Hardware

System & Hardware
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Introduction to Computer Science (uGey f sLwmodyr H w d q f uf)
1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/
Computer (uGey f sLwm) History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyH\ordkif;) Types of Computer (uGey f sLwmtrsK;d tpm;rsm;)
1 1 2 3 3 3 5
Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3 Program (ydk*&rf) Generations of Programming Languages
(uGefysLwmydk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)
Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todPftwk) Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodPftwk)
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypnf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI) 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/

Components of a Computer
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System Unit Computer System One Set (uGey f sLwmpepfwpfp) kH Mother Board / Main Board
6 6 7 8
System & Hardware
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13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) Microprocessors (rdkufudkydkqufqmrsm;) Memory (rSwfPf) Monitor (armfeDwm) Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card
wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13 19/ 20/ 21/ 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/ 26/ 27/ 28/ 29/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh TefMum;csuf
xnfhoGif;onfhypnf;)
Mouse Printer Impact Printer Daisy Wheel Printer Dot Matrix Printer Non-Impact Printer Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)
14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 18 18
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypnf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
Rear Panel of AT System Unit Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypnf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
System & Hardware
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30/ 31/ 32/ 33/ 34/ 35/ 36/ 37/ 38/ 39/ 40/
Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19

Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)

Start-Up Procedure for PC
20 22 24
(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
Power On Self Test (POST)
(rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25 Low Level Interface
(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)
(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)

Protecting Electrical Power Problem
27 34 35 36 37
(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)
Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System
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Notice of the Computer Users
(uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
Fault finding for PC
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsufSmazGjcif;)
System & Hardware
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PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading
41/ 42/ 43/ 44/ 45/ 46/ 47/ 48/ 49/ 50/ 51/ 52/ 53/
Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors Desktop Board Components Intel's Microprocessor Intel Processor Specifications Intel Compatible Processors Chipset Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Intel South Bridge Chips Mother Board Upgrading Processor Sockets / Slots
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 45
Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46 Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm
pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;)
Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;)
47
48 49 50 50 51
54/ 55/ 56/ 57/
Conventional Graphics Architecture How Accelerated Graphics Port Works PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;
System & Hardware
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58/ 59/ 60/
Hard Disk Storage Hard Disk Features Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh
xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 61/ 62/ 63/ 64/ 65/ 66/ 67/ 68/ 69/ 70/ 71/ 72/ 73/ 74/ 75/
Floppy Disk Drives Floppy Disk Diskette on its Capacity Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;
56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66
&rnfhtcsufrsm;/
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk MultiBeam Technology CD-ROM Drive Specification CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; CD-ROM Format CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh
tcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm;
High Capacity Removable Storage LS-120 Specifications Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) Jaz Specifications
System & Hardware
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76/ 77/ 78/ 79/
DAT and 8mm Tape specifications SparQ Specifications Removeable Drive Specifications DVD Formats and Standards
Contents Introduction to Computer Science 1
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Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyHrdwfquf)

Computer (uGefysLwm)
1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf vkya f qmifa f y;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGey f sLwmonf TeMf um;csur f sm;ukd wdwu d sus? vsiv f sijf refjref ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypnf;[kvnf; t"dyg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/
Data
Processing
Information
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
Computer Hardware
- Input Hardware - Output Hardware - Processing & Memory Hardware - Secondary storage Hardware - Communications Devices - etc.
Software
System Software Application Software
( Customize / Packages ) - Operating System - Utility Programs - Word Processing - Language Translators - Spread Sheet - Database - Graphic , etc.
History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyH\ordkif;) 2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonfpOf ckEp S f Generation tokH;jyKaomypnf; tjrefEIef; 1/ 1200 Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom
ayoD;wGufcsufrI 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 1800 1896 1950 1960 1965 1970 1980 1st Gen: 2nd Gen: 3rd Gen: 4th Gen: 5th Gen: Automatic Mechanical Calculator Punch Card Machine Vaccum tube Transistors Integreated Circuit(IC) Microprocessor Artificial Intelligence(AI)
1000 cal/sec 101st Gen 1002nd Gen 503rd Gen Million Inst/sec
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Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;
tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvG e f j rif h r m;aom pGr;f aqmifEi dk r f & I NdS y;D a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefz;dk &Sy d gonf/ Super Computer rsm;tm; odyHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe jyKvy k jf cif; ponfv h y k i f ef;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ if;uGey f sLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg oGifjyifvuPmrsm; &Sdygonf(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum; (2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP (3) tBuD;rm;qkH; kyf0wKtwkdif;twm (4) tjrifr h m;qk;H wefz;dk ( c ) Mainframe Computer / tG,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf rjrifr h m;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEi dk r f I ESihf oda k vSmifEi kd r f I &Sy d gonf/ Mainframe rsm;tm; tzJ G U tpnf ; BuD ; rsm;wG i f Data rsm;tm; A[k d w G u f c suf r I jyKvy k a f y;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vki d ;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyi f ef; rsm;? pmykv Yd y k i f ef;rsm;? wuov dk r f sm;? taumuftcGer f sm;ponfww Ykd i G f tok;H jyKonf/ ( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csw d q f ufEi kd a f omTerminal ta&twGuf ESihf pGr;f aqmifEi kd r f KS enf;onf/ uGey f sLwmjzifh wGuc f suv f y k a f qmifjcif; vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ (C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / tG,ftpm;ao;i,f tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfco k Ydk csw d q f ufTerminal tjzpf tok;H jyKjcif; jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf(2)rsKd ; tok;H jyKEi dk o f nf/ Micro Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; tG,y f rmPay:rlwnf atmufygtwki d ;f cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(1) Desktops (2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
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Parts of Computer
Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&; Data
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uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Hardware / uGey f sLwm&Sd xdawGUuki d w f , G f &aom ypn;f ud&, d mrsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor ( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fr&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom ydk*&rf)? Application Software (tokH;csydk*&rfrsm;)/ ( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypnf;ukd ac:qdk ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS
Program (ydk*&rf) 5/ Program qkdonfrSm TefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ if;TeMf um;csur f sm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonfGenerations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmydk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)
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Generation Language 1st Generation Machine language 2nd Generation Assembly language 3rd Generation High-level language 4th Generation Very high-level language 5th Generation Natural language
Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todPftwk) 6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol
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rsm;ESio hf ufqi dk & f mbmom&yf uRr;f usio f y l nm&Sir f sm;aygif;pyf wnfaqmuf,& l ygonf/ AI onf odyHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqi dk & f m uRr;f usio f l Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:? tawGUtBuKH ? A[kow k rsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sir f sm;\tultnDjzifh Program rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ pepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/ Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuKH A[kow k rsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiw f i G f us,jf yefp Y m G tok;H cs Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/ ( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\ wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay; Computer tm; cki d ;f apjcif;? Computer ESihf tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G a f qmifu G jf cif;ukd pGr;f aqmif Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(1) Natural Language Understanding (2) Natural Language Generation ( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay; vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/ (C) Robotic and Sensory System / tmkc H r H I enf;ynmESihf pufy k e f nf;ynmrsm;ukd aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf(1) Robotic System / pufkyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m ypnf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypnf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ if; Robot tm; Program rsm;xnfhoGif; owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif; trsdK;rsdK; vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ (2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tmkHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd tmkc H jH cif;? toHudk tmkc H jH cif; ponfp h epfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SE d i dk y f gonf/ Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tmkc H H olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/
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Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m owif; tcsut f vufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfo h i G ;f xm;aom A[kow k tajccH onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif jzpfonf/ if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf pufkyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/ Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm
wpfckESifh ywfouf enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f aqmifGufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm; (Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowledge Base)Haygif;pyf wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodPftwk) 7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk; d wufxe G ;f um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;d wuf xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semiconductor Technology wk d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h t wG u f a Mumif h tvG e f j ref q ef j cif ; ? pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hardd & f menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGio f Ydk yka Yd qmif ay;aeygonf/ ware qki *syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nfG,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf(u) jrifhrm;aom todPf&Sdap&ef/ ( c ) vlrsm;tm; if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udp&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmifGuf&ef/ (C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmifGuf&ef/ ( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmifGuf&ef/ (q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/ ( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/
Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance
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Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypnf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)
1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) System Unit ( c) Monitor ( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse (C) Printer ponfhypnf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
System Unit 2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypnf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-
(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z) (ps) (n) ( #) ( X) ( !) ( ) (P)
PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ] FDD (Floppy Disk Drive) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ] CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ] Mother Board [ AT/ATX] Interface Card / Controller Card Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP] Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM] Cache Memory CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip] ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX] Backup Battery Others
Contents
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Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)
System Unit
yHk (1)
Monitor Speaker Scanner

