"!" $#

% &(')&+*,.-0/21.354687:9<; &>=&@?A6B7C

D+EGF>EGHJILKBENMPOQBEPERFETS:UWVYXBZ[]\^"ERFYKBZX_\BD+ERFYERHITKBE\R`abMca dNa
Ne fghijRkTh.l"mnpoq"rsutvxw(y{z|t}~{(tBo~xyxrRwbbw(y{zrpr(zT~xo~Bovx}tvq"owb|Gvr]y{w(o~xy{wbb
~xo+y{vr.Tw(y{w(tprcbw(qw(y+o wbbwbGvxw qrGRvt.r]npo~@wbR]t(.wbpq"oJy{nPtTR~:t}~{bw(o~Ay{nPr]ynPr]o
voq"rwbPoJo~x~xoRy{w(rb(z PxnPrP]o}tv+Ror]GoJ~PmnGw(~Ar.~_Pt]y@y{npot yxt]q"ooR.w(~xr.]o
nPoWnGw(yxq"rrprwb(ozx]T]+~xoy+vxw(yxovxw(r}tvy{nPoy{nPoWoqovwbpq"oy{nptTG~yxt
BoJt.q"o voJr.Twb(zWr.Jo~x~{wbG(oNyxtrboPwbPoJov~cmnPoGRw(yxo"o(oqoRy qoy{nPtTvoRvo~xoRyx~
rWBtovx} r(yxovxpr.y{w(]orGRvt.r]n2}tv~{(tBoW~xyxrGwbbw(yzrpr(zT~{w(~5nRw(xnw(~r] vr.yxo.
.ov~xr.y{wb(o"rPvo wbvo~+}oovAx>x_r.~x~ q Py{w(tP~o~{Bow(rb(zvo]rvTwbPNy{nPo}rwb vo
q"oxnprRw(~xqc.(to }rwb vo"wby{nPoRGw(yxo"o(oq"oRyq"tTRo_tT v~N0pr.y vrb(zTy{nGvt n
y{npo tPoJ~5wbnGw(xny{npo~{nPorv~xy{vop.y{nt}_y{nPo~xtwbw(~@wbp~ G w(oRyyxt vo~{w(~xy+y{npo~{nPorv
~xy{vo~x~xo~_mnRw(~provNGo~xvxwbBo~~xoJ.ovr+oJTr.q R(o~t}+RGw(yxoo(oq"oRy~{(to~xyxrGwbbw(yz
rpr(zT~{w(~w(y{nt]q prvxw(~xtr.]rwbp~xy+t]y{nPov~xt y{w(tq"oy{nptTG~Pwbp Lwbpy{npo+wbG oPo
t}(rz]ovxwbP|rpr}>voo~ vx}r.ot)~{(toWrpRr.q~xyxrRwbbw(y{z.A@vrGnRw(r"t y{ yw(~
wbp Ro|yxtwbb ~xy{vr]yxoGo}tvq"r]y{w(tp~"rpWq"oxnprRw(~xq"~t}}rwb vo]y+w(~ rv oy{nPr]y
y{npo5RRw(yxo+o(oqoRyq"oy{nptTt}~{(to+~xyxrRwbbw(y{zrPr(zT~{w(~@w(~_rq"tvoBtovx} Br(yxovxpr.y{w(.o
yxty{vr.Tw(y{w(tprbw(qw(yoJ wbbwbRvxw qq"oy{nptTG~"rPWw(yx~"w(Ro~{Rvor. ~xo~{npt (Pto
~xyxrpRrvwb.oJt.yxoxnGRw(rRvr.y{w(Jo.

G:BB B@

FIT[ETxBFIT[VYOITXITFYP[VY[NELSRZEGZOQBX8V>O.ITFBHERBFYZ[B[VYXBQ8ZXBVYZZF>ZZXPW : ZQBEPK
QIT[@ZZXVYKBZFYNILOOZBZKVYXQBZ HZ[Z]ITHOQITHZXI S{ERHILXp"GZ]ITH[]\GQBETAZRZH:VY[:HEGBVYXBZ+B[Z VYX
RZEGZOQBX8V>O.ITFcBHITOV>OZSEGH:[FYERZ[JILBVYF>VYxNILXITFYP[VY[:[VYFYFHZILVYXB[F>VYV>ZK_a.QBZ HZ]IL[ERXSERH@QBVY[
FITOETSITOOZBITXBOZVY[X8ER"ZXPVYHZF>OFYZ]ILH]\cQBET+ZGZHNITK8REPO]ITZ[ELSAX8V>ZNZF>ZZXP"ZOQBX8V>PBZ[
VYXITO.ITKBZZB[@JITGZ[ERZ HZ[EGXB[VYBVYFYVYxpaGHJILOVYOVYXBZX8RVYXBZZH[ITHZETS{ZXW[OZBVYO]ILFcETSQBZ
XBZZKSERHOQOERBFYZPV>x"Z[ZOVITFYFYNVYXpVYZETS_QBZEPEGH:PITFYVYx"ETSc[ERVYFB8HERZHxNKILJI ETS{ZX
I.RITVYFITBFYZ"S{HERHEGBVYXBZ[V>ZVYXPRZ[VYpILVYERX8[]adFYQ8ERBGQ)QBVY[[OZBV>OV>[VY["ETSZXITHHJITXPZK_\
QBZHZ]OZHITVYXxPZ[ETS"RZEGZOQBXBVYO]ILFBHEGBFYZSEGHQBVYOQQBZXBVYZZFYZZXPNILBBHEpITOQ
ETcZH["HZ]ITFZXBZ[]acQ8ZNOQILF>FYZX8RZ"SEGHILXZPZHVYZXBOZK)ZXBRVYXBZZH"V>[ EpX8ETQBVYOQPVYXBKELS
BHEGBFYZAEGBFYKZXBZSHEGIXBVYZZF>ZZXP+HZ.ITZXPITXBKQBVYOQ+ER8F>KXBER.a
X)RZXBZHJITFx\cFYVYXBZ]ILH"BHEGBFYZ[ [BOQIT[QBZBHZKBVYOV>EGX)ETSA[ZFYZZXP[NITXBK)K8ZSERHILVYERXB[.\
QBZO]ITFYOBFILVYERXETSETpITXPVYVYZ[K8BZE[Z]ITKBW[ZZILRZEGHQ8Z[BKBWETSHJILXB[VYZXP ZZO[
KBBZEWOEGXB[EGF>VYKILVYERXILHZITFYFQBVYRQBFYILZXITBFYZE[EGFYBVYERXpXBVYZZF>ZZXP[.acHJILKBVYVYERXILF
ITB8HEpILOQBZ[VYXPRERFYPVYXBOQILH[.\PJILBFYZ[ERHGHJIT8QBVYO]ITFZQBEPKB[VYFYFELSZXZILKBZPITZ SERHHERP
VYXBZ BHEGBFYZ[BB+Q8ZXBVYZZFYZZXPAITB8HEpILOQI.Z RITFYIT8F>Z+VSI.PILHKRZERZHVYZ[@ERH
ILZHVILFBRITHVITVYEGXB[:ITHZ ZXBOEGBXPZHZKQBVYOQITHZXBEGAOETRZHZKWpHITKBVYV>EGXITF8OJQITH+[EGFYBVYERX8[]a
QBZ"B[ZELSXBEGXBFYVYXBZ]ITHITXITFYP[VY[AVYXWHEGBVYXBZ RZEGZOQBX8V>O.ITF_8HJITOVYOZVY[QILHKBZHEB[VSZ
O]IT8[ZQBZHZ"VY[B[ITFYFYI[VYRXBVO]ILXPAVYXBOHZ]IT[Z"V>XOERBFYZPVYxNQBVYOQVY[ERHZFYVYRZF>EHZPBVYHZ
+ Gbw(~{npowb TPPYTc GRPtR RTG ]T ] Rcx.]T
#

 QBZQBZFYETSAIEPKBZFYFYVYXB[ZOVILF>VY[]aB ERXBFYVYXBZ]ILHITXILFYp[Z[ILHZVYXBQ8ZHZXPF>WVYZHJITVYRZVYXWXITBHZG\
ZO]ITB[ZWQBZITZHVILF8HERZHVYZ[ITX8KTEGHQBZRZEGZHELSQBZBHEGBFYZITHZQBZ[ZFYGZ[I
SBXBOVYERXETSQ8Z2[EGF>8VYERX
a RZOVYERXB[E|XBEGXBFYVYXBZ]ITHITXILF>P[V>[ERXQBZWRHERBXBK8[NQITQBZ
HZPBVYHZZPOZ[[VYRZOERBBITVYEGXITFBET+ZHQBET+ZRZH QI.RZ ZZX|FILHRZF>ETGZHITGZXWpKBZGZFYERP
ZXP[AVYX_\BILXBKSuILFYF>VYXBOER[[ETS\POERBBZHAQILHKBITHZRaBd K8Z[PEGWOERBBZHAVYQI[ITXBKILHK
BHEPOZ[[EGHVY[:XBETO]ITITBFYZETScZHxSEGHV>X8X8ERXBFYVYXBZ]ILHAITXILFYp[Z[:[BOQIT[@QBEG[ZK8Z[OHVYZKWVYXQBVY[
ITZH V>XWIHZ]IL[EGXITBFYZ"VYZ[ILXW:VYXPBZ[+HJILQBZHQITXWQBER8H[ERHKI.p[.a
MPFYERZ[JILBVYF>VYxHZBHZ[ZXP[ITXITHZ]IETSRZEGZOQBXBVYO]ILFILXITFYP[VY[VYXQBVYOQIXBERX8F>VYXBZ.ITH@XBVYZ
ZFYZZXpIT8BHEPITOQETcZH[HZ]ILFZX8Z[WETGZHZPVY[VYXBZQBEPKB[.ad[Q8V>[ITZHVYFYFA[QBET\
[FYERZ[JILBVYF>VYx)ITXILFYp[VY[P|ZFIL[ELu8FIL[V>OXBVYZZFYZZXp[NVY[NILOOBHITZR\:HERBB[ILXBK[VYBFYZ
ZXBEGBRQWS{ERHHEGBVYXBZ"B[ZNPBHJILOVYOVYXBZXBRVYXBZZH[.aZHOZBVYERXETSQBZXBVYZ"ZFYZZXPZQBEPK
IT[OERBFYZ)ITXBKEGZXPVILF>FYVY[FYZ]ITK8V>X8VY[BXPILHHITXPZKITXBKVYRXBEGHZ[QBZWHZ]ITFER[[VYBVYFYV>x
QILV>[FYZ]ITKBVYXBHZ[BFY[O.ITXZER8JITVYXBZKVYQOERXPRZXPV>EGXITF [F>VYOVYHOFYZ WITBBHEpILOJQ8Z[]aQBZ
RHITBQBVYO]ILFBO]ILITBVYFYVYVYZ[ETS_ BHEGRHIT[:ILF>[EITFYFYET)ZZH+BXBK8ZH[JITX8KBVYXBNELSQBZZOJQITXBVY[[
ETSSuITVYFYBHZG\P[VYBFYVSPV(X8QBZ"ERBBB+SHER$HZ]IT[AELSILZHEILXITPITBFYZ+RHITBQB[ILXBKWBFYER[AELS
KBVY[BFILOZZXp[]a
)  A
 x "! #P$
UWER[ZpEPEGp[ERX[EGVYF:ZOQILXBVYO["ERHGZERZOQBXBVYO]ILFAZX8RVYXBZZHVYXBVYFYFVYXBOF>8KBZHZS{ZHZX8OZE
[ZGZHJILF:ITFYZHXITVYRZZQBEPKB[ELS:[FYERZ[ITBVYFYVYxILXITFYP[VY[]a XI[8HRZELS:ZPBVYF>VYBHVYB$ZQP
EPKB["ETSA[F>EGZ[ITBVYFYVYxITXILF>P[V>[ HZERHZKVY&
X % BXBO]ILX ' [ #)(*(,+.- MPJILZELSQBZdH) 'cHZpVYZ\ QBZ
OQITHITOZHVY[VYO[ETSIFILHGZXp8ZH"ELSZQBEPKB[AZHZ[BILHVY[ZKV>X8OFYBKBVYXBWQB/
Z  HKBVYXITH
UWZQBEPKETSAMPFYVYOZ[8ZFYF>ZXBVYB[ #0(,1*+ 3\ 2AVY[QBER ' [UWEPKBVZK|UWZQBEPK #)(*4*4 \B8ERHOZ PBVYFYVYBHVYB
UWZQBEPKB[ZGa *a 5cET+ZITXBK 6ITHJI ITQ )# (*+,7 )\ 8PITXPB ' [:^"ZXBZHJITFYVY[ZKHEPOZK8BHZ ETS_MPFYV>OZ[ )# (*+,9 \
UWERHRZX8[ZHX|ILXBKHVYO*Z ' ["UWZQ8EpK) #0(*+,4 ILXBKMPZXBOZ0H ' [UWZQBEPK #0(,+*: a
dFYQBEGBRQQBZHZ[ZZ[E)Z[EGZWOERX8[ZXB[B[WQILMPZXBOZ0H ' [UWZQBEPK<VY[ERXBZELSQBZ
EG[HZFYVITBFYZR\ZPEPERP[OEGXPVYXPBZWE)KBZ[OHVYZ|QBZWERQBZH[WVYX[ERZKBZITVYFILXBKQBZWVYKBZ
[ZFYZOVYERXETS_I.RITVYFITBFYZ:ZQBEPKB[VY[AIL:Z[+OERXPS{B[VYXB"EQBZERZXPVITFB[ZH]aPBEGH:ZBITBFYZR\.QBZ
OERXPHETRZH[IL[HZOZXPFYHZPV>[VYZKP;
5ITZILXBK|MPVYFYRIW #)(*(*4 QBEWITVYXPJILV>X8ZKQIT QBZ
 HKBVYXILHUZQBEPKWETSAMPFYVYOZ[QITKITXBXBKBZ[ZHGZKBFYILKHZBBITVYEGX_a
d2K8=V <OBFYxVYQ) >?>GQBZZp8V>FYVYBHV>8ZQBEPKB[VY[_QITQBZITHZ+IL[ZKEGXQBZIL[[BBVYERX
QILQBZSuILVYF>VYXBW[ERVYFAWIT[[NO]ILXZWKBVYPVYKBZKVYXPE[FYVYOZ[.aQBVY[VYX8HXXBZOZ[[VYITZ[S{BHQBZH
IT[[BBVYERX8[HZFITV>X8E"[VYKBZ+SEGHOZ KBVYHZOVYERXB[:Zx+ZZX[FYVYOZ[]\GVYQOERX8[ZPBZXP+VYBFYVYO]ITVYERXB[
SERHcZp8V>FYVYBHV>8|aQBZYKBZSEGHOZ+IT[[B8VYERX V>[ERXBZELSQBZ:WITVYXOQITHITOZHVY[VYO[:KBVY[VYXBRBVY[QBVYXB
ERXBZWFYVYVYZPBVYFYVYBHVYBZQBEPKSHER
ILXBERQBZH]\@RZQBZOEGXBOZ8ETS[V>K8ZS{ERHOZ[VY[ZXPVYHZFY
ITHVOVITFxa



