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WORLDS AND KNOWLEDGES OTHERWISE
Arturo Escobar
To cite this Article Escobar, Arturo(2007) 'WORLDS AND KNOWLEDGES OTHERWISE', Cultural Studies, 21: 2, 179
210
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09502380601162506
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Arturo Escobar
WORLDS AND KNOWLEDGES OTHERWISE
1
The Latin American modernity/
coloniality research program
Introduction: Cruzando Fronteras and the borders of thought
c.o.o1c t.c..o , t|c tiucl, o:g:izi:g t|cuc io: t|c !00! llAl o:g:css
cclc|:tcc i: Austc:cu o: !o ul,, soug|t to sig:l, :c :ct|i:|, t|c cvc:
i:c:csi:g :clcv:cc oi |o:cc:s to t|c co:st:uctio: oi oliticl, socil, :c
cultu:l iugi::ics i:ou, :c |out, lti: Auc:ic t t|c cw: oi t|c :cw
uillc::iuu I|c :csc:t c: iocuscs o: |o:cc: t|t is gi:i:g slic:cc i:
:ccc:t ,c:s, :ticul:l, s :csult oi t|c wo:| oi : i:c:csi:gl,
i:tc:co::cctcc g:ou oi :csc:c|c:s i: lti: Auc:ic :c t|c D:itcc ttcs,
wit| sullc: |::c|cs clscw|c:c l u :cic::i:g to t|c co:ccts oi |o:cc:
t|i:|i:g :c |o:cc: cistcuologics ssocitcc wit| l:gc: ciio:t t|t l will
cll |c:c t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, :csc:c| :og:u l u usi:g t|c co:cct
oi :csc:c| :og:u looscl, ;:ot i: st:ict l|tosi: sc:sc, to :cic: to w|t
sccus to |c : cuc:gc:t |ut l:cc, sig:iiic:tl, co|csivc c:scctivc t|t is
iucli:g sc:ics oi :csc:c|cs, uccti:gs, u|lictio:s, :c so io:t| :ou:c
s|:cc cvc: ii cou:sc co:tcstcc sct oi co:ccts l: |cci:g wit| t|c si:it
oi t|c g:ou, l woulc :guc t|t t|is |oc, oi wo:|, still :cltivcl, u:|:ow: i:
t|c l:glis| sc|i:g wo:lc io: :cso:s t|t go |c,o:c l:gugc :c t|t sc|
to t|c |c:t oi t|c :og:u, co:stitutcs :ovcl c:scctivc i:ou lti:
Auc:ic |ut :ot o:l, io: lti: Auc:ic |ut io: t|c wo:lc oi t|c socil :c
|uu: scic:ccs s w|olc l, t|is l co :ot uc: t|t t|c wo:| oi t|is g:ou is
|ust c .... to llcgccl, u:ivc:sl socil :c |uu: scic:ccs, |ut t|t t|t t|c
g:ou scc|s to u|c cccisivc i:tc:vc:tio: i:to t|c vc:, ciscu:sivit, oi t|c
uocc:: scic:ccs i: o:cc: to c:it :ot|c: scc io: t|c :ocuctio: oi
|:owlccgc : ot|c: w, oi t|i:|i:g, o o.o1.o c.c, t|c vc:, ossi|ilit,
oi tl|i:g |out wo:lcs :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc W|t t|is g:ou suggcsts
is t|t : ot|c: t|oug|t, : ot|c: |:owlccgc ;:c :ot|c: wo:lc, i: t|c si:it
oi lo:to Alcg:cs Wo:lc ocil lo:uu,, :c i:cccc ossi|lc
A :oc: co:tcxtuliztio: :c gc:clog, oi t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit,
:csc:c| :og:u ;\ i:ou :ow o:, woulc |vc to wit iutu:c stucics lt
suiiiccs to s,, io: :ow, t|t t|c:c :c :uu|c: oi icto:s t|t coulc lusi|l,
c:tc: i:to t|c gc:clog, oi t|is g:ous t|i:|i:g, i:cluci:g li|c:tio: t|colog,
i:ou t|c 1-o0s :c 1-0s, cc|tcs i: lti: Auc:ic: |iloso|, :c socil
Cultural Studies Vol. 21, Nos. 23 March/May 2007, pp. 179210
ISSN 0950-2386 print/ISSN 1466-4348 online 2007 Taylor & Francis
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals DOI: 10.1080/09502380601162506
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scic:cc :ou:c :otio:s oi li|c:tio: |iloso|, :c uto:ouous socil scic:cc
;cg, l::iquc Dusscl, kocolio lusc|, :l:co lls lo:c, l|lo Go:zlcs
s:ov, D:c, ki|ci:o,, ccc:cc:c, t|co:,, t|c cc|tcs o: lti: Auc:ic:
uocc::it, :c ostuocc::it, i: t|c 1-0s, iollowcc |, ciscussio:s o:
|,|:icit, i: :t|:oolog,, couuu:ictio:s :c cultu:l stucics i: t|c 1--0s,
:c, i: t|c D:itcc ttcs, t|c lti: Auc:ic: u|ltc:: tucics g:ou I|c
uocc::it,colo:ilit, g:ou cc:ti:l, ii:cs i:si:tio: i: :uu|c: oi sou:ccs,
i:ou lu:oc: :c :o:t| Auc:ic: c:iticl t|co:ics oi uocc::it, :c
ostuocc::it, to out| Asi: su|ltc:: stucics, |ic: icui:ist t|co:,,
ostcolo:il t|co:,, :c Ai:ic: |iloso|,, u:, oi its ucu|c:s oc:tc
wit|i: uociiicc wo:lc s,stcus c:scctivc lts ui: c:ivi:g io:cc, |owcvc:,
is co:ti:ucc :cilcctio: o: lti: Auc:ic: cultu:l :c oliticl :clit,,
i:cluci:g t|c su|ltc:: |:owlccgc oi cxloitcc :c o:csscc socil g:ous li
ccc:cc:c, t|co:,, li|c:tio: t|colog,, :c :ticito:, ctio: :csc:c| c:
|c sic to |vc |cc: t|c uost o:igi:l co:t:i|utio:s oi lti: Auc:ic: c:iticl
t|oug|t i: t|c twc:tict| cc:tu:, ;wit| ll t|c cvcts t|t u, l, to suc|
o:igi:lit,,, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u cuc:gcs s |ci: to t|is t:citio: As wc
s|ll scc, |owcvc:, t|c:c :c sig:iiic:t ciiic:c:ccs As Wltc: \ig:olo uts
it, \ s|oulc |c scc: s o o.o1.o c.c kt|c: t|: :cw :cigu i:ou
lti: Auc:ic ;s it coulc |vc |cc: t|c csc wit| ccc:cc:c,,, t|c \
:o|cct cocs :ot iit i:to li:c: |isto:, oi :cigus o: cistcucs, to co so
woulc uc: to i:tcg:tc it i:to t|c |isto:, oi uocc:: t|oug|t : t|c
co:t::,, t|c \ :og:u s|oulc |c scc: s : ot|c: w, oi t|i:|i:g t|t :u:s
cou:tc: to t|c g:ct uocc::ist :::tivcs ;|:isti:it,, li|c:lisu, :c
\:xisu,, it loctcs its ow: i:qui:, i: t|c vc:, |o:cc:s oi s,stcus oi t|oug|t
:c :cc|cs tow:cs t|c ossi|ilit, oi :o:cu:occ:t:ic uoccs oi t|i:|i:g
l:t l oi t|c c: :csc:ts : ovc:vicw oi t|c cu::c:t \ l:cscc l
uust cu|sizc t|t t|is is u, ow: :ticul: :cci:g oi t|is g:ous wo:|,
i:ou u, liuitcc c:ggcuc:t wit| it :c u, cqull, liuitcc u:cc:st:ci:g
I|is c: s|oulc |c :cc s :co:t i:ou t|c iiclc, so to sc| l:t ll ccls
wit| oc: :c u::csolvcc qucstio:s ici:g t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u Auo:g
t|csc qucstio:s, l will |ig|lig|t gc:cc:, :tu:c, :c t|c :ccc to t|i:| |out
ltc::tivc cco:ouic iugi::ics
I The modernity/coloniality research program
W|,, o:c u, s|, co t|csc g:ou oi lti: Auc:ic:s :c lti: Auc:ic:ists
iccl t|t :cw u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, is :ccccc Io iull, :ccitc t|c
iuo:t:cc oi t|is qucstio:, it is i:st:uctivc to |cgi: |, ciscussi:g t|c
coui::t tc:cc:cics i: t|c stuc, oi uocc::it, i:ou w|t wc c: cll i:t:
uocc:: c:scctivcs ;t|c tc:u will |ccouc clc: s wc uovc lo:g, l u
vc:, uuc| w:c t|t t|c vicw oi uocc::it, to |c :csc:tcc |clow is tc::i|l,
:til :c co:tcst|lc l u :ot :csc:ti:g it wit| t|c gol oi t|co:izi:g
1 8 0 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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uocc::it,, |ut :t|c: i: o:cc: to |ig|lig|t, |, w, oi co:t:st, t|c st:|
ciiic:c:cc t|t t|c \ :og:u oscs i: :cltio: to t|c coui::t i:qui:ics
|out uocc::it, l: t|c lst i:st:cc, t|c gol oi t|is |:ici cxcu:sus i:to
uocc::it, is oliticl li, s uost i:t:uocc:: ciscussio: suggcst, glo|liz
tio: c:tils t|c u:ivc:sliztio: :c :cicliztio: oi uocc::it,, t|c: w|t :c
wc lcit wit| low c: wc t|i:| |out socil c|:gc Docs :cicl ltc:it,
|ccouc iuossi|lc \o:c gc:c:ll,, w|t is |c:i:g to ccvclouc:t :c
uocc::it, i: tiucs oi glo|liztio: ls uocc::it, ii:ll, |ccoui:g u:ivc:s
lizcc, o: is it |ci:g lcit |c|i:c I|c qucstio: is t|c uo:c oig::t |ccusc it
c: |c :gucc t|t t|c :csc:t is uouc:t oi t::sitio: |ctwcc: wo:lc
ccii:cc i: tc:us oi uocc::it, :c its co:oll:ics, ccvclouc:t :c
uocc::iztio:, :c t|c cc:ti:t, t|c, i:stillcc wo:lc t|t |s oc:tcc
l:gcl, u:cc: lu:oc: |cgcuo:, ovc: t|c st two |u:c:cc ,c:s ii :ot
uo:c, :c :cw ;glo|l, :clit, w|ic| is still ciiiicult to scc:ti: |ut w|ic|,
t oositc c:cs, c: |c scc: cit|c: s cccc:i:g oi uocc::it, t|c wo:lc
ovc: o:, o: t|c co:t::,, s cccl, :cgotitcc :clit, t|t c:cousscs u:,
|ctc:ogc:cous cultu:l io:utio:s :c oi cou:sc, t|c u:, s|ccs i:
|ctwcc: I|is sc:sc oi t::sitio: is wcll ctu:cc |, t|c qucstio: ls
glo|liztio: t|c lst stgc oi citlist uocc::it,, o: t|c |cgi::i:g oi
souct|i:g :cw As wc s|ll scc, i:t:uocc:: :c \ c:scctivcs o:
uocc::it, givc vc:, ciiic:c:t :swc: to t|is sct oi qucstio:s
c!c/o!..o.c o |. .o1..o!..o.c c c1..., + ..oc1.. .. c
c1...,
I|c icc oi :cltivcl, si:glc glo|liztio: :occss cu:ti:g out oi icw
coui::t cc:tc:s :cui:s :cvlc:t lt is usciul to :cvicw succi:ctl, |ow t|is
iugc :osc i: t|c uost :ccc:t c:ioc :c w|, it sccus so ciiiicult to ciscl
l:ou |iloso|icl :c sociologicl c:scctivc, t|c :oot oi t|c icc oi :
i:c:csi:gl, ovc:owc:i:g glo|liztio: lics i: vicw oi uocc::it, s cssc:till,
: lu:oc: |c:ouc:o: kccc:t c|llc:gcs to t|is vicw i:ou c:i|c:l
loctio:s |vc qucstio:cc t|c u:cxui:cc ssuutio: iou:c i: t|i:|c:s li|c
l|c:us, Giccc:s, I,lo:, Iou:i:c, l,ot:c, ko:t,, ctc, s uuc| s i: l:t,
lcgcl, :c t|c l::|iu:t c|ool |iloso|c:s |cio:c t|cu t|t uocc::it, c:
|c iull, cxli:cc |, :cic:c:cc to icto:s i:tc::l to lu:oc I|c vicws oi
l|c:us :c Giccc:s |vc |cc: :ticul:l, i:iluc:til, |vi:g givc: :isc to
vc:it|lc gc::c oi |oo|s o: uocc::it, :c glo|liztio: l:ou t|is c:scctivc,
uocc::it, u, |c c|:ctc:izcc s iollows
1 u.c...o!!,, uocc::it, |s icc:tiii|lc tcuo:l :c stil o:igi:s
scvc:tcc:t| cc:tu:, :o:t|c:: lu:oc ;csccill, l::cc, Gc:u:,,
l:gl:c,, :ou:c t|c :occsscs oi kcio:utio:, t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t, :c
t|c l:c:c| kcvolutio: I|csc :occsscs c:,stllizcc t t|c c:c oi t|c
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 1
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cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:, ;loucults uocc:: cistcuc, :c |ccuc co:soli
ctcc wit| t|c l:cust:il kcvolutio:
! :c..c!c..o!!,, uocc::it, is c|:ctc:izcc |, cc:ti: i:stitutio:s, :ticu
l:l, t|c :tio: sttc, :c |, souc |sic ictu:cs, suc| s .!..!..., ;t|c
co:ti:uous iccc|c| oi cxc:t |:owlccgc |c| i:to socict,, t::sio:ui:g
it,, t|c 1../.11. oi socil liic i:ou locl co:tcxt :c its i:c:csi:g
cctc:ui:tio: |, t::slocl io:ccs, :c o.... 1.o.o.c, o: t|c
sc:tio: oi scc :c lcc, si:cc :cltio:s |ctwcc: |sc:t ot|c:s
|ccouc uo:c iuo:t:t t|: icc to icc i:tc:ctio: ;Giccc:s 1--0,
! co!o.o!!,, uocc::it, c: |c iu:t|c: c|:ctc:izcc i: tc:us oi t|c
i:c:csi:g :o:itio: oi :cviousl, t|c: io: g::tcc cultu:l |c|
g:ou:cs |, io:us oi cxc:t |:owlccgc li:|cc to citl :c sttc
cui:ist:tivc :tuscs ;l|c:us 1-!, l|c:us ;1-, ccsc:i|cs
t|is :occss s t|c i:c:csi:g :tio:liztio: oi t|c liicwo:lc, ccou:icc
|, u:ivc:sliztio: :c i:civicutio: \occ::it, |:i:gs |out : o:cc: o:
t|c |sis oi t|c co:st:ucts oi :cso:, t|c i:civicul, cxc:t |:owlccgc,
:c cui:ist:tivc ucc|:isus li:|cc to t|c sttc :cc: :c :cso: :c
scc: s t|c iou:ctio: io: cqulit, :c i:cccou, :c c:|lcc |, t|c
l:gugc oi :ig|ts
+ t|.!cc|..o!!,, o:c u, scc uocc::it, i: tc:us oi t|c cuc:gc:cc oi t|c
:otio: oi \: s t|c iou:ctio: io: ll |:owlccgc :c o:cc: oi t|c
wo:lc, sc:tc i:ou t|c :tu:l :c t|c civi:c ; c:vsivc :t|:o
occ:t:isu, loucult 1-!, lciccggc: 1-, l:i||: 1--!, : t|c
ot|c:, uocc::it, is scc: i: tc:us oi t|c t:iuu| oi uct|,sics,
u:cc:stooc s tc:cc:c, cxtc:ci:g i:ou llto :c souc oi t|c :c
oc:tics to Dcsc:tcs :c t|c uocc:: t|i:|c:s, :c c:iticizcc |,
:ictzsc|c :c lciccggc: uo:g ot|c:s t|t ii:cs i: logicl t:ut| t|c
iou:ctio: io: :tio:l t|co:, oi t|c wo:lc s ucc u oi |:ow|lc ;:c
|c:cc co:t:oll|lc, t|i:gs :c |ci:gs ;cg, Vttiuo 1--1, lo: Vttiuo,
uocc::it, is c|:ctc:izcc |, t|c icc oi |isto:, :c its co:oll:,, :og:css
:c ovc:coui:g Vttiuo cu|sizcs t|c logic oi ccvclouc:t t|c
|clici i: c:ctul |cttc:uc:t :c ovc:coui:g s c:ucil to t|c
|iloso|icl iou:ctio:s oi t|c uocc:: o:cc:
: t|c c:iticl sicc, t|c ciscu|ccccc:css oi uocc::it, is scc: to cusc
w|t lul Vi:ilio ;1---, clls glo|l cclocliztio:, i:cluci:g t|c u:gi:
liztio: oi lcc ;t|c |c:c :c :ow oi socil ctio:, i: t|c ccii:itio: oi socil
liic I|c u:cc:sicc oi o:cc: :c :tio:lit, is scc: i: v:ious w,s, i:ou
t|c coui:tio: :c cisc:c|:tuc:t t|t cuc |out wit| sccul:iztio: :c t|c
:ccoui::cc oi i:st:uuc:tl :cso: to t|c :o:uliztio: oi liic :c t|c
ciscili:i:g oi oultio:s As loucult ut it, t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t, w|ic|
ciscovc:cc t|c li|c:tics, lso i:vc:tcc t|c ciscili:cs ;1--, !!!, li:ll,,
uocc::it,s :t|:oocc:t:isu is :cltcc to logocc:t:isu :c |llogocc:t:isu,
ccii:cc |c:c siul, s t|c cultu:l :o|cct oi o:cc:i:g t|c wo:lc cco:ci:g to
1 8 2 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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:tio:l :i:cilcs i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi ulc cu:occ:t:ic co:scious:css
i: ot|c: wo:cs, |uilci:g : llcgccl, o:cc:cc, :tio:l, :c :ccict|lc wo:lc
logocc:t:isu |s :cc|cc u::ccccc:tcc lcvcls wit| t|c cxt:cuc cco:ouiz
tio: :c tcc|:iiictio: oi t|c wo:lc ;lcii !000, \occ::it, oi cou:sc cic :ot
succccc i: co:stituti:g totl :clit,, |ut c:ctcc totlizi:g :o|cct iucc t
t|c u:iiictio: oi o:cc:s ;sc:tio: |ctwcc: us :c t|cu, :tu:c :c cultu:c,,
lt|oug| i:cvit|l, o:l, :ocuci:g |,|:ics oi t|csc oositcs lo:g t|c w,
;t|us ltou:s cictuu t|t wc |vc :cvc: |cc: uocc::, 1--!,
ls t|c:c logicl :cccssit, to |clicvc t|t t|c o:cc: so s|ctc|il,
c|:ctc:izcc |ovc is t|c o:l, o:c c|lc oi |ccoui:g glo|l lo: uost
t|co:ists, o: ll siccs oi t|c oliticl scct:uu, t|is is cxctl, t|c csc Giccc:s
;1--0, |s ucc t|c :guuc:t uost io:cciull, glo|liztio: c:tils t|c
:cicliztio: :c u:ivc:sliztio: oi uocc::it, :o lo:gc: u:cl, : iii: oi
t|c Wcst, |owcvc:, si:cc uocc::it, is cvc:,w|c:c, t|c t:iuu| oi t|c
uocc:: lics :cciscl, i: its |vi:g |ccouc u:ivc:sl I|is u, |c cll t|c
Giccc:s ciicct .c c c, . c1..., o!! |. o, 1c, ...,|..., o.! |.