Scanner Tower System
Speaker
Dot- Matrix Printer

Dot-matrix printer
Mouse
uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef

Keyboard Personal Computer
trsK;d tpm;rsm;
Pen Computer
PDA
Laptop Computer
Pen computer
PDA Pocket organizer (P er sonal Dig ital (Handheld (Per ersonal Digital computer) Asistant)
Laptop computer
Computer Casing
trsKd;tpm;rsm;
Desktop Casing
Desktop box
Tower Casing
Plotter Computer Accessories

Tower box
uGey f sLwmqufpyfypn;f rsm;
Modem
Plotter
Modem
Laser Printer
Laser printer
Contents
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Mother Board / Main Board 3/ Personal Computer wpfv; kH wGif ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt f ydi k ;f rSm Main Board (odr Yk [kw) f Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD; ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if ygonf/ Mother Board wpfckaG;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) Processor trsKd;tpm; ( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm; ( *) Mother Board Speed (C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI ( i) Main Memory yrmP ( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm; (q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX) ( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial, (ps) (n) ( #) ( X)
Parallel, Interface ..... ) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI Mother Board Chip Set Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card 4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ Mother Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&m Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK; tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G f tvkyv f y k y f gonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus
trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Processor Bus ( c) Address Bus ( *) Memory Bus (C) I/O Bus
Contents
CPU Processor Bus
480-528MBPS
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Half (or) Full of CPU Speed CPU Processor Bus Back Side Bus
800-1064MBPS
External Cache
L2 Cache
60/66MHz
Front Side Bus
PC 100/133 Memory Memory RAM
Chipset
Memory
RAM PC 66 Memory
AGP
528MBPS
Chipset
I/O Bus
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tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo, G a f qmifu G E f i kd & f ef I/O Bus (odr Yk [kw) f Expension Slots rsm;u aqmifGufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm; atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf(u) Sound Card ( c) Video Card ( *) Network Interface Card (NIC) (C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif; ( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif; ( *) Video ESifhywfouf vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture) ( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture) 7/
I/O Bus
Classic Mother Board Design
Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design (Dual Independend Bus)
Contents
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( *) (C) ( i) ( p) 8/
EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)
Personal Computer wGiy f g&Sa d om omref Mother Board wpfcw k i G f CPU, Chipset, f csi;f qufo, G a f qmifu G a f eyHr k m S atmufygtwdi k ;f jzpfygonf/ Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsi;
CPU External Cache
Processor Bus (High Speed)
Built-In I/O
I/O Bus (Slow Speed)
Bus Controller Chips
I/O Bus (Slow Speed)
Slotted I/O
yHk (3)
Memory Bus (High Speed)
RAM
Microprocessors (rdkufudkydkqufqmrsm;) 9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypnf;rSm CPU jzpfygonf/ CPU qdo k nfrm S A[dx k e d ;f csKyo f nfh ,lepfwpfcjk zpfNy;D Computer wpfv;kH \ OD;aESmuf [kvnf; ac:qkE d i kd y f gonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfv;kH \ 'r*Pef;qdi k & f m wGuc f sur f r I t S y tjcm;wGuc f sur f E I i S hf Processing qdi k & f mrsm;udk vkya f qmifay;Edi k y f gonf/ 'r*Pef;udk wGuc f suf Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif; wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
Contents
Processor CPU Clock Std. Voltage
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MaxMultimedia Memory Instructions 1M 1M 16M 16M 16M 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G MMX 64G 64G MMX 64G MMX 64G SSE(MMX,3D)
8088 1x 8086 1x 286 1x 386SX 1x 386SL 1x 386DX 1x 486SX 1x 486SX2 2x 487SX 1x 486DX 1x 486SL** 1x 486DX2 2x 486DX4 2-3x Pentium OD 2-5x Pentium 60/66 1x Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x Pentium Pro 2-3x Pentium II 3.5-4.5x Celeron 3.5-7x Pentium !!! 4.5-8x
Intel Processor Specifications Internal Data-Bus AddressRegister Width Bus Size Width 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit
MMX=Multi Media Extensions SSE=Str eaming SIMD(Single Instr uction Multiple Da ta) Extensions SSE=Streaming Instruction Data)
Z,m; (1) 10/ Intel ukrPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmifGufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t& Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEe I ;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEe I ;f ESihf rwlnE D i kd y f g/ Processor \tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board \tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-
Contents
12
CPU Clock 1x 1x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 3x 3x 3.5x 4.5x 3.5x 4.5x 5x 4x 5x 5.5x 8x
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Motherboard Speed 60MHz 66MHz 50MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 66MHz 66MHz 100MHz 100MHz 100MHz 133MHz 133MHz 133MHz 100MHz
Z,m; (2)
CPU Type/Speed Pentium 60 Pentium 66 Pentium 75 Pentium 90 Pentium 100 Pentium 120 Pentium 133 Pentium 150 Pentium 166/P6 Pentium 180/P6 Pentium 200/P6 Pentium 233/PII Pentium II 300 Pentium II 350 Pentium II 450 Pentium !!! 500 Pentium !!! 533 Pentium !!! 667 Pentium !!! 733 Pentium !!! 800
Memory (rSwfPf) 13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU
rSajz&Sif;aqmifGufjcif; rjyKrDvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmifGufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;vnf;aumif;? tcsuftvufrsm;? TefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ 14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [l cGJjcm;edkifygonf/ 15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&m Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/
Contents
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Monitor (armfeDwm) 16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [l ESpfrsKd;Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) Monochrome ( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor ) ( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor ) (C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array ) ( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array ) ( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array ) 17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH& k y d \ f tvif;tarSmifEi S hf rsuE f m S jyifukd tay: atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;ygSdNyD;? aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYygSdonf/
9 Pin 0 0 0 0 Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 Connector 00000 00000 00000 15 Pin VGA, SVGA, XVGA Connector
yHk (4)
18/
Monitor ESiw hf z JG uftoH;k jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGir f r d t d oH;k jyKva kd om Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;
Resolution 640 x 480(VGA) 800 x 600(SVGA) 1024 x 768(XGA) 1280 x 1024(SXGA) 1600 x 1200 16 Colors 0.15MB 0.23MB 0.38MB 0.63MB 0.92MB 256 Colors 0.29MB 0.46MB 0.75MB 1.25MB 1.83MB 64K Colors 0.59MB 0.92MB 1.5MB 2.5MB 3.66MB 16.7M Colors 0.88MB 1.37MB 2.25MB 3.75MB 5.94MB
VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths
Z,m;(5)
Contents
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Sif;vif;csuf/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESihf 16 Million Color az:jyEdi k a f om Frame wpfcu k kd Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card Memory yrmP 2.25MB vdktyfrnfjzpf vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypnf;) 19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95 Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[l awGUSdEdkifygonf/
PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )
yHk (5)
101 Keyboard
AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )
Mouse 20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/ toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Serial Mouse Connector
PS2 Mouse Connector
yHk (6)
Mouse & Mouse Pad
Contents
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Printer 21/ Printer qdo k nfrm S Data rsm;? kyy f r kH sm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pmGua f y:odYk xkw, f a l ompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdi k ;f ESpr f sK;d cJjG cm;Edi k y f gonf(u) Impact Printer ( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/ Impact Printer 22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif (u) Daisywheel Printer ( c) Dot-matrix Printer [lawGUSdEdkifygonff/
23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh dkufESdyfaom Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Daisy Wheel Printer 24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf; ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf
aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;ygSdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pmGuf\tus,f wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfaGUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk dkufESdyfonf/
Dot Matrix Printer 25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyK Pin rsm;jzifhdkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [l trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/
24 Pin Printer Head
9 Pin Printer Head
Dot Matrix Printer
yHk (7)
Contents
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Non-Impact Printer 26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif (u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl) ( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKyHkazmf) ( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [l awGUSdEdkifygonff/
Laser Jet Printer
yHk (8)
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypnf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypnf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg twdkif; jzpfygonf (u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGi f a dS om AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor Sd Power Inlet d q f uf wyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw) f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw (2) AC Source rS Monitor Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkufdkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ ( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C) System Unit Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ ( i) System Unit Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
Contents
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( p) (q) ( Z) ( ps)
System Unit wGi f dS Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkufdkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ System Unit Sd Sound Card (G) Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector
tm; wyfqifyg/
UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf
(n) ( #)
wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source ESifh UPS tMum;xm; toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI Sd^rSd ppfaq;yg/ Rear Panel of AT System Unit
DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F) AC OUTLET (B) ( TO MONITOR) AC INLET (A) DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

