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Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. 30 West University Drive Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
2007 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Chief Staff Executive, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
Authority ANSI/AMCA Standard 250-05 was adopted by the membership of the Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. on 14 January 2001. It was approved by ANSI as an American National Standard on 31 August 2005.
AMCA 250 Review Committee Tony Quinn, Chair Roger Lichtenwald Ralph Susey John Knapp Mike Wiltfong Robert Smith Paul R. Saxon Woods Division, American Fan Co. American Warming & Ventilating New Philadelphia Fan Company Ruskin Manufacturing Ruskin Manufacturing TLT-Babcock, Inc. AMCA Staff
Foreword This standard was developed in response to the need for a standard method of testing jet fans, sometimes called impulse fans, which have seen increasing use in the United States. The test procedures outlined in this standard are in harmony with those found in ISO 13350. It is believed that ANSI/AMCA 250 will be of great benefit to purchaser and manufacturer alike.
Introduction The need for adequate ventilation to maintain or improve the quality of air in vehicular tunnels is self-evident. One means of achieving such ventilation is through the use of fans located above the traffic pattern and spaced at intervals along the length of a tunnel. These fans produce a jet (or impulse) of air that induces airflow through the entire tunnel. Secondarily, this means of achieving airflow is also useful in smoke evacuation.
Disclaimer AMCA uses its best efforts to produce standards for the benefit of the industry and the public in light of available information and accepted industry practices. However, AMCA does not guarantee, certify or assure the safety or performance of any products, components or systems tested, designed, installed or operated in accordance with AMCA standards or that any tests conducted under its standards will be non-hazardous or free from risk.
Objections to AMCA Standards and Certifications Programs Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc. will consider and decide all written complaints regarding its standards, certification programs, or interpretations thereof. For information on procedures for submitting and handling complaints, write to: Air Movement and Control Association International 30 West University Drive Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A. or AMCA International, Incorporated c/o Federation of Environmental Trade Associations 2 Waltham Court, Milley Lane, Hare Hatch Reading, Berkshire RG10 9TH United Kingdom
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. 2. 3.
Scope
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4.
Characteristics to be Measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.2 Volume airflow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.3 Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.4 Input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.5 Sound power level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 4.6 Vibration velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
5.
Instrumentation and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.1 Volume airflow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.2 Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.3 Input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.4 Impeller rotational speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.5 Sound level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5.6 Vibration velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
6.
Determination of Airflow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6.2 Direct connected airflow measuring device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6.3 Upstream chamber method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 6.4 Upstream pitot traverse method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
7.
7.2 Suspended configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 7.3 Supported configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 7.4 Test procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 7.5 Test enclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 8. Determination of Sound Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 8.2 Test arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 8.3 Enclosure suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 8.4 Measurement procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9. Determination of Vibration Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9.2 Test arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9.3 Test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 9.4 Acceptance vibration velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 10. Presentation of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 10.1 Product description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 10.2 Product performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 11. Tolerances and Conversion Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 11.1 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 11.2 Conversion rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Annex A. Annex B. Annex C. Annex D. Illustration of Reference Sound Source (Normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Combination of Sound Pressure Levels (Normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Conversion Rules (Normative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Informative References (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 ANSI/AMCA 210-99 Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating, Air Movement and Control Association International, Arlington Heights, IL U.S.A., 2000 ANSI/NEMA MG 1-2003, Motors and Generators, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Rosslyn, VA, USA. ISO 5801:1997(E), Industrial Fans - Performance Testing Using Standardized Airways, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1996