B:
  

E]:F  C+


  x G! Hp$
% BXBO]ILX' [AHZPV>ZELScXBVYZ"ZFYZZXPAITXILFYp[VY[AELS_[FYERZ[OEGXBOZXPHITZKILVYXBFYERXKBZ SERHITVYERX
HJILQBZHQITX[JILBVYF>VYx|ILXITFYP[VY[ELS[FYERZ[.\QBETAZRZH.\ILZXpVYERX)IT[KBHJI.X)E|[ERZVYERH
JILXpZ.ITHFYITZH[ VYXQBVYOQWZFIT[ETxBFIT[VYO"[ERVYFcEpK8ZFY[A+ZHZB[ZKEIT[[Z[[[JIT8V>FYVYxPapMPVYQ
ITXBKEIER8B[N #0(*:KJ HZERHZK)HZ[8F>[ELS LNMPO 7 [FYERZ[ITXBKWER8JITVYXBZKHZ]IL[EGXITBFYZNILRHZZZXp
@

A CB.  D" _@&  

VYQ5I.PFYERH)' [ #0(,1*: OQILH[.a

RVYZX8pVYZVYOSKT)> #)(*:*4 OERXB[VYKBZHZK2IVUW\LXW+[FYERZITX8K)ERP
JILV>X8ZKREPEPKITGHZZZXPVYQ[FYVYOV>HOFYZN[ERFYBV>EGXB[]a^"HVY<QB[ #)(*9*7 ZPZX8KBZK)Q8V>[ AEGHWE
[QBETHZFYVIT8F>Z[FYERZN[JILBVYF>VYxWHZ[BFY[ETRZH"IVYKBZHJILXBRZETS+[ERVYFBHERZHV>Z[NITXBKRZERZHVYZ[
IT[+OERITHZKVYQOQILH[ELS 2AVY[QBERWITXBKWUWERHRZXB[ZHX) 0# (,+*7 aPMPBB[ZPBZXPB[Z"ELS_QBZXBVYZ
ZFYZZXpZQ8EpKV>XW[F>EGZ[JILBVYFYV>xWITXILFYp[VY[QIT[ITK8KBZKWS8HQ8ZH"OERXPKBZXBOZVYXWQ8ZNZQBEPK_\
ZRa a^HYV <QB[ )# (*9*( \ER[NK T) > 0# (,(*7 \UIL[8VAITXBK)MBILX )# (*( QG Na %8XBO]ITXZXpVYERXB[ QBZET
ZXPVILF+SERHV>BHETGZK)RHITBQ8V>O.ITF+HZ[BFY[ILXBKHZERHVYXB|8VYFYV>[VYXB| B8O]ITBVYERXB[ITPITVYXB[
ITHVOVITFcITOOBHJILOWZV>X8IL[[8ZKQBZXQBZ"VYXBBB+ITHITZZH[QBZ[ZF>GZ[ITHZ"[ENRILHVITBFYZRa
Z ERXB #)(*9KJ GVYRZ[AI B[ZSBF[8ILH ETScEGZXPVILFB[EGBHOZ[AELSZHHEGHAVYXQBZ+X8V>ZZFYZZXp
EPKBZFYFYVYXBWETS"[FYERZW[JILBVYFYV>xP\_ILF>QBER8RQHZOZXPHZ[BFY[]\+VYXBOFYBK8V>X8QBEG[ZWBHZ[ZXPZKVYXQBVY[
ITZH.\BVYXBKBVYO]ILZ"QILZZHITOOBHJILOWVY[XBETER[[VYBFYZRa
[X\^]

_a`bdcfeg)c
hji
kml
ng)oiVprqseqtg0i/uwvsi3xyi3eg{zCi3g)ol`\

QBZITKBRILXpITGZ[ELSIXBVYZZFYZZXp"ITB8HEpILOQ|E[FYERZN[JIT8V>FYVYxILXITFYP[VY[ ETRZH"HITKBVYV>EGXITF
FYV>VYZp8V>FYVYBHV>8$ZQBEPKB[+O]ITXWZ[BILHVY[ZKIT[+S{ERFYFYET0[ |
# a+ EIT[[BBVYEGXX8ZZKB[+E Z+ILKBZ:VYXNITK8RITXBOZITER8QBZ+[QILZ+ERHFYEPO]ITV>EGXETSQBZ@SuITVYFYBHZ
[BHxSuILOZRacITVYFYBHZEPOOBH[WXIT8HJITFYFY3 QBHERBGQQ8{Z SEGXBZ["VYQBVYXQBZ[ERVYFIT[[VYXQBVYOQ
QBZ"[ERVYFc[QBZ]ITH [HZXBGQVY[BXITBFYZEHZ[VY[QBZNILBBFYVYZK[QBZ]ITH [HZ[[Z[.a
Q aMPVYXBOZQ8ZHZWVY[XBEOERX8OZBELS[FYVYOZ[V>X)QBZXBVYZZFYZZXpITBBHEpILOJQ)QBZHZVY[XBEXBZZK
SEGHIL[[8BV>EGXB[ILEGB"[FYVYOZ[VYKBZSERHOZ[]a QBZXBVYZZFYZZXPZQBEPKBHZ[ZHRZ[NGF>EGITF
ZPBVYFYVYBHVYB BXPV>FSuITVYFYBHZ NVY[+HZ]ILOQBZK_a
1 a SHZ]ILF>VY[VYO[ERVYFcOERBHZ[[VYBVYFYVYxNKITJIVY[I.RITVYFITBFYZR\LQBZ XBVYZZF>ZZXP+[ERFYBVYERXB[+VYF>FRVYGZ
VYXPSEGHWITVYEGXILEGBAK8ZSERHILVYERXB[IT++ERHPVYXB[HZ[[FYZGZFY[]a
J a+QBZXBVYZ"ZFYZZXPAZQ8EpKVY[ITBFYZ EEGXBVYEGH8HERGHZ[[VYRZ SuILVYF>8HZ8EITX8KVYXBOFYBKBVYXB
ETGZHJILF>F[Q8Z]ITHSuITVYFYBHZGa
[X\~}

m qti*nai
k0K qsg)qslNe&lfng)o
iVprqteqsg)iuwvsi3xyi3eg{zCl`i3v$\

QBZ"BHEGRHIT[+B[ZKVYXQBVY[ITZHILHZ"IL[ZKWOFYER[ZFYEGX5HERGHJIL + a Q V>XWQBZ"ZPPMPVYQ
ITXBK<^"HYV <QB[ 0# (*(,9 Q8ZWITVYX)KBVcZHZX8OZ)ZV>X8)QBZ|ILBVYFYV>xEEPKBZFERHZRZXBZHJILFGZ
ERZHV>Z[ITXBK[ERVYFBHEGZHxRILHVITV>EGXB[+V>X8OFYBKBVYXBRITHVILBFYZITZHFYZRZF>[ILXBKWEGHZ"BHZ[[BHZ[.a
B8HQ8ZHNGHJILBQBVYO]ITF+ER8BBO]ITILBVYFYV>VYZ[QI.GZITFY[EWZZX<ITKBK8ZK_aQBZBHERGHJIT[ITHZSERH Q xK
BFITXBZ"[HJILVYXILXITFYP[VY[+ETSZFIT[VYOuZHSZOF>BFIT[VYO[EGVYF>[VYQIUWEGQBHxD+ERBFYEGSuITVYFYBHZ OHVYZ
HVYERX8VYFYV>[VYXB 9 uXBEPKBZPILKBHVYFITZHJILFBZFYZZXP[:VYQHZKBBOZKWV>XPZRHITVYEGX J ^IT8[[xxERVYXP[:ZH
ZFYZZXp V>XQBZGHJI.PVYxFYEPITKB[ RZXBZHJITVYERX_\cQBZ[VcXBZ[[NWITHVYRZXBZHJILVYERX)ITX8K|QBZ[HZ[[
HZK8V>[HV>8BVYERXBQIL[Z[ELSQ8ZITFYGERHVYQB|a.QBZ"[EGVYFVY[+V>X8V>VITFYFYIL[[BZKEZ"ZFIL[VYO"ITXBKQBZ
EPKBZFGZXBZHITZ[NXBEGHWITFILXBK[QBZ]ILH[HZ[[Z[ILITFYF:^ITB[[xxEGVYXp["V>QBVYX|QBZZ[Q_aQBZ[Z
[HZ[[Z[NILHZ"Q8ZXWOERITHZKVYQWQBZUWERQBHD+EGBFYERSuILVYF>8HZOHVYZHVYERX_a SQ8Z[HZ[[Z[NITI
ITHVYOBFILH^ITB[[xxEGVYXp+FYVYZVYQBVYXQ8ZNUWERQ8HxD+ERBFYERSxITVYFYBHZ ZXPRZFYERZ"QBZXQILFYEpO.ITVYEGX
VY[IL[[BZKEWHZWITVYXWZFIT[VYORa SAQBZ[HZ[[Z[FYVYZNEGXERH"ER8[VYKBZQ8ZSuITVYFYBHZZXPRZFYERZR\cQBZX
QILFYEPO]ITV>EGX|VY[IT[[BZKEZPV>ZF>K8V>X8fa VYZFYKBVYXBW[HZ[[Z[ILHZHZKBVY[HVYBBZKQBHEGBRQBEGB
QBZZ[QWBVYFYVY[VYXBQBZPVY[OELuBFIL[VYOITFYGERHVYQB {ZH SPXI )# (*+*+
\ RVYZXBPVYZVYO SILXBK|D+EGHZ.IT
1

0# (,: J a GZHJILFYFB[QBZ.ITH@SuITVYFYBHZ@EpOOBH[Q8ZXI [3<OVYZXP:XPBZHETS_^ILB[[uERVYXP[QI.GZAPVYZFYKBZK

EILF>FYET<IZOJQITXBVY[ EKBZRZF>EG_a
QBZITXILF>P[Z[BHZ[ZXPZK<VYXQBVY[NILZHNKBEXBEGNITZBNEEPKBZFAZXB[VYEGXOHITOP[]adF
QBEGBRQXBELuZXB[VYEG
X OHVYZHVIO.ITXZVYXBOEGHERHJILZKVYXPEZFIT[ELuBFIL[VYO XBVYZZFYZZXp"ITXILF
P[Z[W[ZZZRa acI.PFYERHITX8KILXBKBZ 0# (*98# \QBVY[NITK8KBVYVYERXILFOERXB[HITVYXPERX)[HZ[[FYZRZF>[OER
BFYVYO]ITZ[Q8ZITFYGERHVYQB|\BILXBK)VYXITKBKBVYV>EGX_\QBZHZVY[[VYFYF:[EGZKBZILZIL[EQ8ET ZX8[VYER
X
[QBEGBFYKWBHEGZHFYZK8ZXBZKa8BHQBZH HZ[Z]ITHOQVYXQBVY[ITHZ]IVY[ILHHJILXPZK_\
[X\~[

XlNqsvrzCl`i3v$\

QBZ"[EGV>FcEPKBZFcB[ZKVYXQBVY[[8KBOEGXB[VY[[ELS[V>ITHITZZH[IT[[QBETXWV>X:ITBFYZ #
PM VYITHITZZH+[EGV>FcEPKBZF
LXWA8HVYOV>EGXILXBRFYZ
U W D+EGQBZ[VYEGX
G% VYFITVYEGXITXBGF>Z
' [+EPKB8F>8[
WfAEGBXBN
A
W


R
E
Y
V

[
R
E
X ' [HITV>E


`
B
X
Y
V

ZVYGQp

c
vsi]N\

QBZNK8V>FILVYERXWITXBGF>Z I.cZO[QBZGERFYBZ OQITXBGZNELS:QBZ[EGV>FKBBHV>X8pVYZFYKBVYXBa VY[+ZFYF

PXBETXNQITQBZITOITF8RERFYBZOJQITXBGZAZPQBVYBVYZKPNI [ERVYFPKBBHVYXB"pVYZFYKBVYXB VY[PBVYZARILHVITBFYZRa
BEGHcZBITBFYZI+ZKBVYB<KBZX8[Z+ITZHVILF]KB8HVYXB[Q8Z]ITHV>X8VYGQp8V>X8V>VITFYFYAZPQBVYBVYc[ERZREGF>8Z
KBZOHZ]IT[Zt 7 SEGFYF>ET+ZKpWIKBVYFITVYGZBQIL[Zt 7 \PF>Z.ITKBVYXBZRZXpITFYFYEPV>ZF>KWBX8KBZH
OERX8[JILXPGERFYBZOEGXBKBVYVYERX8[Ns FO 7 acD+F>Z.ITHFYQBVY["xPZELSAKBZITVYFYZKGERFYBZHVYO"EPKBZF>FYVYXB
VY[NZREGXBKQBZ[OERZELSQBZZFIT[VYOuZHSZOF>BFIT[VYOEpK8ZFY[B[ZK2VYX)QBVY[N[BKBQBZHZI
OERX8[JILXPKBVYFILVYERXWITXBGFYZVY[VYBFYVYZK_a
QBZNPBZ[VYEGX|QBZX)ITHVY[Z[IT[EQILRILF>8ZETS EB[ZGa S OLXWQBZXQBZBFIT[VYOVYx
ET H8F>ZV>[JIL[[EPOVILZ
K WITXBKKBVYHZO"OEGILHVY[EGXB[VYQQBZEGHZ[SHEROFIT[[VYO]ITFBFIT[VYOVYx
O]ITXZWWITKBZRa NVY[NILF>[E|QBZO.IT[ZWQITQBZXQBZET H8F>ZVY[IL[[EPOVILZK_\QBZW[HZ[[ITX8K
RZFYEPOVYxWOQITHITOZHVY[VYO["OERVYXBOVYKBZG\QPB["OFYER[ZHILRHZZZXp O]ITXZZPZOZK)Zx+ZZXSuITVYFYBHZ
ZOQILXBVY[[ABHZKBVYOZK)PXBVYZNZFYZZXP["ITXBKOHVYVYO]ILFcSuILV>FYBHZ"[BHSuITOZ[RZX8ZHJILZKPFYVYVY
ZPBVYFYV>8HVYB ZQBEPKB[]a
X[BVYZETS:Q8Z[ZEGZXPVILFILKBRITXPJILRZ[ELS:B[VYXBILX|IT[[EPOVITZKWETHBFYZR\VYVY[ITFY[E+ZFYF
PXBETXQITIT[[EPOVITZKET H8F>Z[VYQWSHVYOVYERXILF_[EGVYFEPKBZFY[BHZKBVYO SuILHRHZ]ITZHKBVYFITVYERX
QILX|VY["ZGZHER8[ZHRZK)VYXHZ]ITFYVYxpaQBVY[ V>X8HXF>Z.ITKB["EWVYXBOHZ]IT[ZKSuILV>FYBHZNFYEPITKBHZKBVYOVYEGX_\
Z[ZOVILF>FYWVYX<OERXPX8Z
K 8HER8F>Z[[8OJQ)IT[ Z.ITHVYXBO]ITITOVYx)^"HYV <QB[ )# (*9 QG a8QBVY[[Q8ERH
OERVYXBQIL[FYZKW[EGZELSQBZEGHZ [BOOZ[[SBF:OEGXB[VYBV>GZ[EGVYFcEPKBZFY[+EVYXBOEGHERHJILZX8ERXP
IT[[EPOVITZK|8FIL[V>OV>x)0ZRa acUWERFYZX8RIT 0# (,9B# \^"HYV <QB[ T ) > )# (*9 Q
\ I VYOJP[ITX8V
K 2AEGBRQ8HJITHER
a

