Technische Universitt DRESDEN Institut of Power Engineering Chair of Technical Thermodynamics

Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems - Part II

Boston University Dresden Program

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Technische Universitt Dresden Institut of Power Engineering Chair of Technical Thermodynamics Problems to the course Energy and Thermodynamics, ENG EK 304 Boston University Dresden Program 4. edition, spring/summer 2012 Responsible: Dipl.-Ing. M. Mischke Editorial deadline: 20. 05. 2012

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7 SECOND LAW
problem 7.1 (5.4)

An inventor claims to have developed a device that undergoes a thermodynamic cycle while communicating thermally with two reservoirs. The system receives energy QC from the cold
reservoir and discharges energy QH to the hot reservoir while delivering a net amount of work to its surroundings. There are no other energy transfers between the device an its surroundings. Using the second law of thermodynamics, evaluate the inventors claim. Solution: The system can not operate as assumed.

Problem 7.2 (6-7) An air-conditioning unit maintains a home at 22 C. The heat generated in the home from lighting, appliances, and people is 6000 kJ/h, and heat that leaks through the structure from the environment amounts to 18000 kJ/h. If the air conditioner has a COP of 3.2,

1. nd the required power input in kilowatts. 2. If electricity costs 9.8 cent/kWh and the units runs one-half of the time, nd the daily cost of operation. Solution: (1.) 2.08 (2.) 2.95 Dollars

Problem 7.3 (6-9)

A refrigerator cycle with a COP of 2.7 is used to maintain the food compartment at 3 C. The compartment continuously receives 1260 kJ/h of heat form the environment. The cost of electricity is $ 0.094/kWh, and the refrigeration motor runs one-third of the time. Determine 1. the shaft power, in kW, that the cycle require when running, and 2. the cost of operating the unit in cents per day. Solution: (1.) 0.13 (2.) 9.7

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 7.4 (6-55) A heat engine operates between boundary temperatures of 500 and 1400 C. The heat engine requires a heat input of 1300 kW to produce a net work output of 600 kW. 1. Show from thermal eciency data whether this engine violates the second law. 2. Determine the heat-rejection rate, in kW, for the actual heat engine and for an internally reversible engine having the same heat-input rate and operating between the same boundary temperatures during heat addition and heat removal. 3. What is The COP for an internally reversible heat pump operating between the same boundary temperatures? 4. If the data for the actual heat engine are valid when the device is operated as heat pump, what would be its COP? Determine whether or not such operation is feasible. Solution: (1.) no (2.) 700 ; 601 (3.) 1.86 (4.) no Problem: 7.5 (6-80) The working uid in a heat-pump cycle is reported to receive 136.0 kJ/kg as heat transfer at 4 C and reject 145.2 kJ/kg as heat transfer at an average temperature of 34 C. If there are no other heat interactions, does the cycle violate the second law on the basis of 1. the Clausius inequality, and 2. the Carnot principle extended to heat pumps? Solution: (a) violation (b) violation Problem: 7.6 (2005-2) Two temperature reservoirs of 30 C and 0 C are available. 1. Determine the maximum eciency of a heat engine using these temperature levels. 2. Determine the maximum coecient of performance of a refrigerator and of a heat pump using these temperature levels again. 3. Perform the same calculation for a higher temperature level of 400 C (instead of 30 C) and a lower temperature level of 0 C. 4. Is following statement true? "Thermodynamic machines are the more ecient the higher the maximum temperature dierence in the process is". Discuss using the results above. (max. 3 sentences) Solution: ....

