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> C IL ED E LHI ED AD= E ED IL IJ=L= @ >HA A E I A F IJ = IJE JA =@H =L= = @ >HED AD= E ED IL IJ=L= E @E A E = FHE F LE A JA FAH=JKHE E L = E =@= A @ >H HA=CEH= K IJL=HK K @ >HK =@DA E K I LA E LHIJ= L = = = *K@K E @= FHE FH E L @ E FH = A H FAHE @ LH EI A LEI IJE J E CK =L= LH EH A JAD E A FH E L @ A -F IE@E IK = A A @L F EJ E FHE A K IA K FH ?AIK FH E L @ A @ @= A LH EL= E F IJ= A I=IJ=L E @E IJHK JKHA =JHE?A = E A = = AF IE@= E LH EL= = F @ @ A L= A J F E A @ = E @ I HKJ =L= = J IA @ C= = A E I=JE = = IL IJL= AF IE@ A =JHE?A F = K K E H= EJK HD IJ J @ L @E @ =J A I AJ EL IJE > EH = F =LK FK JE = ,= >E IA F > = = L= IL IJL= = E JF H IJ L = E E J F E I = IJ=>E IJ @= =I IA AF IE@E = @ @= K A =IJ AHE = E @HKCE JEF LE F E AH= ,HKC= LHIJ @KH AH= = IA ILA LE A HEIJE > C JF H IJE F LE A E JA FAH=JKH= = AIK =@E?E I E F EE E@E A K E = IK = F =JE E >E = AE E@E * 1 E F I A@K K @ >HA FH E L @ A =H= JAHEIJE A C =L E A@ IJ=J= E A F LE A = HD IJ = IA A I = EJE @ @=L= A @C L=H= K ED IF AL= FH F EIK B F EAJAHE E@ E @H ,HKCA LHIJA LED IF AL= AIK 2 4 # F EE E@E I= /66 @ C J L ! + +E= =JE IK J= AH @KH AHE E IK F C @ E = FHE A K = LEI E JA FAH=JKH= = E E = K /66 ' + @ E K K ED @ >HA =H= JAHEIJE A FHE FHE A E K LHK E E L = E KL AJE = A J I =>E = @ AF IE@ A I A JA LEI = JLH@ = 8H IK AIJ HE JA E E A =IE A E F EAIJAHE = A A K >E =?E E I= IJ= A E L = E = 2HA@IJ=L E LED F E AH= IK LE E AIJAHE E IK LH F FK =H E > C IL A ?E A A JF H IJE = L =CK JA >H E A E A@ IJ=L IJE K E H=@E F EJ= -F IE@ A I A IF=@= K K I KFE K = HB ED F E AH= A =H= JAHE EH= F =L= CK A A CA B= A = LE E JA IJ= =IJA B= A = E E JA FAH=JKH= = -F IE@E E F E AHE EH= K =I > JA FAH=JKHE F C @ E IK = HE JA A = JA FAH=JKH= = @ # + @ IA LEI JEFK JLH EL= = IJ= A LHIJA AF IE@= >H= K K = JA FAH=JKH= = E A K E & + A E I A HA= ?E A A IA FHE F E AHE =?E E @ C= = K AIK AC JAH A JA KF JHA>= LA E A E E A JLH EL= = =J= E =J H= E E FHALEI = JA FAH=JKHA F E AHE =?E A A @ LAIJE @ J F E I A @ACH=@=?E A =JHE?A = JE A E I= C F EJ= L A H= C > C AC IA F IA> = F= = H= F ILAJEJE E H=@E = KF= F IA>E?A = IA H=@E @A> E E E LA E @E A LE = ,= >E E IA FH E A E = AD= E = IL IJL= AF IE@E = IA CK @ @=L=JE H= E EJA JL=HE K ILHDK I = A = LEI IJE FHE E >H=@A F LA = = C FH @K A =K I = A A @K = A =IJE IJE F > = A JF H IJE EHA K FK JE = FH A = CKIJ A E @H ED L A I L E A@ IJ=J= E DAHA J = HD IJ F FH= A = LA E LHIJ J IA AIJ F > =L= @ @=L= A F =IJ AH= / =L A FHA@ IJE AF IE@= AIK CK IJ @E ?EH= = IL IJ=L= FHA = F IJ=L A E =DJ ALE = CK IJ JH A E =L IJE JA = = E IECKH = FH E L @ EL IJ > C = A E E A JAJ ED JL=HE A IA FHE J A I >= = K = I KF = A @ >H= A E I = JF H IJ JA @ >H= @E A E I = E J F E I = IJ=>E IJ / =L E A@ IJ=?E AIK LE = ?E A = FH E L @ A K @ IK = FH F E AIJAHA F IA>E?A IFA?E = A LHIJA AF IE@= A IA HEIJA K H= F LIJLK I AJ EL IJ = L =CK IF H F E AHE EH= A = = JF H IJ A E HC= I E IF ALE = FH H C= I E EIA E = = E BA E = JA HA =JEL EI = = LE = JA FAH=JKH= FHE A A 2 EAIJAHI A I A J= AH FHEF=@= K @KH AHE = = FH L @A IA AC JAH E A E I E HA= ?E = = FHE E IA A =IE A E F EAIJAHE E A = K I HA =JEL = E E E E?E = E =J H= =J= E =J H= = @ AF IE@= E L@ A =JAHE = FHE F E AHE =?E E FH = E E JA K A FHA CA @ HKJA B= A / =L A FHA@ IJE LED =JAHE = = AIK = = F AJ = LEI IJ = = ?E A = F AJ ED IEH LE = A@ IJ=L = FH E L @ = JA E LHI = JF H IJ
=J IBAHI E KJ A?= E = 5 @HKCA IJH= A F E AHE =?E = A LH AC JAH = I LEI E I KF = A E A IA K FH ?AIK FH E L @ A K IA = = = = IJ= = =FHA = = HD IJ JA I =>= A E I = JF H IJ A E IF ALE = = = E = 8E E AIJAHE IK F IL IJLE = E A K AF IE@= E F EAIJAH= 2 E AHE =?E = IA @ C= = = HA =JEL EI E JA FAH=JKH= = = @ F EAIJAH= = = = IL IJL= @= K @ >HK A E I K JF H IJ = @ AF IE@= K A@ IJ=L K FH E L @ K JA > = AD= E = IL IJL= E > A LA A E A K L = = E =JHE?A K @ IK = F EAIJAHA LE =JAHE = E E = K =J LA A JH LA FH E L @ A AC F EAIJAHE JA =J LA A I KF = A K @ IK = AF IE@A .A A I A =IJ= K F E AHE =?E BA = K F FH B H = @ADE@= F @ F IA> E KL AJE = LE F E AHE EI = K K @ >HK JF H IJ LEI E JA FAH=JKH= = = E JF H IJ C HA K = A F I A@E?= => =JEL ED IL IJ=L= LED I = FHE C HA K E C=H= K I ALE =JAHE = = @HA A >H E IJL=H= K E I KC E = J E E AIJ = LA = FHA@ IJ FHE KF JHA>E A@ IJ=?E AIK LEI E J = LE FHE FH E L @ E F JHA> E = F E AH E =?E K = E LA E F IJ J= KF E = J =J I E =L= AD= E = IL IJL= *E = AE E@E * 1 IK LEI K HA A E F E AHE F FH E L @ E LH I E E AF IE@E = E= CK E =JE E K LEI IJ E > A F = EL= A L = = = /66 E A E A K & ! + @ A = IE = = JA FAH=JKH= FHE IA CK HEIJEJE @ # + LE IK =JAHE = E E L H HD E J IA F > =L= F K =@EJEL= 7 @ IK = AF IE@A FHA@ IJ E A =J > = J F E I = IJ=>E IJ J A L= K H= F L FHE A E @ > H>A ED =LE = LEI ED FAHB H = IE E AJA LA E E >H E = = E = LA E LEIE E *E A AE E@E E IA HEIJA @ LED IJHK ?E = E = K /66 & + =@= IA A FHA F HK = ED L HE JA A = JA FAH=JKH= = E =@ # + F IA>E?A K KL AJE = F LA = A L =CA I L E IK A@ IJ=J= =J LE E JH LE FH E L @ A K @ IK = AF IE@A ,= =I * 1 F EJE K H= F L E IJHK ?E = = ILA A A = A K K F EJA I KC E =JHE? 2 EE E@ A I A E = K FHA@ IJ LH LEI A JA FAH=JKHA FHE A A K A = EJE A@ = @HKC= LHIJ= F E AH= >K@K E @= E A /66 E A K " + =@= A LEI JAD CE E FH E L @ A CK >EJE E @KH AHE =@E?E I E F EE E@E = E F =IJ AHE @A =?E IE F EE E@E 2H ?AIE FH E L @ A IK AIJ LH F A I E AH K K K K LEI A JA FAH=JKHA E J = LA JA =DJE AL= K IJH C FH= A A F=H= AJ=H= FH ?AI= = A >E @ @ IJL=H= = A IF EL ED JL=HE 6AD CE = FH E L @ A K K K A HE JA A FHAFHAC= E E 46 HAIE JH= IBAH @E C 7 H= F L E IJHK ?E = = HEIJA IA = K E J= = ED J H= E E = IJHK JEL A A A A JA L= ED =LE = LEI ED FAHB H = IE = L= EJAJ E E @ LED F E AH= E = K /66 LA K @ % + FH ?AI K JA FAH=JKHK @ FHA !% + @KC JH= K J F E I K IJ=>E IJ E E LHI = AD= E = IL IJL= I L = FHA@ IJ E A IJ=>E IJ E @ E = AD= E = IL IJL= = LEI E JA FAH=JKH= = LEI = L= EJAJ= FH E LA@A ED F A JE JA JF H IJ LA E E A E = E = @ A A@ IJ=J= ?E A = E I A IJ FH E L @ A +E= =J A I A F E AHE EH= K F K =J= E =J H= HA =JEL >H FHE JA FAH=JK H= = % # + E I LH = E I KF = A = F E AHE =?E A =H= JAHEIJE A IK @ >H= LHIJ = E JLH@ = = F LE A E JA FAH=JKH= = LH = KFE = A L =CA E= @KC JH= = E A IJ L = E K H K A I = A A IL IJ=L= J E FHA@IJ=L = FH > A = HE JA A K H= F L E IJHK ?E = = LE =JAHE = E IA CK E A =JE I AF IE@E = E E @HKCE @KH AHE = = >E IA @ >E = F > = = IL IJL=

2 =IJ AHE IK = EHA =IE ?EH= E = = HB E E HEIJ= E E E =@= ILE EIF =L= K HEIJ= E E IJ K LA EE = AHE =@= A HEIJ= E E E A =IJ AHE F = K K =J > K JF H IJ KJ A?= E = C HEL= DE@H=K E ED KE@= E @H K @ IK = = HB A ) HB E F =IJ AHE F = K K LA E K EIFHAF AJA IJ F E AH ED = =?= = FHE =CHE =L= K JA IA LA A H=I E@= K E F E AH IA F = = = LEI E BKE@ ) HB E F =IJ AHE IK E K @HA A AHE I AJ ELE = J=F= = JA IK =J I AJ ELE E = FK = A E = H = JA A = AC E HEIJ= E E E 2 =IJ AHE IK =J = AI E KFE = K L =CA = A IK I AJ ELE = K@=H = JA A = CK IA K CH= E A AHE F FH=L =JE F L E =CHE =L= A E =L=HEL=JE JA FAH=JKHA E FHEJEI?E = E = F E AHE EH= K IK =J LE E K @ IK = @KH AHA HEIJ= E E E F =IJ AHE IL IJL HEIJ= E E IJE F I A@K K > C LA A E E = A KI AHA IJE F E AH ED = =?= =@= F AJ K HEIJ= E E IJ E A CK A F IJE E 2HE =CHE =L= K HEIJ= E E A IA B= A E A = K E =JHE?= F IJ= A = HB E LEI E KE@ LE IK F E AH E K IJL=HE IA E HEIJ= E E E >K@K E @= I=@H A E HEIJ= E E K E = HB K B= K 2H E L @ E KL AJE >EJ KJ A K = IJKF= HEIJ= E E IJE J A LA = >H E = D = A = HEIJ= E E IJ A = = 2 E AJ E IK CHKF= HEIJ= E E ED F =IJ AH= E E = K E LHI K J F E I K JF H IJ A K E = IA EIJE K F EAJAH AJ 2- F EAJAH AJ AJ 2 JA = A A HE JA E F EAJAHAJAH AJ 2-- 2-- E = IJKF= HEIJ= E E IJE @ "% @ >H= AD= E = IL IJL= JA JF H IJ FHA = J=F= E = E EIA E = = I E K AJ ?A JHEH= A IK F H A EIA E A I L E A A@ IJ=J= LH LEI = ?E A = FH E L @ A 2 =IJ AHE CK >EJE FH E LA@A E =J >H A AH F LE A K JA FAH =JKHK E A F JHA> @H =L=JE @K A LHE A A A E @ ED E = K =J LE K /66 JA JA FAH=JKHK FHE A A @ AF IE@= E E >E = AE E@= =@= A @ F =IJ AH= A K EL JA A A E =J = @AB H =?E = FHE K JA JE A E =J LA = E =L IJ E EIF =L= K E FK = A FHE F LE A E JA FAH=JKH= = E IJ= J E FJAHA A A 2 EBA E A IK @ 225 A LEI HEIJ= E E E F E AH IJKF= HEIJ= E E IJE @ $% I @ E J FE I IJ=>E K JA A E I E L=JH JF H K J C= E E =JH= JEL E =JAHE = E @ FK JA E FHA = .)) = =LE I A E JAHE AHA =JAHE = =@H =L= @ >H= IL IJL= E = JA FAH=JKH= = @ + =@= F E A F IJKF I = E L= A AD= E ED IL IJ=L= 2 E AHE >= EH= E = @AHEL=JE = IK B = F EIK B 257 F EAJAH IK B 2-5 JA F E=HE IK B 2)5 IK = HB E CA AH= @ IJ= A E I E JF H E A ILE J= F= E = E E = K E E @ >H= IL IJL= = LEI E JA FAH=JKH= = JA L=JH JF H IJ =@H =L= K @ >H= AD= E = IL IJL= E K KL AJE = F LE A A JA FAH=JKHA E L =CA 5= C=IELE IK FHE A K IA IJL=H= LH == E E = @E = 2 EAJAHE E@ 2-, A = HB= A =IJ AH LEI ED AD= E ED IL IJ=L= ,E A E A IJ=>E = > C = HB A IJHK JKHA E = E H= A = I KF = A JA LEI E H= A K E JH FE K K KIF HA@>E I LA E HEIJ= E ED F E AH= 8EI = /66 CK =L= HE JA A = JA FAH=JKH= = @ + A E I E A LH JF H= = LA E >H A E =E= JA = =J IBAHI A KJ A?= A 2HE A K K CH= E =L= LH LA E = LEI IJ K H=IJ F A IJ= K =@= IK F E AHE @ E = J E = =JAHE = E =JHE?A K LA E IA AHE HEIJA E AJ= E J=@= IA J = EL= K A C AJ= =JHEN + F IEJAI + JA AH= E = F EJE I AJ= =JHE? IA @ E K K E E @ >HE AD= E E IL IJLE = = =JHE?K IA HEIJA = E AJ= E = E = K E E E AC LA ACKHA =C A E JEJ= I A ACKHA E @H LE F EJE CK K K HE JA A = JA FAH=JKH= = LE E @ % + K
LH LEI E H=@A E L= = =JHE?= > AF HE JA JHE?A =
K ?E A K FH E L @ A = A KL AJ L= = E E F E?EH= JAD CE I L E FH > A FHE FH E L @ E A A E I = A F=JE>E IJ AJ= A =JHE?A > C A E I ED HA= ?E = A K E = J E IK =L= >H >E =?E A L = = = E A A CK A >E EH=JE 5J C= IK IA = = =L= A AJ= ED =JHE?= = = = E 5E+ ) 2 3 JA * HIE? > H L L = FHAILK A IE E?E ALE =H>E@ A KC E ED L = = = A LH CH= E A >E = = K E E I A E =C A E ALA = AE A IJ LEI E JA FAH=JKH= = E E = =
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6A
6A
8A K E A K JA H A =IJE JA H A =IJE
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F A JE +=K?DO AL C JA H= =FHA = = E JA H= @AB H =?E = @= A IJE Cij ) IA =FHA = = E @AB H =?E A =FE K K > E K LA J H= = IJE K =JHE > E K LHE A@E
= +
*K@K E @= IK =FHA = = E @AB H =?E A JA HA@= L= IA E H= A =FEI=JE E HE @HKC C HA@= = A =IJE IJ JA
H AJLHJ C = H= ! " #

