Low Cost Experiment For Science

LOW COST EQU I PMENT for sc1ence and techno logy educat 1 on
A Resource Document 017 low cost equipment t/78t you C817 m8ke 817d use.

ED.85/WS.60

LOW COST EQU I PMENT for science and techno logy educat 1 on

ED.85/WS.60

PREFACE

This resource document on low-cost equIpment for scIence and technology ecucenon consists of a collection of apparatus designs. Its purpose is to provide technical information and simple instructions for the construction of a range of widely-used items of school science equipment, using inexpensive materials.

The designs have been submitted by the followIng lnstttutlons:-

Fundeceo Brasileira para 0 Desenvolvimento do Ensino de Ciencias (FUNBEC), Cidade Universtter-te, U.S.P. cetxe Postal 2089, S. Paulo, Brazil.

Science Equipment Centre, Federal Ministry of Education, ljentktn, LagJS, Nigeria.

National Educational Equipment Centre, Wahdat Colony, Lahore, Pakistan.

School Science Equipment Development Project, National Institute of Science and Technology. P. O. Box 774. Manila. Philippines.

The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST), 924 Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok 11. Thailand.

The material has been compiled and edited by Mr. N. K. LOWE.

From this first resource document on low-cost equipment we should like to receive your assistance and suggestions. Please inform us of any difficulties you may have experienced in constructing and using the designs. Also let us know If you have found them useful and how you used them in the learning environment.

I n the event of an accident occurring through the use of any of the items, neither Unesco nor the editor or the submitting institutions can accept any responsibility.

Should you have a design which may be suitable for publication in future issues of this document or elsewhere, pleese send it. preferably in the format used in this document to:

Division of Science, Technical and Environmental Education, UNESCO,

Place de F ontenoy , 75700 Paris, France.

CONTENTS

1. ALCOHOL BURNER.
2. KEROSENE BURNER.
3. TESTTUBERACK. WOODEN.
4. TEST TUBE RACK.
5. TEST TUBE RACK.
6. TRIPOD STAND.
7. HALF-METRE DISC.
8. SIMPLE GAS GENERATOR.
9. FIRE EXTINGUISHER.
lO. MOLECULAR MODEL OF CO 2
11. ENVIRONMENTAL GAME.
12. SIMPLE BALANCE.
13. SIMPLE MOMENTS BALANCE.
14. ELEMENTARY BALANCE.
15. TWO PAN BALANCE.
16. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE.
17. GLASS BEAD MICROSCOPE.
18. ARTIFICIAL LUNGS.
19. WORKING MODEL OF LUNGS.
20. AQUARIUM TANK.
21. DISSECfING NEEDLE.
22. DISSECfING BOARD.
23. STRECTCHING BOARD.
24 ELEMENTARY COUNTING DISC.
25. SIMPLE ABACUS.
26. MATHEMATICAL MODEL.
27. MODEL OF A CIRCLE
28. RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE MODEL.
29. COUNTING TRAY TO BASE S.
30. SET OF ATTRIBUTE BLOCKS - GEOMETRIC MODELS
31. FRICTION BLOCK.
32. SIMPLE PULLEY
33. CENTRE OF GRAVITY SET.
34. WEIGHTLESSNESS APPARATUS.
35. DYNAMOMETER ..
36 SPRING BALANCE
37. REACfION FORCE APPARATUS. 38. SIMPLE ACTION AND REACTION CART.
39. EQUIFMENTFOR MECHANICAL RESONANCE
STUDIES.
40. AIR AND WATER WHEEL.
41. LOW COST SUBMARINE.
42. CARTESIAN DIVER APPARATUS.
43. 'U' TUBE- HARE'S APPARATUS.
44. 'U' TUBE MANOMETER.
4~. SIMPLE 'U' TUBE MANOMETER.
46. BIMETAL STRIP.
47. EXPANSION APPARATUS.
48. LINEAR EXPANSION OF WIRE APPARATUS.
49. EXPANSION APPARATUS.
50. APPARATUS FOR THEEXPANSIONOFLIOUIDS.
51. STEAM TURBINE APPARATUS.
:52. STEAM TURBINE.
:53. ROTATING VANE APPARATUS.
:54. WHAT CAUSES WIND APPARATUS.
:5:5 . HEAT ABSORPTION APPARATUS.
:56. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS.
:57. APPARATUS FOR HEAT CONDUCfIVITYOF METALS.
58. SIMPLE CALORIMETER.
59. CALORIMETER.
60. RESONANCE TUBE APPARATUS.
61. EXPLORATION OF SOUND APPARATUS.
62. ASOUND.t::IT.
63. REFLECTION OF SOUND APPARATUS.
64. LIGHT SOURCE FOR OPTICS EXPERIMENTS.
6:5 . PIN HOLE CAMERA.
66. MODEL OF A TELESCOPE.
67. PERISCOPE.
68. LIGHT REFLECTION BOX.
69. REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF LIGHT
APPARATUS.
70. MODEL OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
71. MODEL TO DEMONSTRATE ECLIPSES.
72. ASTRONOMY MODEL- GREAT BEAR. LITTLE BEAR.
CASSEOPEIA. POLE STAR.
73. MOVING PICTURE DISC.
74. BATTERY HOLDER. 75. SIMPLE SWITCH.

