Basic DC Motors16

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
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STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF D.C MOTORS
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261
SLIDE
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DC MACHINES
YOKE
BRUSH AXIS BRUSH FIELD POLES MAIN FIELD AXIS
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 5 OF 40 SLIDE 2
. .
+ +
FIELD WINDING _ ARMATURE ARMATURE CONDUCTORS
+
+ +
. .
+ +
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DC MACHINES
( GENERATOR )
A + Tm
N
Te

B _
ELECTRICAL LOAD
N
Subj. Code 5261
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS Course Code_52 LECTURE 5 OF 40 SLIDE 3
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DC MACHINES
( MOTOR )
A +
DC SUPPLY
N
Te
B _
TL
N
Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS LECTURE 5 OF 40 SLIDE 4
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DC MACHINES
Electrical machines can be classified mainly into DC Machines and AC Machines. Slide no 1 shows the view of a dc machine. For simplicity , only main component parts have been shown.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 5 OF 40
SLIDE
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DC MACHINES
The field windings are shown as

excited from external source.The
polarity of electro-magnetic field will

depend upon the direction of field current as shown in the fig. of slide no.1 .
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DC MACHINES
The armature carries conductors in

side the slots.Two brushes are placed
at the right angle to the main field axis.

The brushes are stationary whereas armature is free to rotate.
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DC MACHINES
When the armature is rotated in the magnetic field, an e.m.f will be induced in the armature conductors.The direction of the induced e.m.f can be found by applying Flemings Right Hand Rule.
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DC MACHINES
The direction of induced e.m.f will depend upon the direction of rotation of armature , if polarity of field poles to be kept unchanged.When load is connected across the armature terminals , the current will flow through the armature circuit.
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DC MACHINES The direction of current will be same as that of induced e.m.f. The armature will now be considered as electro-magnet and its polarity is shown in the fig. of slide no. 2 .The electro-magnetic torque Te will be developed in the anticlock wise direction as shown in the fig.of slide no. 1 and 2.
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DC MACHINES
The magnitude of Te will depend on the strength of the field poles and armature field which further depends upon the currents flowing through the respective windings. As the external load on the generator is increased, the magnitude of Te increases.
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DC MACHINES As Te acts in the opposite direction to the applied mechanical torque, more torque will be required through the prime mover to maintain the speed of
armature .
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DC MACHINES
The direction of currents in the upper

