Am Hoc Kien Truc

Giao trnh VT LY KIN TRUC
Nguyn nh Hun = 43 = HBKN

I II I - -- - CAC C TRNG C BAN CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG C BAN CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG C BAN CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG C BAN CUA M THANH
1/ SONG M :
Song m sinh ra khi co vt th dao ng trong mi trng an hi. m thanh la s lan
truyn cua song m trong khng gian. Mi trng trng trong o co song m lan truyn goi
la trng m.
V du: khi dy an dao ng cac phn t vt cht bn canh dao ng theo, do mi
trng an hi co cac phn t vt cht lin kt nhau dao ng cua cac phn t nay keo theo
dao ng cua cac phn t khac bn canh m thanh se lan xa dn. Khi cac dao ng truyn
n tai ngi, chung se tac ng ln c quan thnh giac va cho ta cam giac m thanh.
a/ a/ a/ a/ C CC Cac loai song m: ac loai song m: ac loai song m: ac loai song m:
Theo phng dao ng:
- Song doc: khi cac phn t dao ng doc theo phng truyn song (kh, long, rn).
- Song ngang: khi cac phn t dao ng vung goc vi phng truyn song (rn).
Theo c im cua ngun:
- Song cu: khi mt song la nhng mt cu (ngun im).
- Song tru : khi mt song la nhng mt tru (ngun ng).
- Song phng: khi mt song la nhng mt phng (ngun mt).
b/ b/ b/ b/ C CC Cac c tr ac c tr ac c tr ac c trng c ban cua song m ng c ban cua song m ng c ban cua song m ng c ban cua song m: : : :
Tn s m: la s dao ng trong 1 giy: f, Hec (Hz).
Bc song m: la khoang cach gn nht gia 2 dao ng cung pha: , (m).
Chu ky dao ng m: thi gian thc hin 1 dao ng: T, (s).
Bin dao ng m: khoang cach ln nht cua dao ng so vi v tr cn bng.
Vn truyn tc m: la vn tc lan truyn cua song m trong mi trng: c, (m/s). Vi
MTKK (1at, 20
o
C) c=340m/s. Vn tc m trong khng kh phu thuc vao nhit cua
khng kh: c = 331,5 + 0,61.t , (m/s). y: 331,5 la vn tc 0
o
C.
Mi quan h gia cac ai lng cua song m:
f
c
=
Cac mi trng khac nhau se co vn tc truyn m khac nhau. Trong chn khng, m
thanh khng th lan truyn.

2/ AP SUT M - CNG M - MT NNG LNG M :
a/ a/ a/ a/ Ap sut m (P): Ap sut m (P): Ap sut m (P): Ap sut m (P):
Khng gian co song m lan truyn goi la trng m. Khi lan truyn mi trng b
nen dan lin tuc xut hin ap sut d (phn thm vao ap sut kh quyn) goi la ap sut m.
Ap sut m c xac nh bng biu thc:
p = .c.v , [N/m
2
], [bar].
: khi lng ring cua mi trng [kg/m
3
].
c : vn tc song m, [m/s].
v : vn tc dao ng cua cac phn t trong mi trng, [m/s].
Ap sut m la mt ai lng bin thin theo thi gian . Tai mt thi im xac nh
cua mi trng , c trong 1 chu ky, ap sut m bin i t gia tr cc ai (p
max
) xung 0, ri
tng t 0 ln cc ai thng ly gia tr trung bnh cua ap sut cc ai:
max TB
p
2
2
p = va goi
la ap sut m co ch.

344
1480
1520
3200
5700
6400
3400
3350
6100
5050
1220
1558
Khng kh
Nc lanh
Nc m
Bng
Knh
Nhm
Xi mng
G
Thep
St non
Ch
C th ngi
Rnh 1: Vn tc m treng mt s mi trueng
b/ b/ b/ b/ Cng m ( Cng m ( Cng m ( Cng m (I): ): ): ):
Cng m la s nng lng m i qua 1 n v din tch vung goc vi phng
truyn m trong 1 giy.
c .
p
v . p I
2
= = , [J/m
2
s], [W/m
2
].
i vi song cu: ngun im phn b u trn moi hng trong khng gian, do o
cng m tai mt im cach ngun r [met] bng:

2
r 4
P
I
= , [W/m
2
]
P : cng sut cua ngun m, [W].
Trong thc t ngun m bc xa khng u theo moi hng trong khng gian, nn biu
th bng h s co hng F. Cng m cach ngun mt khoang r co gia tr:

2 r
r .
F . P
I
= , [W/m
2
]
: goc v tr cua ngun m trong khng gian:
= 4 : ngun m t trong khng gian.
= 2 : ngun m t trong mt phng.
= : ngun m t trong canh goc nh din.
= /2 : ngun m t trong canh goc tam din.
F : h s co hng :
2
tb
2
r
p
p
F=
p
r
: ap sut m khoang cach r tnh cho mt hng nht nh.
p
tb
: ap sut m trung bnh khoang cach r tnh cho moi hng.
c cc c/ / / / Mt nng lng m (E): Mt nng lng m (E): Mt nng lng m (E): Mt nng lng m (E):
Mt nng lng m la nng lng m cha trong 1 n v th tch cua mi trng:

2
2
c .
p
c
I
E
= = , [J/m
3
].

3/ MC AP SUT M - MC CNG M - MC MT NNG LNG M:
Trong thc t, pham vi m thanh tai ngi nghe c thay i trong mt khoang rt
ln nn ngi ta khng anh gia chung theo tr s tuyt i ma anh gia tng i theo thang
logarit, goi la mc m, co n v o la dexiben, [dB].
a/ a/ a/ a/ Mc ap sut m (L Mc ap sut m (L Mc ap sut m (L Mc ap sut m (L
P PP P
): ): ): ):
o
2
o
2
p
p
p
lg 20
p
p
lg . 10 L = = , [dB]
p
o
: ap sut ngng nghe qui c : p
o
= 2.10
-5
N/m
2
.

b/ b/ b/ b/ Mc cng m (L Mc cng m (L Mc cng m (L Mc cng m (L
I
): ): ): ):
o
I
I
I
lg . 10 L = , [dB].
I
o
: cng m ngng nghe qui c: I
o
= 10
-12
W/m
2
.
c/ c/ c/ c/ Mc mt nng lng m (L Mc mt nng lng m (L Mc mt nng lng m (L Mc mt nng lng m (L
E EE E
): ): ): ):
o
E
E
E
lg . 10 L = , [dB].
E
0
: mt nng lng m ngng nghe qui c : E
o
=3.10
-15
J/m
3
.