76. ELECTROSCOPE.

77. ELECTROSCOPE.

78. MODEL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE POLES OF

A MAGNET.

79. MAGNETIC COMPASS.

80. SIMPLE COMPASS GALVANOMETER.

81. SIMPLE GALVANOSCOPE (GALVANOMETER)

82. GALVANOMETER.

83. ELECTRIC MOTOR.

84. SIMPLE D.C. ELECTRIC MOTOR.

I NTRODUCT I ON

The apparatus designs in this collection may be familiar to some, and new to other readers.

They are not necessarily unique to the insititutions who have submitted them, but they are accredited to them since it is believed that the lEsigns have been found useful in the countries in which the institutions are located. For the purpose of this oocurnent the designs have been edited, where necessary, to provide either a clearer drawing or text. The designs have been prepared in such a manner that they can be easily removed and photocopied/reproduced for use in teaching-learning activities.

I n most cases the apparatus can either be prepared by the teacher, or constructed by the pupils as part of 8 construct-and-use programme of learning. Very little initial practical sk.iIl is required for the construction of the items; in fact, basic skills in woodworking, metal working etc. could be developed from the construction of the items as part of a modular science and technology programme of learning.

No attempt has been made to standardise the drawings according to eraph1ca~ Communications preeentetion. The sketches hove been prepared (generolly as received) to provide maximum presentation within a limited space, and also to provide a 'picture' of the Item. It would be possible to uttltse the sketches In a formal Graphical Communications learning situation whereby the pupils use the designs and re-prepare them as if for use in an equipment production workshop.

Terms Used

Generally, technical terms have been kept to a minimum in favour of easily read and understood descriptions. The following may help to clar1fy any possible non-fam1lfarlty with some of the terms used:-

Diameter

shown 6S die., or Dle., or e

Radius

shown as red .• or Red. , or R

Dimensions

usually in millimetres (rnrn) or centimetres (ern)

Styrofoam

a commercial term for expanded polystyrene as found In pack.ing cases containing sensitive equtpment, or as ceiling tiles. Sometimes 6150 known as Polystyrene.

Scotch tape

also known as Sellotape.

Epoxy Resin Adhesive

a comrnerctat version, marketed under the name of 'Araldite' is found in many parts of the world.

Caution

All items requiring an electrical supply for operation are for use on dry cell torch batteries. They mU3~ .10t be connected to a low-volt power pack or the electrical main supply.

USEFUL TOOLS AND TECHNIOUES

Tools

Clever experimenters can achieve a very high standard of workmanship with a surprisingly small number of tools. I t is impossible to say that certain tools form a minimum amount of ecuipment. In any case, the experimenter will probably eccutre his equipment stege by steqe and need not be deterred from starting a project because of some particular lack. As a beginning aim at acquiring the following:

t1etalworking tools: vice, hack-saw, hammer, screwdrivers, pliers (flat and round nose), cutting nippers, electric or other soldering iron, electric drill, twistdrills, taps and dies, various files, scriber.

Common woodworking tools: chisels, common saw, rip saw I steel plane, modern rasp or rasp plane, brace and bits, a variety of glues and cements, paints in various colours.

Glass cutting

1.1 /"laking a slroigllt cut

A glasscutter does not cut glass, but splits it with a tiny wheel. If the wheel is sharp and it is drawn over the glass at the right speed and pressure, 1t makes a fine score or groove by slightly crushing or pulverizing the glass. The bevelled sides of the wheel act as wedges which push against the sides of the groove and pry the glass apart so that a crack is started. If a crack fails to start, tap the scratch or score with the ball end of the glasscutter. Before trying to make a finished cut, practise on a scrap piece to learn the speed and pressure required to obtain a smooth edge (see figure); Ordinary window glass comes in two thicknesses, single light and double l1ght. Si ngle llght Is thinner and easier to cut. Plate glass up to O.6cm in thickness can be cut in the same manner as ordinary window glass. Safety glass which consists of two or more glass sheets cemented together by a transparent p last tc, requires special cutting equipment.

1.2 Cutting glass tubing

One way to cut glass tubing is to score the surface with one forward stroke of a three-cornered file. The corner of a mill file will also work well. Make the score mark at right angles to the centre l1ne of the tube so that the tube will snap squarely across. To snap the tube, place it on 'the bench top with a matchstick or toothpick directly beneath the upward- faci ng score mark. Then, holding one end securely, press down on the other end and the snap will be immediate. Another method frequently used is to scratch the glass tubing with a quick smooth me stroke, then hold the scratched tubIng firmly in both hands with one's thumbs pointing towards each other (but on opposite sides of the scratch) and snappIng the glass tubIng away from one's body. Fire-polish the cut ends.