ij = Cijkl kl
) @A A JA H =FHA = = =FEI= F K F A JE FHA = 8 ECDJ L LA ?E E EH= HA@ I E A@ F A JE JA H= =FHA = = JA HEIJA E IL IJL IE AJHE A JA
ij = {11 22 33 23 13 12 }T
JA JA LHE A@E H @AB H =?E =
kl = {11 22 33 23 13 12 }T ij = Cijkl kl
7 = F A E EJ
B H E JA
H A =IJE
IJE
A IA =FEI=JE
Cijkl
C1111 C1122 C1133 C1123 C2222 C2233 C2223 C3333 C2333 = C2323 sim.
@ AC IA JA
C1113 C2213 C1333 C2313 C1313
C1112 C1222 C1233 C1223 C1213 C1212
$
LH
IA AIJ
HEIJE I= AJE > E
H =FHA = = =FEIK K %
i = {1 2 3 4 5 6 }T
6A F
H @AB H =?E = IA K J I K = K A =FEIK A F K JA HI ED LA E A AHI ED A JE JA IA K AIJ 23 13 JA 12 HEIJA KJ A @AB H =?E A 23 13 12
j = {11 22 33 23 13 12 }T = {1 2 3 4 5 6 }T
6=@= IA JA H A =IJE IJE =FEIK A K I= AJ
Cij =
&
>E K
C11
C12 C22
C13 C14 C23 C24 C33 C34 C44
sim.
C15 C25 C35 C45 C55
C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66
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JA IA
IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= K I= AJ
> E K =FEIK A
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Cijkl = Cijlk

5J C= IA @LE A IJ= JA A IK K = LA kl E lk CK FHE = =JE A@ IJ= J E A IA >H =JAHE = ED IJ= JE I = K A = #" =@= A > C IE AJHE A JA H= =FHA = = LHE A@E Cijkl = Cjikl JA IA >H =JAHE = ED IJ= JE I = K A = & E IJ= A ED !$ > C IE AJHE A I= C JA H= A =IJE IJE >H IJ=J E IA I = K A = = ED J A E = IE = E >H =JAHE = ED IJ= JE A FEIK K F = = A A =IJE C =JAHE = = J= =L IA =JAHE = = EL= = E JH F E 5E AJHE = JA H= A =IJE IJE @ = K A IA = I A@A E = E 2HA = E H= K
ij = Cijkl kl
LHE A@E
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IA KLA@A F = LHIJ E LHE A@E
ij = Cijkl kl CKIJ A A AHCE A @AB H EH= = U ij = U ij =
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6=@= A
U ij = kl kl ij
2U = Cijkl kl ij
L A A E @A IA FHE A K IA LHE A@
$ IJ % & '
) IA EIJE F IJKF= FH LA@A = FH E H= = A E A = LHE A@E
EA A AF
kl = Cklij ij kl = Cklij ij kl = kl U = ij ij kl
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U kl = 2U = Cklij ij kl
KJ=JEL
IJE FAH=J H= @AHELEH= = LE@ EL
Cijkl = Cklij
#
E A A E @ = = = IE AJHE = JA H= A =IJE IJE L IL IJL E L @K E H= = = CKIJ K A AHCE A @AB H EH= = U 1 E H= =
A >EJE EI
HE JA
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ij =
JA
U ij U dij ij
dU = ij dij =
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dU = ij dij = Cijkl kl dij

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dU = kl dkl = Cklij ij dkl

> C IE AJHE A JA H= A =IJE IJE E H= F I A@ E IA E H= A =FEI=JE
#
dU = Cijkl ij dkl
>H= = A E H= = " E $ @ >E A A E H=
$
2dU = Cijkl (ij dkl + kl dij ) = Cijkl d(ij kl )

@ I = E JACHEH= =
%
1 U = Cijkl ij kl & 2 ) IA @A EH= K @L= F A EJ= =HJA E AL= @AI = H@E =J = IKIJ=L= (x1 , x2 , x3 ) E (x1 , x2 , x3 ) CK A A @AB EH=JE LA E E K aij = IE KI KJ= E A K IE xi E xj aij = cos(xi , xj )
6=@= IA E H= E = JH= IB H =?E K F A JE JA H= @HKC C HA@= FHE H J=?E E E =J C IKIJ=L= (x1 , x2 , x3 ) K H@E =J E IKIJ=L (x1 , x2 , x3 ) =FEIK K ' H@E !
ij = aip ajq pq
EE= IA H=@E JA HK AJLHJ C HA@=
C ijkl = aip ajq akr als Cpqrs

6A H A =IJE IJE H= =@ L EJE @HA A A KL AJA E E = @HA A = IL IJL= @ IK A = F = = = K FHE = E = = E = = 6A 6A H A F EJEL H A IE AJHE = = E A A A JE IK F EJEL E E IA = EL= JA H F @=J EL IJE = =JHE IA L =FEIK A 5 = +1 @A EJ=
! ED
! 5LE @E =C
1 " 2 IJ E E LAH = JA H Sijkl = Cijkl J= AH F EJEL @A EJ= E IE AJHE =
E A
$
# ,AJAH E = J= CK =H =
=JHE?A JA
H= A =IJE
IJE A F EJEL = det+ > 0 =JHE?= A AIE
$ 5LA L=@H=J A IK> =JHE?A A I=@H A @E =C = A A A A JA E HA IK F EJEL @A EJ A ILA C H A E ALA IK> =JHE?A @ + HA@= N N !N! . . . $N$ E E = K @AJAH E = JK > 0 @A ) A @A EH= = H=L E = A =IJE EH= = I IE x3 6=@= E H= E A IE AJHE A (x1 , x2 ) J=@= A H == = H=L E K ! =?E = A E JH= A H= EH= IA !!
x1 x1 , x2 x2 , x3 x3
FEIK K H?= A A > EH = LK H=L E K 6HA>= FHE E AJEJE @= L= JH= IB H FEIK A H J=?E K H@E =J C IKIJ=L= AH LE H@E =J E IKIJ=L LE A E A @AI B H =?E = FEIK A H?= A A H=L E A (x1 , x2 ) = I K = A =IJE A IE AJHE LHE A@EJE @= JA H A =IJE IJE A E A = LHE A@ IJE F A JE A JH= IB H @ I C ijkl = Cijkl E E =FEI= FHA E H= = = JH= B H =?E K !
C ijkl = aip ajq akr als Cpqrs

2HE L JH= IB H =?E E LHE A@E a11 = 1 a22 = 1 a33 = 1 @ 6=@= JH= IB H =?E = F A JA C1113 C =IE
!" IK ILE IJ= E aij = 0 !#
C 1113 = a11 a11 a11 a33 C1113 = C1113

L= A KL AJ CK A EIFK EJE I= = A C1113 = 0 6= AH LHE A@E
C 1333 = a11 a33 a33 a33 C1333 = C1333
!$
J J= AH LHE A@E I= = C1333 = 0 8H IA = @ = K A @= A L >EJE I K = = ILA Cijkl E E = K AF=H= K L I K = K E E ! >H E @A I= ! 5J C= A @ L= L C =JAHE = = I A@A A F A JA JA H= A =IJE IJE E =JE LHE A@ IJ
C1123 = C1113 = C2223 = C2213 = C2333 = C1333 = C1223 = C1213 = 0
!%
L= =L IA =JAHE = = EL= E E E E E E >H IA A =IJE ED A LEI ED IJ= JE I = K A I= = ! 6A H A =IJE IJE IA =FEIK A K FK B H E = IK F A JA JA H= =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K LA J HI > E K =FEI= E FHA = 8 ECDJ L LA ?E E C1111 C1122 C1133 0 0 C1112 C2222 C2233 0 0 C1222 C3333 0 0 C1233 Cijkl = !& C2323 C2313 0 sim. C1313 0 C1212
%
E E K I= AJ
>E K
Cij =
C11
C12 C22
C13 C23 C33
sim.
0 0 C16 0 0 C26 0 0 C36 C44 C45 0 C55 0 C66
!'
>E IA EIJE F IJKF= FH LA E = H=L E K A =IJE A IE AJHE A (x1 , x3 ) H = A x2 LHE A@E x1 x1 , x2 x2 , x3 x3
A LA J H "
5=@= IK = LE =JHE?A JH= IB H =?E A a11 = 1 a22 = 1 a33 = 1 @ IK ILE IJ= E aij = 0 HEIJA E EIJE FHE ?EF E A FHE E A A FHE = = E E E E C =JAHE = = = IA F = K A @= A ILE = LE JA H= A =IJE IJE E E = K AF=H= >H E @A I= >EJE A@ = E K E FH
C 1222 = a11 a22 a22 a22 C1222 = C1222 = 0

S = LE E H=L E A A =IJE H= K >EJE A@ = E K E = EIK LA E A@ = A E I K A IE AJHE A (x1 , x2 ) AIK K FHE =
" = =E E "
C1112 = C1222 = C1233 = C2313 = 0
*H A LEI ED IJ= JE A =IJE IJE IA I = K A = "EE IE ' ) >E IA E LH E = EIJ= = = E = = H=L E K A =IJE A IE AJHE A (x2 , x3 ) = IA K =L= @= A = @ @=J ED = L= =JHE?A A =IJE IJE E IK K = = EIK LA I=@H = E K FHE A =LA@A = @L= I K = = LE IA @ = K A @= = =JAHE = E = @LE A A KI > EJA H=L E A A =IJE A IE AJHE A K E = E JHA K = A EJ= = JA @LE A L= =L IA =JAHE = = EL= HJ JH F E E JA H A =IJE IJE IA =FEIK A
Cijkl =

C1111 C1122 C1133 C2222 C2233 C3333 sim.
0 0 0 C2323
0 0 0 0 C1313
0 0 0 0 0 C1212
"!
EE
Cij =
C11
C12 C22
C13 C23 C33
0 0 0 C44
sim.
0 0 0 0 C55
0 0 0 0 0 C66
""
2HE AH HJ JH F C IJ= @=H@ E A AHI
=JAHE = = FHA@IJ=L = A@= F EJ E I = I E = FHE = K A = =L= A E JH F C =JAHE = = @ AC I l = =L= &
5E =
= =L= A IE HJ JH F
=JAHE = =
FH=L=? L = = I t A K H=L E E I = EJ = FH=L=? L = = = I ! q E E @AI E H@E =J E IKIJ=L I FHLA @LE A IE =@= A = A @A EH= = H=L E = (x1 , x2 ) J= @= A IL= = H=L E = EJ= = K H=L E = A =IJE A IE AJHE A J= =L IA =JAHE = = EL= JH= ILAH = E JH F= L= IA H=L E = = EL= H=L E JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A @ IA FH=L=? x3 = EL= I JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A 6H= ILAH = E JH F E =JAHE = FHA@IJ=L = F IA>= I K = HJ JH F C = = =JL=H= JAHE = = ) IK @A EH= A LA IE A A A K H=L E E EJ = x3 x1 = =JL=H= EIJE KJ I x2 J=@= A F @A E?E E H=L E = (x1 , x2 ) KJ I IE x2 JA x2 J= AH H=L E = A =IJE A IE AJHE A JA LHE A@E
x1 = cosx1 + sinx2 x2 = sinx1 + cosx2 x3 = x3
"#
= = =E AIE A = E @ E E C =JAHE = = E IHA EL= = E H= = LE@ AJE FH HABAHA ?K & = @AJ= K = = E K ILED F A@E ED = L= JA H A =IJE IJE IA =FEIK A
Cijkl =

C1111 C1122 C1133 C1111 C1133 C3333 sim.
0 0 0 C1313
0 0 0 0 C1313
1 (C1111 C1212 ) 2 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
"$
Cij =
C11
C12 C11
C13 C13 C33
0 0 0 C44
1 (C11 C12 ) 2 8E@ EL A @= A JH= ILAH = E JH F= =JAHE = FEI= I # A LEI ED A =IJE ED IJ= JE .E E = L= =L IA =JAHE = A H= =JH=JE = E JH F= K H=L E E A =IJE A
'
sim.
0 0 0 0 C44
"%
IE AJHE A JA I= A AHI FHE E F IA> A = x3 l I E = ! E H EL K
IL IJLE = >EJ A E IE A @A A t, t , l JA >E 2HE AH JH= ILAH
@HKC= E E K EH= K H=L E A = L@ A FHE = = E JH F
FH=L?K JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A 7 E E FH=L?A JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A E = K = I K = LHE A@E x1 t x2 t JA C =JAHE = = AIJ L = H= =JH= =
5E =!
= A IE JH= ILAH =
E JH F
CL=
) IA H= =JH= =JAHE = E E = A@ K @ @=J K I JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A x1 J=@= A @ @=J = H=L E = JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A (x2 , x3 ) *K@K E @= K J IK =K A =IJE = IL IJL= H= K >EJE EIJ= = FH=L?A x2 E x3 I A@A E FHA IJ= E = LE JA H= A =IJE IJE H= K >EJE A@ = E HEIJA E E L H = =L= A = L= JA H= = = E JH F= =JAHE = "& C2222 = C3333 = >K@K E A LA @ FHE A C2222 = C1111 J=@= A E C3333 = C1111 =@= A H= LHE A@EJE E "' # H A =IJE IJE K =

C1122 = C1133
= E = JHE
1 C1313 = C1212 = (C1111 C1122 ) 2 A LA FHE A @A EH= = I JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A x3 6A B H E J=@= IA =FEIK A
C1111 C1122 C1122 C1111 C1122 C1111 Cijkl = sim.

