10/07/2013

[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained
Difference: Syllogism vs Logical connectives Standard format: logical connectives Logical connective: if then Logical connective: Only IF Logical Connective: UNLESS Logical connective: otherwise Logical connective: When, Whenever, every time Logical Connective: Either OR Demo Q: Only if: bored TV brother (CSAT 2012) Demo Q (If, then) Professor Headaches (CAT98) Demo Q: Either or: derailed/late train (CAT97)

Difference: Syllogism vs Logical connectives

Syllogism (all cats are dog) is a common and routinely appearing topic in most of the aptitude exams (Bank PO, LIC, SSC etc). But Logical connectives is rare. However, in UPSC CSAT 2012 the topic was asked, therefore, youve to prepare it. Syllogism Contains words like all, none, some etc. Can be classified into UP, UN,PP and PN. Already explained in previous articles. Have to mugup more formulas, takes more time than logical connective questions. Question Statements: I. All cats are dogs II. some pigs are cats III. no dogs are bird Conclusion choices: A. B. C. D. Some cats are dogs No birds are cats some pigs are birds Some pigs are not birds Logical connectives Contains words like if, unless, only if, whenever etc. can be classified into 1, ~1, 2, ~2 (well see in this article) Less formulas and quicker than syllogism. Question statements: 1. I watch TV only if I am bored 2. I am never bored when I have my brothers company. 3. Whenever I go to the theatre I take my brother along. Conclusion choices: A. B. C. D. If I am bored I watch TV If I am bored, I seek my brothers company. If I am not with my brother, than ill watch TV. If I am not bored I do not watch TV.

Standard format: logical connectives

If, unless, only if, whenever, every time etc. are examples of Logical connectives. Whenever youre given a question statement, first rule is: question statement must be in the standard format. The standard format is ****some logical connective word *** simple statement#1, simple statement #2. It means, the question statement must start with a logical connective word, otherwise exchange position. For example Given question statement If youre in the army, youve to wear uniform Exchange position? no need because the simple statement containing IF is given in the beginning. This is already in the standard format. We need to exchange position because the part containing IF is not given in the beginning of this statement, given statement is not in standard format. Therefore, Rewrite given statement as If youre in the army, youve to wear uniform. Need to exchange position. Because statement doesnt start with the logical
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Youve to wear uniform, if youre in the army

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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

Youve to salute, whenever Commanding Officer comes in your cabin.

connective whenever. Therefore rewrite the given statement as Whenever CO comes in your cabin, you have to salute.

Now lets derive valid inferences for various logical connectives.

Logical connective: if then

Consider these two simple statements 1. Youre in army 2. Youve to wear uniform. These are two simple statements. Now Ill combine these two simple statements (#1 and #2) to form a complex statement. If youre in army(#1), you have to wear uniform.(#2) What about its reverse? Youve wearing uniform (#2)> that means youre in the army.(#1) But there is possibility, youre in navy-> youll still have to wear a uniform. It means, if 1=>2, then 2=>1 is not always a valid inference. Lets list all such scenarios in a table. Given statement: If youre in army(#1), you have to wear uniform.(#2) Inference? 1. If #2, then #1 If youve to wear uniform, youre in army. Valid / invalid? youve to wear uniform in navy, air force, BSF etc. so this inference is not always valid. youve to wear uniform in navy, air force, BSF etc. so this inference is not always valid. Always valid.

2. If not #1, then if youre not in army, you dont have to not #2 wear uniform. 3. if not #2, then not #1 If you dont have to wear uniform, youre not in army.