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 7.7 (6-28) An internally reversible heat engine has a thermal eciency of 60 percent with 600 kJ/cycle of heat transfer added at a temperature of 447 C. 1. Calculate the heat-rejection temperature, in degrees Celsius, and 2. the heat transfer rejected, in kJ/cycle. 3. For the same values of QH and TH , if an irreversible heat engine rejects 420 kJ/cycle, nd its thermal eciency. Solution: (1) 15 (2) 240 (3) 30 % Problem: 7.8 (6-54) An actual heat engine operates between boundary temperatures 1200 K and 500 K. A heat input of 36000 kJ/ min produces a net power output of 270 kW. 1. Determine numerically whether the heat engine violates the second law in terms of its thermal eciency. 2. Determine the heat rejection, in kilowatts, for the actual engine and for an internally reversible engine having the same heat input and operating between the same boundary temperatures 3. Now reverse the actual cyclic device, so that it operates as a heat pump. The work input is 270 kW, and the heat rejected at 1200 K is 36,000 kJ/min. Determine the coecient of performance for the actual heat pump and for an internally reversible heat pump operating between the same boundary temperatures. 4. On the basis of part c, is the actual heat-pump operation feasible considering the COP values? Solution: (1) no violation (2) 330 ; 250 (3) 2.22 ; 1.71 (4) not feasible

Problem: 7.9 (6-26) An internally reversible heat engine has a thermal eciency of 40 percent and the workinguid temperature is 15 C during heat rejection. Find 1. the net power output, in kilowatt, and 2. the temperature of the working uid during heat addition , in degrees Celsius, if the heat supplied is 6000 kJ/h. 3. An actual heat engine operating between the same temperatures has a thermal eciency of 25 percent. For the same heat input, nd the percent change in the rate of heat rejection relative to the reversible case.

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Solution: (1) 0.67 (2) 207 (3) 25 % Problem: 7.10 (5.61*) Two kilograms of water executes a Carnot power cycle. During the isothermal expansion, the water is heated until it is a saturated vapor from an initial state where the pressure is 40 bar and the quality is 15 %. The vapor then expands adiabatically to a pressure of 1.5 bar while doing 491.5 kJ/kg of work. 1. Sketch the cycle on p-v coordinates. 2. Evaluate the heat and work for each process, in kJ. 3. Evaluate the thermal eciency. Solution: (2) process; Q/kJ; W/kJ; 1-2 ; 2914; -330; 2-3 ; 0 ; -983; 3-4 ; -2140.2; 167.1; 4-1 ; 0 ; 373; (3) 26.5% Problem: 7.11 (5.18*) If the thermal eciency of a reversible power cycle operating between two reservoirs is denoted by max , develop an expession in therms of max for COP of 1. a reversible refrigeration cycle operating between the same two reservoirs. 2. a reversible heat pump operating between the same two reservoirs. Solution: (a) (1-max )/max (b) 1/max Problem: 7.12 (5.21*) A refrigeration cycle operating between two reservoirs recives energy QC from a cold reervoir at TC =280 K and rejects energy QH to a hot reservoir at TH =320 K. For each of the following cases determine whether the cycle operates reversibly, irreversibly or is impossible. 1. QC =1500 kJ, Wcy cle =150 kJ. 2. QC =1400 kJ, QH =1600 kJ. 3. QH =1600 kJ, Wcy cle =400 kJ. 4. =5. Solution: (1.) imp. (2.) rev. (3.) irrev. (4.) irrev. Problem: 7.13 (5.22*) A reversible power cycle receives QH from a hot reservoir at temperature TH and rejects energy by heat transfer to the surrounding at temperature T0 . The work developed by the power

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

cycle is used to drive a refrigeration cycle that removes QC from a cold reservoir TC and discharges energy by heat transfer to the same surrounding at T0 . 1. Develop an expression for the ratio QC /QH in terms of the temperature ratios TH /T0 and TC /T0 . 2. Plot QC/QH versus TH /T0 for TC /T0 =0.85, 0.9 and 0.95 and versus TC /T0 for TH /T0 =2,3 and 4. Solution: (1.) TC (TH -T0 )/( TH (T0 -TC )) Problem: 7.14 (5.53*) At steady state, a refrigerator whose coecient of performance is 3 removes energy by heat transfer from a freezer compartment at 0 C at the rate of 6000 kJ/h and discharges energy by heat transfer to the surroundings, which are at 20 C. 1. Determine the power input to the refrigerator and compare with the power input required by a reversible refrigeration cycle operating between reservoirs at these two temperatures. 2. If electricity costs 8 cents per kWh, determine the actual and minimum costs, each in $/day. Solution: (1.) Wcy cle 2000 (2.) 1.07; 0.23

