PERMANENT MAGNETISM

(HARD IRON)) - RETAINED FOR LONG PERIOD WITHOUT APPRECIABLE CHANGE UNLESS DEMAGNETISED.

INDUCED MAGNETISM
(SOFT IRON) ACQUIRED BY A PIECE OF MAGNETIC MATERIAL WHILE IN MAGNETIC FIELD.

RESIDUAL MAGNETISM
RESIDUE OR DEMAGNETIZATION REMAINING MAGNETISM AFTER REMOVAL.

SUB PERMANENT MAGNETISM

MAGNETISM IN THE INTERMEDIATE IRON OF THE SHIP WHICH TENDS TO CHANGE AS A RESULT OF VIBRATION, AGING OR CRUISING IN SAME DIRECTION FOR LONG PERIOD BUT DOES NOT ALTER IMMEDIATELY.

BLUE MAG. POLE

EXIT

RED ENTER MAG. POLE

BASIC PRINCIPLE SAME POLARITY REPEL DIFF. POLARITY - ATTRACT

NMP (BLUE)

NORTH SEEKING POLE

LEAVING

EARTH
SOUTH SEEKING POLE

SMP (RED)
ENTER

VARIATION
AN ERROR CAUSED BY EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD. (EXTERNAL)

DEVIATION
AN ERROR CAUSED BY LOCAL OR SHIPS MAGNETISM. (INTERNAL)

 VARIATION 1. ANGULAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE NORTH AND MAGNETIC NORTH. 2. DUE TO EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD. 3. CHANGE AS YOU CHANGE POSITION. 4. NO, CANNOT REMOVED.

DEVIATION 1 ANGULAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPASS NORTH AND MAGNETIC NORTH. 2 DUE TO LOCAL MAGNETISM 3 CHANGE AS YOU CHANGE HEADING. 4 YES, CAN BE CHANGE.

 CORRECTING COMPASS C D (+) E M (-) W V T CAREFULL DRIVER MANEOUVER VIRGIN TENDERLY

UNCORRECTING COMPASS T V M (REV.) D C TRUE VIRGIN MAKES DULL COMPANION

FLINDERS BAR / SOFT IRON E/W

SOFT IRON QUADRANTAL SPHERE NE/SE/NW/SW D VERTICAL HEELING MAGNET N/S J ATHWARTSHIP MAGNET N/S C FORE & AFT MAGNET- E/W B

At the Magnetic Equator, the attraction of the compass needle towards the north and south poles is equal and the needle remains unbiased. As the compass is moved either north or south of the magnetic equator, the attraction to the nearest pole is increased, thus the needle will be biased towards the nearest pole. This phenomenon is called Magnetic Dip.

MAGNETIC COMPASS
USES 45% OF GRAIN ALCOHOL (ETHYL ALCOHOL) & 55% OF DISTILLED WATER OR KEROSENE TYPE FLUID WHICH IS NOT INTERCHANGABLE.

COEFFICIENTS
IS THE ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF A VESSEL IN THE COURSE OF MAGNETIC COMPASS ADJUSTMENTS. THE VALUES ARE DETERMINED FROM THE DEVIATION OF AN ADJUSTED COMPASS.

KEYWORDS
COEF. COEF. COEF. COEF. COEF. COEF. A B C D E J CONSTANT IN ALL HEADING. SEMI CIRCULAR DEV./SINE. SEMI CIRCULAR DEV./COS. QUADRANTAL DEV./ SINE. QUADRANTAL DEV./COS. 1 DEG. HEEL AT 000 HDG.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. AGONIC LINE LINE CONNECTING POINT OF ZERO VARIATION. 2. ACLINIC LINE LINE CONNECTING POINT OF ZERO DIP. 3. ISOGONIC LINE LINE CONNECTING POINT OF EQUAL MAGNETIC VARIATION. 4. ISOCLINICAL LINE - LINE CONNECTING POINT OF EQUAL MAGNETIC DIP. 5. ISODYNAMIC LINE LINE CONNECTING POINT OF EQUAL INTENSITY.

GYROSCOPE

Gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum. The essence of the device is a spinning wheel on an axle. The device, once spinning, tends to resist changes to its orientation due to the angular momentum of the wheel. In physics this phenomenon is also known as Gyroscopic Inertia or Rigidity in Space.

A Gyroscope in operation with freedom in all three axis. The rotor will maintain its spin axis direction regardless of the orientation of the outer frame.