#0(,(*9
MPFYERZ[JILBVYFYV>xITXILF>P[V>["VY[HZFITVYGZFYBXBOEGXPXBZK_\_QPB[NQBZOQBERVYOZETSKBVYFITVYEGX|ITXBGFYZV>[
FYZ[[ V>EGHITXP]aPd [Q8ZILV>XERRZOVYRZETS:QBZOBHHZXP"[8KBWV>[ QBZITOO8HJITZN8HZKBVYOVYERXELS
[FYERZ"SuILOEGH[ ETSA[I.SZxP\IOER8HERVY[ZRILFYBZ"ETS O 7 \8OERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBWEIXBERXIL[[EPOVILZK
J

ET<HBFYZVYQ/SZHEGERFYBZ+OQITX8RZ"KBBHV>X8NPVYZFYK_\PQIL[AZZX8[ZKWQ8HER8RQBEGBQBVY[ILZH]a
VYF>F8Z [QBETXQIL:QBVY[+RITFYBZ+ET
S ZXIT8F>Z[AQBZEpK8ZFBERVYGZAHZFYVILBFYZ+SuITOERH[AELS_[JI SZxITX8K
IHZ]IL[EGXITBFYZ"VYXBKBVYO]ILVYERXETSQBZ"FYEpO.ITVYEGXITX8K[QITZELSQ8ZEGZXPVILFSuITVYFYBHZ[8HxSuILOZ[]a
QBZ"ITHITZZH[ U W ITXB.
K L W HZS{ZHEQBZ"ZcZOVYRZ"OERQ8Z[VYERXWITXBKSHVYOVYERXITX8RFYZELS_QBZ"[EGVYFua
dFYQ8ERBGQ2IWXPBZHETSSuILV>FYBHZOHVYZHVIQI.GZZZX[BGRZ[ZKSEGHNEPKBZFYFYV>X8QBZ[HZXBRQ
ETS:[EGVYFA[ZZZRa a^"H=V <QB[ 0# (,(*7 \UWEGQBHxD+ERBFYEG ' [:OHVYZHVYERXWHZILV>X8[QBZEGXBZER[+VYKBZFY
B[ZKVYX<GZERZOQBXBVYO]ITFBHJILOVYOZILXBK<QIL[ZZXB[ZK QBHERBGQBER8Q8V>[WILZH]a XZH[ELS
BHVYXBOV>ITF[HZ[[Z[|ITX8KIT[[BV>X8 IOEGBHZ[[VYERXPxXBZPITVYGZ[VYRXOERXPGZXPVYERX_\@QBZOHVYZHVYERX
O]ITXWZHVYZXIT[+S{ERFYFYET[0|
OG

[VYXL

W
Q

W
U W

OEG[jL
W

QBZHZ W ILXBK W ITHZ"QBZWIEGHAITXBKWV>X8ERH:BHVYXBOVYITFcZ ZOVYRZ[HZ[[Z[]a

QBZ"SuILV>FYBHZS8XBOVYEGX O]ITXWZ"V>XPZHBHZZK IL[+SERFYFYET[0|
7 [HZ[[Z[V>X8[VYKBZ SuITVYFYBHZZXPRZF>EGZ0ZFIT[VYO
O 7 [HZ[[Z[ERXSuITVYFYBHZZXPRZF>EGZ0pVYZFYKBVYXB
7 [HZ[[Z[ERB[VYKBZ SuITVYFYBHZZXPRZF>EGZPVYZFYKBVYXBNITX8K8[+Z"HZKBVY[HVYBBZK
QBZWZFIT[VYOILHJITZZH[ W ILXBK W HZS{ZHNV
E +ERBXBN ' [EPKBBFYB[ILXBK2ERVY[[ERX ' [HJILVYEELS
QBZ[EGVYFua SIRITFYBZETSERVY[[ERX ' [ HJILVYEVY[IT[[BZK0xp8V>O.ITFKBHJILVYXBZKRILF>8Z[FYVYZVYXWQBZHJILXBRZ
S AEGBXBj ' [ EPKBBFYB[O]ILX|ZHZFILZKEWQBZOERBHZ[[VYBVYFYVYxELS
7
Q W 7f1 \8QBZRILFYBZETr
QBZ"[ERVYFIL[AZ]IT[BHZKWVYXI # uKWEPZKBEGZZH[ZZZRa 
a 5_ITZILXBK Z QBVYILX 0# (,+*( \
W # Q W
QR
W O #
# W
QBZHZ VY[QBZ"OEPZ <OVYZXP ETSGERFYBZOERBHZ[[VYBVYFYVYxpa
dFYQBEGBRQQBZILOILFRILFYBZ[+RVYRZXEQBZ ZFIT[VYO"ITHITZZH[AQI.GZIBHELSER8XBKVYXPBZX8OZ
ERXQBZOERBBZKKBZSEGHWITVYEGXB[_BHVYERH:E"SuITVYFYBHZR\.QBZQI.RZFYVYFYZ+VYXPBZX8OZEGXNQBZBHZKBVYOZK
SuITOERH"ELS[I.SZxV>X[FYEGZ[ITBVYFYVYxILXITFYP[VY[.aQPB[.\cVYX|QBZIT8[ZXBOZETS+Z]ILXBVYXBTS8F_KILJISERH
ILXBK W O 7f 1 a
W ITXBK W \BQ8ZO]ILXWZGVYRZXXBERV>XITFBRILF>8Z[ZRa a W O #)7* PL
QBZNERITFBXBVY+ZVYRQP IT[[VYRXBZKEQBZ[EGVYFVY[ BHEGEGHVYEGXITFEQBZXBEPKILF[ZFSxAZVYGQp
FYEpITK8[AGZXBZHITZK|PRHI.PV>xILXBKWVYF>FZKBVY[O8[[ZKWSBHQBZH VYXQ8ZXBZP[ZOVYERXa
X[BILHP\QBZAER[cV>EGHITXPITHJILZZH[VYXNI+X8V>Z:ZFYZZXP_[FYEGZ:[JILBVYF>VYx"ITXILF>P[V>[
ITHZNQBZ[JILZNIL[QBZ+ER8F>KZVYX|IHITKBVYV>EGXITFFYV>VYAZPBVYFYVYBHVYBIT8BHEPITOQ_\cXILZFYQBZ
EGJITF+BXBVY+ZVYRQP \_QBZ[QBZ]ITH[HZX8RQILHJILZZH{[ U W ITX8
K L W ITXBKQBZGZERZH|ELSQBZ
BHEGBFYZ|a
[X\Y

a cdbXqtgylNcj`qte
h\

QBZS{ERHOZ[:RZXBZHJILZKWPQBZ[ZFS_AZVYGQp@ETS_Q8Z[ERVYFILHZ OERBBZKNB[VYXBNI"[JITX8KITHKRHI.PV>x
BHXPxERfX BHEPOZK8BHZVYXPREGFYpVYXBV>XPZRHITFY[AETGZHZ]ILOJQZFYZZXP+ETSQBZ"S{ERH|
4

1
QBZHZ ILHZ+QBZ@[QILZ@SBXBOVYERXB[ELSQBZ+ZFYZZXPITXBKQBZ+[BZH[OHVYBr:HZSZH[:E QBZ+ZFYZZXp
XPBZH]aGQBVY[V>XPZRHITFZRITFYILZ[QBZ"RERFYBZAELSZ]ILOQZF>ZZXP]\P8F>VYBFYV(Z[:PQBZ"ERITFcBX8V>
AZV>GQP_ETSQBZ[ERVYFpILXBKNK8V>[HV>8BZ[QBZXBZRZHVYO]ILFGSERHOZOERX8[VY[ZXPFYE"ITFYFPQBZ+XBEPKBZ[.aTQBZ[Z
ZFYZZXpSEGHOZ[AITHZIT[[ZBFYZKVYXPEI RFYEGITFPRHI.PV>x SEGHOZGZOERH:QITVY[:ITBBFYVYZKE"Q8Z+XBVYZ
ZFYZZXp+Z[QWVYXERHKBZH ERZXBZHJITZNQBZ"VYXBVYVITF[HZ[[[JILZELSQ8Z8HER8F>Z|a
QBZBHZ[ZXP+ERHITBBFYVYZ[:GHJI.PVYx"V>XI [V>X8RFYZAVYXBOHZZXP:ENILXNVYXBVYVILFYF> [HZ[[x{SHZZ[FYERZRa
 QBZH[QI.RZ [QBETXQILA8XBKBZH+ZFIT[VYOOEGXBKBVYVYEGXB[]\G[ZPBZXpVITFcFYEpILKBVYXB"V>XQBZ SERH ETS_VYXBOHZ
ZXPITFcRHI.PV>xWITB8F>VYO]ILVYERXERH ZITX8pVYXB\pI ZO["KBZS{ERHWITV>EGXB[+BBX8ER[HZ[[Z[[ZZZRa a
D+FYERBGQILXBK Z EPEPKBITHK #)(*+*: a XXBERXBFYVYXBZ]ILH:ITXILF>P[Z[]\GVYVY[HZOERGXBVY[ZKQILQBZ[HZ[[+ITQB[
SERFYFYET+ZKKBBZEW[ZPBZXPVILFAZpO.I.RITVYEGXI.WZp8V>ZKBVZHZXPEQBER[ZSEGFYF>ET+ZKWBXBK8ZHI
RHI.pVYxBHXPxERX
BHEPOZKBBHZG\BQBET+ZRZHAQBZSuILOEGH:ETS_[I.SZxITBZ]ITH[A8XI.cZOZKQBZXB[VYXB
[VY8F>ZZFIL[ETxBFIT[VYOEPKBZFY[0[ZZGa ZGa 2+ERHYI T+) > #0(*9,( \BMPVYQITX8K^HYV <QB[ #0(,(*9 a
XOERITHV>X8HZ[BFY[+VYQFYV>VYcZPBVYF>VYBHVYB [EGF>8VYERXB[QBVYOQRZXBZHJILFYF>JITGZXBEITOOERBXP
ETSFYEPITKBVYXB[ZPBZXBOZG\RZPZHVYZX8OZQIL[BETXQIL_QBZA8HZKBVYOZKSuILOEGHELS[JI SZxVY[V>X8[ZXB[VYVYRZ
E)QBZSERHETS"RHJI.PVYxIT8BFYV>O.ITVYEGXQBZXB[VYXB|ZFIL[V>O uZHxS{ZOFYBFIT[VYOUWERQ8HxD+ERBFYER
EPKBZFY[.aRd XZILBFYZ ETSQBVY[VYXB[ZX8[VYVYPVYxV>[K8ZEGXB[HJITZKWFITZHV>XQBZITZH]a
QBZSxITOERH"ETSA[I.SZxI.Z[ZXB[VYV>GZNEWF>EPITKBVYXB[ZPBZXBOZQBZXVYBFYZZXPVYXBERHZ
OERBFYZOERXB[VYBVYRZFI.[]\8[BOQ)IT[ QBEG[ZQIT"ITZ8EHZBHEpK8BOZREGFYBZHVYO"OQITXBGZ[
ITOOBHJILZFYVYXILXBXBK8HJITVYXBZK2EGHNITHVITFYFYKBHJILVYXBZKZXPPV>HERXBZXP]a_8ERHZBITBFYZRX\ I V>OP[ITX8K
Z ERXB #)(*9,9 [QBET+ZK<QITQBZZcZOV>GZ[HZ[[WITQ2OERBFYKQI.RZIBVY)VYXP8ZXBOZEGXQBZ
SuITOERHELS[I.SZxETS:ITXWBXBKBHITVYXBZKW[F>EGZGa
?$ O 
X/

[X\~

ai3g)id xyqtec
g)qljelfng)o
i.pXcjKg0lN/lfnXc3ni3g

QBZITOERHETSMBI.SZx2  ELSI[ERVYF+[FYERZVY[KBZXBZKQ8ZHZIT[QBZSuITOERHPQBVYOQ)QBZ

ERHV>GVYXITF:[QBZ]ILHN[HZXBRQILHJITZZH[B["ZKBVYPVYKBZK)VYX)ERHKBZHEBHVYXBQBZ[FYERZEQBZ
EGVYXpELS_SuILVYF>8HZRa QBZ SuITOERHZK[QBZ]ITH [HZXBGQITHJILZZH[U W ITX8K;L W \ILHZ"QBZHZSEGHZRVYRZX
P |
U W OU W 
J
JITXLXW
L W OITHOJILX
4

QBZHZ  V>["IJMPHZX8RQZKB8OVYERXILOEGHa8QBVY[ZQBEPKWV>[HZSZHHZK)EIT[ QBZ[QBZ.ITH
[HZXBGQHZKBBOVYERXZOQBXBVYPBZZRa aBUIT[BVILXBKMBITX #)(*( GQ ILXBKITFYFYET[:S{ERH+QBZVYXPZHZ[VYXB
ERBVYERXETS:ITB8F>PVYXB"KBVcZHZXP[HZXBRQHZKBBOVYERXSuILOEGH[EQBZUW ITXBKJITXLXW ZH[.a XQBVY[
ITZH:Q8ETAZGZH]\GQ8Z[JITZ:SxITOERH:VY[:ITFYI.p[:ILBBFYVYZKNEERQZH[.aTE XBKQ8ZHBZ"SxITOERH
ETS:[JI SZx  \8V>VY[ XBZOZ[[JILHEVYXBVYVITZI[P[ZILVYO"[Z]ILHOQS{ERHQ8ZNRILF>8ZELS
QIT
VYF>FTB[O]ILB[Z"QBZ[FYEGZ"ESxITVYFxa Z Q8ZXWQBVY[RITFYBZ QIT[ZZXSERBX8K_\  O  a

mnRw(~"RoGRw(y{w(tt}Ay{nPo}r.yxtv"t}A~xr}oyzw(~"oTr]y{(zy{nPoN~xr.q"or]~"y{nPr]y ~xoWwby{vr]Lw(y{w(tPrbw(q w(y

oJ wbbwbRvxw q q"oJy{nPtTR~PPr]q"o(zNy{nPo+vr]y{w(tt}cvo~xyxtvxwbpyxt"Tvxw(.wbPq"t]q"oRyx~
+