.1 c .. :ot o:l, is :cicl ltc:it, cxcllcc io:cvc: i:ou t|c :clu oi
ossi|ilitics, ll wo:lc cultu:cs :c socictics :c :ccuccc to |ci:g
u:iicsttio: oi lu:oc: |isto:, :c cultu:c I|c Giccc:s ciicct sccus
to |c t l,, ci:cctl, o: i:ci:cctl,, i: uost wo:|s o: uocc::it, :c
glo|liztio: t :csc:t :o uttc: |ow v:iousl, quliiicc, glo|l
uocc::it, is |c:c to st, kccc:t :t|:oologicl i:vcstigtio:s oi uocc::it,
t l:gc ;Acu:i 1--o, |vc s|ow: uocc::it, to |c scc: s cc
tc::ito:ilizcc, |,|:icizcc, co:tcstcc, u:cvc:, |ctc:ogc:ous, cvc: uultilc,
o: i: tc:us oi co:vc:si:g wit|, c:ggi:g, l,i:g wit|, o: :occssi:g
uocc::it,, :cvc:t|clcss, i: t|c lst i:st:cc t|csc uocc::itics c:c u |ci:g
:cilcctio: oi cu:occ:tc:cc socil o:cc:, u:cc: t|c ssuutio: t|t uocc::it,
is :ow cvc:,w|c:c, : u|iquitous :c i:cluct|lc socil ict
!
oulc it |c, |owcvc:, t|t t|c owc: oi lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it, s
o...o!o. !c.o! |.c., lics i: t|c ict t|t is |s :ocuccc o...o!o. !c/o!
1.. i: suc| w, t|t it |s su|ltc::izcc ot|c: locl |isto:ics :c t|ci:
co::cso:ci:g ccsig:s li t|is is t|c csc, coulc o:c osit t|c |,ot|csis t|t
:cicl ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, :c :ot |isto:icll, io:ccloscc ossi|ilit, li
so, |ow c: wc :ticultc :o|cct :ou:c t|is ossi|ilit, oulc it |c t|t it is
ossi|lc to t|i:| |out, :c to t|i:| ciiic:c:tl, i:ou, : cxtc:io:it, to t|c
uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu I|t o:c u, c:visio: ltc::tivcs to t|c totlit,
iuutcc to uocc::it,, :c cuu|:tc :ot ciiic:c:t totlit, lcci:g to
ciiic:c:t glo|l ccsig:s, |ut :ctwo:| oi loclglo|l |isto:ics co:st:uctcc
i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi oliticll, c::ic|cc ltc:it, I|is is :cciscl, t|c
ossi|ilit, t|t u, |c glc:cc i:ou t|c wo:| oi g:ou oi lti: Auc:ic:
t|co:ists t|t i: :ci:cti:g uocc::it, t|:oug| t|c lc:s oi colo:ilit, c:ggc i:
qucstio:i:g oi t|c stil :c tcuo:l o:igi:s oi uocc::it,, t|us u:i:cczi:g
t|c :cicl otc:til io: t|i:|i:g i:ou ciiic:c:cc :c tow:cs t|c co:stitutio:
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 3
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oi ltc::tivc locl :c :cgio:l wo:lcs l: w|t iollows, l :csc:t succi:ctl,
souc oi t|c ui: :guuc:ts oi t|csc wo:|s
!
1|. c1...,.c!c.o!., ...o..| .c.o
I|c co:cctuliztio: oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, is g:ou:ccc i: sc:ics oi
oc:tio:s t|t cisti:guis| it i:ou cst|lis|cc t|co:ics oi uocc::it, ucci:ctl,
ut, t|csc i:clucc t|c iollowi:g ;1, : cu|sis o: locti:g t|c o:igi:s oi
uocc::it, wit| t|c o:qucst oi Auc:ic :c t|c co:t:ol oi t|c Atl:tic itc:
1+-!, :t|c: t|: i: t|c uost couuo:l, ccctcc l:cu:|s suc| s t|c
l:lig|tc:uc:t o: t|c c:c oi t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:,,
+
;!, c:sistc:t ttc:tio:
to colo:ilisu :c t|c u|i:g oi t|c citlist wo:lc s,stcu s co:stitutivc oi
uocc::it,, t|is i:cluccs cctc:ui:tio: :ot to ovc:loo| t|c cco:ou, :c its
co:couit:t io:us oi cxloittio:, ;!, co:scquc:tl,, t|c cotio: oi wo:lc
c:scctivc i: t|c cxl:tio: oi uocc::it,, i: licu oi vicw oi uocc::it, s
: i:t:lu:oc: |c:ouc:o:, ;+, t|c icc:tiiictio: oi t|c coui:tio: oi
ot|c:s outsicc t|c lu:oc: co:c s :cccss:, ciuc:sio: oi uocc::it,, wit|
t|c co:couit:t su|ltc::iztio: oi t|c |:owlccgc :c cultu:cs oi t|csc ot|c:
g:ous, ;., co:cctio: oi cu:occ:t:isu s t|c |:owlccgc io:u oi
uocc::it,colo:ilit, |cgcuo:ic :c:csc:ttio: :c uocc oi |:owi:g
t|t clius u:ivc:slit, io: itscli, :c t|t :clics o: co:iusio: |ctwcc:
|st:ct u:ivc:slit, :c t|c co:c:ctc wo:lc |cgcuo:, cc:ivcc i:ou lu:ocs
ositio: s cc:tc: ;Dusscl !000, +1, Qui|:o !000, .+-,
A :uu|c: oi ltc::tivc :otio:s cuc:gc i:ou t|is sct oi ositio:s ;,
cccc:tc:i:g oi uocc::it, i:ou its llcgcc lu:oc: o:igi:s, i:cluci:g
cc|u:|i:g oi t|c li:c: scquc:cc li:|i:g G:cccc, kouc, |:isti:it, :c
uocc:: lu:oc, ;|, :cw stil :c tcuo:l co:cctio: oi uocc::it, i:
tc:us oi t|c iou:ctio:l :olc oi i: :c lo:tugl ;t|c socllcc ii:st
uocc::it, i:ititcc wit| t|c o:qucst, :c its co:ti:utio: i: :o:t|c::
lu:oc wit| t|c i:cust:il :cvolutio: :c t|c l:lig|tc:uc:t ;t|c scco:c
uocc::it,, i: Dusscls tc:us,, t|c scco:c uocc::it, cocs :ot :clcc t|c
ii:st, it ovc:ls wit| it, u:til t|c :csc:t, ;c, iocus o: t|c c:i|c:liztio:
oi ll ot|c: wo:lc :cgio:s |, t|is uocc:: lu:oc, wit| lti: Auc:ic s t|c
i:itil ot|c: sicc oi uocc::it, ;t|c coui:tcc :c co:cclcc sicc,, :c ;c,
:c:cci:g oi t|c u,t| oi uocc::it,, :ot i: tc:us oi qucstio:i:g oi t|c
cu:cito:, otc:til oi uocc:: :cso:, |ut oi uocc::it,s u:cc:sicc,
:ucl,, t|c iuuttio: oi t|c suc:io:it, oi lu:oc: civiliztio:, coulcc
wit| t|c ssuutio: t|t lu:ocs ccvclouc:t uust |c iollowcc u:iltc:ll,
|, cvc:, ot|c: cultu:c, |, io:cc ii :cccss:, w|t Dusscl tc:us t|c
ccvclouc:tlist illc, ;cg, 1--!, !000, ouc ccitio:l co:scquc:ccs
i:clucc t|c :cvlui:g oi l:cu:| cxc:ic:ccs oi cccolo:iztio:, i:ou t|c
Iuc Au:u :c|cllio: :c t|c 10+ liti: :cvolutio: to t|c 1-o0s :ti
colo:il uovcuc:ts, s sou:ccs oi visio:s io: t|c iutu:c, s ooscc to t|c
1 8 4 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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co:vc:tio:l sou:ccs suc| s t|c l:c:c| :c Auc:ic: :cvolutio:s, :c, i:
gc:c:l, t|c :ccc to t|c sc:iousl, t|c cistcuic io:cc oi locl |isto:ics :c to
t|i:| t|co:, t|:oug| i:ou t|c oliticl :xis oi su|ltc:: g:ous
I|c ui: co:clusio:s :c, ii:st, t|t t|c :oc: :l,ticl u:it io: t|c
:l,sis oi uocc::it, is uocc::it,colo:ilit, i: suu, t|c:c is :o uocc::it,
wit|out colo:ilit,, wit| t|c lttc: |ci:g co:stitutivc oi t|c io:uc: ;i: Asi,
Ai:ic, lti: Auc:ic:i||c:, cco:c, t|c ict t|t t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ivilcgcc cistcuologicl :c oliticl scc I|c g:ct
u|o:it, oi lu:oc: t|co:ists ;:ticul:l, t|osc ccic:cc:s oi t|c lu:oc:
tc:t o: uocc::it,, s Qui|:o uoc|i:gl, clls t|cu ;!000, .+!,, |vc
|cc: |li:c to t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c t|c su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c
cultu:cs it c:tilcc A iocus o: t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu lso u|cs
visi|lc, |csiccs t|c i:tc::l co:ilicts ;co:ilicts wit|i: owc:s wit| t|c suc
wo:lc vicw,, t|osc t|t t|c lcc t t|c cxtc:io: |o:cc:s oi t|c uocc::
colo:il s,stcu ic, t|c co:ilicts wit| ot|c: cultu:cs :c wo:lc vicws
.
x., c.c o1 |.. c |. c1...,.c!c.!.o, ...o..| .c.o
ouc oi t|c |c, :otio:s t|t u|c u t|c co:cctul co:us oi t|is :csc:c|
:og:u :c t|us t|c c1.. .c!c.o! c.!1 ,. s t|c c:scu|lc oi :occsscs
:c socil io:utio:s t|t c:couss uocc:: colo:ilisu :c colo:il
uocc::itics, lt|oug| it is st:uctu:ll, |ctc:ogc:cous, it :ticultcs t|c ui:
io:us oi owc: i:to s,stcu c!c.o!., c c.. ;Qui|:o,, glo|l
|cgcuo:ic uoccl oi owc: i: lcc si:cc t|c o:qucst t|t :ticultcs :cc
:c l|o:, scc :c colcs, cco:ci:g to t|c :cccs oi citl :c to t|c
|c:ciit oi w|itc lu:oc: colcs cc!c.o! 1...... :c !c/o! .c!c.o!.,
;\ig:olo, w|ic| :cic: to t|c |:owlccgc :c cultu:l ciuc:sio:s oi t|c
su|ltc::iztio: :occsscs ciicctcc |, t|c colo:ilit, oi owc:, t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc |:i:gs to t|c io:c c:sistc:t cultu:l ciiic:c:ccs wit|i: glo|l owc:
st:uctu:cs cc!c.o!., c /.. ;uo:c :ccc:tl, suggcstcc |, :clso: \lco:co
Io::cs i: g:ou ciscussio:s, s t|c o:tologicl ciuc:sio: oi colo:ilt,, o:
|ot| siccs oi t|c c:cou:tc:, |scc o: lcvi:s, Dusscl :c l:o:, it oi:ts t
t|c o:tologicl cxccss t|t occu:s w|c: :ticul: |ci:gs iuosc o: ot|c:s
:c, |c,o:c t|t, t|c otc:til o: ctul ciicctivit, oi t|c ciscou:scs wit|
w|ic| t|c ot|c: :cso:cs to t|c su:cssio: s :csult oi t|c c:cou:tc:
;\lco:coIo::cs !00!, io.c...., s t|c |:owlccgc uoccl t|t
:c:csc:ts t|c locl lu:oc: |isto:icl cxc:ic:cc :c w|ic| |ccuc glo|ll,
|cgcuo:ic si:cc t|c scvc:tcc:t| cc:tu:, ;Dusscl, Qui|:o,, |c:cc t|c
ossi|ilit, oi c.o.c..... |.|. :c cistcuologics lc| oi t|csc :otio:s
:c i: t|cusclvcs :ootcc i: coulcx co:cctuliztio:s t|t :c:csc:t cccccs
oi :csc:c|, cvc: t|us, t|c, :c oi cou:sc cc|t|lc I|c:c :c souc ot|c:
:otio:s, uo:c cculi: to scciiic ut|o:s |ut w|ic| :c gi:i:g cu::c:c,
wit|i: t|c g:ou, t|t it is lso iuo:t:t to i:t:ocucc I|csc i:clucc Dusscls
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 5
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:otio: oi cxtc:io:it, :c t::suocc::it, :c \ig:olos co:cct oi |o:cc:
t|i:|i:g, lu:itoic |c:uc:cutics, :c lu:ivc:slit,
I|c qucstio: oi w|ct|c: t|c:c is : cxtc:io:it, to t|c uocc::colo:il
wo:lc s,stcu is soucw|t cculi: to t|is g:ou, :c csil, uisu:cc:stooc lt
ws o:igi:ll, :ooscc :c c:ciull, cl|o:tcc |, Dusscl i: |is clssic wo:|
o: li|c:tio: |iloso|, ;1-o, :c :cwo:|cc i: :ccc:t ,c:s l: :o w,
s|oulc t|is cxtc:io:it, |c t|oug|t |out s u:c outsicc, u:touc|cc |, t|c
uocc:: I|c :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, cocs :ot c:til : o:tologicl outsicc, it
:cic:s to : outsicc t|t is :cciscl, co:stitutcc s ciiic:c:cc |, |cgcuo:ic
ciscou:sc I|is :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, :iscs c|icil, |, t|i:|i:g |out t|c t|c:
i:ou t|c ct|icl :c cistcuologicl c:scctivc oi li|c:tio: |iloso|,
i:ucwo:| t|c t|c: s o:csscc, s wou:, s :cill, u:|cc, s
cxcluccc, s oo:, s :tu:c l, cli:g i:ou t|c cxtc:io:it, i: w|ic| s|c
is loctcc, t|c t|c: |ccoucs t|c o:igi:l sou:cc oi : ct|icl ciscou:sc vis
vis |cgcuo:ic totlit, I|is i:tc:clltio: oi t|c t|c: coucs i:ou outsicc
o: |c,o:c t|c s,stcus i:stitutio:l :c :o:utivc i:uc, s : ct|icl
c|llc:gc I|is c|llc:gc uig|t o:l, |c qusii:tclligi|lc t ii:st ;Dusscl
1--o, !.,, givc: t|c ciiiicultics i: cst|lis|i:g uc:i:giul i:tc:clltio: t|t
cxloitcc colcs |vc wit| :cscct to |cgcuo:ic s,stcu ;co:t: l|c:us
:otio: oi couuu:ictio: i:cc oi coui:tio:, I|c:c :c ccg:ccs oi
cxtc:io:it,, i: t|c lst i:st:cc, t|c g:ctc: c|llc:gc coucs i:ou
t|c i:tc:clltio: w|ic| t|c u|o:it, oi t|c oultio: oi t|c l:ct,
loctcc i: t|c out|, :iscs, ccu:ci:g t|ci: :ig|t to livc, t|ci: :ig|t to
ccvclo t|ci: ow: cultu:c, cco:ou,, olitics, ctc . . . I|c:c is :o
li|c:tio: wit|out :tio:lit,, |ut t|c:c is :o .....o! :tio:lit, wit|out
cccti:g t|c i:tc:clltio: oi t|c cxcluccc, o: t|is woulc i:cvc:tc:tl,
|c o:l, t|c :tio:lit, oi 1c.o.c . . . l:ou t|is :cgtcc t|c: cc:ts
t|c :xis oi li|c:tio: s iii:utio: oi t|c lxtc:io:it, :c s o:igi: oi
t|c uovcuc:t oi :cgtio: oi t|c :cgtio:
;Dusscl 1--o, !1, !o, .+,
o
I|is is :cciscl, w|t uost lu:oc: :c lu:oAuc:ic: t|co:ists sccu
u:willi:g to co:sicc: t|t it is iuossi|lc to t|i:| |out t::scc:ci:g o:
ovc:coui:g uocc::it, wit|out :oc|i:g it i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c
colo:il ciiic:c:cc lot| \ig:olo :c Dusscl scc |c:c st:ict liuit to
ccco:st:uctio: :c to t|c v:ious cu:occ:tc:cc c:itiqucs oi cu:occ:t:isu i:
s|o:t, t|csc co:ti:uc to |c t|oug|t |out i:ou wit|i: cu:occ:t:ic ctcgo:ics
;oi, s,, li|c:lisu, \:xisu, ostst:uctu:lisu,, :ot i:ou t|c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g
c:|lcc |, t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc . . . :itiqucs oi uocc::it,, i: s|o:t, :c
|li:c to t|c ;cistcuic :c cultu:l, colo:il ciiic:c:cc t|t |ccoucs t|c iocus
oi uocc::it,colo:ilit,
1 8 6 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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Dusscls :otio: oi .oc1..., sig:ls t|c ossi|ilit, oi :o:cu:occ:t:ic
:c c:iticl ciloguc wit| ltc:it,, o:c t|t iull, c:|lcs t|c :cgtio: oi t|c
:cgtio: to w|ic| t|c su|ltc:: ot|c:s |vc |cc: su||cctcc, :c o:c t|t cocs
:ot scc c:iticl ciscou:sc s i:t:i:sicll, lu:oc: l:tcg:l to t|is ciio:t is t|c
:cscui:g oi :o:|cgcuo:ic :c silc:ccc cou:tc:ciscou:scs, oi t|c ltc:it, t|t
is co:stitutivc oi uocc::it, itscli I|is is t|c ct|icl :i:cilc oi li|c:tio: oi
t|c :cgtcc t|c:, io: w|ic| Dusscl coi:s t|c tc:u, t::suocc::it,,
ccii:cc s :o|cct io: ovc:coui:g uocc::it, :ot siul, |, :cgti:g it |ut |,
t|i:|i:g |out it i:ou its u:cc:sicc, i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c cxcluccc
ot|c: I::suocc::it, is iutu:co:ic:tcc :o|cct t|t scc|s t|c li|c:tio: oi
ll |uu:it, ;1--o, 1+, | ,, wo:lcwicc ct|icl li|c:tio: :o|cct i:
w|ic| ltc:it,, w|ic| ws :t :c :ccl oi uocc::it,, woulc |c |lc to iul
iill itscli ;!000, +!,, i: w|ic| |ot| uocc::it, :c its :cgtcc ltc:it,
;t|c victius, co:clizc t|cusclvcs i: :occss oi uutul ic:tiliztio: ;1--!,
o, l: s|o:t, t::suocc::it, c::ot |c |:oug|t |out i:ou wit|i:
uocc::it,, |ut :cqui:cs oi t|c ctio: :c t|c i:co:o:tivc solic:it, oi
t|c su|ltc::izcc g:ous, t|c o||ccts oi uocc::it,s co:stitutivc violc:cc
cu|ccccc i:, uo:g ot|c: ictu:cs, t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc, kt|c: t|:
t|c :tio:l :o|cct oi ciscu:sivc ct|ics, t::suocc::it, |ccoucs t|c
cx:cssio: oi : ct|ics oi li|c:tio:
\ig:olos :otio:s oi /c.1.. |.|., /c.1.. ...c!c,, :c !o..c..