1 (C1111 C1122 ) 2
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 (C1111 C1122 ) 2
0 0 0 0 0 1 (C1111 C1122 ) 2 #
I
Cij =
C11
C12 C11
C12 C12 C11
1 (C11 C12 ) 2
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 (C11 C12 ) 2
0 0 0 0 0 1 (C11 C12 ) 2
#
sim.
) >E A =IJE C A =IJE F
IA EIJ= = = E = FH LA = = IJE A >E IA FH E A E E H=L E = A =IJE A IE AJHE = IL IJL= K ILE I AH A JA JA H= A =IJE IJE
I JH= ILAH = A E JH FE A x2 = LE K =FEIK JA H= JA IJ C= = A @= L= =L =JAHE = E = >AI = A L= =L IA =JAHE = = EL= E JH F E E E = EIJ= LE = FEIK K C= A LEI A IJ= JA A =IJE IJE IA CK FHE = =JE E F K = LED IJ=J E E #!
C1111 = C11 = + 2 C1212 = C12 =
=@= A JA H A =IJE IJE E JH F C =JAHE = = = EL= E JH F E JA H IJ= E IK FHE AHE E JH F C JA H= A@E E = =JHE?= 1 E E H A? AH L= @A J= ij 5L= E IA JA H AJLJ C HA@= A =FEI=JE = E A=H = >E =?E = JHE E JH F = JA H= AJLHJ C HA@= #" Cijkl = ij kl + 1 ik jl + 2 il jk JA HEIJA E
ij = Cijkl kl
F A@E E E H= E K A@ =@ >E #" IA JH= IB H EH= K HE JA A @A I= A F I A@K A H A? AH L= @A J= ij JA IA =FEIK A
## IL IJL= IKFIJEJK?E A E #$ #% #& #' =JAHE = C =IE $
ij kl kl = ij kk 1 ik jl kl = 1 ik jk = 1 ij 2 il jk kl = 2 il jl = 2 ij
@ EEK I
ij = ij kk + (1 + 2 )ij
= A K 1 + 2 = 2 IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= = E JH F=
ij = ij kk + 2ij
8= A = E AJEJE @= A kk = 11 + 22 + 33 = e IK = @K E I ED @AB H =?E = J FHA@IJ=L = FHLK E L=HE = JK JA H= @AB H =?E = @ I = IK F A JA JA H= @AB H =?E = =FEI= A K > E K L=@H=J A =JHE?A JH=C =JHE?A 8HE A@ IJE E IK LA FHE A KLA@A A = LA IJ= JA = K E A AHI IA FH= IE = =L= I= G
@K I E?= = F A JA JA =FHA = = CK A A =FEI=JE E H=
H= @AB H =?E = E H= A A FHA
A JE JA
H=
ij =
1
1 ij kk ij 2 3 + 2
$ IJE E F K = LED @ AC A 11 = 0 = ILE
L C IA E H= = A@ IJ=L A =FEI=JE @K A =IJE IJ= JE ) IA H= =JH= A@ I IJ= A =FHA = = IJ= E ij = 0 = i = j = 1 E H= $ C =IE
11 =
E AC= A = A@
1 11 11 11 = 1 2 3 + 2 2 3 + 2
C IHA EL= = LE@ EL
$
IJ=L
E=
6A H F @=J EL IJE = HJ JH F E
Sij =
11 (3 + 2) = 11 +
=JAHE = =FEI= F KE A AHI ED
$! IJ= JE
1 E1 12 E1 13 E1
21 E2 1 E2 23 E2 sim.
31 E3 32 E3 1 E3
0 0 0 1 G23
0 0 0 0 1 G31
0 0 0 0 0 1 G12
$"
8=
A =F
A KJE @= =
LHE A@E Sij = Sji J=@= A E
12 21 = E1 E2
8A = E A@ K F A JE JA H= A =IJE IJE E F @=J EL IJE A I E A@A =
$#
C11 = C12 C44
2 2 2 S22 S33 S23 S33 S11 S13 S11 S22 S12 ; C22 = ; C33 = ; S S S S12 S23 S13 S22 S12 S13 S23 S11 S13 S23 S12 S33 ; C13 = ; C23 = ; = S S S 1 1 1 = ; C55 = ; C66 = S44 S55 S66
$$
) IA H=@E A@ I K IA H= =FHA = = JA IA K AIJ =JHE?A A =IJE
=JH= = HJ JH F= E K H=L E I IJ= K IJE + HEIJE HA@K?EH= = =JHE?= A =IJE IJE 3
Qij = sim.
Q11
Q12 Q22
0 0 Q66
$%
8= A =F A KJE @= IA A A A JE 3 A CK @EHA J @ >EJE E A A A =J= + = LE =JHE?A 3 E = K A J = A LHE A@ IJE @ @C L=H= K ED A A A =J= =JHE?A + - A A JE 3 IA CK @ >EJE E LAHJEH= A 5 E E IA A A A JE A E A = K FHE H= =JH= K A@ C I = K IJ= K H=L E I C =FHA = = 2 K E A AHI ED IJ= JE F A JA HA@K?EH= C JA H= A =IJE IJE CK IA =FEI=JE
Q11 = Q22 Q12 Q66

JA F A JA =JHE?A
E1 E1 = 1 12 21 1 1 2 E2 = 1 12 21 12 E2 = 1 12 21 = G6
IJE
$&
F=JE>E
S11 = S22 S12 S66
1 E1 1 = E2 21 12 = = E1 E2 1 = G6
$'
= KC E L= I AF IE@ =JHE? =H= JAHEIJE A CA AHE A LHE A@ IJE AIK E1 = 155 /2= E2 = E3 = 12.1 /2= 12 = 13 = 0.248 23 = 0.458 G23 = 3.2 /2= G13 = G12 = 4.4 /2= HE JA A E H= = $& LHE A@ IJE =JHE?A A =IJE IJE + =FEIK K IA 6=> ! 6=> E?= ! 8HE A@ IJE C22 C33 C44 # # # # ! =JHE?A A =IJE =JHE?A A =IJE IJE K /2= C66 C12 C13 C23 C55 " " # $" # $" % " " IJE 3 @A EH= A IK K 6=> " IJE K /2=
C11 #&
= LHE A@
IJE HA@K?EH= A
6=> E?= " 8HE A@
IJE HA@K?EH= A =JHE?A A =IJE Q11 Q22 Q12 Q66 ## % $ ! " "
7 H= =JH= E = IA HEIJA @L= I L = H@E =J = IKIJ=L= IKIJ=L C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE ( ) @ AC A I K FH=L?K L = = @ A I EJ= = K E K H=L E E A = E =J= JA C >= E H@E =J E IKIJ=L (x, y ) K A A IA @A EH=JE IE A A JE =FHA = = E @AB H =?E A = EJ=L = E =J 5 " KJ =JL=H= K IE x E ) A3 @A EH= K C =L =JAHE = IKIJ=LK F IJ=L = IA FEJ= A = L= A LA = E A K =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K C >= H@E =J IKIJ=LK @A EH= = =JHE? 3 !
5E ="
H@E =J E IKIJ=LE
x
y xy
HE JA E K JH= B H =?E E JA

H= A =IJE
IJE
Q12 Q16 x Q22 Q26 y = sim. Q66 s Q11
%
8A K E A K F A JE JA H= =FHA = = K H@E =J @= A JA HI = JH= IB H =?E = ij = aip ajq pq
IKIJ=LK ( ) E IKIJ=LK (x, y ) %
C@ A A ij JA H =FHA = = K L H@E =J IKIJ=LK pq JA H =FHA = = K IJ=H H@E =J IKIJ=LK JA aip IE KI KJ= E A K LA H@E =J A IE E E IJ=HA IE F 7 =JHE B H E L= IA JH= IB H =?E = A =FEI=JE =
1 c2 s2 2cs x 2 2 2 c 2cs y = s cs cs c2 s2 s 6
%
C@ A A
c2 s2 2cs 2 c2 2cs 6 = s cs cs c2 s2
AH LHE A@E JH= IB H =?E =
1
%!
K c = cos , s = sin 6=
c2 s2 cs x 2 2 c cs y 2 = s 2cs 2cs c2 s2 s 6
%"
C@ A A
c2 s2 cs 2 c2 cs 6 = s 2 2 2cs 2cs c s
"
%#
) IK LA J H =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K C >= |x| E |x| = K C =L =JAHE = = |i| @
H@E =J |i| LHE A@E
IKIJ=LK =FEI= E = %$ %%
1 1 |x| = 6 |i| = 6 36 |i| 1 3 = 6 36
4= LE = A
E H= = %%
4
CK IA =FEI=JE F A@E E
2 2
LE
=JHE?A 3 %&
Q11 = Q11 cos + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 ) cos sin + Q22 sin4 Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66 ) cos2 sin2 + Q12 (sin4 + cos4 ) Q22 = Q11 sin4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 ) cos2 sin2 + Q22 cos4 Q16 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 ) cos3 sin + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66 ) sin3 cos Q26 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66 ) sin3 cos + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66 ) cos3 sin Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 2Q66 ) sin2 cos2 + Q66 (sin4 + cos4 )
2 KE A AHI ED IJ= JE A A A JE 3 IA K HE JA A IKFIJEJK?E =
E1 =
=FEIK K
E2 E1 ; E2 = 1 12 21 1 12 21
%'
Q11 = E1 cos4 + E2 sin4 + 2(21 E1 + 2G12 ) sin2 cos2 Q12 = (E1 + E2 4G12 ) sin cos + 21 E1 sin cos Q22 = E1 sin4 + 2(21 E1 + 2G12 ) sin2 cos2 + E2 cos4 Q16 = (E1 21 E1 2G12 ) sin cos3 + (21 E1 E2 + 2G12 ) sin3 cos Q26 = (E1 21 E1 2G12 ) sin3 cos + (21 E1 E2 + 2G12 ) sin cos3 Q66 = (E1 + E2 221 E1 2G12 ) sin2 cos2 + G12 sin4 cos4
2 2 4 4
&
2H A
A = A =IJE ED IJ= JE HE A J=?E A L = = =
F EJ
=JAHE = = I FH
= =@= A LHE A@ IJE E1 E2 G6 12 F JHA> A @HA@EJE LHE A@ IJE Ex Ey Gxy xy FHE FH A E KJ= HE A J=?E A L = = = ) K I K L =@= A@ I IJ= A =FHA = = J= @= A x = 0 y = xy = 0 A@ IJ=L JA HI JH= IB H =?E E LA@A = A LA =
1 = x cos2 2 = x sin 6 = x sin cos

HE JA A 0 A L C = = = @L I IJ= A
2
&
1 = 2 = 6 =
1 (1 12 2 ) E1 1 (2 21 1 ) E2 6 G6
#
&
JA =
KLH J=L= = E H= = & E L @E IA
1 = x 2 6
7 FHE I E A@E A K JH= IB H =?E A
cos2 21 sin2 E1 E2 sin2 12 cos2 = x E2 E1 sin cos = x G12

1 |x| = 6 |i|
&!
&"
x = cos2 1 + sin2 2 sin cos 6 y = sin 1 + cos 2 + sin cos 6 s = 2 sin cos (1 2 ) + (cos2 sin2 )6
= KLH J=L= = LHE A@ IJE = 1 2 JA 6 A IA =FEI=JE
2 2
&#
x = x y s
=
cos4 sin4 + + sin2 cos2 E1 E2 12 1 1 = x sin2 cos2 + E1 E1 E2 12 1 1 = 2 sin cos x + E1 E2 2G12

A@ I
12 1 2 G12 E1 12 1 +2 E1 G12 1 1 12 1 cos2 + +2 E1 E2 E1 G12
&$
IA H=@E
IJ= K =FHA = = LHE A@E
Ex =
JA FHA = E H= K &$ I E A@E
x x
&%
1 cos4 sin4 1 12 = + + sin2 cos2 2 Ex E1 E2 G12 E1

) IA K E H= = Ex K AIJ KLHIJE ( + 2 ) E L @E IA E H= = Ey
&&
sin4 cos4 1 12 1 = + + sin2 cos2 2 Ey E1 E2 G12 E1

J 2H A = CA AHE A LHE A@ A = 2 EII LED IJE KC E AF IE F EJ= FHE = = K =I #
&'
A ?E A =J= E H= =L= IA F
xy =
@ I
y x
' '
xy =
y y = Ex x x
$
5 E = # 2H
A =
@K = A =IJE
IJE K LEI
IJE
KJK
J @= A E H=
xy = Ex
JA = = C FHAJD @
12 1 1 12 1 sin2 cos2 + +2 E1 E1 E2 E1 G12

E H= K
'
yx = Ey
J A FHE = = =I $
21 1 1 12 1 sin2 cos2 + +2 E2 E1 E2 E1 G12
'!
5 E = $ 2H ) IA H=
A = 2 EII
LED
A ?E A =J= K LEI
IJE
KJK
=JH= I K = xy = 0 x = y = 0 J=@= FHA = E H= E = = JH= IB H =?E K %
JA
H= =FHA = = LHE A@E
1 = 2 sin cos xy 2 = 2 sin cos xy 6 = xy (cos2 sin2 )

JA FHE A KK E0 A L = LHE A@E
'"
1 = 2 sin cos xy 2 6
= E LED IA LHE A@ FEIK A = IJE
1 12 + E1 E1 1 21 = 2 sin cos xy + E2 E2 xy 2 2 = (cos sin ) G12

JA
'#
HE JA A
HI A JH= IB H =?E A FHA = E H= K &# xy =
xy = 4 sin2 cos2 xy
HE JA A I E A@E = @ A@ I=
1 12 1 21 + + + E1 E1 E2 E2 xy = xy Gxy
+ (cos2 sin2 )2
xy G12
'$
'%
IJ=L ED JHEC
AJHE I ED JH= IB H =?E =
1 1 + 12 1 + 21 1 = 4 sin2 cos2 + Gxy E1 E2 G12