II II II II - -- - CAC C TRNG SINH LY CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG SINH LY CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG SINH LY CUA M THANH CAC C TRNG SINH LY CUA M THANH
1/ C IM THU NHN M THANH CUA TAI NGI :
Tai ngi la b may m hoc rt phc tap, tinh vi va hoan thin. No va anh gia to
cua m thanh
1
, va phn tch tn s
2
co cam giac v cao va m sc cua m thanh, va
xac nh phng hng va khoa ng cach ti ngun m. Gia nhng ting n hn n, tai co th
phn tach ra nhng m thanh co qui lut nghe hiu c ting noi.
Trong mt m phc tap bao gi cung co mt m c ban (m co cng manh nht),
cac hoa m va cac m khac. cao cua m thanh do tn s cua m c ban quyt nh. Tn s
cang ln cam giac m thanh cang cao. Hai m co cao bng nhau nhng ta co th phn bit
c s khac nhau la do s lng va cng cua cac hoa m khac nhau. Noi cach khac, s
lng va cng cua cac hoa m quyt nh m sc cua m thanh.
Tai ngi nghe c khoang m thanh : 16Hz 20.000Hz.
)
`
>
<
m Siu Hz 20000
m Ha Hz 16
tai ngi khng nghe c .

1
Nng lng gia m ln nht va nho nht tai ngi nghe c khac nhau khoang 10
12
ln.
2
Tai co th phn tch tn s khoang 1000 ln.
M
c

a
p

s
u
m
,

d
B

Tn s, Hz
10
2
10
3
10
4
20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Ngng nghe
Pham vi nghe ting noi
Pham vi nghe m nhac
Ngng au tai
Rnh 2: Pham vi m thanh tai nguei nghe duec
2/ MC TO - TO :
a/ a/ a/ a/ Mc to: Mc to: Mc to: Mc to:
Cam giac to nho khi nghe m thanh cua tai ngi va phu thuc vao mc m (dB) va
phu thuc tn s m (Hz). No c anh gia bng ai lng mc to va c xac nh theo
phng phap chu quan m cn o so vi m tiu chun.
Theo qui c quc t, m tiu chun la m hnh sin di dang song phng co tn s la
1000Hz.
n v mc to la Fon. i vi m tiu chun mc to co tr s bng tr s cua mc ap
sut m theo dB. V du, m tiu chun co mc ap sut m 50dB th co mc to la 50Fon.
Mc to cua m bt ky co tr s bng mc to cua m tiu chun (tnh bng Fon) nu
cam giac nghe to 2 m la nh nhau.
Da vao kt qua so sanh rt nhiu m n theo phng phap o, D.Robinson va
R.Dadson a lp c biu cac ng ng mc to. Mi ng cong trn biu la tp
hp nhng m co tn s va mc ap sut m khac nhau, nhng u nghe to nh nhau nn co
cung mt tr s mc to Fon.

b/ b/ b/ b/ to: to: to: to:
to dung anh gia m nay to hn m kia bao nhiu ln, n v o la Son , no t l
thun vi cam giac to cua m thanh. Gia to va mc to co quan h sau y:

( ) 40 F 1 , 0
2 S

=
Rnh 3: Biu d cac dueng dng muc te cua Pebinsen va adsen
S : to, [Son].
F : mc to, [Fon].
to 1 Son tng ng vi mc to 40 Fon. Khi mc to trn 40 Fon mi s thay i
mc to 9-10 Fon se tng ng vi s thay i to la 2 ln. Mi quan h nay c th hin
qua hnh ve sau:

Rnh 4: quan h giua d te va muc te

I II I - -- - H S HUT M H S HUT M H S HUT M H S HUT M - -- - VT LIU HUT M VT LIU HUT M VT LIU HUT M VT LIU HUT M
1/ H S HUT M :
Khi mt ngun m truyn n kt cu (E
t
) th:
- Mt phn xuyn qua kt cu : E
x

- Mt phn phan xa tr lai : E
f

- Mt phn b kt cu hp thu : E
h

Vi vt liu hut m th E
x
rt be, c coi nh
chung vi thanh phn b vt liu hut (E
h
).
Luc nay E
t
= E
f
+ E
h
.
Ta se co h s hut m cua vt liu:
t
f t
t
h
E
E E
E
E
= =
- Kt cu bnh thng coi nh khng ang k.
- Khng gian bao la (ca m) = 100%.
H s phu thuc vao goc ti cua E
t
:
- Khi = 0
o
(E
t
b mt vt liu) = max.
- Khi = 90
o
(E
t
// b mt vt liu) = min.
H s con phu thuc vao tnh cht vt ly cua vt liu, cu truc cua vt liu lam
kt cu. Hay con goi la phu thuc vao tr m cua vt liu.
2/ VT LIU HUT M :
Nh hnh ve trn miu ta, y thanh phn E
f
va E
x
con c cng thm mt phn
nng lng do kt cu dao ng bc xa ra. Vn vt liu hut m la ta nghin cu E
h
cua
no. Thanh phn nay xay ra chu yu do:
Ma sat trn b mt cac thanh l cua vt liu: do ma sat cua cac phn t khng kh
vi thanh mt phn nng lng m bin thanh nhit.
E
t

E
f

E
h

E
x

Rnh 1: truyn m qua kt cu
S dn nhit cua vt liu: song m nen khng kh trong cac l rng b nong ln
theo chu ky nhit thoat ra cac l rng ap sut khng kh ha thp dn keo
theo s mt mat nng lng m.
S bin dang khac nhau gia cac b phn cua chung: v vt liu co cu truc khac
nhau khi nen, cac thanh mong b nung nong nhiu hn do bin dang ln hn
san bng nhit khng kh ha thp ap sut mt mat nng lng m.
Bin dang d cua vt liu: khi ap sut giam vt liu bin dang d co qua trnh
mt mat nng lng phai bu bng nng lng m.
Theo c tnh c ly cua vt liu, va theo s mt mat nng lng m ngi ta chia vt
liu va kt cu hut m thanh cac dang sau y:
Vt liu hut m xp:
- Loai co thanh l cng khng an hi: b tng bot, gach xp, sa mt,..
- Loai co thanh l an hi: bng khoang, bng thuy tinh, si g ep,...
Kt cu dao ng hut m: do bin dang khi chung b dao ng di tac dung cua
song m. y ni ma sat cua vt liu co anh hng to ln n s mt mat nng
lng m.
Kt cu co tm uc l pha sau t vt liu hut m xp: la kt cu hut m phi hp
hai c ch hut m trn. V vy pham vi tn s hut m c m rng hn va co th ap
dung rng rai trong m hoc cac phong cung nh trong chng ting n cng nghip.
Kt cu hut m cng hng: hut m chu yu do ma sat gia khng kh va thanh kt
cu, nhng lam vic theo nguyn tc cng hng va tnh nng hut m c tnh toan
trc.