[X\~

ai,eqsg)qlNeyl
npc
qsvt iN\

QBZHZ|ITHZ[ZRZHJITF"ER[[VYBFYZWKBZXBVYV>EGXB[ETS SuITVYFYBHZZRa aRZZ[ELSBBFYRVYXBELSQBZW[FYEGZ

BHELFYZMXBVYBQILXITXBK|D+Q8ZX 0# (,:*+  FYVYVYVYXBELS:QBZ[QBZ]ILH[HZ[[Z[ERXQBZERZXPVITF SuITVYFYBHZ
[BHSuITOZt %8XBO]ITX)ITX8&
K % BXBFYER #0(,+*( ERH XBERX8OERXPRZHRZXBOZETS:QBZN[ERFYBV>EGXsRVYZX8pVYZVYOSITX8K
:I.pFYEGH 0# (*9,( aPQBZ[ZILHZK8V>[OB[[ZK)VYXd BHJIL[EGX T 0 >A 0# (,(*4 S{HERQBZERHVYGV>XITFcILZH"P
Z ERXBW #)(*9KJ BB VYQBEGBHZ[ERFYBV>EGX_a XQBZZILBFYZ[[BK8V>ZKQBZHZNQBZXBEGXPuOERXPRZHRZX8OZ
ERBVYERXVY[ITRZXIL[ZV>X8I[BVYJIT8F>Z"VYXBKBVYO]ILEGHAELSSxITVYFYBHZRa
Z QBZXQ8ZILFYRERHVYQBO]ILXBXBEROERXPRZHRZWVYQBVYXIB[ZHu[ZOVZKITPVYBXPBZHNELS
VYZHITVYEGXB[]\8QBZVYBFYVYO]ITVYETXV>[ QILXBE[HZ[[K8V>[HV>8BVYERXWO]ILXZSEGBXBKWQITVY[[V>8F>ITXBZ
ERB[FYIT8F>Z"E[JITVY[xSEGQWQBZUWERQBHD+EGBFYERSuILVYF>8HZOHVYZHVYERX|ILXBKWRFYERILFcZPBVYFYV>8HVYB|a S
QBZITFYREGHVYQB V>[8XITBFYZ"E[ITV>[SQBZ[ZNOHVYZHVISuITVYFYBHZ NVY[ [JITVYKWEQI.RZ"EPOOBHHZK_acMPFYEGZ
SuITVYFYBHZILXBKWXPBZHVYO]ITFXBERXPxOEGXpGZHGZXBOZEPOOBH [VYBFYJILXBZEGB[FYP\pILXBK|ITHZNITOOERITXBVYZKPI
KBHJILILVYOAVYXBOHZ]IL[ZVYXQBZXBEPKITFKBVY[8FILOZZXP[VYQBVYXQ8ZZ[Q_aRUER[@ETScQBZ HZ[BFY[+[QBETX
VYXQBVY[:[ZOVYEGXB[ZKILXV>ZHJILVYERXOZVYF>VYXB"ELS #07*7,7 ITXBKBHZ[ZXpHZ[8F>[AVYXQBZSEGHETSI"GHJIT8Q
ETS  P[.a W~ N {IK8V>ZXB[V>EGXBFYZ[["KBVY[BFITOZZXP \cQBZHZ  VY["QBZILpVYB
XBEPKITFcK8V>[BFITOZZXPITOEGXpGZHGZXBOZITX8K VY[QBZ"QBZVYGQpELSQBZ[FYEGZRaPQ8V>[GHJILBQWI.Z
B[ZK|ITFYERX8R[VYKBZ"QBZKBVY[8FILOZKWZ[QITXBKWGZOEGHBFYEG[EVYXBKBVYO]ITZ"EGQWQBZSuITOERH ETS[I.SZx
ITXBKWQBZ"XITBHZELSQBZ"SuILV>FYBHZZOQITXBVY[|a

 m +  "B/D"  &V B:

MPZGZHJILFAZBILBFYZ[ ETS+XBVYZZFYZZXp"[F>EGZ[JILBVYF>VYxITXITFYP[VY[ILHZXBETBHZ[ZXPZKVYQRITFYV
KITVYERXITPITVYXB[HJILKBVYVYERXILF[JILBVYF>VYxWITXILF>P[Z[QBZHZNER[[VYBFYZRa X8V>VITFcOEGXB[VYKBZHITV>EGXVYFYFcZ
RVYRZXE[FYERZ[OEGXpITVYXBVYXBX8E|ERHZ8HZ[[BHZ[]a+QBVY[V>[SEGF>FYET+ZKp)ERITF+[HZ[[WITXILFYp[Z[
ETSBXBKBHITVYXBZKWOFI.[FYERZ[VYXpGERFYPVYXBFI.RZHVYXBaPV>XITFYFYp\T[BBZHGZKITXBKWILHVILF>FY[B8ZHRZK
[FYERZ["ITHZ"OEGXB[VYKBZHZKVYXWQBVYOQERHZBHZ[[8HZ[ITHZJILRZXWVYXPEITOOERBXP]a
\^]

uwXc
xyvsi]NalNxyljhNi3eidlNkkvslNi.{qtg)oelnlje`c
g)qslNe&vtc3ji3.E.]N0\

QBZ"QBERERGZXBZEGB[A[FYERZ[QBETXWVYXVYR8HZ # Q IT[Q8Z"SERFYFYETVYXB"[EGV>Fc8HERZHVYZ[0|

LXWO Q ,7
UW j
O 7 a *7 4

QBZ[FYEGZVY[ V>X8OFYV>X8ZKITILX|ITX8RFYZ"ETS Q + a 4,:* Q | # EQBZQBERHV?SERXPJILF_ITXBKQBZERBX8KITH

OERX8KBVYVYERXB[ILHZRVYRZX)IT["GZHV>O.ITF:HERFYFYZH["ERXQ8ZF>Z SERBX8KITH ILXBKWSBFYFPVYx|IT"QBZNIT[ZGa
^"HJI.PVYxF>EPITKB[@AZHZITBBFYVYZKEQBZ"Z[QITX8KQ8Z[HZXBRQWHZKB8OVYERXSuILOEGH  RHJILKBP
ITFYFY"V>X8OHZ]IL[ZKBXPVYFPOERXPGZHGZXBOZ OERBFYKXBEGZILOJQ8V>ZRZKVYQ8V>XQBZVYZHJITVYERXF>VYV>_IL[BETX
VYX:ITBFYZ Q a

2H

rollers

1.2H

~
ciyGl0Tr]q
W03

R(o0o~{n}tvr5npt.qt..fixed
oPot ~_~{(to@w(y{nr:~{(to@rP(ot}*])@s 

WN .

Bishop and Morgenstern (1960)

FOS=1.380

0.75 0.5 0.25

1.8 1.5 1.3

2.8 2.5 2.3

E max/ H

D=1.0 (Example 1)
D=1.5 (Example 2)

3.8 3.5 3.3

~
ci8ljTr]q

R (o~rP/ KT~
:w(q"op~{w(tR(o~~ Tw(~{G(r]oq"oRymnpo+vrRw(wbpvor.~xowbWTw(~{

R(r.oJq"oRy+rPy{npo+(r.#t}_tR]ov.oPonPo 0 wbpTw(r.yxo~~{(to}rwb vo]
0.8

1.2

1.4

SRF

1.6

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

E max/ H

 

1.2

1
2
3
5



1.6

1.4

increment
equal increments
equal increments
equal increments

~
ci BlcYG oPot}_vr.w(y{zwbpvoqoRy+~{w(otq"r..w(q

}Yvt]q Tr]q R(o]
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Gravity factor

qTw(~{G(r]oq"oRy r]y5}rwb vo  .

1

1.2

 c
vsiV}\ Z[8F>[+SHEG

M

7 a 9*7
# a 7*7
# aQ 7
# a 1*7
# a 1*4
# a Jd7

W  j
7 a 1*:,(
7 a 1*8
9 #
7 a J Q,Q
7 a Jd4,1
7 a 4 J,J
# a Jd:,+

BITBFYZ #
ZHJILVYERXB[
Q
)# 7

Q 7

J #
:*( Q
#07*7,7

QBZJILBFYZVYXBKBVYO]ILZ[ QIL[VYWHVITFc[HZX8RQHZKBBOV>EGXSxITOERH[ AZHZITZ8ZKWHJILXBRVYXB

SHEG 7 a 9 E # a J a ITOQRILF>8ZHZBHZ[ZXPZK2IOEGBFYZZFYVYXBKBZZXBKBZXpILXITFYP[VY[VYXWQBVYOJQQBZ
[EGV>F@[HZXBGQ)ILHJITZZH[+ZHZ[O]ITFYZK)P  IT[V>X8KBVYO]ITZK|VYXZPITVYERXB[ J ILXBK 4 a_MPEGZ
Z <OVYZXBOV>Z[ITHZ EG[[V>8F>Z VYXQILAQBZGHJI.PVYxNFYEpILKB[AILXBKGF>EGITF8[VcXBZ[[ITHVYNILHZQBZ[ITZ
VYXZ]ILOJQITXILF>P[V>[ITX8KILHZ"Q8ZHZS{ERHZRZXBZHJITZKERXBOZ"EGXBFYpa
QBZ ZHJITVYERXB$[ )OERFYBX)V>X8KBVYO]ITZ[QBZWXPBZHETSVYZHJILVYERXB[SEGHNOEGXPRZHRZXBOZOERHHZ
[ERXBK8V>X8EZ]ILOJQ
RILFYBZRaPQBZNILFYRERHVYQB QIL[E+ERHQILHKBZHEILOQBVYZRZOERXPRZHRZX8OZ
IT[QBZWHBZ  VY[ITB8HEpILOQBZK_a Z QBZX  O m O #, J \PQ8ZHZVY[I[BK8KBZXVYXBOHZ]IT[Z
VYXQBZ KBVYZXB[VYERXBFYZ[[:KBVY[BFILOZZXp W j R\PITXBKQBZILFYRERHVYQBV>[@BXIT8F>ZENOERXPRZHRZ
VYQBVYXQ8ZVYZHITV>EGXFYV>VY]a]VYR8HZ Q [QBET[I"BFYER@ETS_Q8ZKILJI SHER :ITBFYZ # a Q ILXBKVYXBKBVYO]ITZ[
OFYER[ZILRHZZZXP Zx+ZZX)QBZXBVYZZFYZZXpHZ[8F>ITXBKQBZSuITOERH ETSA[I.SZxRVYRZXSERH QBZ
[JILZ8HER8F>ZPQ8ZOQITH[ETS 2+VY[QBEGILXBKUERHGZXB[ZHX2 #0(*+,7 a
_VYGBHZ 1 [QBET[QBZV>XBZXBOZELSRHI.pVYxFYEPITKBVYXBWVYXBOHZZXP[~V SZEGX)KBVY[BFITOZZXP[VYX
BITBFYZ # a Z V>Q<IxSuILV>FYBHZ [HZXBGQ<HZKBBOVYERXSuILOEGHETS  O #* J ITB8F>VYZKE)QBZ
[EGV>F8BHEGZHVYZ[.\PQBZSERBH@RHJILBQB[:OERHHZ[ERX8KEQ8ZILPV>BKBVY[BFILOZZXpEGBJILV>X8ZKQBZX
RHI.pVYxWIT[ITB8F>VYZKV>XI[VYXBRFYZVYXBOHZZXpIL[OERITHZKVYQQILEGBJILVYXBZKVYQ Q \ 1 ERH
4 ZPILFV>X8OHZZXP[.a_QBZR8HZK8ZEGXB[HJITZ[QILNQBZKBVY[BFITOZZXPER8JITVYXBZK)V>Q)S8F>F
RHI.pVYxFYEpILKBVYXBVY[ILHZFYI ZOZKpQBZ"VYXBOHZZXp[~V SZRa
_VYGBHZ[ J IITX8K J RVYRZQBZXBEPKITFKBVY[BFITOZZXPGZOEGH[NILXBKQBZNK8ZSERHZKZ[QOERH
HZ[EGXBKBVYXBWEQBZBXBOERXPRZHRZK[VYITV>EGXWV>Q  O  O #* J aBQBZKBZSEGHZKWZ[Q
OERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBEQBVY[:8XBOERXPGZHGZK[ERFYBVYEGXRVYRZ[+I"HJILQBZH+KBVcB[Z V>X8KBVYO]ITV>EGXNELS_QBZSuITVYFYBHZ
ZOQILXBVY[aRQBVY[VY[K8BZEQBZHZFITVYRZFYOHBKBZXBVYZZF>ZZXPZ[QWQBVYOQB[+HZITVYXB[
OERXPV>XPBEGB[+ZRZXWITxSuILVYF>8HZ aRD+ERXPVYXPBBX8V>ZZFYZZXPAITXITFYP[VY[:VY[A8XITBFYZ EEPKBZFBGHEG[[
KBVY[OEGXPVYXPBVYVYZ[ILFYERXBERZXPVITFSuILV>FYBHZ"[BHSuITOZ[NITFYQ8ERBGQZOQBXBVYPBZ["QI.GZZZX)KBZ[OHVYZK
SERHZX8QITXBOV>X8QBZPVY[ITFYVY[JITVYERXELSQBZ+SuITVYFYBHZA[BHxSuILOZ["[ZZZRa a ^HYV <QB[+ITXBK 6"V>K8RZH )# (*(,4 a
UWERHZILKBRITXBOZK)X8V>ZZFYZZXPZQBEPKB[SERHEPKBZFYFYVYXB[QBZ]ITHITXBKB[VYX)OERX.BXBOVYERXVYQ
ITKILBVYGZZ[QHZ XBZZXPZOQBXBVYPBZ[QI.RZZZX)KBZ[OHV>ZKpV
5 ERHZILXBK)HZGER[ 0# (,(B#
ITXBV
K RVYZXBPVYZVYO S T0 >: #)(*(,4 a

Displacement Vector Plot

Displaced Mesh Plot

(a)

