Chapter 8 Forces Between Atoms

8B Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding
Sodium (Na) soft, silvery metal that reacts explosively with water Fluorine (F) pale, greenish-yellow gas that is extremely explosive Sodium Fluoride (NaF) white crystalline compound used to prevent cavities in toothpaste Why?

 An ionic bond forms when one or more electrons are transferred (donated) from one atom to another Atoms which gain or lose electrons are known as ions Two types:
Anion a negative ion (gained one or more electrons) Cation a positive ion (lost one or more electrons)

 Highly electronegative elements (righthand side of the periodic table) will pull electrons away from weakly electronegative elements Gaining one electron gives a -1 charge Losing one electron gives a +1 charge The oppositely charged ions then attract one another

Lewis Dot Structure

An element may only ever have up to 8 valence electrons This is how these are placed:
(p)
3 6 (p) 4 7

X
(p)

(s)

5 8

+1

Li
B

+2

Be
C

+3

+4

N
1

O
0

Ne

Multiple Electron Transfers

Ionic bonds may involve the transfer of 2 or even 3 electrons Magnesium will donate two electrons to sulfur Mg+2 + S-2 = MgS or magnesium sulfide Na+1 + Na+1 + S-2 = Na2S or sodium sulfide

Structure and Properties of Ionic Compounds

One smallest particle of an ionic bond is not called a molecule; it is a formula unit Many formula units will lock together in a distinctly 3D cube-like structure called a crystal lattice Ionic crystals which dissolve in water conduct electricity well and are called electrolytes

Na Cl Na Cl Na Na Cl Na Cl Cl Cl Na Na Cl Na Cl Na ClCl Cl Na Cl Na Na Na Cl Cl Cl Na Na Cl Na Na Cl Na Cl NaCl Cl

SRQ 8B
What happens to valence electrons in the formation of anionic bond? What do we call ions that have a positive charge? Negative? Write the Lewis Dot Structure for an atom of selenium (Se).