II II II II - -- - CAC KT CU HUT M CAC KT CU HUT M CAC KT CU HUT M CAC KT CU HUT M
1/ VT LIU HUT M XP :
o la vt liu co nhiu l rng thng nhau va thng ra ngoai, nh san phm dt (vai,
tham len, tham ay, tham coi,...); bng thuy tinh; bng khoang; xp tng hp (tm mut);... No
co kha nng hut m tn s cao.

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Tn s, Hz
0
0,5
1

Rnh 3: h s hut m thee tn s
T
m

b
a
o

v

VL xp
T
n
g

Rnh 2: vt liu x hut m
Khi song m ti b mt lam vic khng kh trong l rng dao ng, mt phn m
nng bin thanh c nng va mt phn bin thanh nhit nng.
Kha nng hut m cua vt liu xp phu thuc vao c im cua cac l rng. Nu cac
vt liu u xp th khi co day thch hp, no co th hut c 95% nng lng m ti cac
tn s cao.
Co th anh gia kha nng hut m cua vt liu bng ai lng tr thi r (sc can cua
khng kh khi thi qua vt liu). Tr thi r cang ln th kha nng hut m cua vt liu cang
nho.

v
p
r

= [N.s/m
3
].
p : hiu s ap sut 2 bn kt cu, [N/m
2
].
v : vn tc dong khng kh qua kt cu, [m/s].
Cac tm hut m xp co th ch tao thanh cac tm ep na
cng (t bng khoang, bng thuy tinh, si g, ba ma, rm
ra,...); b mt co th phu mt lp sn hoa vn trang tr. Khi s
dung co th t trc tip ln kt cu hoc tao mt khe h
khng kh pha sau no.
Vt liu co th ep thanh cac tm mm hoc na mm va
t cach tng hoc sat tng, co uc l hoc khng.
- Kha nng hut m cua tm uc l ln hn tm khng
uc l.
- Kha nng hut m (tn s thp) tm t cach tng ln hn tm t sat tng.
2/ TM DAO NG CNG HNG HUT M :
La tm mong bng g van, g dan, cht
deo, ximng aming,... ong ln h khung bng
g hoc kim loai.
Khi co song m co ap sut m tm
dao ng nh mt phn nng lng m bin
thanh c nng va mt phn bin thanh nhit
nng thng ni ma sat cua vt liu.
Mt khac, kt cu ging nh mt h
thng dao ng c hoc (tm mong la khi lng,
khng kh pha sau no la lo xo), co mt tn s
dao ng ring, va khi tn s m ti kt cu
trung vi no, se xay ra cng hng. Khi o kt
cu se dao ng rt manh, va kha nng hut m se
at cc ai tn s nay.
500
Rnh 4: tm e vt liu x hut m
700

1
0
0
0

Rnh 6: tm dae dng cng hueng hut m
Tn s cng hng f
o
tng ng vi h s hut m cc ai co th xac nh theo cng
thc:
md
600
f
o
=
m : khi lng tm mong, [kg/m
2
].
d : chiy day cua lp khng kh pha sau no, [cm].
Khi lng tm mong cang ln, lp khng kh cang rng va day, tn s cng hng
cang thp. Chnh v vy ma kt cu nay co tn la kt cu hut m tn s thp.
Kt cu cang nng cang cng, kha nng hut m cang yu; kt cu nhe va deo, kha
nng hut m tng ln ro rt.
nng cao h s hut m t thm lp bng khoang vao lp khng kh, hoc tao
lin kt an hi gia tm va khung.
Loai nay co u im la bn va v sinh hn vt liu xp, co th chu c cac va cham
c hoc va co th tao c hnh dang b mt bt ky lam phong phu ni tht va tng tnh
khuch ta n cua trng m trong mi trng.
3/ VT LIU XP T SAU TM UC L :
Kt cu gm mt lp vt liu xp, ngoai
che bng mt tm mong co uc l (hoc xe ranh).
Mt trong tm uc l thng c dan thm mt
lp vt liu ma sat (vai thuy tinh, vai man,...)
lam tng s mt mat nng lng m. Gia tm
mong va vt liu xp co mt lp khng kh. Lp
nay co tac dung lam phn b u nng lng m
trn b mt vt liu.
Tm uc l thng lam bng g dan, kim loai, cht deo, xi mng aming, thach cao,...
ng knh uc: d = 3 10 mm.
H s uc l : % 20 15
S
S
K
l
= =
- K ln tm coi nh lp bao v, kt cu lam vic nh ch ring vt liu xp.
- K nho lam vic tng hp, kha nng hut m tn s cao giam, con tn s thp th
tng ln.
Do o, khi thay i cac thng s cua tm uc l co th thay i c c tnh tn s
hut m cua kt cu. Theo kinh nghim, tm uc l khng day qua 6 8mm vi h s uc l
trn 20% khng lam thay i tnh cht hut m cua vt liu xp hut m pha sau.
4/ L CNG HNG HU T M :
Cu tao nh hnh ve, con goi la ng Helmhol. Khi kch thc cua ng nho so vi bc
song m ti th ng cng hng co th khao sat nh mt h dao ng co mt bc t do, trong
Khe khng kh Tm uc l
VL xp
Lp ma sat
Rnh 6: vt liu x dt sau tm duc l
o khi lng la khng kh phn c va phn canh ming ng (cung dao ng), con phn an
hi la khng kh trong ng.
Ca c cng hng kiu nay hay c s dung
trong cac nha th c tng cng m vang. Chung co
kch thc khac nhau va thng c b tr trn tng
va vom nha.
Nu trong phn c ng co t thm vt liu xp
(v du dan vai lp vai man) th se hut m manh hn do
ma sat tng ln.
Kt cu ch hut m manh trong mt pham vi tn
s hep quanh tn s cng hng, xac nh theo cng
thc:

V . l
S
.
2
c
f
k
o
=
c : vn tc m trong khng kh , [cm/s].
S : din tch tit din c ng, [cm
2
].
V : th tch khng kh trong phn rng cua c ng, [cm
3
].
l
k
: chiu dai hiu qua c ng: l
k
= l + 1,57.r.
l : chiu dai c, [cm].
r : ban knh tit din c, [cm]: r = d/2.
Lng hut m tng ng c ng cng hng co th xac nh gn ung theo cng
thc:

2
o
2
o
o
f
c
28 , 6
1
2
A
|
|
\
|
=
=
5/ KT CU HUT M N :
o la cac kt cu hut m khi co dang hnh non, hnh hp, hnh cu,... chng ting
n trong cac nha may. Chung c treo ngay pha trn cac thit b may moc phat sinh ra ting
n.