|....o.. :c iuo:t:t i: t|is :cg:c I|c, oi:t t t|c :ccc io: |i:c oi
t|i:|i:g t|t uovcs lo:g t|c civc:sit, oi |isto:icl :occsscs ;\ig:olo !001,
-, I|c:c :c, to |c su:c, :o o:igi:l t|i:|i:g t:citio:s to w|ic| o:c c: go
|c| kt|c: t|: :c:ocuci:g Wcstc:: |st:ct u:ivc:sls, |owcvc:, t|c
ltc::tivc is |i:c oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g t|t c:ggcs t|c colo:ilisu oi
Wcstc:: cistcuolog, ;i:ou t|c lcit :c i:ou t|c :ig|t, i:ou t|c c:scctivc
oi cistcuic io:ccs t|t |vc |cc: tu::cc i:to su|ltc:: ;t:citio:l, iol|lo:ic,
:cligious, cuotio:l, ctc, io:us oi |:owlccgc ;!001, 11, kcsituti:g
A:zlcus uct|o: oi t|c |o:cc: i:to t|c coui: oi colo:ilit,, \ig:olo
cuu|:tcs t|c ossi|ilit, oi t|i:|i:g ot|c:wisc, i:ou t|c i:tc:io:
cxtc:io:it, oi t|c |o:cc: I|t is, to c:ggc i: |o:cc: t|i:|i:g is to uovc
|c,o:c t|c ctcgo:ics c:ctcc : iuoscc |, Wcstc:: cistcuolog, ; 11,
I|is is :ot |ust qucstio: oi c|:gi:g t|c co:tc:ts |ut t|c vc:, tc:us oi t|c
co:vc:stio: lt is :ot qucstio: oi :clci:g cxisti:g cistcuologics cit|c:,
t|csc will cc:ti:l, co:ti:uc to cxist :c s suc| will :cui: vi|lc s sccs
oi, :c io:, c:itiquc l:stcc, w|t |c clius is t|c scc io: : cistcuolog,
t|t coucs i:ou t|c |o:cc: :c ius tow:c oliticl :c ct|icl t::sio:u
tio:s ; 11, li:ll,, w|ilc \ig:olo c|:owlccgcs t|c co:ti:ucc iuo:t:cc
oi t|c uo:otoic c:itiquc oi uocc::it, |, Wcstc:: c:iticl ciscou:sc ;c:itiquc
i:ou si:glc, u:iiicc scc,, |c suggcsts t|t t|is |s to |c ut i:to ciloguc
wit| t|c c:itiquc;s, :isi:g i:ou t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, w|ic| co:stitutcs
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g I|c :csult is lu:itoic |c:uc:cutics ; tc:u |c sccui:gl,
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 7
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cts i:ou l::i|:s citoic |c:uc:cutics,, ossi|ilit, oi t|i:|i:g i:ou
ciiic:c:t sccs w|ic| ii:ll, |:c|s w, i:ou cu:occ:t:isu s solc
cistcuologicl c:scctivc I|is is t|c cou|lc c:itiquc oi uocc::it, i:ou
t|c c:scctivc oi colo:ilit,, i:ou t|c cxtc:io: oi t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc
s,stcu lct it |c clc:, |owcvc:, t|t |o:cc: t|i:|i:g c:tils |ot|
cislccuc:t :c cc:tu:c ;!000, !0,, cou|lc c:itiquc :c ositivc
iii:utio: oi : ltc::tivc o:cc:i:g oi t|c :cl Io suu u,
lo:cc: t|i:|i:g oi:ts tow:cs ciiic:c:t |i:c oi |cgcuo:,, uultilc
o:c As u:ivc:sl :o|cct, civc:sit, llows us to iugi:c ltc::tivcs to
u:ivc:slisu ;wc coulc s, t|t t|c ltc::tivc to u:ivc:slisu i: t|is vicw
is :ot :ticul:isu |ut uultilicit,, I|c Wcst :c t|c :cst i:
lu:ti:gto:s |:sc :oviccs t|c uoccl to ovc:couc, s t|c :cst
|ccoucs t|c sitcs w|c:c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g cuc:gcs i: its civc:sit,, w|c:c
uu:cilizcio: c:ctcs :cw locl |isto:ics :cu|i:g :c :ccti:g
Wcstc:: glo|l ccsig:s . . . :c t::sio:ui:g locl ;lu:oc:, |isto:ics
i:ou w|c:c suc| ccsig:s cuc:gcc . . . l:tc:ccc:cc:cc u, |c t|c
wo:c t|t suuu:izcs t|c |:c| w, i:ou t|c icc oi co!., :c |:i:gs
|out t|c icc oi .c.| w|osc :ticultio: will :cqui:c cistcuologicl
:i:cilcs l cllcc i: t|is |oo| |o:cc: t|i:|i:g :c |o:cc: g:osis, s
:c:ticultio: oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc civc:slit, s u:ivc:sl
:o|cct, w|ic| uc:s t|t colc :c couuu:itics |vc t|c :ig|t to
|c ciiic:c:t :cciscl, |ccusc wc :c ll cquls
;!000, !10, !11,
I|c:c is :o qucstio:, w:itcs \ig:olo ;!000,, .-,, t|t Qui|:o, Dusscl
:c l :c :ccti:g :ot o:l, to t|c io:cc oi |isto:icl iugi::, |ut lso to t|c
ctulit, oi t|is iugi::, toc, I|c co:oll:, is t|c :ccc to |uilc :::tivcs
i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, gc:cc tow:cs t|c sc:c| io:
ciiic:c:t logic ; !!, I|is :o|cct |s to co wit| t|c :c:ticultio: oi glo|l
ccsig:s |, :c i:ou locl |isto:ics, wit| t|c :ticultio: |ctwcc: su|ltc:: :c
|cgcuo:ic |:owlccgc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c su|ltc::, :c wit| t|c
:cui:g oi colo:il ciiic:c:cc tow:cs wo:lcl, cultu:c suc| s i: t|c
Ztist :o|cct, t|t :cus \:xisu, t|i:cwo:lcisu, :c i:cigc:isu,
wit|out |ci:g cit|c: oi t|cu, i: : cxccllc:t cxulc oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g
W|ilc t|c:c is :ot|i:g outsicc oi totlit, . . . totlit, is lw,s :o|cctcc i:ou
givc: locl |isto:,, it |ccoucs ossi|lc to t|i:| oi ot|c: locl |isto:ics
:ocuci:g cit|c: ltc::tivc totlitics o: : ltc::tivc to totlit, ; !!-,
I|csc ltc::tivcs woulc :ot l, o: t|c glo|liztio:civiliztio: coulct
i:|c:c:t to uocc::it,colo:ilit,, t|c, woulc :t|c: |uilc o: o1.o!..o
..ccultu:c :cltio: cc:tc:cc o: t|c locl |isto:ics i: w|ic| colo:il glo|l
ccsig:s :c :cccss:il, t::sio:ucc, t|us t::sio:ui:g lso t|c locl |isto:ics
t|t c:ctcc t|cu D:li|c glo|liztio:, o1.o!..o..c |:i:gs to t|c io:c t|c
1 8 8 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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u:iiolc locl |isto:ics t|t, i: qucstio:i:g glo|l ccsig:s ;cg, :coli|c:l
glo|liztio:,, iu t io:us oi glo|lit, t|t :isc out oi cultu:cs oi t::sic:cc
t|t go gi:st t|c cultu:l |ouogc:cit, iostc:cc |, suc| ccsig:s I|c civc:sit,
oi o1.o!..o..c is co:t:stcc |c:c wit| t|c |ouogc:cit, oi glo|liztio:,
iui:g t uultilc :c civc:sc socil o:cc:s
l: s|o:t, t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, :oviccs : ltc::tivc
i:ucwo:| io: cc|tcs o: uocc::it,, glo|liztio: :c ccvclouc:t, it is :ot
|ust c|:gc i: t|c ccsc:itio: oi cvc:ts, it is : cistcuic c|:gc oi
c:scctivc l, sc|i:g oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, t|is i:ucwo:| |:i:gs to t|c
io:c t|c owc: ciuc:sio: t|t is oitc: lost i: :cltivistic ciscussio:s oi cultu:l
ciiic:c:cc \o:c :ccc:t cc|tcs o: i:tc:cultu:lit,, io: i:st:cc i: lcuco:s
cu::c:t oliticl :c cultu:l scc:c, cccc:s souc oi t|csc i:sig|ts ;Wls|
!00!, l: s|o:t, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u is i:ucwo:| co:st:uctcc i:ou t|c
lti: Auc:ic: c:i|c:, oi t|c uocc:: colo:il wo:lc s,stcu, it |cls cxli:
t|c c,:uics oi cu:occ:t:isu i: t|c u|i:g oi uocc::it, :c ttcuts to
t::scc:c it li it :cvcls t|c c:| siccs oi uocc::it,, it cocs :ot co it i:ou :
i:t:cistcuic c:scctivc, s i: t|c c:iticl lu:oc: ciscou:scs, |ut i:ou t|c
c:scctivc oi t|c :cccivc:s oi t|c llcgcc |c:ciits oi t|c uocc:: wo:lc
\occ::it,colo:ilit, lso s|ows t|t t|c c:scctivc oi uocc::it, is liuitcc
:c cx|ustcc i: its :ctc:ccc u:ivc:slit, l, t|c suc to|c:, it s|ows t|c
s|o:tcoui:gs oi t|c l:gugc oi ltc::tivc uocc::itics i: t|t t|is lttc:
i:co:o:tcs t|c :o|ccts oi t|c :o:uocc::s i:to si:glc :o|cct, losi:g t|c
su|ltc:: c:scctivcs :c su|o:ci:ti:g t|cu, io: cvc: i: t|ci: |,|:icit,
su|ltc:: c:scctivcs :c :ot |out |ci:g o:l, uocc:: |ut :c |ctc:oglossic,
:ctwo:|cc, lu:l l: |ig|lig|ti:g t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc,, lstl,,
uocc::it,colo:ilit, :ot o:l, :ciocuscs ou: ttc:tio: o: t|c ovc:ll ict oi
ccvclouc:t, it :oviccs co:tcxt io: i:tc::cti:g t|c v:ious c|llc:gcs to
ccvclouc:t :c uocc::it, s so u:, :o|ccts t|t :c otc:till,
coulcuc:t:, :c uutull, :ci:io:ci:g lc,o:c lti: Auc:ic, o:c u,
s,, wit| \ig:olo ;!000,, !0-,, t|t t|is :oc| is cc:ti:l, t|co:,
.cc t|c I|i:c Wo:lc, /o c c!, c. |. 1|..1 Pc.!1 . . . I|i:c Wo:lc
t|co:izi:g is lso c. t|c li:st Wo:lc i: t|c sc:sc t|t c:iticl t|co:, is su|suucc
:c i:co:o:tcc i: :cw gcocultu:l :c cistcuologicl loctio:

li:ll,, t|c:c :c souc co:scquc:ccs oi t|is g:ous wo:| io: lti:


Auc:ic: tucics i: t|c D, lu:oc, :c clscw|c:c I|c \ c:scctivc
uovcs w, i:ou vicwi:g lti: Auc:ic s : o||cct oi stuc, ;i: :cltio: to
w|ic| D|scc lti: Auc:ic: tucics woulc |c t|c |:owi:g su||cct,,
tow:cs : u:cc:st:ci:g oi lti: Auc:ic s gco|isto:icl loctio: wit|
:c wit|i: cisti:ct c:iticl gc:clog, oi t|oug|t \occ::it,olo:ilit,
suggcsts t|t glo|liztio: uust |c u:cc:stooc i:ou gco|isto:icl :c
c:iticl lti: Auc:ic: c:scctivc Wit| t|is t|c \ :oc| :ooscs :
ltc::tivc to t|c gc:clog, oi t|c uocc:: socil scic:ccs t|t :c still t|c
iou:ctio: oi lti: Auc:ic: tucics i: t|c D l: t|is w,, to. +....o
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 8 9
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:o1.. i:, s,, :o:t| Auc:ic :c lu:oc, :c c....o! :c..o! 1|co| i: lti:
Auc:ic ;w|ic| oiic:s t|c cistcuic g:ou:ci:g io: t|c \ g:ou, cuc:gc s
two .c!..o., /o 1... :cigus

I|is lso uc:s t|t, s : cistcuic


c:scctivc, t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u is :ot ssocitcc wit| :ticul:
:tio:litics o: gcog:|icl loctio:s Io occu, t|c locus oi c:u:citio:
c:itcc |, t|c \ :o|cct, i: ot|c: wo:cs, o:c cocs :ot :ccc to |c lti:
Auc:ic: :o: livc i: t|c co:ti:c:t lti: Auc:ic itscli |ccoucs
c:scctivc t|t c: |c :cticcc i:ou u:, sccs, ii it is co:c i:ou
cou:tc:|cgcuo:ic c:scctivcs t|t c|llc:gc t|c vc:, ssuutio: oi lti:
Auc:ic s iull, co:stitutcc o||cct oi stuc,, :cvious to, :c outsicc oi, t|c
oitc: iuc:ilistic ciscou:scs t|t co:st:uct it
II Some trends, open questions, and tasks ahead
o i: l |vc :csc:tcc souc oi t|c ui: li:cs oi i:qui:, :c co:ccts oi t|c
loosc collcctivc l |vc :cic::cc to s t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u l lso iocuscc o:
t|c couuo:l, g:ccc uo: ui: i:tcllcctul sou:ccs oi t|c g:ou c|icil,,
l::iquc Dusscl, A: |l Qui|:o, :c Wltc: \ig:olo \, u:osc |s |cc: to
:ovicc : ovc:vicw oi t|c s|:cc g:ou:c o: w|ic| t|c g:ou |s |cc:
co:stitutcc I|is sto:,, oi cou:sc, lcvcs out uuc| t|t is oi i:tc:cst to t|c
:o|cct, i:cluci:g vlu|lc co:t:i|utio:s |, ot|c: :tici:ts, s wcll s t|c
uost collcctivc sccts oi t|c cu::c:t |sc oi |oi:t i:qui:, I|c:c :c cc:ti:l,
cisg:ccuc:ts :c tc:sio:s uo:g t|c g:ou, w|ic| u|cs io: livcl, cxc|:gcs
:c cc|tcs, |ut : ct|:og:|, oi t|is couuu:it, oi :guuc:ttio: ;s
l:zili: :t|:oologist Gustvo li:s ki|ci:o woulc cll it, will |vc to wit
io: :ot|c: oo:tu:it, lo: :ow, iu:t|c: |:ici c|:ctc:iztio: oi t|c g:ou
uig|t suiiicc, t|is will |c iollowcc |, s|ctc| oi w|t l |clicvc :c souc oc:
qucstio:s, t:c:cs, :c :ouisi:g tc:sio:s
1|. c1...,.c!c.o!., .co
I|c \ :csc:c| :og:u g:ou c: |c tc:ttivcl, c|:ctc:izcc s iollows
;:otc t|is c|:ctc:iztio: is uo:c st:ig|tio:w:c sociolog, oi |:owlccgc
cxc:cisc t|:, s,, : :l,sis oi t|c ciscu:sivc io:utio: |ci:g ucc |, \,
1 lt is l:gcl, i:tc:ciscili::, o:, :t|c:, t::sciscili::, Alt|oug|
|iloso|,, oliticl cco:ou,, :c litc::, t|co:, |vc |cc: slic:t,
ciscili:cs suc| s |isto:,, sociolog, :c :t|:oolog, :c i:c:csi:gl,
iuo:t:t t|c: iiclcs, suc| s icui:ist t|co:, :c oliticl ccolog,,
l:cc, |cgi: to u|c i::ocs i:to t|c :og:u lt is t::sciscili::, to
t|c cxtc:t t|t ciscili::, i:qui:ics :c sct i:to ciloguc wit| t|osc oi
ot|c: iiclcs, souctiucs |, t|c suc ut|o:, lcci:g to :cw io:us oi
i:qui:, I|c:c is : cxlicit ttcut t u:ciscili:i:g t|c socil scic:ccs
1 9 0 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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(.1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. , scc Wls| . o! !00!, :c t |uilci:g
.c.o . 1...!.o ;st:oGoucz s \c:cict 1--,
! W|ilc ii:ul, :c|o:cc i: lti: Auc:ic, t|c g:ou c::ot |c sic to |c
oi t|c gcog:|icl lti: Auc:ic, |ut :t|c: ucc u oi :ctwo:| oi
sitcs, souc oi w|ic| :c uost st|ilizcc |, :ticul: :cticcs t|: ot|c:s
;cg, t|c sitcs uc:tio:cc i: Quito, logot, Du:|u|cl lill, \cxico
it, :c uo:c :ccc:tl, lc:|clc,, I|is gocs wit| t|c suggcstio: t|t lti:
Auc:ic |c u:cc:stooc uo:c s c:scctivc o: cistcuic scc t|: s
:cgio: lt is : :oc| t|t, gi:, w|ilc it c: |c sic to |vc :oots i:
t|c lti: Auc:ic: cxc:ic:cc, ii:cs sustc::cc glo|ll,, |c:cc t|c cl
to u:, c:iticl t|co:ics, csccill, t|osc cuc:gi:g i:ou siuil: su|ltc::
cistcuic loctio:s I|is ciiic:c:titcs it s|:l, i:ou c:lic: lti:
Auc:ic: :cigus, suc| s ccc:cc:c, :c li|c:tio: t|colog, ;cvc: ii
t|csc lso |c t::s:tio:l ciuc:sio:,
! I|c g:ou c: |c sic to |c couuu:it, oi :guuc:ttio: t|t wo:|s
collcctivcl, o: co:ccts :c st:tcgics, u to cc:ti: oi:t, it c: |c sic
to :cticc t|c c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|i:g it :ooscs, |c:cc t|c cu|sis o:
qucstio:s oi |:owlccgc l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c:c is : cxlicit collcctivc
ciuc:sio: to t|c co:cctul wo:| t|t, lt|oug| :ou:c sct oi io:utivc
co:ccts, is sig:iiic:tl, oc: c:ccc I|is sc:sc oi collcctivit, is
st:c:gt|c:cc |, t|c iccli:g oi t|c :cicl otc:til oi t|c :o|cct t|c
ict t|t w|t is t st|c is :ot o:l, to c|:gc t|c co:tc:t |ut t|c vc:,
tc:us oi t|c co:vc:stio: ;\ig:olo, I|c gol is to c:it :cw io:us oi
:l,sis, :ot to co:t:i|utc to l:cc, cst|lis|cc ;cu:occ:t:ic, s,stcus oi
t|oug|t, :o uttc: |ow c:iticl t|csc uig|t |c I|is coulc |c :cltcc to
w|t lovc:tu: cc ous :tos ;!00!, |s cllcc cistcuologics oi t|c
out| i: |is :l,sis oi t|c Wo:lc ocil lo:uu
+ I|c g:ous :tici:ts tc:c to s|:c oliticl ositio: t|t is sccui:gl,
co:sistc:t wit| t|is :cicl cu|sis, cvc: ii t|ci: :cticc co:ti:ucs to
|vc :iu:, ;ii :ot cxclusivc, sitc i: t|c cccu, ;scc ciscussio:
|clow, At t|is lcvcl, t|c:c c: |c sic to |c t|:cc :ivilcgcc sitcs :c
gc:ts oi :cicl c|:gc su|ltc:: socil cto:s :c uovcuc:ts ;:c to
t|is cxtc:t t|c oliticl :cticc oi t|c g:ous ucu|c:s is scc: s lig:cc
wit| su|ltc:: cto:s,, i:tcllcctulctivists i: uixcc sccs, i:ou :Gs
to t|c sttc, :c t|c u:ivc:sitics t|cusclvcs, to t|c cxtc:t t|t, t|c: to
t|ci: logicl co:clusio:s, t|c \ :oc| is |ou:c to co:stitutc
c|llc:gc to :o:utivc cccuic :cticcs :c c:o:s
o..1.1 o..c, .. c ..c
Io c:c, l woulc li|c to |:icil, s|ctc| out t|:cc :cs t|c iuo:t:cc t|t |vc
:cui:cc l:gcl, outsicc t|c u:vicw oi t|c :o|cct, |ut w|ic| :c oi g:ct
:clcv:cc to t|c vc:, cxc:ic:ccs t|t t|c :o|cct t|co:izcs I|c ii:st, :c
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 9 1
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c:|s uost :cssi:g, is gc:cc:, t|c scco:c :tu:c :c t|c c:vi:o:uc:t, t|c
t|i:c t|c :ccc to co:st:uct :cw cco:ouic iugi::ics c|lc oi suo:ti:g
co:c:ctc st:ugglcs gi:st :coli|c:lisu :c ccsig:s io: ltc::tivc cco:o
uics li t|c g:ous ciio:ts c: |c sic to |vc :cui:cc l:gcl, cccuic ;o:
cccuici:tcllcctul,, :c to t|is cxtc:t l:gcl, t t|c lcvcl oi ciscu|ocicc
|st:ct ciscou:sc, t|csc ciuc:sio:s :c li|cl, to cc ilcs| :c |looc, so to
sc|, i:to it ;t|c ilcs| :c |looc oi wouc:s |ocics, :tu:c, :c lcc|scc
cco:ouics, io: i:st:cc,, :c to co:t:i|utc to w:c oii t|c :is|s oi
logocc:t:isu I|is s|oulc lso |c oi co:scquc:cc io: t|c st:tcgics oi
cisscui:tio: oi t|is wo:| i:to :ticul: oliticl :c:s
-
l: ot|c: wo:cs, :
c:ggcuc:t wit| icui:isu :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu woulc |c i:uitiul i: tc:us oi
t|i:|i:g t|c :o:ciscu:sivc sicc oi socil ctio: ;llo:cz !00!, lt woulc |c
cqull, iuo:t:t to t|co:izc iu:t|c: :otio:s t|t :c cc:t:l to t|c g:ou :c
to icui:ist t|co:, li|c, suc| s cistcuolog,, owc:, icc:tit,, su||cctivit,,
gc:c,, :c cvc:,c, liic
A ii:l :c oi otc:til wo:| woulc |c ct|:og:|ics oi uocc::it,
colo:ilit, o:ccivcc wit|i: t|c i:ucwo:| :csc:tcc |c:c, t|csc ct|:og:
|ics woulc voic t|c cistcuologicl t:s oi t|c stucics oi uocc::it, :cvicwcc
i: t|c ii:st :t oi t|c c: I|c, woulc lso |c usciul to scc:ti:i:g i:st:ccs
oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c |o:cc: t|i:|i:g i:ou t|c g:ou:c u, so to sc|,
io: i:st:cc |, c:ggi:g wit| gc:cc:, ccologicl, o: cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc s
cxli:cc |clow I|is is, |owcvc:, : cistcuologicl :c uct|ocologicl issuc,
:c s suc| it will :ot |c cl|o:tcc uo: iu:t|c: |c:c
Engendering modernity/coloniality
lt is clc: t|t t|c t:ctuc:t oi gc:cc: |, t|c \ g:ou so i: |s |cc:
i:ccqutc i: t|c |cst oi cscs Dusscl ws uo:g t|c vc:, icw ulc lti:
Auc:ic: t|i:|c:s to ciscuss t lc:gt| t|c issuc oi wouc: c:l, o:, s o:c oi
t|c iuo:t:t ctcgo:ics oi cxcluccc ot|c:s \ig:olo |s ic ttc:tio: to
souc oi t|c wo:|s |, |ic: icui:ists, :ticul:l, t|c :otio: oi |o:cc:
l:cs!o .c..o I|csc ciio:ts, |owcvc:, |:cl, gct t t|c otc:til
co:t:i|utio:s oi icui:ist t|co:, to t|c \ i:ucwo:| I|c li::is| t|cologi:
:c icui:ist t|co:ist lli: Vuol |s io:cc:cc t|c icc:tiiictio: oi t|is
silc:cc, :ticul:l, i: co::cctio: wit| Dusscls wo:| s li|c:tio: t|colog,
sc|ol: :c ot|c: li|c:tio: t|colog, i:ucwo:|s ;Vuol !000, !00!, !00!, i:
:css, Vuol ;!00!, ii:cs |ociul Dusscls uovc to ccii:i:g t|c o||cct oi
li|c:tio: s t|c t|c: ;uo:c t|: |ust t|c oo:, :c t|us goi:g |c,o:c
clss,, |ut s|c ii:cs lcss c:cou:gi:g t|c t|cologi:s i:|ilit, to icc:tii, t|c
:cc :c gc:cc: ositio: oi t|ci: t|co:izi:g :c to :cso:c to t|c c|llc:gcs
t|t :isc w|c: t|c o||ccts |ccouc su||ccts i: t|ci: ow: :ig|t I|c t|c:, i:
ot|c: wo:cs, is su|suucc i: :cw |i:c oi totlit,, ulccc:tc:cc o:c, t|us
cc:,i:g t|c cxistc:cc oi wouc: i: t|ci: ltc:it, :c ciiic:c:cc
1 9 2 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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l: uo:c :ccc:t tcxt, :c |uilci:g o: ostcolo:il :c icui:ist t|co:,,
Vuol ;!00!, :c:cws |c: cll io: t|i:g sc:iousl, t|c |ctc:ogc:cit, :c
uultilicit, oi t|c su||cct oi li|c:tio: ;t|colog, :c |iloso|,,, :ucl, t|c
oo: :c, o:c u, cc, t|c su|ltc::, i: t|c \ :o|cct l: ot|c: wo:cs,
s|c is clli:g io: olitics oi :c:csc:ttio: oi t|c oo: :c t|c su|ltc:: t|t
iull, c|:owlccgcs t|is uultilicit,, i: t|c csc oi wouc:, t|is uc:s
cc:cssi:g t|cucs t|t |vc |cc: |sc:t i:ou t|c ciscussio:, suc| s violc:cc
gi:st wouc:, :c:ocuctivc :ig|ts :c scxulit,, :c givi:g coulctc
visi|ilit, to t|c gc:c, oi wouc: l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c su||cct oi t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ot : u:ciiic:c:titcc, gc:cc::cut:l su||cct ;o: ciiic:c:titcc
o:l, i: tc:us oi :cc :c clss,, t|c:c :c ciiic:c:ccs i: t|c w, su|ltc::
g:ous :c o||ccts oi owc: :c su||ccts oi gc:c, Io c|:owlccgc t|is uig|t
c|:gc, to :|:sc, :ot o:l, t|c co:tc:ts |ut lso t|c tc:us oi t|c
co:vc:stio: I|t wouc: :c ot|c: i: :cltio: to uc: :c cc:ti:l, t:ctcc
s suc| |, |llogocc:t:ic socil :c |uu: scic:ccs cc:ti:l, s|oulc |vc
co:scquc:ccs io: c:scctivc cc:tc:cc :cciscl, o: cxtc:io:it, :c
ciiic:c:cc W|t Vuol oi:ts t is t|c ict t|t w|c:cs t|c ciscou:sc oi
t|c ;uostl, ulc still, \ g:ou is illuui:ti:g :c :cicl i: so u:, w,s,
:c s suc| t|c: sc:iousl, |, icui:ists, . !o..!, ..!o1. c. o1 c.
|.c....o! o1 c!...o! .c... I|c:c sccus to |c co:ilict |c:c |ctwcc:
ciscou:sc :c :cticc s i: s wouc: is co:cc::cc li:ll,, t|c icui:ist
ccco:st:uctio: oi :cligious iu:cuc:tlisu, souct|i:g t|t is :ot wcll |:ow:
i: cit|c: icui:ist socil scic:cc o: t|c \ :o|cct, is lso oi :clcv:cc to t|c
c:gc:cc:i:g oi t|c \ :o|cct As |:oc oliticl uovcuc:t, t::s:tio:l
icui:isu;s, is ccvcloi:g :cw :oc|cs to io:uulti:g i:tc:cultu:l c:itc:i
io: |uu: :ig|ts, csccill, wouc:s :ig|ts, :c io: :l,zi:g t|c t:ut| clius
o: w|ic| t|csc :c |scc ;Vuol !00!, :cw wo:|s o: t::s:tio:l icui:isu
ccl wit| :cc, gc:cc: :c cultu:c issucs i: w,s t|t :cso:tc wit| t|c
co:cc::s oi t|c \ :o|cct ;scc cg, |o|t 1--, l|v:i . o! !00!,
I|c:c :c, ctull,, u:, oi:ts oi ctul o: otc:til co:vc:gc:cc
|ctwcc: icui:isu :c t|c t|co:, oi \ ;t|is ciscussio: is |, :o uc:s
cx|ustivc, |ut i:tc:ccc to s|ow souc ossi|lc oi:ts oi co::cctio:, li:st,
t|c, |ot| s|:c t|c :cicl susicio: oi u:ivc:slist ciscou:sc, t t|is lcvcl,
w|t :cccs to |c u:cc:stooc is t|t uocc:: ciscou:sc is lso usculi:ist
ciscou:sc, s icui:ist |iloso|c:s :c oliticl t|co:ist |vc s|ow: si:cc t
lcst t|c ltc 1-0s ;scc, cg, t|c wcll|:ow: collcctio: |, :ic|olso:
;1--0,, I|c:c is co:vc:gc:cc lso t t|c lcvcl oi t|c situtcc c|:ctc: oi ll
|:owlccgc, ,ct i: t|c icui:ist t|co:, vc:sio: ;cg, l:w,s iuous 1-
:ticlc, t|c situtcc |:owlccgc coucs wit| t|c :cliztio: oi t|c :cccss:il,
:til c|:ctc: oi ll c:scctivcs \ i:cluccc l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c
c:iticl su||cct ositio: oi t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, sc|ol: is :ot |c,o:c t|c
sc|ol:s gc:cc: l: :ciusi:g to loctc |iuscli|c:scli wit|i: icui:isu, t|c
sc|ol: is lso uissi:g t|c c|:cc to c:ggc i: : ot|c: t|oug|t, :ot|c:
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 9 3
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su||cctivit,, o: su||cctivit, ot|c:wisc Io :|:sc k:|it Gu|, t|c sc|ol:
woulc |c :ccuci:g wouc:s gc:c, to :ot|c: |isto:, wit| :ot|c: ;ulc,
su||cct, |c woulc t|c: |c coulicit wit| t|c :osc oi cou:tc:i:su:gc:c, As
Vuol uts it, i: sc|i:g oi Wltc: \ig:olos :otio:s oi lu:itoic
|c:uc:cutics :c lu:ivc:slit, s gols to |c cu|:ccc, it is cs, to scc
|ow t|is :o|cct |s |cc: :csc:t i: li|c:tio: t|colog, i:ou its
|cgi::i:g . . . |owcvc:, it is lcss clc: |ow li|c:tio: t|cologi:s |vc |cc:
|lc to co:cctulizc :c ciiic:c:titc t|t .c |... . . . :c s|oulc lw,s
|c willi:g to loo| t o:cs ow: t:ut| clius :c ositio:s wit| t|c c:iticl c,cs
oi ot|c:s ;!00!, , lc,o:c li|c:tio: t|colog,, w|t woulc oti:g io:
wouc: |:i:g to t|c \ :csc:c| :og:u i cou:sc, it s|oulc |c clc: t|t
tl|i:g |out wouc: is o:l, :t oi t|c sto:, A gc:cc: c:scctivc ccu:cs
situti:g t|is tl| i: co:tcxts oi owc:, :ticul:l, owc: :cltio:s |ctwcc:
wouc: :c uc:, i:cluci:g owc: :cltio:s wit|i: t|c cccu, Givc: t|c
:cltio:lit, oi gc:cc:, it |s to |c :ccog:izcc t|t t|c su||cct oi t|c colo:il
ciiic:c:cc is :ot uto:ouous |ut :cltio:l I|is c:ti:s s uuc| to wouc:
s to uc:
At st|c |c:c is t|c ossi|ilit, oi cccc:i:g t|c \ :o|ccts co:cc:: wit|
cistcuolog, t|:oug| : c:ggcuc:t wit| t|c so|istictcc :c oliticll,
ui:ccc cc|tc o: icui:ist cistcuolog, :c ositio:lit, ;cg, Alcoii 1-,
1--1, I|c :otio: oi wouc:s ositio:lit, suggcsts t|t wouc: utilizc t|ci:
su||cct ositio:s io: t|c co:st:uctio: oi uc:i:g i: w,s t|t c::ot |c iull,
scc:ti:cc i:ou :ot|c: c:scctivc I|c cu|sis o: cistcuolog, :c
ositio:lit, is oi cou:sc li:|cc to :cilcctio: o: gc:cc: i:cqulit, : scct
t|t, gi:, is iull, co:sistc:t wit| \ t|co:, lcui:ist ct|:og:|, |s t|c:
o: t|csc c|llc:gcs i: : i:tc:csti:g ci:cctio: |, :ticulti:g t|c :l,sis oi
wouc:s ciscuowc:uc:t wit| tctics oi voici:g, w:iti:g, :c :c:csc:t
tio: ;scc, cg, lc|: s Go:co: 1--., lcsiccs :c |c,o:c t|c uo:c
cst|lis|cc uoccs oi cccuic w:iti:g ;w|ic| :c :cccss:il, c:t:glcc wit|
logocc:t:ic :cticcs,, c: o:c w:itc ciiic:c:tl, |out t|c su||ccts w|osc
:o:cu:occ:t:ic c:scctivcs o:c cxccts to co:t:i|utc |:i:gi:g i:to lig|t
A:c |ow co wc ut ou: w:iti:gs i:to ci:cultio: i: t|osc vc:, sccs w|c:c
t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc is |ci:g :cwo:|cc cil, t|:oug| socil :cticcs l:
coi:g so, icui:ist ct|:og:|, |s t|c: clucs i:ou ostst:uctu:lisu :c
lso i:ou w:iti:gs |, wouc: oi colo: i: t|c D :c clscw|c:c, :ticul:l,
t|c wo:| oi Glo:i A:zlcu :c |c::ic \o:g 1|. i..1. P. co!! uc.,
t|c :ccc:t voluuc i: t|is t:citio: ;A:zlcu s lcti:g !00!,, oscs :cw
c|llc:gcs io: icui:ist t|co:, :c \ t|co:, li|c \ovi:g i:ou victiu|ooc
to gc:c,, :c :ccog:izi:g t|c c:sistc:t co:citio: oi livi:g ...o1c ;|c:cc
t|c :ccc io: |:icgc |uilci:g w|ic| is lso |ouc |uilci:g :c couuu:it,
|uilci:g,, t|c .o!..o i: t|is voluuc :c |o:cc: t|i:|c:s t|t u|c
co::cctio:s io: socil c|:gc, t|c, co so out oi : ct oi will :c : ct oi
lovc, :c s :ouisc to |c :csc:t wit| t|c i: oi ot|c:s wit|out losi:g
1 9 4 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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t|cusclvcs i: it ;A:zlcu !00!, +, I|ci: tcc|:ologics oi c:ossi:g :c
tcc|:ologics io: :ccog:izi:g owc: :c io: goi:g |c,o:c, io: s|iiti:g to
ot|c: uoccs oi co:scious:css :c |ci:g, io: :cw |c:uc:cutics oi lovc
;:covl !00!, t:tcgics oi |:owlccgc, w:iti:g :c :c:csc:ttio: :c
gi: cc:t:l to t|is i:tc::tio:list icui:ist :o|cct :ow iocuscc o: gc:c,,
co::cctio:, :c :cco:st:uctio: oi socil, cultu:l :c :tu:l wo:lcs
10
lcsiccs issucs oi owc: :c cistcuolog,, icui:ist t|co:,s co:cc::s wit|
su||cctivit, :c icc:tit, woulc |c c:ucil :cs oi c:ggcuc:t :o co:
tcuo::, t|co:, |s :ciclizcc t|csc co:ccts s uuc| s qucc: t|co:,, t|is
t|co:, |s cloquc:tl, s|ow: t|t t|c co:stituc:t clcuc:ts oi gc:cc: :c scxul
icc:titics :c :cvc: uo:olit|ic, |ut uo:c t|c :csult oi wcvi:gs, ovc:ls,
cisso::ccs, gs :c ossi|ilitics Qucc: :ucs t|c :cicl co:tcsttio: oi t|c