KEYBOARD INPUT (D) VGA INTERFACE (C)
SERIAL 2
PARALLEL PORT (F)

SERIAL 1
PARALLEL
GAME
IN MIC
SPK
tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef
SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)
PARALLEL & SERIAL INTERFACE SERIAL PORT (E)
..... .....
VGA Port
.... .....
OUT
............ ............. ............ ............. ....... ........
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&ef ae&m MIC wyfqif&ef

VGA INTERFACE (C)
yHk (9)
Contents
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Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)
(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypnf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System Unit wGifSdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor Sd Power Inlet d q f ufwyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw) f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw (2) AC Source rS Monitor Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkufdkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
PS/2 Keyboard (F) PS/2 Mouse (E)
AC OUTLET (B) AC INLET (A)
USB PORT
yHk (10)
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef
VGA INTERFACE (C)
IN SPK
Game Port
MIC
OUT
SOUND CARD INTERFACE (D)
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&efae&m

MIC
............. ............ ..... ..... .... .... ..... .....
COM B
LPT PORT (G)
O/P
o o
....... ........
COM A
wyfqif&ef
Contents
PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19
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( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom VGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wG i f csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C)S System Unit Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif toH;k jyKvy kd gu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cH toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ( i) System Unit Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw) f tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqif toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ (q) AC Source ESihf Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdu k f u kd f csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( Z) System Unit Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ (n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif Surge Protector udkcH UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/ ( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrISdrSd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;) 29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/ (u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/ ( c) System Unit aSU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/
Contents
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( *) (C)
Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
acwtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemuf Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x, desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)
Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf(u) ( c) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyy f g/
Windows Desktop Screen atmufajcSd Task Bar ay:rS Start Button udk Click vkyy f g/ (odr Yk [kw) f Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc Key ud k w G J ES d y f y g/ (od k Y r [k w f ) Windows Keyboard rsm;wG i f Windows Key udE k y Sd y f g/ Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyy f g/ Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off
( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z)
jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyy f g/ AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyy f g/
Contents
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yHk(11)
yHk(12)
Contents
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yHk(13)
Startup Procedure for PC
(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 31/ uGey f sLwmwpfv;Hk ukd rD;zGiv hf u dk o f nfEi S hf atmufygtqifr h sm;twki d ;f aqmif&u G Nf y;D Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p)
Power Supply Unit Motherboard/Mainboard Crystal (X'tal) Clock Generator Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)
Contents
23
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(u)
( c)
( *)
Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNy;D DC Voltage (4) rsKd; (+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4) rsK;d udk 5% Error twGi;f tNr& J a dS eatmif Maintainvkya f y;aejcif;jzifh Regulated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwa f y; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode Power Supply trsK; d tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ 5% Error qdo k nfrm S 5V Output twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qH; k &S& d rnfjzpfNy;D 12.6V tjrifq h ;kH &S& d rnfjzpfonf/ Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated Output Voltage \ 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh 5.25V twGi; f &Sr d o S mvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odjYk yefya Ykd y;onf/ PG onfvdarmfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpf PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysuw f i kd ;f Mother Board udk rxdcu kd a f p&efEi S hf Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;
(C) ( i)
( p)
ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818 f y;onf/ 4if;vdi I ;f udk Digital Clock toGia f jymif;,l&ef vdt k yfonf/ MHz)xkwa Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/ Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m Frequency rsm;odkY tqwif Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory, h pdwt f ydi k ;f toD;oD;odYk ay;ydo Yk nf/ Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponft ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/ Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if; twGi;f wGif Program udk pufr kH x S w k v f y k p f Ofuwnf;u owfrw S a f y;vdu k y f gonf/ ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-
Contents
24
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(1) (2) (3)
Power On Self Test (uGey f sLwmrD;zGic hf se d r f p S pwifppfaq;rIjyKvy k jf cif;) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsi; f csi;f tjyeftvSef qufo, G r f I udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)
Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 32/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports, f Pf (Memory) wdu Yk kd ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vky f &&Sa d om Hardware Parallel Ports rSw tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot dS gonf/ tu,frSm;,Gi;f rI&y dS gu Monitor ay:wGie f y H gwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error Strap odYk a&muf&y Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/
33/
Start -Up Procedure For PC (PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqih) f

MOTHER BOARD Regulated DC Output CMOS
Internal Battery 3V
ROM-BIOS
1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567
Clock Generator
AC
Switched Mode Power Supply
230V/110V
P S U
-5 +12 -12 PG
+5
( 5% Error) Analog
Digital Clock
(i) POST
(Power On Self Test)
(ii) Boot Strap
Crystal (Oscillator)
Other Devices
(iii) Low Level

Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System Interface
yH( k 14)
Contents
25
Boot Strap Program Code Boot Strap Program
uuuGef
(ii) Boot Strap
Main Memory
Seg F ROM-BIOS Program Loader
I/O.SYS
3
MSDOS.SYS CONFIG.SYS COMMAND.COM