Cu tao gm cac mt uc l (bng g dan, tn, st ty, ng thau,...) pha trong t
mt lp vt liu xp day 10 25 mm.
V
l
d
Rnh ?: l cng hueng hut m
Rnh 8: kt cu hut m den
Nu kch thc cua chung nho hn hoc xp x vi bc song m th kha nng hut m
se tng ln nh hin tng nhiu xa. V vy kt cu nay c mang tn la kt cu hut m
nhiu xa.
Kha nng hut m cua cac kt cu hut m khi c anh gia bng lng hut m tng
ng. Ngi, g va cac thit b trong phong cung co th coi la cac vt hut m khi va
anh gia bng lng hut m tng ng (xem phu luc).


I II I - -- - YU CU CHT LNG M HO YU CU CHT LNG M HO YU CU CHT LNG M HO YU CU CHT LNG M HOC PHONG KHAN GIA C PHONG KHAN GIA C PHONG KHAN GIA C PHONG KHAN GIA
1/ ANH GIA CHT LNG M HOC THEO CHU QUAN NGI NGHE :
Phong khan gia la nhng phong co th tch ln c dung lam hi trng, giang
ng, nha hat, ... o la mt khng gian khep kn bi cac kt cu xy dng.
Co cac loai phong sau:
- Phong co m vang t nhin la nhng phong nghe m thanh trc tip t ngun m.
- Phong ch nghe m thanh qua h thng in thanh (rap chiu bong).
- Phong va nghe m thanh t nhin, va nghe qua h thng in thanh (cac phong
co sc cha ln, phong van nng,...)
Xet theo quan im m thanh, co th chia ra:
- Phong dung cho ting noi (giang ng, hi trng, nha hat kch,...)
- Phong dung cho m nhac (nhac dn tc, nhac giao hng,...)
i vi phong nghe ting noi, cht lng m chu yu anh gia qua ro cua m thanh
nghe c. ro cua ting noi khng nhng phu thuc vao c im m thanh cua phong, ma
con phu thuc vao c im ting noi, s chu y cua ngi nghe i vi ni dung cua bai noi,...
loai tr cac nhn t trn, ngi ta anh gia ro bng ty l % cua s m tit nghe c so
vi m phat ra; m phat ra la nhng m hoan toan v ngha, khng lin quan g ti nhau,
ngi nghe ngi cac v tr khac nhau va ghi lai. Kt qua:
- Nu > 85%: rt tt.
- T 75-85%: tt.
- T 65-75%: at yu cu.
- Nu < 65%: khng at.
i vi phong nghe m nhac, cht lng m thanh chu yu c a nh gia bng nghe
"hay". iu nay kho nh lng v no phu thuc vao tm trang, kha nng thng thc, ni
dung ban nhac, trnh biu din,... Thng anh gia so sanh ngi ta ch dung mt dan
nhac, biu din mt tac phm va cho biu din nhiu phong khac nhau trc cung mt s
ngi nghe la nhng ngi hiu bit v m nhac anh gia.
2/ ANH GIA CHT LNG M HOC THEO KHACH QUAN :
Phng phap anh gia chu quan ch cho phep kt lu n v cht lng m thanh cac
phong nghe ting noi va m nhac. Nhng thc t tao ra phong co cht lng m thanh
cao th phai tm ra cac tiu chun vt ly (tiu chun khach quan) co lin h vi cac thng s
cua phong (nh hnh dang, th tch phong, c im hut m cua cac b mt trong phong,...)
anh gia cht lng m thanh cua cac phong khan gia va dung chung thit k m thanh cho
phong. y la bai toan phc tap v no khng ch lin quan n cac vn vt ly - m hoc, ma
con lin quan n iu kin cam thu m thanh cua con ngi. thc hin iu o ngi ta
dung 3 ly thuyt sau y nghin cu:
Ly thuyt song: Coi th tch khng kh trong phong khi chu tac dung cua m thanh
nh mt h thng dao ng 3 chiu vi mt ph cac tn s ring rt phc tap. No cho
phep giai thch chnh xac ban cht vt ly cua qua trnh m thanh xay ra trong phong va
xet anh hng cua chung n cac tnh cht m thanh cua phong. Nhng v phai s
dung cng cu toan hoc phc tap va cng knh nn phng phap nay ch cho phep rut
ra nhng kt lun nh tnh.
Ly thuyt thng k: Cho phep ly tng hoa cac qua trnh vt ly xay ra trong phong
va hoan toan khng nhn nhn tnh cht song cua m thanh. Theo ly thuyt nay, nng
lng m mi im trong phong co th tnh bng tng nng lng cua cac phan xa
i n im o, khng xet n s lch pha gia cac song. Ly thuyt thng k s dung
toan hoc thng k (ly thuyt xac sut) nghin cu cac phan xa m i ti mi im
trong khng gian cua phong (khi coi chung la nhng hin tng ngu nhin), no cho
phep a ra nhng kt qua nh lng, co th ap dung d dang trong thc t, v th rt
hay c s dung.
Ly thuyt m hnh hoc: Trng m c xet di dang tng cng cua cac tia m,
dng theo cac qui lut quang hnh hoc. Phng phap nay c bit thch hp khao
sat phong khi do mt nguyn nhn nao o, cac phan xa m khng con la qua trnh
ngu nhin (v du nh s hi tu m t cac b mt phong) va do o, ap dung ly thuyt
thng k se cho kt qua thiu chnh xac.