In the exam, you dont have to think ^that much. Just mugup the following rule: Given statement =If #1 then #2, in such situation the only valid inference is if Not #2, then not #1. In other words, if 1st happens then 2nd happens, in such situation, the only valid inference is if 2nd did not happen then 1st did not happen. Now I want to construct a short and sweet reference table for the logical connective problems. So Ill use the symbol ~= negative. ~1=meaning NOT 1 ( or in other words, negative of #1) Given If 1=>2 Valid inference ~2=>~1

If 1, then 2 If not 2, then not 1 In some books, material, sites, youll find these rules explained as using P and Q instead of 1 and 2. But in our method, you first make sure the given (complex) statement starts with a logical connective (or you exchange position as explained earlier) We denote the first simple sentence as #1 and second simple sentence as #2. The reason for using 1 and 2= makes things less complicated and easier to mugup.

Logical connective: Only IF

In such scenario, youve to rephrase given statement into if then and then apply the logical connective rule for if then. For example: given statement: he scores a century, only if the match is fixed. The standard format= only if the match is fixed(1), he scores a century(2). In case of only if, we further convert it into an if statement, by exchanging positions. That is
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if he scores a century(#2), the match is fixed(#1). Then apply the formula for if then and get valid inference. Here weve if 2=>1 as per our formula for if then, the valid inference will be ~1=>~2. Dont confuse between 1 and 2. Because essentially the valid inference is negative of end part => negative of starting part. Therefore if 2=>1 then ~1=~2 similarly if 98=>97, then valid inference will be ~97=>~98 Similarly if p=>q, then valid inference will be ~q=>~p, similarly if b=>a, then valid inference will be ~a=~b) . Update our table Logical connective Given statement Valid inference using symbol Valid inf. In words If Only if If 1=>2 Only if 1=>2 ~2=>~1 ~1=>~2 Negative of end part=> negative of start part Negative of start part=>negative of end part.

Logical Connective: UNLESS

Given statement: Unless you bribe the minister(#1), you will not get the 2G license.(#2) Unless = if..not. So, I can re-write the given statement as (new) Given statement: If you dont bribe the minister(#1), youll not get the 2G license.(#2) How to come up with a valid inference here? #1 You dont bribe the minister #2 Youll not get the 2G license. For if..then, Weve mugged up the rule: 1=>2 then only valid inference is ~2=>~1. (in other words, negative of end part => negative of starting part). lets construct the valid inference for this 2G minister. we want ~2 => ~1 Negative of (2) => negative of (1) Negative of (youll not get the 2G license)=>negative of (you dont bribe the minister) Youll get the 2G license => you bribe the minister. In other words, If I see a 2G license in your hand, then I can infer that you had definitely bribed the minister. This is one way of doing unless questions = via converting it into ifnot type of statement. The short cut is to mugup another formula: unless1=>2 then ~2=>1. How did we come up with above formula? Deriving the formula for unless Unless 1=>2 (given statement) if not 1=>2 (because unless=if not) if ~1=>2 (Im using symbol ~ instead of not) ~2=> ~(~1) (because we already mugged up the rule if 1=>2, then valid inference is ~2=>~1) ~2=>1 (because ~(~1) means double negative and double negative is positive hence ~(~1)=1) This is our second rule: Unless1=>2 then ~2=>1 Table Logical connective Given statement Valid inference using symbol Valid inf. In words If Only if Unless If 1=>2 Only if 1=>2 Unless 1=>2 ~2=>~1 ~1=>~2 ~2=>1 Negative of end part=> negative of start part Negative of start part=>negative of end part. Negative of end part=>start part unchanged.

Logical connective: otherwise

Suppose given statement is: 1, otherwise 2. you can write it as unless 1 then 2. (unless1=>2) Then use the formula for unless.