:o:u :c |c:c l u suggcsti:g t|c :o:u oi |ctc:oscxisu, t:i:c|,,
uocc::it,, :c colo:ilit, lt c: |c sic t|t qucc: sig:ls t|c icc:tit, wit|out
cssc:cc : cxccllc:cc, :c it t|us |ccoucs t|c sitc oi |ot| |isto:icl :l,sis :c
iutu:c iugi:i:gs li :ot :cccss:il, lw,s i: ositio: oi su|vc:sivc
cxtc:io:it,, t|c qucc: su||cct s|ows t|t t|c |o:cc:s ;i: t|is csc t|c
|ctc:oscxul :o:u, c: |c :cc:w: so t|t it |ccoucs ossi|lc to c:visio:
icc:titics :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc ;cg, llc:i: 1--., I|c cccssc:tili
ztioo: oi icc:tit, uc:s t|i:g ll icc:titics sc:iousl, lcui:ist icc:titics, s
souc t|co:ists cu|sizc, :c lso co:st:uctcc t|:oug| lcsu:c :c ccsi:c, :c
|c:c lics :ot|c: ossi|ilit, io: c:itiquc oi \: t|c \occ::, to usc Do::
l:w,s |, ;:c ccvstti:g, cx:cssio: t|c \: t|t co:st:ucts |iuscli
s |ot| o||cct :c su||cct oi ll |:owlccgc I|c:c is :o uto:ouous su||cct oi
|:owlccgc, ll |:owlccgc |s :cltio:l ciuc:sio: :c utc:ilit, W|o is
t|c su||cct oi |:owlccgc, :c |owis s|c c:|lcc i: |c: cvc:,c,:css W|o c:
|c c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|c:, :c |ow W|o c: iio:c to |c i: |o:cc: ositio:
:c ositio: oi :csist:cc, :c w|t is t|c scxul :c oliticl cco:ou, t|t
ut|o:izcs t|is :ivilcgc li:ll,, t|c :csc:c|c: too is su||cct oi ccsi:c, :c t|is
too :cccs to |c c|:owlccgcc ;llo:cz !00!,
11
Io sc| |out lti: Auc:ic I|c vc:, ict t|t scxisu co:ti:ucs to |c
o:c oi t|c uost c:vsivc, :c sccui:gl, i:t:ct|lc, :o|lcus i: lti:
Auc:ic: socictics s|oulc |c :cso: c:oug| to c:ggc wit| icui:isu lti:
Auc:ic: icui:ists |vc oi:tcc t t|c ict t|t wouc: :c lso t|c t|c: oi
uocc::it, lc,o:c ciscussio:s oi civisio:s oi l|o: :c cistcuolog,, t|is |s
visi|lc co:scquc:ccs io: t|c :l,sis oi |c, :occsscs oi colo:ilit,, i:cluci:g
:tio: |uilci:g, :cc, :c cu:occ:t:ic t:i:c|l io:utio:s ;scc, cg, ko|s
!001, lt is iitti:g to c:c t|is scctio: wit| |:ici uc:tio: oi t|c sccc| |,
ou:c:tc lstc:, cclivc:cc |cio:c o:g:css i: \cxico it, t t|c c:c oi
to Mo..|o 1.! cc!c. 1. !o 1....o i: \:c| !001 lt ws cxcctcc t|t
u|cou:c:tc \:cos woulc cclivc: t|c sccc|, i:stcc, it ws : l:ci:
wou:, t|c cou:c:tc lstc: Aitc: i:itil |csit:c, :c ciiiicultics i:
i:co:o:ti:g t|c voiccs :c ccu:cs oi wouc: so t|t wouc: wc:c still
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 9 5
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co:st:uctcc s sulcuc:ts ;lclustiguigoiti 1--,, it sccucc t|t t|c
Ztist |c ii:ll, ::ivcc t t|c :ccog:itio: oi t|c cc:t:l lcc oi
i:cigc:ous wouc: i: |ot| socict, :c t|c st:ugglc A icw c,s c:lic:, i:
uc|it:, ou:c:tc lstc: |c l:cc, :cic::cc to t|c t:ilc cisc:iui:tio:
co:i:o:tcc |, l:ci: wouc: s l:ci:, wou:, :c oo: l:ggi:g i:
cou|lc c:itiquc i: |c: \cxico it, sccc|, ou:c:tc lstc: ciscusscc t|c
t.,. r.c!o..co..o 1. !o Mo.. , i:tc:ccc to cliui:tc ll cisc:iui:to:,
:cticcs io:u wit|i: :c i:ou wit|out |c so|c t lc:gt| oi t|c io:us oi
cisc:iui:tio: oi wouc: i: cil, liic :isi:g i:ou |oot| t|c couuu:itics :c
t|c :tio:, s wcll s oi t|c i:cigc:ou cultu:l :cticcs t|t :ccc to |c
:csc:vcc l: t|is w,, t|c u:c| ucc visi|lc t|c i:visi|lc, :c :c:csc:t|lc
t|c u::c:csc:t|lc l:ci: wouc: sc|i:g :c ccu:ci:g |cio:c t|c
lw . . . ls it ossi|lc io: t|c lw to |c: t|cu l: w|ic| l:gugc, t|:oug|
w|ic| ciscou:sc co t|c, |vc to u|c clc: w|t t|c, w:t to |c l:ci:, to |c
wouc: :c to |c \cxic: ;lclustcguigoiti !00!, .!, I|c:c :c, gi:,
clc: iulictio:s i:ou t|is cll io: t|c uocc::it,colo:ilit, :csc:c|
:og:u I|c c:ucil qucstio: is c: t|c su|ltc:: wou: sc| t|:oug|
\ t|co:izi:g li :ot, w|t is t|c cost oi t|is silc:cc W|t so:t oi t::sltio:s
:c uccitio:s :c t st|c
ouc oi t|c qucstio:s :iscc |c:c coulc csil, cuc:gc i:ou t|c \
i:ucwo:| Io t|is cxtc:t, it woulc |c iuo:t:t io: icui:ists to t|i:| |out
t|c co:t:i|utio:s t|t t|c \ :o|cct coulc u|c to t|co:izi:g gc:cc: :c
ciiic:c:cc lt is t:uc t|t itc: t|c c:itiqucs |, wouc: oi colo: :c t|i:c wo:lc
wouc: i: t|c 1-0s llcgccl, u:ivc:sl icui:isus |vc |cc: uo:c w:c oi t|c
:cc :c cultu:c ciuc:sio:s i: t|c c,:uic oi gc:cc:, |owcvc:, v:ictics oi
cu:occ:t:isu co:ti:uc to |c c:vsivc i: :uu|c: oi icui:ist ositio:s I|c
l:gugc oi colo:il ciiic:c:cc |:i:gs t|is issuc i:to :cw lig|t lt coulictcs,
io: i:st:cc, ssuutio:s |out gc:cc: t|t :c still i:io:ucc |, lu:occ:t:ic
:otio:s oi li|c:tio: :c cqulit,, it uig|t |cl cxli: su|ltc:: colitio:s t|t
co :ot :cccss:il, cu|:cc gc:cc: ccu:cs o: iollow logic oi solic:it, uo:g
wouc: ;|ovc s,, clss :c ct|:ic solic:it,, loo|i:g io:w:c, o:c u, s,
t|t \ co:t:i|utcs to cst|lis| co:vc:stio:s |ctwcc: clss, gc:cc: :c :cc
ct|:icit, i: lti: Auc:ic t|t coulc |c oi g:ct i:tc:cst to icui:ists t|t co :ot
sc| i:ou t|is ositio: I|is :ouisc is l:cc, s|ow: |, t|c icw wo:|s wit|i:
t|c \ g:ou t|t :c l:cc, co:ccivcc i:ou t|is c:scctivc ;:ticul:l,
l:c, c|iw,s wo:| o: :cc :c gc:cc: i: lolivi,, :c |, t|c i:tc:clltio: oi
souc icui:ists, suc| s t|osc :cvicwcc |c:c
Nature and the colonial difference
li|c icui:isu, ccolog, :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu :csc:t t|c \ :o|cct wit|
siuil: c|llc:gcs :c ossi|ilitics lcolog, :c c:vi:o:uc:tlisu iul,
1 9 6 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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ciiic:c:t w,s oi t|i:|i:g ;:cccss:il, :cltio:l, situtcc :c |isto:icl,, w,s
oi :cci:g uocc::it,, : cutc co:cc:: wit| cistcuolog, ;:ticul:l,
c:itiquc oi :ccuctio:ist scic:cc :c logocc:t:ic ciscou:sc,, :c : :ticultio:
oi t|c qucstio: oi ciiic:c:cc ;ccologicl :c cultu:l ciiic:c:cc, t|t c: csil,
|c li:|cc to colo:ilit,, :c vicc vc:s All oi t|csc :c otc:til oi:ts oi
co:vc:gc:cc wit| t|c \ :o|cct, :c souc ucu|c:s oi t|c g:ou |vc
|cgu: to |:oc| t|csc qucstio:s ;cg, o:o:il 1--, lsco|: 1---, l:cc:
!00!, l:vi:o:uc:tlisus o:ic:ttio: tow:cs socil uovcuc:ts c: lso |c
scc: s s|:cc scct wit| t|c \ :o|cct \o:c is ,ct to |c co:c, |owcvc:
I|c:c is, ctull,, : o:goi:g ciio:t t ccvcloi:g lti: Auc:ic:
oliticl ccolog, i:ucwo:| t|t siuil:l, u:o:ts to ccvclo u:iquc
gcooliticl c:scctivc o: t|c qucstio: oi :tu:c, t|c |:ici couuc:ts |clow
:c u:oscl, w:ittc: i:ou t|is v:tgc oi:t
1!
Io |cgi: wit|, oliticl
ccolog, u:cc:sco:cs t|c civiliztio:l c|:ctc: oi t|c cu::c:t c:vi:o:uc:tl
c:isis, t|is c:isis is, |lu:tl, ut, is c:isis oi uocc::it,, to t|c cxtc:t t|t
uocc::it, |s iilcc to c:|lc susti:|lc wo:lcs lt is lso .... c |co| , to
t|c cxtc:t t|t logocc:t:ic t|oug|t |s iuclcc t|c ccologicll, ccst:uctivc
:cticcs oi uocc::it, ;lcii !000, loii !00!, ;As souc icui:ists co:vi:
ci:gl, :guc, t|c coui:tio: oi wouc: :c :tu:c :c t t|c |sis oi t|c
uocc:: t:i:c|l :o|cct c:ctcc |, illogocc:t:ic t|oug|t, lt is ciiiicult io:
t|osc :ot ccustoucc to t|i:|i:g i: ccologicl tc:us to :clizc t|t toc,s
c:vi:o:uc:tl c:isis is :ot o:l, gc:c:lizcc c:isis |ut c:|s t|c cc:t:l
co:t:cictio: :c liuit to citl toc, \o:c :ccil, ccctcc is t|c icc t|t
uocc::it, is st:uctu:cc :ou:c t|c slit |ctwcc: :tu:c :c cultu:c, cvc: ii it
is ::cl, c|:owlccgcc t|t t|is slit uig|t |c cqull, io:utivc oi uocc::it,
t|: t|c civilizccot|c: ;ust|cu, |i::, :tu:c t|c: c:s t t|c ot|c:
sicc oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc, wit| cc:ti: :tu:cs ;colo:ilt|i:c wo:lc
:tu:cs, wouc:s |ocics, c:| |ocics, loctcc i: t|c cxtc:io:it, to t|c
Iotlit, oi t|c ulc cu:occ:t:ic wo:lc I|c c:vi:o:uc:tl c:isis t|us sig:ls
t|c liuits oi uocc::, i:st:uuc:tl :tio:lit,, it :cilccts uocc::it,s iilu:c to
:ticultc |iolog, :c |isto:, svc t|:oug| t|c citliztio: oi :tu:c :c
l|o: W|t c:succ ws :cgiuc oi citlist :tu:c t|t su|ltc::izcc ll
ot|c: :ticultio:s oi |iolog, :c |isto:,, oi :tu:c :c socict,, :ticul:l,
t|osc t|t c:ct t|:oug| t|ci: locl uoccls :c :cticcs oi t|c :tu:l
cultu:ll,cst|lis|cc co:ti:uit, ;s ooscc to sc:tio:, |ctwcc: t|c
:tu:l, |uu:, :c suc::tu:l wo:lcs I|csc locl uoccls oi t|c :tu:l :c
t t|c |sis oi c:vi:o:uc:tl st:ugglcs toc, l: t|is w,, t|csc st:ugglc :ccc
to |c scc: s .o!. c. |. 1... c .o!o.o!, ..c!c..o!, o1 ..cc.. 1......
;lcii !000, lsco|: 1---, lt|:occologicl socil uovcuc:ts :c vc:, clc:
|out t|is lc:c lics :ot|c: t,c oi c:iticl |o:cc: t|i:|i:g t|t :cccs to |c
t|c: i:to ccou:t
l: uo:c :oscctivc w,, t|c lti: Auc:ic: oliticl ccolog, ciio:t
ttcuts to co:st:uct : ct|ics :c cultu:c oi susti:|ilit,, t|is c:tils t|c
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 9 7
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:ct|i:|i:g oi :ocuctio: tow:cs :cw c:vi:o:uc:tl :tio:lit,, :c
ciloguc uo:g io:us oi |:owlccgc tow:cs t|c co:st:uctio: oi :ovcl
c:vi:o:uc:tl :tio:litics I|is ccolog,s ct|icl c:scctivc o: :tu:c, liic,
:c t|c l:ct c:tils qucstio:i:g oi uocc::it, :c ccvclouc:t, i:cccc :
i::ciut|lc i:cictuc:t oi t|c ccvclouc:tlist illc, l, :ivilcgi:g su|ltc::
|:owlccgcs oi t|c :tu:l, t|is oliticl ccolog, :ticultcs i: u:iquc w,s t|c
qucstio:s oi civc:sit,, ciiic:c:cc, :c i:tc:cultu:lit, wit| :tu:c, oi
cou:sc, occu,i:g :olc s cto: :c gc:t At st|c |c:c is cultu:l olitics
oi ciiic:c:cc t|t gocs |c,o:c t|c ccco:st:uctio: oi :t|:oologocc:t:isu, it
ius t t|c cultu:l :c:o:itio: oi :tu:c t|:oug| oliticl st:tcgics suc|
s t|osc oi socil uovcuc:ts Acco:ci:g to t|is g:ou, t|c:c is : cuc:gc:t
lti: Auc:ic: c:vi:o:uc:tl t|oug|t t|t |uilcs o: t|c st:ugglcs :c
|:owlccgcs oi i:cigc:ous, cs:ts, ct|:ic :c ot|c: su|ltc:: g:ous to
c:visio: ot|c: w,s oi |ci:g wit| uultilicit, oi livi:g :c :o:livi:g |ci:gs,
|uu: :c :ot kcsccti:g t|c scciiicit, oi lcc|scc cultu:cs :c colcs,
it ius t t|i:|i:g |out t|c :cco:st:uctio: oi locl :c :cgio:l wo:lcs i:
uo:c susti:|lc w,s
Rethinking the economy, in the concrete
I|c cou|i:cc :occsscs oi uocc::it, :c colo:ilit, c: |c scc: s :o|ccts io:
t|c :cicl :cco:vc:sio: oi |uu: :c |io|,sicl ccologics wo:lc wicc :c
u, sc| |out s,stcutic :o|cct oi cultu:l, ccologicl, :c cco:ouic
:cco:vc:sio: lo:g cu:occ:t:ic li:cs o:vc:scl,, o:c u, co:sicc: t|c :ccc to
|uilc o: .o.... c .o!o.o!, ..c!c..o!, o1 ..cc.. 1...... io: co:c:ctc :o|ccts
oi wo:lc t::sio:utio: io: wo:lcs :c |:owlccgcs ot|c:wisc I|is |cls
givc ilcs| :c |looc to t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc :c glo|l colo:ilit, W|ilc t|csc
:occsscs |vc to |c cv:ccc t t|c suc tiuc, t|c:c sccus to |c :cssi:g
:ccc to couc u wit| :cw cco:ouic iugi::ics, iugi::ics t|t c:|lc
ciicctivc :c :cticl :csist:cc to t|c sccui:gl, ovc:owc:i:g iugi::, oi t|c
u:|ct s:ctiiicc |, :coli|c:l glo|liztio: ;li:|cluc:ts gc oi t|c totl
u:|ct, lt|:og:|icll,, wc c: iollow i: t|c w|c oi ccologicl :t|:o
ologists cocuuc:ti:g :cticcs oi ccologicl ciiic:c:cc, w|ic|, coulcc wit|
t|c oliticli:tcllcctul st:tcgics oi socil uovcuc:ts, coulc iccc i:to co:c:ctc
:o|ccts oi ltc::tivc ccocultu:l ccsig:s :c wo:lc co:st:uctio: I|co:cti
cll,, wc :c ill cquicc io: t|c ts| l:t oi t|c :swc: lics i: t|c ict t|t
oliticl cco:ou, :l,scs |vc ucc i:visi|lc :cticcs oi cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc,
givc: t|c totlizi:g :c citlocc:t:ic tc:cc:cics oi t|ci: ciscou:scs, t|csc
:l,scs |vc, i: s|o:t, tc:ccc to :ccucc ll cco:ouic io:us to t|c tc:us oi t|c
uc, :ucl,, citl itscli ;Gi|so:G:|u 1--o,
I|t ccolog, :c t|c |oc, :c i:cluct|l, ttc|cc to lcc ;cvc: ii :ot
lcc|ou:c, sccus cs, to ccct lcss clc: is t|t t|i:|i:g |out cco:ouic
1 9 8 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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ciiic:c:cc :c ltc::tivc cco:ouic iugi::ics s|oulc lso |vc lcc|scc
ciuc:sio: lct us scc w|,, i: w, t|t c:|lcs us to i:t:ocucc lcc|scc
ciuc:sio: to t|c colo:ilit, oi owc: :c t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc llcc, itc:
ll, is t|c sitc oi t|c su|ltc:: : cxccllc:cc, t|c cxcluccc ciuc:sio: oi
uocc::it,s co:cc:: wit| scc, u:ivc:slit,, uovcuc:t, :c t|c li|c lt
woulc t|c: u|c sc:sc to culcc t|c \ :o|cct i: uo:c t|:
uct|o:icl w, I|is oi:t is c:ivc: |ouc |, :o|cct o: Wouc: :c t|c
lolitics oi llcc t|t |:i:gs togct|c: gc:cc:, ccolog, :c cco:ou, i:to o:c
t|co:cticloliticl i:ucwo:|
1!