II II II II - -- - THIT K PHONG THEO NGUYN LY M HNH HOC THIT K PHONG THEO NGUYN LY M HNH HOC THIT K PHONG THEO NGUYN LY M HNH HOC THIT K PHONG THEO NGUYN LY M HNH HOC
1/ NGUYN LY M HNH HOC & S HNH THANH TRNG M TRONG
PHONG :
a/ a/ a/ a/ Nguyn ly m hnh hoc: Nguyn ly m hnh hoc: Nguyn ly m hnh hoc: Nguyn ly m hnh hoc:
Ly thuyt m hnh hoc cung ging nh quang hnh hoc, cho phep nghin cu s truyn
m di dang cac vect tia m.
Khi m thanh i n gp mt b mt kt cu th mt phn nng lng m se phan xa
tr lai, cac phan xa nay co th la co hng hoc khuch tan va chung gi mt vai tro quan
trong trong vic hnh thanh cac iu kin m thanh cua phong.
Hin tng phan xa cua m xay ra khi kch thc b mt phan xa ln hn bc song
cua m ti (t nht la 1,5 ln) va co th nghin cu rt thun tin khi ap dung nguyn ly m
hnh hoc.
Nguyn ly: - Goc ti bng goc phan xa.
- Tia ti va tia phan xa nm trong mt mt phng vung goc vi mt
phng phan xa.

b/ Ap dung nguyn ly hnh ho b/ Ap dung nguyn ly hnh ho b/ Ap dung nguyn ly hnh ho b/ Ap dung nguyn ly hnh ho c thit k phong: c thit k phong: c thit k phong: c thit k phong:
Khi m thanh lan truyn trong phong, cang xa ngun m, nng lng cang giam i. S
mt nng lng mt phn do s lan toa trong mi trng, mt phn do cac b mt hp thu bt
m, phong cha y ngi cung chnh la mt b mt hut m. Kt qua ngi ngi cui phong
se khng u nng lng nghe na; khi o cn b sung m cho ngi ngi pha sau bng
cach cho m phan xa ln trn va tng bn truyn m ti.
Nguyn tc cua nguyn ly m hnh hoc la la chon cac b mt phan xa m sao cho no
co th a cac tia m phan xa cn thit ti vung khan gia cn nghe. V vy: kch thc, hnh
dang va nghing cua kt cu phan xa quyt nh n s phn b trng m trong phong.

Vi ngn tc nh trn, ta co th xac nh c kch thc va nghing cua cac tm
trn phong khan gia phn b trng m ng u trong phong nh hnh ve di.
Chon im P tuy y trn khng gian cua phong canh sn khu. Xac nh mt PQ
a m phan xa ti ch ngi trong pham vi AB. Sau o tip tuc xac nh mt QR,... Theo kinh
S
O
S
S'
O
S
Rnh 1: nguyn ly han xa m
S
Rnh 2: hn hi du m han xa dn khu vuc khan gia
nghim th cac mt phan xa phai co kch thc khng nho hn 2m va co trong lng khng
di vai kg/m
2
mi co th phan xa tt cac m tn s thp.

A
B
P
Q
R
S
Q'
P'
Rnh 3: cach thit k cac tm han xa trn heng khan gia
S
Rnh 4: Phn hi trueng m du bn tueng bn heng khan gia
S
Rnh 6: Phn hi trueng m du trn trn heng khan gia
2/ TRANH CAC HIN TNG XU TRONG TRNG M :
Trong thc t thng xay ra nhng hin tng lam giam cht lng m thanh trong
phong khan gia, mt trong nhng cng cu hu hiu xac nh nguyn nhn gy ra va a ra
bin phap khc phuc cac hin tng o la nguyn ly m hnh hoc.
a/ a/ a/ a/ Hin tng ting di: Hin tng ting di: Hin tng ting di: Hin tng ting di:
Khi m thanh phat ra, thnh gia nghe c ca m trc tip t ngun va ca m phan xa
qua cac kt cu. m trc tip va m phan xa n tai ngi co nhng khoang chnh lch v
thi gian nht nh. Nu cac khoang thi gian nay chnh lch nho hn mt khoang gii han
th ti ng noi c tng cng thm va ro tng ln, nu chung vt qua khoang gii han th
se tao thanh ting di (m b ngt quang, ngh), lam xu cht lng m nghe c.
Khoang thi gian gii han phu thuc vao dang cua m vang phat ra co th ly bng:
50ms (1/20s) i vi ting noi la; 100-200ms i vi m nhac.
Tng ng vi thi gian 50ms m thanh lan truyn c mt quang ng la 17m. T
o chung ta co th kim tra s tao thanh ting di trong cac phong khan gia. tranh ting
di, cn thoa man cac iu kin sau y:
SA + 17 SO + OA
Trong phong khan gia ln, ting di co th tao
thanh cac ch ngi gn sn khu do m phan xa t
trn, tng bn, tng sau phong khan gia hoc t lan
can ban cng.
tranh ting di co th ha thp trn (bng cach
dung cac mt phan xa treo trn sn khu), nng cao
dc san, tao khuch tan m thanh hoc dung vt liu hut m.
Mt hin tng c bit cua ting di la ting di lp lai (nhiu ln), co th tao thanh
trong cac phong co cac b mt cng song song vi nhau. Luc o m thanh phan xa nhiu ln
t cac b mt i din ri quay tr v im xut phat, tao ra hang loat ting lp lai sau nhng
khoang thi gian xac nh.
b/ b/ b/ b/ Hi tu m: Hi tu m: Hi tu m: Hi tu m:
La hin tng sau khi m thanh phan xa t cac b mt cong tp trung tai mt im
hoc mt vung trong phong. Trong cac
phong co cac mt bng hnh tron hoc
lip, ngoai vic tao thanh tiu im m,
con xut hin hin tng m i ven
phong. Nu tng c gia cng nhn
va cng m thanh co th truyn theo
sut chu vi vi cng kha ln.
Hin tng hi tu m va m i
ven phong pha v s ng u cua trng m, lam giam cht lng m thanh cua phong.
S
A
O
Rnh 6: kim tra hin tueng ting di
s
s
Rnh ?: hin tueng hi tu m va m di ven heng
khc phuc hin tng nay cn chon ban knh cong
cua cac b mt hp ly, sao cho vung hi tu khng ri vao vung
khan gia, hoc tao phan xa co hng khuch tan bng cach s
dung cac mt phn chia dang cong li.
c/ c/ c/ c/ Meo m sc: Meo m sc: Meo m sc: Meo m sc:
La hin tng ph m thanh n ngi nghe b thay i
nhiu so vi ph m thanh do ngun phat ra. Luc o m thanh
nghe c b sai lac, mt tnh chn thc, anh hng n cam
giac hay khi cam thu m thanh.
Nguyn nhn xay ra meo m sc co th do:
- S hut m khng u gia cac tn s cua vt liu trong phong, mt s tn s b hut
qua manh gy nn thiu hut nng lng m.
- S phan xa va khuch tan m khac nhau t cac b mt trong cua phong (do quan h
gia kch thc b mt va bc song m khac nhau). V du: mt cong lom kch
thc ln gy hi tu m cac t n s thp, trong khi cac mt li nho trn mt lom o
lai gy phan xa khuch tan m tn s cao. Do o tai nhiu ch trong trng m se
b tn tht m tn s thp.
Hin tng meo m sc cn c bit lu y khi thit k cac phong dung cho m nhac, no
co th c phap hin va x ly theo nguyn ly m hnh hoc.