8 ENTROPY AND ENTROPY BALANCE

Problem 8.1 (7-901) given a rigid tank, water substance, heat transfer from environment, Volume 0.100 m3 , overall mass of water substance 2.0 kg, pressure 500 kPa, heat transfer to the water 284 kJ Find 1. pressure after Q transfer in kPa, 2. change in entropy in kJ/K. Solution: (1) 700 (2) 2.84 Problem: 8.2 (ex-7-3) A rigid, insulated tank contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 350 K and 1 bar. A paddle wheel inside the tank is driven by a pulley-weight mechanism. During the experiment 25 kJ of work is done on the gas through the mechanism. Assume ideal-gas behavior. Find 1. the entropy generation for the nitrogen, in kJ/K, and 2. whether the process is reversible, irreversible, or impossible. 3. Then sketch a T- s diagram for the process. Solution: (1) 0.0687 (2) irreversible Problem: 8.3 (ex-7-4) Oxygen gas is heated at constant pressure from 300 K to (a) 500 K and (b) 800 K. Evaluate the molar entropy change, in kJ/kmolK, for both sets of temperature increments by means of (1) a specic-heat value at the average temperature and (2) ideal-gas s 0 data in Table A-23 for oxygen. Solution: (a) 15.38 ; 15.38 (b) 31.01 ; 30.60

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 8.4 (ex-7-5) One-half kilogram of air is compressed in a piston-cylinder device from 300 K and 120 kPa to 500 K and 940 kPa. 1. Determine the entropy change, in kJ/K. 2. Determine the direction of any heat transfer by using the entropy balance. Solution: (1) -0.0363 (2) out Problem: 8.5 (7-5) Two tanks of the same volume are connected by a pipe containing a valve. Initially the valve is closed, one tank is evacuated, and the other tank contains 40 g of steam at 15 bars and 280 C. The valve is opened, and the steam ows into the evacuated tank until pressure equilibrium is reached. During the process heat transfer occurs from a reservoir at 500 C until the steam temperature at the end of the process is 440 C in both tanks. Determine 1. the nal equilibrium pressure, in bars, 2. the heat transfer to the steam, in kilojoules, 3. the entropy change of the steam, in kJ/K , and 4. the entropy production within the composite steam and heat-transfer Solution: (1) 10 (2) 11.0 (3) 0.0300 (4) 0.0158 Problem: 8.6 (7-23) A rigid tank with a volume of 0.04 mcontains oxygen at an initial state of 87 C and 1.5 bars. During a process paddle-wheel work is carried out by applying a torque of 13 Nm for 25 revolutions, and a heat loss of 3.74 kJ occurs to the surroundings at 18 C. The temperature of the enclosure where heat transfer occurs is taken as the average of the oxygen temperatures during the process. Determine 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, and 2. the entropy change of the oxygen, Solution: (1) -0.00501 (2) 0.00599 Problem: 8.7 (10-54) Carbon monoxide and argon in separate streams enter an adiabatic mixing chamber in a 2:1 mass ratio. At the inlet the carbon monoxide is at 120 kPa and 300 K, and the argon is at 120 kPa and 450 K. The mixture leaves at 110 KPa. Determine

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

1. the nal temperature of the mixture in kelvins, and 2. the change of entropy ow separately for each substance in (kJ/K)/s 3. the entropy production for the process, in kJ/K per kilomole of mixture. Solution: (1) 330 (2) 0.428 ; 0.137832464 (3) 5.87 Problem: 8.8 (7-23) A rigid tank with a volume of 0.04 m contains oxygen at an initial state of 87 C and 1.5 bars. During a process paddle-wheel work is carried out by applying a torque of 13 Nm for 25 revolutions, and a heat loss of 3.74 kJ occurs to the surroundings at 18 C. The temperature of the enclosure where heat transfer occurs is taken as the average of the oxygen temperatures during the process. Determine 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, and 2. the entropy change of the oxygen, 3. the entropy generation within the tank and 4. the total entropy generation for the overall process, all answers in kJ/K. 5. Is the overall process reversible, irreversible, or impossible? Solution: (1) 320 (2) -0.00501 (3) 0.00599 (4) 0.00784 (5) irrev Problem: 8.9 (7-38) A constant-temperature region at 80 C receives heat transfer from a 3-kg piece of copper that cools from 200 to 100 C. Determine 1. the entropy change of the copper, in kJ/K, 2. the total entropy generation associated with the composite copper and heat- transfer regions, and 3. whether the process is reversible, irreversible, or impossible. Solution: (1) -0.284 (2) 0.055 (3) irrev