L= A LEI IJ FHE = = = = I %
1 G12
'&
&
5 E = % 2H
A =
@K = I E?= = K LEI
IJE
KJK
E H
AD= E =
=@= = E H AD= E A A @= F =L= K E AD= E = IL IJL= L = = E =JHE?A @HA@E AD= E = IL IJL= A@ C I = ) = EJE A E K AHE A AJ @A IK = A A F J HAF A A A IFAHE A JE = E A IA LH E LAHE =?E = @ >ELA ED K AHE ED HA K J=J= = A A HE JA A AJ @A E H AD= E A AIK FH=LE AJ @= ! @A A =LE = ?A JHE L=@H=J CI ED ?E E @=H= A J= = L = = =
" IA B ?
IEIJA J A @
AJD @I
A @A EH= K C H K E @ K CH= E?K F A@E ED LHE A@ IJE
# 0= FE 6I=E A@ =@ >A
! 1 H= E @ >ELA E FH=LE
A =LE =
= FHE AH E H= K = AD= E ED IL IJ=L= I = FHE = = = A = A@ IJ=L E = AJ @= = K A C AI JAH E CE E E = = EL HK A B ENJKHAI I L A FHAJF IJ=L A FHE F IJ=L = K LED E H= = AIK LA = E A KL= =E =JHE?A A E@A= =
A = KF E = K ! A H= =JH= K IA
F EJK = E ABA JE FH ?A JH=?E = =FHA = =
'
Em 2(1 + m ) @ AL= H= =JH= = HJ JH F I AD= E E IL IJLE = Elf @K A =IJE IJE f K I AHK FHK = = L = = Eq @K A =IJE IJE EJ = I AH FHK = = L = = f = q JA Gf @K I E?= = ) IK L K E K@ A L = = E =JHE?A K HABAHA J lq lq l L K A K @A EH= E = v f E v m J=@= FHA = FHAJF IJ=L?E AF IJ = K KF E = LHE A@E vf + vm = 1 ''
=JHE?= A H= =JH= = = E JH F = I AD= E E IL IJLE = E m m JA Gm = 7 @= = = E E H= =JH= K IA @L= I KK L =IK == A@ I IJ= A =FHA = = EI IJH=E A@ E = @AB H =?E = K I F=H= A A@ = FHE E AH FHE =FHA = A K I A A LA
=?JE
K EI IJHAII =?JE
E IAHEAI
AJ @A >EJ A FHE = = FHLE I K =
! 5 K = A@ =FHA = =
I L EJ E I EHE = KL AJK A CA AJHE I @EBAHA ?E = =JHE?A = A@ E A @AB
E A @AB H =?E A K L =
K E
=JHE?E K
A@
IJ= A
A LA E E A FHE = = A IK I E & FHE A K IA H= =JH= A@= F A @A> E A JA EHE A b = E @ A K A IE = F K FH=L?K L = = 7 KF = A = A I= bM = K KF = EHE = ILED L = = = = bF 2HA = H =?E A K I K LHE A@E
m m f ll = ll = ll

f l qq = qq =0
JA
f ll = Elf ll ;
m ll = E m ll ;

f f qq = lq ll ;
m m qq = ll
4=
=JH= K E I
LE@ EL
A @= A K KF = IE = F A@ = =
F =
m
m M ll b + f
f F ll b = ll b
!
AC= IA
A @HA@EJE
ll = E m ll
*K@K E @= A = I
bM + Elf ll b
bF b bF KFH=L L K b
" E K@ A L = =
@EBAHA ?E = A @A> E A L ?E A J @E A A = I ll =FEIK A
vf
FHAJD @ E E H= IA =
ll 1 = E m (1 v f ) + Elf v f = ll S11
@ I
#
S11 =
1 E m v m + Elf v f
!
$
5 E = & /A
AJHE I A LA E E A
HE JA A K E L @K FH=LE =
A =LE =
=@= A E
L A
IJEJKJEL A A@ =@ >A I E A@E
S12 =
qq ll
IJ= J = K I
% AHK q = E A E & IJ S12 '
JA = IA FHAJF IJ=LE @= A @AB H =?E = L = = E =JHE?A A@ = = K KF A FH @K A A I = K I AHK G A@ =
qq b =
f
M f qq b + m
M m qq b
JA IA =
KLH J=L= = E H= = " E & K % E IHA EL= = @ >E = LHE A@
S12 =
f f lq v + m vm
Elf v f + E m v m
) =E E H= = $ JA ' LE@ EL A J K@= = EL AJ @A FH=LE A =LE = F A @E A F A JA =JHE?A A =IJE IJE F @=J EL IJE IA E @C L=H= K ED LHE A@ IJE A @C L=H= K L = K E =JHE?E @ >EL= K A A I ED LE L K E K@ A E =
!
"
I
= H
AD= E =
F EJ=
=@= = A = H AD= E A F EJ= @= F =L= K E AD= E = IL IJL= ILED F A@E ED AL= ED LK @A> E K JA KI AHA IJ L = = = K C >= H@E =J IKIJ=LK @HA@E AD= E E @ EL EJ=L C F EJ= LHE A@ IJE F A JE JA H= =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K I ALE = E ED IA @= @HA K K LHE A@ IJE IE = E A =J= >EH = EJ=L F EJ 7L @ E E H= E JA HE A A =IJE IJE = @L @E A E = E I K = C =IA !
x =
u x v y = y u v + y x
xy =
1 u v xy = ( + ) 2 y x
7 E @A I =FEIK HEIJA E FAH=J H @AHELEH= = E H= E C =IA
11 = u1,1 22 = u2,2 1 12 = (u1,2 + u2,1 ) 2

EE
" # $ %
1 ij = (ui,j + uj,i ) 2 IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= K = F A EJE A I K = K =FEI= = A ij = Cijkl kl
HEIJA E F A EJE =FEI
&
7 I= AJ
=FEIK
LA
=JHE?A C =IA
ij = m Cijkl = Cmn kl = n
FHE A K LHE A@E =FHA = = HEIJA E 8 ECDJ LK LA ?E K = I= AJE =FEI F A JE JA
' H=
m = Cmn n
6=> E?= # 6=> E?= FH E EE !! EE !
A A E @A I= ! ! " # $
" 8A = E
A KE
A AHI ED
IJ= JE E
=JHE?A A =IJE
IJE
= 7 FHAJF IJ=L K 1 = 0; 2 = 12 = 0 LHE A@E
1 = Q11 1 + Q12 2 2 = Q12 1 + Q22 2 .

4 A =L= A L C IKIJ=L= A@ =@ >E @ >ELA A !
1 = 2
= >K@K E @= LHE A@E E1 =
Q22 1 Q11 Q22 Q2 12 Q12 = 1 . Q11 Q22 Q2 12
"
1 J=@= A 1 E1 = Q11 Q22 Q2 12 Q22 Q12 2 = 1 Q22

# $
12 = 1 =
> 7 FHAJF IJ=L K 2 = 0; 1 = 12 = 0
A IA E LAIJE % &
E2 =
2 Q11 Q22 Q2 12 = 2 Q11 Q12 1 = 2 Q11
21 = 2 =
? 7 FHAJF IJ=L K 12 = 6 = 0; 1 = 2 = 0 LHE A@E
G6 =
6 = Q66 6
'
"
1 L @ IE AJHE A JA
H= A =IJE
IJE E F @=J EL IJE

!
IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= FHA = C =IE
i = Cij j
JA A @EBAHA ?E = CKIJ A A AHCE A @AB H EH= =
dW = i di dW = Cij j di
!!
! !
= CKIJ = A AHCE A @AB H EH= =
FHE
1 W = Cij i j 2 C =IE A A FAH=J H= @AHELEH= = i W = Cij j i
!!
!"
JA =
FHE
A A F=H?E =
C @AHELEH= = F j I E A@E
2W = Cij i j
) IA IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= =FE A K > E K
!#
j = Cji i
JA FH LA@A F IJKF= @AHELEH= = @ >EL= IA E H=
!$
2W = Cji j i
!%
HE JA A KJ=JEL IJE @AHELEH= = E KIF HA@> E H= = !#E !% FH E = E IE AJHE = JA H= A =IJE IJE Cij = Cji ) IA IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= =FEIK A HEIJA E JA H F @=J EL IJE LHE A@E i = Sij j !&
1 W = Sij i j 2 dW = i di = Sij j di W = Sij j i 2W = Sij . i j

JA IA HE JA A EIJ C F IJKF = = @ JA H= A =IJE IJE =FEI
!' " " "
j = Sji i
K HE JA A Sij = Sji KJ=JEL IJE A =F = K A IE AJHE = JA H= F @=J EL IJE @
"! I
!"
" ! ) = E = = E =J=
@A
EH= A IE = E
A =J=
1 H= E E LA@A E K L F C =L K I K A = @A EH= A =FHA = = @AB H =?E = JA IE = E A =J= K LE AI F EJK =@= A = = E = LED LA E E = @ = =J A = J F IJ A @HA A E JEF LE H=IF HA@= I AL= FH IE AJHE E E IK @ E = J E K IJHK ?E = = I L A FHAJF IJ=L A HE JA A FHE E L A K I L ED E H= = JA HE A = E =J= IK I A@A A = E =J A K IJ= K H=L E I A = ! E = = A KI C =FHA = =
ALE = EJ= E H=L = = LHE A A @AB H EH= = J @ L @E @ H@E =JA z EH?DD L= FHAJ
H = = = = E =J IJ= A xz = yz = 0
" F =?E K H=L E E = E =J= IK E A=H = BK ?E = F IJ=L =
5E =' ) IK F A JA JA
L EF
LE LE AI EH= A =
F EJ=
H= @AB H =?E = @A
x = y = z = xy
u x v y
"" "# "$ "% "& "'
w z u v = + y x
xz = yz
FHA = EH?DD L
u w + z x v w = + z y
FHAJF IJ=L?E LHE A@E
u = u0 (x, y ) + zF1 (x, y )

!#
#
5 E = ,A
E?E = H=@E KI= = HEL A
IJE x
v = v0 (x, y ) + zF2 (x, y )

JA FHA =
# # #! #" ## #$ #%
xz = 0 =
w [u0 (x, y ) + zF1 (x, y )] + z x w F1 (x, y ) + =0 x w F1 (x, y ) = x w [v0 (x, y ) + zF2 (x, y )] + z y F2 (x, y ) + w =0 y w y
yz = 0 =
F2 (x, y ) =
2HE A @ >ELA ED E H= = LHE A@E
x =
u w = [u0 + zF1 (x, y )] = [u0 + z ( )] x x x x

!$
#&
x =
JA
u0 2w z 2 = 0 x + zx x x
#' $ $
y =
w v = [v0 + zF2 (x, y )] = [v0 + z ( )] y y y y y = v0 2w z 2 = 0 y + zy y y
) = C
s = xy =
u v u0 v0 2w 2w + = [u0 + zF1 ] + [v0 + zF2 ] = + z z y x y x y x yx xy 2 w 0 0 = xy 2z = xy + zxy $ yx

IK
0 @ IA = @AB H =?E K IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= @ L@ A IA LA E E A I E @A I LA E E A A @A EH= K = HEL A IJ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J=
x = y =
2w x2 2w y 2 2w xy
x
$! $" $#
xy = 2
EEK =JHE B H E
x
y xy
0 x
y 0 s
+z
y xy
$$ H= H=@E KI= = HEL
=F A = LA = E A K A IJE AIJ ij = 1/ij
A JE JA
H= = HEL A
IJE E JA
""
IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= LE AI
ED
F EJ=
H $% $& $' %
= I E = = E FHE = = E IK IE A E A JE K EJK @A EH= E K C >= @E =J IKIJ=LK N O 6=@= IA @AB H =?E A E =FHA = = =FEIK K E H= E =
k = 0 + z k = 3k k = 3k [0 + z]
,A E?E = IE = E A =J=
h 2
Nx = Ny =
h 2
h 2
x dz y dz
h 2
!%
5 E = 5E A K LE AI
F EJK
5E =
A JE K LE AI
F EJK
Nxy = Mx = My =
h 2
h 2
h 2
xy dz x zdz y zdz
% % %!
h 2
h 2
h 2
!&
5 E = !
L EF
LE LA = E K E L @ JA HE A = E =J=
Mxy =
5E A K = E =JK
Nx
n
h 2
h 2
xy zdz
E H= =
%"
CK A A @HA@EJE
hk hk1
HE JA A
n
x
y xy
Ny = N k=1 xy
dz =
k k=1 n
0 Q12 Q16 x hk 0 Q22 Q26 y dz + hk1 sim. Q66 k 0 s
Q11
+
k=1
Q12 Q16 x Q22 Q26 y hk1 sim. Q66 k s

hk
Q11
%# zdz
Nx
Ny = 3k 0 N k=1 xy
= >K@K E IK 0 E @A E JACHEH= = LHE A@E
hk hk1
dz +
k=1
3k
hk hk1
zdz
%$ F @HK K
EH= E = IHA@ K F LH E K = E =J= E IJ C= A LEI E

n
k=1 hk hk1
N =
3k z
n 0 +
k=1
3k
z2 2
hk hk1
%% %&
N = )0 + *
C@ A IK =JHE?A ) E * @A EH= A
)=
n k=1
3k (hk hk1 )
%'
1 n *= 3 (h2 h2 k1 ) 2 k=1 k k
&
!'
Mx
y M xy
= EIJE IA = E @A
n
EH= K E H= E =
hk
x
y xy
A JA
n hk
k=1 hk1
zdz =
k=1 n
0 Q12 Q16 x 0 Q22 Q26 zdz + y hk1 0 sim. Q66 k s
Q11
+
k=1
Mx
Q12 Q16 x Q22 Q26 y hk1 sim. Q66 k s