III III III III - -- - THIT K PHONG THEO THI GIAN M VANG THIT K PHONG THEO THI GIAN M VANG THIT K PHONG THEO THI GIAN M VANG THIT K PHONG THEO THI GIAN M VANG
1/ THI GIAN M VANG :
Khi ngun m phat tn hiu trong phong, m thanh ti ngi nghe trc ht la m trc
tip t ngun, sau o la cac m phan xa t cac b mt trong phong, s lng cac phan xa cang
v sau cang tng ln, m ti cang day c.
Qua trnh thu nhn m thanh trong phong co th phn thanh 3 giai oan:

s
Rnh 8: khc huc hi tu m
va m di ven heng
E
t
b- Thc t
Rnh 9: qua trnh m vang treng heng
E
t
a- Ly thuyt

- Giai oan th nht: nng lng m tng ln dn do c b sung bng cac m phan xa ti
lin tip. n mt luc nao o se at ti gia tr cn bng, khi o nng lng m se khng tng
ln na.
- Giai oan hai: la giai oa n cn bng, n nh m thanh.
- Giai oan ba: Khi tt ngun m, nng lng m giam dn v cac phan xa se tt dn ln
lt (phan xa nao ti trc se tt trc), goi la giai oan tt dn.
Cac qua trnh tng va tt dn cua m thanh trong phong tun theo qui lut ham s mu
va co th biu din bng cng thc sau:
i vi qua trnh tng:
( )
(
=
t 1 ln
V 4
CS
o t
e 1 E E
i vi qua trnh giam:
( )t 1 ln
V 4
CS
o g
e . E E

=
E
t
: mt nng lng m trong qua trnh tng.
E
g
: mt nng lng m trong qua trnh giam.
E
o
: mt nng lng m trang thai n nh.
3

S : tng din tch cac b mt trong phong, [m
2
].
V : th tch cua phong, [m
3
].
: h s hut m trung bnh cua cac b mt trong pho ng.
t : thi gian, [s].
Qua trnh tng cua m thanh xay ra kha nhanh (trong vai phn mi giy), con qua
trnh tt dn xay ra chm hn va anh hng rt ln n cht lng thu nhn m thanh trong
phong, ngi ta goi no la qua trnh m vang. Thi gian m thanh tt dn trong qua trnh o goi
la thi gian m vang.
anh gia nh lng thi gian m vang ngi ta nh ra 2 gii han cua mt nng
lng m chnh lch nhau mt phn triu (10
6
) ln, va goi
thi gian tt dn t do cua m thanh trong phong gia 2 gii
han o sau khi tt ngun m la thi gian m vang (T), o
bng giy.
Nh vy thi gian m vang cua phong cho bit tc
tt dn cua m thanh trong phong o (sau khi tt ngun m) la
nhanh hay chm.
V mt nng lng giam 10
6
ln, mc nng lng
giam c 60dB, nn thi gian m vang co th xac nh nh
thi gian cn thit mc m giam c 60dB.

3

CA
P 4
E
o
=
P : cng sut ngun m.
C : vn tc m thanh trong khng kh , C=340m/s.
A : lng hut m cua phong.
t
6
0
d
B

T
o
E
E
lg
Rnh 10: 1hei gian m vang
2/ CNG THC TNH TH I GIAN M VANG :
Thi gian m vang cua phong phu thuc vao tn s m, kch thc hnh hoc cua phong
o, lng hut m va ca v tr cua cac vt liu hut m trong phong. Sabine a a ra cng thc
tnh toan thi gian m vang nh sau:
A
V 162 , 0
T =
T : thi gian m vang , [s].
V : th tch phong, [m
3
].
A : tng lng hut m cua phong, [m
2
]
i vi cac phong t hut m (h s hut m trung bnh 2 , 0
S
A
TB
< = , vi S la tng
din tch cac b mt trong phong) th cng thc trn cho kt qua kha phu hp vi thc t.
Nhng khi lng hut m tng ln th Eyring
4
(1930) a ra cng thc tnh nh sau:
( )
TB
1 ln . S
V 164 , 0
T

=
hay chuyn sang logarit thp phn:
( )
TB
1 lg . S
V 071 , 0
T

=
Cac cng thc trn con cha k n s hut m cua khng kh trong phong, v vy khi
th tch phong ln i vi cac tn s cao (f >1000hz) cn phai k thm lng hut m nay. Luc
o cng thc se co dang:
V . n A
V 162 , 0
T
+
=
va
( ) V . n 1 ln . S
V 164 , 0
T
TB
+
=
n : h s xet n lng hut m cua khng kh , n v m
-1
, (xem phu luc).
Lng hut m cua toan phong A luc nay xac nh theo cng thc:
+ + + = S N a N a S A
p 2 2 1 1 i i

i
: h s hut m cua b mt co din tch tng ng la S
i
.
a
1
va N
1
: lng hut m cua mt ngi va s ngi co mt trong phong.
a
2
va N
2
: lng hut m cua mt gh va s gh khng co ngi ngi trong phong.
p
S : lng hut m phu thm do cac khe h, l en va s dao ng cua kt cu trong phong,
trong o
p
la h s hut m phu ly nh sau:
tn s thp :
p
= 0,07.

