Form 5 Chemistry Folio - Medicine

SEKOLAH MENENGAH
KEBANGSAAN ？？？
CHEMISTRY FOLIO ( 20？？ )
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER
MEDICINE
Heon—hsleonhs@hotmail.com
NAME :
CLASS :
IC NUMBER :
TEACHER’S NAME :
Content
10INTRODUCTION
20OBJECTIVE
30INTRODUCTION
3.1 Traditional medicines
3.2 Modern medicines
3.2.1Analgesics
3.2.2Antibiotics
3.2.3Psychotherapeutic medicine
3.3 Drug abuse
40Discussion
50Conclusion
60References
10INTRODUCTION OF
MEDICINES
Medicines are chemicals that help to cure infection
and maintain our health and well being. Medicines
can be obtained from natural sources or synthetic
chemicals. Any chemical that is used as medicine is
called a drug. Medicines that are obtained from
plants and animals are called traditional medicines.
Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines
and modern medicines.
20OBJECTIVE
• State examples of traditional medicines, their

sources and uses
• State the types of modern medicines and their
examples
• State the functions of each type of modern
medicines
• Describe the possible side effects of using
modern and traditional medicines
• Decribe the correct usage of modern and
traditional medicines
10INFORMATION AND DATA
1.1Traditional medicine
Traditional medicines are derived from plants or
animals. Traditional medicines are usually not
processed. Any medicinal plant containing
alkaloid is potentially toxic to the liver.
Traditional medicines can cause serious side
effects. More research on the toxic and adverse
effects of traditional medicines should be carried
out in order to ensure the safety of these
medicines to the public.
1.1.1Some common medicinal plants and
their function
1.1.2Animals that have medicinal
properties
Traditional medicine Uses
Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wounds
Centella asiatica To treat depression and
(pegaga) for longevity
Eurycoma longifolia To increse the male
(tongkat ali) libido
Orthosiphon aristatus To treat gout, diabetes
(misai kucing) and rheumatism
Andrographis To treat diarrrhoea,
paniculata (hempedu fever and diabetes
bumi)
Ocimum basilicum To treat coughs, colds
(selasih) and bronchitis
1.1.3Animals that have medicinal

properties
Medicinal animal Funtions
Sea cucumber (gamat) To treat Japanese
encephalitis and hole in
the heart
Centipede To treat lockjaw and
convulsions
Ant To treat hepatitis B
Side effects of traditional medicines
1. It is generally believed that traditional medicines
have little side effects compared to modern medicines.
In fact, traditional medicines are sometimes used to
counteract the side effects of some modern medicines.
2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a
prolonged period may cause hearing loss. German
health officials recently reported 40 cases of liver
damage which were linked to the herbal medicine
containing kava-kava.
3. While the use of traditional medicine is rising
globally, health experts have insufficient data about
how it affects patients.
4. The World Health Organisation( WHO) hopes to set
up a global monitoring system to monitor the adverse
side effects of traditional medicines.
1.2Modern medicine
Before the 20th century, most medicines were
extracted from plants (herbal medicines). Since
1900. Thousands of modern drugs have been
synthesised from organic compound. Modern
medicines can be classified as follows based on
their effects on the human body. Some examples
of modern medicines are analgesics, antibiotics,
psychotherapeutic drugs. Modern drugs have a
trade name and a generic name. For example, the
analgesic aspirin (generic name) is sold under
different brand names such as Caprin and Disprin.
Similarly, paracetamol (generic name) is sold
under the trade name of Panadol. Modern
medicines usually contain a mixture of active
ingredients prepared in different forms, such as
capsules, pills, solutions or suspensions. For
example, Alka-Seltzer (used as an antacid)
contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), citric acid
and aspirin. It is the sodium bicarbonate then
neutralizes the excess stomach acid.Modern
medicines can be classified into a few categories
according to their effects on body:( a ) Analgesics
( b ) Antibiotics
( c ) Psychotherapeutic medicines
1.2.1Analgesics
Analgesics is to relieve pain without
causing numbness or affecting
consciousness. Analgesics relive pain but
do not cure the disease. Example of
common analgesics are aspirin,
paracetamol and codeine.
(a)Aspirin
Aspirinis used for relief, particularly
where there is inflammation involved,
such as arthritic pain and dental pain.
The active ingredient in aspirin is
acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin has the
following structural formula.
Side effects: Can cause bleeding in the

stomach because aspirin is vey acidic.
Can cause allergic reactions, skin rashes
and asthmatic attacks
(b)Paracetamol
Paracetamol have the following
structural formula.
Thus, unlike aspirin, paracetamol is