1.3 Resistonce wire gloss cutter

Obtain about 60cm of 24-gauge nichrome wire, and improvise heat-proof handles (one with a switch) for the ends. Connect to a suitable 12-V 5-A power supply (a car battery, or step-down transformer). Make sure that the leads and the switch are strong enough for the current to be carried. The wire should become red hot a few seconds after switching on. If it does not, first check the power supply and the connexlons. It may be necessary to reduce the length of the resistance wire if it still does not get hot enough. Now file a small groove on the glass jar where the nichrome wire will cross. Adjust the wire in a loop on the desired position for cutting. Keep the wires from touching where they cross in the groove. Switch on, and after a few seconds, the glass will usually crack in a clean cut where the wire has looped the jar. If this does not happen after 15 to 20 seconds, switch off, Quickly remove the nichrome-wire loop and hold the jar under running water. This will cause the necessary contraction to break the jar on the desired line. Use caution dur1ng the actual breaking operation (see figure).

o

Resistance wire glass cutter

A 24 gauge nichrome wire • B small notch filed in side of bottle c switch in handle

o connecting cable to supply source

The above is reproduced from the New Unesco Source Book for Science Teaching. Paris. Unesco. 1973.

Other Unesco publications containing equipment designs and related information are:

Unesco Handbook for Science Teachers. Paris. Unesco. 1980.

New Trends in School Science Equipment. Paris. Unesco. 1983.

Low Cost Equipment for Science Teaching. Santiago. Chile. Unesco Regional Office for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1984.

Improvisations in Science - A Handbook for Teachers. Santiago. Chile. Unesco Regional Office for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean.1985, (previously published by the Ministry of Education, Kingston. Jamaica. 1981).

Low-cost Educational Materials. Vols I. II and III. Bangkok. Thailand. Unesco Regional Office for Education in Asia and the Pacific. 1964.

1. ALCOHOL BURNER.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

ALCOHOL BURNER.

2- PURPOSE

For heating.

3- INFORMATION SUBMITTE[) BY

School Sci ence Equipment Del/el opment Project,

National Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines

4- LINE DRAWING OF PROTOTYPE

----Q)

---CD

5- MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

Compone,.ts: Qty

1- Glass jar 1

2- Wick hold~f r.

3- Wick. 1.

netertets Required Empty glass bottle. aluminum tl:l~e ..

Floor moP.strand, Epoxy·cement.

Dimensions

60mm 8 x 72mm,approx. 7mmBx 2Smm.

100mm long.

(page 1/2)

Fig. 1.

Obtain 6 screw lid bottle of approximately the sizes indicated.

7Z.0~f1I

1

Fig. 3.

Cut a 25mm length of 7mm outside diameter etumtmum tub1ng and open out one end as shown.

Fig. 2. Drill 0 7mm diameter hole in the lid.

ct«, HOL&

Insert the tube through the hole in the lid of the bottle and fix in place using epoxy cement. Insert the wick (made from cotton floor mop strands) into the tubing.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN USS)

$0.50.

6- METHOD OF USE

Fill the glass jar about three-Quarters fun of alcohol; also wet the tip of the wick with alcohol before liQhtinQ.

9- COMMENTS

Short bottles are preferred for stabl11ty on the table.

(page 212)

2. KEROSENE BURNER.

1- ITEM

KEROSENE BURNER

2- PURPOSE

Use of a kerosene burner in place of a spirit lamp in the leboretones.

3- INFORMATION SUBMITTED BV

National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids, NBtiontll Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pekisten


1-----""13

Fig.A.

Fig. A.

5- MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION Components

1 - Ccnteiner.

Qty Materials Required Dimensions

1. Ink bottle (gloss) with metallic lid.

1. Strands from floor mop.

1. Tin sheet.

2 - Cotton wick.

3 - Outet- tin chimney. 4 - inner tin cnimneu

. ~

5 - I,A/ick pipe

1. Tin sheet.

1. Tin sheet.

dte. 35mm, 65mm long. dlo. 25mm, 60mm long. dte. 5mm, 30mm long.

Tools: Drilling machine, tin snips, merker, hemmer, pliers, drills.

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS

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Fig. 1.

Take the mstalltc lid of the ink bottle and drill a hole of 5mm dte. with the help of the drilling machine. ,

Fig. 2.

'5

---i~

fO U

1--16-1' (b) (a)

Using the tin snips cut a tin strip of size 30mm x 16mm as shown in 2.0. and, using the pliers, bend it to make the Wick Pipe of Smm dia. x 30mm tong as shown in 2.b. Fix the tube with the wick in place in the lid as shown at 2.c.