9 -THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

Problem: 9.1 (8-1) Oxygen is compressed adiabatically in a piston-cylinder device from an initial state of 27 C and 100 kPa. The work input is 2142 kJ/ kmol and the process is internally reversible. Using Table A-23 for property data, nd 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, 2. the nal pressure, in kilo pascals.

Solution: (1) 400 (2) 280 Problem: 9.2 (8-3) Nitrogen at 3 bars, 400K, and 120 cm is allowed to expand adiabatically and reversibly to 1.70 bars in a closed system. Determine 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, 2. the work output, in kilojoules, and 3. the nal volume, in cubic centimeters.

Solution: (1) 340 (2) 0.0136 (3) 180 Problem: 9.3 (8-13) A horizontal, insulated, and rigid cylinder is separated into two sections (A and B) by a frictionless, nonconducting piston. Each section initially contains a monatomic gas at 100 kPa and 300 K in a volume of 2.70 L. An electric resistor on side A is energized from an external battery until the pressure on both sides reaches 232 kPa. Determine 1. the nal temperature on side B, in kelvins, 2. the work done on the gas on side B, in kilojoules, 3. the nal temperature on side A, in kelvins and 4. the amount of electrical work added in kilojoules.

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Solution: (1) 420 (2) 0.162 (3) 972 (4) 1.07 Problem: 9.4 (8-47) Steam at 1.5 bars and 120 C expands isentropically through a nozzle to 1.0 bar. 1. If the inlet velocity is negligible, nd the discharge velocity in m/s 2. For a ow rate of 20 kg/min, nd the exit area of the nozzle, in square centimeters. Solution: (1) 373 (2) 14.9 Problem: 9.5 (7-6) Tow tanks of the same volume are connected by a pipe containing a valve. Initially the valve is closed, one tank is evacuated, and the other tank contains 200 g of refrigerant 134a at 7 bars and 100 C. The valve is opened, and the refrigerant 134a ows into the evacuated tank until pressure and temperature equilibrium prevails. During the process heat is removed from the refrigerant 134a to the atmosphere at 20 C until the pressure at the end of the process is 3.2 bars in both tanks. Determine 1. the nal equilibrium temperature, in degrees Celsius, 2. the heat transfer from the refrigerant 134a, in kilojoules, 3. the entropy change of the refrigerant 134a, in kJ/K, and 4. the total entropy generation for the process, in kJ/K. Solution: (1) 60 (2) -6.59 (3) -0.00802 (4) 0.0145 Problem: 9.6 (7-32) Two kilograms of nitrogen gas is heated in a piston- cylinder apparatus form 0 to 250 C, the pressure remaining constant at 1.013 bar. During the process a heat transfer of 228 kJ occurs to the nitrogen from a constant-temperature heat source held at 300C. Determine 1. the entropy change of the nitrogen, 2. the entropy change of the heat source, and 3. the total entropy production for the overall process, in kJ/K. Solution: (1) 1.365 (2) -0.398 (3) 0.965

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M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 9.7 (7-81) Air is compressed polytropically and reversibly in steady ow from 100 to 500 kPa. The initial temperature is 300 K and n is 1.28. Determine 1. the work required, and 2. the heat transfer, in kJ/kg. 3. Finally, nd the total entropy generation if the environmental temperature is 300 K. Solution: ... Problem: 9.8 (7-22) Contained in a constant-pressure closed system is 0.5 kg of hydrogen gas at 6 bars and 17 C Heat transfer in the amount of 798 kJ is added to the gas from a thermal reservoir at 450 K. Calculate 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, 2. the entropy change of the hydrogen, in kJ/K, and 3. the entropy production within an enlarged system that includes the heat transfer region, in kJ/K. 4. Is the process reversible, irreversible, or impossible? Solution: (1) 401 (2) 2.333 (3) 0.560

