Late Middel Ages

Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (4761000)
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Germanic Migrations
Invasion preceded by centuries of RomanGermanic coexistence Ended with influx of Visigoths, starting 376, pushed by Huns from Asia Visigoths reached southern Gaul, Spain Vandals gained control of northwest Africa and western Mediterranean Burgundians settled in Gaul Franks settled in north-central Gaul Angles & Saxons in England
Barbarian Rule
410Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome 452Attila the Hun invades Italy 455Vandals sack Rome 476Traditional end of Roman Empire when barbarian Odovacer deposes last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus
Barbarian Rule (cont.)

Barbarians saturate Western empire by end of 5th century Roman and Germanic cultures mix, Roman more influential Visigoths, Ostrogoths, & Vandals entered West as Arian Christians Franks of Gaul convert to Catholic (Roman) Christianity around 500, others to follow
Byzantine Empire (3241453)

Periods:
Construction of Constantinople in 324 to start of Arab expansion and spread of Islam in 632(greatest political & cultural achievements) 632 to conquest of Asia Minor by Seljuk Turks in 1071 (or, fall of Constantinople to Western Crusaders in 1204) 1071/1204 to fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks in 1453
Byzantine Empire under Justinian (r. 527565)

Co-ruled absolutely with wife Theodora Constantinople: pop. 350,000, largest city, crossroads of Asia & Europe Centralized government: one God, one empire, one religion Law reform: four-volume Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law)used as a model through the Renaissance Church of Hagia SophiaJustinians most famous monument Briefly recaptured North Africa, Italy, southern Spain
Byzantine Christianity
A.k.a. Eastern Orthodoxy Missionaries (later saints) Cyril & Methodius create Greek-based alphabet for Slavs of the BalkansCyrillic Old Church Slavonicinternational Slavic language through which Byzantine Christianity spread in Eastern Europe
Western Society and Christianity

5th & 6th c. decline 7th c.: Byzantine Empire occupied with Islamic threat, leaving most of the West to Franks & Lombards Western culture forming from Greco-Roman, JudeoChristian, and barbarian heritages Decline of temporal powers matched by rise of Christian church Church government modeled on Roman administration: centralized & hierarchical Cathedral became center of urban life, local bishop highest authority, with pope in Rome filling vacuum left by departed Roman emperors
Monastic Culture
Monks growing in number & respect With rise of Church, monasticism replaces martyrdom as highest tribute Life of chastity, poverty, obedience Hermit monasticism followed by communal monasticismrise of monasteries Benedict of Nursia
Founder of Benedictine order, 529 Monks Christianized England & Germany Rule for Monasteries
Papal Primacy
Early state control of church in East & West (Emperor Constantine) Supplanted by doctrine of papal primacy: raised Roman pope to position of supremacy in the church Title pontifex maximus: supreme priest
Religious Division of Christendom

Differences between East & West:
Nature of the Trinity Place of images in worshipIconoclasm Eastern emperors claims to both secular & religious sovereigntyCaesaropapism Also: Eastern church denied existence of Purgatory, allowed divorce, permitted priests (but not bishops) to marry, and conducted services in the local language (vs. Latin or Greek)
Schism of 1054pope & patriarch excommunicate each other

Kingdom of the Franks

Frankish Merovingian dynasty established under Clovis (ca. 466511) in Gaul Franks occupied modern France, Belgium, Netherlands, western Germany Beginning of most persistent medieval political problem: central rule versus local power Carolingian dynasty supplants Merovingian, 751, under Pepin the Short
Frankish Church
Church dependent on Frankish protection against East and Lombards Carolingian policy under Charles Martel (d. 741): convert the conquered to Roman Christianity 755: Franks defeat Lombards, giving pope lands around Rome, creating the Papal States
Charlemagne (r. 768814)

Son of Pepin the Short; continued policy of protecting Rome & conquering land in the north 774, defeated Lombards in northern Italy & assumed title King of the Lombards Saxons subjugated, Christianized, eastern Avars destroyed Muslims driven beyond Pyrenees Kingdom of Charlemagne ultimately covered modern France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, western Germany, northern Italy, part of Spain, & Corsica
Charlemagne (cont.)
Desired to be universal emperor of a Frankish Christian empire Constructed palace city at Aachen, imitating ancient Roman & contemporary Eastern courts Used church to promote social stability & order Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800; began what came to be known as the Holy Roman Empireconsidered revival of old Roman Empire, based in Germany after 870 Governed through about 250 counts who maintained local armies, collected dues, & administered justice through local law court or mallus; problem of loyalty Missi domenici: royal envoys sent to oversee counts; marginally effective
Carolingian Renaissance & Decline

Europes best scholars brought to Aachen to develop culture & education; also improve imperial administration Alcuin of York (735804): Anglo-Saxon director of palace school; brought classical & Christian learning in schools run by monks
Breakup of the Carolingian Empire

Weakness of empire was regionalism; local counts look to self-interest Louis the Pious (r. 814840): problem of dividing empire among his sons Treaty of Verdun, 843: Carolingian Empire divided among warring sons
West (France): Charles the Bald Middle: Lothar (Lotharingia) East (Germany): Louis the German
Middle kingdom split again at Lothars death, inciting conflict between eastern & western kingdoms (Germany & France) that continued into modern times

Late Middel Ages

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Late Middel Ages

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Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Creating a New European Society and Culture (4761000)

Barbarian Rule (cont.)

Byzantine Empire (3241453)

Byzantine Empire under Justinian (r. 527565)

Western Society and Christianity

Religious Division of Christendom

Schism of 1054pope & patriarch excommunicate each other

Kingdom of the Franks

Charlemagne (r. 768814)

Carolingian Renaissance & Decline

Breakup of the Carolingian Empire

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