neutral in nature. Paracetamol is similar
to aspirin in its effects (that is, reduces
fever and relieves pain) but it does not
reduce inflammation. Paracetamol also
reduces or relieves flu symptoms such
as fever, bone aches and runny nose.
An overdose of paracetamol can cause
liver damage.
(c)Codeine
Codeine is an analgesic used in
headache tables and in cough
medicines. Most codeine is
synthesizedfrom morphine. Codeine
may cause drowsiness when it taken.
Abuse of this medicine may lead to
addition, depression and nausea.
1.1.1Antibioties
Antibiotics are chemicals that destroy or
prevent the growth of infectious
microorganism. Two examples of
antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.
Antibiotics are used to treat diseases
caused by bacteria. Antibiotics are not
effective against diseases caused by viral
infections such as influenza, measles, or
small pox. Examples of antibiotics are
(a) Penicillin
Penicillin is derived from the mould Penicillium
notatum. Penicillin are used to treat diseases,
caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia,
gonorrhea and syphilis. Penicillin is only
effective on certain bacteria. For example, it
cannot be used to treat tuberculosis.
(b)Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil
bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It is used
to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and
some forms of pneumonia.
Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken

down by the acid in the stomach.
Therefore, these antibiotics are usually
given by injection and are not taken orally.
Patient take full course of the antibiotics
tomake sure that all the bacteria are killed.
Otherwise, he may become ill again and
the bacteria may become more resistant to
the antibiotic. The side effects of
antibiotics are headache, allergic reaction,
diarrhea.
1.1.1psychotherapeutic medicine
Good metal health is fundamental and
essential to personal wellbeing and the
ability to lead a healthy, balanced and
productive life. People with mental illness
are not in control of their thoughts, feeling
and behaviours. These conditions can be
helped with the use of psychotherapeutic
medications.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to
alter abnormal thinking, feeling or
behaviours. These medicines do not cure
mental illness. However, they can reduce
many of the symptoms of mental illness
and help a person to get on with life.
Psychotherapeutic medicines are divided
into three categories based on the
symptoms for which they are primarily
used as shown below.
The example and side effects of some
psychotherapeutic medicines.
(a)Stimulant
(b)Antidepressant
(c)Antipsychotic
Example Side effects
Methylphenidate High dose or excessive use
, of stimulants over long
dextroampheta periods of time can lead to
mine, anxiety, hallucinations,
amphetamine severe depression, or
physical and psychological
dependence.
(d)Antidepressant
(e)Antipsychotic
Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause
drowsiness, poor
coordinationor
lightheadadness. Overdose of
these drugs can lead to
respiratory difficulties,
sleeplessness, coma and even
death
Barbiturates Barbiturates cause addition.
People who rely on
barbiturates to fight against
insomnia sometimes kill
themselves accidentally by
taking an overdose
(f) Antipsychotic
Chlorpromazine Antisphychotic medicines
, haloperidol cause drowsiness, rapid
and clozapine heartbeat and dizziness.
3.3 Drug Abuse
Taking drugs excessively and without a doctor
prescription s called drug abuse. The use of
certain drugs like ecstacy causes depression
which can last for weeks after it s consumed. The
other examples of drug is ice causes stroke and
injuries to the liver and kidneys.
Any natural or artificially made chemical which is
used as a medicines is called drug. Without the
drug, a rug addict shoes withdrawal symptoms.
Common withdrawal symptoms include
nervousness, depression, stomach cramps, cold,
sweat, teary eyes, vomiting and diarrhea.
Abuse potential
Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse
may lead to health problems, social problems,
physical dependences or psychological addiction.
Some drugs that are subject to abuse have
central nervous system ( CNS ) effects, which
produce changes n mood, levels of awareness or
perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs
also alter systems other than the CNS. But not all
the centrally acting drugs are subject to abuse,
which suggests that altering consciousness is not
sufficient for a drug to have abuse potential.
Among drugs that are abused, some appear to be
more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than
others suggesting a possible hierarchy of drug-
induced effects relative to abuse potential.
Approaches to managing drug