~
ci l_Tr.q R(o0NAo}tvq"oWq"oJ~{nR(t.yx~"Jtvxvo~{BtPTwbpWyxty{npo

] rT +tTRrcTw(~{R(r.oqoRy ]oyxtv~YAo}tvq"oq"o~{n

\~}

(b)

ptR]ov.oJ~xt y{w(t)w(y{n

uwXc
xyvsiV}alNxyljhNi3eidlNkkvslNi.{qtg)ocnlN
e`c
g)qslfeyvsc3Nid.V.]N\?0\

XQ8V>[ ZBITBFYZR\BISER8XBKITVYERXWFI.RZHELS5QBVYOpX8Z[[ Q QIT[ZZX)ITK8KBZKEQ8ZIT[ZNELS:QBZ

[FYERZ"ETS BIT8F>Z # VYQILFYFcERQ8ZHBHEGZHVYZ["ITXBKWGZERZHHZWITVYXBVYXBQBZ[JILZRa
QBZVYXBVYVITFZ[Q|ITXBKQ8ZNKBZ SERHZKZ[Q|IT SuILVYF>8HZNILHZ[QBETXVYX VYRBHZ[ 4 IWITX8K 4
HZ[ZOVYRZF>Pa cVY[_OFYZ]ILHSHEG VYRBHZ 4 _\QIL_I+ZOQILXBVY[<ELSQBZEPZSuILV>FYBHZ +xpZ:QIL[cZZX
ERBITVYXBZKa VYR8HZ Q VYXBKBVYO]ILZ[QIT_QBZOHV>VYO]ITFGSuILOEGH_ETS[JI.S{ZxVY[Z[[ZXPVITFYFY"BXBOQITX8RZKSHEG
BITBFYZ # IT  O ,# J ITFYQ8ERBGQQBZK8V>[BFITOZZXP[ILHZV>X8OHZ]IL[ZKKBBZEQBZRHZ.ITZH
REGF>8ZETSOERBHZ[[VYBFYZ"[EGVYFua
QBVY[XBVYZZF>ZZXPHZ[8F> OERXH[QILQ8ZNITKBK8V>VYERXELS:QBZ"S{ERBXBKITVYEGXFI.GZHQIT[ 
T
FYZKE"ITXP"ZHOZ8VYBFYZAOQILXBRZ+VYX"QBZILOEGH_ELSMBI.S{Zx"ETSBQBZ+[FYEGZR)a 2+VY[QBEGNITXBKUWERHRZXB[ZHX
)# (*+*7 GV>GZ m O *# :*4 Q IT["ERX8ZEG[[VYBFYZ[EGF>8VYERXWS{ERH"QBVY["ZBITBFYZ  O *# 4 UW j O
7
7*4 LXWO Q 7  Q | # [FYERZ ITFYQBEGBRQV>WVY[VYEGHJILXPEOQBZO<Q8ZITFYZHXITVYRZ[ERFYBVYEGX
OERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBy
E %O # a 7 E)GZHVS)Q8V>OQRVYGZ[NQBZFYET+ZH m aQBZOQITH[ELSD+ER8[VYXB[
#)(*:*9 Z[[ZXPVILFYF>ITGHZZ+VYQQBZ+XBVYZZFYZZXP_HZ[BFYAILXBKNVYXBK8V>O.ITZQITVYQISER8XBKITVYERX
FI.RZH.\Q8ZOHVYVYO]ILFPOVYHOBFILH_ZOJQITXBVY[ ITVY[FYETAZ[_ERVYXP_IL[[Z[SHITOV>EGXITFYFYZFYET)Q8ZAIL[Z
ETS:Q8Z[FYERZNILXBKWRVYRZ[I[FYV>GQPFYFYETAZH+SxITOERHELS:[JI.S{ZxQITXWQBZXQBZHZNVY[XBESER8XBKITVYERX
FI.RZH+BHZ[ZXP]a
MPERFYPVYXBQBVY[ ZBIT8F>Z"B[VYXBIBHEGBHVYZITH[FYVYOV>HOFYZN8HERGHJILITFY[ESERBX8KQBZEG[[VYBFYZ
HZ[BFY$ ELS m O ,# : QBZX)ISuITVYFYBHZOVYHOFYZITXBGZXPEWQBZIT[ZETSAQBZSEGBXBKILVYERXIT[
IT[[BZK_a "IT[ XBZOZ[[JILHESERHOZQBZN[FYV>OVYHOFYZEIT[["QBHEGBRQQBZEPZNEEGBJILV>XQBZ
OEGHHZO  O ,# 1*: a
QBVY[_ZBITBFYZ_KBZERX8[HITZ[_EGXBZ:ETSBQBZAWITVYXITK8RITXPJILRZ[cELSBXBVYZZFYZZXP_[F>EGZ@[JILBVYFYV>x
ITXILFYp[VY[:ETRZH@OERXPRZXpVYERXILFZQBEPKB[.aTQBZ" ITB8HEpILOQHZPBVYHZ[XBE  T cIT[[BBVYEGXNELS
QBZ+FYEPO]ITV>EGXERHITZAELSQBZ+OHVYVYO]ILFP[BHSuITOZGapITVYFYBHZEPOO8H[XILBHITFYFYd VYQBVYXQBrZ SEGXBZ[:ELS
QBZ[ERVYFPIL[[_Q8ZHZQBZA[QBZ]ILH:[HZXBGQELSQBZA[ERVYFPVY[VYXB[3 <OVYZXPE"HZ[VY[:QBZ+[QBZ]ILH:[HZ[[Z[.a
#)7

H
DH

(a)



"!

~
ci 8l_Tr.q R(o{K At.q"t].opot

W . W)d L ) LTr
~xt y{w(tWw(y{n 0

~~{(tBoNw(y{nr}t pRr.y{w(t|(rz.ov (tBorP(o, .)s

#:PRo}tvq"o"q"oJ~{nTYNo~{ntvxvo~{tpLwbp"yxt ptR.ov]o
(b)

QBZB[ZELSIFYVYVY:Zp8V>FYVYBHV>8ZQBEPKB[ILQBZNGZHWFYZ]IL[]\HZPBVYHZ["[EGZ"ZPZHVYZXBOZITX8K
O]ITHZERXQBZ+ILHETScQBZ+B[ZH:VYXNEGHKBZH:E V>X8V>VITZIT8BHEGBHVITZA[Z]ITHOQBHEPOZK8BHZ[+QBVYOQI.GERVYK
QBZ"ER[[VYBVYFYV>xELSQBEGVYXBVYXERXWQBZHERX8|OHVYVYO]IL~F NOVYHOFYZRa
\~[

$

uwXc
xyvsiV[_e
e` c
qtei`yKvsc3kvslNianc
qtvs iqsg)oc&g)oqsei3c vtc3ji33\

V>GBHZ + [QBET[WI[FYERZERX<ISEGBXBKILVYERXFI.RZH%  O QR ELSBX8KBHJILV>X8ZK<OFI.PaQBZ[FYEGZ

VYXBOFYBKBZ[IQBVYXFI.RZH"ELS+Z]ITGZH"ILZHVILF_QBVYOQV>X8V>VITFYFYH8XB[ILHJITFYFYZFEWQBZ[FYERZR\cQBZX
QBERH~V SERXPJILFYF>VYXWQBZ SEGBXBKILVYERXWITXBKXILFYF>ER8OHERB["ITITXILXBRFYZELS J34* ZRERX8KQBZEpZGa
u = 0
2H

2H

cu2 < cu1

1.2H

0.6H

cu2

2H

H
2

1.2H
1

cu1

0.6H

cu1
0.4H
1

1
0.4H

'&
)(

"#

~
ci 8ldTr]q R(o+, @pLvrwbPoN(rz"~{(to+w(y{nNr+}t

L )3 )]

!

#G#

PRr.y{w(t(rz.ovwbP TwbBry{nGwbNoJr(rz]ov

dFYQBEGBRQQ8V>["ZBILBFYZWI.[ZZOEGXPHVYGZK_\cVY"VY[X8ER"BXBFYVYRZQBZ[VYITV>EGXETSIQBVYX_\
[F>VYBZHdFYVYXBZH+VYQBVYXIFILXBKPFYF[P[Z|a8QBZ SuITOERHELS[I.SZxETS:Q8Z[FYERZIT[Z[VYWITZK
PX8V>ZZFYZZXpILXITFYP[VY["SEGHIWHJILXBRZELSRITFYBZ["ETSQBZBXBK8HJITVYXBZK)[QBZ]ILHN[HZXBRQELSQBZ
QBVYXFI.RZHtUM QBVYFYZAWITVYXPJITVYXBVYXBQBZ[HZX8RQETS_QBZ[BHHEGBXBKBVYXB[ERVYFIL UM j O 7f Q 4 a

1.8

.
.

1.6

cu1/H = 0.25

Taylor(1937)
FOS=1.47

1.4

0.8

FOS

1.2

.
.

0.6

finite element analysis

three line wedge analysis
base circle analysis

0.4

0.2

*
*
*
*
+
218l
Tr]q R(o *3t.q yxo}, .r JyxtvAt}~xr}oyzsc5}tv:Lw54ovoRyr o~+t} 6 ( )(

 ci

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

cu2/cu1

QBZXBVYZZFYZZXPHZ[BFY[[QBETXVYX|V>GBHZ : RVYRZQBZOEGB8ZKWSxITOERH"ETSA[I.SZxZG

BHZ[[ZKEQ8ZXBZ]ILHZ[ 7 a 7*4 aR8ERHAI"Q8EREGRZX8ZERB[>EGZtU M U M O # \GQBZ OERBBZKSxITOERH
ETS[I.SZx)IT[OFYER[ZEQBZ:I.pFYEGH[ERFYBV>EGX<:I.PFYERH #0(,1*: ETS  O #, Jd: ITXBKpI.GZQBZ
ZPZOZKWOVYHOBFITH:IT[Z+SxITVYFYBHZ+ZOQILXBVY[ad[@QBZ [HZXBGQELSQBZQ8V>XFI.GZHIL[:RHITKBILFYF>
HZK8BOZK_\cI"K8V>[VYXBOOQILXBRZ"VYXQ8ZXIT8HZ"ETSQBZ"HZ[BFY[IT[+ER8[ZHRZKQ8Z
X U M U M 87 7
+ a
dFY[E[Q8ETXEGXQBVY[RBHZITHZFYVYVYZPBVYFYV>8HVYB [ERFYBVYERXB[WER8JITVYXBZKB[VYXB
8PITXPB ' [
ZQBEPKIL[[BVYXB"ERQOVYHO8FILHIT[ZSuITVYFYBHZ ITX8KQBHZZFYVYXBZ+ZKBRZ ZOQILXBVY[[cSEGF>FYETVYXB
QBZITQETSQBZAZ.ITFI.GZH]a8QBZKBVY[OERXPVYXPBVYxQBZ&
X U M U M 7 7
+ OFYZ]ITHF>WHZBHZ[ZXP[QBZ
HITXB[V>VYERXZx+ZZXQBZ"OVYHO8FILHAZOQITX8V>[$ITXBKWQ8ZX8ERXP xOVYHO8FILHAZOQITX8V>[ RETRZHXBZKWP
QBZAZ]ILWFI.GZH]aBEGH UM UM 7f + QBZ0OVYHOBFILH IT[ZSuILV>FYBHZZOQITXBVY[GETRZHXB[QBZZ
QI.PVYERBH"ITXBKQBZSxITOERH"ETS[JI SZxVY["Z[[ZXPVITFYFYBXI.cZOZKPQ8ZN[HZXBRQETS+QBZ+Z]ITGZH
QBVYXFI.GZH]aB8ERH UM UM 7f + Q8Z0XBERXuOVYHOBFITH QBVYXFI.GZHAZOQITX8V>[ JITGZ[ETRZHITXBKQBZ
SuITOERHELS[I.SZxSuIT FYFY[+F>VYXBZ.ITHFYPa
QBVY[AZQI.PVYERBH@V>[+ZPBFITVYXBZKERHZOFYZ]ITHFYNVYXVYRBHZ 9 QBVYOQ[QBET[+QBZ KBZSEGHZKZ[Q
ITSuITVYFYBHZSEGHQBHZZKBVcZHZXPWRITFYBZ[ETSQBZHITV>
E U M U M aAVYR8HZ 9 IB\@OERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBE
QBZQBERERRZXBZER8[AO]IL[ZWs U M U M O # \BVYXBK8V>O.ITZ[ITXWZ[[ZXPVILFYF>OVYHO8FILHSuILVYF>8HZ"ZOQILXBVY[
JILXBRZXPE)QBZWHIL[Z|IL[BHZKBVYOZKp:I.pFYEGH]a_VYGBHZ 9 OG\:VYXQBVYOQQBZ[HZXBGQ<ELS
QBZWQBVYXFI.RZHV>[ERX8F> Q 7:9 ETSQBZW[BHHEGBXBKBVYXB[EGV>Ft UM UM O 7
QG \cVYXBKBVYO]ILZ[IQBVYRQ8F>
OERX8OZXPHITZKXBEGXPuOV>HOBFITH ZOQILXBVY[OFYER[ZFYWSERFYFYETVYXBQBZITQ|ELSAQ8ZNQBVYX|+Z]ITWFI.RZH]a
V>GBHZ 9 _\V>XQBVYOJQ"QBZA[HZXBRQNELSBQBZ+QBVYX"FI.RZHVY[ +*7;9 ETSQBZ:[BHHERBX8KBVYXB[ERVYFtUM UM O
#Q

a) cu2/cu1=1.0

b) cu2/cu1=0.6

=<8lN_Tr.qG(o"*
+o}tvq"oq"o~{npo~Ar.y@}rwb voJtvxvo~{BtPTwbpyxty{npo PJtR.ov.oW~xt y{w(t

}tvAy{nGvooTw5B4 ovoRyr oJ~+t} ( (
~
ci

c) cu2/cu1=0.2

VYXBK8V>O.ITZ[cOERXB[VYKBZHJILBFYZAOER8F>ZpVYxITXBKILBVYRBVYxPaxd_FYZ]IL[cx+EOERXPV>OVYXBZOJQITXBVY[[
TI HZ|ITBITHZXp.aAVYH[FYQBZHZVY[IIL[ZWSxITVYFYBHZZOQILXBVY[ ZHRVYXBVYQQBZ|+Z]ILFI.RZH
ZRERX8KQBZEPZNELS:QBZ[FYERZNITXBK[ZOEGXBKBFYWQBZHZV>["IZOQITXBVY[$HBX8XBVYXBILF>EGXBQBZAZ.IT
FI.RZH+ITHITFYFYZFcEQBZ"[FYERZNILXBKEGBOHERB8V>X8ITQ8ZEPZRa
Z VYQBEGB:BHV>EGHAPXBETFYZK8RZELS_QBZ xAEITFYZHXILVYRZZOQITX8V>[[.\RI"HITKBVYV>EGXITFFYVYVY_ZPBV
FYV>8HVYB[Z]ITHOJQOERBFYKETRZHZ[VYILZWQBZSuITOERHETS[I.SZxpa@QBVY[V>[VYFYFYB[HJILZKVYX<_VYGBHZ :
QBZHZR\PSEGHZBITBFYZR\pIOVYHOBFITHZOJQITXBVY[ VY.
Q U M U M O 7f Q +ERBFYKVYXBKBVYO]ILZ  O ,# 1
QBZXWQ8ZOERHHZOSuILOEGHETS:[JI SZxVY[+OFYER[ZHE 7 a + a
7
+

\Y

$

uwXc
xyvsi._e
e` c
qtei`yKvsc3kvslNi.qsg)oc&i3c

nlje`c
g)qslNeyvsc3Ni33\

XQBVY[:O.IT[ZG\RQBZ[JILZ+[FYERZGZERZHNITXBKXBVYZZFYZZXP:Z[QIT[@V>XQ8ZBHZPV>EGB[:ZBILBFYZ
QIT[ZZXB[ZK8B:VYQI KBVZHZXP:xPZELSVYXBQBEGERGZXBZVYx"IT[:[QBETXNVYXV>GBHZ ( aLQBZ[QBZ.ITH
[HZXBGQWETScQ8Z[FYEGZ ITZHVILFpQIT[+ZZXILVYXpITVYXBZKITAI"OERXB[JITXP+RITFYBZEL
S UM N O 7f Q 4
QBVYFYZQ8Z[QBZ]ILH[HZXBGQWETSQBZ SEGBXBKILVYERXFI.RZH:QIT[ZZXWRILHVYZK_aGQBZ"HZFILVYRZ [~V SZ"ETSQBZ
xAE[QBZ]ILH[HZXBRQB[QIL[ILpITVYXZZX)ZPBHZ[[ZKIL[QBZHJILVY
E UM UM aVYRBHZ #07 [QBET[ QBZ
#)1

OERBBZKSuITOERH ETS:[JI SZxSERHIHJILXBRZELS UM UM RITFYBZ[ERGZQBZHVYQOFIL[[V>O.ITFGF>8VYERXB[

ETS5I.PFYERH@SEGHAQBZx+ENO]IL[Z[ QBZX&UM OCUM ITXBKVUM UM a
2H

2H
u = 0
2
1

cu1

cu2

2H

=>8lN_Tr.qG(o ? #@pLvrwbPoJ(rz~{(tBo"w(y{nrorN}t PRr.y{w(tW(rz.ov!

