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L1b1 (M349)
L-M20
A (M91)
CT (M168)
Haplogroup L-M20
Haplogroup L-M20 found in South Asia, Western Asia and Europe and is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. Origins Haplogroup L-M20 is associated with South Asia. It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K-M9, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 30,000 years ago. Both T and L originated in the Iraq/Iran region, the branches of L all went in different directions (L1 southeast, L2 west and L3 northeast. Distribution Sengupta 2006 discovered three subbranches of haplogroup L: L-M76, L-M317, and L-M357. All three are present in Pakistan, but only L-M76 is regularly found in India. They make a case for an indigenous origin of L-M76 in India, by arguing that the spatial distributions of both L-M76 HG frequency and associated microsatellite variance show a pattern of spread emanating from southern India. By linking haplogroup L-M76 to the Dravidian speakers, they simultaneously argue for an Indian origin of Dravidian languages (Sengupta 2006). Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs (Henson, Hrechdakian & FTDNA 2013), suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.
L L855, L863, L878/PF5524, L879/PF5697, M11, M20/PF5570, M61/Page43, M185/PF5755 L* L1 L656, L1304, M22, M295, Page121 L1* L1a M27, M76, P329 L1b L655, M317 L1b* L1b1 M349 L1b2 M274
L2 L595
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Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all living people are descended patrilineally (tracing back only along the paternal lines of their family tree). Recent studies report that Y-chromosomal Adam lived as early as around 142,000 years ago. All living humans are also descended matrilineally from Mitochondrial Eve who is thought to have lived earlier, about 190,000200,000 years ago. Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve need not have lived at the same time. Y-chromosomal Adam had at least two sons and two of his sons have unbroken lineages that have survived to the present day. Initial sequencing of the human Y chromosome suggested that two most basal Y-chromosome lineages were Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. Haplogroup A is found at low frequencies in parts of Africa, but is common among certain hunter-gatherer groups. Haplogroup BT lineages represent the majority of African Y-chromosome lineages and virtually all non-African lineages. Y-chromosomal Adam was represented as the root of these two lineages. Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT represented the lineages of the two sons of Y-chromosomal Adam. Y-chromosomal Adam is named after the Biblical Adam. This may lead to a misconception that he was the only living male of his times, even though he co-existed with plenty of men around, including his own father who was not the "most recent". However, all his other male contemporaries failed to produce a direct unbroken male line to the present day.
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Origins Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage established approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago whose origins were probably in Southwestern Asia or South Asia. At present this group contains two distinct classes of subgroups: major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree) and minor groups K-M9* and K1 to K4, which do not have any of the SNPs defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia, and high in Australia and the South Pacific.
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Late Bronze Age Migrations The numerous hoards of the Urnfield culture and the existence of fortified settlements (hill forts) were taken as evidence for widespread warfare and upheaval by some scholars. Written sources describe several collapses and upheavals in the Eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia and the Levant around the time of the Urnfield origins: - End of the Mycenean culture with a conventional date of ca. 1200 BC - Destruction of Troy VI ca. 1200 BC - Battles of Ramses III against the Sea Peoples, 11951190 BC - End of the Hittite empire 1180 BC - Settlement of the Philistines in Palestine ca. 1170 BC
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