Problem: 9.9 7-59 Air enters a compressor at 1 bar and 27C at rate of 2 kg/min and leaves at 5.8 bars and 227 C. The power required to operate the compressor is 7.12 kW. The average temperature of the external surface where heat transfer occurs may by taken to be the average air temperature at the inlet and exit, and the surrounding temperature is 22 C. Determine 1. the rate of heat transfer, in k/h, 2. the entropy change of the air, in kJ/Kmin, 3. the entropy production within the compressor in kJ/Kmin, and 4. the total entropy production for the composite ow and heat-transfer region, in kJ/Kmin 5. Is the process irreversible or impossible? Solution: (1) -1292 (2) 0.026 (3) 0.080 (4)0.099

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M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 9.10 (7-22) Contained in a constant-pressure closed system is 0.5 kg of hydrogen gas at 6 bars and 17 C Heat transfer in the amount of 798 kJ is added to the gas from a thermal reservoir at 450 K. Calculate 1. the nal temperature, in kelvins, 2. the entropy change of the hydrogen, in kJ/K, and 3. the entropy production within an enlarged system that includes the heat transfer region, in kJ/K. 4. Is the process reversible, irreversible, or impossible?

Solution: (1) 401 (2) 2.333 (3) 0.560 Problem: 9.11 (10-47) An equimolar mixture of helium and argon enters a turbine at 660 K and expands adiabatically through a 4.5:1 pressure ratio to a temperature of 400 K. Determine 1. the actual work output, in kJ/kg of mixture, and 2. the isentropic turbine eciency. Solution: (1) 246 (2) 0.872 Problem:9.12 15-9 The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 8:1. Before the compression stroke of the cycle begins the pressure is 0.98 bars and the temperature is 27 C. The heat transfer to the air per cycle is 1430kJ/kg. Employing data from Table A-22, determine 1. the pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle, 2. the thermal eciency, 3. the mean eective pressure, in bars, and 4. the volume ow rate of air, measured at conditions at the beginning of compression, needed to produce 120 kW, in
m/min.

Solution: (1) (98;1759;5880;388)kPa ; (300;673;2250;1188)K (2) 0.50 (3) 9.38 (4) 8.77 Problem: 9.13 2006-1

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M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

An air-standard CARNOT cycle in a reciprocating cylinder-piston-device rejects 100 kJ/kg as heat transfer to a sink at 300 K. The minimum and maximum pressures in the closed cycle are 0.10 and 17.4 MPa, respectively. Perform all calculations on the basis of the air table. State 1 is the one with highest pressure and temperature. 1. Sketch the cycle in p,v an T,s diagram, add the numbers of the states. 2. Name the processes ( e.g. isobaric expansion) 3. Find p,v,T values at the four states. 4. Find the change of internal energy, heat transfer and work transfer on unit-mass base of the four processes. 5. Calculate the thermal eciency by two methods: using heat/work data and using temperatures. 6. Make a statement about the eciency of any real process working between the same thermal reservoirs. Solution:

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10 EXERGY
Problem: 10.1 (09-51) A hydrocarbon oil is to be cooled in a heat exchanger from 440 to 320K by exchanging heat with water which enters the exchanger at 20 C at a rate of 3000 kg/h. The oil ows at a rate of 750 kg/h and has an average specic heat of 2.30 kJ/kgK. Compute the change in ow availability, in kJ/h, for 1. the hydrocarbon oil stream and 2. the water stream. 3. Find the the loss in exergy for the overall process. 4. the irreversibility of the process, in kJ/h, if TO = 17 C.