~
ci
0.

( )3

QBZHZVY[OFYZ]ILHFYIOQITXBGZETS:ZQI.PVYERHEPOO8HHVYXBWITUM UM 7 #*4 IL[VYXBKBVYO]ILZKWPWQBZ

ITZX8V>X8ERB ETSQBZO8HRZGad FY[E[Q8ETXERXWQ8V>[R8HZITHZ FYV>VY:ZPBVYFYV>8HVYB$[ERFYBVYEGXB[+SERH
EGQEPZNITXBKIT[ZOVYHOFYZZOQITX8V>[[.aPQBZKBVY[OERXPVYXPBVYxOEGHHZ[ERXBK8V>X8E.U M U M @7 #, 4
ERPPVYERB[F>HZBHZ[ZXP[QBZHJITX8[VYVYERXZxAZZXQBZ[ZxAESBXBKITZXpITFZOQILXBVY[[]a

2.6

2.4

2.2

cu1/H = 0.25

Taylor
(cu2>>cu1)
FOS=2.10

1.6

Taylor
(cu2=cu1)
FOS=1.47

1.4

FOS

1.8

1.2

finite element analysis

base circle analysis
toe circle analysis

0.4

0.6

0.8

"K

~
ciC 8lN_Tr.qG(o

A B A F C A D A E
L
5
3
]
t
q
yxo}r.yxtv+t}c~xr}oy{zsc}tvATw54BovoRyAr oJ~+t} ) ( 6(

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

cu2/cu1

QBVY[_HITXB[VYVYERX"VY[_OFYZ]ILHFYK8ZEGXB[HJITZKPQBZ@XBVYZ:ZF>ZZXPSuILV>FYBHZZOQILXBVY[[8[QBETX
VYX|V>GBHZ #R# a Z Q8ZX&UM NM UM VYRBHZ #G# I IKBZZPu[Z]ITZKIT[ZZOJQITXBVY[VY[EGB[ZHRZK\
#J

QBZHZ]IT[I[QILFYF>ETEPZZOQILXBVY[VY[N[ZZXQBZXUM PO UM {_VYGBHZ #R# O aQBZWHZ[BFY

OERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBEQ8ZITBBHETPV>WITZHITXB[V>VYERXEGV>XPIT UM 7 #, 4 UM VYRBHZ #R# [QBET[
ITXIT8V>GBER8[:[VYITVYEGXVYXQBVYOQWEGQWZOJQITXBVY[[AITHZHPV>X8ESERH ILAQBZ[JILZ VYZRa
VY[WVYXpZHZ[VYXBEXBEGZQITWQ8Z|FYET+ZH[ERVYFB[Z)ITFYZ]IT[ 4,7:9 [HERX8RZHQITXQBZ
BBZH"[EGV>FZ SERHZQBZEPZZOJQITXBVY[ZOERZ[QBZER[OHVYVYO]ILFuaPQ8ZN[F>VYWOVYHOF>ZBHEGRHJIL
MPd 2s % BXBO]ILXITXBK Z EGXB\ )# (*9*4 QBZX2ILBBFYVYZKEWQBVY[ZILBFYZVYy
Q UM UM O ,# J3+
pI.GZNVYKBZXPV>O.ITF:ILOEGH["ETSMBI SZxELS Q a 7 Q SERH"OVYHOFYZ[JILXBRZXp"EQBZIT[ZETSQBZ[FYERZITX8K
QBZ"IL[ZELSQBZ"SEGBXBKILVYERX_a

a) cu2/cu1=0.6

b) cu2/cu1=1.5

c) cu2/cu1=2.0

~
ci 3G
l _Tr.q R(o *+o}tvq"oq"oJ~{nPo~:r]y5}rwb votvxvo~{tpLwbpyxty{nPo ptR]ov.o~xt y{w(t

}tvAy{nGvooTw54BovoRyr oJ~+t} )( 6(

QBZBHZpVYEGB[x+EZILBFYZ["QI.GZ[QBETXQITVYXZRZX)PBVYZ[VYBFYZO.IT[Z[NELS[ERVYF:QBZ
ZHEGRZX8ZVYx)V>X)QBZS{ERHELSFI.GZHVYXB\cOEGBFYZVYXPZHJITOVYERXB[O]ILXEPOOBHZx+ZZXOEGXPVYOVYXB
ZOQILXBVY[[QBVYOQITHZKBZZOZKpQ8ZXBVYZZFYZZXPNILBBHEpITOQ_a8ERHERHZOEGBFYVYO]ITZK
[ITBVYFYVYxNBHERBFYZ[:VYXPRERFYPVYXB"[ZGZHJILF_[ERVYF8HERZHxRHERB8[]\P[8OJQIL[mI SERX8ZKWZ]ITHQWZILXBG
ZXP.\XPBZHVYO]ITFBILBBHEPITOQBZ[:ILHZITHGIT8F>"QBQZ R
>TSHEGBB[I."ETSGZXBZHITV>X8QBZVYXBVYB
SuITOERHELS[I.SZxWITXBKWVYXBKBVYO]ILVYXBQBZ"FYEPO]ITVYERXILXBKW[QILZ"ELS5QBZ"OHVYV>O.ITF_ZOQITX8V>[|a
#)4

U GV" _ X yA
  dX  XW

+

  x 

ZYA@[N  ]\:  

3 _

Z:XBETOERX8[VYKBZHQ8ZAVYXP8ZXBOZ+ETSISHZZu[BHxSxITOZVYQ8V>XILXZ]ITHQ[FYERZAILXBKHZ[ZHRERVYHFYEpILKBVYXB
ERXWQ8ZEGB[VYKBZ"ETSAI[FYERZIL[[QBETXWVYXV>GBHZ # Q a
Z

freesurface

Embankment

hA

hB

level

reservoir
hw

uA=hAw
B

~
ci 8l

uB=hBw

(tBo5w(y{n}>voo~ vx}r.orPvo~xov.twbv+(t]r.TwbPR

reservoir

level
linearly increasing
normal stress from
zero to hww
hw

Embankment

constant normal
stress = hww

~
ci RB
l Aoyxrwb5t}A~ pq"ov]orvort}:~{(toBopor]y{n}>voo~xyxrpLwbpvo~xov.twbvr]yxov~{nPtwbp
~xy{vo~x~xoJ~@yxtBo rGRbw(oyxt"y{npo~ vx}r]ot}cy{npoq"o~{nr]~:o w(r(oRy+PtTRrc(t]r.R~
ZPITHK8V>X8Q8ZNHERFYZNELSAQ8ZSHZZx[BHSuITOZR\IHVYREGHEGB[ILBBHEPITOQAEGBFYKWH[FYVYXPREGF>GZ"ERP
JILV>X8V>X8|IGEPEpKPILF>VYxET$XBZSERHSHZZu[BHxSxITOZWET$QBHERBGQQBZW[FYEGZR\ZXITBFYVYXBEGHZ
BHZ[[8HZ[EZILOOBHITZFY|Z[VYILZK)ITILXpEGV>XP"VYQBVYXQBZET HZRVYERX_aBEGHQBZBBH
EG[Z[+ETSc[FYEGZ[JIT8V>FYVYxITXILFYp[VY[Q8ETAZGZH]\GVYV>[@B[ILFYF>OERXB[VYKBZHZK[ <OVYZXPFYILOOBHITZITX8K
OERX8[ZHRITVYGZEZ[VYILZEGHZBHZ[[BHZITIWERVYXPIL[Q8ZBHEpK8BOELSQBZBX8V>AZVYGQp"ELS

#)+

ILZH ;^ ITXBKQBZ`_.0Tab.0>KBVY[ITXBOZNELS5QBZERVYXPZXBZ]ITQ|QBZ"SHZZx[BHSuITOZRa X|VYRBHZ # Q

QBZERHZA8HZ[[BHZ[ITx+EFYEPO]ITV>EGXB[]\.d<ITX8K{2"\TQI.GZ:ZZXO]ITFYO8FILZK8[VYXBQBVY[:IT[[B8VYERX_a
XQBZ|OERXPZPELSXBVYZZFYZZXpILXITFYP[VY[]\@QBZERHZ)8HZ[[BHZ[ ILHZOERBBZKITILF>F
[B8ZHRZK ^ITB[[ ERVYXP[IL[KBZ[OHV>ZK ITETRZR\+ITXBK[BBHITOZKSHEG
QB
Z TfTx) >XBEGHILF
[HZ[[Z["OEGBBZKIT+QBZ[JITZFYEpO.ITVYEGXB[+SERFYFYETVYXB"QBZILBBFYVYO]ITV>EGXETSHSuITOZITXBKWRHI.PV>x
FYEpITK8[]aQBZ:HZ[8F>VYXBd cc6 b Tae_]@[HZ[[Z[AILHZ:QBZXB[ZKV>X"QBZ:HZITVYXBVYXB@ITH[_ELSBQBZAILFYRERHVYQB
HZFILVYXBE"QBZIL[[Z[[ZXP:ETScUWERQBHD+EGBFYER"PVYZFYKNITXBKZFIT[ELuBFIL[VYO+[HZ[[AHZKBVY[HVYBBV>EGX_a
EGZ"QILQBZRHJI.PVYxFYEpILKB[ILHZ"OEGBBZKWB[VYXB.
TfTx) >cBXBVYAZV>GQP[ETSQBZ[ERVYFxa
QBZZPZHXILF_FYEpILKBVYXBKBBZEQ8ZHZ[ZHREGVYHVY[EPKBZFYFYZKPILBBFYPVYXBNIXBEGHILF[HZ[["E
QBZ+SxITOZ+ETScQBZ+[FYEGZZPILFPE"QBZITZHBHZ[[8HZRaPQPB[.\RIT[8ETXNVYX_VYGBHZ 0# 1 \]QBZIT8BFYV>ZK
[HZ[[VYXBOHZ.IT[Z[FYVYXBZ]ILHFYVYQ<ILZHKBZBQITX8K<HZWITVYXB[OEGXB[ITXPILFYERXB)QBZQBEGH~V SERXPITF
SER8XBKITVYERXFYZGZFxacQBZ[Z[HZ[[Z[ILHZOEGXPRZHZK)VYXPEWZPBVYRITFYZXP"XBEPKILFFYEPITKB["ERXQ8ZXBVYZ
ZFYZZXp+Z[Q|0[ZZZRa aPd8ZX8KBVY V>XWMPVYQITXBKW^"HYV <Q8[ #)(*(*9 ILXBKITKBK8ZKWEQBZ"VYXBVYVITF
RHI.pVYxFYEpILKBVYXBa
X\^]

%f

;g

uwXc
xyvsiValNxyljhNi3eidlNkkvslNi.{qtg)oolj q *lNeg)c
vn i3i k

)ncN iN\

V>GBHZ # J [Q8ET[AI [VYVYFITH[FYERZEQIT+ITXILF>P[ZKVYX BILBFYZ # \TB8:VYQI"QBEGHV~SEGXpITFPS{HZZ

[BHSuITOZITIKBZBQih<ZFYET QBZOHZ[]a`[VYXBWQBZZQBEPKK8Z[OHVYZKITETRZR\QBZSuITOERH"ELS
[JI SZxELSQBZ"[FYERZ"QIT[ZZXOER8BZKSERH[ZRZHJITFKBVZHZXPRILFYBZ[+ETSQBZKBHI.KBETXHITV>E
 h QBVYOQQIT[:ZZXRILHVYZKSHER 7 a Q [F>EGZOER8F>ZZFY"[B8ZHRZKVYQQ8ZILZH:FYZGZF
7 a Q I<ILETGZQBZ OHZ[ \PE # a 7 ITZH:FYZRZFcIT@QBZ IT[ZETScQ8Z[FYEGZ aRQ8ZBHERBFYZ OEGBFYKZ
VYXpZH8HZZK|IT[I[FYET KBHJI.K8ETXBHEGBFYZ$VYXQBVYOQIHZ[ZHRERVYH.\BVYXBVYVITFYFYNILETGZQ8ZOHZ[
ETSAQBZ[FYEGZW j \VY["RHITKBILFYF>WFYET+ZHZKEWQBZNIT[ZG\cVYQQBZILZHF>ZRZFVYQBVYXQBZ[FYEGZ
ILV>XPITVYXBVYXB"QBZ"[ITZ FYZRZFxaPd OEGXB[ITXPERITFcBXBVY+ZVYRQP+ETS Q 7 p"T QIT[ZZX|IL[[V>GXBZK
EQBZ"ZXPVYHZ[FYERZR\PEGQ|ILETGZILXBKWZFYET<QBZITZHFYZRZFxa
L(negative)
L=0
L(positive)

~
ci k

l _Tr.qG(
o u (t:Lvr:GtRvtR(oq+t]q"t.]opot ~~{(tBow(y{nr nptvxw(tRyxr_}Yvoo
~ vx}r.Jo.B.(tBorp(o, .0 sK(d Wj W 03 rt]o rPo(t}YvooA~ vx}r]o

QBZVYXPZHZ[VYXBNHZ[8F>[QBETXVYXV>GBHZ

VYXBK8V>O.ITZ[AQIT:QBZSxITOERH+ETS_[JI SZxHZ]ITOQBZ[I

#04
l Rm8H lPZ+V>nRX8l KBVYTE]O ITS Z[:I [VY7 #*V>FIL1 HHQBZZXBXoKh 0[Z ZZG7 a 7
aTD+: ERad)B[F>V>VYX8[ V>ZPB VYaFYVYBQ8HVYZAB[<Z[OERVFYILBFBO]V>EGILX"[Z[[:QBOETERHHX"ZER[XERX8QBKBZ:VYXB[ITE Z
#0(,:*9
#):

Morgenstern
(1963)

Finite Elements
Limit Equilibrium

1.6

FOS

1.8

FOS=1.85

Bishop &
Morgenstern
(1960)