hk
Q11
z 2 dz &
My = 3k M k=1 xy
n M =
hk hk1
zdz +
k=1
3k
hk hk1 hk hk1
z 2 dz
&
z2 3k 2 k=1
EH= =
hk hk1
n 0 +
z3 3k 3 k=1
&! &"
M = *0 + ,
FHE A K A =JHE?= , @A
,=
1 n 3 (h3 h3 k 1 ) 3 k=1 k k
&# =
=JHE?A ) * , = EL= K IA EIJA = ANJA IE = IFHAC KJ= ? KF E C JA I=L >A @E C HKJ IJ IJE AII LE IA E H= E CK =FEI=JE K > E K IK> =JHE?=
N M
@ I FHE = = I= ILE
Nx Ny N
) * * ,
=JHE?=
&$
A A A JE =
Mxy
xy = Mx My
A11
A12 A22
A16 B11 A26 B12 A66 B16 D11
sim.
= IE K Nx C =IE
B12 B22 B26 D12 D22
B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
0 x 0 y 0 s x y xy
&%
HE JA A
L C E H= = E H=
0 0 Nx = A11 0 x + A12 y + A16 s + B11 x + B12 y + B16 xy
&& A =J=
A =@ A F JHA> LK LA K @= A E H=
@AB H =?E A IHA@ A F LH E A FHE = =JE F
K IE = E
0 x 0 y 0
xy
s = x y
A11
A12 A22
A16 B11 A26 B12 A66 B16 D11
sim.
B12 B22 B26 D12 D22
B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
Nx Ny Nxy Mx My Mxy
&'
"
EEF
K IK> =JHE?=
) * * ,
=
N M
1
'
FHE A K LHE A@E
) * * ,
) * * ,
'
) = E EH= A E H= = ) * E , @ = E IA @ I A@A ED = K = FHE = = E E =JHE?A ) >EJ E = LE AIK Q11 , Q12 , Q16 , Q22 , Q26 , Q66 @ A H= E = hk hk1 KLE A F EJEL = ) = E E H= = %& = IJH # E @A EH= K Q11 , Q12 , Q22 , Q66 K EL A @= IK E KLE A F=H A BK ?E A KJ= L = = @ IK Q16 E Q26 AF=H A BK ?E A @ =@= A LHE A@E @= IK Q16 E Q26 = = 0 E E 90 A@ = E K E L = E @= A = IL= = @L= I = A@ = A @A> E A d E IA = = A I= IKFH J ED IJH= = @ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= = I= IKFH J E FHA@ = LHE A@ IJE KJAL= L = = = JA + = LE =JHE?A ), A16 , A26 >EJE A@ = E K E LE@ AJE I E K " 2 F A = IA I= IKFH J ED IJH= = @ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= = = A F=H LE I AL= A@ = A @A> E A = E I= IKFH J E FHA@ =?E = KJAL= L = = = K KF E A16 = A26 = 0 = EJ=L = E =J 8= A =F A KJE @= H= =JH= E F=H LE I AL= A H= K >EJE A@ = K@= A E @ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= LA A @ L I= @= E = K EIJK @A> E K JA A@ = KJ L = = = E IKFH J C FHA@ = = ) = E = =JHE?A * ) = E = F = K A @= A
5 E = " ) JE AJHE
E H=IF HA@ = A@= I
= =E =)
2 (h2 k hk1 ) > 0 za z < 0 2 (h2 k hk1 ) < 0 za z > 0
'
JA K AL E K > EH H= =JH= A Qij K = = E E =JHE?A ) LE@ EL A @= A = F=H LA I AL= E IK A@ = A @A> E A A@ = K@= A E @ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= = E I= IKFH J A IJH= A JA EIJ C KJ= L = = + LHE A@EJE @= IK ILE = LE Bij =JHE?A * A@ = E K E "
5 E = # ) JE AJHE
E H=IF HA@ I
AL=
L= =L IA = E =J = EL= IE AJHE
E E IF=@= K = A A
HE JA A JEF LA = E =J=
6A A A L C H= =JH= = LE@ EL A @= A F IJ E FJE = = = E H=IF HA@= I AL= 7 I K = K IE AJHE C = E =J= IJL=HA A Bij = 0 = E A A A JE =JHE?A ) EIK A@ = E K E IE = IA H=@E I ALE = F @ = 0 E E 90 ! ) = E = =JHE?A , @ LA =JHE?A LHE A@E KLE A @= A E H=
3 (h3 k hk1 ) > 0
'!
>A > EH= I A IJH= A IA IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= = = E H= =JH= E I JA LHE A@E EIJ H= =JH= A = E @ H= =JH= = A A A =J= =JHE?A ) 5J C= = @L= I = A@ = A @A> E A E IA = = A I= IKFH J ED IJH= = @ IHA@ A F LH E A JA E A KJ L = = EIJE = E I= IKFH J E FHA@ = LHE A@E @= A J=@= Q16 = Q26 = 0 JA A IJ C= = IA = E =J I=IJ E @ J= LED F=H L= I AL= E = LE D16 = D26 = 0 = EJ=L = E =J 8= = A H= E = K @ IK = H=IF HA@ I AL= @ H= =JH= = =JHE?A ) @= L@ A F=H LE I AL= H= K >EJE A@ = K@= A E @ IHA@ A F LH E A = E =J= L= =L H=IF HA@ I AL= = EL= IA = JE AJHE E I E = # 8= = A E L= EE JH F E H=IF HA@ I AL= I E = $ @ AC A I AL= H=IF HA A JA IFA?E = E HJ JH F E I E A IA = =L= A@= I @ F @ A KI > E KJA n o AC IK L = = F @ KJA = 0 E E 90 K @ IK = HABAHA J E H@E =J E IKIJ=L
2HE
F EJ [0/90]s E H= A A @ KC E AF IE =JAHE = = A IK AD= E = IL IJL= =@= = = E1 = 155 /2= E2 = E3 = 12.1 /2= 12 = 13 = 0.248 23 = 0.458 G23 = 3.2 /2= G13 = G12 = 4.4 /2= 2 JHA> A @HA@EJE =FHA = = 0 F I ALE = = A =@= = @AB H =?E = IHA@ A F LH E A x = 0.001 @ IK ILA IJ= A @AB H =?E A E = HEL A IJE A@ = A 5LE I ALE IK A@ = A @A> E A # 4 A A A 2HA = E H= E = $& LHE A@E
x
y xy
AH
0 Q12 Q16 x + zx 0 Q22 Q26 = y + zy sim. Q66 0 s + zxy
Q11
'"
"
5 E = $
L= EE JH F E H=IF HA@ I
AL=
5 E = % 4=IF HA@ I
AL=
K E = K E K > EH @= A I=
x
y xy
0 x = 0 E H= IA IL @E =
0 Q12 Q16 x 0 Q22 Q26 = Q66 0 sim.
Q11
'#
> EH @= IA H= =JH= K C >= H@E =J = I E A@E =I
F EJ I= I ALE = F @ 0 E 90 IKIJ=LK (x, y, z ) @EHA J A =JHE?E 3 JA LHE A@E
=JHE?K 3 = A @A EH= = CK A @HA@EJE E =JHE?A 3
F @ 0 30 A@ = = A
x
y xy
= sim.
Q11
Q12 Q22
0 0 x 0 0 Q66 0
'$
J @= A
x = Q11 0 x = 155.7 2= y = Q12 0 x = 3.02 2= xy = 0

"!
'% '& ''
= I F @ 90 =JHE?= 390 E L @E IA E 30 FHE A K IK I= A A A JE Q11 E Q22 = E A E E AIJ= > C H J=?E A H@E =J C IKIJ=L= = 90 JA IA E H= = =FHA = = =FEIK A
x
y xy
= sim.
Q22
Q12 Q11
0 0 x 0 0 Q66 0

=I
ALA F @ 90 @= A
x = Q22 0 x = 12.16 2= y = Q12 0 x = 3.02 2= xy = 0
!
5 E = & 4=IF @ A = =FHA = = F I
ALE =
4=IF @ A = =FHA = = F @A> E E I AL= A IJ= J = I E = & 1 E H= K =JED LHE A@ IJE LE@ EL A @= IK =FHA = = x K I K F @ 0 =J LA = @ =FHA = = K I K F @ 90 J FH E = E E A@ = IJE @K E I ED @AB H =?E = x = 0 x JA IK =FHA = = LA = K I K E E = LA E @K A =IJE IJE K FH=L?K IE x 5 @HKCA IJH= A =I A @= H= K F IJ =JE E L = = =FHA = = y =E A > C 2 EII L A ?E A J= JHA >= = >E IA F =LEJE AC=JEL = F FHA = @AB H =?E = K I AHK IE y *K@K E IK FHA = =@= E HK> E KL AJE = IFHE A A A @AB H =?E A K I AHK IE y H= IA F =LEJE L = =FHA = A y
2HE
AH F EJ [0/90]s E H= A A @ KC E AF IE =JAHE = = A IK AD= E = IL IJL= =@= = = E1 = 155 /2= E2 = E3 = 12.1 /2= 12 = 13 = 0.248
""
23 = 0.458 F I ALE = @K E I A @AB # 4AA A 2
G23 = 3.2 /2= G13 = G12 = 4.4 /2= 2 JHA> A @HA@EJE =FHA = = = A =@= = = HEL A IJ IHA@ A F LH E A x = 3.333 1 @ IK ILA H =?E A E FHA IJ= A = HEL A IJE A@ = A 5LE I ALE IK A@ = A @A> E A
L A FHA = E H= K $&
x
y xy
CK A =FEI=JE

0 Q12 Q16 x + zx 0 Q22 Q26 = y + zy Q66 sim. 0 s + zxy
Q11
"
K E = K E K > EH @= A I=
x
y xy
x = 0 E H= IA IL @E = Q11

Q12 Q16 zx Q22 Q26 0 = Q66 0 sim.
# = E K FHAJD @
F A JA =JHE?A 3 = I FHE AHK =I
ALA F @ 0 E 90 @HA A A IK = EIJE = E =JHE?E 3 JA LHE A@E

F @ 0 30 A@ = = A
x
y xy
Q11 sim.
Q12 Q22
0 zx 0 0 Q66 0
$
J @= A
x = Q11 zx = 155.7 3.33 z y = Q12 zx = 3.02 3.33 z xy = 0

L A@ = IL= E I @= A F @LE A LHE A@ IJE H@E =JA IJE = IL= =FHA = A K LEI IJE
% & ' LHE
= I F @ 90 =JHE?= 390 E L @E IA E 30 FHE A K IK I= A A A JE Q11 E Q22 = E A E E AIJ= > C H J=?E A H@E =J C IKIJ=L= = 90 JA IA E H= = =FHA = = =FEIK A
x
y xy
= sim.
Q22
Q12 Q11
0 zx 0 0 Q66 0

=I
ALA F @ 90 @= A
x = Q22 zx = 12.16 3.33 z y = Q12 zx = 3.02 3.33 z xy = 0
!
"#
x /2= y /2=
6=> E?= $ 8HE A@ IJE =FHA = = 0 90 zmin ! zmax # zmin # zmax ## #" %% %% $ % ! # #
90 zmin zmax # $ % #
IJE F A@E ED
0 zmin # %% %% #
zmax ## !
4=IF @ A = =FHA = = F @A> E E I =FHA = = @A EH= E IK J=> E? AC=JEL = LHE A@ IJ =FHA = = x I=LE = = CHA@= = H= E K @ FHAJD = K LEI IJE FHA@ = K H@E ABA J= = E K FHAJD @ =@=J K FHA@ = y E A=H = FH A = y @AB H =?E A x
AL= A E A=H = I E = ' 8HE A@
=z<0 E = IA A > =I EJE = E K JA HE E @ C FHE AH= =FHA = = y E = K H= E EJ FHA@ =JA 8HE A@E EIJ= = = E = @ A L= = 2 EII L C >K@K E @= x A = EIJE FHA@ = E A = IA E F @A> E E HA K J=J A E A=H A FH A A @K E I A
"#
HEJAHE E F FK J= =
F EJ=
= H= E K @ E JH F ED =JAHE = = JAD E ED AJ= = @ F EJ= IK AD= E E F FK J= = =JAHE = = >EJ @HKC= E E E A CK IA FEI=JE =IE E FHEIJKF = HDE E E @K JE E 5= E JE J IA H=@E IF= = K AIJ LA E C >H = I AL= E @ A E IJ JE = = EJE I= I EAD CA LA IA I=IJ E @ >=HA @L= IJEJKA J= =I A @= IA F FK J= A A @ C @EJE = LH H= E EJA = E A = A A IA H= =JH= K
=JHE?A = =
FK?= A L = E L= A AL=
@A = E =?E A FHE A K @ = E @ @L= = = I AL= @ H= F L ED IJHK ?E = LH IK F=I = A@L= LE@ ELA K@=H = JA A = *=HA O 8EIE> A 1 F=?J ,= =CA E IA CK I=IJ =JE @ @A = E =?E = E @ = =JHE?A E FHAJD @E @A = E =?E = =
,= =I A H= LE A LH LA E >H HEJAHE = F FK J= = A E IJ JE = @ ED IK A E IFA?E E @ IK IJ= E F A EJE E E LE A FHEDL= A E K E A AHI FH= IE =F =JE E E = EHA FHEDL= A E HEJAHE E F FK J= = AIK
HEJAHE HEJAHE
= IE = ED =FHA = = = IE = ED @AB H =?E = HEJAHE
6I=E 0E
6I=E 9K HEJAHE 2K? 0=IDE

L HEJAHE L HEJAHE EJ@ "$
5 E = ' 4=IF @ A = =FHA = = F I
ALE =
HEJAHE E IA KLE A F IJ=L = K = A@= I =FHA = = IK @A = IKIJ=LK JA A K F =L=JE # F=H= AJ=H= LHIJ A
EH= = K C =L
=JAHE
Xt Xc Yt Yc S
L= J= L= J= I E
= LHIJ = K FH=L?K L = = LHIJ = K FH=L?K L = = LHIJ = = LHIJ = = LHIJ = EJ EJ
= = = =
= FH=L=? L = = FH=L=? L =
"%
E E FAJ F=H= AJ=H= @AB H =?E = =
IA F IJ=L = HEJAHE F = =
K @ FK JA ED @AB H =?E =
Xt Xc Yt Yc S
@ FK JA = L = @ FK JA = J = @ FK JA = L = @ FK JA = J =
= @AB H =?E = K FH=L?K L = = @AB H =?E = K FH=L?K L = = @AB H =?E = = @AB H =?E = EJ EJ
= FH=L=? L = = FH=L=? L =
= =
@ FK JA = KJ = @AB H =?E = IJE LHIJ A F EJ ED =JAHE = = FHE = = A IK K 6=> E?E % IJE LHIJ A IE AL =H AF IE " !# #! !" F EJ=
/A AHE A LHE A@
6=> E?= % 7 >E = A A LHE A@ 6! AF # # " "$ "&
Xt /2= Xc /2= Yt 2= Yc 2= S 2=
*EJ = H= E = K @ IK = HEJAHE A @A EH= A @ E JH F ED AJ= ED =JAHE = = AIJ @= LHE A@ IJE =FHA = = A K = A K HEJAHE A EIK C =L A IL IJLA A LHE A@ IJE JA H= =FHA = = LA LHE A@ IJE =FHA = = K IKIJ=LK C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE A@ C I =
"#
HEJAHE
= IE =
A KA
C =FHA = =
@ A@ I C FJAHA A = E = A @= @ F FK J= = A A "
1 < Xt
HEJAHE IA = LE A FHE @ E= A EIFK A
za > 0
2 t | | < S 12 1 > Xc
<Y
za < 0
2 > Yc | | < S 12
#
A@ IJ=J= L C HEJAHE = A @= A @= A @ L F K @= A HA K J=JA =@ IA H=@E @L I I K = K FJAHA A = ) FJAHA A A E A K FH=L?K A@ A @ C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE LA F @ KJA K @ IK = I I E = CK A A =FEI=JE
1 = x cos2 < X 2 = x sin < Y 12 = x sin cos < S

2
$
"&
5E =
FJAHA A A
A A @ A K A K FH=L?K C =L ED
=JAHE = ED IE
AC= I E A@E KL AJ @= x I E A E =JE
= IE = K LHE A@
IJ
= A A@ = = %
x < x < x <
X cos2 Y sin2 S sin cos
7 LE E H= E = X, Y, S IA HEIJA = J = E E L = = LHIJ = K LEI IJE FHA@ = K x = AC =FEIK A F K =FI KJ A LHE A@ IJE 7 J IA I K = K E LHE A@ IJ =FHA = = x =FEIK A IL =FI KJ LHE A@ K 7IF HA@>= I A IFAHE A J= E F @=?E = F = = = A @= A HEJAHE @=L=JE = > A LHE A@ IJE = = 0 E E 90 @ A F @K@=H= A I A IFAHE A JE = >EJE = I =>E A FHE = 45 2 LH E = F FK J= = A IA FHE = =JE I E
"#
HEJAHE
= IE = ED @AB H =?E =
2 IJ E LA E = I E IJ I HEJAHE A = IE = ED H = ED =FHA = = 5L= CH= E A = K FHE A E = IK =LA@A = @ J C HEJAHE = LHE A@A E @ HEJAHE = = IE = ED @AB H =?E = , F FK J= = A A @ E = A EIFK A
1 < Xt
za > 0
2 t | | < S 6 1 > Xc
<Y
&
za < 0
2 c | | < S 6
>Y
'
"'
5 E = 2 LH E = F FK J= =
@ HEJAHE =
= IE = ED =FHA = =
1 = 2 = 6 =
JA HEIJA E JH= IB H =?E K = x =
1 (1 12 2 ) E1 1 (2 21 1 ) E2 12 G12
A FHE A @A EH= A IA =FEI=JE

1 = 2 6
JA = K E @= K E A=H A =IJE
1 (cos2 12 sin2 )x E1 1 = (sin2 21 cos2 )x E2 1 = sin cos x G12