1
4 5 6
yH( k 15)
Seg 2 Seg 1
AUTOEXEC.BAT WIN.COM
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 34/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmifGufay;onf/
35/
Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/ ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR) odr Yk [kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sa d eaom Master Boot Record (MBR) rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k Ykd y;Ny;D 4if;wGiy f g&So d nfh InstrucuGey f sLwm\rSw f Pf (Memory) ay:odYk wifya tion rsm;udk rdkufcdkydkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/ ( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&Sd System File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS (4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odYk quf
vufwifay;onf/ 36/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD; vkya f qmifay;aom IO.SYS File udy k xrOD;pGm Memory ay:odYk wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/
Contents
26
uuuGef
37/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:oda Yk &muf&NdS yjD zpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request uda k jz&Si;f aqmifGufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ 38/ IO.SYS onfqufvuf CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNy;D Memory ay:odYk wifay; onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware k w f i G f xnfo h i G ;f Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdi ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwo f nfh Device rsm; wyfqif xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/ 39/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdi k u f kd qufvuf&m S azGNy;D Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh Directory wGif &Sa d Mumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdi k o f nf/ COMMAND.COM zdi k o f nf DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&Sv d Qif "Missing Command Interpreter" [k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/ qufvufaemufq;kH tqifw h i G f COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmifGufapvdk aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfpp k nf;xnfo h i G ;f xm;onfz h i kd f jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmifGufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh jzpfapygonf/
Low Level Interface
40/
(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 41/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f udk tjyeftvSef qufo, G a f qmifu G r f u I kd OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/
Contents
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Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP) (Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) StartAll Programs Accessories System Tools Disk Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyy f g/ (odr Yk [kw) f
yHk(16) ( c)
Desktop ay:Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyy f g/ (1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/ (2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: ponfjzifhaG; Right Click vkyy f g/ (3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/
Contents
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yHk(17) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( *)

Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk aG; Click vkyy f g/ Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools uda k G;yg/ Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyy f g/ Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19) (1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udx k yfNy;D aG;cs,f
Edkifygonf/ (2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyy f g/
Contents
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yHk(18)
yHk(19)
Contents
uuuGef
(C)
rdrdaG;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)
( i) ( p)
yHk(20) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif; vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyy f g/ teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sa d eaom zdi k r f sm;udk vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUr&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space wdkYudk&nfTef;ygonf/ Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)
(q)
Contents
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yHk(21)
( Z)
NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdk ygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report udMk unf h v I y kd gu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufyg Defragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(22)
Contents
uuuGef
(ps)
Defragmentation Report ygtcsut f vufrsm;tm; odr;f qnf;vdy k gu Save As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGuv f y kd gu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyf
aqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ 43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) StartCommand Prompt udk yH( k 23 )ygtwdi k ;f a&G;cs,f Click vkyy f g/ ( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH( k 24 )
yHk(23)
( *)
Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive ES i f h o uf q d k i f a om Command ud k d k u f Enter Key ud k E S d y f y gu Defragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F: )
Contents
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yHk(24) 44/
DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) ( c) ( *)
StartCommand Prompt udk yH( k 23 )ygtwdi k ;f a&G;cs,f Click vkyy f g/ DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH( k 25) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vk y f v d k a om Drive ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udkdkuf Enter Key udE k y dS y f gu Check Disk vkyo f m G ;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C: )
yHk(25)
Contents
34
uuuGef
45/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm; SdEdkifygonf(u) User Error (toH;k jyKor l sm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^ hf ydwf rjyKvy k jf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf ae&maTUajymif;jcif;? vIyfSm;rIjzpfapjcif;) ( c) Manufacture Fault (pufkHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;) ( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zk e f r I e f Y r sm;? Temperature -tyl c sd e f ? Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyp f pfov H u kd f qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif; aESmuf,SufrIrsm;) (C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;) (2) Spike (rD;tm; kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI) (3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhwufoGm;jcif;) (4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;) (5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;) (6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;) (7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )
Protecting Electrical Power Problem
(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 46/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdr Yk u S muG,& f ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESihf Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcH toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply) udw k qifc h H toH;k jyK&rnf/ ,Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyem rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cH toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26)
Contents
35
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Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;
600VA
yH( k 26) rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfquftoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor) twGuf yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/ 47/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf5v Power Less 20.0 Amps Motherboard (5.0 amps) 4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.0 amps 8.0 Amps 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp) Cooling fan (0.1 amp) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.2 amps Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)
=Remaining power 12v Power Less
=Ramaining power 14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) 15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA)
Contents
36
uuuGef
Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
48/
uGey f sLwmtoH;k jyKor l sm; owdjyKvu kd e f m&rnft h csur f sm;rSm atmufygtwdi k ;f jzpfygonf(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypnf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefYSif;rIjyKvkyfyg/ ( c) uGey f sLwmwpfv;kH tm; rzGir hf D Cable rsm;csw d q f ufxm;rI rSer f rSep f pfaq;yg/ (110 V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkuftoHk;jyKyg/ ( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/ (C) uGey f sLwm ON/OFF jyKvy k jf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdi k ;f pepfwus vkya f qmifyg/ ( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrISd^rSd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/ ( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/ (q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrISdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu tywfpOf aqmifGufyg/ ( Z) uGey f sLwmtm; Virus tE&m,fru S if;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufq;kH ay: Anti Virus Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwif Auto Run Edkif&efESifh rSwfPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmifGufxm;yg/ ( ps) jyifyrS,a l qmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq; NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/ (n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf aTUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm; vIyfSm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif; rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/ ( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwfa I vhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/ ( !) System ydi k ;f qdi k & f mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrr I sm; udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/ ( ) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh ywfouf jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftE&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/
Contents
37
uuuGef jypfcsufSmazGjcif;)
Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm;
49/ uGey f sLwm\ vkya f qmifrt I qifr h sm;udk atmufygvG,u f & l i S ;f vif;aomyHjk zifh rnfonft h ydi k ;f wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory, ( c) ( *) (C) ( i)
Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif KeyFirmware(ROMBIOS) board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/
tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvuPmtcsKUd udk atmufygtwdi k ;f jypfcsu& f m S azGEi kd y f gonfpOf tjypfvuPm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm; 1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) PSU 2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) Monitor 3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif; (odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf 4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY) VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY) Mother Board/ CPU raumif; 5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm; rwlnD 6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif; (odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf; 7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD; 8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus zsufqD; interpreter
Contents
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 38
PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connector rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGYSdEkdifygonfATX Power Supply Connector
.......... ..........
Floppy Disk Connector Hard Disk Connector
South Bridge
}
North Bridge
DIMM Memory Bank
Backup Battery
AGP Slot
PCI Slots
PCI Slots
PCI Slots
Slot 1(CPU)
B
A B C D PS2/ mouse PS2/ keyboard USB Port 1 USB Port 2
D
E F G H
PCI Slots
Serial Port A Parallel Port Serial Port B MIDI/Game Port (optional)
I Audio Line Out (optional) J Audio Line in (optional) K Audio Mic in (optional)
Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard
yHk (27)
ISA Slots
ISA Slots
Contents
39
PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
Desktop Board Components

A BCDE
F G Y H I
USB Device
Line In
X W V UT S R Q P O NM L K
Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard
yHk (28)
A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional) B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2) D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connector F. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3) H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socket J. DIMM sockets K. Power connector L. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connector N. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connector P. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connector R. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternate T. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1) V. Battery W. SCSI LED connector X. Speaker Y. PCI expansion
The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:

Processor Type Intel Pentium Processors Intel Celeron Processors Celeron Processors Socket Type FC-PGA FC-PGA FC-PGA Processor Designation (MHz) 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 600EB, and 533EB 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600E, 550E, and 500E 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 533A, and 500A 533 and 500 System Bus Freq. (MHz) 133 100 66 L2 Cache Size (KB) 256 256 128
PPGA
66
128
For the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:
Z,m;(1)
Contents
Intel's Microprocessor 51/ Computer wpfv; Hk \ Model ukd if;wGiw f yfqifxm;aomCPU \Model jzifo h wfrw S f qkH;jzwfMuygonf/ if; CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifh RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfMuNyD; Special Purpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Intel,AMD,Cyrix ukrP r D sm;rS tjyKd it f qki d x f w k v f y k v f m&m ,cktcgwGif 1000 MHz(1 GHz) tjrefEIef;txd a&mufSdvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaom Microprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;? pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 52/ Z,m;(2)t& atmufaz:jyygtxl;odSd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGYSdEkdifygonf(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwif Microprocessor twGif; 'r*Pef;rsm;ukd wGufcsuf aqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-Math Processor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ( c) 386 rSp Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ ( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instruction ) aygif;pyf wnfaqmufvkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD; Multimedia qkdif&mTefMum;csufrsm;ukd CPU rSajzSif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/ (C) P6 Architecture udk MMX Instruction Set (57 Instruction) aygif;vdu k a f om tcg PII Processor [ljzpfay:vmonf/ ( i) P II Processor wG i f 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD) aygif;pyffvdkufaomtcg P!!! Processor [ljzpfay:vmum 3D Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmifGufvmEdkifonf/ ( p) Pentium Pro (P6) Microprocessor twGif; L2 Cache udk built-in wnf aqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS access vkyfonfh Performance udkwdk;wuf aponf/ (q) Pentium Pro (P6) rSp L2 Cache ESifh CPU wdkY\ access vkyfonfhEIH;udk CPU Core Speed \w0uf (odkY) tjynfhjzifh aqmifGufjcif;jzifh Performance udk ydkrdkwdk;wufaponf/
Intel Processor Specifications
41
Z,m; (2)
1.8-2.8v 1.6v 1.8-2.8v 1.5-2v 1.3-1.6v 1.8-2v 1.3-1.7v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB WB WB WB WB WB WB WB 1/2Core Core3 Core3 Core3 1/2Core Core3 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core 1.65v 32-bit 64-bit 64GB 2x16KB WB Core3 2MB
Processor 8088 8086 286 386SX 386SL 386DX 486SX 486SX2 487SX 486DX 486SL 2 486DX2 486DX4 486Pentium OD Pentium 60/66 Pentium 75-200 Pentium MMX Pentium Pro
CPU Clock 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 2x 1x 1x 1x 2x 2-3x 2.5x 1x 1.5-3x 1.5-4.5x 2-3x Voltage 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 3.3-3.5v 1.8-2.8v 3.3v
Internal Register Size 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit Max Memory 1MB 1MB 16MB 16MB 16MB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 64GB L1 Cache 0KB 1 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 16KB 2x16KB 2x8KB 2x8KB 2x16KB 2x8KB Integral FPU Yes Yes Opt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multimedia Instructions MMX No. of Tsransistors 29,000 29,000 134,000 275,000 855,000 275,000 1.185M 1.185M 1.2M 1.2M 1.4M 1.2M 1.6M 3.1M 3.1M 3.3M 4.5M 5.5M
Data Bus Width 8-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit
L1 Cache Type WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WB WB WB WB WB
L2 Cache Speed Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Core
Date Introduced Jun'79 Jun'78 Feb'82 Jun'88 Oct'90 Oct'85 Apr'91 Apr'94 Apr'91 Apr'89 Nov'92 Mar'92 Feb'94 Jan'95 Mar'93 Oct'94 Jan'97 Nov'95
Contents
Pentium II Pentium II PE Celeron Celeron A Celeron III Pentium III Pentium III E
3.5-4.5x 3.5-6x 3.5-4.5x 3.5-8x 4.5-9x 4-6x 4-9x
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
MMX MMX MMX MMX SSE SSE SSE
7.5M 27.4M 7.5M 19M 28.1M 9.5M 28.1M
May'97 Jan'99 Apr'98 Aug'98 Feb'2000 Feb'99 Oct'99
Pentium II Xeon
4-4.5x
Yes
MMX
7.5M
Apr'98
Pentium III Xeon
5-6x
Yes
SSE
9.5M
Mar'99
Pentium III E Xeon
4.5-6.5x
L2 Cache 256KB 512KB 1MB 512KB 256KB 0KB 128KB 128KB 256KB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 256KB 1MB Yes SSE 28.1M 84M 140M

Oct'99 May2000
Intel Compatible Processors

Internal Data Register Bus Voltage Size 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 4GB 2x8KB WB 4GB 2x32KB WB 4GB 2x32KB WB 4GB 2x16KB WB 4GB 64KB WB 256KB Core3 Bus Bus Core3 Bus 4GB 64KB WB Bus 4GB 16KB WB Bus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8TB 2x64KB WB 256KB Core3 Yes 8TB 2x64KB WB 64KB Core
3
L1 Max Memory Cache 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 8TB Yes 2x64KB WB 512KB
1/2-1/3CoreYes
L2 Cache FPU Yes Yes Yes Yes 3DNow 3DNow MMX 4.3M 8.8M 9.3M 21.3M Instructions Tsransistors Mar'96 Apr'97 May'98 Feb'99 Jun'99 Ench.3DNow 25M Ench.3DNow 37M MMX 3DNow MMX 3DNow MMX 3M 6.5M 22M 3.5M 5.4M 5.9M 3.6M Jun'2000 Jun'2000 Feb'96 May'97 Feb'2000 Mar'94 Oct'97 Sep'98 Oct'98 Integral Multimedia No. of Date Cache Speed 256KB Core Bus Bus Bus
Processor Width 64-bit 2x32KB WB 2x32KB WB 2x32KB WB 16+8KB WB Type
CPU
L1
Cache L2
Introduced
Clock
AMD K5 2.2-3.2v 32-bit 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 2.2-2.4v 32-bit 1.6-1.8v 32-bit 1.5-1.8v 32-bit 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 2.5-3.5v 32-bit 2.9v 2.2v 4v 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 3.3-3.5v 32-bit 2.8v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit
1.5-1.75x 3.5v
AMD K6
2.5-4.5x
AMD-K6-2
3.5-5x
AMD-K6-3
4.5x
AMD-Athlon
5-10x
Ench.3DNow 22M
AMD-Duron
5-10x
AMD-Athlon 4
5-10x
Cyrix 6x86
2x
Cyrix 6x86MX/MII 2.3-5x
Cyrix III
2.5-7x
42
Contents
Nexgen Nx586
2x
Z,m; (3)
IDT Winchip
3.4x
IDT Winchip2/2a 2.33-4x
Rise mP6
2-3.5x
FPU = Floating Point Unit (internal math coprocessor) WT = Write - Through Cache (caches read only) WB = Write-Back cahce (caches both reads and writes) Bus = Processor external bus speed (motherboard speed) Core = Processor internal core speed (CPU speed) MMX = Multimedia extensions, 57 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 3DNow = MMX plus 21 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing Enh.3DNow= 3DNow plus 24 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing SSE = Streaming SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions, MMX plus 70 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 1 = The 386SL contains an Itegral-cache controller, but the cache memory must be provided outside the chip. 2 = Intel later marketed SL Enhance version of the SX, DX, and DX2 processors.These processors were available in both 5 v and 3.3 v versions and included power-management capabilities. 3 = On-die integrated L2 cache-runs at full-core speed. 4 = 128 KB functional L2 cache (265 KB total, 128 KB disabled), use same die as Pentium 333 E.
Contents
43 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading
(Z)
P II / P!!! Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI 1024 KB rS 2048 KB xd &SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; Server rsm;wGiftusKd;jyK
Edkifonf/
Chipset 53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset jzpfyg onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slot rsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh South Bridge [lSdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset, VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m
t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/ 54/ Z,m; (4)ESifh(5)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGUSdEkdifygonf(u) Chipset ukdMunfh Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ ( c) Chipset ay:rlwnf Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( *) Chipset ay:rlwnf trsm;qkH;wyfqifEkdifonfh t"durSwfOmPfyrmP Memory Bank ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ (C) Chipset ay:rlwnfwyfqifEkdifaom CPU ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ ( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf 2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK Ekdifonf/ ( p) Chipset ay:rlwnfwyfqifEkdifaom CPU trsdK;tpm;uGmjcm;onf/ (q) Chipset ay:rlwnf BUS Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnf wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO, SDRAM, RDRAM) uGmjcm;onf/ ( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnf UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100 Hard Disk wyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/ (n) Chipset ay:rlwnf AGP Support(1X/ 2X/ 4X) vkyfEdkifjcif;? rvkyfEdkifjcif; uGmjcm;ygonf/
Contents
Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BX
Codename Date Introduced Port Number Natoma May 1996 82441 FX 82442 FX Bus Speed 66 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 1 GB Memory Banks PCI Support AGP Support South Bridge 4 2.1 No 82371AB(PIIX4) none Aug 1997 82443 LX 66 MHz Pentium II Yes FPM/EDO/SDRAM Both 1 GB EDO/ 512 MB SDRAM 4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX4E) none Apr 1998 82443 EX 66 MHz Celeron No EDO/SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX3) none Apr 1999 82443 BX 66/100 MHz Pentium II/III, Celeron Yes SDRAM Both 1 GB 4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371SB(PIIX4E)
Chipset
Codename Date Introduced Port Number
440GX
none Jun 1998 82443 GX
450NX
none Jun 1998 82451 NX 82452 NX 82453 NX 82454 NX 100 MHz Pentium II/III Xeon Yes, up to 4 FPM/EDO Both 8 GB 4 2.1 No 82371EB (PIIX4E)
440ZX
none Nov 1998 82443 ZX
810
Whitney Apr 1999 82810/ 82810-DC100 82802 AB/AC
Bus Speed 100 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II/III, Xeon SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types SDRAM Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 2 GB Memory Banks 4 PCI Support 2.1 AGP Support AGP-2x South Bridge 82371EB (PIIX4E)
66/100 MHz* Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB (PIIX4E)
66/100 MHz Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.2 Direct AGP 2801AA/AB (ICH/ICH0)
SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors ) FPM = Fast Page Mode EDO = Extended Data Out BEDO = Burst EDO SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM Pburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous )
PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port SIO = System I/O PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator ICH = I/O Controller Hub
Z,m; (4)
Contents
Intel South Bridge Chips

