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Chapter #27: Empire and Expansion Big Picture Themes 1. The Spanish-American War saw the U.S. gain Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guantanomo Bay in Cuba, the Philippines, and other smaller islands. 2. The Philippines proved to be hard to handle since the Filipino people didnt want the U.S. there. They waged a guerilla war and resented American control until it was turned back over to the Philippines after WWII. 3. The U.S. managed to get an Open Door Policy with China. This opened the Asian giant to international trade. 4. Teddy Roosevelt became a vigorous president who obtained and built the Panama Canal. His Big Stick Policy toward Latin America increased Americas influence, but also increased animosity toward the U.S. Chapter #27: Identifications Richard Olney He was McKinleys secretary of state who used the Monroe Doctrine to pressure Britian in the Venezuelan boundary crisis. He sent a note informing Britain that the British actions were trespassing the Monroe Doctrine and that the US controlled things in the Americas. Alfred Thayer Mahan He was an American naval officer who wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in 1980, emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy. This encouraged American Imperialism. Valeriano Weyler He was the Spanish governor in charge of suppressing the Cuban revolution. His brutal re-concentration tactics earned him the nickname of the Butcher in American yellow press. de Lome Letter A letter from the Spanish minister to Washington Dupuy de Lome that ridiculed President McKinley. It was published by Hearst, and fueled the Spanish American War. Emilio Aguinaldo He was the leader of the Filipino insurgents who aided Americans in defeating Spain and taking Manila. However, when America took over the Philippines, Aguinaldo again used guerilla warfare to fight against the Americans. Jingoism It is extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, war like foreign policy that Roosevelt often followed. Teller Amendment It was an amendment to the declaration of war with Spain that stated that the US would grant Cubans their independence after the war. Rough Riders Organized by Theodore Roosevelt and led by Colonel Leonard Wood, it was a regiment of volunteers who rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney and stormed up San Juan Hill. It was made up of mostly cowboys and ex-convicts.

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Anti-Imperialist League It was a group that protested against the American colonization of the Philippines; it included famous members including Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and Samuel Gompers. It argued that the Filipinos wanted freedom and denying that to them was un-American. Foraker Act An American act that gave Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government, and in 1917, Congress granted Puerto Ricans full American citizenship. Insular cases These are Supreme Court Cases during 1901 that declared that the US Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag; so Puerto Ricans and Cubans did not have the same rights as Americans on American soil. In the end, they gave Congress full control over these territories. Platt Amendment It was an American imposed restriction written into the constitution of Cuba that guaranteed American naval bases on the island and declared that the US had the right to intervene in Cuba. US also had the right to trade freely with Cuba. Spheres of Influence These are areas in which countries have political and economic control, but do not govern directly. Countries can expand their spheres of influence through imperialism. Philippine Insurrection It began on February 4, 1899, and was led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who took his troops into guerrilla warfare after open combat proved to be useless. The rebellion was finally broken in 1901 when US soldiers invaded Aguinaldos headquarters and captured him. Open Door Policy A policy dispatched by Secretary of State John Hay, urging European nations to keep fair competition open to all nations willing and wanting to participate. All the powers already holding spot of China were squeamish and only Italy accepted unconditionally. Russia didnt accept it at all. Boxer Rebellion A rebellion instigated by a super-patriotic group known as the Boxers. They revolted and took over the capital of China, Beijing, took all foreigners hostage, and killed many Chinese Christians. This followed the Open Door Policy Note by John Hay. Big Stick Policy It was a policy that Roosevelt led by: it essentially placed more weight on actions than words. Roosevelt always said, Speak softly and carry a big stick. Roosevelt Corollary It was Roosevelts 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine; it gave US the right to protect its economic interests in South and Central America by using military force. It also made sure European powers did not meddle into Latin America.

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Portsmouth Conference It was a meeting in New Hampshire where Theodore Roosevelt mediated a treaty between Russia and Japan in 1905. Both sides, although couldnt get a clear advantage, agreed to the deal. This won Roosevelt the Nobel peace prize. Gentlemens Agreement It was an agreement after the San Franciscos school board incident. Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them. Root-Takahira Agreement It pledged the US and Japan to respect each others territorial possessions in the pacific and to uphold the Open Door Policy in China. Chapter #27: Identifications America Turns Outward Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement 1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders? In the 1980s, manufacturing capability, power, and wealth increased due to rising exports, and America began to expand onto the world stage, using overseas markets for trade and commerce. James G. Blaines Big Sister policy pushed for better relations with Latin America, leading to the first Pan-American Conference in D.C. An incident between Venezuela and Britain also strengthened the Monroe Doctrine. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear Know: Queen Liliuokalani 2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii? President Cleveland, after investigating the situation, found the annexation to be wrong and delayed Hawaiis annexation. Americans had used desperate and unethical measures to annex Hawaii for commercial benefits, despite Queen Liliuokalanis opposition. Cleveland was soon bombarded for stopping Manifest Destiny. Cubans Rise in Revolt Know: General Weyler 3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned? In 1895, Cuba revolted against Spain, and event torched their sugar cane fields to make Spain leave, or have America interfere. Americans were even more concerned when Spanish General Valeriano Butcher Weyler came to Cuba to crush the revolt and put many civilians into concentration camps. There was also the explosion of US battleship USS Maine, and an offensive letter from Spanish minister to Washington Dupuy de Lome that enraged Americans. Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey 4. Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines? Navy Secretary John D, Long and his assistant, Theodore Roosevelt, modernized the US navy, making it very sleek and sharp. Therefore, Dewey, when sent to the Philippines by Roosevelt, had strong naval control, and was able to completely take over the islands from the Spanish.