Fig. 3.
HOLE DIA Using the tin snips cut the tin sheet of
t-2S-l size 78.5mm x 60mm. Using the
2mm
drilling machine drill holes of size
0 o 0 2mm dia. according to the dimensions
o a 0 o 0 shown at 3.8. With the help of the
o 0 o 0 00 pI i ers bend the sheet to make the inner
o 0 000 o 0 00 chimney of die. 25mm x 60mm long as
( a )
o 0 000 o 0 o 00 shown at 3.b.
o 0 000 o 0 00
I .. 78.50 .;.1 (Poqe 2/31

"--:.--.'

I (OLE DIA. ( c ) ~.....-- I( bl

3 mm. ~8r =.t 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 10mm Po 00 C

L.....- ~ "T '- ~

~ 110 --I

Using the tin snips cut a tin strip of

si ze 11 Omrn x 6Srnm. Drill hoI es of 3mrn die. es shown at 4.0. Bend the strip to forrn the outer chimney of dte. 35mm x 65rnm long 85 shown et 4.b.

\6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS (Continued)

\ 1

I Fi~ 4.

I 1--3H

!

17- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM ( in US S )

I $1.00.

118- METHOD OF USE

Pour some kerosene oil into Hie, ink bottle 8rllj fix the lid essemblu onto it. Fix the inner and outer Chimneys i to the bottle to meke the burner 8S shown in Fig. A.

: Light the burner with a match. After 2 or 3 minutes the burner will give a hot blue flame which can be used I for rleating purposes in science laboratories.

i 9- COMMENTS

r Peo!? 3/31

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3. TEST TUBE RACK. WOODEN.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

WOODEN TEST TUBE RACK.

2- PURPOSE

To hold test tubes during experiments and to store the same afterwards.

3- INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY

School Science Equipment Development Project,

Notionol Institute of Science and Technology, rtentle, Philippines.



Components

1- Top t.est tubs suoport.

2 -Bot tom test tube support. 3 - Pegs.

4 - End pieces.

Qtg Materials Required

1. Plywood.

1. Plywood.

6. Wood.

2. Plywood.

Dimensions

210mm x 80mm x 12.Smm 210mm x 10Bmm x 12.Smm 12mm die x 55mm long 108mm x 1 OOmm x 12.Smm

Nails. Glue.

~8ge 113)

6- CONSTRUCTION DEl AILS

r- 7~.O--l - S:IJ I( -1 I- /0.0

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Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Cut the plywood to the sizes indicated and drill the holes.

Cut the plywood to the sizes indicated and drill the holes.

Cut the wood dowelling to the sizes shown. Reduce the diameter at one end and round off the other end.

Cut the plywood end pieces to the size end shape indicated.

Sandpaper all surfaces to a smooth finish before commencing the assembly.

~age 2/3)

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS (Continued)

Assembly Drawing.

After smoothing down all surfaces assemble the parts, using nails and glue, 8S shown in the above assembly drawing.


$2.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

As with other test tube holders. Test tubes may be stored or allowed to dry on the wooden pegs.

9- COMMENTS

The assembled apparatus should be coated with varnish or paint to minimise the absorption of water.

(page 3/3)

"'. TEST TUBE RA

____ CK •

1- ITEM

TEST TUBE RACK

. 2- PURPOSE

For holding t Cot

8.. tubes upright duro

mq and after

3- INFORMAT! - an experiment.

ON SUBMITTED BY

Science Equipment. Centre L .

, ag05, NIgeria.


<£> <2> @ @ E?> ED 0 6'
(i) c:o G? (2) <S?
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FIG. A.

5- MATERIALS F

I Components OR CONSTRUCTION

1 _ Top. Oty

2 - Base. 1.

7 _ c'd

.) ,_,' es. 1.

2.

Materials Required Wood.

Wood.

Wood.

Glue.

Varnish.

Dimensions

25em x IDem x tern 25em x IDem x lem 12em x IDem x tern

(~ag8 1/2)

--------_ .. '

6- CONSTRUCTION DfT AILS

Fig. 1.

cut the top piece to the dimensions given. Mark out and drill two rows of holes according to the diameter of the test tubes available.

Fig. 2.

Cut the bottom piece to the dimensions given. Note that the end tenon joint is oppostts to that in the top piece. Place Hie top piece on the bottom piece and, using the same drills as for the top piece, 'dimple' tM bottom piece just deep enough to steady the bottom of the. test tubes.

IOcm

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~J_4_m_'. _"~_'_fl~_' _+_._H_' _~_!~_crn_'~_l-~.~q_:>-_.-~_,-;,~_ .. -~_.-. _4 __ "_"'--,~~Q

Fig.3.