2. Normative References
The following standards contain provisions that, through specific reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards listed below. AMCA 300-96, Reverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans, Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc., Arlington Heights, IL, USA. ANSI S2.19-1999 (R2004), Mechanical Vibrations Balance Quality Requirements of Rigid Motors - Part 1: Determination of Possible Unbalance, Including Marine Applications, American National Standards Institute, New York, NY, USA. ANSI/AMCA 204-96 Balance Quality and Vibration Levels for Fans, Air Movement and Control Association International, Arlington Heights, IL U.S.A., 1998
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 Actual Cubic Meters per Second (actual m3/s), or Actual Cubic Feet per Minute (acfm): The actual volume airflow rate at any point in an air system, at the existing density at the plane passing through the point of measurement. 3.1.8 Average air velocity. The volume airflow at a plane divided by the cross-sectional area of that plane. 3.1.9 Fan dynamic pressure. The effective dynamic pressure at the fan outlet calculated from the effective fan outlet velocity and the inlet density. It is representative of the dynamic component of the fan output. The effective dynamic pressure varies from the average dynamic pressure as the former excludes the energy flux due to departures from the uniform axial velocity distribution. 3.1.10 Fan outlet area. The gross inside area measured at the plane(s) of the outlet openings. 1) If the silencer centerbody reaches the outlet plane of the fan then the "fan outlet area" is defined as the annulus area at the fan outlet plane as shown in Figure 1A. 2) If the fan has a silencer without centerbody, Figure 1B, the outlet area will be close to the cross-sectional area inside the silencer in order to clear any exit bellmouth form. 3) For a fan without a silencer, Figure 1C, the outlet area will approach the annulus area between the casing and the motor but with some increase, as defined in the diagram, for the distance between the motor and the outlet. 4) Where the motor is on the upstream side, Figure 1C is applied to the impeller hub rather than the motor - as illustrated. 3.1.11 Effective fan outlet velocity. Calculated air velocity based on fan thrust, inlet air density and fan outlet area. 3.1.12 Fan outlet velocity. Average velocity of air emerging from an outlet measured in the plane of the outlet. 3.1.13 Air power. Power output which is the product of the inlet volume airflow and the fan dynamic pressure. 3.1.14 Impeller power. The mechanical power supplied to the fan impeller. 3.1.15 Motor input power. The electrical power supplied to the terminals of an electric motor drive. 3.1.16 Rotational speed. The rotational speed of an impeller. If a fan has more than one impeller, fan speeds are the rotative speeds of each impeller. 3.1.17 Mean blade speed. The tangential velocity at 1/2 (or 0.7071) times the blade height between impeller hub and tip. 3.1.18 Thrust. The force exerted by a fan in a specific direction. 3.1.19 Fan efficiency. Ratio of the air power to the impeller power, expressed as a percentage. 3.1.20 Overall efficiency. Ratio of the air power to the motor input power, expressed as a percentage.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 3.1.21 Thrust/power ratio. Ratio of the thrust to impeller power. Note: An alternative definition of thrust efficiency is defined as thrust divided by the motor input power. This results in a lower figure as the motor losses are also included. 3.1.22 Fan. A device that utilizes a power driven rotating impeller for moving air or gases. The internal energy (enthalpy) increase imparted by a fan to a gas does not exceed 25 kJ/kg (10.75 BTU/lbm). 3.1.23 Jet tunnel fan. A fan used for producing a jet of air in a space and unconnected to any ducting. Typical function is to add momentum to the air within a duct or tunnel. 3.1.24 Fan guard. A screen or other device to prevent ingestion of objects at the inlet or outlet of a fan. Note: Guards can have a marked effect on the thrust performance and sound level. Where they are specified, it shall be made quite clear between the supplier and his customer whether the performance includes the effect of the guards. 3.1.25 Chamber. An airway in which the air velocity is small compared to that at the fan inlet or outlet. 3.1.26 Test enclosure. A room, or other space used for the purposes of testing. 3.1.27 Sound power level, Lw. Acoustic power rating from a sound source measured in decibels and equal to 10 times the logarithm (base 10) of the acoustic power in watts with reference to 10 10-12 watts. 3.1.28 Sound pressure level, Lp. The acoustic pressure at a point in space where the microphone or listeners ear is situated. It is defined as 20 times the logarithm (base 10) of the sound pressure fluctuation with reference to 20 Pa. 3.1.29 Frequency range of interest. The frequency range including the octave bands with center frequencies between 63 Hz and 8 kHz, and the onethird octave bands with center frequencies between 50 Hz and 10 kHz. 3.1.30 Impeller balance grade. The impeller balance specification in accordance with the method detailed in ANSI S2.19 and to the grade specified in ANSI/AMCA 204. 3.1.31 Fan vibration velocity. The filtered vibration velocity in the frequency range 10 Hz through 10 kHz measured in accordance with this standard. 3.1.32 Shall and should. In AMCA standards, the word shall is understood to be normative; the word should as advisory.
3.2 Symbols
See Table 1 for a list of symbols.
4. Characteristics to be Measured
4.1 General
In order for a jet-type tunnel fan to be correctly applied and give satisfactory performance and reliability in service, it is necessary to determine a number of technical performance characteristics in addition to knowing the more obvious mechanical features such as weight and overall installation dimensions.
