The Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

Scientific Revolution
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During the 1500s and 1600s, the Scientic Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world.! People began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observations rather than traditional ideas.!
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People began to reject religious explanations in favor of scientic explanations

Nicolaus Copernicus

During the Middle Ages, Europeans believed that the earth was the center of the universe. By the 1500s Nicolaus Copernicus used mathematical formulas to prove that the universe was heliocentric. Heliocentric: the sun is the center of the universe and planets revolve around the sun

Galileo Galilei
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In the 1600s Galileo further proved the heliocentric theory! The Church put Galileo on trial and threatened him with death if he did not take back his teachings of the sun (not the earth) being the center of the universe!
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If the sun really was the center of the universe it contradicted everything the Church believed about humans being all important!

Galileo took back what he said about the universe

Isaac Newton

Issaac Newton built on the knowledge of Copernicus and Galileo! He used math to prove the existence of gravity

Scientific Method
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

State the problem! Collect information about the problem! Form a hypothesis, or educated guess! Experiment to test the hypothesis! Record and analyze the data! State a conclusion

Science and the Enlightenment

Scientists used reason to explain why things happened in the physical universe.! By the 1700s, scholars began to apply their use of reason, rationalism, and logic in order to nd the best type of government! These thoughts will lead to the Enlightenment

credits:!
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Adam Feinberg (Enlightenment thinkers lesson)

The Enlightenment

Government and the consent of the governed.

DO NOW: Answer these questions: Why does society need laws? Where do laws come from?
Answer in your notes

The Enlightenment
Time

period from 1650 to 1790 when European intellectuals questioned Absolutism and the Kings theory of divine right to rule. But then they began questioning everything religion, laws, rights, government, ancient thinkers, science

Social Contract
An agreement between people in a society to give up certain rights and freedoms in exchange for peace, security, and comfort. Government is the institution that enforces the social contract Citizens Must obey laws Pay taxes Vote for government Government Protect citizens natural rights. Govern the nation

Enlightenment Thinkers
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English writer Believed in Divine rights of Kings. In book Leviathan, said people were selfish and need strong government to prevent social chaos where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes social contract theory: humans give up bad freedoms (to kill, steal, rape, etc.) in exchange for being part of a society run. They also submit themselves to a strong govt which can control everyones selfishness.

Thomas Hobbs

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Instructions:! Part 2: Wheres the food?!

Instructions: ! Directions: You and your group have spent three days looking for food, but you have been
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unsuccessful. Youre all starving. Miraculously, while you are all near each other, one Part 1: How Do You Picture and Act in the State of Nature? person nds one piece of fruit. Everybody wants it, but how will you all decide who gets it? Remember, any of own, you can do whatever want to obtain itmay there are no rules or Directions: On your and on a blank you piece of paper, you either: formal punishments. In other words, you have the right to steal or murder if youd like. !

Draw a picture, cartoon, or some sort of creative work that illustrates this island state of nature. entry, letter, news report, etc.) that describes this island state of nature. Your 1. Who do you think would get the food? ! writing must be at least three paragraphs.
2. How did they get it?

In the same format you started in Part 1, (picture, cartoon, diary entry, letter, news If you dont want to draw, write some sort of creative writing piece (i.e. diary report) explain: !

Lorem Ipsum Dolor

State of Nature

Activity Part 3: The Social Contract

Leviathan
Questions to discuss:! Questions to pose to the class: Do you think Hobbes is right? Do the L.A. Riots prove that, or were there other circumstances that created a riot situation? How would you act if one day you woke up and there were no police and no laws, but there were still people and property? Would you steal and loot and kill? Would you respect your fellow man?

Enlightenment Thinkers
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John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government that governments were created by the people, to serve and protect them Locke believed every man has Natural rights to Life, Liberty, and Property. The govt should protect these rights, and if they dont, the citizens have the right to change the government.

Enlightenment Thinkers
Jean Jacques Rousseau
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French writer in the 1700s Believed that all government decisions must be based on the General Will of the people. The government must be aware of what the people want and need

Lorem Ipsum Dolor

Absolutism

Absolute rule is divine

Directions
Spend a couple of minutes looking at this painting. ! You will answer the three questions below after you have looked at and analyzed the painting.! This should take you about 5-7 minutes to complete. Remember your answers do not need to be long.! QUESTIONS:! 1. Who is in the painting?! 2. What do you think is going on in the painting? Take note of the background.! 3. What is the message of the painting? For example, why did the author paint this?

Question

Do we have Absolute Monarchs in our modern age?

The Age of Absolutism 1500-1800

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Do Now: What is a better way to get people to do things: using fear or love?! In Notes ! Fear = people are afraid of consequences, so they act a certain way! Love = people like or love the possible consequences, so they act a certain way!
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3 sentences minimum

Divine Right Theory

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Absolute monarchs believed that God had chosen their family to be the kings !
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Divine = from heaven! Right = the right to rule!

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Does this make sense to you?! How would this idea help those kings stay in power?

Renaissance and Absolute Monarchs

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The Renaissance was supported by the new wealth coming into Spain and Portugal, but also into Italian city-states like Venice and Genoa from trade with Muslims! Kings all over Europe began buying more art, bigger castles and palaces, and paying for huge libraries and universities only for the rich. Why did they do this?

Absolutism in Europe
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The Theory of Absolutism!

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Goal? Total control. Divine Right of course!! Who did these leaders answer to?! End of the Middle Ages-!decline of feudalism! Growing middle class tended to back monarchs, why?! Religious authority decreases so who is getting all of their power?! Monarchs create order by increasing own power/ controlling all of society.

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Growing Power of the Monarchs!

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Crises Lead to Absolutism!

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Louis XIV
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Louis Controls the Nobility!

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Nobles at the palace increased Louiss power, how?! Louiss Palace at Versailles !

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Patronage of the Arts!

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Art was an important aspect of Louiss reign! Art was not to glorify God anymore, but instead to glorify the monarch!

Louis Death and Legacy

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Attempts to Expand Frances Boundaries!

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European alliances against France allowed for very little expansion!

Mixed Legacy!
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The positives: art, literature, statesmanship, military, colonies! The negatives: debt, taxes on the poor

Peter the Great Comes to Power

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Peter the Great, another absolute ruler restores order and strengthens the govt in Russia! Russia Contrasts with Europe!
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Serfdom continued through the 1800s,! Eastern Orthodoxy, not Catholicism !

Peter Visits the West!

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Peter learns about western culture and brings back ideas of the rest of Europe

Peters Goals
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Ultimate goal was the westernization of Russia! Peters Reforms!

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Brings the Russian Orthodox Church under state control! Reduce the power of landowners! Drilled the army with European tactics! Potatoes! Newspapers! Women! Fashion! Education

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Westernizing Russia!
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