I*T II I ]

Cut the side pieces to shape. Mark out the positions for the grooves and cut them. The tenons at tne end of the top and bottom pieces I

1

should be a tight push fit into the grooyes.

7.2c," 12cm

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14 to.; --.-1.J 4", .. -iP,1. __

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Smooth down ell sunsces with sandpaper and glue the sides to the top and bottom pieces. Finally vernish all surfaces.

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! 7-· APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN US$)

"

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3- METHOD OF USE

9- COMMENTS

eUler ,je:;i,]n:; ,jre ij'.,'Bilatlle to \'vrlict"'ljo"Nel pins are fixed on one side. rness serve as supports for used i t8~:t tubas in an inverted positton for ,jt-~ing after washing.

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i['8'~e 2/2)

5. TEST TUBE RACK.

1- ITEM

TEST TUBE RACK

2- PURPOSE

To provide a simple test tube rack.


The InstHute for the Promotton of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST), Bangkok, Thailand.


FIG .A.


Components .Qly

1- Body. 1.

2- Stand 1.

Moteriols Required Plastic bottle. Metallic wire.

Dimensions

~oge 1/2)


Clean the bottle and make holes to put the test tubes in by using a hot iron rod. Wind

the metal wire around the neck of the bottle to make the stand, as shown in Fig. A., to keep the test tubes upright.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN US$) under $1.00.

6- METHOD OF USE

9- COMMENTS

~6ge 2/2 )

6. TRIPOD STAND.

1- ITEM

TRIPOD STAND

2- PURPOSE

Support for heating in laboratories


Science Equipment Centre, Legos, Nigeria.



Components Qty

1- Ring. 1.

2- Legs. 3.

CD

o

FIG. A.

Materials Required Mild steel plate.

Mild steel rod.

Dimensions=

13cm x 13cm x 4mm. 6mm dla x 17em long.


Fig.l. Mark out the ring on the steel plate according to the dimensions shown. Also mark out the positions for the three holes for the tripod legs equidistant apart.

Cut out the ring by cutting just inside the inner circle and just outside the outer circle. Using a round or half round file, file the ring to size and remove all sharp edges.

Drill the three holes for the legs, and countersink them.

Fig. 2. Prepare the legs by reducing the diameter at one end according to the dimensions shown.

16~mm

To complete the tripod place one leg into a drilled hole and, holding the leg in a vice, rivet the leg to the ring using a hammer. Repeat for the other two legs.

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6mm D,,,,.

7- APPROnMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN USS)

$4.00

6- METHOD OF USE

Direct heating of flasks, beakers, etc. in the laboratory.

9- COMMENTS

The tripod stand should be properly cleaned with cloth and oiled lightly to avoid rust. Alternatively it could be painted with black heat-proof paint or aluminium paint.

~8ge 2/2 )

7. HALF-METRE DISC.

1- ITEM

HALF METRE DISC

2- PURPOSE

To construct a scete and meesure distances


National Workshop for the Production of low Cost Teaching Aids, Nationol Educational Equipment Centre, lahore 16, Pekisten


FIG. A.


Components aty

1- Disc. 1.

Materials Required Hardboard sheet. Wood

Split paper fastener Sheet of white paper

Dimensions

200mm x 200mm. 400mm x 30mm x 15mm

2- Handle. 3- Axle.

1. I. I.

200mm x 200mm.

Tools; ¥/oodsow; compass; scissors; marker.

~age 1/2)


Fig. 1.

With the help of a compass men a ctrcla of dte 15.91 cms on the hardboard sheet. Using the woodsaw accurately cut out this disc.

400""rn

Using the compass mark out a disc of 15.91 cms on the piece of white paper and cut out this circle using the scissors. Poste this circle onto the hardboard disc.

To mark out the scale divide the white disc into 10 equal parts. Subdivide each part into 5 equal parts. This means that the circle has' 50 equal divisions. Using a marker number the divisions as indicated in the sketch. Orilla small hole in the centre of the dIsc to take the split fastener.

Fig. 2.

Using the woodsaw cut a wooden handle of 400mm x 30mm x 15mm size. Smooth the

handle using sandpaper. Drill a hole near one end to take the fastener, as indicated in Fig. 2.

To assemble, push the fastener through the hole in the disc and then through the hole in the hondle. Bend the end of the fastener to hold the disc in place but just loose enough for the disc to be free to rotate.


$ 1.00.

6- METHOD OF USE

Put the wheel on the ground in such a way that the arrow (50 mark) is the starting point. Push the wheel in the forward direction. It wl11 travel a distance equal to half a metre when the starting marl< has completed one revolution.

9- COMMENTS

(:age 2/2 )

8. SIMPLE GAS GENERATOR.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

SIMPLE GAS GENERATOR.

2- PURPOSE

For generating small Quantities of gas for use in chemistry experiments.


School Science Equipment Develpment Project,

National Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines.