Logical connective: When, Whenever, every time

Given statement: he scores century, when match is fixed. This is not in standard format of **logical connective word**, simple statement #1, simple statement #2. So first I need to exchange the positions: when match is fixed (#1), he scores century (#2).
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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

In case of when and whenever, the valid inference is= same like If, then. That means negative of end part=>negative of starting part. Same formula works for whenever and Everytime. Update the table Logical connective Given statement Valid inference using symbol Valid inf. In words If When Whenever Everytime Only if Unless If 1=>2 When 1=>2 Whenever 1=>2 Everytime 1=>2 Only if 1=>2 Unless 1=>2 ~1=>~2 ~2=>1 Negative of start part=>negative of end part. Negative of end part=>starting part unchanged. ~2=~1 Negative of end part=> negative of starting part

Logical Connective: Either OR

Given statement: Either he is drunk(1) or he is ill(2). In such cases, if not 1 then 2. And if not 2 then 1. Meaning, 1. if he is not drunk then he is definitely ill 2. if he is not ill, then he is definitely drunk both are valid. Update the table Logical connective If When Whenever Everytime Only if Unless Otherwise Either or Given statement If 1=>2 When 1=>2 Whenever 1=>2 Everytime 1=>2 Only if 1=>2 Unless 1=>2 1 otherwise 2=> rewrite as Unless1=>2. Either 1 or 2 ~2=>1 ~2=>1 ~1=>2 Negative of end part=>starting part unchanged. Negative of any one part=> remaining part remains unchanged. ~1=>~2 Negative of start part=>negative of end part. ~2=~1 Negative of end part=> negative of starting part Valid inference using symbol Valid inf. In words

Now lets solve some questions from old CSAT and CAT papers Please note: in the exam, actual wording / meaning of the simple statement doesnt matter. Just apply the formulas as given in above table. For example, if youre in army, you have to wear uniform. Then valid inference is ~2=>~1 (you dont have to wear uniform, then youre not in army). Now ofcourse there would be exceptional situation when army officer/jawan doesnt need to wear uniform, for example during espionage mission behind the enemy lines. In that case you dont have to wear uniform, but youre still in the army. But keep in mind, while solving logical connective question under the aptitude/reasoning portion you dont have to surgically dissect or nitpick the meaning every statement. Just if 1=>2 then ~2=>~1.

Demo Q: Only if: bored TV brother (CSAT 2012)

Examine the following statements: 1. I watch TV only if I am bored 2. I am never bored when I have my brothers company. 3. Whenever I go to the theatre I take my brother along. Which one of the following conclusions is valid in the context of the above statements?
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A. B. C. D.

If I am bored I watch TV If I am bored, I seek my brothers company. If I am not with my brother, then Ill watch TV. If I am not bored I do not watch TV. Approach

First well construct valid inferences from the question statements Given Question Statement #1: Given =I watch TV only if I am bored This is not in standard format. So first exchange position Only if Im bored (1), I watch TV(2) What is the valid inference? Just look at the formula table Only if 1=>2 then ~1=~2 Valid inference= if Im not bored, I do not watch TV. Look at the statements given in the answer choices, (D) matches. Therefore, final answer is (D).

Demo Q (If, then) Professor Headaches (CAT98)

Youre given a statement, followed by four statements labeled A to D. Choose the ordered pair of statements where the first statement implies the second and two statements are logically consistent with the main statement. Given statement: If I talk to my professors(1), then I didnt need to take a pill for headache.(2) Four Statements A. B. C. D. I talked to my professors I did not need to take a pill for headache I needed to take a pill for headache I did not talk to my professor.

Answer choices I. II. III. IV. AB DC CD AB and CD Approach Given statement is in standard format already #1 I talk to my professors #2 I didnt need to take a pill for headache. Lets classify the four statements Classification Four statements 1 2 ~2 ~1 A. I talked to my professors B. I did not need to take a pill for headache C. I needed to take a pill for headache D. I did not talk to my professor. Answer choice (i) AB If you observe the answer choice (I): AB= I talked to my professors, I did not need to take a pill for headache. This is valid because if 1=>2 is already given in the question statement itself. Answer choice (ii) DC
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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