F @HK K LHE A@E

X = Y = S =
#
X E1 Y E2 S G12
@ >EL= K IA E E H= =

= IE = A LHE A@
IJE @ L
C =FHA = = x ! " #
1 < Xt 1 (cos2 12 sin2 )x < Xt E1 (cos2 12 sin2 )x < Xt E1

J K AL E K > EH E H= JA =FEI= E = FHA IJ= = @L= KL AJ= @= A
x < x < x <
X 12 sin2 Y 2 sin 21 cos2 S sin cos cos2
$
7IF HA@>= I A IFAHE A J= E LHE A@ IJE = @ L @E @ I E ED HEJAHE = = IE = ED =FHA = = = > A A F @K@=H= A @ F @K@=H= A I A IFAHE A JE = >EJE = I =>E A FHE = 45 2 LH E > E = E @ HEJAHE = = IE = ED H = ED =FHA = = I= IJE LHIJ A KFEIK K LHE A@ IJE @AB H =?E = , FK JA A @AB H FHE = = A IK 6=> E? & 6=> E?= & 7 >E = A A LHE A@
= K = = = E @ = 0 E E 90 @ A = F FK J= = E = EIJE J IA K AIJ LHE A@ =?E A A ED F EJ=
IJE @ FK JA ED @AB H =?E = AL =H AF & " ! ' & ' $" " & IE
F EJ=
Xt Xc Yt Yc S
103 103 103 103 103
6! AF IE & ' & ' ! && ! && ' "&
" # ! 6I=E 0E
HEJAHE
L= HEJAHE HEIJE IA K I K = K JH I C IJ= = =FHA = = E IF=@= K I KFE K A AHCAJI ED HEJAHE = F FK J= = HEJAHE = A @= @ F FK J= = F EJ C I = A A @ E = A EIFK A KL AJ
2 2 2 (G + H )1 + (F + H )2 + (F + G)3 2H1 2 2G1 3
%
2F 2 3 +
2 2L23
2 2M 13
2 2N 12
< 1
IJE @ >ELA A IA E KL AJ= &
C@ A IK F=H= AJHE F . . . N @A EH= E E LHIJ A =JAHE = = ED LA LHE A@ IK J= @= IA H= =JH= K I K = ALE A@ I C IJ= = =FHA = = 6= 1 = 0 K ILA IJ= A F A JA JA H= =FHA = = ij = 0 @ >EL=
G+H =
#
1 X2
IA F IJKF= F
LE E = IJ= A
A JA JA
H= =FHA = = E L @A IA HA =?E A '
2N
F +H = F +G =
E ED IA @ @=J E IHA EL= A E L @A E H= E
1 S2 1 Y2 1 Z2
2H = 2G = 2F =
1 1 1 + + X2 Y 2 Z2 1 1 1 + 2 2 2 X Z Y 1 1 1 + Y 2 Z2 X2
!
X, Y, Z FHA@IJ=L = K F=H= AJHA LHIJ A @ LED F=H= AJ=H= EIK = = A E E @A IE ()c @ I ()t >K@K E @= IA E @ @ A K K LEI FHA@ = K @C L=H= K AC =FHA = = 2=H= AJ=H Z E A FHE A @A EH= E FHA@IJ=L = LHIJ K K I AHK EJ = H=L E K I = K FH=L?K ! E IA @A EH= LA J HI E FH @K J LA J H= I AH= C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE E = A@= I E A K H=L E I IJ= K =FHA = = 6I=E 0E HEJAHE C =IE
2 2 2 1 2 2 12 1 + + <1 X2 X2 Y2 S2
! @ A K A I= =FHA = A x
JA FHA = = = CE E I= FHE = = @L= HEJAHE = F FK J= = = F @ KJA K @ IK = I HEJAHE IA =FEIK A
cos4 1 1 sin4 1 2 2 + ( ) sin cos + < 2 2 2 2 2 X S X Y x
!
" # " 6I=E 9K
HEJAHE
HI E E E L=@H=JE E HEJAHE F FK J= = E IF=@= HI E E @A I E =FEI HEJAHE = AIJ A K !!
L= HEJAHE = EL= IA E JA = A A HE JA A HEJAHE A 6A
Fi i + Fij i j = 1,
K A IA I K = K =FEI HEJAHE = I=IJ E @ "
i, j = 1, 6
= =
F1 1 + F2 2 + . . . + F6 6 + . . . + F11 1 1 + F12 1 2 + . . . + F66 6 6 = 1

7 L JH= I= I= AJ
!"
IK E H= K Fi JA Fij F=H= AJHE K A K = E LHIJ = F EJ= ) IA H= = A@= I K H=L E I IJ= K =FHA = = IJ= K I= E @A IE $ FHA = =FEIK = A @A EH= J=> E? # = IJH !! JA IA HEJAHE =FEIK A
2 2 2 F1 1 + F2 2 + F6 6 + F11 1 + F22 2 + F66 6 +2F12 1 2 +2F16 1 6 +2F26 2 6 = 1 !#
,AJ= = =E @ >EL= K IA = I E =
A IA F = =JE @= A F16 = F26 = 0 = E = E @ 6I=E 0E HEJAHE = #
8HE A@
IJE F=H= AJ=H=
) IA H= =JH= I K = 1 = 0 K ILA IJ= A F =I A @= = LA = CK = LHE A@ IJ K L= F = @= E A =HK A HEJAHE LHIJ A H= >EJE Xt E E Xc J= EE L= 6I=E 9K HEJAHE J=@= @= A @L= E H= AC=JEL= FHA@ = 1
2 F11 Xc
A JA JA H= =FHA = = ij = 0 A J= =FHA = = A F FHE EJE LEI J A @= E A =FHA = A = A@= = F EJEL= = @HKCE = !$
2 F1 Xt + F11 Xt = 1
F1 Xc +
= 1
4 A A A L C IKIJ=L= FHA@IJ=L = K LHE A@
IJE F1 JA F11 !%
F1 = F11
2 =L = A
1 1 + Xt Xc 1 = Xt Xc
EIJ C F IJKF = K 2 = 0 @HA K K IK F=H= AJHE
F2 = F22
JA K 6 = 0 I E A@E
1 1 + Yt Yc 1 = Yt Yc
!&
1 !' S2 2=H= AJ=H F6 H= >EJE A@ = AH >E K IKFH J LHE A@ IJ E ALA IJH= A E H= = !# LEIE = FHA@ = K F I E C =FHA = = 6 J E = EA CK A FHA@ = F I E C =FHA = = A I E A KJ A?=JE = H A A A 2=H= AJ=H F12 A A IA @HA@EJE K E= IE = E JAIJ LE = LA >E IA H= FH L @EJE >E= IE = E JAIJ @ AC A FH 1 = 2 = @ A 6 = 0 7LH J=L= A K HEJAHE F FK J= = E L @E IA E H= F66 = (F1 + F2 ) + (F11 + F22 + 2F12 ) 2 = 1
J = IHA EL= = @= A "
F12 =
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 + + + + Xt Xc Yt Yc
E IA AIJ HEIJE C =IE
1 1 + 2 Xt Xc Yt Yc
"
,HKCE =FEI F=H= AJH= F12
F12 =
K A IA I K = K 6I=E 9K HEJAHE
1 2
F11 F22
E IA E = A A HEIJE
"
=FEIK A K > E K
2 2 2 F1 1 + F2 2 + F11 1 + F22 2 + F66 6
F11 F22 1 2 = 1
"!
=H= JAHEIJE A 6I=E 9K HEJAHE = #!
HEJAHE A E @E?EH= = E A I F FKIJEJE HEJAHE A F IJ=L A I= A A
= A@ E
E AI E H=
F FKIJEJE LA I= J @ L @E @ =J
=FHA = A A@
AC
IJ=L E A FHE
! =
JHA>= @HA@EJE = LA A @ FK JA =FHA = A HEJAHE KLE A @= A @L= H A A = A@ I F EJEL E = @HKC I AC=JEL E FHA@ =
L A CK A F = =JE A@ IJ=L E FHE AH = I @ AC A F =J @= A 1 = = 2 = 6 = 0 F JHA> A @HA@EJE = IE = K LHE A@ IJ 1 2HA = 6I=E 9K HEJAHE K LHE A@E 2 F1 + F11 1 =1 "" H A =L= A L=@H=J A A@ =@ >A @HA K A IA
F1
2 + 4F F1 11
2F11
"# = E H= E !% "$
J = KLH J=L= = LHE A@ IJE = F1 E F11 F K LHIJ = I @= A @L= H A A = I = Xt odnosno II = Xc
2 LH E = F FK J= = K H@E =J IKIJ=LK 1 , 2 , 12 E = > E A EFI E@= FHA = I @ = 12 F FHE = > E A EFIA FHA = I ! = L I E?E = A H= H= F @HK A FHA@IJ=L = @ AC > C E JAH= ?E A =FHA = = 1 E 2 A A @ E @ F FK J= = F EJ= = E =@= LHE A@ IJE F A@E ED =FHA = = FHA = A LHE A@ IJE LHIJ A =F A = KIF HA@EJE @ 0 0 HEJAHE = = E JH F A =JAHE = A I K = JH I C IJ= = =FHA = = =@= ILA JHE F A JA H = C =FHA = = E = K EIJK LHE A@ IJ = F I E = IK =FHA = = A@ = = K E >A > EH= = ED LK LA E E K A A @ E@ = = IE = C =FHA = = E 6I=E 9K HEJAHE K F JHA> A @HA@EJE = IE = K = IE = K IE K P IA I E A FJAHAJEJE ?E AL FHA = I E?E =JAHE = ?E ALE A KC E AF IE I H=IF HA@ I AL= [20/03 ]s 2 K AH IHA@ A F LH E A ?E E @H= R= # = @A> E = A@ C I = h = # IE = " 4 A A A SLHIJ = I = K C =L =JAHE = IKIJ=LK @A EH= = A J=> E? ' 6=> E?= ' SLHIJ = I = Xc /2= Yt 2= Yc 2= # " "$
2HE
AH 2HA = HEJAHE K
Xt /2= #
2= "&
2HA = JA HE E A >H= I ED =FHA = = KI= = A@E =FHA = A A IA K ?E ALE =L = AIJ AHE@E = I JA A AHE@E = I = IE = Nx @ >ELA = E IK A IE = K FH=L?K IE KI A
Nx =
P 2R
"%
#"
5E =
2 LH E = F FK J= = FHA = HEJAHE K 6I=E 9K
5E = !
HELK = F FK J= = FHA = HEJAHE K 6I=E 9K K 12 = 0
1 E H= =
N M
) * * ,
"& > C IE AJHE C
HEIJA E KL AJA @= IK M F =L= K E FJAHA A A JA * H=IF HA@= I AL= E H= IA =FEIK A
N 0
) 0 0 ,
##
"'
5 E = " 5DA =JI E FHE =
FJAHA A = E H=IF HA@= I
AL=
AC= I E A@E @= A E LA J H = HEL A
IJE
IA =FEIK A # # #
N = )0
@ JA I
0 = )1 N = 3 )1 N
7 F AJ H= =JH= K K P @ >EL= IA Nx $ !% = LHE A@ IJE =FHA = = F I ALE = HEIJA E E H= A @A EH= A K JA HE E = E =J= IK E H= K =JA E FHE = = A K 6=> E? 6=> E?= =FHA = 1 !&! !&! "%% =F I 2 ! ! $& $ ALE = K [2=] 6 "& % "& % E = =@ L A
*K@K E IK LA LHE A@ IJE @ >ELA A K A@E E K IE K P F IJ=L = IA FEJ= A IE = E B= J H p IA I E A F EJE JK A@E E K IE K @= >E KLE A >E KL AJ LHIJ A
2HE
I
A = HEJAHE = max
1 = 3830p, 2 = 112.3p, 6 = 148.7p Xc < 1 < Xt
#$ #! #"
HE JA A
FHL C HEJAHE =
1250 106 < 3830p < 1500 106

A IA =FEI=JE
##
L= KL AJ
1250 106 < 3830p

JA 2HA = HEJAHE K
AC= I E A@E
p > 3.26 105
#$ #% #& #' $ $ $ $! $"
3830p < 1500 106
p < +3.92 105
Yc < 2 < Yt
LHE A@E @ I
200 106 < 112.3p < 50 106 200 106 < 112.3p 112.3p 106 < 50 106 p < 1.78 106 p > 4.45 106
2HE
JHA A CHKFA E H= =
|6 | < S |6 | < 100 106

@ I
|6 | < S
J @= A
148.7p < 100 106 148.7p < 100 106
p < 6.72 105 p > 6.72 105

=
$# $$ >EJ A FHAI A ILED $%
2 @HK A LHE A@ IJE K A L= @A EH= ED F @HK =
A A @ E @ F FK J= = I
3.26 105 C EIJED LHE A@ IJE =FHA = = IE 6 E E FHA@ = A = L= IJE > EH @= IA H=@E I =FI KJ E LHE A@ IJE = F @HK A >A F FK J= = A EIJ = E @ I = ! I HE JA A EIJA AJ @ CE A = E @I AL=
1 = 4770p,
LHE A@E =
2 = 168.6p, Xc < 1 < Xt
6 = 0
$& $' % %
1250 106 < 4770p < 1500 106 1250 106 < 4770p
#%
p > 2.62 105
4770p < 1500 106

@ I
p < +3.14 105
% %! %" %# %$ %%
Yc < 2 < Yt 200 106 < 168.6p < 50 106 200 106 < 168.6p 168.6p 106 < 50 106
JA FHA =
p < 1.186 106 p > 2.97 106
|6 | < S 6 < S 6 < S

E A A F @HK A IECKH IJE @HA A
p
%& %'
2.62 105 < p < 3.14 105

) IA H= =JH= EJ=L F EJ LE@ EL A @= A I = E @A A FHAI A ILED F @HK = IECKH IJE ILED I AL= KFH=L K F @HK K
& EH= LHIJ K AH &
2.62 105 E?
EH= E FHA = E H= E = !% !& !' JA " E
6=> E?= 2=H= AJHE LHIJ A
F1 /2= !!!
=I
F2 /2= #
F11 /2=2 #!!
F22 = F66 /2=2
HEJAHE E = > E
F1 3830p+F2 (112.3p)+F11 (3830p)2 +F22 (112.3p)2 +F66 (148.7p)2 F11 F22 3830p(112.3p) = 1 &! E = KLH J=L= = LHE A@ IJE F=H= AJ=H= LHIJ A E = > E Ap2 + Bp + C = 0
&"
#&
4 A =L= A
LA L=@H=J A A@ =@ >A @ >ELA A IK @LE A LHE A@
IJE &#
pI = 1.98 105
JA IA KL AJ LHIJ A =FEIK A
pII = 3.5 105
1.98 105 EJE K CH= E?= = &%
1.98 105 A @ >EL= KL AJ 1.56 105 E?= F = K A LHE A@ IJ = IE = A F EJEL A E AC=JEL A IE A P [ ] ?E E @=H A >EJE FJAHA A > EH = F FK J= A IL= C @ F A@E ED I AL= 8HE A@ IJE K =CH=@= = @ >ELA A IK FHE A HEJAHE = = IE = ED =FHA = = 6=> E?= = IE P '& '& #$ = = @ FK JA = IE = K [ <0 P >0 ! % !# !' ! % !# !' $ !& !#
6=> E?= ! F = K A LHE A@ IJ F A@E ED = L= K HEJAHE K F FK J= = FHE A A = I 1= 6I=E 9K HEJAHE E H=L A E @E?EH= = E F FK J= = F EJ= CK A A FHAJF IJ=LEJE @= = LE E E = K = LA K LHE A@ IJ F = K K E @ E = J E = E F FK J= = 6=> E?= ! = IE = = 2[ ] 1 2= 2 2= 6 2= F1 1 F2 2 2 F11 1 2 F22 2 2 F66 6 F11 F22 1 2 @ FK JA = IE = K [ '& !# %#& !" !' ! '" # %' !!" #' !& '#& "' ## &% % ! !&#
#'
AD= E E KJ A?= FH
A A L =CA E JA F=H=JKHA
# 6 F E I = =FHA = = E @AB H =?E A