@r----


Components £Jtg

1 - Glass jar. 1.

1.

Materials Required Glass bottle, small, wi de mouthed.

Rubber foot (for stool) or door stop, or one-holed rubber stopper.

Flexible plestic tubing.

Dimensions

2 - Stopper.

Size to fit wide mouthed bottle.

3 - Gas Deli very tube.

4 - Connector.

1.

Rigid plastic tubing.

Diameter to suit connector x 50cm long.

As available, eporox 4 to 6mm outside die.

1.

(page 1/2)

.•.. _-_._--_._-------------------


r- J~.o Inn'). 9>/

Fig. 1.

Drill a4mm hole in the rubber foot 6S indicated.

Note: the actual size of the hole to be drilled will depend upon the size of the plastic tubing used for the connector.

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Fig. 2.

If the plastic or glass 'V' piece is not j available construct a connector as follows. . I Take 8 piece of rigid plastic tubing of epprox. , 6cm length and cut a 2cm length from it. File one end to an angle of 450 end, using a small round file, concave the end to fit the vertical tube. Drill a hole in the side of the varttcel tube the same diameter as the bore of the

tube. Using a suitable adhesive fix the side arm to the vertical tube. Finally ensure that all airways are not blocked with adhesive.

To assemble insert the 'V' piece into the stopper. Attach the flexible delivery tube to the varticel arm of the connector. The stopper is then ready for insert ion in the mouth of the glass bottle.

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$0.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

I :;olio materiel cen be pleced inside the bottle and liquid reagent introduced by means of 8 syringe or dropper I to produce nle cestred gas. Hie side firm should then be closed and the generated g8S collected via the del1'Jend tube, in en inverted test tube immersed in weter.

9- COMMENTS

(Page 2;'2.1

9. FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

1- ITEM

FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

2- PURPOSE

To demonstrate the principle and function of a fire extinguisher.


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids National Educational Equipment Centre. Lahore 16, Pakistan.



Cnrnpenents Oty

1 - Container. 1.

2 - stopper. 1.

3 - Jet. 1.

netertets Required Glass bottle.

Rubber stopper.

Glass tubing.

Candle.

Cork borer.

Vinegar.

Baking powder.

Spirit lernp.

FIG. A.

Dimensions

to fit bottle.

5mm di a x220mrn long.

Smm ote.

~age 1/2)

6- CONSTRUCTION DEl AilS

Fig. 1

Take a piece of glass tubing of Smm die and drow out 0 jet. Bend the gloss tubing occording to the sIze indicated in the sketch.

With the help of the cork borer meke 0 Smm dio hOle In the rubber stopper. Insert the glass tubing jet into the stopper, and insert the stopper into the bottle.


$1.00.

B- METHOD OF USE

Remove the stopper and jet tube from the bottle. Pour some Vinegar and baking powder Into the bottle and quickly replace the stopper and tube. Light a candle and bring it near the jet. The candle will be extinguished due to the corban dioxide coming out of the jet due to the reoction between the vinegor ond boking powder

9- COMMENTS

Practice will be necessary to achieve the desired result with the glassworking.

('page 2/2 )

1- ITEM

MOLECULAR MODEL OF CO '2

2- PURPOSE

To demonstrate the structure of a CO2 molecule.

3- INFORMATION SU8MITTED BY

National WorkshOp for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids. National Educational Equipment Centre. Lahore 16, Pakistan.


r----i1

FIG. A.


Components Qty

1 - Baseboard. 1.

2 - Model. 1.

3 - Hook. 1.

Muteriols Required Cardboard. Styrofoam.

Steel wire.

Block marker. Drawing pins.

Dimensions 300mm x 200mm.

20 gauge x 30mm.

Tools: knife; file.

~age 1/2)


Flg. 1.

Prepare the baseboard by cutt ing 6 pi ece of stiff cardboard (or hardboard) to the sizes tndiceted in the sketch.

Cut three pieces of styrofoam of 50mm thickness to make three circular balls I.e.

one of 50mm eta to represent the. carbon atom, and two of 20mm die to represent the oxygen otoms.

Using a bleck marker pen colour the carbon atom black. teeve the two oxygen atoms white. Fiie two flat surfaces on the carbon atom and one each on the oxygen atoms so that they can be firmly glued together in the positions shown in the sketch. Then glue them together. This forms the CO2 molecule.

Using the steel wire make a hook and fix it to the model which can then be hung onto the baseboard using a drawing pin.

r

2 DO ......

L~------J

[10-. ... --- 3DD mm --- ... J

Fig. 2.


$0.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

The model of the CO2 molecule can be displayed as indicated in Fig. A. other molecular models, such as H20, can also be prepared and demonstrated in this manner.

9- COMMENTS

11. ENVIRONMENTAL GAME.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

ENVIRONt1ENTAL GM1E.

