Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Student : Zubair khan Instructor : Dr Abid Kareem & Muhammad Kashif Majeed Course: INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC Bachelor of Engineering Electronics December 2013
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my teacher Mr. Kamran Khan for
his advice and guidance throughout the project. He has provided me valuable direction and suggestions during this project. I would also like to express my appreciation to my classmates who have given me ideas on how to design the lux meter or light intensity meter.
Project Objective:
This project aims to design and develop an inexpensive and accurate light intensity meter
basically using only electronics components. It also provides an opportunity to apply the knowledge of electronics module to design a prototype of a product.
Description:
Here is lux meter or light intensity meter circuit that has many many applications in real
world but the main application of this meter is use for measuring light intensity.
Research:
Background study and literature review Discussion on Ideas and Concepts Technical Design and Modeling Testing and Evaluation of Ideas Implementation
Hardware Development:
Components selection and Circuit Simulation Design Implementation Testing and Troubleshooting Pcb Designing And Fabrication Modifications and Improvements Design prototype casing
Block diagram:
Components 9V== Dc Adaptor PCB board (Square Print) 5"x 8" Op-Amp LM324 ( Quad Op-Amp) Capacitor 47 uf 35 volt Resistance 1/4 watt 10!,100,10K,1K Battery connector Terminal block Variable resistor 2.2k SN74LS147 3-LINE PRIORITY ENCODERS HD74LS04 HEX inverter Ldr light-dependent resistor Common anode 7 segment display LED light emitting diode 3 mm Silicone glue sticks Jumper wires Equipment required Digital multimeter Soldering iron/ wire Oscilloscope Plier set Screwdriver set logic probe Iron saw Aluminum oxide paper No #1500 Breadboard Glue gun Variable power supply Materials required in pcb designing & fabrication Over Head Projector sheet Laser Printer Electric Iron Steel wool Paint thinner Black permanent marker Copper board/ PCB Etching solution (Ferric chloride) Drill machine Drill bit 0.5 and 0.8 mm
Devices Specifications
Function Power requirements Intensity range Display type Operating Temperature Device type Sample rate Accuracy Description dc 5v (800 mA) 0~2000 Lux 7 segment led display 2 inch 30! ~ 65! solid-state control device 1 time/sec (3% +30d)
Application:
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Sensitive Medical Equipment. Checking lamp or fluorescent tube light illumination. Automatic solar tracking device. Measurement Sunlight lux in day time. light sampling Checking light intensity in the room. Automatic streetlights intensity controlled.
Operational amplifier:
The standard operational amplifier (op-amp) It has two input terminals, the inverting (-) input and
the non-inverting (+) input, and one output terminal. Most op-amps operate with two dc supply voltages, one positive and the other negative, as shown in fig , although some have a single dc supply. Usually these dc voltage terminals are left off the schematic symbol for simplicity but are understood to be there.
Ideal Op-Amp:
The ideal op-amp has infinite voltage gain and infinite bandwidth. Also, it has infinite input impedance (open) so that it does not load the driving source. Finally, it has zero output impedance. Op-amp characteristics are illustrated in Figure. The input voltage, Vin, appears between the two input terminals, and the output voltage is AvVin, as indicated by the internal voltage source symbol.
Assembly procedure:
The LM 324 dual op amp chip using as comparator configuration the reference voltage for
each comparator is set by the resistive voltagedividerCircuit and Vref.The output of each comparator is connected to an input of the Priority encoder. The priority encoder is a digital device that produces a binary number on its output representing the highest value input. The encoder samples its input when a pulse occurs on the enable line (sampling pulse), And a three-digit binary number proportional to the value of the analog input signal appears on the encoders outputs. Encoder 74ls174 four bits output Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3 connect to 4 bit input of bcd decoder 74LS48 remain pin of 74LS48 should proper grounded pin number 7 is connect to ground 14 connect to vcc decoder output pin 9,10,11,12,13,14,15, connect to seven segment common cathode display used 330 ! resistor for limit the current Ldr sensor one lead connect to 5v and other lead connect to 10k! variable resistor pin 1 and remain connect to ground out put taken b/w resistor and lead.
Test Chart:
10 9 8 Segment display 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 600 Light Illuminance 800 1000 1200 Series1 Linear (Series1)
As its name implies, the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is made from a piece of exposed semiconductor material such as cadmium sulphide that changes its electrical resistance from several thousand Ohms in the dark to only a few hundred Ohms when light falls upon it by creating hole-electron pairs in the material. The net effect is an improvement in its conductivity with a decrease in resistance for an increase in illumination. Also, photo resistive cells have a long response time requiring many seconds to respond to a change in the light intensity.