2HE FH A E JA FAH=JKHA =JAHE = = K A K IA =L = K I > @ A J F E I A @AB H = ?E A 8A E = =JAHE = = L = = = FHE =CHE =L= K F LA =L= K L K A FH F E AHE = K E E > H = E LA E = =JAHE = = =JHE?A 1 K AJ= IK KC E = L = = = IA FHE =CHE =L= K I KF = K JA IK IJ C= KC E E F EJE F IA> E AH K FH=LE K E = K AC= JEL= A ?E A J E A=H C J F E I C EIJA = = K I AHK L = = J K =J AHE LEIE E =JAHE = K =JHE?A @ EJ = I AH L = = = E = K F EJEL= A ?E A J J F E I C H=IJA = = E A=H= A I= = @HA A E H=IF JA FAH=JKH= @ A CA AH= A E A=H= J =J KI =L= FH H= K A =@= A E =JHE?= A =IJE IJE JA A IE>E IJE EIK A LEI A =FI KJ JA FAH=JKHE J A K K AJE K > EH = IA H= =JH= F = = A F EJ= FHE LA A JA FAH=JKH H=IF K FH =J EIF @ I > A JA FAH=JKHA = E FHE LHE A@ IJE = JA FAH=JKHA > E K A FHE IA F EJE FH E L @A 6 F E I = =FHA = = E @AB H =?E A >EJ A = A E E @A I J 7 IKIJ=LK C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE A@ C I = I= @K E I A J F E I A @AB H =?E A IK H= E EJA @ K A @ IK KJ A A@ = A K E 2HE H= =JH= K F EJ C F=H= A AFEFA@= E A I > @= = ILE IJH= E?= = J A K = KL AJ = H= =JH= A I > @ ED J F E I ED @AB H =?E = = A IK IJH= E?A K FH=L?K C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE = A A a1 a2 JA a3 I > @ A J F E I A @AB H =?E A IK @A EH= A =
t i =
i , ai
i = 1, 3
=JAHE = A IE E @A
' EH= = '
FHE A K IK i FH @K A = I H= A = F=H= A AFEFA@= K FH=L?K E H= E = i = i ai T, i = 1, 3
C@ A A i A ?E A J E A=H C J F E I C EIJA = = K FH=L?K IE E = T H= E = JA FAH =JKHA K @ IK = HABAHA J K JAFAH=JKHK L@ A A E H= EJ L= = FH > A FH E L @ A F EJ= K =KJ =LK C@ A IA FHE D = A = F EJ= =L = K =J A J F E I A @A B H =?E A E =FHA = = 5J C= A FHE FH E L @ E KC E ED F EJ= T AC=JEL= E >E E IE # + 2HE @= A H= =JH= K K A H= E L=JE K KF A @AB H =?E A J F E I A @AB H =?E A E AD= E A @AB H =?E A = E @C L=H= K = =FHA = = 7 KF A @AB H =?E A IK AH= FH A A @E A E = JE A = JA IA IJ C= AD= E A @AB H =?E A CK E H= EJE = H= E = K KF ED E I > @ ED J F E I ED @AB H =?E =
m = t
IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= K E = K E K > EH =LA@A
1 t 1 2 t 2 t 3 3 = 23 13
' C =IE
S11
S12 S22
S13 S23 S33
0 0 0 S44
sim.
0 0 0 0 S55
12
0 0 0 0 0 S66
1 2 3 23 13 12
'!
$
E H= A
FHA
=JHE?A A =IJE
IJE +
1 2
3 = 23 13
C11
C12 C22
C13 C23 C33
0 0 0 C44
sim.
0 0 0 0 C55
12
0 0 0 0 0 C66
1 t 1 2 t 2 t 3 3 23 13
'"
12
FHE A K IA LA J H
AD= E ED @AB H =?E = m =FEIK A

m 1 m 2 m
m 23 m 13 m 3
1 t 1 2 t 2 t
3
12
23 13 12
'#
1 E H= = '" LE@ EL A @= = IK FHE @HA EL= K =FHA = = >EJ A AD= E A @AB H = ?E A m @ IA = @HA EL= A FH A A @E A E = EJ=L C JE A = K H = K > EH K E = K K KF A @AB H =?E A CK A A H= E L=JE @L= I K = = F JFK I > @ JE A @ AC IK K KF = =FHA = = E AD= E A @AB H =?E A A@ = E K E JA IA IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= =FEIK A
1 t 1 2 t 2 t 3 3 = 23 13
S11
S12 S22
S13 S23 S33
0 0 0 S44
sim.
0 0 0 0 S55
12
0 0 0 0 0 S66
0 0 0 0 0 0
'$
I A JE A A
i = t i = i T
IK F JFK A
i = 1, 3
CK A A @AB H =?E A
'%
,HKCE I K =
i = ij = 0
JA LHE A@E
1 2
i = 1, 3 0 0 0 C44 0 0 0 0 C55 0 0 0 0 0 C66

t 1 t 2 t 3 0 0
'&
3 = 23 13
C11
C12 C22
C13 C23 C33
''
sim.
E H= A A FHA
12
JA IK
AD= E A @AB H =?E A E H=L
J F E I ED
m m i = i T ; ij = 0
i = 1, 3
!
$
=FHA = = E @AB H =?E A KI E A@ FH
A A I=@H = = L =CA
2H > A L =CA =H EJ A E H= A @ F E AH ED =JAHE = = FH AF IE@ = =JHE?= A DECH I F = E = E A = JE A = @ KJ A?= = E A A =FI H>EH=JE =J K E E K L =CA = E LE A @ # HABAHA J A =IA F EJ= *K@K E @= A F IJ E F EJ E A F JFK >A L =CA HABAHA J = A =I= FH E L @HA A = K @HA A JHA KJ K A IF =J=?E A ) = C A ?E A JK E A=H C J F E I C EIJA = = i L@ A IA KL @E E A=H E A ?E A J EIJA = = KI E A@ L =CA i 5 > @ A @AB H =?E A KI E A@ L =CA v i IA @A EH= K = = C I > @ E J F E I E @AB H =?E = = t i
v i = i M,
i = 1, 3
!
FHE A K IK i = i = 1, 3 A ?E A JE E A=H C EIJA = = KI E A@ L =CA K I AHK C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE = M FH A = I=@H = = L =CA K @ IK = HABAHA J K LHE A@ IJ 8E@ EL A @= F L F IJ A I= @K E I A @AB H =?E A KI E A@ L =CA K FH=L?K C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE @ IK LHE A@ IJE KJ ED @AB H =?E = A@ = A 5 E = E @J FE I ED =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = E L@ A IA @A EH= K =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = EK K KK E AD= E A J F E I A = E LHE A@ IJE @AB H =?E = KI E A@ L =CA JA IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= I=@= E = > E
v 1 t 1 1 t 2 2 v 2 t v 3 3 3 = 23 13
S11
S12 S22
S13 S23 S33
0 0 0 S44
sim.
IJE
0 0 0 0 S55
12
0 0 0 0 0 S66
1 2 3 23 13 12
!
E H= A
1 2
=JHE?A A =IJE
3 = 23 13
C11
C12 C22
C13 C23 C33
0 0 0 C44
sim.
0 0 0 0 C55
12
0 0 0 0 0 C66
t v 1 1 1 t v 2 2 2 t v 3 3 3 23 13
!!
12
5LA FHE A =LA@A LA = K J F E I = =FHA = = @AB H =?E A LHE A@E E = LA E E A A IA =L = K > C KJ A?= = L =CA JA IA F L CK H= =JH=JE I K = ALE F JFK I > @ C E E F JFK CH= E A C F EJ= = = E = A J LA E LH A K F C =L K #
# ! 7J A?= FH A A JA FAH=JKHA E I=@H = = L =CA H=L E I IJ= K =FHA = =

= H=L @A I ! LHE A@E A E =
@ = E =J= K
E I IJ= A =FHA = = LHE A@E @= IK ILA F A JA =FHA = = AE =KE A@ = A @K E I = @AB H =?E = K FH=L?K IE ! 3 E A A@ = = =@= A L= = FHAJF IJ=L = @= A = CH=@E A J= JA FAH=JKHA K FH=L?K IE z @HKCE HE FH A = JA FAH=JKHA K FH=L?K IE z A EIJ= = ILA I ALA 6=@= IA F K $
HA@K?EH= A
=JHE?A HKJ IJE Q E A IE>E

t v 1 1 1
IJE S
IJEJKJEL A A@ =@ >A =FEIK K

S12 0 1 t v 2 2 2 S22 0 = 2 12 sim. 0 S66 12
S11
!"
1
2 12
v t Q12 0 1 1 1 t v Q22 0 2 2 2 = sim. 0 Q66 12
Q11
!#
2 L IK AD= E A @AB H =?E A @A E I > @ ED @AB H =?E = KI E A@ L =CA
EH= A = H= E = K KF ED E I > @ ED J F E I ED !$
m = t v
5LA @ I=@= =FEI= @ IE IA = @A EH= A =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K IKIJ=LK C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE =@ IA H= =JH= EJ=L F EJ E IA I=IJ E @ AIJ LA E C >H = I AL= K A ILA F A JA JA H= =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = FHE = =JE K A@ HABAHA J H@E =J IKIJ=LK (x, y, z ) @= >E IA E JACHEH= A C @HA@EJE LA J HA IE = E A =J= = A J FHE = = K F C =L K " " 5J C= A F JHA> FH LAIJE @C L=H= K A JA HI A JH= B H =?E A = FHLE A H= @= IA F A JA i E i FHE = K K H@E =J IKIJ=LK (x, y, z ) 7 JK IA ILHDK HEIJA @ >H F =JA JA HI A JH= I B H =?E A FHE H J=?E E JA H= E H@E =J C IKIJ=L= C =L ED =JAHE = ED IE K C >= E F A EJE IKIJ=L ) A KJ E A K IJ=HA IE E LA IE x A@ = LHE A@E
2 t 2 t t x = cos 1 + sin 2
!%
t y t z t s
J KLH J=L= A
= sin = =
t 1
+ cos
t 2
t 3 t xy
t = 2 sin cos (t 1 2 )
E H= = = I > @ A J F E I A @AB H =?E A @= A

2 2 t x = cos 1 T + sin 2 T
!&
t y t z t xy
E AC= IA =
= sin 1 T + cos 2 T = 3 T = 2 sin cos (1 T 2 T )

A ?E A =J= JA FAH=JKH
2 2
E L @E LA = E A=H ED
C EIJA = = !'
x = 1 cos2 + 2 sin2 y = 1 sin + 2 cos z = 3 xy = 2 sin cos (1 2 )
$!
2H L A A EIJ C L C F IJKF = = E = I > @ A @AB H =?E A KI E A@ FH L =CA @ >EL= K IA HA =?E A
A A I=@H = = !
x = 1 cos2 + 2 sin2 y = 1 sin + 2 cos z = 3 xy = 2 sin cos (1 2 )

2 2
1 =LA@A ED E H= = LE@ EL A @= E= K C =L =JAHE = IKIJ=LK A = KJ ED @AB H =?E = E = L= ED FH A JA FAH=JKHA E E L =CA K C >= FH E L t v H@E =J IKIJ=LK F IJ A KJ A @AB H =?E A xy = 0 = E xy = 0 >K@K E @= IK xy JA xy = 0 5 A@A E L= = H= A @HA EL= A LA A E A K =FHA = = E @AB H =?E = K C >= H@E =J IKIJ=LK (x, y, z ) 2 = A E @ E H= = !"
v t 1 1 1 S12 0 1 v t S22 0 2 2 2 = 2 12 sim. 0 S66 12
S11
!
JA K
=FEI E H= = !% K
=JHE
B H E K c = cos , s = sin

t x
y t xy
t c2 s2 cs 1 2 2 c cs t = s 2 2cs 2cs c2 s2 0
! EH= K F C =L K
LE@ EL A @= A =JHE?= JH= IB H =?E A F E A IA FHE = E E H= A =FEI=JE
1 6 =
A @A
1 t t |x| = 6 |i|
!! A LA J HI E E H= !"
A A
EJ=LA A@ =@ >A
=JHE?
6 I E ALA IJH= A @ >ELA

t t |i| = 6 |x|
FHE A K A t =JAHE = ED IE = t |i| LA J H J F E I ED @AB H =?E = K IKIJ=LK C =L ED |x| LA J H J F E I ED @AB H =?E = K C >= IKIJ=LK = EIJE IA = E A F = =JE LA = @AB H =?E = E = L= ED FH A I=@H = = L =CA C@ A IA LA J HE @ IA = EIJA H@E =J A IKIJ=LA = E @ J F E I ED @AB H =?E =
v v |i| = 6 |x|
!# !$
= K E @= A FHA = E H= K %$
|i| = 6 |x|
JA K E = K E K > EH FHE A =FEI= A E H= A LHE A@E

v 6 (|x| t |x| |x| ) = 56 |x|
!%
JA =
1 A = I 6 I E ALA IJH= A LHE A@E v 1 |x| t |x| |x| = 6 56 |x|
!&
$"
7 E H= !& =FEI= @ I A
1 S = 6 56 v |x| t |x| |x| = S|x|
!' !
v |x| t |x| |x|
S 12 S 16 S 22 S 26 |x| = sim. S 66
=JHE?
S 11
!
IA E H= ! F
E I E ALA IJH= A
= Q LHE A@E =FEI

!
v |x| = Q(|x| t |x| |x| )
|x|
Q12 Q16 v Q22 Q26 (|x| t = |x| |x| ) sim. Q66
Q11
! !
1 =LA@A ED IA E H= = A@ IJ=L @ >EL= K LHE A@ IJE =FHA = = = F EJ A IK IFHE A A E ILE F =?E HK> L= K A JA E = E LHE A@E |x| = 0 @AB H =?E A = I K = F J FK I > @ ED HK> L= @ AC A |x| = 0 E E I K = >A FH A A JA FAH=JKHA @ I t v I=@H = = L =CA |x| @ I |x| = 0 L IK = A@ IJ=L E E I K = ALE CK IA = = E EH=JE E ILE IJ= E I K = ALE @ ED >E = F A J= JA H= =FHA = = E E @AB H =?E = A E =JE =@= K LHE A@ IJ = A FHE A @A EH= =@= IA K >E = A = A =HK A =@ IA H=@E HA =JEL J= E F EJE = F A J= JA H= @AB H = ?E = z = 3 K F A EJ I K = K = 0 JA IA @EHA J =FEIK A HE JA A E H= = ! = ! " z = 3 T + 3 M + S13 1 + S23 2 @ I HE JA A cos , s = sin JH= IB H =?E = LHE A@ IJE K C >= E H@E =J E IKIJ=L K c =
z = 3 T + 3 M + (S13 c2 + S23 s2 )x + (S13 s2 + S23 c2 )y + 2(S13 S23 )csxy ! #