4.3 Thrust
Friction on the tunnel walls, inlet and outlet losses and, sometimes, traffic drag combined with gradients and wind effects at tunnel portals, result in a pressure drop through the tunnel. The pressure drop is matched by the sum of the pressure increases by the jet fans due to the momentum transfer between the fan discharge airflow and the airflow in the tunnel. As it is impossible to measure the momentum of the fan discharge airflow, and the rate of change of momentum is equal and opposite to the thrust, thrust is measured instead. The process of providing additional momentum to the tunnel air helps to maintain air quality.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05
Table 1 - Symbols SYMBOL Aeff D d3 P G Lpb Lp(m) Lp(r) Lw Lw(r) Lw1 Lw2 Lp N Pa pd PE PF PR qm qv rT ta Tc Tm um vt veff V1 V2 DESCRIPTION Area of fan inlet or outlet Fan diameter Length of upstream chamber side Differential pressure across a flow measuring device Impeller balance grade ANSI/AMCA 204 Background sound pressure level Recorded sound power level of fan and room background as measured over the normal mic. path Recorded sound pressure level of RSS and room background as measured over the normal mic. path Sound power level, re 1 pW Sound power level of the RSS Sound power level (forward) Sound power level (reverse) Sound pressure level Impeller rotational speed Atmospheric pressure in test enclosure Fan dynamic pressure Motor input power Fan air power Impeller power Mass airflow Volume airflow Thrust/power ratio Atmospheric temperature in test enclosure (dry-bulb) Calculated thrust Measured thrust Mean blade speed (see definition 3.1.17) Mean through airflow velocity in a tunnel at a specified section Effective fan outlet air velocity Fan vibration velocity at upstream measuring position - rms value Fan vibration velocity at downstream measuring position - rms value Fan efficiency Overall efficiency Inlet air density taken as equal to the air density in the test enclosure SI Units I-P Units
m2 ft2 mm in. m ft Pa in. wg dimensionless dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB rpm Pa Pa W W W kg/s m3/s N/kW C N N m/s m/s m/s mm/s mm/s % % kg/m3 dB dB dB dB dB dB rpm in. Hg in. wg hp hp hp lbm/s cfm lbf/Hp F lbf lbf ft/min ft/min ft/min in./s in./s % % lbm/ft3
r e a
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 silencer combination is optimized to match the tunnel sound level requirements. requirements given in ANSI/AMCA 300.
5.2 Thrust
5.2.1 Force balance systems. By the use of calibrated weights, force balance systems shall permit the determination of force or thrust with an allowable uncertainty of no greater than 1%. 5.2.2 Force transducers. By the use of calibrated weights, force transducers shall permit the determination of thrust with an allowable uncertainty no greater than 1%. 5.2.3 Dimensions and areas. The measurement of dimensions and the determination of areas shall be in accordance with ANSI/AMCA 210 or ISO 5801.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 Ps3 = Ps2 = 0 Where Ps3 is the static pressure in the fan chamber and Ps2 is the static pressure at the fan outlet. If it is not possible to control the booster accurately, it may be necessary to measure the airflow at more than one operating point. the desired accuracy of thrust measurement can be attained by other means such as measuring the angle of the suspension elements from the vertical or the change in height between the fan switched off and operational, and calculating the thrust.
7. Determination of Thrust
7.1 General
There are two basic configurations available for the determination of fan thrust; suspended configuration and supported configuration. In addition to the need to measure force accurately, the first method requires that the suspension elements be kept precisely vertical and parallel with a vertical plane(s) passing through the fan axis, while the second method requires accurate construction and leveling of the support assembly. In either case, thrust shall be determined by the use of calibrated weights, spring balance or force transducer.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 apart from the sound measuring instrumentation, only a suitable enclosure and a calibrated Reference Sound Source are required. Since the fan has only one operating point (at zero resistance), there are no complications that could arise from the noise generated by the "loading means." Similarly, since only open inlet or open outlet sound levels are required, anechoic terminators are unnecessary.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 Table 9.1 - Minimum Static Deflections Minimum Static Deflection 15 mm (0.6 in.) 8 mm (0.3 in.) 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) f) High temperature operating capability g) Overall dimensions h) Mounting dimensions i) Fan assembly weight j) Accessories, e.g., guards, vibration isolators k) Condition monitoring equipment. c) Impeller rotational speed d) Motor output rating and frame size e) Electrical supply data
Impeller speed, rpm 850 - 1000 1100 - 1800 2800 & above
Unless agreed otherwise between client and supplier, the impeller of the fan unit shall be balanced to grade G2.5 of ANSI S2.19 (ISO 1940) as recommended in ANSI/AMCA 204 for jet tunnel fans. The electric motor shall be supplied to the vibration level for the motor frame size in accordance with NEMA MG-1, Part 7 (IEC 34).
v eff =
For the definition of Aeff, fan outlet area, see Section 3.1.10.