Solution: (1) -13.25 (2) 2.13 (3) -11.12 (4) 0.038

11 GAS POWER SYSTEMS

Problem: 11.1 (9.11) An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7.5. At the beginning of compression p1 = 85 kPa and T1 =32C. The mass of the air is 2 g, and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 960 K. Determine 1) the heat rejection, in kJ 2) the net work, in kJ 3) the thermal eciency 4) the mean eective pressure, in kPa Solution: (1) -0,2227 kJ (2)-0,2538kJ (3) 53,3% (4)142,2

Problem:11.2 (9.13) Consider a modication of the air-standard Otto cycle in wich the insentropic compression and expansion processes are each replaced with polytropic processes having n = 1.3. The compression ratio is 9 for the modied cycle. At the beginning of compression p1 = 1 bar and and T1 = 300 K. Determine 1) the heat transfer and work per unit mass of air, in kJ/kg, for each process in the modied cycle 2) the thermal eciency 3) the mean eective pressure, in bar Solution:

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

(1) process; q; w; 1-2; -62,42; 267,9; 2-3; 1259,15; 0; 3-4; 34,28; -923,9: 4-1; -574,98; 0 (2) 0,507 (3) 5,86

Problem: 11.3 (9.32) An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 9. At the beginning of compression p1 = 100 kPa and T1 = 300 K. The heat addition per unit mass of air is 1400kJ/kg, with one half added at constant volume and one half added at constant pressure. Determine 1) the temperature at the end of each heat addition process, in K. 2) the net work of the cycle per unit mass of air, in kJ/kg 3) the thermal eciency 4) the mean eective pressure in kPa Solution: (1) T 3 =1509,8K;TT 4 =2076,5K; (2)-715,37; (3) 0,511; (4) 934,8

Problem: 11.4 (9.49) The compressor and turbine of a simple gas turbine each have isentropic eciency of 90%. The compressor-pressure ratio is 12. The minimum and maximum temperatures are 290 K and 1400 K, respectively. On the basis of an air-standard analysis, compare the values of (a) the net work per unit mass of air owing, in kJ/kg (b) the heat rejected per unit mass of air owing, in kJ/kg (c) the thermal eciency to the same quantities evaluated for an ideal cycle Solution: cycle; ideal cycle (a) -338,66; -446,7; (b) -552,92; -478,2; (c) 0,38;0,483

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M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

Problem: 11.5 (9.55) Reconsider Problem 11.4, but include a regenerator in the cycle. For regenerator eectiveness values ranging from 0 to 100%, plot a) the heat addition per unit mass of air owing, in kJ/kg b) the thermal eciency Solution:

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12 VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS

Problem: 12.1 (8.6) Water is working uid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 18 MPa. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Determine 1) the net work per unit mass of steam owing, n kJ/kg 2) the heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kJ/kg of steam owing 3) the thermal eciency 4) the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in kJ/kg of steam condensed Solution: (1) -921,6; (2) 2339,5; (3) 0,394; (4) -1417,9

Problem:12.2 (8.28) Water is the working uid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Steam at 10 MPa, 600C enters the rst stage turbine and expands through the rst-stage turbine to 0,7 MPa and then is reheated to 480C. If the net power output of this cycle is 100MW determine 1. the rate of heat transfer to the working uid passing through the steam generator, in MW. 2. the thermal eciency. 3. the rate of heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser in MW. Solution:

M. Mischke Energy and Thermodynamics ENG EK 304 Problems-Part II

(1); 245,7(2) 0,407; (3) 145,7

Problem: 12.3 (8.43) Modify the ideal Rankine cycle of Problem 12.1 to include superheated vapor entering the rst turbine stage at 18 MPa, 560C, and one open feedwater heater operating at 1 MPa. Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 1 MPa. Determine for the modied cycle 1) the net work, in kJ/kg of steam entering the rst turbine stage 2) the thermal eciency 3) the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser in kJ/kg of steaming entering the rst turbine-stage Solution: (1); -1268,3(2) 0,476; (3) -1394,1

Problem: 12.4 (8.44) Reconsider the cycle of Problem 12.3, but include in the analysis that each turbine stage and pump has an isentropic eciency of 85%. Solution: (1); -1100,7(2) 0,414; (3) -1558,3

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