ste. 23] Stress and Strain: Important Relationships 17 It can be shown that for a linear, homogeneous, isotropic material the shear modulus is related to Poisson’s ratio by (Ref. 1) E e227) 2.3 Stress Transformations ‘As was stated in Sec. 2.1, knowing the state of stress on three mutually orthogonal surfaces at a point in a structure is sufficient to generate the state of stress for any surface at the point. This is accomplished through the use of coordinate transformations. The development of the transformation equations is quite lengthy and is, not provided here (see Ref. 1). Consider the element shown in Fig. 2.8(a), where the stresses on surfaces with normals in the x, y, and 2 directions are known and are represented by the stress matrix 2 :| eat tole Now consider the element, shown in Fig. 2.8(6), to correspond to the state of stress af the same point but defined relative to a different set of surfaces with normals in the x, y, and z directions. The stress matrix corresponding to this element is given by [223] To determine [}.y. by coordinate transformation, we need to establish the relationship between the v2 and the xyz coordinate systems. This is normally done using directional cosines. First, let us consider the relationship between the x! axis and the xyz coordinate system. The orientation of the «’ axis can be established by the angles 8... yy» and Oy, a8 shown in Fig. 2.9. The directional cosines for x” are given by [ol 08 Oy 08 0. cos 0. 233) Similarly, the y’ and 2 axes can be defined by the angles 0,., 0), 0y- and 0.:., 0.5, 02., tespectively, with corresponding directional cosines Ly = C080 yc. My =CO8Iyy. My C080. (23-4) 0802. My = 00802,