~#K J`xH `# Uq K^K#k
^=_ q=iOK=#.
2. ~y H PO^##, =# Q@=#.
3. ~yx U f~# =Oz# ^ O_ LO_ Z= =Ok _"~ L#K "i H~=#
fHx ~yH ^ HQO_ ~"}K=#.
6. XHi HO> Z= =Ok ~Q L#C_ Z= =Ok =# H~=#.
7. ~y H ~H "x JiH\e.
8. H zH` Ke.
9. qiy# Z=H O\ =` H H~|^ O` H@H\e.
10. Q=# = K H@H\e.
11. zH` K_xH g HQ#_ QO U~_# s~Qx HÔ_ ~yx
~"}Ke. L^: "#, Z=H qiy#_ P Qx U =Ò HÔ_
=OKO_ ~yx ~"}Ke.
12. ` ^| `ye ~H== Hey H L# ~Q#, q+== Hey# ~Q#
$ L<_ #_=h_^.
13. _q_ O_ *Q`Q <=kQ, HêHe H=OQ LO_ qÔQ Z==Ok
~Q# ~"}K#_ JOî K~ ~~ H~OQ, UH#Y=Q LO_e.
~"}K ^`# D qÔQ qlOK=K#.
First
Aid
401
1. XH~ =# L#C_
Z) =x+ T` H~Q ~"}K@.
a) z## Z`Hx ~"}K@
) gg^ "H@ (u~Q\ "H@)
_) ~"< e
W) ~yx QO@ =@ Ke.
^\ =, ^= _ = =`" L#C_
Z) "@ g^ #Oz kO@. l) < _Q K) \ _Q =O\ ^`# LyOKe.
2. XHi HO> Z= =Ok =# L#C_
Z) ~O_ K` @ û
a) <Q K` @ û
) =O^, "#H û ( ~ P "^_) _) W^~ =#+ T` =.
^\x HKQ LyOz H@ ^ =O^ KH K~ û.
W) s û (K~ "^_) ^~ ~yx ~"} K=K.
3. OQ, ~_ LyOz ^\, =O^= +~, H H@# LyOz K~ `~
K LyOK@.
4. Z`# =#= #Oz ~"} K@
Z) xK# ^~ #Oz HOkHkOK_=.
a) xK## ~O_ =O`~ `_ ^~ *~q_K_O
) K~# xK# =` ~O_ H <Q " `_# H\ < g^*~"_O.
~"}K qq^ ^`
1.z##Z`Hx~"}K@. (Pickup method)
"H HO^ XH K~, =~ K~ "_ "#H " Z`Hx ~"}K=K.
2.=x+ T` H~Q~"}K@ (Human Crutch method)
$ L# ~yH ^=_ ~yH QO J~# He " x|_ ~y
#_= XH K~ ~ Wz, ~y Kux `# [O g^ "Hx, P Kux `# Ku` @Hx
#_OKO@ ~"}K=K.
3.g g^ "Hx=_O (Back Lift method)
$ LO_ HiOK ~yx gg^ "Hx "O@ ~"}K=K.
4.~"< e "^_ (Firemen Lift method)
Jy=H^ _ =ki ~yx [= g^ J_OQ _H@Hx ~y _ Kux,
_ `# _Kux ~y H g^Q fHx =z @H"e. ^=_ XH_
J~#C_ 3,4 ^` OQ ~yx ~"}KQ_.
First
Aid
402
5.<Q K`@û (Four hand Seat method)

W^~ ^= W^~ `= Z_==}H@# _K` `= _=}H@# Z_=
K` @Hx ~yH @ `~K ~y `# ~O_ K`# ^= W~=i
[= g^ " P @ ~O\_. D û ~y $ LO_ ^=`
HiOKQey#_ LQOQ LO@Ok.
6.~O_ K`@û (Twohand Seat Method)
~y $ LO_ `# K`` ^= HiOK#C_ ~O_ K`
@ û ~y ~"} `__Òk.
7.=O^,"#H û (Front & Back method)
XH ^=_ =OÔ_ ~y "H HO^ K`" ZÒ\_. WOH
^=_ ~y KOH #Oz Kf g^Q `#K`# LOz @O\_. D qÔQ
W^~ ^= ~yx "Hx=K.
8.s û (Chair method)
~yx s ~ @Hx W^~ ^= s ~O_H Ki Z`Hx
~yx ~"}K=K. $ LO_, i Hx ~Q ~Q D ~"}û
LQ_Òk.
9.H~ P^~O`" û (Method of Transportation by using Stick)
W^~ ^= H~# J_OQ @O\~. ~y Wî=^ Q H~g^ ~x
`# K`# "i *g^ "`_. D û ~y $ LO_ ^=`
HiOKQey#_ ~"} OQLO@Ok.
10.K~ û (Stretcher method)
K iQ L# ~yx K~g^ _H@Hx PuH "Hx =K.
PO|# LO> JO`=~ K~g^ fHx"e.
K~ q=~
K~ _= 236 O.gII "_ 56 O.gII H< Q_ _= 160 O.gII O_
_= 15 O.gII < #O_ Z` 15 O. gII. ~O_ H~# H` =^# H L# ^|
O\ W# ~, H< z=~ =i =O^, "#H LO\~. K~ |~= 14 Hr. '
PH~O H LO\~. <# K~ LOK_xH, JO|#H ~y L# K~
`_xH Wq LQ_`~. W^~, =Q~ ^ #Q~ ^= ~yx K~
g^ _H\ PO|# =~ Qx, PO|# #O_ PuxH Qh ~"} K=K.
403
First
Aid
11.H@H =O^ KHK~ û