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The Confused Invasion of Cuba Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill 5. Describe the fighting in Cuba. The Spanish sent warships to Cuba, commanded by Admiral Cervera. The Rough Riders, a regiment of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt and Colonel Leanard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney and stormed up the San Juan Hill. Admiral Cervera was finally ordered to fight the American fleet, and his fleet was destroyed. On land, Americans commanded by General Nelson A. Miles met little resistance as they took over Puerto Rico. America's Course (Curse?) of Empire Know: Anti-Imperialist League 6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines? America couldnt honorably give the Philippines back to Spain after decades of misrule, but it also couldnt simply take it like an imperialistic nation. However, the general public supported annexation, and it was favorable for US business interests, so McKinley decided to keep the Philippines. Soon the Anti-Imperialist League sprang up, and argued that even the Filipinos wanted freedom, and denying that to them was unAmerican. Then again, missionaries were convicted to civilize the savage Filipinos. Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans 7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants? The changing conditions in Puerto Rico after the US takeover had driven these new immigrants north. When World War Ii ended in 1945, the sudden advent of cheap air travel sparked an immigration explosion. The Puerto Rican population ended on the mainland quadrupled between 1940 and 1950. Puerto Ricans kept one foot in the US and the other on their native island. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo 8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War. In the Insular Cases, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not have full authority on how to deal with the islands. This essentially let Congress do whatever it wanted with Cuba and Puerto Rico. America did not improve Cuba significantly except for eliminating yellow fever with the help of General Leonard Wood and Dr. Walter Reed. US also encouraged passed the Platt Amendment that became Cubas constitution. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres 9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War? It affirmed Americas presence as a world power, but its actions after the war made German rivals jealous and its Latin American neighbors highly suspicious. In America itself, the war narrowed the wide chasm between the North and the South formed during the Civil War. "Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation 10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism? After the Spanish-American War, the Filipinos assumed that they would be liberated; however, America took over the islands. The islanders revolted, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who used guerrilla warfare. US soldiers mercilessly killed many Filipinos and sent them to concentration camps, where many died of disease and starvations. However, President McKinley formed a Philippine Commission in 1899 to deal with

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the Filipinos and the organization was led by William Howard Taft, who became strongly attached to the islanders. Americans provided improvements in sanitation and education for them. Hinging the Open Door in China Know: Boxer Rebellion 11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China? Americas involvement in China, with the Open Door Policy, was meant to benefit China and save it from all the European countries wishing to carve China up. However with the Open Door Note, uprisings within China sprang up. In 1900, a super-patriotic group known as the Boxers started the Boxers Rebellion and revolted, taking over the capital of China, Beijing, taking all foreigners hostage, including diplomats. Makers of America: The Filipinos 12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain. Most Filipino immigrants to the US came not to study but to toil. Enlistments grew slowly at first, but by the 1920s thousands of young Filipino men had reached the Hawaiian Island and had been assigned to sugar plantations. As workers, they were welcomes because of the recent ban of Chinese immigration. However, Filipinos were not eligible for American citizenship until 1946. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? 13. What issues were important in the 1900 election? William Bryan derided imperialism and focused on an hackneyed issue. However, McKinleys supporters claimed that if Bryan became president, he would shake up the prosperity that was in America at the time. America wanted economically grow and expand, Theodore Roosevelts active campaigning took a lot of momentum away from Bryans and greatly furthered McKinleys campaign. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit 14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president? He was highly energetic and spirited, and followed the wise saying: Speak softly and carry a big stick. His tactics often involved more actions than words. Also, he was extremely bold and took any action for the general interest as long as it wasnt forbidden in the Constitution. He believed that the president should lead and often boldly did so. He placed less value in the Checks and Balances system. Building the Panama Canal Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas 15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal? First the French Canal Company was eager to build in Panama and salvage something from their costly failure there. However, US finally chose Panama after Mount Pelee erupted and killed 30,000 people. Panama Canal would connect the Atlantic to the Pacific and provide a very convenient trade route and navy waterway. TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor 16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? Roosevelt Corollary and the Monroe Doctrine both made sure European powers stayed off Latin America. However, the Roosevelt Corollary stated that in future cases of debt problems, the US would take over and handle any intervention in Latin America on behalf of Europe, which made America the intruder and controller of all Latin Americas affairs

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Roosevelt on the World Stage Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth 17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize? He helped facilitate a peace treaty after the Russo-Japanese war. At Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1905, both sides met, and though both were stubborn, in the end, Roosevelt negotiated a deal in which Japan got half of Sakhalin but no indemnity for its losses. Japanese Laborers in California Know: Gentlemens Agreement, Great White Fleet 18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations? The San Francisco school board decreed that, due to a lack of space, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children should attend a special school. This became an international issue, and Japan was particularly enraged by the offense. However, Roosevelt eventually solved the matter and to impress the Japanese, he sent his entire battleship fleet, The Great White Fleet, around the world for a tour, and ended up relieving tensions. Consequently, the Root-Takahira Agreement pledged the US and Japan to respect each others territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door Policy in China. Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power? 19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion. International peer pressure: if other countries were expanding their international robes and even establishing colonies around the globe, could the US safely refrain from doing the same? America had to establish its own power, unless it would be pushed around by other countries.