I did not talk to my professor (~1), I needed to take a pill for headache (~2). Meaning ~1=>~2. This is invalid because as per our table, if 1=>2, then valid inference is ~2=>~1. Answer choice (iii) CD I needed to take pill for headache (~2), I did not talk to my professor (~1). Meaning ~2=>~1. This is valid as per our table. Therefore final answer is (IV) AB and CD

Demo Q: Either or: derailed/late train (CAT97)

Given statement: either the train is late (1) or it has derailed (2) Four statements A. B. C. D. Train is late = 1 Train is not late = ~1 Train is derailed =2 Train is not derailed =~2

(^note: Ive classified the statements in advance) Answer choice I. II. III. IV. AB DB CA BC Approach As per our table, the valid inferences for either or are ~2=>1 If the train is not derailed, it is late. DA ~1=>2 If the train is not late, it is derailed BC

Correct answer is (III): BC For more articles on reasoning and aptitude, visit Mrunal.org/aptitude Previous Posts
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180 comments to [Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained

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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

Vengatesh
Reply to this comment Sir thank you very much

gaurav
Reply to this comment mrunal sir what wil we do if word DESPITE comes..plz reply

CARM
Reply to this comment Thanks Mrunal in ur article.last line should be Correct Ans is IV BC Anyways Can u help me with this 1)The aircraft takes off if the light blinks 2)Only if there is no storm the aircraft takes off 3)If there is a storm the light does blink options a. if the light blinks there is no storm b. the aircraft takes off if there is no storm Solution storm==>not take off===>not blink blink ===>no storm====>. here cant we add take off which will make option b also true.(can see option a is true) if not why cant we do that Plz answer!!!!

shani
Reply to this comment option A cannt be correct 3)If there is a storm(1) the light does blink(2) n as per rules -(2)=>-(1) 0r (1)=>(2) and a. if the light blinks there is no storm this is contradictory

neelima
Reply to this comment shani ji here both statements a & b are wrong na

love shandilya
Reply to this comment yupp both r wrng

Kritika
Reply to this comment Statement B is correct. It is rephrase of given statement Only if there is no storm the aircraft takes off -> The aircraft takes off (only) if there is no storm.

shani
Reply to this comment what is wrong in option b??

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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

Aditya_S8
Reply to this comment sir post some practice questions too or refer to some book from where we may get some good questions 4 practice.

freak
Reply to this comment First time i understand these thing in a very lucid manner..thanks to u mrunal!!!!

freak
Reply to this comment thanks u mrunal

manoj
Reply to this comment thank you so much !! you are really a true teacher or much more then that.awesome explanation man !!

ganesh gupta
Reply to this comment Sir u are great, u explain tough things with ease. I like all your articles. U are a great teacher. U are doing a great job, God has to bless u.

help
Reply to this comment Dear Mrunal, how many months of study is necessary to clear upsc cse to become an IAS or IPS ? Thank you.

Alok
Reply to this comment Hi Mrunal thanks a lot for all ur help Can u please give some explanation on type of Syllogism questions where we have to find which of statements are both can be true but both cannot be false or both can be false but cannot be true or both can be true and both can be false Pls throw some light on this kind of questions , it was asked in 2011 paper

Anurag
Reply to this comment Pl help me with following ques When ever shyam hears of an exam, he losses sleep a) shyam heard of an exam b) shyam didnt heard of an exam c) shyam lost slepp d) shyam didnt lost losse sleep Option 1) CA 2) BD 3) DB 4) AD Ans according to TMH is 1,

shani
Reply to this comment CA cnnt be answer as per rules When ever shyam hears of an exam(1), he losses sleep(2) so as per rules -(2)=>-(1) OR (1)=>(2) n CA IS contradictory so it cnnt be

amit
Reply to this comment
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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

ansr= DB ~2=>~1

trupti
Reply to this comment ans DB

monu
Reply to this comment please apply ur mind dont blindly belief on any guide or material. answer is (DB)

diwas
Reply to this comment ans is DB

Anurag
Reply to this comment Another question when i see horror movie i had a bad dream a) i saw a horror movie b) i didnt saw a horroe movie c) i didnt had a bad dream d) i had a bad dream option : 1) CB 2)AD 3) BC 4) AC Answer According to TMH a, but m confused b/w option 1 & 2

shani
Reply to this comment yupp both r ryt

amit
Reply to this comment ansr CB ~2=>~1 ,,v hv to mk inference. 2nd option is just qusn statemnt but if in ansr they gv both ,,,tick both oderws CB.

