CIRIA GUIDE 2 FOR DESIGN DEEP BEAMS

The CIRIA Guide (CIRIA, 1977) applies to beams having an effective span / depth ratio L/h of less than 2 for single span beam and less than 2.5 for continuous beams. L= Lo +[ lesser of c1/2 and 0.1 Lo]+[lesser ofc2/2 and 0.1 Lo) ha= h or L (whichever is the lesser)

Figure 1. 1 CIRIA Guide Simple Rules CIRIAs Simple Rules are intended primarily for uniformly loaded deep beams. They can be applied to both single-span and continuous beams. 1.1 Flexural strength Step 1: Calculate the capacity of the concrete section Mu = 0.12 fcu b ha  (1) where fcu is the concrete characteristic strength , and b the beam thickness. Step 2: If L/ha <= 0.5 go to step 3. If L/ha>1.5 check that the applied moment M does not exceed Mu of Eqn (1) Step 3: Calculate the area As of the main longitudinal reinforcement: As>M/0.87fyz (2) where M is the applied moment, fy the steel characteristic strength and z the lever arm, which is to be taken as follows:

z=0.2l+0.4ha .for single-span beams .(3) z=0.2l+0.3ha .for continuous beams ..(4) Step 4: Distribute the reinforcement As (Eqn (1.4)) over a depth of 0.2ha. Anchor the reinforcement bars to develop at least 80% of the maximum ultimate force beyond the face of the support. A proper anchorage contributes to the confinement of the concrete at the supports and improves the bearing strength. 1.1.2 Shear strength: bottom-loaded beams Step 1: Calculate the concrete shear capacity: Vu=0.75 b ha vu (5) where vu is the maximum shear stress Step 2: Check that the applied shear force V does not exceed Vu of Eqn (5) Step 3: Provide hanger bars in both faces to support the bottom loads, using a design stress of 0.87fy. The hanger bars should be anchored by a full bond length above the active height ha or, alternatively, anchored as links around longitudinal bars at the top. Step 4: Provide nominal horizontal web reinforcement over the lower half of the active height ha and over a length of the span equal to 0.4ha measured from each support. The area of this web reinforcement should not be less than 80% that of the uniformly distributed hanger steel, per unit length. The bar spacing and reinforcement per centage should also meet the requirements of Section 1.1.5. 1.1.3 Shear strength: top-loaded beams. The proven concept of the clear shear span x, as used by Kong et al. (1972b and 1975) has been adopted by the CIRIA Guide. The CIRIA Guide has also accepted the Kong et al. (1972b) proposal that, for uniformly distributed loading, the effective clear shear span xe may be taken as l/4. Step 1: With reference to Figure 1, calculate the effective clear shear span xe which is to be taken as the least of: a) The clear shear span for a load which contributes more than 50% of the total shear force at the support. b) l/4 for a load uniformly distributed over the whole span. c) The weighted average of the clear shear spans where more than one load acts and none contributes more than 50% of the shear force at the support. The weighted average will be calculated as S(Vrxr)/SVr where SVr=V is the total shear force at the face of the support, Vr=an individual shear force and xr=clear shear span of Vr. Step 2: Calculate the shear capacity Vu to be taken as the value given by Eqns (6) and (7)   . For ha/b <4 (6).   . For ha/b <4 .(7)

Vu=bha vu(8)

where the xe is the effective clear shear span calculated from step 1, vu is as defined for Eqn (7) and vc is the shear stress value taken from Table 5 of CP1 10 (1972) Step 3: Check that the applied shear force V does not exceed the shear capacity Vu calculated in step 2. Step 4: Provide nominal web reinforcement in the form of a rectangular mesh in each face. The amount of this nominal reinforcement should not be less than that required for a wall; this in effect means at least 0.25% of deformed bars in each. The vertical bars should be anchored round the main bars at the bottom; the horizontal bars should be anchored as links round vertical bars at the edges of the beam. The bar spacing and minimum percentage should also meet the requirements applied. 1.1.4 Bearing strength For deeper beams (l/h<1.5) The bearing capacity may well be the governing design criterion, particularly for those having shorter shear spans. To estimate the bearing stress at the support, the reaction may be considered uniformly distributed over an area equal to (the beam width b)(the effective support length) where the effective support length is to be taken as the actual support length c or 0.2lo whichever is the lesser. The bearing stress so calculated should not exceed 0.4fcu. 1.1.5 Crack control The minimum percentage of reinforcement, In the horizontal or vertical direction, should comply with the requirements for a wall,. The maximum bar spacing should not exceed 250 mm. In a tension zone, the steel ratio , calculated as the ratio of the total steel area to the local area of the concrete in which it is embedded, should satisfy the condition .(9) The maximum crack width should not be allowed to exceed 0.3 mm in a normal environment; in a more aggressive environment, the maximum crack width may have to be limited to 0.1mm. To control maximum crack widths to within 0.3 and 0.1mm, bar spacing should not exceed those given in the CIRIA Guide.

Example: Continuous beam with span moment Mf+ = 4602 kN.m, and support moment Mf-= 5245 kN.m

6m L= 6 m h = 5.4 m L/h = 6/5.4= 1.11 < 2.5 ( for continuous beam)

Soultion: Find Z= 0.2L + 0.3 h = 0.2(6) + 0.3(5.4) = 2.82 m Find the Concrete Section Capacity Mu = 0.12 fcu b ha fcu= =25 Mpa, b= 300mm, h=5.4m>>> Mu= 0.12(25) (300) (5400) (10^-6) = 26244 kN.m > 5245 kN.m. For Support Section Tension Force T = M-/ Z = 4602 / 2.82 = 1860 kN >>> As= T/( s fy) = 1860x1000/(0.85 x400)= 5471 mm >>>> Provide 6-35 (6000 mm ) For Span Section Tension Force T = M-/ Z = 5245 / 2.82 = 1632 kN >>> As= T/( s fy) = 1632x1000/(0.85 x400)= 4800 mm >>>> Provide 10-25 (5000 mm ) Check Bearing Capacity: Vf =4536 kN at Middle support, fc= 40 Mpa fb= 0.75.  c fc = (0.75)( 0.65)( 40) = 19.5 Mpa Ab = 300 x1000 mm ( Column 300x1000) Vb= Ab fb = (300x1000)x(19.5)= 5850 kN > 4536 kN >>> Bearing is OK