conductors in the armature are indicated by dots and conductors in lower half of armature are indicated by cross .
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DC MACHINES
The brush B will collect dot currents and brush A will collect cross currents as the armature continues to rotate in clockwise direction. In the out put circuit, across terminals A and B, current will flow in one direction.
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DC MACHINES The dc machine shown in fig. of slide no. 2 is working as generator.The same machine will work as motor , if the
armature
is
provided
with
electric
supply as shown in fig. of slide no. 3 .
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DC MACHINES The armature is connected across a supply voltage V and the field windings are excited from the same supply or from any external dc source.The magnetic polarities due to the current in armature winding will be as shown in fig. of slide no. 3 .
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DC MACHINES
The electro-magnetic torque Te will be developed in the anti-clockwise direction as opposite poles of armature field and main field will attract each other. The armature will rotate in anticlockwise direction due to Te .
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DC MACHINES
To reverse the direction of rotation of armature, either the direction of current in the field winding or armature winding will have to be reversed.If the direction of currents in both the windings are reversed, direction of rotation of armature will be unchanged.
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DC MACHINES
As the mechanical load on the armature i.e. rotor shaft represented by load torque TL is increased, more and more electro-magnetic torque will be developed by the armature to balance the mechanical torque requirements for which the armature will draw more current from the supply mains.
ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
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B
Q
A A
P B
LOAD
Course Code_52
0o
Subj. Code 5261 SLIDE 20
MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
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B
A
P B
_
e
LOAD
Course Code_52
30o
t
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B +
Q
A
B P
_
e
LOAD
Course Code_52
60o
t
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B
+
Q A B P
_
e
LOAD
Course Code_52
90o
t
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BA
A P
_
e
LOAD
120o
t
SLIDE 24
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A +
Q A
BA
P
_
e
LOAD
150o
t
SLIDE 25
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A +
Q
B A
P A
LOAD
180o
t
SLIDE 26
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P A
_
e
LOAD
210o
t
SLIDE 27
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B A +
Q
B
A P
_
e
LOAD
240o
t
SLIDE 28
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A
+
Q B A P
_
e
LOAD
270o
t
Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 SLIDE 29
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AA B
_
e
LOAD
300o
t
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B +
Q B
A A
P
_
e
LOAD
330o
t
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B
Q
A A
P B
LOAD
360o
t
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES DC MACHINES
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INTODUCTION
A DC machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device. It can convert Mechanical power into Electrical Power. When output electrical power is DC , it is called DC Generator. When it converts DC electrical power into mechanical power , it is known as DC Motor.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 7 OF 40 SLIDE 33
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
1. BODY OR MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES 3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS 4. ARMATURE CORE 5. ARMATURE WINDING 6. COMMUTATOR
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7. BRUSHES
8. END HOUSINGS
9. BEARINGS
10. SHAFT
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Bearing Pulley Brush Body / Yoke End Housing Shaft
Commutator
Armature
Brush holder
Click here to see photograph
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 7 OF 40
Field Core
Field Winding
SLIDE
36
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ARMATURE
YOKE
+
SHAFT
BRUSH
FIELD POLE & COIL
Course Code_52
COMMUTATOR
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 7 OF 40 SLIDE 37
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1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :
The outer cylindrical frame to which main poles and inter poles are fixed and by means of the machine is fixed to the foundation is called YOKE.
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It serves two purposes: a) It provides mechanical protection to the inner parts of the machines.
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b) It provides a low
reluctance path for the

magnetic flux. The yoke is made of cast iron for smaller
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machines and cast steel

or steel fabricated for rolled larger
machines.
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2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :
The pole core and pole shoes are fixed to the yoke by bolts. They serves the following purpose : a) They support the field or exciting coils.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261
POLE CORE
LECTURE 7 OF 40
SLIDE
42
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b) They distribute the magnetic flux on the armature periphery more uniformly.
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c) The pole shoes have larger X- section, so, the reluctance of the magnetic path is reduced. The pole core
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and pole shoes are made of laminated steel assembled by riveting together under hydraulic pressure.
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3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS :
Field coils or exciting coils are used to magnetise the pole core. Enameled copper wire is used for the construction of these coils.When direct
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3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS :
current is passed through these coils/ winding, it sets up the magnetic field which magnetise the pole core to the reqd. flux.
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4. ARMATURE CORE:
Armature is a rotating part of the DC machine, reversal of flux takes place, so hysteresis losses are produced. To minimise this loss, silicon steel is used for the construction.
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4. ARMATURE CORE:
The rotating armature cuts the main magnetic field , therefore an e.m.f is induced in the armature core.This e.m.f circulates eddy currents in the core which results in eddy current loss in it.
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4. ARMATURE CORE:
The armature core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. Armature core serves the following purposes: a) It houses the conductors in the slots. b) It provides an easy path for magnetic flux
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5. ARMATURE WINDING ;
The no. of conductors in form of coils placed in the slots of the armature and suitably inter connected are called winding .
ARMATURE WINDING
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES LECTURE 7 OF 40 SLIDE 51
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This is the armature winding where conversion of power takes place i.e. in case of generator ,
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mechanical power is converted into electrical power and in case of a motor, electrical
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power is converted into mechanical power.
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Depending upon the types of inter connection. of coils , the winding can be classified into two types; i) Lap Winding; The conductors/coils are connected in such a way that no of parallel paths are equal to no. of poles.
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If machine has P no. of poles and Z no. of conductors, then there will be P no. of parallel paths.And each path will have Z/P no of conductors in series. Also the no. of brushes are equal to no. of parallel paths.
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Out of which half of the brushes will be positive and remaining will be negative. ii) Wave Winding; The conductors are so connected that they are divided into two parallel paths only , irrespective of the no. of poles. If machines has Z no. of
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conductors, there will be only two parallel paths and each will be having Z/2 no. of conductors connected in series with only two brushes.
Click here to study detailed contents of winding
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6. COMMUTATOR
It is the most important part of a DC machine and serves the following purpose :- i) It connects
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DC MACHINES