anurag
Reply to this comment Thanks Amit

zeenat samim
Reply to this comment restatement is never a valid answer, its neither a conclusion nor a reason.

Gaurav
Reply to this comment @anurag. option 3 in sleep wala ques. N both 1 n 2 are correct in bad dream ques.

anurag
Reply to this comment
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[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

Thanks Gaurav

PRAKAH K S
Reply to this comment Hello Sir thanks a lot for simplifying sylloligism. Sir, Somewhere in ur blog u mentioned abt tool which remove unwanted texts before taking printout, so that it will save lot of pages. could you please mention abt tht tool so tht we can save no of pages and also money :-) while taking printout.

j
Reply to this comment @parthi Basically if we make the venn diagram of both the options they would be same. I guess this seems like a bug with with venn diagram method. Well, but wat seems more appropraite is if rivers flows c cranks and not the other way round as see If A then B cannot be stated as only if B then A when i guess their Venn diagrams would be identical. Let me know!

SUMIT KARELI
Reply to this comment Thanks a lot.

j
Reply to this comment Wat do we infer from all except a few some are and simultaneously some are not?

Amit
Reply to this comment Please help 1)some who study will not become graduates. 2)To become graduates student must study. 3) Only students can become graduates. conclusion:a)Some who become graduates are not student. b)All students who study become graduates. c)Some who study and become graduates are students. d)Students who do not study will not graduate.

Reply to this comment C & D can be concluded becuase the statement 2 says To become Graduates students MUST study. and 3rd says that only Students can become Graduates. In MathematicsThat means Graduate is a subset of Study and Student both and Study is a subset of Student. so there are 3 concentric circles with Student the outer most, then Study and the inneromst circle is Graduate. In simple words (i m trying)A) Graduates are students first,grads second Why ? because state 3 says ONLY studs can become Grads. Hence this cant be concluded. B) All students who study cant be sure that they will DEF Graduate (just as 17lakh applicants gave SBI but only 1500 will be selected), anyways, because Statement1 says Some who study still not Graduate. Hence this cant be concluded. C) Since the 3rd statement says , that whosover is Grad he is a Student too and State 2 says that Stud must have studied to become Grad. Hence this can be concluded. D) Students who dont study = Can never Graduate. Why ? Because st2 says They MUST study but its not necessary that they will DEFINITELY graduate. but they stand a chance. Hence this can be concluded. I hope it helps. Do tell the Answer too.

vikky
Reply to this comment Except A other conclusions r correct. 3 concentric circles ll not come. Please check. B can be concluded as second statement
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says 2)To become graduates student must study.. so students if they study ll become graduate. (SBI s a competitive xam so all will not clear, but any student can become graduate provided he studies. NOTE :Even i am a graduate =D )..

Vikky

Reply to this comment

HK
Reply to this comment i dont think C can be concluded because Only Students = Graduates (and no other) quantifier in C is some it has to be ALL Lets say i am doctor and i study if i become graduate i must have been Student. so not some but All ans is D ANSWER??

Reply to this comment Your point is correct but here its not that Statement cant be concluded. Whenever its given All Roads are infrastructure. Then you can always conclude that Some Roads are infrastructure. Its not necessary that if ALL is given then the conclusion must have all. It can obviously have SOME .