= IE A E @A EH= = LED E H= = = A JE @ ILED I AL= K A F IJ=LEJE E H= A F EJK E = IK @HA A = =FHA = =
# " 5E A E
A JE KI E A@ FH
A A JA FAH=JKHA E I=@H = = L =CA
1 H= E @A EH= E K FHE = E F C =L E = HEIJA IA E = @A EH= A IE = E A =J= LA LA E E A CK E =JE =J @HKC= E A LHE A@ IJE K @ IK = LHE A@ IJE >A FH A A JA FAH=JKHA E L =CA /A AH= E = K ?E = FH A = JA FAH=JKHA E A LEI = z H@E =JE J=@= @ IE AJHE ED =JAHE = = A = F =LA @ @=J ED A =J= I=LE = = E KLE = = @ F IJ E FH A = K E IK IE = 1 H= E &% E = IK @A EH= A IE A E A JE LHE A@A >A > EH= = E IK = E @A EH= = =FHA = = @ I J J=
$#
=FHA = = K
K K K JA IA LHE A@
=
IJE IE = E
A =J=
CK =FEI=JE
t + Nv Nx + Nx x t + Nv N + N y y y N + Nt + Nv xy xy xy t + Mv Mx + Mx x t + Mv M + M y y y t v
A11
A12 A22
A16 B11 A26 B12 A66 B16 D11
sim.
B12 B22 B26 D12 D22
Mxy + Mxy + Mxy

=JHE =FEI=
B16 B26 B66 D16 D26 D66
0 x 0 y 0 s x y xy
! $
N + Nt + Nv M + Mt + Mv
E E K E LAH >E K
) * * ,
! %
0
6=@= IA IE = Nx K FH=L?K IE x
) * * ,
A =FEI=JE
N + Nt + Nv M + Mt + Mv
! &
0 0 t v Nx = A11 0 x + A12 y + A16 s + B11 x + B12 y + B16 xy Nx Nx
! '
7 L @ I @LE A
t,v HA K J= J A IE A K FH=L?K IE x KI E A@ FH IK E H= K Nx A A JA FAH=JKHA I=@H = = L =CA ) = C IA = = E E H= = ! $ CK @A EH=JE E FHA IJ= A F A JA IE = = E A JE FH 0 0 t v Mx = B11 0 x + B12 y + B16 s + D11 x + D12 y + D16 xy Mx Mx
!! I=@H = = F A JA
t,v @C L=H= K E FHE A K IK Mx A JE KI E A@ FH A A JA FAH=JKHA @ I L =CA 5K =@ E H= E = @AB EH= E K JA HE E = E =J= E L @A IA F A@E A J F E I ED IE = E A =J= FH t Nx
h 2
h 2
h 2
(Q11 x + Q12 y + Q16 xy )T dz
!!
t Mx =
h 2
(Q11 x + Q12 y + Q16 xy )T zdz
!!
JA IE A E
A JE KI E A@ FH
v Nx =
A A L =CA
h 2
h 2
h 2
(Q11 x + Q12 y + Q16 xy )M dz
!!!
v Mx
h 2
(Q11 x + Q12 y + Q16 xy )M zdz
!!" A =J= 5K =@ A JE E JACH=?E = F z
= EIJE IA = E CK @A E H= E = E = IK K FHE =
EH=JE E ILA IJ= A LHE A@ IJE IE = E E F C =L E = @A EH= A IE A E $$
H@E =JE IA IL @E = IK =?E K F I ALE = >K@K E @= IA H= =@= IL= E I E = @HKC= E = AD= E = IL IJL= FH
t Nx n
=JH= CA AH= E I K =
(Q11k xk + Q12k yk + Q16k xyk )(hk hk1 )T

k=1
!!#
t Mx =
1 n 2 (Q x + Q12k yk + Q16k xyk )(h2 k hk1 )T 2 k=1 11k k

n
!!$ !!% !!&
v Nx =
(Q11k xk + Q12k yk + Q16k xyk )(hk hk1 )M

k=1
v Mx =
1 n 2 (Q x + Q12k yk + Q16k xyk )(h2 k hk1 )M 2 k=1 11k k

CK IA I= AJ =FEI=JE K
n k=1
1 H= E !!# @ !!& IA
=JHE
B H E !!'
N t = T 1 M t = T 2 N = M
v
3k k (hk hk1 )
2 3k k (h2 k hk1 )
n k=1 n k=1
!" !" !"
3k k (hk hk1 )
n 1 2 M v = M 3k k (h2 k hk1 ) 2 k=1
C@ A IK N t E M t LA J H J F E I ED IE = @ I A =J= = N v E M v LA J H IE = E A =J= KI E A@ FH A A I=@H = = L =CA E IK LA J HE A ?E A =J= E A=H C EIJA = = KI E A@ FH A A JA FAH=JKHA @ I I=@H = = L =CA E @A I k @ IE IA = JE I @ A n K KF= >H I AL= = E K I K = K F =LA AD= E ED IE = E A =J= F =L= IE = E A =J= KI E A@ J F E A E L =CA >EJ LEIA H=IF HA@K I AL= K = E =JK 5E AJHE E = E =JE 5LA F A JA LA J H= A =J= IK A@ = A @ IK ILA LA E E A IE = H= E EJA @ K A
7H=L JA A E >= = IEH= E = E =JE E @ ED = IL= E I I FH=L?A L = = = F IJ E I A@ = A @A> E A E @ EIJ C =JAHE = = I FH=L?A L = = = t = N v = 0 ILA IK IJ= A IE A E A JE = 0 Nxy IK A@ = E K E > C J C= J 5E A Nxy xy IK CH= A E @ Q16 E Q26 E IA K L I K = K F E J=L= K = EIJE F EJEL E E AC=JEL E KJ L = =
! 5E AJHE E KH=L JA A E = E =JE AD= E E @ EL A >E =?E = I K = = E t = Nv = 0 LA J H= A =J= JA Nxy xy JA A >EJE A@ = E K E ILA F A JA
$%
" 2 FHA E ?H II F O = E =J E IA I=IJ E I= @ I AL= I L = E = F @ KJA 0 E E 90 t,v = M t,v = 0 @ 5E A E A JE Nxy IK ILA IJ= A F AJA = 0 xy # 5E AJHE E F FHA E = E =J t,v >E =?E = I K = = E " A@ = A IK K E ILA F A JA A =J= = E Nxy $ 1 JH F E I = F IA> E I K = A@ C HJ JH F C I =
t t Nx = Ny =
Eh 1 2
!"! !"" L A ?E A J 5LA IK IJ= A
JA C@ A A E @K A =IJE IJE h @A> E = I F A JA IE = E A =J= A@ = A
v v Nx = Ny =
Eh 1 2 = = 2 EII
EJAH=JKH=
+; EK )EHBH= A 5JHK?JKH= ,AIEC + E EJ 2HAII '&& ) *= AH 5 ,KJJ , A O + -@K?=JE = 5AHEAI " ! , 0 E@@ AJ + 6A?D E?= '' " #
F IEJA
=JAHE= I B H )EH?H=BJ 5JHK?JKHAI )1))

C = 5?EA JE ?
F IEJA
=JAHE= I E )EH?H=BJ 5JHK?JKHAI F IEJA
9 0OAH 5JHAII ) = OIEI B .E>AH 4AE B H?A@ + ''& '&% +D=M = AI
=JAHE= I
?/H=M 0E
F IEJA
=JAHE= I F IEJA
5?EA ?A = @ - CE AAHE C 5FHE CAH 8AH =C =JAHE= I

6DE + ?/H=M 0E '%#
$ 4
A?D= E?I B +
% 5 9 6I=E 6DA HO B + & 9 0AE =E , 4K>E = ''' -
F IEJAI ,AIEC
HA F 1 JH @K?JE
F IEJAI ''
J +
JE KK
A?D= E?I *KJJAHM HJD
$&

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AD= E =

6A H A =IJE IJE = H= E EJA 2H A = A =IJE ED IJ= JE A J=?E A L = = =

IJE E F @=J EL IJE

1 H= E @ >ELA E FH=LE A =LE = !   5 K = A@ E A @AB H =?E A K L = =FHA = =

" " "! "" "#

!! !! !# !% "$ "& "' # # $ $ $ $#

|i| 0 0 0 x , y , xy k t i m t v i |x| t |x| v |x| x , y , xy , ij i ; ij ; |x| |i| k ij

 &  $ "# #% %# &!

106 / +  #! % "' ' $ !$ #" 

Tg +  # # ! !  % " % &# "! '  # !!

@L= = A L = = = A@ ED @ @HKCED K ILHDK IFHA =L= = EHA = FK E=K F EJ A E A IJHK ?E A

B H EH= A L= I C > E = = JEJ=

LH LEI E H=@A E L= = =JHE?= > AF HE JA JHE?A =

IJE E F @=J EL IJE

 H AJLHJ C   = H= ! " #

C1113 C2213 C1333 C2313 C1313

C1112 C1222 C1233 C1223 C1213 C1212

HEIJE I= AJE > E

H =FHA = = =FEIK K %

H @AB H =?E = IA K J I K = K A =FEIK A F K JA HI ED LA E A AHI ED A JE JA IA K AIJ 23 13 JA 12 HEIJA KJ A @AB H =?E A 23 13 12

C13 C14 C23 C24 C33 C34 C44

C15 C25 C35 C45 C55

C16 C26 C36 C46 C56 C66

IA KLA@A F = LHIJ E LHE A@E

ij = Cijkl kl CKIJ A A AHCE A @AB H EH= = U ij = U ij =

" = A @A EH= K I L= = =K A #

$ IJ % & '  

) IA EIJE F IJKF= FH LA@A = FH E H= = A E A = LHE A@E

IJE FAH=J H= @AHELEH= = LE@ EL  

E A A E @ = = = IE AJHE = JA H= A =IJE IJE L IL IJL E L @K E H= = = CKIJ K A AHCE A @AB H EH= = U 1 E H= =

dU = ij dij = Cijkl kl dij

dU = kl dkl = Cklij ij dkl

2dU = Cijkl (ij dkl + kl dij ) = Cijkl d(ij kl )

C ijkl = aip ajq akr als Cpqrs

1 " 2 IJ E E LAH = JA H Sijkl = Cijkl J= AH F EJEL @A EJ= E IE AJHE =

IJE A F EJEL = det+ > 0  =JHE?= A AIE

C ijkl = aip ajq akr als Cpqrs

!" IK ILE IJ= E aij = 0 !#

C 1113 = a11 a11 a11 a33 C1113 = C1113

C 1333 = a11 a33 a33 a33 C1333 = C1333

C1123 = C1113 = C2223 = C2213 = C2333 = C1333 = C1223 = C1213 = 0

C13 C23 C33

0 0 C16 0 0 C26 0 0 C36 C44 C45 0 C55 0 C66

>E IA EIJE F IJKF= FH LA E = H=L E K A =IJE A IE AJHE A (x1 , x3 ) H = A x2 LHE A@E x1 x1 , x2 x2 , x3 x3

C 1222 = a11 a22 a22 a22 C1222 = C1222 = 0

C1112 = C1222 = C1233 = C2313 = 0

C1111 C1122 C1133 C2222 C2233 C3333 sim.

C13 C23 C33

2HE AH HJ JH F C IJ= @=H@ E A AHI

=JAHE = = FHA@IJ=L = A@= F EJ E I = I E = FHE = K A = =L= A E JH F C =JAHE = = @ AC I  l = =L= &

x1 = cosx1 + sinx2 x2 = sinx1 + cosx2 x3 = x3

C1111 C1122 C1133 C1111 C1133 C3333 sim.

C13 C13 C33

IE AJHE A JA I= A AHI FHE E F IA> A = x3 l I E = ! E H EL K

IL IJLE = >EJ A E IE A @A A t, t , l JA >E 2HE AH JH= ILAH

@HKC= E E K EH= K H=L E A = L@ A FHE = = E JH F

C1111 C1122 C1122 C1111 C1122 C1111 Cijkl = sim.

0 0 0 0 0 1 (C1111 C1122 ) 2 #

C12 C12 C11

) >E A =IJE C A =IJE F

C1111 = C11 = + 2 C1212 = C12 =

@K I E?= = F A JA JA =FHA = = CK A A =FEI=JE E H=

H= @AB H =?E = E H= A A FHA

1 H= E @ >ELA E FH=LE A =LE = ! 5 K = A@ E A @AB H =?E A K L = =FHA = =

" " "! "" "#

!! !! !# !% "$ "& "' # # $ $ $ $#

& $ "# #% %# &!

106 / + #! % "' ' $ !$ #"

Tg + # # ! ! % " % &# "! ' # !!

H AJLHJ C = H= ! " #

H =FHA = = =FEIK K %

" = A @A EH= K I L= = =K A #

$ IJ % & '

IJE FAH=J H= @AHELEH= = LE@ EL

IJE A F EJEL = det+ > 0 =JHE?= A AIE

!" IK ILE IJ= E aij = 0 !#

=JAHE = = FHA@IJ=L = A@= F EJ E I = I E = FHE = K A = =L= A E JH F C =JAHE = = @ AC I l = =L= &

IE AJHE A JA I= A AHI FHE E F IA> A = x3 l I E = ! E H EL K

0 0 0 0 0 1 (C1111 C1122 ) 2 #

@K I E?= = F A JA JA =FHA = = CK A A =FEI=JE E H=

$ IJE E F K = LED @ AC A 11 = 0 = ILE

IKIJ=LK ( ) E IKIJ=LK (x, y ) %

IKIJ=LK =FEI= E = %$ %%

KLH J=L= = E H= = & E L @E IA

HI A JH= IB H =?E A FHA = E H= K &# xy =

K EI IJHAII =?JE

% AHK q = E A E & IJ S12 '

JA = IA FHAJF IJ=LE @= A @AB H =?E = L = = E =JHE?A A@ = = K KF A FH @K A A I = K I AHK G A@ =

KLH J=L= = E H= = " E & K % E IHA EL= = @ >E = LHE A@

" # $ %

6=> E?= # 6=> E?= FH E EE !! EE !

= 7 FHAJF IJ=L K 1 = 0; 2 = 12 = 0 LHE A@E

? 7 FHAJF IJ=L K 12 = 6 = 0; 1 = 2 = 0 LHE A@E

IJEJKJEL = A@ =@ >= FHA = C =IE

!' " " "

" F =?E K H=L E E = E =J= IK E A=H = BK ?E = F IJ=L =

"" "# "$ "% "& "'

# # #! #" ## #$ #%

#' $ $

u v u0 v0 2w 2w + = [u0 + zF1 ] + [v0 + zF2 ] = + z z y x y x y x yx xy 2 w 0 0 = xy 2z = xy + zxy $ yx