6. COMMUTATOR
the rotating armature conductors to the stationary external circuit through the brushes.
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6. COMMUTATOR
ii) It converts altering current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional ..
COMMUTATOR
LECTURE 7 OF 40
SLIDE
61
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6. COMMUTATOR
current in the external load circuit in generating action and it converts alternating torque into unidirectional
COMMUTATOR
LECTURE 7 OF 40
SLIDE
62
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6. COMMUTATOR
MICA INSULATION COPPER SEGMENT RISER END RING ADJUSTING NUT
SHAFT
METAL SLEEVE
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6. COMMUTATOR
torque produced in the armature in motoring action. The commutator is of cylindrical shape and is made of wedge shaped hard drawn copper segments.The segments are insulated from each .
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6. COMMUTATOR
other by a thin sheet of mica.The segments are held together by means of two V-shaped rings that fit into the V-grooves cut into the segments. Each armature coil is connected to the commutator segment through riser.
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7. BRUSHES
Brushes are made of high grade carbon.They form the connecting link between armature winding and the external circuit. The brushes are held in particular position around the commutator by brush holders.
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8. END HOUSINGS
They are attached to the ends of main frame and support bearing . The front housing supports ..
END HOUSING
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8. END HOUSINGS
the bearing and the brush assembly whereas rear housing supports the bearing only.
END HOUSING
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9. BEARINGS
The function of the bearing is to reduce friction between the rotating and stationary parts of the machines.These are fitted in the end housings. Generally, high carbon steel is used for the construction of the bearings.
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10. SHAFT
The function of shaft is to transfer mechanical power to the machine or from the machine .
SHAFT
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10. SHAFT
Shaft is made of mild steel with maximum breaking strength. All the rotating parts like
SHAFT
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10. SHAFT
armature core, commutator, cooling fan etc. are keyed to the shaft.
SHAFT
See Also
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TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
Depending upon the type if excitation to the field winding , The dc machine can be classified into three categories viz. Machines with permanent field,
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS ) Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 9 OF 40 SLIDE 73
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separately excited and self excited type dc machines. Dc motors with permanent magnetic field, are manufactured for small rating applications such as toys, cassette tape recorders etc.large rating dc motors
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are constructed with electro-magnetic field i.e field winding is placed on the field core and this winding is supplied with dc current called excitation. Depending upon the type of connections to the field winding for .
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excitation , the dc motors can be classified into two categories ; 1) Separately excited dc motors 2) Self excited dc motors.
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SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS
+
F If +
Rf
+ FF M
Ia E
Ra
Supply
VDC _
AA
_
EXIT
The field winding is excited from a supply which is not connected to the armature winding. It may be noted that current flowing through the field winding is independent of load and is equal to V / Rf , where Rf is the.
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field
circuit
resistance.
The
flux
produced is proportional to the field
current i.e. If
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SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )
+ F If
A
Ia
IL
E Ra
V
SUPPLY
FF
AA
_
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SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )
In this type of excitation , armature and field windings are connected across a constant source of supply. The field current If is drawn from the same source as that of armature current. As shown in fig.
See Fig.
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SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS ) YY A Y
+ M
Ia E Ra
+ ISE IL
SUPPLY
AA _
_
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SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )
The field winding is connected in series with the armature so that If = Ia = IL . Therefore field winding is made up of thick winding wire of less no. of turns as compared to that of shunt field winding so that armature current can ...
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flow through it without overheating. In