2- PURPOSE

To teach the concept of position and classification to Grades 1 and 2.


The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST), Bangkok, Thailand.


3


Components Oty

1 - Base. 1.

Materials Required Plywood.

2 - Frome.

3 - souerss 4 - Pi ctures.

1. 24 20

Plywood. strips. Plywood.

Paper.

Dimensions 220mm x 220mm x 10mm.

240mm x 20mm x 10mm. 40mm x 40mm x 10mm. 40mm x 4Omm.

~flge 112)


Fig. 1.

Prepare a piece of plywood (or other suitable material) to a size of 220mm x 220mm.

From the same material (10mm thick) cut strips of epprox. 220mm x 10mm to form the sides of the tray. Mitre the corners and, using glue and nails, fix the sides onto the base.

Using the same material as the base cut 24 squares of size 40cm x 40cm (the actual size should be such that when the squares are located in the tray they can easily be moved around or teken out).

leave four squares blan" and on the remaining 20 stick pictures of pupils, animals, plants, birds, etc.

Fig. 2.


$0.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

The teacher would give the pupils an opportunity to carry out an activity in grouping similar things together. For exemple, the pupils moy be expected to group similar items in rows, or as an alternative, a square with 8 pupil marked on it is located 1n the middle and birds, for example, in one corner, four legged animals in another, and so on.

9- COMMENTS

(Page 2/2 )

12. SIMPLE BALANCE.

1- ITEM

SIMPLE BALANCE.

2- PURPOSE

For Balancing Weights.


Science Equipment Centre, Lagos, Nigeria.


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- Tray. 1.

2- Stand. 1.

Moteriols Required Plywood.

Wood.

Dimensions

30cm x 6cm x O.6cm Scm x Scm x 2.0cm

(Page 1/2 )


Fig.!.

__ -----30cm--------------------~

Cut a piece of plywood to the sizes indicated. Marl< out eQual divisions on one face,starting from the centre. Such divisions serves as a guide when balancing and weighing objects. On the reverse face cut a ·V· shaped notch at the centre line.

Fig. 2. Using a piece of hard wood such as mahogany or Iroko construct the triangular-shaped stand as indicated in Fig.2.

Place the tray on the stand and ensure that the tray swings freely on the stand and settles horizontally. Adjust as necessary, either by remoylng shavings of wood from the heavier underside of the tray or adding plasticine to the underside of the lighter side.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM ON US$)

$ 4.50.

B- METHOD OF USE

Place Objects on one side and nelenca using masses on the other stda

9- COMMENTS

~5ge 2/2 J

13. SIMPLE MOMENTS BALANCE.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

SIMPLE MOMENT BALANCE.

2- PURPOSE

Principle of Moments with respect to position of weights


National Workshop for Production of Low Cost Teoching Aids. National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pektsten


Components Qty Moterinls Required Dimensions.
1- Bese. I. Wood. 150 x 100 x 10mm.
2- Balance Arm. I. Wood. 400 x 50 x 10mm.
3- Vertical Support. I. Woad. 300)( 20)( 5mm.
4- Weights. 8. Hardboard. 50)( 20 x 5mm.
5- Hooks. 2. Metal.
6- Nalls. 25. netei. Tools: Woodsaw; Hammer; Hole punch 10mm die.

(page 1/2)


/'£ ~

S:? I V

r.... 1501-- ....... '-11

WOODEN BASE

--t 20 t 20 r-- Nails

~tr("'1~

~ 400-----i

WOODEN BALANCE ARM

9 8 7 6 54 3 2 1 0 '2 3456 789

• • • • • • • • •• • • • • •• • ••

.E1-~ ?J

~ ~I ~~.

f ,.. 300--- ... ~ .... t

WOODEN VERTICAL BAR.

"..........Hole 10mm dia

Y/f::Y /1

~I 1/

T1__ 5.0 ... 1

HARD BOARD WElGHT

Fig.l.

Fig.2.

20 .

Cut the wooden base of 150 x 100 x 10mm as shown, with the help of the woodsaw.

Cut the wooden balance arm of size 400 x 50 x 10mm and fix 19 nails equally spaced at 20mm distance as shown at z.e. with the help of the woodsaw and hammer.

Fig.3. Cut the vertical wooden support ber of size" 300 x 20 x 5mm with the help of the

Fig.4.

woodsaw.

Cut hardboard weights of 50 x 20 x 5mm size and punch the holes of 10mm dia at one end, with the help of the woodsaw, hole punch and hammer.

Fix a hook at one end of the vertical bar and fix this ber to the wooden base et the middle of the 150mm side vertically, with the help of nails and hammer.

Fix I] hook at the middle of the bl]lancing arm and hang it from the hook of the vertical support bar as shown in Fig. A.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN US$)

$ 1.00.