Precession refers to a change in the direction of the axis of a rotating object. In certain contexts, "precession" may refer to the precession that the Earth experiences, the effects of this type of precession on astronomical observation, or to the precession of orbital objects.

1. This is the process of eliminating the deviation by introducing a magnetic field at the compass that is equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity to that of the vessel. A. compass and magnetism B. compass deviation C. compass coefficient D. compass adjustment

 2. It is the variation changes that occur twice daily due to lunar and solar tides in the earths atmosphere. A. solar changes B. diurnal changes C. lunar changes D. tidal changes

3. The EARTHS magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere (North Magnetic Pole) has what kind of magnetism? A. South magnetism B. North magnetism C. North magnetic field D. South magnetic field

4. It is the ratio of the strength of the magnitude field inside the metal to the strength of the external field. A. Gauss B. Compensation C. Permeability D. Corrections

5. This phenomena occurs whether electrical charges is moving along a wire, flowing with the magma of the earths core encircling the earth at high altitudes as a steam of charged particles, or rotating around the nucleus of an atom. A. Magnetic field B. Sub permanent C. Induced D. Magnetism

6. What instrument that measures magnetic fields? A. Magnetmeter B. Magnenometer C. Magnetometer D. Magnetic field meter

7. In what direction is the magnetic compass pointing if it is influenced by the earths magnetic field and is free from the magnetic influence of surrounding structures? A. Compass North B. True North C. Magnetic North D. Geographic North

8. What is the semi-circular deviation which is proportional to the sine of the compass heading? A. Coefficient B B. Coefficient C C. Coefficient D D. Coefficient E

9. How are compass errors applied from compass directions to true directions? A. Add easterly and subtract westerly B. Add westerly and subtract easterly C. Add westerly deviation D. Add westerly variations

10. Which deviation change signs approximately each 90 degrees change of headings caused by induced magnetism in horizontal soft iron? A. Residual deviation B. Constant deviation C. Semi-circular deviation D. Quadrantal deviation

11. On which direction does magnetic line of forces flow in the vicinity of magnetic equator? A. Vertically upward B. Downward towards the pole C. Upward towards the pole D. Parallel to the surface

12. Variation is a compass error that you: A. cannot correct B. can correct by adjusting the compass card C. can correct by adjusting the compensating magnets D. can correct by changing the ships heading

13. Deviation changes with a change in _____. A. latitude B. heading C. longitude D. sea conditions

14. As a vessel changes course to starboard the compass card in a magnetic compass: A. turns counter clockwise to port B. also turns to starboard C. remains aligned with the compass north D. first turns to starboard then counterclockwise to port

15. By convention the south seeking ends of a compass magnets are colored ____. A. blue B. red C. white D. black

16. Magnets are placed in horizontal trays in the compass binnacle to compensate for the: A. permanent magnetism of the vessel B. magnetic fields caused by electrical currents in the vicinity C. change in the magnetic field when the vessel inclines from the vertical D. induced magnetism in the vessels horizontal soft iron

17. Which statement about the flinders bar of the magnetic compass is correct? A. It compensates for the error caused by the circular error caused by the earths magnetic fields B. It compensates for the error caused by heeling of the vessel C. It compensates for the quadrantal deviation D. It compensates for the error caused by vertical component of the earths magnetic field

18. To expedite the adjustment at sea when you are to about to go to sea for compass adjustments in what order should the following be made? A. Flinders bar first, then the spheres, then the heeling magnets (FSH) B. Heeling magnets first, then the flinders bar and spheres (HFS) C. Flinders bar first, then the heeling magnets and spheres (FHS) D Spheres first, then the flinders bar and heeling magnets (SFH)

19. What is the horizontal intensitys component along a geographic or true meridian? A. East component B. West component C. North component D. South component

20. What do you call the coefficient which is semi-circular deviation and is proportional to the sine of the compass heading. Its maximum on the compass heading East or West and zero on compass heading North and South? A. Coefficient A B. Coefficient B C. Coefficient C D. Coefficient D

21. Deviation is caused by _____. A. magnetic influence inherent to that particular vessel B. changes in the earths magnetic field C. nearby magnetic land masses or mineral deposits D. the magnetic lines of force not coinciding with the lines of longitude

 22. It is an error on the magnetic compass when the lubber line is not correctly aligned with the fore and aft axis of the craft. A. sine wave error B. double sine wave error C. hard iron deviation error D. constant error