case of dc series machine , If Ia ..
The
; ..
relationship
between
induced
e.m.f. and terminal voltage is as follows
See Fig.
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V = E + Ia Ra + Ia Rse
or E = V - Ia ( Ra + Rse ) Ia = Ise = IL
and
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SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ISh
Z A
YY
Ia M E Ra
ISE
IL
SUPPLY
Rsh
ZZ
AA
_
EXIT
There are two field windings , namely a shunt field winding and a series field winding. The shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the armature and series field winding is connected in series with the combination .
See Fig.
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Series field winding will carry a large armature current Ia or IL and therefore it is made of wire of large cross section and has a few turns only. The resistance of series field winding is very small.
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The shunt field winding is made up of wires of small cross section and has high resistance. Since the resistance of shunt field winding is high , the current flowing through it is very small as compared to that of series field winding
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or armature current Ia . The main magnetic field flux is produced by the shunt field current / winding but it is modified by the field of series winding. A compound machine therefore combines the best features of dc shunt machines and dc series machines.
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Depending up on the connections of shunt field winding in the combination of armature and series field winding, dc compound generators can be named as i) Short shunt compound generators. ii) Long shunt compound generators.
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SHORT SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ISh
Z A
YY
Ia M E Ra
ISE
IL
SUPPLY
Rsh
ZZ
AA
_
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SHORT SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
i) SHORT SHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS

In this case the shunt field winding is connected across the armature winding only as shown in the fig of slide no. Ise = IL = Ia + Ish V = E + Ia Ra+ Ise Rse = E + Ia Ra+ ( Ia + Ish ) Rse
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LONG SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS ) YY A
Ia M
ISE E Ra
IL
SUPPLY
Rsh
ISh
ZZ
AA
_
LECTURE 9 OF 40 SLIDE 94
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS ) Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261
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LONG SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ii) LONG SHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS In this case the shunt field winding is connected across the combination of armature and series field winding as shown in the fig. Ise = Ia and IL= Ia + Ish V=E+I R +I R
a a se se
= Ish Rsh
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Depending upon the direction of flow of current through series field, we can classify dc compound motors into two categories namely ; I) Cumulative compound dc motors II) differential compound dc motors
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CUMULATIVE TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ISh
Z A
YY
Ia M E Ra
ISE
IL
SUPPLY
Rsh
ZZ
AA
_ = sh + se
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CUMULATIVE TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
The direction of current in the series field winding is such that magnetic field produced by it is in the direction to that of shunt field. Total magnitude of the field is the sum of shunt field and series field so that = sh + se. .
See Fig.
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DIFFERENTIAL TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
ISh
Z A
Ia M
YY
IL
SUPPLY
ISE E Ra = sh - se
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
Rsh
ZZ
AA
_
Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 9 OF 40 SLIDE 99
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DIFFERENTIAL TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )
The direction of current in the series field winding is such that magnetic field produced by it is in the opposite direction to that of shunt field. Total magnitude of the field is the difference of shunt field and series field so that = sh - se.
See Fig.
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FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR
The
expression
for
back
e.m.f.
developed in the armature of a dc motor is given as follows : E= PZN 60 A ..(i)
E = V - Ia Ra
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 10 OF 40
..(ii)
SLIDE 101
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Comparing expressions (i) and (ii) PZN = 60 A OR KN = V - Ia Ra V - Ia R a V - Ia R a K

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 10 OF 40 SLIDE 102
N =
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Where K is the constant proportionality and equal to PZ / 60 A
of
Now in the above expression for speed, the speed can be varied by varying the applied voltage V , field flux and resistance of the armature .
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It is clear that speed is directly proportional to the supply voltage V. So the speed increases with increase in voltage V and vice versa. The speed is inversely proportional to the field flux . So speed decreases as the Flux increases and vice versa.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
The important characteristics of dc motors are : 1) Speed - armature current ( Load ) characteristics 2) Torque - armature current ( Load ) characteristics 3) Speed - Torque characteristics
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS Course Code_52 Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 11 OF 40 SLIDE 105
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
It is very much important to know the

characteristics mentioned above for different types of dc motors because it enables the selection of a specific type of dc motor for specific purpose.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS
+ F If
A
Ia
IL
E Ra
V
SUPPLY
FF
AA
_
EXIT
N
FULL LOAD
Ia ( Amps)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS 1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
For a dc motor , we know that ;