l: w:iti:g |out t|is :o|cct, ulic G:|u
:c lt|c:i:c Gi|so: i:t:ocucc t|c :otio: oi cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc :c t|c icc
oi culccuc:t, |uilci:g o: t|c cccc:tc:cc :c ciso:g:izcc ;|ut glo|ll,
culccc, oliticl iugi::, oi scco:c wvc icui:isu, i: t|c iollowi:g w,
Wouc: :c t|c lolitics oi llcc ;l:cou:t s lsco|: !00!, |uilcs o:
t|t g:ou:c joi icui:ist olitics, cxtc:ci:g t|c icc oi olitics oi
u|iquit, |, cu|sizi:g its o:tologicl su|st:tc vst sct oi
cis:ticultcc lccs |ousc|olcs, socil couuu:itics, ccos,stcus,
wo:|lccs, o:g:iztio:s, |ocics, u|lic :c:s, u:|: sccs, ciso:s,
:cgio:s, occutio:s :cltcc :logicll, :t|c: t|: o:g:icll, :c
co::cctcc t|:oug| wc|s oi sig:iiictio: li c. :c cvc:,w|c:c, o
co is lw,s soucw|c:c, :c t|osc soucw|c:cs :c w|t t|c :o|cct
is i:tc:cstcc i: lccs |ci:g c:ctcc, st:c:gt|c:cc, ccic:ccc, uguc:
tcc, t::sio:ucc |, wouc: lt is s t|oug| t|c icc:tit, ctcgo:,, wou:,
wc:c to |c cc:csscc t|:oug| co:tcxtuliztio: o: culccuc:t, :c t|c
icui:ist qucstio: |c |ccouc W|t uig|t olitics oi t|c culccuc:t
|c :ot olitics oi t|c ctcgo:,, o: oi icc:tit, c: sc, |ut olitics oi
t|c :ocuctio: oi su||ccts :c lccs A olitics oi |ccoui:g i: lcc
;Gi|so:G:|u !00!,
l:ou : \ c:scctivc, it c: |c sic t|t lcc |c:c sc:vcs s :
cistcuic c:scctivc t|t c: |c occuicc |, u:, su||ccts I|c Wouc: :c
t|c lolitics oi llcc :o|cct i:cccc ius t ssc:ti:g logic oi ciiic:c:cc :c
ossi|ilit, gi:st t|c |ouogc:izi:g tc:cc:cics oi glo|liztio: :c oliticl
cco:ou,, it scc|s to u|c visi|lc l:cscc oi cultu:l, ccologicl :c
cco:ouic ciiic:c:ccs, to t|is cxtc:t, t|c:c is cc:ti: co:vc:gc:cc |c:c
|ctwcc: t|c :o|ccts oi icui:isu, ccolog,, :c ltc::tivc cco:ouics :c t|is
co:vc:gc:cc is :ticultcc :ou:c t|c olitics oi lcc l u :ot :gui:g t|t
t|is is t|c o:l, scc oi co:vc:gc:cc io: :o|ccts oi icui:ist, cco:ouic, :c
ccologicl iutu:cs l u :gui:g io: ciloguc |ctwcc: t|c \ :o|cct :c
:o|ccts suc| s t|osc :cvicwcc i: t|is scctio: I|c :otio: oi lcc|scc
;lt|oug|, gi:, :ot lcc|ou:c, :cticcs oi icc:tit,, :tu:c, :c cco:ou,
llows us to go |c,o:c vicw oi su|ltc:: lccs s |ust su|suucc i: glo|l
logic o: s sitc i: glo|l :ctwo:|, u:|lc to g:ou:c :, sig:iiic:t
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 1 9 9
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:csist:cc, lct lo:c : ltc::tivc co:st:uctio: At t|c lcvcl oi t|c cco:ou,,
o:c u, :clizc t|t lccs :c :cvc: iull, citlist, |ut :c i:||itcc |,
cco:ouic ciiic:c:cc, wit| t|c otc:til io: |ccoui:g souct|i:g ot|c:, :
ot|c: cco:ou, lt is |out :ct|i:|i:g ciiic:c:cc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c
cco:ou,, :c t|c cco:ou, i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi ciiic:c:cc l, culci:g
t|c \ :o|cct, o:c uig|t t|us |c |lc to li:| glo|l colo:ilit, to :o|ccts
t|t |vc otc:til io: co:c:ctc, :cl t::sio:utio:s I|csc u, t|c lcc i:
co:|u:ctio: wit| socil uovcuc:ts I|is :cvlui:g oi locl olitics uig|t |c
o:c oi uost iuo:t:t co:t:i|utio:s wc c: u|c t :csc:t, i: uouc:t
w|c: :o|oc, sccus to givc :, c:ccc:cc to locl ctio:s
Conclusion
l: |is :ct:oscctivc loo| t c:iticl ciscou:scs o: icc:tit, i: lti: Auc:ic:
|iloso|, :c socil scic:ccs si:cc t|c c:c oi t|c :i:ctcc:t| cc:tu:, to t|c
:csc:t, c...o 1. !o ro.c to.co....oo, :tigo st:oGoucz ;1--o,
co:cluccs t|t ll suc| ciscou:scs oi icc:tit, i:ou Al|c:ci to \:t :c koco
:c to Zc :c koig |vc |cc: coulicit wit| uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio:,
:c |vc t|us uou:tcc to cou:tc:uocc::ist :oosls i: t|c |cst oi cscs l:
ot|c: wo:cs, uost ccou:ts oi icc:tit, i: li|c:tio: ciscou:scs i: |iloso|, :c
ot|c: iiclcs |vc :clicc o: ostulti:g iou:ctio:l ltc:it, :c t::scc:cc:tl
su||cct t|t woulc co:stitutc :cicl ltc::tivc i: :cltio: to : cqull,
|ouogc:izcc uocc::lu:oc::o:t| Auc:ic: t|c: W|ct|c: cli:g
to lti: Auc:ic: i:cigc:ous, ucstizo, ct|olic, :iuo:cilist, :tiiuc:ilist,
o: vitlist icc:titics i: co:t:cisti:ctio: to w|itc, :otcst:t, i:st:uuc:tl,
cisc:c|:tcc, i:civiculist, t:i:c|l, ctc lu:oAuc:ic: icc:tit, t|csc
st:tcgics oi ltc:iztio:, i: st:oGoucz :c|cologicl :l,sis, :c cooucc
to iilu:c Io c|:owlccgc t|c :til, |isto:icl, :c |ctc:ogc:cous c|:ctc: oi
ll icc:titics is to |cgi: to co::cct t|is ilw, :c to |cgi: t|c |ou::c, tow:cs
vicws oi icc:tit, t|t cuc:gc i:ou : .... c.!o.o1o, o: ostl:lig|tuc:t
cistcuc Io t|c cou:tc:uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio:, st:oGoucz
ooscs logic oi t|c |isto:icl :ocuctio: oi ciiic:c:cc
lt :cui:s to |c scc: w|ct|c: t|c \ :o|cct will iull, |,ss t|c
uocc::ist logic oi ltc:iztio: i:sig|tiull, :l,zcc |, st:oGoucz
o:ccivcc s : cistcuic cccolo:iztio:, t|is :o|cct woulc cc:ti:l, sccu
to go |c,o:c olitics oi :c:csc:ttio: |scc o: icc:tii,i:g : cxclusivc
scc oi c:u:citio: oi o:cs ow: t|t is |li:c to its ow: co:st:uctcc:css, it
woulc lso voic cou:c|c:sivc llcgtio:s oi i:clusio: u:cc: si:glc
uu|:cll ;ll lti: Auc:ic:s,, :c woulc :csist t|c icc t|t t|osc i:cluccc
woulc |c iull, outsicc t|c colo:ilist totlit, uc| c:cus :c i: t|c :occss
oi |ci:g |:co:cc I|c :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g ;o: c:iticl |o:cc:
ositio:i:g, s t|c:i:c Wls| |s :ccc:tl, cllcc it, !00!, sccus to
:ovicc, |, itscli, souc i:su::cc gi:st t|c olcc: logic As wc |vc scc:,
2 0 0 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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c:ggi:g wit| gc:cc:, c:vi:o:uc:t :c cco:ou, uig|t iio:c iu:t|c:
gu::tccs t|t t|c iuo:t:t i:sig|ts oi t|is g:ou will :ot :u: i:to t|c
t:s ccsc:i|cc |, st:oGoucz :o lo:gc: : |solutc ot|c: i: :cltio: to
uocc::it,, :c so :o lo:gc: co:ccu:cc to t|c c:ctul solitucc oi w|ic|
ctvio lz :c G:c \:qucz wc:c so c:uo:cc, t|c lti: Auc:ic t|t
cuc:gcs i:ou t|c :o|cct so s|ctc|il, :cvicwcc |c:c woulc |owcvc: co:ti:uc
to c:ct olitics oi ciiic:c:cc, :cciscl, |ccusc it |s |ccouc :cwl, w:c
oi t|c co:stitutivc ciiic:c:cc t|t i:||its it :c t|c |isto:, t|t |s :ocuccc
it lc:|s it is i:cccc t|c csc t|t : ot|c: lti: Auc:ic;s, is ossi|lc
Notes
1 I|is c: is :cviscc i:ou vc:sio: :csc:tcc t t|c Ic:cc: o:g:cso
l:tc::cio:l cc lti:ouc:ic:ists c: lu:o, Austc:cu, !o ul,
!00! lt ws :cviousl, u|lis|cc i: coo1..c 1.! cit+ 1o, !1o, i:
!00! I|c titlc, Wo:lcs :c l:owlccgcs t|c:wisc, coucs i:ou
ciscussio: t t|c uccti:g oi t|c ccito:il collcctivc oi t|c |ou::l :.o!o
.. .c :co| ;Du|c D:ivc:sit,, + A:il !00!, I|is |ou::l |s u|lis|cc
:uu|c: oi :ticlcs |, t|c ut|o:s ictu:cc i: t|is tcxt As t|c |ou::l
uovcs i:ou :i:tcc to : clcct:o:ic io:ut, t|c |ou::ls c|:ctc: |s
c|:gcc soucw|t, t|c :cw su|titlc ;t|is c:s titlc, :cccts t|c :cw
o:ic:ttio: l woulc li|c to t|:| A::clics Zoouc:s io: |c: i:itil i:vittio:
to t|c o:g:css :c io: |c: gc:c:ous i:tc:cst i: t|c c: l woulc lso li|c
to t|:| Wltc: \ig:olo, lcu:co kcst:co, uli: llo:cz, :c :clso:
\lco:coIo::cs io: ou: c:ggi:g co:vc:stio:s ovc: t|c !00!0!
cccuic ,c:, :c :tigo st:oGoucz, lli: Vuol, l:c, c|iw,,
t|c:i:c Wls| :c lcizo: lco: io: t|ci: stiuulti:g :ticitio: :c
iccs i: ou: :i:g wo:|s|os, ll i: |cl lill :c Du|c
! Alt|oug| l |vc :ot co:c : cx|ustivc sc:c|, l |clicvc .o.c.....1 vicw
oi uocc::it, is :csc:t i: uost co:cctuliztio:s oi uocc::it, :c
glo|liztio: i: |iloso|,, gcog:|,, :t|:oolog,, :c couuu:ictio:s,
:c o: ll siccs oi t|c oliticl scct:uu \:, oi t|csc wo:|s, to |c su:c,
:c iuo:t:t co:t:i|utio:s to t|c u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it,, ,ct t|ci:
cu:occ:t:isu |s t|co:cticl :c oliticl co:scquc:ccs ouc oi t|csc
wo:|s cxlicitl, c:ggc wit| Giccc:s wo:| :c ccvclo : clcg:t :c
co|c:c:t co:cctuliztio: oi glo|liztio: i:ou t|is c:scctivc ;cg,
Iouli:so: 1---,, ot|c:s iollow uo:c ct|:og:|ic o:ic:ttio: ;cg,
l:glu:c :c lcc| !000, :c l|: !001 io: :cvicws, Acu:i 1--o, lus
t|c wo:|s i:si:cc |, t|is ut|o:s wo:|,, o: cultu:l|isto:icl o:ic:ttio:
;cg, Go:|:, cc !001, ouc ssc:t t|c lu:lit, oi glo|liztio: ;ic,
glo|liztio:s, ,ct go o: to cxli: suc| lu:lit, i: oliticl :c cco:ouic
tc:us, t|i:g io: g::tcc coui::t cultu:l ut:ix ;scc t|c sccil issuc oi
i..o.co! :c..c!c, o: Glo|liztio:s, Vol 1., :uu|c: !, u:c !000,
cg, Wllc:stci: !000, A cu:occ:tc:cc :c cu:occ:t:ic :otio: oi
uocc::it, is lso t l, i: uost oi t|c wo:|s o: t|c lcit, suc| s l:ct
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 2 0 1
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:c :cg:i ;!000, I|csc ut|o:s :ci:tc::cttio: oi t|c lu:oc: |isto:, oi
sovc:cig:t, i: lig|t oi cu::c:t |iooliticl st:uctu:cs oi :ulc, s wcll s t|ci:
cl|o:tio: oi :csist:cc i: t|c Wcstc:: |iloso|, oi iuu:c:cc, :c :ovcl
clcuc:t io: :ct|i:|i:g uocc::it, lowcvc:, t|ci: cu:occ:t:isu |ccoucs
:ticul:l, :o|lcutic i: t|ci: icc:tictio: oi t|c otc:til sou:ccs io:
:cicl ctio:, :c i: t|ci: |clici t|t t|c:c is :o outsicc to uocc::it,
;gi:, l Giccc:s, Io t|c vicw t|t t|c:c is :o outsicc t|c \
c:scctivc cou:tc:oscs :otio: oi cxtc:io:it, to uocc::it,colo:ilit,
:ot c:tc:ti:cc |, :, oi t|c ut|o:s t|t iollow i: t|c t:citio: oi
lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it,
kccc:t :t|:oologicl :ccctio: o: uocc::it, |s lso scc: u|o:
c|:gcs l: t|c D:itcc ttcs, :t|:oolog, oi uocc::it, |s iocuscc gi:
o: |ot| uocc::it, |:oc, :c o: colcs ;l:gcl, :o:cxc:ts,
c:ggcuc:t wit| it I|is :oc| |s |cc: iuo:t:t i: g:ou:ci:g t|c
u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, i: ct|:og:|ic cscs As l|: ;!001, ut it i:
:ccc:t :cvicw, t|c: s w|olc t|csc wo:|s |vc lu:lizcc t|c ccctcc
u:cc:st:ci:g oi uocc::it, s |ouogc:ous :occss I|c v:ious w,s i:
w|ic| uocc::it, is lu:lizcc, |owcvc:, :ccc to |c t|c: i:to ccou:t
\ost ciscuss ltc::tivc uocc::itics ;wit| |,|:ic, uultilc, locl,
ctc s ot|c: qulic:s, s cuc:gi:g i:ou t|c c,:uic c:cou:tc: oi
coui::t ;usull, Wcstc::, :c :o:coui::t ;cg, locl, :o:Wcstc::,
:cgio:l, io:us ;cg, l:cc s Wtts 1--!, Gut 1--, iv:u|:is|:: s
Ag:wl c 1---, A:cc s lo:g !000, I|c:c is :o u:icc co:cctio: i:
t|csc wo:|s, |owcvc:, o: w|t cxctl, co:stitutcs uocc::it, kcic:c:ccs
::gc i:ou luccli:c to l:t, Wc|c:, Giccc:s, :c l|c:us l|: is
:ig|t i: s,i:g t|t stti:g t|t uocc::it, is lu:l, :c t|c: s|owi:g
ct|:og:|icll, t|c w,s i: w|ic| it is loclizcc, |s liuittio:s i: tc:us oi
t|co:, lowcvc:, |is cl io: : :t|:oolog, oi uocc::it, |scc o: t|c
t|co:ics oi, s,, lcgcl, Wc|c:, :c l|c:us couou:cs t|c :o|lcu,
givc: t|c cu:occ:t:isu oi uost oi t|csc t|i:|c:s ;scc Dusscl 1--! io: :
:l,sis oi t|c ccc ct|:occ:t:isu oi lcgcl :c l|c:us, w|osc wo:|s
t|c o: souct|i:g oi t|c so:o:it, oi Wg:c:s t:uucts ; 1,, As
ki|ci:o s,s i: |is couuc:t:, to l|:, uocc::it, is su||cct to
i:cigc:iztio:, |ut t|is cocs :ot uou:t to s,i:g t|t it is :tivc
ctcgo:, ;!001, oo-, W|t is lost i: t|csc cc|tcs, it sccus to uc, is
t|c vc:, :otio: oi ciiic:c:cc s |ot| :iu:, o||cct oi :t|:oolog, :c :
:c|o:i:g oi:t io: t|co:cticl co:st:uctio: :c oliticl ctio: l: t|c lst
i:st:cc, t|c liuits oi lu:lizi:g uocc::it, lic i: t|c ict t|t it c:cs u
:ccuci:g ll socil :cticc to |ci:g u:iicsttio: oi lu:oc: cxc:ic:cc
:c will, :o uttc: |ow qulicc l:glu:c :c lcc| ;!000, u|c :cltcc
:guuc:t i: t|ci: c:itiquc oi t|c ct|:og:|ic ccou:ts oi uultilc
uocc::itics, t|c, :guc, co::cctl, i: u, ui:c, t|t t|csc wo:|s :c
i:t:ocucc uct:::tivc oi uocc::it, i: t|c :l,sis, |c it t|c cilcctic,
;lu:oc:, co:c t|t :cui:s i:v:i:t, o: sclisc:vi:g cl to wicc:
co:tcxt o: l:gc: sclc c:scctivc I|c :csult is wc| :cltivisu :c
2 0 2 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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lu:liztio: oi uocc::itics t|t :cccts t|c ct|:og:|c:s ow: ssuu
tio:s l:glu:c :c lcc|s cll is io: :c:cwcc ttc:tio: to ct|:og:|ic
|:owlccgc s coui: io: scc:ti:i:g t|c vc:, co:tcxts t|t :c :clcv:t to
i:vcstigtio:, |cio:c suc| co:tcxt is iuutcc to t|is o: t|t vc:sio: oi
uocc::it, l:ou t|is c:scctivc, qucstio: :cui:s P|o c|.. |.1 c
|.c....o! o1 c!...o! .!o. .o . c./!, o|. .| |. ..| c |.