 23. It is the direction taken up by longitudinal axis of a compass needle when under the influence of the Earths normal force. A. magnetic equator B. magnetic variation C. magnetic north D. magnetic meridian

24. A curve passing through places where there is neither DIP nor inclinations of the compass needle. A. magnetic field B. magnetic force C. magnetic equator D. magnetic variation

 25. It is the angle through which the magnetic meridian is mis-aligned with the true north meridian. A. magnetic error B. variation C. deviation D. alignment error

 26. On a Mercator Chart, the compass rose will generally indicate the: A. variation B. compass error C. deviation D. isobar

 27. It is the property of the magnetic compass to retain its magnetism at a long period of time. A. tenacity B. polarity C. retentivity D. permeability

 28. It represent the magnetic flux density whereas the strength of the magnetic field depends on the material through which the magnetic flux is passing. A. density unit B. flux unit C. field unit D. gauss unit

 29. By convention, the Earths north magnetic pole is colored: A. red B. white C. black D. blue

 30. Which of the following will be used to correct deviation on inter-cardinal headings? A. Athwarthship magnets B. Quadrantal spheres C. Fore and aft magnets D. Heeling magnets

31. At the magnetic equator, there is no induced magnetism in the vertical soft iron because: A. The lines of force cross the equator on a 0-180alignment B. There is no vertical component of the Earths magnetic field C. The quadrantal error is 0 D. The inter-cardinal headings have less than 1 error

32. The points on the Earths surface where the magnetic dip is 90 are: A. along the magnetic equator B. connected by the isoclinical line C. the isopors D. the magnetic poles

 33. The magnetic compass magnets are acted on by the horizontal component of the Earths total magnetic force. The magnetic force is GREATEST at the: A. North magnetic pole B. South magnetic pole C. Magnetic equator D. Magnetic prime vertical

34. If a magnetic compass is not affected by any magnetic field other than the Earth. Which statements is TRUE? A. There will be no compass error B. Compass north will be the true north C. Variation will equal deviation D. Compass error and variation are equal

35. What is the term used to identify the semi-circular deviation which is proportional to the cosine of the compass heading where it is maximum on the North or South and zero on East or West heading? A. Coefficient C B. Coefficient E C. Coefficient D D. Coefficient F

36. What are lines connecting points of equal magnetic dip? A. Isogonic line B. Isoclinic line C. Isophase line D. Isodynamic line

37. What magnetic compass corrector cannot be set on a heading of magnetic east or magnetic west? A. Athwartship magnets B. Heeling magnets C. Fore and aft bar magnets D. Quadrantal spheres

 38. At a distance of several hundred miles above the earths surface, the magnetic field surrounding the earth is believed to be uniform and centered around two ______. A. axis poles B. magnetic poles C. geographical poles D. poles

39. It is the strength of the field at any point, measured in a direction parallel to the field. A. north intensity B. total intensity C. parameter P D. north component

40. It is a valuable reference in navigation, for it provides the directive force for the magnetic compass. A. horizontal component B. north component C. parallel component D. east component

41. The magnetism in the intermediate iron of the ship which tends to change as the result of vibration, aging or cruising in the same direction for a long period but does alter immediately. A. permanent magnetism B. residual magnetism C. sub-permanent magnetism D. induced magnetism

42. According to present theory, the magnetic field around a currentcarrying a wire and the magnetism of a permanent magnet are created by moving ______. A. external field B. electrical charges C. induced magnet D. sub-permanent magnet

43. Any piece of metal on becoming magnetized will develop regions of concentrated magnetism called: A. poles B. magnetic fields C. magnetic poles D. induced magnetism

 44. It is the vertical component of the total intensity where it is zero at the magnetic equator. A. north component B. horizontal intensity C. vertical intensity D. south component

 45. It is the strength of the field at any point, measured in a direction parallel to the earths magnetic field. A. total intensity B. horizontal intensity C. vertical intensity D. magnetic intensity

46. It is the vertical angle, expressed in angular units, between the horizontal at any point and a line force through that point. A. variation B. magnetic dip C. vertical angle D. deviation

 47. On the earths magnetic field, it is the horizontal intensitys component perpendicular to the north component. A. west component B. south intensity C. south component D. east component

48. On the earths magnetic field, it is the horizontal intensitys component along a geographic/true meridian. A. north intensity B. south intensity C. south component D. north component