H@ ^ =O^ KH# QO_ \ (|@<) ^x K`QO_ ~O_ H~#
^~e. KH ^ H@ "#H Q=H =Ok. H~# =_`\# ^\, Oz, #"~
\QO_ î _ K~ `~K=K.
12.^\ g^ ~yxD_Hx=û (Blanket Lift Method)
^\ ^ HO|o g^ ~yx _H\ D_O@ ~yx fHx "o `~"`
K~g^ =~=K.
13.Z`# =#=#Oz~yx~"}K@
Z`# =#= =^=` zH#, Q# ~Q# ~"}K@
#Oz HOkH ` ^~ H\# xK# ^=_ $ L# ~Q# `# g#
~@Hx ` =# H xK# ^~ HO^ *i kO=K. $ x "iH
K~g^ _H\ ~O_" H <Q " `_` H\ x^#=Q #Oz HOkH
*~q_=_O = _ kOz ~"}K=K.
qq^ O^~= ~y iu, ^= OY =#Q q+=#
iQ}#H fHx ^` `y# ûx Z#Hx ~yx ~"}Ke.
-0000-
~~< H
b"KH= ~O_= Q=
(<~= =i i^#, ~xH < =i ~xH "_<)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
P^<`# WO@~Q+< ^` - _~H~\ P ~xH , QOn#Q~, Q[~` - 2006

~xH < - a.. <|~, P K~} - 2004
W<"Q+< - "^\ H~ - PO^^ b JH_q K~}, ^~^
~xH < ~ b P~ - 1995, PO^^ b JH_q K~}, ^~^
PO^^ b=#= "^\ =i ~O_= Q= - 2002, _.l.. , Z.., ^~^
~xH "_< ~ b P~ - 1995, PO^^ b JH_q K~}, ^~^
"_H Ei_< - _II H.. <~}~_, "_H |H HOh - 2008
Q_ @ H" W<"Q+< - PO^^ b JH_q K~}, ^~^
=~}"OQ= - PO^^ b JH_q K~}, ^~^
~ P~, W<"Q+<, S_O\H+< - . K~ - 1995
"_H bQ PH P = J< - =_= K~}- 2001 - P~.Z. Q
J\ P =< _ - 2000 - ` =
~xH < <~ ^< iK= - ~O_= K~}- 2002- K.*. "
~xH < Hq# W<"Q+< =i @ - <Q= K~}- 2005 - a.P~. ~
H" Hq<l - 1999 - ~` "`
b _s - 1996 - #s

Police Vachakam - II

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Police Vachakam - II

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

b "KH=

Z. Nx" =i, Z...

_II . H` Jb, "_H P~

P~. "^=<, ..S.

q.q. yi^~, ..S.

". LO^|, ..S.

". t=^, Z..S.

".q. H~_, Z..S.

N=u <. P~}, Z..S.

(Z.Z.. ^", S...)

J_+# _~H~ [#~ P b (>xOQ)

H" JO_ W<Q+<

<~ i^# <}O - <~ O

(Investigation skills - scene of crime)

^~}H - Q" H - i^<O

(General principles of investigation of simple and grave cases)

(Assisting the investigating officer)

<~ x"~}- <~=# ` K@

(Prevention & Detection of crime)

(Court - Police station)

<~i^# ~xH # =i LH~}

(Introduction to forensic science)

=i_ ^O`O,<~O, uH H^~

(Principle of exchange, scene of crime, physical evidence)

~H= - <~ i^# ~HO H `

(Blood - its role in investigation)

<~i^# qq^ ~H= Q~ LQ= - ^~Kq^#O

(Various marks - preservation & utility of various kinds of

`-` @ *Q`, x~}, i~H}

(Preservation and utility of documents)

(Clues team- Dog squad)

~xH < ~@s

(Forensic science laboratory)

#`# OHuH i*#O

HO\H H#OKx H~}"\ LQ

"^ <G= - <~ i^# ^x `

(Medical Jurisprudence Role in crime investigation)

=H QiO-rqOz L# = =i ==# QiOK@

(Identification of persons, living and dead.)

=~}H} =~}#O`~= s~= U~_ =~

== = J~# K@ fH"e# K~ ==# =sH xq`= `~eOK@

(Cause of death Inquest & Post - mortem)

q+ q*# G= - "^ <O=

=~}= =O^ Q =~}#O`~ Q ==

~xH ~@s sH~= qq^ J===# HiOz

(Blood, Semen & Hair Structure Blood groups Physical &

OyH <~= - "^< ^<O=

(Medico - legal aspects of sexual offences)

H" JO_ W<Q+<

^O J= =# <~ K\# (Criminal Laws) LOOz K# #<

=[=x H@@ ~}U~_`Ok. OH H@@ H@|_O_ Hx HiH#

``eH <~_: ==Q XH ^HO, ^u O_ ZC_ XHi <~OK_.

=i 'x~` Q== QOQH_ .. ~h l ~_<~. gi *u =_

gk# ~x"O U~~<~. g~ ^OQ`#= "^Hx |Ok@ <~= =~

PO^^ ~+= <~= K~. gi ~"~ H ~="`~ J# ~O_

g#O` `~Q "i x =yOKHx "o`~. |, s, ~ Uk JO^@ =O>

10. <~x~^ k i# K~ fH#H=@.

J=~"# q+# `e*e. ^"#O` =~ = <~# b+#

Q J#Q Hx| Q _\ K_xH xs` =O uiy~"e# ^O H

`y W+O =z#@Q =iOK =# J^xH fH=_O.

J= ~@QiOz "o#C_Qx, <~ J~ QiOz qQ` q+ Q=

O`HO K~. Qx `xv K JkH~ J~`, ==, =, Z=~<

`xv K#_ q* ~~ P Q=xH =i `xv K# `k HO ~_ WOH` "~.

i^# J#Q, H< 2(K) P~... H~= H=# HiOK H== XH