N= V - Ia Ra
N
FULL LOAD 0
Ia( Amps)
A dc shunt motor is connected across the mains having supply voltage V .
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Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
This supply voltage is assumed to be

constant.The field winding is connected across the armature as shown in Fig. The magnetic flux constant.
See Fig.
produced by field
current If will be constant as V remains
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But in actual practice, the air gap flux is

slightly reduced due to the effect of
armature reaction. From the expression

for the speed mentioned earlier, it is
evident that as the armature current Ia ...

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increases , speed will decrease by a

small amount due to an increase in Ia Ra
drop is very small as compared to V .

The speed verses armature current characteristics is shown in Fig.
See Fig.
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The shunt motor being thus more or less

a constant speed motor , can be used in
the applications such as driving of line

shafts, lathes conveyors etc.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS 2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
Ia ( Amps)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS 2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
The equation for torque can be written as

follows ;
T = kt Ia
If flux is taken as constant, the torque T becomes directly proportional to armature current (Load current) Ia . It is a straight line passing through the origin.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS 3. Speed - Torque characteristics
0
Course Code_52
T ( N-m)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS Subj. Code 5261 LECTURE 11 OF 40 SLIDE 116
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS 3. Speed - Torque characteristics
The relation between T and Ia and N and Ia are as under ; T = kt Ia

K And The relationship between speed and torque can be drawn as shown in Fig .
N=
V - Ia Ra
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS YY A Y
+ M
Ia E Ra
+ ISE IL
SUPPLY
AA _
_
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS 1. Speed - Load characteristics
0
Course Code_52
Ia ( Amps)
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From the expression ;
N=
V - Ia Ra
K
It is seen that the speed N is inversely proportional to flux For a dc series motor ,magnetic flux is
proportional to Ia.
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Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely

proportional to Ia. The N verses Ia
characteristics is therefore a rectangular

hyperbola as shown in Fig . It is seen
from the characteristics that .

See Fig.
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the speed decreases as the load on the

motor increases. At a very low load , the speed is dangerously high . Thus if a dc series motor is allowed to run on very light load or at No- Load , its speed will become much higher than its ..
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normal speed which may cause damage

to the motor. For this reason , dc series motors are never started on No- Load and are not used in the applications where there is a chance of Load being completely removed , when the motor ...
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remains connected to the supply. The

load on the dc series motor is connected
through the gears and not through the

belt pulley arrangement.This is because, in case of failure of belt , the load will be removed from the motor and thereby the
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motor will attain a dangerously high

speed . In case of load connected through the gears, however in the event of an accidental release of load, gears will provide some load on account of the frictional resistance of the gear teeth.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS 1. Torque - Load characteristics
SATURATION OF SERIES FIELD CORE
0
Course Code_52
Ia
( Amps)
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The equation for the torque for dc motor

is given by ; T = kt Ia
The magnetic flux for a dc series motor is

proportional to armature current Ia. Thus the torque T = kt Ia Ia. Or T Ia2
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The relationship between torque and armature current , is therefore of the form of a parabola . With increase in Ia , the field flux increases linearly but due to saturation of the core, beyond a certain magnitude of Ia the increase in flux is
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negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the

square of Ia up to the saturation point
beyond which T varies linearly with Ia.

From the torque load characteristics , it
can be observed that a dc series motor ..