 49. In magnetic compass, what is the usual type of liquid being used? A. Distilled water B. Alcohol C. Mercury D. Tap water

50. It is the direction of the horizontal component of the earths magnetic field running towards the north magnetic pole. A. magnetic meridian B. deviation C. variation D. magnetic polarity

51. At the magnetic equator, what is the direction of magnetic line of forces? A. Vertically downward B. Vertically upward C. Gradually upward D. Parallel to the surface

52. The earth as a magnet, what is the direction of the earths field dips at the magnetic pole? A. Horizontally upward B. Vertically downward C. Parallel to the surface of the earth D. Gradually upward

 53. This is the permanent magnet placed vertically in a tube under the center of marine magnetic compass. A. heeling magnet B. fore and aft magnet C. athwartship bar magnet D. flinders bar

 54. A curve passing through places where there is neither dip nor inclinations on the compass needle. A. magnetic equator B. magnetic field C. magnetic north D. magnetic meridian

55. It is the tendency of a gyroscope to change from its original alignment. A. gyro drift B. gyro error C. toppling D. torque

 56. It is also known as two-axis gyroscope where the gyro wheel is mounted in two gimbals at right angles. A. fixed mount gyroscope B. rate gyroscope C. position gyroscope D. special gyroscope

 57. It is a single axis gyro, which consists of a wheel mounted in one gimbal, the rotation of which is constrained by a spring. A. position gyroscope B. rate gyroscope C. special gyroscope D. free gyroscope

 58. The greatest directive force is exerted on the magnetic compass when the: A. vessel is near the magnetic equator B. needle are nearly in line with the meridian C. vessel is near the magnetic pole D. variation is near zero

59. It is where the gyroscope is mounted to prevent it from precessing. A. wheels B. axis C. gimbals D. gyro bowl

 60. It is the effect on the gyro wheel if the precession is prevented and the gyro wheel will offer no resistance to a torque. A. alignment effect B. precession C. gyro effect D. toppling

 61. It is the compass error resulted from the external or local magnetic attraction. A. compass error B. variation C. deviations D. gravitational effect

 62. It is the term used when a force is applied on a gyro spinning in a direction causing it to tilt. A. toppling B. precession C. tilting force D. torque

 63. It is the gyroscope error affected by meridian convergence on a compass in a high-speed craft. A. apparent drift B. tilting error C. transport error D. meridian error

 64. It is a fly wheel in a universal mounting where the axis is free to point in any direction. A. gyroscope B. compass bowl C. gyrosphere D. universal gimbal

 65. It is a gyroscope error that affects the heading system due to the rotation of the earth. A. apparent drift B. transport error C. tilting error D. gravity error

 66. It is a gyro drift when the gyroscope is subjected to an angular vibration. A. tilting B. aniso electricity C. mechanical imperfections D. dynamic unbalance

67. It is the gyro drift caused by gimbal friction and also by electrical conductors that carry power to the motor of the wheel. A. mechanical imperfections B. aniso electricity C. unbalance D. dynamic drift

 68. The gyro compass has the least directional power at: A. latitude 45 B. the equator C. the pole D. latitude 75

69. The pens in the gyro course recorder are attached to arms that are generally controlled by: A. the electrical charges of the gyro B. an indicator from the master compass C. speed adjustment of the master gyro D. the sensitive element

70. When a gyro compass is operating properly, its rotor shaft is aligned in: A. N E B. N W C. N S D. N N

71. Speed adjustment on the master gyro should be made within _____ knots. A. 4 knots B. 5 knots C. 2 knots D. 3 knots

72. If the rotor on a gyro is turning in the wrong direction it will cause the gyro to: A. read reciprocal direction B. misaligned with the gyro direction C. precess with its position D. read 180 in error

73. To effect the symmetrical distribution of weight about the vertical axis of a gyro compass the ____ is added to the vertical ring. A. quadrantal sphere B. compensator weight C. sensitive element D. bearing circle

74. A circle tightly fitted on the compass without an azimuth mirror, but only sight vanes will be: A. pelorus B. azimuth circle C. bearing circle D. compass circle

75. If the gyro is started with the south end of the gyro rotor case toward the north, it will: A. read 180 in reciprocal B. read at 000 at north end C. read 180 in error D. read at south end

76. If the locking devices of the gyro in operation is left unlocked, the gyro will cause ________. A. the compass to turn constantly and becomes erratic B. a variable error on the compass. C. activation of the alarm D. a constant error

