KK Chap2 Slides For Bluman

Chapter # 2
Frequency Distributions & Graphs

khushnoorkhan64@yahoo.com
Objectives
1. Organize data using frequency distributions.
2. Represent data graphically using histograms,
frequency polygons and ogive.
3. Represent data using bar chart, pareto chart
, pie graph and time series graph.
4. Draw and interpret a stem and leaf plot.
Organizing data
Raw Data : When data are collected in
original form, they are called raw data
Marks of students:10,16, 20,25,28,30,35,45,52

Blood groups : A,B,AB+,A,A,B,B,O,B,O,AB+
Frequency Distribution: is the organization of raw

data in a table form, using classes and frequencies

10-20
20-30
12
30-40
30
40-50
10
50-60
Types of frequency distributions

Variables
Qualitative
nominal & ordinal
Categorical
frequency
distribution
Quantitative
discrete continuous
Ungrouped freq
distribution

Grouped frequency
distribution

Types
of frequency
frequency distributions
distributions
Types of
1.Categorical
frequency distribution
2.Ungrouped
Rating of a Hotel
Number of Guests
Excellent
Very Good
19
Good
10
Poor
3.Grouped
10-20
20-30
12
10
30-40
30
40-50
10
50-60
khushnoorkhan64@yahoo.c
om
3
5
1.Categorical frequency distribution

Example 1: Blood groups of 30 students are
given below construct the frequency
distribution and represent it by a
.
BLOOD TYPE(Sample Size =30)
A,A,B,B,AB+,A,B,AB+,O,A
B,A,O,AB+,B,AB+,B,AB+,O,B,
A,AB+,B,B,AB+,O,B,AB+,O,AB+
Raw data
Pie Graph
Is a circle that is divided into sections
according to the percentage of
frequencies in each category of the
distribution
The purpose of the pie graph is to
show the relationship of the
parts to the whole
1.Categorical frequency distribution

Relative frequency
=
Relative frequency = f/n
Sum of Relative Frequency = 1

Degrees = f/n x 360 =
f/n x 100 = percentage

f/n x 360 = degrees

Categorical frequency
1.Categorical
frequencydistribution
distribution
Relative
Blood group
frequency
Percentage
frequency(f/n) f/n x 100= %
Angle of Circle
f/nx360 =degrees
6/30=0.20
0.2x100 = 20%
0.2x360 = 72
10
10/30=0.33
0.33x100 = 33%
0.33x360 =11 9
AB+
9/30=0.3
0.3x100 = 30%
0.30x360 = 108
5/30=0.17
17.0%
0.167x360=61
30 = n
1.00
100%
360
Sample size
10
Graphical presentation
360-299=61
100%-83%=17%
Pie Chart
5, -----%, -----
A
6, 20%, 72
A
B
AB+
O
AB+ 9, 30%,
108
10, 33%, 119
11
Some questions on pie chart

The missing percentage is 100%-83%=17%
The cumulative percentage for the third
72 +119+108 = 299
part is
The degree of the missing part is 360-299=61
The sample size is 30
The percentage of blood type AB+ is
9/30x100=30%
khushnoorkhan64@yahoo.c
om
12
Some questions on pie chart

If the frequency of AB+ is changed to 15 what will
be the percentage and degree of the angle
f/n x100=15/30x100 = 50%
f/nx360=15/30x360= 180
The mode of the above data is
Mode = 10
The type of data in the above example is:

a. continuous b. discrete c. ordinal d. nominal
13
Categorical frequency distribution

Example 2: Guests staying at Holiday Inn were asked
to rate the quality of their accommodations as being
excellent, above average average, below average, or
poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests
are:(
)
Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Excellent
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Above Average
Average
Average
14
Rating
Poor
Below Average
Average
Above Average
Excellent
Total
Frequency
2
3
5
9
1
20
Relative freq
Percentage
f/n
f/nx100
2/20= 0.10
3/20 =0.15
5/20=0.25
9/20=0.45
1/20=0.05
1.00
0.10x100=10
0.15x100=15
0.25x100=25
0.45x100=45
0.05x100=05
100
15
Holiday Inn Quality Ratings

10
9
Frequency
8
7
6
5
3
2
1
2
Poor
Below Average Above Excellent

Average
Average
Rating
16
Questions on bar chart

1. What is the sample size?
20
2. What percentage of guests rated the
hotel average?
f/n=5/20x100=25%
3. What is the cumulative percentage up
to average rating? 10% +15%+25%=50%
17
Time Series Graph

Represents data that occur over a
specified period of time
14000
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Production
of cars
12000
12500
13100
13400
12500
13800
13500
13000
12500
12000
11500
11000
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Time on X-axis
18
Stem-and Leaf Plot
The Stem and leaf plot is a method of organizing

data and is a combination of sorting and
graphing at the same time
Retaining the original values while
showing them in a graphic form
19
Stem-and Leaf Plot

1.Sort data in ascending order
Marks obtained by 24 students in a statistics test:

19,22,25,26,27,28,29,30,34,36,37,42,43,44,46,48,
49,52,53,55,57,58,60
2. Separate the data according to the first digit.