HK
Reply to this comment i disagree, All roads are infra. subject is distributed.. its not logically correct to blur the space boundary though true in common sense some roads are infra cant be concluded because in this statement neither subject nor object is distributed.. as roads is Subset of infra we can say that some infra is roads. it not a conclusion too because its an INVERSE BHAI JISNE POOCHA HAI QUESTION WOH ANSWER TO BTA DOOOO.

k
I think it is C and D both. And the explaination of manu jha is correct. pls correct answer?

naina agarwal
Reply to this comment sir, in question..you can see the star only if you go to cinemacorrect answer should be i didnt see the star i didnt go to cinema..bt reverse is givnplease help me with this thnku

naina agarwal
Reply to this comment i got the solution..thnku..

Tej Bharath
Reply to this comment You are the king,, mrunal

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zeenat samim
Reply to this comment mrunal, can i infer from your explanation of either or typethat answer format will be :-1(negative of first part)and 2(unchanged second part) ?????

pramod
Reply to this comment Sir, it is very interesting and very good elaboration. i read a book of CAT (author name started by a. not mentioning full name). but there i does not find the same thing as u wrote . thanks ..

anil bishnoi
Reply to this comment thanx for the explanationit will be nice if u elaborate on more interconnected sentence for e.g If ankita eats pastry, then it is a black forest or a pineapple. plz xplain all the possible outcome.

durga prasad
Reply to this comment hello Admin, I am new to this site. For the info above discussed there are other valid outcomes as well. Only if 1=> 2 it also mean 2=>1 apart from ~1=>~2. Please confirm it.

Kulvinder ruhil
Reply to this comment Dear Mrunal Sir, Your methods to derive conclusions only in negatives like not 1 not 2 types . I faced a lot of problem while facing questions based on non negative conclusion.One more doubt Can I derive another conclusion based on two already derive conclusions. Q.1 1.He writes whenever he is angry. 2.It is cloudy only if he is angry. 3.He is angry only if he is hungry. Conclusion A.He writes whenever he is hungry. B.He is hungry if he writes. C.He writes only if it is cloudy. D.Whenever it is cloudy,he writes. Q-2 1.There are as many engineers in this organisation as there are doctors. 2.Only if a doctor agrees to a plan will an engineer agree to plan. 3.An engineer agrres to a plan only if the majority of engineers including him agree to it. Conclusions A.Only if an engineer agree to a plan will a doctor agree to it. B.An engineer will agree to plan if all doctor agree to it. C.An engineer might agree to a plan if the total number of engineers agreeing to a plan is more than half the total numbers of doctors. D.If all doctors agree to a plan,all engineers agree to it as well. Reply asap.

Ravi Prasad
Reply to this comment Hello Sir although option D)If I am not bored I do not watch TV. (csat 2012) can definitely be concluded. why not option B)If I am bored, I seek my brothers company. bcoz I am bored = negative of ( i am not bored) also I SEEK my brother company = does not SEEK here mean that HE IS NOT IN HIS BROTHERS COMPANY.
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IF AM WRONG PLEASE CORRECT.

priti
Reply to this comment i really appreciate ur contribution for us sir .every time i read ur article i just say -u r really too good and in my view best tr .

aditi
Reply to this comment Hw can i Solve ths::: You cannot clear the CSAT unless you are intelligent 1 u r intelligent 2u can clear the CSAT 3 u r nt intelligent 4 u cannot clear the CSAT answer is :: C.. How???? Plz help me!!

nishat
Reply to this comment tell us all the options first. how do we know what is A , B, C and D?