ANSI/AMCA 250-05 Note 2: It may be preferred, by prior agreement with the client, to present sound level data in an alternative form. For example, an A-weighted spherical sound pressure level at 10 or 3 m (33 or 10 ft), 45 in free field. Also by agreement with the client it shall be decided whether the sound level is given as a single total figure or in each octave band. Note 3: If required for contractual reasons, the airflow rate may be determined by one of the methods given in ANSI/AMCA 210 or ISO 5801. Silencer pod geometry Silencer bellmouth shape Impeller hub to diameter ratio Impeller spinner profile Blade shape and solidity (number of blades) Blade setting angle Motor support design Motor frame size Blade tip clearance (smoke venting designs) It is accepted that for practical reasons it is not reasonable for every configuration of fan to be subjected to a direct test. Also, perfect geometric similarity is not always readily achievable. Nonetheless, it is incumbent on the manufacturer to authenticate any conversion rules used. Application of conversion rules shall be limited as follows: when calculating the performance of another fan from a direct test and allowing for some departure from geometric similarity: Fan size: one R20 step (per AMCA 99-0098-00) Impeller speed = (test speed) 1.3 Or (test speed) / 1.3
ANSI/AMCA 250-05
Table 11.1 - Tolerances Measured parameter Thrust Effective outlet velocity Input power Sound level Measurement uncertainty 5% 10% 1.5% Manufacturing variation 1% 2% 2.5% 2%
Notes 1 1, 2 3
Note 1: It should be noted that while thrust is measured, the effective outlet air velocity is calculated from the thrust, using air density and a conventionalized outlet area. Note 2: The relatively large uncertainty of the effective outlet air velocity will, in most cases, have little practical importance in relation to the thrust to be installed in the tunnel as it only concerns a secondary correction factor. Note 3: Uncertainty of measurement of broad band sound levels can be taken as 3 dB for the 125 Hz, 250 Hz and 8000 Hz bands; 2 dB for 500 Hz band; and 1.5 dB for the 1 kHz and 4000 Hz bands. While uncertainty will be greater than 3 dB for the 63 Hz band no information is available. To allow for manufacturing deviations a further 2 dB should be added.
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Notes:
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13
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14
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Figure 4 - Thrust Measuring Layout - Suspended Method with Adjustable Position Transducer Measuring System
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Thrust Gauge (Measurement in N (lbf)) (Thrust = Gauge reading - weight of gauge in suspension) Note: The fan shall be accurately leveled prior to testing.
Figure 5A - Thrust Measuring Layout - Supported Method with Linear Bearings and Thrust Gauge in Suspension
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Figure 5B - Thrust Measuring Layout - Supported Method with Linear Bearings and Transducer Measuring System
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Figure 5C - Thrust Measuring Layout - Supported Method with Leaf Springs and Load Cell
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Table B.1 - Background Correction dB increase in level produced by the fan 3 4-5 6-9 10 or more dB to be subtracted from the measured value 3 2 1 0
When the increase is less than 3 dB, measurements in general cease to have any significance.
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Flow Coefficient:
= qv / (Aa u)
Where: Aa = impeller annulus area. u = impeller tip speed = Dr N
Thrust Coefficient:
2Tc Aa u 2
Power Coefficient:
2PR Aa u 3
Note 1: Tc shall not be calculated from qvv. Gross errors may arise from using this formula, principally due to the non-uniformity of air velocity at the fan outlet and a lack of certainty as to the effective outlet area of the fan. Note 2: The above performance coefficients differ from those in ISO 5801 but have been found to give good correlation of test data for axial flow jet fans. Sound Power Level: Total sound power levels shall be converted according to the following relationship. (See Note below). Lwc = Lwt + 50 log10 (Nc / Nt) + 70 log10 (dc / dt) Where: D = nominal fan diameter N = impeller rotational speed suffix c = calculated suffix t = test. Note: If the above relationship is used to calculate octave band sound levels, then suitable adjustments must be made if the blade passing frequency changes to a different octave band than that of the test fan.
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The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the worlds manufacturers of related air system equipment primarily, but limited to: fans, louvers, dampers, air curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial, commercial and residential markets.