Chip Name SIO
Port Number IDE Support USB Support CMOS/Clock Power Management 82378IB/ZB None None No SMM
PIIX
82371FB BMIDE None No SMM
PIIX3
82371SB BMIDE Yes No SMM
PIIX4
82371AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM
PIIX4E
82371EB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI
ICHO
82801AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI
ICH
82801AA UDMA-66 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI
SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDE PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDE ICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management Mode USB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power Interface IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)
Z,m; (5)
Mother Board Upgrading 55/ Chipset ay:rlwnf Mother Board Speed ? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwO f mPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEe I ;f rsm; onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESihf udu k n f & D efvt kd yfygonf/ odjYk zpf Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh Memory trsKd;tpm;(FPM / EDO / SDRAM / RDRAM) ESifh Memory Speed (PC 66 MHz / PC 100 MHz / PC 133 MHz) wdkYudkudkufnDatmifaG;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/Z,m;(7) Processor Sockets / Slots 56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udk Slot wGif vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&m Motherboard ay:Sd Socket eHygwfuMdk unfjh cif;jzifh rnfo f nfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyE f i dk a f Mumif; odE dS i dk y f gonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,f Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboard ukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk
Z,m;(6)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/
Contents
Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications Socket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors Number
Socket 1 Socket 2 Socket 3 Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6** Socket 7 Socket 8 PGA370 Slot 1 Slot 2 169 238 237 273 320 235 321 387 370 242 330 17x17 PGA 19x19 PGA 19x19 PGA 21x21 PGA 37x37 SPGA 19x19 PGA 37x37 SPGA dual pattern SPGA 37x37 SPGA Slot Slot 5v 5v 5v/3.3v 5v 3.3v/3.5v 3.3v VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive, 486 Pentium Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86 Pentium 60/66, Overdrive Pentium 75-133, Overdrive 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive, AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/II Pentium Pro Celeron Pentium II/III, Celeron Pentium II/III, Xeon
PGA = Pin Grid Array
SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module
Z,m; (6)
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Z,m; (7)
Contents
Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf2 CPUESifh L2 Cahce (BackSide Bus)
qufo, G r f v I rf;aMumif; oD;jcm;xm;Sdjcif;/ 1 CPU \System I/O Bus speed tm; 66 MHz rS 100 ~133~200 MHz xd
Backside bus
CPU I/O BUS
Accelerated Graphic Port
L2 cache (old)
5 PCI Graphic Controller tpm; Accelerated Graphic Port
PCI Bus
3 Main Memory Speed ukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf

SDRAM, RDRAM
PCI device PCI Device
uk d tok H ; jyKjcif ; jzif h Graphic Speed uk d jrefqefapjcif; yHk (29)
Graphics Controller (old)
wkjYdzift h pm;xk;d jyKvy ka f pjcif;
Yd if;? 4 PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit ok Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xdif; ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif;
rS w f c suf /
P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif; jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/
Contents
Two Buses are Better than One ( BUS vrf ; aMumif ; ES p f c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUS vrf ; aMumif ; wpf c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;xuf y k d r k d p G r f ; aqmif E k d i f j cif ; ) P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf 58/
ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonfIntels Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7
Private backside bus (64 bits wide)
CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)
CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)
PCI bus
PCI bus
PCI device
PCI device PCI device
PCI device
PCI device PCI device
Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improving cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.
yHk (30)
Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (DualIndependence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memory ukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpf ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/
59/
Contents
Conventional Graphics Architecture 60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk toHk;jyK PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rate
om tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

