Chapter #28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or Peoples) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and muckraker writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and womens right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition. 3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a trust-buster. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person. 4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation. 5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelts ways and the two split. Chapter# 28: Identifications Jacob Riis He was a writer whose most famous work was the book, How the Other Half Lives, which was centered around living conditions in the slums. This was written in order to expose the monopoly of Standard Oil. Ida Tarbell She was a journalist for the magazine, McClures, and she wrote all about Standard Oil and its cutthroat business practices. Robert M. LaFollete The governor of Wisconsin and also part of the Progressive part of the Republican Party. He was recognized as one of the leaders of the Progressive movement, and his Wisconsin Idea laid out groundwork for states progression. Charles Evans Hughes He was the governor of New York and a Republican. He exposed the corruption in gas and insurance companies and also trusts involved in the coal industry. He was involved in the election of 1916 and ran against Woodrow Wilson. Upton Sinclair His famous novel, The Jungle (1906), exposed the horrifying conditions within Americas meat industry. This led to the passing of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Initiative This was heavily supported by groups such as the Populist Party and stated that this was the

peoples ability to petition the kinds of laws to be established in the government. Referendum This was the idea that citizens could vote on the laws that were to be passed, and also part of the Populist Partys goals and later on in the Progressive Movement. Recall This was the idea that people could take incompetent officials out of office with another election in which they could elect people who could do the job well. Muckrakers These were people, mostly journalists and writers, who exposed the corruption of society, such as within big businesses and trusts. Elkins Act Passed in 1903, this act was made to fight against railroads. It made railroad companies who gave rebates pay fines, as well as the companies who accepted those rebates. Hepburn Act This act was passed in 1906 and signed by TR. This was also what gave the ICC authority to establish fair rates for railroads, and ban any free passes and rebates. Northern Securities Case This was the first trust taken apart by TR in 1902. Meat Inspection Act This act, passed in 1906, called for all meat that was shipped state-to-state to be inspected before being given to stores for sale. Pure Food and Drug Act This act, passed in 1906 was for the prevention of any adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Newlands Act This Act, passed in 1902, was made by Congress as a response to TR. It stated that Washington had the power to take the money made as profit in public lands in the states to the west and use that money to fund irrigation projects. Dollar diplomacy This was a policy supported by Taft that encouraged American investors to invest their money in foreign countries such as those in the Far East and the Panama Canal in order to strengthen Americas international influence. Payne-Aldrich Act In 1909, Taft signed this act which passed a moderate tariff instead of the low tariffs the progressives had wanted. This naturally split the Republican Party in two disputing groups.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair This was the argument between Ballinger, the Secretary of Interior, and Pinchot, the Chief of Forestry. It occurred when Ballinger opened up the lands set aside by TR for corporate use, and also divided the Republican Party. Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld 1. What were the goals of the Progressives? The goals of the Progressives were to clean up the corruption in society through strengthening the power of the government. Their goals included controlling trusts, womens suffrage, and providing social welfare programs. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers Know: McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo 2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers? Many of the issues addressed by the major muckrakers involved big business and trusts. For example, Steffens showed the public how the government had corrupt ties with the big corporations. Ida Tarbell exposed the Standard Oil trust for its cutthroat business practices. Phillips brought to light how many senators did not represent the voters. Political Progressivism Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists 3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired. Initiative stated that voters could propose laws. Referendum stated that the citizens could vote for the laws that directly affected them. Recall gave citizens the power to impeach officials who werent doing their job well. Later on, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed the direct election of senators. Progressivism in the Cities and States Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes 4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level? Many reformers took on fixing up cities, and they fought against corruption that came from slumlords as well as juvenile delinquency and prostitution. Robert M. La Follette, the governor of Wisconsin, seized control from the trusts and gave it back to the common man. Governor Hiram Johnson helped states such as Oregon and California regulate trusts and railroads. Progressive Women Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York, Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry" 5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills? The Progressives were fairly successful in combating social ills. Their success could be seen in cases such as Muller vs. Oregon, with attorney Louis D. Brandeis, which resulted in the Supreme

Court deeming laws that protected women workers constitutional. Lochner v. New York also passed a law that made work days for bakers ten hours. Later on, the eighteenth Amendment was passed, which was the prohibition amendment. TR's Square Deal for Labor Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor 6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal? There were three parts to the Cs of the Square Deal. The first C was control of corporations. The second C was consumer protection. The third C was conservation of the United States natural resources. These were basically trust regulation, mediation of social issues, and environmental issues. TR Corrals the Corporations Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company 7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved." The statement is valid. First, TR did not take down all trusts. He decided that some were bad and some were good, and he kept the good ones around for reasons unknown to all but himself. His successor, William Howard Taft also managed to take down double the amount of trusts in half the amount of time. Caring for the Consumer Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act 8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle? Upton Sinclaires book helped pass the Meat Inspection Act. The awful conditions that went into producing the meat that fed the American populace jumpstarted the need for the Pure Food and Drug Act as well. Earth Control Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club 9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation? In this point in time, Americans were going through their natural resources quickly. It wasnt until TR realized that only a quarter of the nations natural locations remained that he decided to put aside 125 million acres as national parks.

The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907? The results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907 were the Aldrich-Vreeland Act and the Federal Reserve Act (1908 & 1913). Both acts were landmarks in financial reform, especially the FR Act. The

Aldrich-Vreeland Act gave national banks the power to give out money in times of emergency and panic. The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs 11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency? TR established policies that would help the good trusts flourish and help the economy and the Americans as well. He was also against socialism and promoted conservation. He strengthened the executive branchs power, which helped him achieve progressive goals. The Square Deal, which was established before the New Deal, shed light on foreign nations and cast aside isolationism. Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole 12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain This statement was based on Tafts personality traits. Compared to TR, he was less liberal and aggressive. He was a scholarly type of person, and was aware of what the critics had to say about him. Also, he did not follow many of TRs policies like he was predicted to. The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy 13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced? Dollar Diplomacy was a policy that asked Americans to invest in foreign countries in order to strengthen the USs influence abroad. It was practiced when bankers and investors, mostly from Wall Street, took extra money and invested it in places such as the Far East and the Panama Canal. These investments established a form of control for the US in those areas. Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason 14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft? In my opinion, Taft deserves the nickname of Trustbuster. He did not differentiate between good and bad trusts since he took down as many as he could. In his four years as president, he also took on around 90 cases against trusts. He also took on U.S. Steel, which was a trust Roosevelt was involved with. Taft Splits the Republican Party Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon 15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft? The progressive wing of the Republican Party turned against Taft because of his approval of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which introduced a moderate tariff that the Progressives despised. In the case of the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel, he supported opening up the lands TR set aside for corporate use, which outraged many conservationist Progressives. The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture 16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention? The Republican Party split up into two main groups, those who supported Taft, and those who supported TR. The National Progressive Republican League nominated TR as their candidate, and the Old Guard Republicans nominated Taft.