aditi
Reply to this comment thnx for reply You cannot clear the CSAT unless you are intelligent a u r intelligent b u can clear the CSAT c u r nt intelligent d u cannot clear the CSAT conclusion: are bd, ac, cd, ab, ; given ans is cd, how? accordingly above, valid interference is ~2=>1, ~2 cancels negative sentence ; is m right???? plz

vips
Reply to this comment lookit means if u cleared the csat, u r intelligent.ie all csat are intelligent.draw a venn with intelligent encircling csat and u get ur answernot intelligent means no csat,,,,

love shandilya
Reply to this comment luk aditi You cannot clear the CSAT unless you are intelligent U CAN WRITE DYS AS unless you are intelligent,You cannot clear the CSAT NOW ABOVE SENTENCE CAN BE WRITTEN IN D FRM LYK DAT UNLESS => IFNOT so .if you r nt intellignt ,u cannot clear CSAT NOW SIMPLY APPLY D LOGIC OF IF NOT 2 SOLUTIONS R POSSIBLE RULE A~2=~1 RULE B1=2 SO WE WILL;TOOK CD as a answer by applyn RULE B on d other syd other options not CRRCT HOPE U UNDRSTND D SOLUTION

subramaniyan
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10/07/2013

[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

Dear sir, Whether in the last example ,AD and DA are both possible. Please enlighten us :)

amal
Reply to this comment damn good man..

sunny verma
Reply to this comment Sir, How to solve a question which do not contain any if and only if. Below is the question asked in CL test series: Statement: There are as many engineer in the organization as there are doctors.

sunny verma
Reply to this comment another question which i am unable to solve is following: statements are: 1. whenever prices goes up , farmers are affected 2. Farmers are affected only if it does not rain 3. It rains if there are clouds Which of the following conclusion can be drawn: a) Farmers are always affected by rains, b) If it does not rain Farmers are affected c) Whenever there are clouds prices go up d) If there are clouds farmers are not affected Correct Answer is D, But how and how to solve option A?

RKS
Reply to this comment 1) Prices up -> Farmers affected (FA) 2) NO rain > FA 3) Clouds -> Rains So, OP 1) OP 2) OP 3) OP 4) thanks Does not qualify as - FA by Price rise also Does not qualify as - FA by Price rise also No relation between the three Correct coz CLOUDS -> Rains -> Farmers NOT affected.

Hope this helps.

sunny verma
Reply to this comment Thanks for your reply but kindly explains below related queries: 1. as per universal rule.. only if p then q : q->p && ~p->~q so deduction of statement 2 ["Farmers are affected only if it does not rain"] would be as follows FA -> No rain && Rain->no FA but you have derived it as 2) NO rain > FA HOW??

vips
Reply to this comment pretty easy mate u can solve simply by logic statement 2 is antithema of conclusion 1,,, more systematic approach1. price imples farmers affection ie all prices are farmers 2 //farmers implies no rain3 cloud imples rain that all cloud are rain now draw venn with prices encircled by farmers in turn encircled by no rain and separate circle of cloud u get ur answer

vips
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10/07/2013

[Reasoning] Logical Connectives (if, unless, either or) for CSAT, CAT shortcuts formulas approach explained Mrunal

ask any csat question can ask gs as well

dark funtazy
Reply to this comment question -if P runs for president, C does not. answers 1.P runs for president,C does not. 2.C runs for president,P does not. 3.both P and C run for president. 4.neither P nor C run for president. which of the above 4 statements are correct.

dark funtazy
Reply to this comment question -if P runs for president, C does not. answers 1.P runs for president,C does not. 2.C runs for president,P does not. 3.both P and C run for president. 4.neither P nor C run for president. which of the above 4 statements are correct.

PRAVEEN
Reply to this comment SUPERB EXPLAINATION. YET NEED OF SOME MORE EXAMPLES TO SOLVE N PRACTICE SR

Nawin
Reply to this comment dedicated to you http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwsKWiXlA78 .. u have made a difference

Shibprasad
Reply to this comment for Unless, is it ~ 2=> 1 or ~2=>~1 , please clarify

Shibprasad
Reply to this comment sorry got it, thanks

sumit
Reply to this comment hi sir want to prepare for the post of probationary officer and rbi grade b officer so please suggest me the best practise paper and also economics and banking termsits my humble request to u and thanking you

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