19,
22,25,26,27,28,29,
30,34,36,37,
42,43,44,46,48,48,49
52,53,55,57,58,
60
19
Stem =1

Leaf =9

20
2.Ungrouped frequency distributions

Example 1:Number of miles traveled by 16 teachers from
their houses to university.(data values are small)
10 , 4 ,4, 20, 20, 20, 10, 4, 4, 4, 20, 4, 10, 20, 4, 4
Class(X)
4
10
20
Total
Tally
Frequency(f)
IIII III
III
IIII
8
3
5
n=
Cumulative
frequency
Percentage
(f/n)x100= %
8
8+3=11
8/16X100=50%
11+5=16
5/16X100=31%
16
3/16X100=19%
100%
21
2.Ungrouped frequency distributions

Example 2: The number of patients in the waiting
rooms within a hospital at a specific
time are given by the following
frequency distribution.
No of Room 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Frequency
3 5 11 ? 4 32
Answer the following questions:
1. The data can be represented graphically
by
1
3
4
22
Some basic terminology

Class width/size : Difference between
the two successive lower class limits or
the two successive upper class limits:
Class limits
Class boundaries
5-9
4.5 9.5
19-14= 5
9.5 14.5
10-14
14.5 19.5
15-19
19.5 24.5
20-24
Class midpoint: Add the lower and upper limit and
=5+9
divide by 2. midpoint =
=7
2
23
Steps in the Construction of Grouped Freq

Distr

1. Find the highest(H) & lowest(L) value.

2. Find the range. R = H L
3. Select the number of classes
K Usually between 5 and 20
4. Find the class width/size h = R/K
(it is good to have non-overlapping classes)
24
Grouped Frequency Distribution

Freq(No of students)
Class boundaries
Mid points
10-14
9.5-14.5
(9.5+14.5)/2 = 24/2 = 12
15-19
14.5-19.5
34/2= 17
20-24
19.5-24.5
44/2= 22
25-29
10
24.5-29.5
30-34
29.5-34.5
64/2= 32
35-39
34.5-39.5
74/2= 37
40-44
39.5-44.5
84/2= 42
Marks
54/2= 27
25
Grouped frequency distribution

Class
Mid points
Boundaries
Cumulative frequency

Classes
(Grades)
freq
10-14
9.5-14.5
12
15-19
14.5-19.5
17
1+2=3
20-24
19.5-24.5
22
3+5=8
25-29
10
24.5-29.5
27
8+10=18
30-34
29.5-34.5
32
18+7=25
35-39
34.5-39.5
37
25+4=29
40-44
39.5-44.5
42
29+1=30
30=
f
26
Histogram
Y-axis
Frequency
X-axis
Class boundaries

27
Frequency Polygon
Y-axis
Frequency
X-axis
mid points
Note: two additional points to be drawn with zero frequencies
one at the start & one at the end
28
Cumulative freq graph( ogive )

Y-axis
Cumulative Frequency

X-axis
Class boundaries

29
histogram
Y-axis
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
7
5
2
1
9.5
14.5
1
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Class boundaries
30
Frequency polygon
Y-axis
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
7
5
2
1
9.5
14.5
1
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Class boundaries
31
Grouped frequency distribution

relative
frequency
f/f =f/n
Cumulative
relative freq
12
1/30=0.033
0.033
14.5-19.5
17
2/30=0.067
0.033+0.067=0.1
19.5-24.5
22
5/30=0. 167
0.1+0.167=0.267
25-29
10
24.5-29.5
27
10/30=0.333
0.267+0.333=0.60
30-34
29.5-34.5
32
7/30=0.233
0.60+0.233=0.833
35-39
34.5-39.5
37
4/30=0.133
0.833+0.133=0.966
40-44
39.5-44.5
42
1/30=0.033
0.966+0.033=0.999
Classes
(Grades)
freq
Class
Boundaries
10-14
9.5-14.5
15-19
20-24
Mid points
30=
f
1.000
32
Histogram(relative freq)
Y-axis
0.35
R
e
l
0.30
0.25
0.20
f
r
e
q
0.333
0,15
0.233
0.10
0.167
0.05
0.033
9.5
0.133
0.067
14.5
19.5
0.033
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Class boundaries
33
Frequency polygon(Relative Freq)

Y-axis
0.35
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
0.30
f
r
e
q
0.25
0.20
0.333
0.15
0.23
0.10
0.167
0.05
0.033
9.5
0.133
0.067
14.5
19.5
0.033
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Class boundaries
34
Cumulative Relative freq graph(ogive)
Y-axis
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
l
1.00
0.80
0.60
f
r
e
q
0.966 0.999
0.833
0.40
0.60
0.20
0.033
9.5
0.100
14.5
0.267
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
39.5
44.5
Class boundaries
35
Khushnoorkhan64@yahoo.com
Dept of Statistics KAU
36

KK Chap2 Slides For Bluman

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Chapter # 2

Frequency Distributions & Graphs

Marks of students:10,16, 20,25,28,30,35,45,52

Frequency Distribution: is the organization of raw

Types of frequency distributions

1.Categorical frequency distribution

BLOOD TYPE(Sample Size =30)

1.Categorical frequency distribution

f/n x 100 = percentage

frequency(f/n) f/n x 100= %

10, 33%, 119

Some questions on pie chart

Some questions on pie chart

The mode of the above data is

The type of data in the above example is:

Categorical frequency distribution

Holiday Inn Quality Ratings

Below Average Above Excellent

Questions on bar chart

Time Series Graph

Stem-and Leaf Plot

The Stem and leaf plot is a method of organizing

Stem-and Leaf Plot

Marks obtained by 24 students in a statistics test:

2. Separate the data according to the first digit.

2.Ungrouped frequency distributions

2.Ungrouped frequency distributions

Some basic terminology

Steps in the Construction of Grouped Freq

1. Find the highest(H) & lowest(L) value.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Grouped frequency distribution

Cumulative freq graph( ogive )

Grouped frequency distribution

Frequency polygon(Relative Freq)

Cumulative Relative freq graph(ogive)

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