abuse
In addition to being a major public health
problem, some consider drug abuse to be a social
problem with far-reaching implications. Stress,
poverty, domestics and societal violence and
various diseases ( i.e. , injecting drug users as a
source for HIV/AIDS ) are sometimes thought to
be spread by drug use. Studies have also shown
that individuals dependent on illicit drugs
experience higher rates of comorbid psychiatric
syndromes.
4.0 Discussion
Differences between traditional medicines and modern
medicines
Traditional medicines Modern medicines
-they are usually not processed -they are usually processed in
laboratories
-they are derived from plant or -they are synthesized based on
animals substances found in nature
Correct ways of using medicines
In taking any medicine, we should know why the medicine is prescribed, how
the medicine should be used, what special precautions should be followed,
what special diet should be followed, what are the side effects, and what
storage conditions are needed. In addition, we should note the following
points :
1. Self-medication
Do not prescribe medicines for yourself (self-medication) or for other
people. Discuss with your doctor and listen to him concerning the
medicine to be taken.
2. Follow the instructions given
Follow the instructions given by your doctor or pharmacist concerning
the dosage and method of taking the medicine.
3. Medicines for adult and children
Medicines for adult should not be given to children and vice versa.
4. Side effects
Visit the doctor immediately if there are symptoms of allergy or other
effects of the drugs.
5. Expiry date
Like foods, medicines also have expiry date. Do not take medicines
after their expiry dates.
Penicillin
Stimulant
Psychotherap
Antibiotics
Modern Medicine
Antidepressant
Streptomycin
medicines
eutic
Antipsychotic
medicines
Traditional
medicines
Analgesics
• Aspirin
• Paraceta
mol
• Codeine
Drug abuse
5.0 Conclusion
A medicine is used to prevent or cure diseases or to
relieve pain. Medicines can be classified as traditional
medicines and modern medicines. Traditional medicines
are medicines which are obtained from natural sources
without being processed chemically. Traditional medicines
also refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and
beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based
medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and
exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat,
diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.
Since the olden days, man has used plants, animals and
minerals to treat diseases. The traditional medicines
include ginger, aloe vera, mint leaves, garlic, lemon grass,
quinine and cocoa.
Modern medicines are produced chemically and often
involve drugs. Modern medicines are produced in the form
of pills, capsules, emulsion, paste and solution. Modern
medicines include analgesics, antibiotics,
psychoterapeutic drugs, hormones and steroids.
Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain by acting on
receptors on the nerve cells of the spinal cord or brain.
Examples of analgesics include aspirin, paracetamol and
codeine. Antibiotics are obtained from mold or other
microorganisms. It used to treat infection due to bacteria.
Examples of antibiotics include penicillin and
streptomycin.
Psychotherapeutic drugs are used to treat psychiatric
patients by altering the emotions as well as the behaviour
and thoughts of the patient. Therefore, this category of
medicine should not consumed indiscriminately and
without prescription from the doctor. Psychotherapeutic
drugs can be categorized into stimulants, antidepressants
and antipsychotic drugs. Stimulants are used to enhance
or stimulate the mental activity, emotions as well as the
activity of the body of the patients. Examples of
stimulants are amphetamine and caffeine.
Antidepressants are used to control depression, grim
feelings, worry, anxiety and panic in patients. Some
examples of antidepressants in the market today are
tranquilizers and barbiturates. Antipsychotic drugs are
used to treat symptoms of a type of psychotic illness or
mental disorder known as schizophrenia. Common
antipsychotic medicines are chlorpromazine, haloperidol
and clozapine.
Besides this, taking drugs excessively and without a
doctor’s prescription is called drug abuse. The use of
certain drugs like ecstasy and ice produce harmful side
effects. In addition, some types of medicines may cause
harmful side effects if being misused without a doctor’s
instructions. The harmful side effects posed by medicines
should be seriously attended to and the doctor’s advice
and instructions should be strictly followed.
6.0 References
1 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng
Nguan Hong and Umi Kaithom Binti Ahmad, 2006.
Chemistry Form 5. Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.
2 ) Vijaya Viswanathan B.Sc. , Catherine Lee B.Sc.Ed.
( Hons. ), 2007. New Vision Chemistry SPM. Marshall
Cavendish ( Malaysia ) Sdn. Bhd.
3 ) Jess Tan Bsc ( Hons ) Ed, MED : COMPLETE Text & Guide
SPM ARAHAN PENDIDIKAN
4 ) Traditional medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine
Modern medicine,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_medicine
5 ) Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng
Nguan Hong, 2007. Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

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SEKOLAH MENENGAH

CHEMISTRY FOLIO ( 20？？ )

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER

Medicines are chemicals that help to cure infection

and maintain our health and well being. Medicines

can be obtained from natural sources or synthetic

chemicals. Any chemical that is used as medicine is

called a drug. Medicines that are obtained from

plants and animals are called traditional medicines.

Medicines can be classified as traditional medicines

and modern medicines.

• State examples of traditional medicines, their

Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wounds

Centella asiatica To treat depression and

(pegaga) for longevity

Eurycoma longifolia To increse the male

(tongkat ali) libido

Orthosiphon aristatus To treat gout, diabetes

(misai kucing) and rheumatism

Andrographis To treat diarrrhoea,

paniculata (hempedu fever and diabetes

(selasih) and bronchitis

1.1.3Animals that have medicinal

Medicinal animal Funtions

Sea cucumber (gamat) To treat Japanese

encephalitis and hole in

Centipede To treat lockjaw and

Ant To treat hepatitis B

1. It is generally believed that traditional medicines

have little side effects compared to modern medicines.

In fact, traditional medicines are sometimes used to

counteract the side effects of some modern medicines.

2. However, taking high doses of quinine for a

prolonged period may cause hearing loss. German

health officials recently reported 40 cases of liver

damage which were linked to the herbal medicine

globally, health experts have insufficient data about

how it affects patients.

4. The World Health Organisation( WHO) hopes to set

up a global monitoring system to monitor the adverse

side effects of traditional medicines.

Side effects: Can cause bleeding in the

Thus, unlike aspirin, paracetamol is

Penicillin is derived from the mould Penicillium

notatum. Penicillin are used to treat diseases,

caused by bacteria, such as pneumonia,

gonorrhea and syphilis. Penicillin is only

cannot be used to treat tuberculosis.

Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil

bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It is used

to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and

some forms of pneumonia.

Both penicillin and streptomycin are broken

Example Side effects

Methylphenidate High dose or excessive use

, of stimulants over long

dextroampheta periods of time can lead to

mine, anxiety, hallucinations,

amphetamine severe depression, or

physical and psychological

Example Side effects

Tranquilisers Tranquilisers cause

these drugs can lead to