1.2

1.4

R

FOS=1.4

p p q q q qs q q q q q r q
Tvr:Gt"RvtR(oq}tvTw54BovoRyr o~t}y{npo:Lvr:Gt

-0.2 -0.1

0.1

0.2

~
ci Bl,pr.yxtvt}B~xr}oJy{zwbrN{~{(t:
vr]y{w(t )

wv

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

L/H

O 7 ITX8x
K h O # ILRHZZA+ZFYFTVYQOQILH_[ERFYBV>EGXB[cRVYGZX_\HZ[ZOVYGZFYp\TP"UWERHRZXB[ZHX
#)(*+*1 {
O # a 9,4 \ ILXBK2AVY[Q8ERITXBKUWERHRZX8[ZHX| #0(,+*7 m O #* J aQBZ+S{BFYF> [B8ZHRZK
[FYERZN%h zy 7 VY[+ERHZA[JILBFYZQITXQ8ZK8H3[FYEGZh O # IL[AVYXBK8V>O.ITZKpI"QBVYGQBZH
SuITOERHELS[I.SZxPa
dXZp8FILXITVYERXETS_QBZ"ERB[ZHGZKWVYXBVYBVY[+KBBZ"EQBZ"OEGQBZ[VYGZ[HZX8RQWELSQ8Z[FYEGZ
QBVYOQV>["BXI.cZOZK)pBBETpILXBO ILXBKQBZHITKBZxETZx+ZZX[ERVYF+ZVYRQPILXBK|[ERVYFBZ.ITH
[HZXBGQIT[+Q8ZK8HJI.KBETXFYZGZFcVY[:RITHV>ZK_a XQBZ"VYXBVYVILFB[ITRZ[ETS_KBHI.KBETX h 7f: \
QBZV>X8OHZ]IL[ZK)+ZVYRQPELS5QBZ[FYERZQIL[I8HERERHVYERXITZF>RHZ]ITZH"KBZ[ITBVYFYVY[VYXBZcZO"QITX
QBZ VYXBOHZ.IT[ZKS{HVYOVYEGXITF[HZXBGQWITXBKQBZSuITOERH+ETS_[I.SZxSxITFYFY[]aTd:Q8V>GQBZH+KBHJI.K8ETXF>ZRZFY[
 h 7
: QBET+ZGZH]\PQBZ"V>X8OHZ]IL[ZKSHVYOVYERXITF[HZXBGQ[JITH[ENQI.GZIRHZ]ITZHVYXPBZX8OZ
QILXQ8ZNVYXBOHZ]IT[ZKAZVYGQp"ITXBKWQBZSxITOERHELSA[JI SZxWHVY[Z[]Xa  QBZHHZ[8F>[ETS:QBVY[xPZQI.GZ
ZZXHZERHZK<P
5ITXBZITX8K2^"H=V <QB[W Q 7,7*7 SERHI[FYERZQBVYOQIL[N[JILBFYZ| m #
QBZX$KBH3 )EGHSBFYFY|[BBZHRZK_\:B8ZO]ITZWBXB[ITBFYZ) m # ILIOHVYVYO]ILFRILF>8Z
ETSQBZK8HJI.KBETXHJILVY{
E h a [QBER8F>K)ITFY[EZERVYXPZKERB SHERQBZQBEGH~V SEGXpITFILHELS
QBZRHITBQV>X_VYGBHZ 0# 4 \BOEGHHZ[ERXBKBVYXBW|
E h }y 7 \QIT QBZSuILOEGHETS+[JI.S{ZxWSEGHIS{BFYF>
[B8ZHRZKW[FYEGZ"VY[BXI ZOZKPQBZ"KBZ8QELSITZHITETRZ QBZOHZ[]a
POZFYFYZXPNITGHZZZXP"V>Q UERHGZHX8[ZHX 0# (,+*1 SERHWHJIT8V>KKBHI.KBET
X 8HER8F>Z[QIT[
ITFY[EZZXKBZERXB[HITZKWSERHIHJILXBRZELS:[FYERZ["B[VYXBQBVY[ILBBHEPITOQP
5ITXBZITXBK|^HYV <QB[
Q 7,7*7 a
X\~}

g

~$

uwXc
xyvsiV l kq#`i
`yi3c
g)o i3xc
e Xxyideg*\

QBZZBILBFYZGVYRZXWVYX_VYGBHZ #)+ VY[ETSAITX|ILOITF_Z.ITHQKILOHER[[[ZOV>EGXVYXBOFYBKBVYXBIS{HZZ

[BHSuITOZQBVYOQ[FYEGZ[+S{HER QBZ"HZ[ZHRERVYH F>ZRZFcESERBX8KITV>EGXFYZRZFERXQBZ"KBETXB[HZ]IT[VYKBZ
ERHHZ[ITX8KD+ETcITX #0(*(,: a_BEGHQ8ZBBHEG[Z[ELSQBVY[NZILBFYZR\QBZWITZHVITFBHERZHV>Z[
QI.RZZZXWITKBZQBEGEGRZXBZERB[.a_V>GBHZ 0# : [QBET[QBZXBVYZZFYZZXPEPKBZF:B[ZKSERHQBZ
#)9

[FYERZ[JIT8V>FYVYxITXITFYP[VY[ITVYOZ #0(*(,: aPQBZERBXBKITHWOEGXBKBVYVYEGXB[OERX8[VY[ ETS:RZHVYO]ILF_HEGFYF>ZH[

ERXQBZSuITOZ[ILAQBZFYZSITX8KHVYRQP:ZX8KB[ETS_QBZ SERBX8KITV>EGXNFI.GZH:VYQSBFYFPPVYxILAQBZIT[ZGa
:[Q8ERBFYKZ XBERZKQIL:Q8ZKBETXB[HZ]IL [FYERZETScQBZ ZILXBPZXPcVY[:[FYVYRQPF>"[ZZZHQITX
QBZ"B8[HZ]IT[FYERZRa
dimensions in metres
7.3
reservoir level

free
17.1

surf

H=21.3

ace

18o

23o

7.3

R&
: @

~
ci" 8l_Tr.q R(o*cm:t~{w(Roorvy{noJqpr*Rq"oRy"w(y{n|r~{(tRwbp}Yvoo~

W *  q *w q rt]o rPBo(t|m+
33.5

124.4

: @ N

R1

~
ciC Bl
Tr]q

vx}r.o]X

Wr

T0.

G(o,*wbGw(yxoo(oq"oRyAq"o~{n

d [ZOERXBK)ITXITFYP[VY[AIT["ITFY[EZHSERHZKWVYQWXBESHZZx[BHSuITOZOERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBEQBZZ
ITX8pZXP_ZSEGHZQBZHZ[ZHRERVYH:IT[5FYF>ZK_aRVYXBVYZ+ZFYZZXPYEGZ[JIT8V>FYVYxITXILFYp[VY[FYZKEQBZ
HZ[BFY["[Q8ETXVYXVYRBHZ 0# 9 3a 2AEGQO]IL[Z["+ZHZITFY[E[ERFYRZKWB[VYXBIOEGXPRZXPVYEGXITFcFYVYVY:ZPBV
FYV>8HVYBILBBHEPITOQQBVYOQPI.RZ  O #, (,7 VYQISHZZ[BHxSuILOZITXBK m O Q J Q VYQBERB
ISHZZ[8HxSuILOZRaQBZNFYVYVY+ZPBVYFYV>8HVYBITX8KWXBVYZZFYZZXPSxITOERH["ELSA[JI SZxRILF>8Z["AZHZVYX
OFYER[ZILRHZZZXpVYXEGQWO]IT[Z[]a
ZPITHK8V>X8Q8ZOHVYVYO]ILF:ZOJQITXBVY[[ETS:SxITVYFYBHZR\cVYRBHZ[ )# ( ITX8K Q 7 [QBET QBZKBZSEGHZK
Z[QOEGHHZ[ERXBK8V>X8)E)Q8Z8XBOERXPGZHGZKXBVYZZFYZZXPN[ERFYBVYEGX2IT[OERITHZKVYQQBZ
[FYVYOVYHOFYZQILNPI.RZWQ8ZFYET+Z[SuILOEGH[ELS[I.SZxS{HER QBZFYVYVY"ZPBVYFYVYBHVYBIT8BHEPITOQ_a
d[ZpZOZK_\QBZFYETAZ[ SuITOERHELS[I.SZxEPOOBH[NEGX|QBZ[ZZZH]\@KBETXB[HZ]IL[V>K8ZETSQBZ
ZILXBPZXP_VYXEGQO]IL[Z[.a :[Q8ERBFYKITFY[EZXBEGZKQILERQQBZ+XBVYZZF>ZZXP:ITXBKFYVYVY
ZPBVYFYV>8HVYBHZ[8F>[NVYXBK8V>O.ITZIEpZSuITVYFYBHZSEGHQ8ZO]IL[ZVYQ|XBESHZZ u[BHxSuILOZ)VYRBHZ #0( \
ITXBKIK8ZZZHZOQITXBVY[ ZpZXBKBVYXBVYXPEQBZSERBX8KITV>EGX)FI.RZHSERHQ8ZO.IT[ZWVYQIWS{HZZ
#)(

33.5

0.6

1.1

2.1

E max / H

1.6

2.6

No free surface
With a free surface

3.1

FOS=1.90

R<
1

1.2

~
ci 8ljTr]q

limit
equilibrium
solutions
FOS=2.42

G(o, rT~3:w(q"op~{w(tRYoJ~x~ Tw(~{G(r]oq"oRy

1.4

1.6

1.8

SRF

2.2

2.4

2.6

(a)

5.4m
R=62.7m
62.4m

(b)

~
ci R>8lX_Tr.q R (ow(y{nPt}Yvoo~ vx}r]o)_rT+o}tvq"oWqo~{nWJtvxvo~{BtPTwbpyxtNy{nPo ptG

]ov.o~xt y{w(tRz GR w(yxoo(oqoRyx~Y y{npo+vxw(y{w(r~{bwbwbv(oRz bw(q w(y:o wbbwbRvxw qBt]y{nqoy{nPtTR~
w(.o  L

Q 7

(a)

11.5m
R=47.8m
43.9m
(b)

~
ci VZK8l Tr]q G(o::w(y{n"r:}Yvoo_~ vx}r.)o Tr f

Ao}tvqo qo~{n"Jtvxvo~{BtPTwbp yxtAy{nPo ptR.ov]o
~xt y{w(tRzRRw(yxoo(oq"oRyx~Y@y{npo"vxw(y{w(Jr:~{bwbwbv(oRzbw(q w(yo wbbwbGvxw q_t.y{nqoy{nPtTR~w(]o
 ] R

[BHSuITOZ|VYR8HZ Q 7 aV>GBHZ Q # [Q8ET[QBZOERHHZ[EGXBKBVYXBKBVY[BFILOZZXp"GZOEGH[SHEGQBZ

XBVYZ ZFYZZXp@[ERFYBVYERXB[.adZ]IT[ERXILBFYNGEpEPKWITRHZZZXP:ZxAZZXQBZ FYEpO.ITVYEGXB[:ETSQBZSuITVYFYBHZ
ZOQILXBVY[[:VYXBKBVYO]ITZKWPEGQWxPZ[ ETSAITXITFYP[VY[AVY[+VYXBKBVYO]ITZK_a

|B BF]:|D 
y!2  2!  #P



K 2ILV>FYZFYEPERRZKSERHILHKEQBZSB8HZELS_OERBBZHAITVYKBZK
XQBZV>H #0(,+*: ITZH Z QBVYILXNITX8
ITXILFYp[VY[SERHZXBRVYXBZZH[ITX8K<[ZWOHVYZHVIPQ8V>OQ<VYOERBFYK<ZN8KBRZKaAQ8ZVYHOEGZXp[
AZHZERHVYRVYXITFYFYITK8KBHZ[[ZK)EQBZITBERWITVYEGXETS+F>VYV>+ZPBFYVYBHVYBZQBEPKB[ BB"QBZ|ITFY[E
OERZXPZKERXWQ8ZQBZXZZHRVYXBXp8ZHV>O.ITFcITXILF>P[V>[+ZOJQ8XBVYp8Z[]a
QBZA8KBRZKQIL_Q8ZA[p[ZB[cZ+[3 <OVYZXPF>ILOOBHITZ+S{ERH_OERXPK8ZXBOZVYX"VY[B[ZITX8K
ITB8HER8HVITZS{ERHQ8ZITHJILZZH[ ZV>X8V>X8BB]aBVYXBVYZ"ZFYZZXPILXITFYP[VY[ZZ[QBZ[ZOHVYZHVI
VYQIK8ZRHZZETSAILOOBHITOWKBZOV>K8ZKPQBZZXBRVYXBZZHVYXK8Z[VYRX8V>X8NQBZEPKBZFua
A[QBERBFYKZ EG[[VYBFYZR\PVYXIHZ]ILFYV>[VYOVYZ[O]ITFYZR\TENK8E[3 <OV>ZXpHVITFY[:ENZILVYXBZITFYFQBZ
RZEPKBZ[ETScZQI.PVYERBH E"OERXB[VYKBZH:KBVcZHZXp+VYZ[_VYXQBZ+FYV(S{ZAELSQBZA[HBO8HZITXBKE"RILH
ITHITZZH[KBBHV>X8KBZ[VYRXWEZ["ER8VYERXB[+S{ERHOEG[ILXBKWZ <OVYZXBOpadFYFcQBVY[VY[XBETEG[[VYBFYZ
VYQ ZQ8EpK8[]a
_VYXILFYF>QBZZQBEPKELS:Qp8ITXuWI.OJQ8V>X8ZOEGBXBVO]ITVYERXB[ZZB[ZHx{SHV>ZXBKBFY|ITX8K
HZ]ILKBVYFYILOOZ[[VYBFYZRaBQ8V>[+VY[AITHFYI"ILZHAELS_BHEGRHJIL KBZ[VYGXBBZ.IT[VYFYITOQBVYZRZK_aB^"HJILBQP
VYO]ITFERBBB:GHZ]ILFYZXBQILXBOZ[QBZBHEPOZ[[ELS_KBZ[V>GXITXBKWITXILFYp[VY[ETGZHITXBKILETGZQILSHEG
QBZ"XPBZHVYO]ILFcHZ[BFY[]a
MPVYVYFITHFYP\D+QBETK8Qp8H< )# (*98# VYXQ8V>[KBVY[OB[[V>EGXETSMBILHI 0# (,:*( OERZXPZK)ERXQBZ
ZHOZVYGZK<HZF>8OJILXBOZE|KBZRZFYERITFYZHXILVYRZ[EFYVYVY"ZPBVYF>VYBHVYBZQBEPKB["SEGHNBHITOVYOZ
QBZXQBZEpEGFY[EK8E[E+ZHZITFYHZ]ITKBI.RITVYFITBFYZRacMPVYXBOZQBZXXp8ZHERB[NILBBFYVYO]ITVYERXB[ITX8K
ZPZHVYZXBOZQI.GZGZHVZKQBZER[[VYBVYFYV>VYZ[AELZHZKPXBVYZ"ZFYZZXP[]a
QBZNGZWVY[[8Z[ETS+OER[ILXBKBHXILHEGBXBKVYZ QI.RZZZX|ETGZHITGZX|PWQ8ZSuILFYF>VYXBOEG[
ETSETAZHxSBF+QILHKBITHZITX8K)BHEPOZ[[EGH[ZZKB[QBVYOQX8ET WITGZQBZW ZQBEPKI.RITVYFIT8F>Z
Q

(a)
FOS=2.4

(b)
FOS=1.9

~
ci jG
l _Tr.q R(o,@w(~{R(r.oqoRy]oyxtv~tvxvo~{tpLwbpyxty{nPo PJtR.ov.o)~xt y{w(t)Rz
RGw(yxoo(oqoRyx~crTpt }Yvoo~ vx}r.Jo.Y5w(y{nr }Yvoo~ vx}r]o.