.|c.o|.. c c1...,, t|t :c :ot co:sicc:cc |, t|ci: ut|o:s l: s|o:t,
it sccus to uc t|t i: u:, :ccc:t :t|:oologicl wo:|s uocc::it, is, :st,
:ccc:cc i: w, t|t cissolvcs it :c cc:ivcs it oi :, scu|l:cc oi
|isto:icl co|c:c:cc, lct lo:c u:it:,, socil :c cultu:l logic :c t|c:,
scco:c, iou:c ct|:og:|icll, cvc:,w|c:c, lw,s lu:l, c|:gi:g :c
co:tcstcc A :cw |l:cc sccus :cccss:, Aitc: ll, |, o.. . c ..o1, .!!
c o.../. c .o.o!. c..o! o1 ,.o.. ... , wit| co|c:c:t :c io:
u:, totlizi:g logic, |.!. 1.,. c1..., o, ...o .c...c .| o
.c|... .o!o.o! !c.., !. o!c. o .c.. c 1c.o.c
! I|is is vc:, s|ctc|, :csc:ttio: oi t|is g:ous iccs i: t|c |cst oi cscs
l:ocl, sc|i:g, t|is g:ou is ssocitcc wit| t|c wo:| icw cc:t:l
gu:cs, c|ic,, t|c A:gc:ti:c:\cxic: |iloso|c: l::iquc Dusscl, t|c
lc:uvi: sociologist A: |l Qui|:o :c, uo:c :ccc:tl,, t|c A:gc:ti:c:
D scuiotici: :c cultu:l t|co:ist Wltc: \ig:olo I|c:c :c, |owcvc:,
g:owi:g :uu|c: oi sc|ol:s ssocitcc wit| t|c g:ou ;cg, lcg:co l:cc:
i: Vc:czucl, :tigo st:oGoucz, sc: Gu:ciol :c lcu:co
kcst:co i: olou|i, t|c:i:c Wls| i: Quito, Zulu llc:uo i:
A:gc:ti:, o:gc :|i:cs i: lolivi, l:c, c|iw,, lc:::co o:o:il,
kuo: G:osiogcl, o:gc lciv:, A: \:g:it c:v:tcskoc: gucz,
Agust : lo \o:tcs, :clso: \lco:coIo::cs, :c u,scli i: t|c D:itcc
ttcs \o:c looscl, ssocitcc wit| ucu|c:s oi t|c g:ou :c li:c Alcoii
:c lcu:co \c:cict ;ssocitcc wit| Dusscl,, lli: Vuol ;l:stitutc oi
Dcvclouc:t tucics, lclsi:|i,, \:is lclustcguigoiti i: \cxico it,,
:isti: ko|s ;:colou|i, A :uu|c: oi l|D stucc:ts :c :ow
wo:|i:g wit|i: t|c \ :og:u t v:ious u:ivc:sitics i: Quito, \cxico,
:c Du|cD: \, :st co:tct wit| souc oi t|c ucu|c:s oi t|is g:ou
too| lcc i: :cs i: 1--1 t scui:: o: c:iticl t|co:,, w|c:c l uct
l:cc: :c Qui|:o I|is ws iollowcc |, |oi:t scssio: o: Altc::tivcs to
lu:occ:t:isu t t|c 1-- Wo:lc o:g:css oi ociolog, i: \o:t:cl, w|ic|
:csultcc i: collcctivc voluuc ;l:cc: !000, l: uo:c :ccc:t ,c:s, t|c
g:ou |s gt|c:cc :ou:c scvc:l :o|ccts :c lccs t|c l|D l:og:u o:
io1.c 1. !o co!o.o t t|c D:ivc:sicc A:ci: iuo: loliv: i: Quito,
|cccc |, t|c:i:c Wls|, t|c cocto:l l:og:u o: t.o.oc c...c .
+....o lti: t t|c :cw D:ivc:sicc cc l iucc cc \cxico i: \cxico
it,, t|c gcoolitics oi |:owlccgc :o|cct s|:cc |, l:stituto lc:s:
;D:ivc:sicc vc:i:, logot,, t|c D:ivc:sicc A:ci: ;Quito,, :c Du|c
D:ivc:sit, :c D:ivc:sit, oi :o:t| :oli: t |cl lill i: t|c DA, :c
t|c lt|:ic tucics cc:tuc:t t lc:|clc, lo: t|c ui: iccs :csc:tcc
|c:c, scc Dusscl ;j1-. 1-!, 1--!, 1--!, 1--o, !000,, Qui|:o ;1-,
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 2 0 3
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1--!, !000,, Qui|:o s Wllc:stci: 1--!,, \ig:olo ;!000, !001,|,,
l:cc: ;!000,, st:oGoucz ;1--o,, o:o:il ;1--o, 1--,, ko|s ;!001,
littlc oi t|csc cc|tcs |vc |cc: t::sltcc i:to l:glis| cc lcvc:l, :c
vicco, ccs ;1--!, io: souc oi t|csc ut|o:s wo:|s i: l:glis| A voluuc
i: t|is l:gugc |s |cc: :ccc:tl, ccvotcc to Dusscls wo:| u:cc: t|c
ositc titlc, 1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c u.c., ;Alcoii s \c:cict
!000, I|c |ou::l :.o!o .. .c :co|, :ccc:tl, iou:ccc t Du|c
D:ivc:sit,, |s :til iocus o: t|c wo:|s oi t|is g:ou cc csccill, t|c
Vol 1, :o ! issuc oi !000, wit| co:t:i|utio:s |, Dusscl :c Qui|:o
uo:g ot|c:s t|c: collcctivc voluucs l:cc, :ocuccc |, t|c g:ou
i:clucc st:oGoucz s \c:cict ;1--,, st:oGoucz ;!00!,, \ig:olo
;!001,, Wls| . o! ;!00!, A:ot|c: voluuc i: l:glis|, |, G:osiogcl :c
lc v:, is i: :c:tio:
+ I|c c|oicc oi o:igi: oi:t is :ot siulc uttc: oi :cic:c:cc I|c
co:qucst :c colo:iztio: oi Auc:ic is t|c io:utivc uouc:t i: t|c
c:ctio: oi lu:ocs t|c:, t|c oi:t oi o:igi: oi t|c citlist wo:lc
s,stcu, c:|lcc |, golc :c silvc: i:ou Auc:ic, t|c o:igi: oi lu:ocs
ow: co:cct oi uocc::it, ;:c oi t|c :st, l|c:i:, uocc::it,, ltc:
ccliscc wit| t|c ogcc oi t|c scco:c uocc::it,,, t|c i:ititio: oi:t oi
ccicc:tlisu s t|c ovc::c|i:g iugi::, :c sclicc:itio: oi t|c
uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu ;w|ic| su|ltc::izcc c:i|c:l |:owlccgc
:c c:ctcc, i: t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:,, :ic:tlisu s t|c:, I|c sixtcc:t|
cc:tu:, lso sw c:ucil cc|tcs o: t|c :ig|ts oi t|c colc, csccill, t|c
lcglt|cologicl cc|tcs i: lu:c, ltc: su:csscc wit| t|c ciscou:sc oi
t|c :ig|ts oi u: i: t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:, li:ll,, wit| t|c o:qucst :c
colo:iztio:, lti: Auc:ic :c t|c :i||c: cuc:gcc s t|c :st
c:i|c:, oi lu:oc: uocc::it,
. Diiic:c:t ut|o:s cu|sizc ciiic:c:t icto:s i: t|c u|i:g :c iu:ctio:i:g
oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, lo: Qui|:o, io: i:st:cc, t|c |c, :occss i: its
co:stitutio: is t|c colo:il clssictio: :c coui:tio: i: tc:us oi :cc
olo:ilit, is t t|c c:ux oi uocc::it, :cciscl, |ccusc oi t|c c:sistc:cc oi
t|c icc oi :cc I|c scco:c |c, :occss is t|c co:stitutio: oi st:uctu:c oi
co:t:ol oi l|o: :c :csou:ccs Dusscl cu|sizcs t|c o:igi:l violc:cc
c:ctcc |, uocc::it,colo:ilit, ;scc lso ko|s !001,, t|c iuo:t:cc oi
t|c :st ;l|c:i:, uocc::it, io: t|c st:uctu:c oi colo:ilit,, :c oi cou:sc
t|c co:ccluc:t oi t|c :o:lu:oc: ;t|c :cgtio: oi its ltc:it,,,
:ticul:l, lti: Auc:ic s uocc::it,s :st c:i|c:, \ig:olo lso
cls to sou:ccs outsicc l|c:i:Auc:ic io: |is co:cctuliztio: oi
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g, t|c |i:c oi t|i:|i:g t|t |:i:gs |out t|c cc
su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c :tio:lit, \ig:olos :o|cct is t|t
oi co:cucti:g gc:clog, oi locl |isto:ics lcci:g to glo|l ccsig:s, so s
to c:|lc ot|c: ccsig:s i:ou ot|c: locl |isto:ics to cuc:gc i:ou
|o:cc: t|i:|i:g :c t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc ouc oi t|csc ciiic:c:ccs :c
cxli:cc |, soucw|t ciiic:c:t i:ucwo:|s, cu|scs :c ius oliticl
cco:ou, io: Qui|:o, |iloso|, oi li|c:tio: io: Dusscl, litc:tu:c :c
2 0 4 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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cistcuolog, io: \ig:olo lo: uost oi t|csc ut|o:s, |owcvc:, \:xisu
:c t|c qucstio: oi t|c cco:ou, :cui: :uou:t
o Dusscls :otio: oi cxtc:io:, |s scvc:l sou:ccs, c|ic, lcvi:s co:cct oi
t|c co:t:cictio: Iotlit,lxtc:io:it, cuscc |, t|c ct|icl i:tc:clltio: oi
t|c t|c: ;s,, s oo:, lt lso :cs i:si:tio: i: \:xs :otio: oi livi:g
l|o: s :cicl t|c: wit| :cscct to citl Dusscl sclls out |is vicws
t|:oug| t|c usc oi t|c t|co:, oi sccc| cts :c couuu:ictio: ;csccill,
Acls |ut lso l|c:us :c c:lc, A|ovc ll, Dusscl i:t:ocuccs t|c
co:ccts oi lxtc:io:, :c Altc:it, s cssc:til to |is li|c:tio: |iloso|,,
lxtc:io:it, |ccoucs :cgtivit, i:ou w|ic| t|c coui:tio: oi t|c t|c: c:
|c ciscovc:cc I|c:c is clc: oliticl |c:t to Dusscls i:tc:vc:tio:, w|ic|
c: t|us |c scc: s : o:igi:l t|co:, :c :cicliztio: oi t|c wo:| oi
lcvi:s :c ot|c:s lo: \ig:olo, s io: Qui|:o, t|c uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu
loo|s ciiic:c:t i:ou its cxtc:io:it, ;!000, .., \ig:olo |uilcs o: Dusscl
:c lso o: ot|c: sou:ccs, i:ou l:o: :c Wll Du lois to A:zlcu :c
w:itc:s i:ou t|c :i||c: :c t|c \g|:c| suc| s Gliss:t, lc|i, :c
l|ti|i I|co:ics oi cou|lc co:scious:css, cou|lc c:itiquc, : ot|c:
t|i:|i:g, c:cliztio:, :c cultu:cs oi t::sic:cc |ccouc cquivlc:t to |is
ow: :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g \ig:olos t|co:, oi cxtc:io:it, is :cltcc to
Dusscls |ut |s ciiic:c:t cu|sis \ig:olo ciiic:c:titcs |ctwcc: t|c
i:tc:io: |o:cc:s oi t|c uocc::colo:il wo:lc s,stcu ;iuc:il co:icts,
s,, |ctwcc: i: :c l:gl:c, :c its cxtc:io: |o:cc:s ;iuc:il co:icts
wit| cultu:cs |ci:g colo:izcc, cg, |ctwcc: i: :c t|c lsluic wo:lc,
|ctwcc: i: :c t|c Aztccs, o: |ctwcc: t|c l:iti: :c t|c l:ci i: t|c
:i:ctcc:t| cc:tu:,, I|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc |ccoucs visi|lc o:l, i:ou t|c
cxtc:io: oi t|c u:ivc:sl |isto:, oi t|c uocc:: wo:lc s,stcu, it u|cs
ossi|lc |:c|i:g w, i:ou cu:occ:t:isu s cistcuologicl c:scctivc
Wit|out t|is cxtc:io:it, i: w|ic| su|ltc:: |:owlccgcs cwcll, t|c o:l,
ltc::tivc lcit is co:st:t :cci:g oi t|c g:ct t|i:|c:s oi t|c Wcst i: sc:c|
oi :cw w,s to iugi:c t|c iutu:c ;!000, !0!,
\ig:olo ccvclos |is :otio: oi |o:cc: t|i:|i:g s t|i:|i:g i:ou :ot|c:
lcc, iugi:i:g : ot|c: l:gugc, :gui:g i:ou :ot|c: logic ; !1!, lt is
su|ltc:: |:owlccgc co:ccivcc i:ou t|c |o:cc:s oi t|c colo:iluocc::
wo:lc s,stcu t|t st:ivcs to |:c| w, i:ou t|c coui::cc oi cu:occ:t:isu
lo:cc: t|i:|i:g :cic:s to t|c uouc:ts i: w|ic| t|c iugi::, oi t|c wo:lc
s,stcu c:c|s ;!000, !!,, : cistcuolog, oi :c i:ou t|c |o:cc: ;
.!,, |i:c oi cou|lc c:itiquc ;l|ti|i, t|t is c:iticl oi |ot|
ccicc:tlisucu:occ:t:isu :c oi t|c cxcluccc t:citio:s t|cusclvcs, t|is
|ilit, stcus i:ou its loctio: i: t|c |o:cc:l:cs ;A:zlcu, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g
is : ct|icl w, oi t|i:|i:g |ccusc, i: its u:gi:lit,, it |s :o ct|:ocicl
ciuc:sio: lts iu is :ot to co::cct lics :c tcll t|c t:ut|, |ut to t|i:|
ot|c:wisc, to uovc tow:c : ot|c: logic i: suu to c|:gc t|c tc:us, :ot
|ust t|c co:tc:t oi t|c co:vc:stio: ; 0, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g c:|lcs :cw
vicw oi t|c civc:sit, :c ltc:it, oi t|c wo:lc, o:c t|t cocs :ot ill i:to t|c
t:s oi cultu:list ;cssc:tilist, :|cto:ic |ut :t|c: |ig|lig|t t|c i::ccuci|lc
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 2 0 5
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ciiic:c:ccs t|t c::ot |c :o:itcc |, t|c uo:otoic c:itiquc oi
uocc::it, ;t|c :cicl c:itiquc oi Wcstc:: logocc:t:isu u:cc:stooc s
u:ivc:sl ctcgo:,,, :c t|t cocs :ot co:ccivc oi ciiic:c:cc s :tit|csis i:
sc:c| oi :cv:c|isu lo:cc: t|i:|i:g is coulcuc:t:, to ccco:st:uctio:
;:c to ll c:iticl ciscou:scs oi uocc::it,,, it sccs cccolo:iztio: s
:ticul: |i:c oi ccco:st:uctio: |ut uovcs tow:cs i:guc:tcc, lu:l
:o|cct i:stcc oi :c:ocuci:g t|c |st:ct u:ivc:sls oi uocc::it, ;i:cluci:g
ccuoc:c, :c :ig|ts, lo:cc: t|i:|i:g, :ll,, is : ttcut to uovc |c,o:c
cu:occ:t:isu |, :cvcli:g t|c colo:ilit, oi owc: cu|ccccc i: t|c
gcoolitics oi |:owlccgc :cccss:, stc i: o:cc: to u:co t|c
su|ltc::iztio: oi |:owlccgc :c to loo| io: w,s oi t|i:|i:g |c,o:c t|c
ctcgo:ics oi Wcstc:: t|oug|t ; !!o,
llscw|c:c l |vc i:t:ocuccc t|c :otio: oi o!..o.. c c1..., to :cic:
iugi:c : cxlicit cultu:loliticl :o|cct oi t::sio:utio: i:ou t|c
c:scctivc oi uocc::it,colo:ilit, uo:c sccicll,, : ltc::tivc
co:st:uctio: oi t|c wo:lc i:ou t|c c:scctivc oi t|c colo:il ciiic:c:cc I|c
ciuc:sio: oi ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, co:t:i|utcs to wc|c:i:g oi
uocc::it, s logocc:t:isu, s souc oi t|c |iloso|c:s oi c:c oi uocc::it,
woulc |vc it ;cg, Vttiuo 1--1,, |ut i:ou ciiic:c:t ositio: Wc s|oulc
|c clc: lso |out w|t t|is co:cct is :ot lt cocs :ot oi:t tow:cs ..o!