4
Khac vi Sabine cho rng s hut m trn cac b mt cua phong xay ra lin tuc, Eyring gia thit s hut m o xay ra gian
oan, co nhng bc nhay.
tn s trung bnh va cao:
p

Cac tr s nay co th tng hoc giam 30% tuy theo cac phong thc t ging nhiu hoc
t vi cac iu kin k trn.
Cui cung cn lu y rng phng trnh m vang a c thanh lp da trn 2 gia thit
c ban sau y:
- m thanh truyn theo tia m va nng lng m la tng nng lng cua m trc
tip va cac phan xa ti im tnh toan (khng xet n s lch pha).
- Cac phan xa m i ti mi im trong phong phai u ln va la mt s kin ngu
nhin, ngha la trng m trong phong la hoan toan khuch tan.
3/ THI GIAN M VANG TT NHT :
Thi gian m vang dai hay ngn se anh hng n cht lng m thanh trong phong:
- Thi gian m thanh ngn nghe khng hay, kh khan.
- Thi gian m thanh dai nghe khng ro, v xay ra hin tng chng m.
Sabine cho rng mi phong tuy theo chc nng s dung va th tch cua no co mt tr
s thi gian m vang c coi la tt nht, o cht lgn thu nhn m thanh at c cao
nht. Co nhiu nghin cu v thi gian m vang tt nht, s lc nh sau:
Thi gian m vang tt nht phu thuc vao th tch phong: do cng sut ngun m co
han nn khi th tch phong tng ln, mt nng lng m trong phong giam i, vat
thi gian m vang lai co th sinh ra hin tng chng m lam giam ro. Nh vy
thi gian m vang tt nht co th xac nh nh la tr s thi gian m vang nho nht ma
cha bt u gy ra s giam ro do giam mc to cua m. Trong phong hoa nhac,
thi gian m vang t phu thuc vao th tch phong, khi th tch tng t 10-30ln, thi
gian m vang tt nht ch tng 30-50%.
Mt s nghin cu sau nay cho thy:
- Vi phong ln hn 2000m
3
thi gian m vang khng phu thuc th tch phong va la
mt tr s c nh i vi mi loai nhac: + Nhac hin ai: 1,48s.
+ Nhac c in: 1,54s.
+ Nhac lang man: 2,07s.
Trung bnh 3 loai nhac la 1,7s.
- Vi cac phong nho (200-300m
3
) thi gian m vang tt nht theo kinh nghim la 1s.
Nh vy, khi th tch thay i t 300 n 2000m
3
thi gian m vang tt nht phai thay
i t 1,0 n 1,7s theo cng thc kinh nghim sau y:
V lg
6
1
374 , 0 T lg
tn
+ =
Thi gian m vang tt nht phu thuc vao chc nng cua phong: Cac phong khac
nhau co yu cu cht lng m thanh khac nhau. Nu i vi phong nghe ting noi
nu phai cn ro cao, th i vi phong nghe m nhac ro co th thp hn, nhng
phai tao c cam giac m cung, du dng. Nh vy phong nghe ting noi phai co
thi gian m vang nho hn phong nghe m nhac.
Co th ly thi gian m vang tt nht cua phong cn c vao biu sau:
5

Cng sut ngun m cang ln th thi gian cang phai dai hn.
Nhac chm (khoan thai), long trong, du dng cn co thi gian m vang ln hn
loai nhac nhanh, nhac nhay. Nhp iu nhac cang nhanh phai giam thi gian m vang am
bao s trong treo va ro rang cua m thanh.
Thi gian m vang tt nht phu thuc vao tn s m thanh. Bi v:
- || |. . |. || | .| .
- || | ||. . || |
Nguyn nhn th nht co th loai tr khi chon vt liu hut m gia cng m hoc
phong.
Nguyn nhn th hai cn phai xet n v khng phai loai tr c.
c tnh tn s cua thi gian m vang tt nht phai am bao cho m vang cua mi tn
s ring khng b che lp hoc ln at cac tn s khac.
Co th xac nh thi gian m vang tt nht cac tn s khac theo thi gian m vang
tt nht tn s 500hz ( )
tn
500
T theo cng thc sau:
tn
500
tn
f
T . k T =
tn
500
T : ly theo biu trn.
k : h s xet n s phu thuc cua thi gian m vang tt nht theo tn s, tra bang:
H s k theo tn s, Hz
Loai phong
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
Nha hat vu kch va phong hoa 1,4 1,15 1 0,9 0,9 0,9

5
Biu c tao bi nhiu tac gia nc ngoai thanh lp.
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,6
2,8
3,0
2,4
4 5 7 2

3

4

5

7

10
4
2

3

4

5

7

10
5
Nhac nha th
Trung bnh m nhac
Hi trng a nng
Nhac thnh phong
Chiu phim
Ting noi
T
h
i

g
i
a
n

m

v
a
n
g
,

[
s
]

Th tch, [m
3
]
Rnh 11: 1hei gian m vang tt nht e tn s 600 - 1000 Rz
nhac
Nha hat kch, phong hop, giang
ng
1,1 1 1 1 1 1
4/ THIT K PHONG THEO THI GIAN M VANG :
Hai yu cu chnh trong thit k m vang:
Thi gian m vang theo tnh toan cua phong phai at xp x tr s tt nht: yu cu
nay c thc hin theo 6 dai tn s 1 cta, co cac tn s trung bnh la 125, 250, 500,
1000, 2000 va 4000Hz, v cac tn s nay c trng cho pham vi m thanh thng gp
nht trong ting noi va m nhac
6
. Sai s gia tr s tnh toan va tr s tt nht thi
gian m vang khng vt qua 10% cua tr s tt nht. Yu cu nay co th biu din
theo cng thc:
( )
tn
f
tn
f f
T %. 10 T T =
T
f
: thi gian m vang tnh toan cua dai tn s.
tn
f
T : thi gian m vang tt nht cua dai tn s o.
S thay i m vang cua phong theo s lng thnh gia co mt phai c tnh toan
trc:
S lng khan gia trong phong cung anh hng n thi gian m vang, v mi mt
ngi c coi nh b phn hut m, do o ngi ta thng thit k gh mm ging s hut
m cua ngi. Nhng thc t vn phai xet n s thay i nay phu thuc vao mc cha cua
phong, khi mc cha khan gia 0%, 50%, 70% va 100% tn s trung bnh (500hz).
Hai yucu noi trn co th biu din di dang biu ng c tnh thi gian m
vang va thi gian m vang theo mc cha thnh gia cua phong:

6
Phong yu cu cht lng m thanh cao th co th tnh cho nhiu giai tn s.
Vi phong ma cht l ng m thanh chu yu nghe ro (giang ng) co th ch tnh cho tn s 500hz.
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
0
1
2
3
Tn s, Hz
T
g
i
a
n

m

v
a
n
g
,

T

[
s
]

Rnh 12: 1hee tn s heng khi chua ?0 khan gia
+10T
tn
-10T
tn
0
1
2
3
25 50 75 100
Mc cha khan gia,%
T
g
i
a
n

m

v
a
n
g
,

T

[
s
]

Rnh 13: 1hee cac muc chua khan gia khac nhau
(e tn s 600Rz)
+10T
tn
-10T
tn
Thi gian m vang tt nht, T
tn
Thi gian m vang tnh toan, T
tt
Cac bc thit k thi gian m vang:

Bc 1: Xac nh
tn
500
T theo biu trn.
Bc 2: Xac nh thi gian m vang tt nht theo dai tn s tnh toan:
tn
500
tn
f
T . k T =
Bc 3: Xac nh lng hut m yu cu cua phong theo dai tn s m:
yc
f
A
T cng thc Eyring :
( )
TB
tn
f
1 ln . S
V 164 , 0
T

= ta suy ra
TB

Do o: S . A
TB
yc
f
=
Bc 4: Xac nh lng hut m yu cu cua cac b mt trong phong theo dai tn s m:
yc
f . cd
A

+ =
m m i i
N a S A
Goi
=
i i cd
S A la lng hut m c nh (cua cac b mt trong phong).