EWZXBGVYXBZZH[ILFYZ[[QITX)QBZOEG[ELSQBZVYHND+d% [P[Z[.a Z QIT"HZWITVYXB[ V>[QBZOEGXBOZHX

ETSETAZHxSBFEPERFY[N8[ZKHERX8RFYpaQILNVY[XBEEGHZHBZWETSXBVYZZF>ZZXP[I.S{ZHGZ]ITH[NELS
ITB8F>VYO]ILVYERXQITX)ETSFYVYVYZPBVYFYV>8HVYBZQ8EpK8[QBVYOQ)O]ITX)QBZ[ZFYRZ[BHEPKBBOZ[ZHVYERB[FY
VY[FYZ]ILKBVYXBWHZ[BFY[.a XBRVYXBZZHVYXB8KBRZZXPVY[N[VYFYFAZ[[ZXpVITFQBVYOQBZGZHZQBEPKVY[ZVYXB
B[ZK_a

|@X \W D"

QBZX8V>ZZFYZZXPcZQBEPK V>X"OEGX]BX8OVYERX"VYQILXZFIL[V>O uZHxS{ZOFY8FIL[V>O{UWERQBHD+EGBFYER
[HZ[[[HITVYXEpK8ZFcQIT[ZZXW[QBETXWEZIHZFYVITBFYZILXBKHERB8[ZQ8EpKSERHIT[[Z[[VYXBQBZ
SuITOERH ETSI.S{ZxWETS:[FYERZ[.a XBZETS:QBZITVYXWITKBRILXpITGZ[ETS:Q8Z"XBVYZZFYZZXPILBBHEPITOQ_\8V>[
QILQBZSuITOERHELS[JI SZxZZHRZ[XIT8HJITFYFYSHERQBZITXITFYP[VY[AVYQBERBQBZB[ZHQI.pVYXBE
OERVY:EILXpITHVYOBFITH+SEGH$ELS:QBZ"ZOJQITXBVY[ Q  T xa
QBZ+XBVYZZF>ZZXP:ITB8HEpILOQSEGH:KBZZHVYXBVYXBQBZ+SuITOERH@ETS[I.SZxETSc[FYEGZ[@QIT[:[ITV>[ZK
QBZWOHVYZHVIS{ERHZZOVYRZOERBBZHILV>K8ZK<ITXILF>P[V>[.a_Q8ZVYKBZ[BHZ]ITKB[ZETS"QBVY[ZQBEPK
[QBEGBFYK<XBETZ[ZHVYERB[FY2OERXB[V>K8ZHZK PRZERZOJQ8XBVYO]ITF"BHITOV>VYERXBZH[IT[I EGHZWET+ZHSBF
ITFYZHXILVYRZ"EHITKBVYV>EGXITFcFYVYVYZPBVYFYVYBHVYB ZQBEPKB[.a

!  $ _\r D" :


QBZ"HVYZHVY[QBZ[EITOPXBETFYZKBGZ"QBZ"[8BEGH ETS"MB^HJITXP EaBDUM
Q,Q

(*9 ,: :B#)9*(

W N0 _
X 
_ 6@ Rvr.q"~xtTm 6oo.]PT.nprvq"rR.rP WtzTo.Z pR Y~T?R TTY.P6k
.tnGwb(ozrpTtp~c] T
Tw(~{nptmnPo ~xot}y{nPoA~{bwbwbv(o+wby{npo+~xyxrGwbbw(yzrPr(zT~{w(~+t}~{(tBoJ~" TPPYT Tx$ )
L 0L
:w(~{nPt<rpi tv.op~xyxovx$TyxrRwbbw(y{zJtTo w(oRyx~}tvorvy{n~{(tBo~ TPpYT
(P c.

3 npt@Tn vz.@w(~x ~x~{w(tt~xyxrRwbbw(y{zrpr(zT~{w(~t}_oJqpr*Rq"oRyx~rP~{(tBo~QW T0 Rk
 B ]GT.]G cJ.G]
+ 3 t ~{wbp~LyxrGwbbw(yzxnPrvyx~+}tvA~{w(q R(oorvy{n~{(tBo~o
Tw Rk ]  . s.$ Td* ]G
JTG
G W prLyxr]yxot}py{npo: vyd8 w(qw(yo wbbwbRvxw qrPGRw(yxoo(oqoRyrPr(zT~{w(~t}p~{(to~ T

"r"p  N BR()tT.$. .(t]B)* oJ~ .wbRc~xy{.w54]GP ~x~ vo(rzT~rp~xtwb(~P

G W
 PZJr|

T B TRZ md
 R L /.$ ) TJ.]G
G W
PJr|rpP" tPRNLm At.q yxovGvt]vr.q }tv"~{(tBo~xyxrRwbbw(y{zrpr(zT~{w(~w(y{n
wbv (rv~{bwbW~ vx}r]o~_mcoxnGRw(rcvoBtvy?@ wbvwbRw(rmcoJnB. L
+oprvyxq"oRy@t}3 w(.wb pwbpoovx
wbpG
,pob(oRw ~@3 r( (r.y{w(tWt}cy{npo~xyxrRwbbw(y{zt}orvy{nGr]q"~:Y`~ T Y""5 e+ (PR Z TR d: T

R]t q"o Z#bPp+t]ovxpq"oRy vxwbRy{wbp o]].R

@T vxw] @y{nPR~] _ YoPYkx P>R T 0T:P~@T Z 6 dA eN m ? T0>RkT Z p d n3y{nPo~{w(~j+oPrvyxq"oRy
t} pwbpoovxwbpG@# Rw(.ov~{w(y{zt}rPxnpo~xyxovc]

c@vxw y{np~`3 t.q yxr.y{w(t)t}:BoJrvxwbprPr]w(y{z }r.yxtv~ ~{wbpGRw(yxoo(oq"oRyx~) TPpYT
L $J )K Lc] T

_@vxw y{np~P 3 t]q yxr.y{w(t)t}+Jtb(rp~xo(t.r]G~"wb|.oJt.q"oxnprRw(~"RzGRw(yxoo(oq"oRyx~ R 
,  )* c.]G

T@vxw y{np.~ Prwb vo+vxw(yxovxw(tNwbRyxovxGvoJyxr.y{w(tNPr]~xottnGvx3 t (t.q}Yvxw(y{w(t@ T Rk
 B.R+m:T$ ..6T ].GcJ.

T@vxw y{np~rP G + w(G]ovcGnprpo.w(~ rbw(r]y{wYtt}B}rwb voq"oJnprRw(~xq"~wb"RGw(yxoo(oJq"oRyx~
R8 R R KGs]$ d* ]GcJ. T
c@vxw y{np~Xt(o,]r.q_rp| WcTq w(y{n35t]q yxovw(q G(oJq"oRyxr.y{w(tt}ArRt G(onprvT
oGwbpWq"tTRo}tv"~xrPB  ovq"oovrp{ G  .ov_oTw(yxtv~ 6 R8k k~ T
J. L QTYTwT?T e TP ~ T0 m pr.]o~TK )0L r oq"rG
:t]yxyxovGr]q
W R:w(HR~:rP{)t nRvrvt
wbGw(yxoo(oq"oRy@rPr(zT~{w(~+t}cy{npo+
o(ov# pGovr.yxov:Bovq}rwb vo~
 TPpYT Rs.$(]P J T].R
W :w(HR~"rP tPRTyxr.y{w("bw( o}r]y{w(t t}(tTt]~xo~{(to~Y| LtBtTRrGcoTw(yxtv~ 

.pr.]o~]Gp ].G r oq"rG
:t]yxyxovGr]qc].R

. r(T P .T(tdo ;~xyx rG wbbw(yz(JPt.6q k yxr]Ry{w( tp~$Y T ZT Z{B TRZR R R % mcoJnRGw(Jr
#:Gw(]ov~{w(y{zt} +tvrz.RmvtpLnpow(q Atvrz.B].R
5+
w(G]ov T : 56T YTe~ PY" 6 p5T ? TdT ZN T m ;J YTZ kJ YY n3
y{npo~{w(~
AoPrvyxq"oRyAt}cPwbPoovxwbPR:# Gw(]ov~{w(y{zt}rpnpo~xyxovcJ.
m 6 r]qorp .wb(rR_m5npotvLwbprvzq"oy{nptT t}B~{bw(o~cvo.w(~{w(yxoB" TPP>e 6 TG $
G. L
m R r.qBo:rpm ]nRw(yxq"r T ; ZT P>) . tnRwb(ozrPTtp~?3 nGw(xnPoJ~xyxov:+ o tv#B
J.]G
 rPorpa @vxw y{nP~wbGw(yxoo(oJq"oRy~{(tBo~xyxrRwbbw(y{z` nRzrvo"opwbpoov~"~xy{wbbLvrwbp
wbv(o~ Y rpGorp w(oJy{v ~xJrBAoTw(yxtv~Q~  ( P k~; T
R .pr.]o~.K ]G r oq"rG
:t]yxyxovGr]qc]TT
Q 1

 rPorpa c@vxw y{np~NA~xo~x~xq"oRyt}:~xyxrRwbbw(y{zt}:~{(tBo~ pGov"Tvr@RtWtPTw(y{w(tp~

] BGs]$ j
+:tvoTy:rp G  Z vo]Rt.k~x y+z.pr.qw( ~xy{vr]wb (tT r bw(~xr]]y{w(.t WwbN w( ~xr.y vr.yxoBtvt ~:q"oTw(rG@ R
 8]T $ TJ.G]
GR to:; r p _k rvrpr. y{n LyxrGwbbw(yzt}orvy{nGr]q"~ BtNTvr:Rt5` 68eA(PkJ T; Q

T ? Z T? xTGZ R" R .pr..oJ~ )K))T
o.w(tRc.

mj r.Tyxd ~ d cw+Tr P
+e 3+Lr/
wbRw(yxoo(oq"oRy"~{(tBoN~xyxrRwbbw(y{z|rpr(zT~{w(~Rz~{nporv~xy{voP]y{nvoJ y{w(t
yxoJnRGw( o. T TGZ Lx $L cJ. L
 t(o* .r]q 
c(r.~xyxtR(r.~xy{w("Rt R(o+nPrvGoRwbpqtTGo tpt.y_mcoxnGRw(rBvotvy* +ob}y:+ot.yxoJnR
Rw(~cJ.G]
 tv]oP~xyxovxTyxrRwbbw(y{z)xnPrvyx~}tvNorvy{n ~{(tBo~N vxwbpvrRw(Lvr:Gt TPpYT
J, ( T PJG]c.]G
tv.op~xyxovx rP
: vxw(o.mnPorPr(zT~{w(~)t}Ny{nPo|~xyxrRwbbw(y{zt}]opovrN~{bwb ~ vx}r]o~
 TPpYT R Tx$ 6 T.RJ. T
5 G? +rz.(tvTy{vo~x~xo~+wbporvx(zwbpt.qGvo~x~{wbR>oq"r]yxovxw(r(~RzRGw(yxoo(oq"oRyx~w(y{nrRGbw(Jr.y{w(t|yxt
y{npor( (r]y{w(t|t}oTo~x~:Btvo+Rvo~x~ vo. p : P6 kR G* ] 6 T
5 G
+rz.(tvrP rpGo. _YpY 6 Pm YP
TTPPY R TYp YR wbpovxw(R.o vo~x~
TrP~xorR# "p.R.
W rw(o] _YPY P TZ JT Ae ]JZ kJY JT dn y{npo~{w(~ #@Rw(.ov~{w(yzt} rPxnpo~xyxov
# "(B]TL
ovz.prG pGr]q"oRyxrGvtG(oJq"~wb.w(~xtR(r.~xy{w(w>y{z] R6TPd Y R Y Z TpYd R,
.T].R
W t.yxyx~B m3 At Gw(r]~rP ? r nPr wbRw(yxo"o(oq"oRy+rpr(zT~{w(~t}cRvt.vo~x~{w(.o"}rwb vot}
3rv~{wbP]yxtoqpr* Rq"oRy
x$  p Lc]
PRTrvq"rRTyxrRwbbw(y{zrPr(zT~{w(~+t}oqTp0r* PRPq"YoRRyx~.r P~{(to~  T  R k ] R K( T. p 0
JTG
x WRTq w(y{nNrp R@vxw y{nP~  RQ Y" "P _YPY 6 p (P6  .tnRNwb(ozNrpTtp~
3nRw(npo~xyxov Ao' _t#v BPvoTw(y{w(t_.]G
x WNTq w(y{n$rP
w AtRP~ wbGw(yxo<o(oqoRyrPr(zT~{w(~t}oRy{vxwb} ]o$rp wb(y{ ~{(tBo~
 TPpYT $ R *0R
B.Gw(y{RnPr|rp  3npo c(r.~xy{w(R(r.~xy{w((rv.o"Ro}tvq"r.y{w(trpr(zT~{w(~t}~xtwb~{(to~ R ~G
R , Td*].LcJTG
: oPJovQ
q"oy{nptTt}rPr(zT~{w(~"t}y{npo"~xyxrRwbbw(y{zt}oqPr, Rq"oRyx~ r]~x~ q wbpprvrb(owbRyxov~{bw(o
}tvo~ TPP>T T Lx$ (. *Gc]TT
Pmcrz.(tvTyxrRwbbw(y{zt}_orvy{n~{(to~Q
:k J0T 6 m 6 " * JT) K Gc]TT
]mctvxvo~crP"m3t4q"r8w( o}r.Jy{w(trPr(zT~{w(~}tv38]wbb(ti3voo$Ar.q_mcoxnRGw(r
:oBtvy
8.R # T # * AoPrvyxq"oRyAt}_y{npoRyxovxw(tvP vor t} :o(r.qr.y{w(t_. L
cnGw(yxq"r)rP rwb(oz.{#+~xot}+Jt.q yxov~ }tv~{(to~xyxrRwbbw(y{zrPr(zT~{w(~i T
TGZ Q m #:d P]Jovyx r wbRRy{]w(oG~+ wb/ X $ | q") dtT R o.bGwbP_N]tT}_T~{ (tBo ~xyxrGwbbw(yz.
RtpG~
B* b].) LR.J.
 3+ Gw(o, Tw(oJ5w(JrP 3+ 3tvq"or @w(~xtG(r]~xy{w(w(y{zTR(r.~xy{w(w(yRz~rPG| v oGo| wb)o(r]~xy{w(~xtbw(G~: r
RwbPorRRvt.r.xn

R, T Tc
 3+ Gw(o* Tw(ow(. W P rPRc; rp V W( Pr.6 ~xkyxtv` R tTrbw(r.y{w(tRvtR (oq"~ wb|G(r]~xy{w(w(y{z ~{wbPGRw(yxo
o(oq"oRyx~N5w(y{n r.Rrpy{w(.ovoq"o~{nRwbpG
P : Q Z  (P k R _Rs .$ ( .d P G
J. L
 3+R Gw(o* Tw(ow(. 3+R q Rnpo~xtPrP R oJ5w(~ A~x~xtTw(r.yxoNrp"PtGr.~x~xtTw(r.yxo.w(~xtG(r]~xy{wY
w(yzrPR(r.~xy{w(w(yzwb~xtwbq"oxnPrGw(~
0 0K TT T].RcT0 L
 3+6Gw(o*Tw(ow(+rP _mcrz.(tvQ P8 _>PYT P pYRP (P6 .t q"oA.X@vrP:wbbktpGt
Aoi t#v B y{noTw(y{w(t_.]G
Q J