Drawbacks of the simultaneous ADC, but IC technology has reduced the problem somewhat by combining multiple comparators and associated circuits on a single IC chip. For example, 6- or 8-bit flash converters are readily available. These ADCs are useful in applications that require the fastest possible conversion times, such as video processing.
4 - to - 2 bit Encoder:
One of the main disadvantages of standard digital encoders is that they can generate the wrong
output code when there is more than one input present at logic level "1". For example, if we make inputs D1 andD2 HIGH at logic "1" both at the same time, the resulting output is neither at "01" or at "10" but will be at "11" which is an output binary number that is different to the actual input present. Also, an output code of all logic "0"s can be generated when all of its inputs are at "0" OR when input D0 is equal to one One simple way to overcome this problem is to "Priorities" the level of each input pin and if there was more than one input at logic level "1" the actual output code would only correspond to the input with the highest designated priority. Then this type of digital encoder is known commonly as a Priority Encoder or P-encoder for short.
Priority encoders are available in standard IC form and the TTL 74LS148 is an 8-to-3 bit priority encoder which has eight active LOW (logic "0") inputs and provides a 3-bit code of the highest ranked input at its output. Priority encoders output the highest order input first for example, if input lines "D2", "D3" and "D5" are applied simultaneously the output code would be for input "D5" ("101") as this has the highest order out of the 3 inputs. Once input "D5" had been removed the next highest output code would be for input "D3" ("011"), and so on
Binary Decoder:
A Decoder is the exact opposite to that of an "Encoder" we looked at in the last tutorial. It is
basically, a combinational type logic circuit that converts the binary code data at its input into one of a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent decimal code at its output. Binary Decoders have inputs of 2-bit, 3-bit or 4-bit codes depending upon the number of data input lines, and a n-bit decoder has 2n output lines
So in order to display the number 3 for example, segments a, b, c, d and g would need to be illuminated. If we wanted to display a different number or letter then a different set of segments would need to be illuminated. Then for a 7-segment display, we can produce a truth table giving the segments that need to be illuminated in order to produce the required character as shown below.
It can be seen that to display any single digit number from 0 to 9 or letter from A to F, we would need 7 separate segment connections plus one additional connection for the LED's "common" connection. Also as the segments are basically a standard light emitting diode, the driving circuit would need to produce up to 20mA of current to illuminate each individual segment and to display the number 8, all 7 segments would need to be lit resulting a total current of nearly 140mA, (8 x 20mA).
Electrical Characteristics:
Physical Dimensions:
Schematic diagram:
(a)
Bottom view(b)
silk layer
Step 2: Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper board is the base of a PCB, it
can be single layer, double layer or multi-layer board. Single layer copper board has copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A multilayer board has multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and mainly used for complex circuitries like mother board of PC. Step 3: Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resists layer if any. Step 4: Place the OHP sheet (wax paper) which has the printed layout on the PCB sheet. Make sure that the printed/mirror side should be placed on the copper side of PCB Step 5: Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the layout of the PCB printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesnt comes properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent marker and complete the tracks properly. Step 6: Now the layout is printed on PCB. The area covered by ink is known as the masked area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the ink is known as unmasked area. Now make a solution of ferric chloride. Take a plastic box and fill it up with some water. Dissolve 2-3 tea spoon of ferric chloride power in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution (Ferric chloride solution, Fecl3) for approximately 30 mins. The Fecl3 reacts with the unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called as Etching. Use pliers to take out the PCB and check if the entire unmasked area has been etched or not. In case it is not etched leave it for some more time in the solution Step 7: Take out the PCB wash it in cold water and remove the ink by rubbing it with steel wool. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which connect the components as per the circuit diagram. Step 8: Now carefully drill the PCB using a drilling machine on the pads Step 9: Put the components in the correct holes and solder them.
Testing phase
The main problem I am facing during testing phase is how to synchronize my device
resulted data plotting on Intensity Graphs.
Hardware implementation phase ! ! ! ! ! Pcb track Continuity problem. 74LS48 decoder ic dose not drive large segment display. When the ldr sensor is connected to the Op Amp non inverting pin the all comparator give output at same time. Ldr sensitivity problem in day time Pcb not etching properly
Solutions ! ! ! ! ! Apply varnish solution after etching the pcb borad and checked all dry sold connection . Used buffer circuit for driving more gate . Using transistor as a switch on output. Connect linear pot meter with ldr sensor in series. Increase the quantity of ferric chloride.
Reference
! ! ! http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_8.html wikipedia.org/wiki/ldrsensor https://www.facebook.com/EngineeringGarageVir?ref=tn_tnmn
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/9196