77. The factor that produces oscillation on the gyro, creating temporary dislocation in its directional orientation until it is oriented is _______. A. changes in course B. unsteady power supply C. change in speed D. directive force

78. The directive force of a gyro compass ______. A. decreases with latitude being maximum at the poles B. increases with latitude being maximum at the equator C. remains constant at any latitude D. is greatest when vessel is near the magnetic equator

79. To maintain the gyro on its axis, it must be capable of ______. A. gyroscopic inertia B. precession C. rigidity D. continuous spinning

80. The reaction of the gyro compass to an applied force is ______. A. gyroscopic inertia B. counter effect C. precession D. gravity effect

81. Magnetism which is present only when the material is under the influence of an external field. A. magnetic field B. permanent magnetism C. variation D. induced magnetism

82. _____ refers to any change in the current supplied to the compass compensating coils to reduce degaussing errors. A. compass compensation B. compass correction C. compass adjustment D. magnetic adjustment

83. There are several reasons for correcting the errors of the magnetic compass EXCEPT:
A. magnetic compass is simple to use after correction B. magnetic compass is easier to use if deviation are small. C. even known and compensated for deviation, introduces error because the compass operates sluggishly and unsteadily when deviation is present. D. even though the deviations are compensated for they will be subject to appreciable change as a function of heel and magnetic latitude.

 84. In magnetism, this is the angle between the grid and the magnetic meridian at any place. A. grivation B. variation C. deviation D. dip

 85. What do you call the angle between the lower branch of the geomagnetic meridian of a place and the geo-magnetic over which the sun is located? A. Variation B. Declination C. Magnetic dip D. Geo-magnetic time

 86. What is the term on the transient oscillatory gyro compass error that is dependent upon the rate of change of ships speed and course? A. Damping error B. Deflection error C. Gimbaling error D. Quadrantal error

 87. If the precession is prevented and the gyro wheel will offer no resistance to a torque, what do you call this effect to the gyro wheel? A. Precession effect B. Gyro drift C. Toppling effect D. Alignment effect

 88. This is an error introduced on a gyrocompass by the tilting of the mounting system of the compass due to the horizontal acceleration caused the motion of the vessel? A. Gimbaling error B. Quadrantal error C. Ballistic error D. Damping error

 89. This is a device on a meridian gyro that is located about the vertical axis of the gyro, that applies torque about the vertical axis proportional to tilt and causes the gyro to precess about the horizontal axis to reduce the tilt to zero. A. levellling torquer B. azimuth control torquer C. vertical torquer D. phantom

 90. This is the remote indicating gyrostabilized earth induction compass that senses the horizontal component of the earths magnetic field? A. Speed gyro compass B. Gyro flux gate compass C. Horizontal gyro compass D. Remote-stabilized gyro compass

 91. In adjusting the magnetic compass, which of the following would you eliminate the most? A. Compass Error B. Variation C. Deviation D. Magnetic field

 92. What is the most accurate deviation diagram used on board? A. Algebraic diagram B. Reciprocal diagram C. Deviation diagram D. Napiers diagram

 93. The angular deflection of the compass needle as affected by the Earths polarity. A. variation B. deviation C. magnetic field D. deflection error

 94 The tendency of the spinning wheel to maintain the direction of its plane of rotation in space. A. Flywheel B. Rigidity C. Precession D. Inertia

 95. The combined effect of horizontal plane sub permanent magnetism of a ship and the magnetism induced by vertical soft iron and component of the Earths force is called; A. Magnetic polarity B. Quadrantal deviation C. Coefficient magnetism D. Semi circular deviation

 96. What is the purpose of the liquid inside the magnetic compass? A. Better attractive force on magnetic pole B. There will be a steady effect on the compass card C. To prevent the compass from freezing D. None of these

 97. The compass heading of the vessel differ from the true heading due to; A. Compass error B. Variation C. Deviation D. Magnetic dip

 98. In compass magnetism the word secular change means; A. The reading from the compass rose B. Changes of magnetism within the ship C. Computing for yearly deviation table D. The yearly change of variation in the locality

99. Gyrocompass is reliable up to; A. All latitudes B. Latitude 75 N or S C. Latitude 90 N or S D. Latitude 60 N or S

 100. As your vessel approaching the magnetic equator, what is true concerning the deviation due to the permanent magnetism o the ship? A. Does not change B. Appreciably change C. Decreases D. Increases