3-D Program rsm; onfh 3-D Texture rsm;udF k rame Buffer wnfaqmuf Main Memory twG i f ; okdavSmifonf/
Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/
PCI rS Data yk d Y v T w f EI e f ; onf One Cycle wG i f w pf B ud r f o myk d Y v T w f Ek d i f j cif ; aMumif h yk d Y v T w f r I tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/ Graphic Controller \Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnf aqmufjyD; if; twGif; Main Memory wGif S d N yD ; jzpf a om 3-D Texture rsm;ukd xyfrH od r f ; qnf ; xm;&o jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI rsm;onf/
yHk (31)
PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCI Device rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ &onf h t wG u f a Mumif h Bandwidth uefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/
d & f mtjrefEe I ;f (Data ykv Yd w T o f nfE h e I ;f ) 61/ PCI Graphic Card tok;H jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qki aES;onfh jyemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyemukd ajzSif;&ef AGP Card, AGP Slot tok;H jyKoify h gonf/ Pentium ESi hf if;xufer d a hf om Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGP uk d raqmif & G u f Ek d i f o jzif h AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h Upgrade jyKvy k a f qmif&u G f &efvt dk yfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKUd AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifo h mtvkyv f y k E f i dk f jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/
Contents
How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonfAGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ &efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memory wk d Y E S i f h wk d u f k d u f tvk y f v k y f E k d i f o nf / (Program ESifhTexture rsm;ukd Main Memory rS AGP okdYwkdufkduf ay;ykdY Ekdifonf)/
CPU I/O Bus
Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vuf c H o d r f ; qnf tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/
AGP
Graphics Controller (old)
PCI Bus Graphic Controller \ Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnfaqmufNyD; if;twGif; Main Memory Sd 3-D Texturersm;ukd xyfrH odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ 3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm; ojzifh Memoryvkt d yfrI enf;onf/ 3-D Program rsm; onf 3 -D Texture rsm; udk Frame Buffer wGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ Main Memory t wG i f ; vk d t yf o avmuf om okdavSmifonf/
PCI PCI PCI Device Device Device AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf One Cycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh tjrefEIef; (Band width ) ukd ESpfq yHk (32) jrifhwufaponf/
63/ okdYjzpf Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&m AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twki d ;f awG Y & dS ojzifh Graphic qki d & f m? Animation qki d & f m? Video qki d & f m? Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd okH;pGJoifhygonf/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf (AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf Spfqjrefonf)
Bits per transfer Transfer per clock cycle Clock cycles per second Band Width PCI 32 One 33.3Million 133 MByte/Sec AGP 2x 32 Two 66.6 Million 533 MByte/Sec
Contents
Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 64/ uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef
jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm; wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf t&nftaoG;jrifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ Upgrading jyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/ (u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf aqmifGuf&ef vdk^rvdk/ Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ ( c) Software qdi k & f m Upgrading vkya f qmif&mwGif Hardware qdi k & f m Upgrading jyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM) yrmP jrifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ (C) Performance aumif ; rG e f a &;twG u f Hard Disk yrmPES i f h tjref E I e f ; jrifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Board jrifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm; tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf ygonf/ (q) Graphic Performance jrifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom Memory jrifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk; aqmifGufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/ ( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? Application Program rsm;udk Install jyKvkyf toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf? OS qdi k & f mvdt k yfcsur f sm;udk udu k n f a D tmifaqmifu G a f y;&ojzifh ,if; Program rsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/ Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3D Graphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/
Contents
Hard Disk Storage
65/
uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypnf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif; qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ 66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf(u) Disk Platters ( c) Logic Board ( *) Read/Write Heads (C) Cable and Connector ( i) Head Actuator Mechanism ( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches) (q) Spindle Motor 67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,f twGif;wGif&Sdaom ypnf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
yHk (33)
Contents
68/
f m;aom puf0i kd ;f yHk tvlre D , D rfjym;rsm;udk txufygyHt k & Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyx Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh dIUzwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY tuGmta0; (3 in) rSdIUzwfonf/ 69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf) User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrIkwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh Head Crack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ 70/ rD;tm;jyemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif; Head Crack jzpfEi kd o f uJo h Ykd Logic Card udv k nf; ysup f ;D cRw, f i G ;f Edi k y f gonf/ odjYk zpf vQyp f pfr;D jyemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ 71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD; " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/ Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Track rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123
Head Arm
Spindle
Platter
Head
Cylinder
yHk (34)
Contents
Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf? Head ta&twGu?f Sector ta&twGua f y:wGif rlwnf wGuc f suE f i kd y f g onf/ atmufaz:jyyg yH( k 9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odr;f qnf;Edi k & f eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Sa d om Track ta&twGuf udk wdk;xm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;xm;&Sdjcif; jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ tcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP
72/
enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/

Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Bits per Inch (BPI) Track Lower Bits Areal Density Tracks per Inch ( TPI ) Bits per Inch (BPI)
Higher Areal Density
yHk (35) 73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGia f tmufaz:jyyg yH( k 10)twdi k ;f puf0i kd ;f yHv k rf; aMumif; (Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJ tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/
Track
}
yHk (36)
Sector
Contents
74/
Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (System Area) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfom G ;ygu tcsut f vufrsm; ysuq f ;D qH;k I;H Ny;D Hard Disk wpfcv k ;kH oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024)
Outer Track Middle Track
yHk (37)
Inner Track
Cylinders
Outer Cylinder
MiddleCylinder
Inner Cylinder
yHk (38)
Contents
Hard Disk Features 75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;aG;cs,f&m(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI) ( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP) ( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf) (C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique) ( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm) ( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv) ( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;) ( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;) ( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfh aG;cs,foifhygonf/
76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBF t& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu (17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif; wGuc f suc f efr Y e S ;f Edi k y f gonf/) 4if;onf oDt& kd t D & oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm; xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ 77/
Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
(u) ( c) ( *)
(C) ( i)
uGey f sLwmtm; rD;zGijhf cif;? rD;ydwjf cif;wdu Yk kd owfrw S c f suE f i S t hf nD vkya f qmif&rnf/ Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/ Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif ruRr;f usib f J toH;k rjyKoify h g/ owdjyK&rnft h csur f sm;udk aocsmpGmzwfNI y;D rSom oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom oHk;pGJoifhygonf/) CMOS Setup &S d Hard Disk ES i f h y wf o uf a om tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/ Hard Disk udo k ifa h wmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvy k jf cif;? Defragment jyKvy k jf cif;rsm;jzifh yHr k e S x f e d ;f odr;f rI aqmifu G a f y;&ef vdt k yfygonf/ (Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed Disk jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmifGufoifhygonf/)
Contents
Floppy Disk Drives
78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onf rsuE f m S jyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfcp k D o dS nf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39) jzifa h zmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360 xdvnfywfEi kd o f nf/ Head ESihf Diskette \rsuE f m S jyifukd xdzwfjcif;aMumifh zHr k sm;aom ae&mwGifxm;Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cH yGwfwdkufrdum Diskette ESifh Head rsm;ysup f ;D Edi k y f gonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyf oefY Sif;rIaqmif GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBur d Bf ur d t f oH;k jyK&efroify h g/ 79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmuf az:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/
Contents
Floppy Disk
31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-
Platter
Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI
yHk (40)
Contents
81/
Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm; Sector rsm;cGJ tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5 ESifh 3 Floopy Disk wdkY\
odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGYSdEdkifygonfDiskette on its Capacity For 5" 1. Single Sided Double Density (SSDD) 2. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD) For 3" 1. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 2. Double Sided Quad Density (DSQD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD) Track Sector Byte/Sector Total 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB
Track Sector Byte/Sector Total (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB (80 x (80 x 18 36 x x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB
Z,m; (8) 82/ Floppy Disk & Drive ud k t oH k ; jyKaepOf o wd j yKxd e f ; od r f ; &rnf h t csuf r sm;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toH;k jyKrnfqy kd gu Virus &S^ d r&Sd ppfaq;Ny;D rStoH;k jyK&rnf/ ( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm; toHkrjyK&yg/ ( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ (C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvu kd p f ufui G ;f &Sa d om? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&yg/ ( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm;txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( p) Diskette tm;ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ (q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay: zwfr&ygu Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ ( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; Diskette xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
Contents
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf Optical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD; 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwfHk oufoufom toH;k jyKEi kd y f gonf/,cktcg Plane CD ay: Record vkyu f modr;f qnf; Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;t*Fvdyftu&m rsm;jzifh dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu Text pmrsuE f m S 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr [kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toH udo k r d ;f qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudo k r d ;f qnf;xm;Edi k y f gonf/ wpfpuet Yf wGuf Block wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&So d nf/
Contents
85/
CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk
(u) ( c)
( *)
(C)
( i)
( p)
avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom &Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/ Servo Motor rScsdefndjcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydv Yk w T f aom TefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk aGUvsm; apjcif;jzifh csdefdyg onf/ avqm"gwfjym;ufkxddkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkpkHapjcif;/tvif;a&mif wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xddkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/ jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwf tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/ jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf jyef v maoma&mif j cnf w ef ; uk d pk q k H r I a umif ; ap&ef t wG u f pk q k H r S e f b D v l ; aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/ tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH; tqifhwGif avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detecotr okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photo detector onf tvif;a&mifudk jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyp f pfvi dI ;f tcsujf yrsm; tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/ CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/ Microprocessor onfif;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukd uGefysLwmokdY datarsm; tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/
Contents
MultiBeam Technology
86/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonf wpfBur d w f i G f puf0i kd ;f yHv k rf;aMumif;wpfco k m ork;d uszwfonfe h nf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGm udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udk Zer Research ukrPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ atmufaz:jyygyHkonf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif; (7)ckukd avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifw h pfNyKd iw f nf;zwf&ef rnfov Ykd y k a f qmifonfukd &Si;f vif; jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/
Multi-beam Dector
Beam Splitter
Lenses
Laser Diode
MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.
yHk (47)
Contents
CD-ROM Drive Specification 87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP) ( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) ( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd
rSwfPfyrmP) (C) ( i) ( p) (q)

CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyK CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;
jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)
CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) 1x 153,600 150 2x 307,200 300 3x 460,800 450 4x 614,400 600 6x 921,600 900 8x 1,228,800 1,200 10x 1,536,000 1,500 12x 1,843,200 1,800 16x 2,457,600 2,400 18x 2,764,800 2,700 24x 3,686,400 3,600 32x 4,915,200 4,800 36x 5,529,600 5,400 40x 6,114,000 6,000 48x 7,372,800 7,200 52x 7,987,200 7,500 100x 15,360,000 15,000
Access Time (ms) 400 300 200 150 150 100 100 100 90 90 90
85~75 or less
Z,m; (9)
Contents
CD-ROM Format
Format Red Book Yellow Book Used For Digital audio CDs Computer CDs Notes This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and Sony Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode 1:9660 Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVI Level 2: CDTV ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with Yellow Book to define file and directory structures. See also Mode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which define sector formats. Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources. Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flim distribution Port I-Magneto-Optical Drives Port II-CD-R
White Book
VideoCD
Orange Book
Writable CDs including CD-R, magneto-optical, single and multisession recording and packet writing Green Book Combination of Red Book and Yellow Book - for CD-I (Interactive CD) CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer data on single CD
CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I or CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive sales presentations and kiosks Used by musical artists to incoporate video and interviews on music CDs
88/
CD
(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q)
Z,m; (10) & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm; CD rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/ zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/ zkew f ufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrw S x f m;aom Cleaning Kit jzifo h m oef& Y i S ;f rI jyKvkyfoifhygonf/ Format rwlzwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/ CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypnf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkuf oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/ uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfr&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh taygufudk toHk;jyK vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/
Contents
( Z)
CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/
High Capacity Removable Storage 89/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-
(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q)
High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB
[ltrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [l
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [l trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [ltrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [ltrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [ltrsdK;rsdK;
&Sdonf)
Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)
90/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifhEIdif;,SOfEkdifygonfLS-120 Specifications Drive Type Floppy Disk Fomatted Capacity Transfer Rate: parallel port Transfer Rate: Internal IDE Average seek time Disk rotational speed Track density Number of tracks LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MB
120MB 290KB/sec 484KB/sec 70ms 720rpm 2,490tpi 1,7362 sides
1.44MB 45KB/sec n/a 84ms 300rpm 135tpi 802 sides
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Contents
Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) Model (Interface) Formatted capacity Substained transfer rate Substained transfer rate Maximum throughput Average seek time Disk rotational speed Buffer size SCSI and/or Parallel 100MB or 250MB 1.40MB/sec 0.79MB/sec 60MB/min(SCSI); 20MB/min(parallel) 29ms 2,941 rpm 32KB Eide 100MB or 250MB 1.40 maximum MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/sec 84MB/min 29ms 2,941 rpm 16KB
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Jaz Specifications Model Formatted Capacity Transfer rate: Maximum Average Minimum Burst Average seek time read Average seek time write Acess Time Disk Rotational speed Buffer size Interface 1GB 1070 million bytes 6.62MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 10MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5400rpm 256KB Fast SCSI II 2GB 2000 million bytes 8.7MB/sec 7.35MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 20MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5394rpm 512KB Ultra SCSI
Z,m; (13)
Contents
DAT and 8mm Tape specifications

Tape Capacity Standard (w/o Com- Data pression) Density Tracks Appro- Tape Recording Encoding ximate Length Technology Format Interface
DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* (Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT Video Tape
SCSI
14GB
n/a
n/a
120m
Helical Scan
*DDS=Digital Data Storage DDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed) DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression) DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed
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SparQ Specifications Formatted Capacity Transfer rate: Maximum Minimum Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed 1008 milion bytes
6.9MB/sec 3.7MB/sec 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm
Z,m; (15)
Contents
Removeable Drive Specifications Drive Type lomega Zip Parallel lomega Zip IDE lomega Zip SCSI Imation LS-120 Internal SyQest 235 Parallel Avatar Shark 250 Parallel SyQest 235 SCSI/IDE lomega Jaz (SCSI) Avatar Shark IDE SyQest Syjet SISC SyQest Syjet IDE SyQest SparQ Parallel CD-R Drives Disk/Cartridge Capacity 100MB 100MB 100MB 120MB 235MB 250MB 235MB 2GB 250M 1.5GB 1.5GB 1GB 650MB Average Seek Time 29ms 29ms 29ms 70ms 13.5ms 12ms 13.5ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms <150ms Data Transfer Rate 1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 4.0MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 2.0MB/sec 2.4MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 2.5MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 150KB/sec
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1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)
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Contents
DVD Formats and Standards Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Format DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18 DVD-1 DVD-2 DVD-3 DVD-4 DVD-R1.0 DVD-R2.0 DVD-RAM 1.0 DVD-RAM1.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0 CD-ROM CD-ROM Disk Size 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 80 mm 80mm 80mm 80mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm Sides Single Single Double Double Double Single Single Double Double Single Single Single Double Single Double Double Single Single Layers Single Double Single Double Double Single Double Single Double Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Single Capacity 4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 13.24GB 17 GB 1.4 GB 2.7 GB 2.9 GB 5.3 GB 3.95 GB 7.4 GB 2.58 GB 5.16 GB 4.7 GB 9.4 GB 1.4 GB 0.65 GB 0.194 GB DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities 2+ hours 4 hours 4.5 hours 6.5 hours 8+ hours 0.5 hours 1.3 hours 1.4 hours 2.5 hours Video Capacity
Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities
CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)
Z,m; (17)
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System & Hardware

Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3 Program (ydk*&rf) Generations of Programming Languages

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypnf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI) 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/

System & Hardware

13/ 14/ 15/ 16/ 17/ 18/

System & Hardware

Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19

(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)

Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25 Low Level Interface

(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)

System & Hardware

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

54/ 55/ 56/ 57/

System & Hardware

58/ 59/ 60/

System & Hardware

76/ 77/ 78/ 79/

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 1

Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyHrdwfquf)

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 2

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 3

(3) (4) (5)

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 4

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 5

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z) (ps) (n) ( #) ( X) ( !) ( ) (P)

Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

Monitor Speaker Scanner

Dot- Matrix Printer

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Plotter Computer Accessories

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Front Side Bus

PC 100/133 Memory Memory RAM

Classic Mother Board Design

Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design (Dual Independend Bus)

CPU External Cache

Processor Bus (High Speed)

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Bus Controller Chips

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Memory Bus (High Speed)

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )

AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )

Serial Mouse Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

Mouse & Mouse Pad

24 Pin Printer Head

9 Pin Printer Head

Dot Matrix Printer

Laser Jet Printer

PARALLEL PORT (F)

PARALLEL & SERIAL INTERFACE SERIAL PORT (E)

............ ............. ............ ............. ....... ........

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&ef ae&m MIC wyfqif&ef

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

AC OUTLET (B) AC INLET (A)

SOUND CARD INTERFACE (D)

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&efae&m