:isti:c iutu:c w|c:c ccvclouc:t o: uocc::it, :o lo:gc: cxist, it is
i:tc:ccc :t|c: to i:tuit t|c ossi|ilit, oi .o.. : c: w|c:c ccvclouc:t
:c uocc::it, ccsc to |c t|c cc:t:l o:g:izi:g :i:cilcs oi socil liic
uouc:t w|c: socil liic is :o lo:gc: so c:uctcc |, t|c co:st:ucts oi
cco:ou,, i:civicul, :tio:lit,, o:cc:, :c so io:t| t|t :c c|:ctc:istic oi
lu:occ:tc:cc uocc::it, Altc::tivcs to uocc::it, is :ccctio: oi
oliticl ccsi:c, ccsi:c oi t|c c:iticl utoi: iugi:tio:, :ot sttcuc:t
|out t|c :cl, :csc:t o: iutu:c c:ti:g i: t|c c:c|s oi uocc::it,
colo:ilit,, it givcs co:tc:t to t|c lo:to Alcg:c Glo|l ocil lo:uu slog:,
oc|.. c.!1 . c./!. Altc::tivc ccvclouc:t, ltc::tivc uocc::itics, :c
ltc::tivcs to uocc::it, :c :till, co:icti:g |ut otc:till, coulc
uc:t:, :o|ccts :c u, lcc to c:cti:g co:citio:s io: t|c ot|c:s
I|is c:scctivc is t t|c |c:t oi t|c A:cc: tucics Wo:|i:g G:ou
Dcvclouc:t, \occ::it, :c olo:ilit,, t|t Wltc: \ig:olo :c l co
icilitc wit|i: t|c D:Du|c lti: Auc:ic: tucics o:so:tiuu
- l u i:cc|tcc to uli: llo:cz ;Dc:tuc:t oi ocil ls,c|olog,,
D:ivc:sitt Auto:ou cc l:cclo:, Visiti:g c|ol: t |cl lill io:
:i:g !00!, io: t|is oi:t, :c io: couuc:ts |clow o: souc oi t|c
co:t:i|utio:s i:ou t|c sociolog, oi |:owlccgc :c i:ou icui:ist t|co:, i:
socil s,c|olog,, :ticul:l, i: t|c wo:| oi \:got lu|l ouc oi t|c
iccs lso couc i:ou ciscussio:s t uccti:g oi t|c souc oi t|c g:ous
ucu|c:s i: |cl lill :c Du|c i: lc|:u:, !000, icilittcc :ticul:l,
|, l:c, c|iw,s :csc:ttio: :c t|c ciscussio: o: li|c:tio: t|colog,,
:c |, ciscussio:s t lAA o:g:css ;Dlls, \:c| !00!,
2 0 6 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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10 l t|:| :clso: \lco:co io: |:i:gi:g t|is iuo:t:t |oo| to ou: ttc:tio:
:c sc|i:g c:t|usisticll, |out it i: o:c oi ou: :ccc:t uccti:gs i:
|cl lill :c Du|c
11 I|csc issucs lso cuc:gcc i: co:vc:stio:s wit| uli: llo:cz co:cc::i:g
t|c wo:| oi icui:ist t|co:, i: socil s,c|olog, ;|cl lill, A:il !00!,
1! l u :cic::i:g to t|c collcctivc wo:| oi t|c G:uo cc I:||o cc lcolog
loli ic cst|lis|cc |, lA, :c coo:ci:tcc |, lccto: Aliuo:c i
:ticul: i:tc:cst |c:c :c t|c Mo..c tc. uo i..o 1. !o :o.o/.!.1o1
;l:D\A, !00!,, t www:olcu:cux, :c t|c :ccc:t c:it io: ciscusio:
|, l::iquc lcii ;!00!,
lt s|oulc |c uc:tio:cc t|t t|is iuo:t:t i:ititivc is lso still to |c
c:gc:cc:cc
1! cc t|c Wouc: :c t|c lolitics oi llcc l:o|cct t wwwsici:to:g :c
t|c sccil issuc oi ..!c. ccvotcc to t|c :o|cct, +.;1,, \:c| !00!,
l |vc coo:g:izcc t|is :o|cct wit| Wc:c, l:cou:t, ocict, io: l:tc:
:tio:l Dcvclouc:t cc lso ulic G:|u :c lt|c:i:c Gi|so:s
:o|cct wc| gc, wwwcouuu:it,cco:ouicso:g
References
Alcoii, li:c ;1--1, I|c l:o|lcu oi c|i:g io: t|c:s, c....o! io..,, vol
!0, .!!
* * ;1-, ultu:l lcui:isu vc:sus lostst:uctu:lisu I|c lcc:tit, :isis i:
lcui:ist I|co:,, :. , vol 1!, +0.!o
Alcoii, li:c s \c:cict, lcu:co, ccs ;!000, 1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c
u.c., i..o. o.! t|.!cc|, c t./..o.c l:|u kowu: :c
littclclc
A:zlcu, Glo:i s A:louisc lcti:g, ccs ;!00!, 1|. i..1. P. co!! uc.
ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c :cw Yo:| koutlccgc
A:zlcu, Glo:i ;!00!, l:cicc ;D:,:tu:l |:icgcs, ;D:,sic sccs, i: 1|.
i..1. P. co!! uc. ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c, ccs G A:zlcu
:c A lcti:g, :cw Yo:| koutlccgc, 1.
Acu:i, A:|u: ;1--o, Mc1..., o to.. \i::colis D:ivc:sit, oi \i::csot
l:css
A:cc, Al|c:to s lo:g, :o:u:, ccs ;!000, +|.cc!c,, ..!c., o1
Mc1..... lo:co: koutlccgc
lc|:, kut|, s Go:co:, Dc|o:|, ccs ;1--., Pc. P... co!o.. lc:|clc,
D:ivc:sit, oi liio::i l:css
lclustcguigoiti, \:is ;!00!, I|c olo: oi t|c l:t| l:cigc:ous Wouc:
lcio:c t|c lw, ..!c. , vol +., :o 1, +.!
* * ;1--, Visulizi:g llccs |c loo|s, t|c:cio:c . . . W|o ls, ..!c
. , vol +1, :o !, ++.!
lcvc:l,, o|: s vicco, osc, ccs ;1--!, 1|. tcc1... ./o. . to.
+....o Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 2 0 7
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l|v:i, luuluu, lo::, o|: s lu:i:, l:i,, ccs ;!00!, t... too..
r.io.. Pc., co!o.. o1 ..!c. lo:co: Zcc loo|s
loii, lco::co ;!00!, i! co.1o1c i...o! \c:ic lcito:il I:ott
st:oGoucz, :tigo ;1--o, c...o 1. !o .o.c !o.co....oo l:cclo:
luvill li|:os
* * cc ;!00!, to ....o.o.o..c 1. !o .....o c..o!. . +....o to.o logot
D:ivc:sicc vc:i:
st:oGoucz, :tigo, s \c:cict, lcu:co, ccs ;1--, 1.c.o . 1...!.o,
!o.co....o.c, c.c!c.o!.1o1 , !c/o!..o..c . 1./o. \cxico, Dl
\igucl A:gcl lo::uD:ivc:sit, oi : l::cisco
o:o:il, lc:::co ;1--, 1|. Mo..o! :o. :oo.., Mc., o1 Mc1..., .
...o.!o |icgo D:ivc:sit, oi |icgo l:css
* * ;1--o, lc,o:c ccicc:tlisu Iow:c :o:iuc:il Gco|isto:icl
tcgo:ics, co!o.o! +|.cc!c,, vol 11, :o 1, .!
Dusscl, l::iquc ;!000, lu:oc, \occ::it,, :c lu:occ:t:isu, :.o!o, vol 1,
:o !, +o.+
* * ;1--o, 1|. u1...1. c Mc1..., Atl:tic lig|l:cs, : luu:itics l:css
* * ;1--!, lu:occ:t:isu :c \occ::it,, i: 1|. tcc1... ./o. . to.
+....o, ccs lcvc:l, :c vicco, Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css,
o.o
* * ;1--!, :.v2 i! ..o/....c 1.! o.c logot A:t:oos
* * ;1-!, j1-. i.c1o...c o !o t.!cco 1. !o t./..o..c ;!

lcicio:, logot
lcito:il :ucv Auc:ic
** ;1-o, t.!cc o 1. !o t./..o..c \cxico lcito:il lcicol
l:glu:c, l::i s lcc|, ucs ;!000, lt|:og:|, :c t|c \ct:::tivcs oi
\occ::it,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +1, :o !, !!.!+
lsco|:, A:tu:o ;1---, Aitc: :tu:c tcs to : A:ticssc:tilist loliticl
lcolog,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +0, :o 1, 1!0
llo:cz, uli: ;!00!, :ots so|:c tco: icui:ist , uocc::icccolo:ilicc
Docuuc:to cc t:||o si: u|lic:, D:ivc:sit, oi :o:t| :oli:, |cl
lill, A:il
loucult, \ic|cl ;1--, ...!.. o1 to.| :cw Yo:| Vi:tgc loo|s
** ;1-!, 1|. o.1.. c 1|. :cw Yo:| Vi:tgc loo|s
Go:|:, Dili l, cc ;!001, +!..o.. Mc1..... Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
Gi|so:G:|u, l ;!00!, lolitics oi lui:c, lolitics oi llcc D:u|lis|cc
u:usc:it
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D:ivc:sit, l:css
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l:css
* * ;1-!, t...o.c c... losto: lcco: l:css
2 0 8 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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llc:i:, Dvic ;1--., :o. tco.oo! 1co.1 o co, uo.c.o|, :cw Yo:|
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:c t|c l:ivilcgc oi l:til lc:scctivc, t... :o1.. , vol 1+, :o !,
...--
l:cou:t, Wc:c, s lsco|:, A:tu:o ;!00!, lcc A:ticlc Wouc: :c t|c
lolitics oi llcc, ..!c. , vol +., :o !, 1+
l:ct, \ic|cl s :cg:i, A:to:io ;!000, i... u|:icgc l:v:c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
lciccggc:, \:ti: ;1-, I|c Agc oi t|c Wo:lc lictu:c, i: 1|. o..c
cc.... 1..|c!c,, cc \ lciccggc:, :cw Yo:| l:c: :c kow,
11.1.+
l|:, ocl ;!001, A:t|:oolog, :c \occ::it,, co... +|.cc!c,, vol +!,
:o ., o.1o0
l:cc:, lcu:co ;!00!, los cc:cc|os cc :oiccc i:tclcctul c: l gcool tic
ccl s|c: cc l sociccc glo|l, i: i..1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. , ccs
Wls|, l c|iw, :c st:oGoucz, Quito D:ivc:sicc A:ci:A|,
Yl, !10!
* * cc ;!000, to .c!c.o!.1o1 1.! o/.. .o.c....c , .....o c..o!. luc:os
Ai:cs lA
ltou:, l:u:o ;1--!, P. uo. :... i.. Mc1.. u|:icgc l:v:c D:ivc:sit,
l:css
lcii, l::iquc ;!00!, l lcolog lol tic c: Auc:ic lti: D: uo c:
o:st:uccio: ;lo::co: : ciscusio:, lA G:uo cc I:||o c:
lcolog lol tic \:usc:ito si: u|lic:
* * ;!000, :o/.. +/..o! \cxico iglo XXl
\lco:coIo::cs, :clso: ;!00!, luc:io , colo:ilicc ccl sc: l:csc:tcc t
t|c XXlV l:tc::tio:l o:g:css, lti: Auc:ic: tucics Associtio:,
lAA, Dlls, \:c| !!-
\ig:olo, Wltc: ;!001, locl listo:ics :c Glo|l Dcsig:s A: l:tc:vicw wit|
Wltc: \ig:olo, ..co.., vol !!, :o !, !!
* * ;!000, tc.o! u.c...c!c/o! .. l:i:ccto: l:i:ccto: D:ivc:sit, l:css
* * cc ;!001|, co.o!.c , .cc!..o 1.! .cc....c luc:os Ai:cs lcicio:cs
ccl ig:o
:ic|olso:, li:c, cc ;1---, t...tcc1... :cw Yo:| koutlccgc
l:i||:, kiuo: ;1--!, 1|. ccc|.o1... i...... :cw Yo:| :|is loo|s
l:cc, Al: s Wtts, \ic|cl ;1--!, r.c.|. Mc1..., :cw l:u:swic|
kutgc:s D:ivc:sit, l:css
Qui|:o, A: |l ;!000, olo:ilit, oi lowc:, lt|:occ:t:isu, :c lti:
Auc:ic, :.o!o, vol 1, :o !, .!!.0
* * ;1--!, \occ::it,, lcc:tit,, :c Dtoi i: lti: Auc:ic, i: 1|.
tcc1... ./o. . to. +....o, ccs lcvc:l, :c vicco,
Du:|u Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css, 1+01..
* * ;1-, Mc1...1o1, i1..1o1 , uco . +....o to.o liu ociccc ,
lol tic lcicio:cs
WORL DS AND KNOWL EDGES OTHERWI SE 2 0 9
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Qui|:o, A: |l s Wllc:stci:, luu:ucl ;1--!, Auc:ic:it, s o:cct, o:
t|c Auc:ics i: t|c \occ:: Wo:lc,stcu, i..o.co! :c..o! :.....
jco.o! , vol 1!+, +.-..-
ko|s, :isti: ;!001, c..!..o.c o1 .c!... r... c r....o.c . :....|
c.o., cc!c/.o \i::colis D:ivc:sit, oi \i::csot l:css
:covl, |cl ;!00!, lo:cwo:c Aitc:l:icgc Icc|:ologics oi :ossi:g, i: 1|.
i..1. P. co!! uc. ro1..o! ..c c. :c..o! 1.oc.o.c, ccs G A:zlcu
:c A lcti:g, :cw Yo:| koutlccgc, !1!o
:tos, lovc:tu: cc ous ;!00!, I|c Wo:lc ocil lo:uu Iow:c
ou:tc:lcgcuo:ic Glo|liztio: l:csc:tcc t t|c XXlV l:tc::tio:l
o:g:css, lti: Auc:ic: tucics Associtio:, lAA, Dlls, \:c| !!-
cc lso t |ttwwwccsicuct|ssisu|
|o|t, lll, cc ;1--, 1o!|. ..c Mo!..o!o.o! t... . o 1.oo.co!
+. u|:icgc \lI l:css
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.o!o.o! c!... c 1..!c. . i1.o t:io:c t:io:c D:ivc:sit, l:css
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l:css
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l:css
Vi:ilio, lul ;1---, tc!... c |. .., Pc. :cw Yo:| cuitcxt;c,
Vuol, lli: ;l: :css, tio: io: t|c loo: :c t|c lxclusio: oi Wouc: I|c
|llc:gc oi lostuocc::isu :c lcui:isu to li|c:tio: I|colog,, i:
o. c. |. Mo.. 1|.c!c..o! o1 o|.. c|o!!.. . tcc1.. o1
tc.c!c.o! Pc.!1 , cc oc:g kicgc:, xio:c xio:c D:ivc:sit, l:css
** ;!00!, kcicl lu:occ:t:isu I|c :isis :c Dct| oi lti: Auc:ic:
li|c:tio: I|colog, :c kccics io: its lu:ovcuc:t, i: i..... |.
tcc1.. r.c. c ro1..o! o.|c1c,, ccs koscu:, kuct|c: s \:io:
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* * ;!00!, kcu|i:g D:ivc:sls I::s:tio:l lcui:isu;s, |llc:gi:g
lu:cuc:tlist lcuuc:isu, 1|.c.,, co!o.., :c...,, vol 1-, :o 1!,
1.1-.
* * ;!000, I|i:|i:g o|.... Dusscl, li|c:tio: I|colog,, :c lcui:isu, i:
1|.|. .c |. u1...1. c u.c.,, ccs l Alcoii :c l \c:cict, l:|u
kowu: :c littlcclc, 1+-10
Wllc:stci:, luu:ucl ;!000, Glo|liztio:, o: t|c Agc oi I::sitio: A lo:g
Ic:u Vicw oi t|c I:|ccto:, oi t|c Wo:lc ,stcu, i..o.co! :c..c!c,,
vol 1., :o !, !+-!o.
Wls|, t|c:i:c ;!00!, lcuco: !00! l:ouiscs :c |llc:gcs l:csc:tcc t
t|c D:Du|c lti: Auc:ic: tucics lu::i:g lssucs c:ics, A:il !.
Wls|, t|c:i:c, c|iw,, l:c,, s st:oGoucz, :tigo, ccs ;!00!,
i..1...!.o. !o .....o c..o!. Quito D:ivc:sicc A:ci:A|, Yl
2 1 0 CULTURAL STUDI ES
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