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started on-load , develops a very high starting torque. Hence dc series motors are used in applications where high starting torque is required such as in electric trains , hoists, trolleys etc.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS 1. Torque - Speed characteristics
0
Course Code_52
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From the characteristics shown in slide

no. , it can be seen that for low speeds ,
the torque is high and for high speeds

the torque is very small. This is why dc
series motor is widely used in the ..
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applications where motor is to be started on bulk loads such as electric locomotive.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS
ISh
Z A
YY
Ia M E Ra
ISE
IL
SUPPLY
Rsh
ZZ
AA
_
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS 1. Speed - Load characteristics
DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND
SHUNT
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND
0
Course Code_52
Ia
( Amps)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS Subj. Code 5261
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In cumulative compound motors , series field winding is connected in such a way that magnetic flux produced by it helps the flux produced by shunt field winding. Series field is directly proportional to the load current , .. . .
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therefore total flux increases with increase in load current / armature current due to the series field in addition to the voltage drop in the armature winding.The speed of dc motor is inversely proportional to the . .. . ..
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total main flux . Therefore speed drops more sharply as compared to dc shunt motor.Refer Fig.
See Fig.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS 2. Torque - Load characteristics
T
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND SHUNT DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND
Ia
Course Code_52
( Amps)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS Subj. Code 5261
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The torque developed by a cumulative compound motor increases with sudden increase in load and at no-load , it has a definite speed. Cumulative compound motors are therefore, suitable where there is sudden application . . . . . . .
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of heavy loads like sheers, punches,

rolling mills etc. The speed of differential compound motors remains more or less constant. With increase in load but its torque decreases with load. Since the dc shunt motor develops a good torque and
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its speed does not vary appreciably with increase in load, differential compound motors are not preferred over dc shunt motors and hence are rarely used.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS
3. Speed - Torque characteristics
N
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND
DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND
0
Course Code_52
T (N-m)
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APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS (a) DC SHUNT MOTORS
(i) Shunt motors are used in situations, such as driving a line shafting etc. where the speed as to be maintained approximately constant between no-load and full-load.
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
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APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS (a) DC SHUNT MOTORS
(ii) In situations where variable load is to be driven at different speeds but at each load, the speed is to be kept constant. Such as driving a lathe.
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APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS (b) DC SERIES MOTORS
DC Series Motors are used in applications such as driving hoists, cranes, trains, etc., as in these cases a large starting torque is required. They are also used where the motor can be permanently coupled to the load, such as
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Fans , whose torque increases with speed. Where constancy in speed is not essential, the decrease of speed with increase of load has the advantage that the power absorbed by the motor does not increase as rapidly as the torque .
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Series motors acquire very high speed at no-load or at very light load . That is why they should not be used for a belt drive where there is a possibility of the load decreasing to very small value.
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APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS (c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS
DC Compound Motors are used in application where large starting torque are required but where the load may fall to such a small value that a series motor would reach a dangerously high speed.
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Where the supply voltage may fluctuate , for instance on a traction system, the series winding reduces the fluctuation of armature current partly by its inductance and partly by its influence on the value of
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flux and therefore on that of the induced e.m.f.
When the load is of a fluctuating nature , e.g. for driving stamping processes, etc. the shunt excitation prevents the speed
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Becoming excessive on light load, and the decrease of speed with increase of load enables the flywheel, usually fitted to such a machine, to assist the motor in in dealing with the peak load by giving
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up some of its kinetic energy.
* THANKS *
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THANKS
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261
SLIDE 154

Basic DC Motors16

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF D.C MOTORS

Subj. Code 5261

FIELD WINDING _ ARMATURE ARMATURE CONDUCTORS

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS LECTURE 5 OF 40 SLIDE 4

The field windings are shown as

polarity of electro-magnetic field will

The armature carries conductors in

at the right angle to the main field axis.

The direction of currents in the upper

supply as shown in fig. of slide no. 3 .

ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAGNETIC FIELD MACHINES-I ELECTRICAL GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

1. BODY OR MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE

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FIELD POLE & COIL

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reluctance path for the

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machines and cast steel

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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES LECTURE 7 OF 40 SLIDE 51

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power is converted into mechanical power.

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