=
m m td
N a A la lng hut m thay i (cua thnh gia).
Ta co
f . td
yc
f . cd
yc
f
A A A + = . Do o
f . td
yc
f
yc
f . cd
A A A =
f . td
A xac nh theo s lng thnh gia co mt va s gh trng (mc cha 75% hoc 100%).
Bc 5: Gia cng m hoc cho phong. Cn phai chon va b tr vt liu hut m trong phong
cho at c bng vi lng hut m yu cu a xac nh bc 4.
Vic b tr vt liu hut m trn b mt phong co anh hng n mc m tai mi ch
ngi cua khan gia, n mc khuch tan trng m trong phong, n s hnh thanh cac hin
tng xu v m thanh trong phong,... Do vy khi b tr vt liu hut m co th tun theo
hng dn sau:
B1
tn
500
T
B2
tn
f
T
B3
yc
f
A
B4
yc
cdf
A
B5
Gia cng
m hoc
B6
th
f
A
B7
f
T
E
n
d

Rnh 14: Cac buec thit k thei gian m vang
Trn trn va pha di tng bn, c bit cac phn trn va tng sat sn khu,
nn b tr vt liu phan xa m manh.
Phn trn cua tng bn va phn sau cua trn b tr vt liu tao khuch tan m,
hoc xen ke hut m va khuch tan m.
Trn cac tng sau ( cao 1,2m trn mt san), tng lan can ban cng b tr
vt liu hut m manh.

Bc 6: Xac nh lng hut m thc cua phong sau khi gia cng m hoc theo 6 dai tn s :

+ =
m m i i
th
f
N a S A
Bc 7: Xac nh thi gian m vang cua phong tai 6 dai tn s theo cng thc Eyring, va so
sanh vi tr s tt nht tng ng. Nu sai s
tn
f
T % 10 < la at yu cu, nu khng phai thc
hin lai bc 5 cho tn s cha at va tip tuc.

IV IV IV IV - -- - THIT K PHONG A THIT K PHONG A THIT K PHONG A THIT K PHONG AM BAO TRNG M KHUCH TAN M BAO TRNG M KHUCH TAN M BAO TRNG M KHUCH TAN M BAO TRNG M KHUCH TAN
Tao s khuch tan m se tng thm tin nghi m thanh cho phong, m thanh nghe cang
sinh ng va hp dn.
Mun at c khuch tan cao cua trng m, cac mt phan xa phai co kha nng
tao cho ngi nghe nhn c nhiu m phan xa nht, cac phan xa ti t moi hng vi xac
sut nh nhau va m no ni tip sau m kia.
tao trng m khuch tan co th thc hin theo mt trong cac giai phap sau:
Giai phap 1: Li dung cac phan xa nh hng phn tan cua cac mt cong li hoc cac b
mt tng t, bng cach cai tao lai cac b mt kt cu chu lc chnh cua phong nh ct, dm,
tng, san,... Tuy nhin giai phap nay cha at c hiu qua cao va ch nn ap dung cho cac
phong nho, khng co yu cu cao v cht lng m thanh.

1500-1200
>1000
1
2
0
0

1000
1
5
0
0

a- B tr vt liu hut m trn tng
S
0
,
0
5
-
0
,
1
B

B

S
b- B tr vt liu
Rnh 16: Cach thuc b tr vt liu hut m che heng khan gia
Rnh 16: 1ae khuch tan m tu ct, dm,...
Giai phap 2: X ly cac b mt khng gian chnh phong khan gia bng cac cu tao phn
chia chu ky. Cu tao phn chia dang chu ky va at hiu qua cao v trang tr ni tht va at
hiu qua cao v m hoc. Tuy nhin, cac cu tao phn chia mun at c hiu qua khuch tan
cao phai co kch thc xp x vi bc song m ti. Cac cu kin co kch thc nho (vai cm)
khng tao c khuch tan m ngay ca cac tn s cao va no co tac dung nh mt phng.
Kinh nghim cho thy kch thc cac mt phn chia phai ln hn vai chuc cm. Kch thc tt
nht cua cac b mt phn chia co th chon theo biu di y:

Trong kin truc thng hay s dung cu tao phn chia dang chu ky hnh ch nht, lng
tru, ban tru. Loai lng tru va ban tru cho hiu qua khuch tan cao hn cac tn s trung bnh
va cao. Ngc lai, loai hnh ch nht tao khuch tan tt trong pham vi tn s thp.
Cac loai cu tao va noi trn u co kch thc c nh nn mi ch at c hiu qua
khuch tan trong mt pham vi tn s nht nh. Nu cac thng s cua chung thay i nhiu
hn th hiu qua khuch tan se at c trong pham vi tn s rng hn.

Rnh 18: Cu tae hn chia ce kch thuec thay di thee 2 chiu va 3 chiu
Rnh 1?: Biu d d chen kch thuec mt hn chia chu ky
50 100 150 200 300 400 500
20
30
40
50
70
100
150
200
1400-
-3400
700-
-1700
350-
-850
250-
-600
175-
-425
125-
-300
100-200
75-150
50-100
45-90
40-80
35-70
30-60
25-50
20-40
15-30
10-20
Tn s, Hz
Chu ky g, cm
C
h
i
u

r
n
g

b
,

c
m

C
h
i
u

s
u

a
,

c
m

a
b b b
g g
Giai phap 3: Tao trng m khuch tan trong phong bng cach b tr vt liu hut m phn
tan thanh cac dai nho, xen ke vi cac vt liu phan xa m trn cac b mt cua phong. Nhng
b mt hut m co kch thc ln khng co li v mt khuch tan m, s tt dn cua m thanh
khng u bng trng hp b tr phn tan.

Rnh 19: B tr vt liu hut m hn tan m thanh se khuch tan du hen b tr t trung

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