8- METHOD OF USE

Balance the arm with the help of hanging weights. It is observed that the balancing arm is balanced when the product of moment arm and weights on each side are equal.

9- COMMENTS

(~'age 2/2)

1<1. ELEMENTARY BALANCE.

1- ITEM

ELEMENT ARV BALANCE.

2- PURPOSE

Used for weighing objects.


School Science Equipment Deyelopment Project,

Nationol Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines.


11

I

Fig. A.
Components Qtg Materials Required Dimensions
1 - Base. I. Plywood. 400mm x 100mm x 19mm.
2 - stenc. I Wood. 210mmx 30mm x 20mm.
3 - Balance Arm. 1. Wood. 300mm x 16mm x I1mm.
4 - Pan support/hanger. 2. Gelv6nised iron wire. epprex 720mm x 12 gauge.
5 - Pan. 2. Plast1c glass-Jar cover. approx.75mm dia x 18mm deep.
6 - Pivot/pointer. 1. Steel wire. 1.5mm die. x 240mm long.
7 - Scale. 1. Aluminium sheet. 50mm x 30mm x 18 geuge.
13 - Pivot rest. 2 Mi I d steel sheet. 50mm x 30mm x 18 gauge.
9 - Rider. 1. Mild steel sheet. 50mm x 30mm x 18 gauge.
10 - Pan Hanger. 2. Steel wire. 1.5mm dte. x 120mm epprox.
I 11 - Pan hanger pivot. 2. Steel wire. 1.5mm die. x 20mm long. (page 1/3)

6- CONSTRUCTION OET xus

8_ Dimensions of tomponents.

OR-ILL

s!,o 1

-t- /oo.o CD

~

L- ~

r-=-----20-0-,O===--=--=-...,'100.0------- i

:- ----... • ...l. ..... , -------,--Ji1-;:;---- I l ; :

I

V/'~fI

CD 200-0

,

l'p us .' age L ,l

.r-- :1D 1fIItl. ¢ D4 tl.L

// (3 /tt/tel I

t

IQ.O ,M'

~ i

~~====-L

o

@

Note: All dimensions in mm.

Not to scale.

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS (Continued)

b.

Assemb I Y drrl'rli ng.

Cut, drill holes and finish (with sandpaper) the wooden components.

Form the metal sheets into the pivot rest, ri dar, and scel e.

Bend the steel wires for the pivut/potnter and the pan hanger into their required shapes. A nail may be used for forming the eyes of the pan hangers.

F or the pan support wrap the 9a1.1/8ni sed iron wire around the plastic cap to form 8 circle (screwing the cap on its bottle will help to make it rigid). Remove the wire from the cap and tighten the circle by hand or with pliers until the cap fits snugly into it. Draw aline drawing of the shape of the pan support on a pi ece of cardboard and, using this 8S a guide bend the wire into its final shape.

Assemble the components as shown in the assembly drawing. Mount the pointer so that it is perpendicular to the balance arm.

8- METHOD OF USE

V'I'elgrd ng Dy belenci ng an unknown mass agai nst stenderd masses (wei grits)

I

I ::J.

I .

I .1

~

I ~----I


$12.00.

9- COMMENTS

In t.he construction of the balance arm, care must be taken in drilling the three holes. The holes on both ends of the arm must be accurately drilled equidistant from the centre hole. The steel ptvots must also fit snugly into the holes of the balance arm so that rotation occurs between metal parts rather than the pivot and the wooden arm.

(Page 3/3)

.... .

15. TWO PAN BALANCE.

1- ITEM

TWO PAN BALANCE.

2- PURPOSE

I

Comparing the mass of two bodies.

\- INFORMATION SUHMITTED BY FUNBEC, Brazil.


FIG. A.

,5- MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

I

Components Qty

i-Beam. 1.

2 - Pan and beam supports. 3.

3 - Holder. I.

4 - Suspension.

S - Pans. 2.

, 6 - SensitiYity Regulator 1.

I Cursor end Tare. 2.

Moteriols Required Wood.

Wood bolts. (or dowels). Any hard material. Nylon thread

Plastic or aluminium. Copper wire. Aluminium Foil.

Dimensions 25em x i.scm x O.5cm 2mm die. x 30mm long. 0.5 xO.Scm x IScm long. 1.5m long.

8cm dia x 2cm depth. 0.2 em die x 3cm long. 0.01 em x 3cm x 5cm.

( P30e 1/2 ~

_,_ .. ~,_,.,,", __ .. _.f

6- CONSTRUCTlot4 DfT AilS

4 ho1es(2mm diameter)

/

Fig. 1

10 division of 0.7em

'2 em

----------

--------------

25 em

Prepare the beam to the dimensions given and drill the holes as accurately 8S possible. Carefully mark the scale using the dimensions given.

cut

C)

Fig.2. o.

Cut the slots in the 3 bolts and file the ongled ends. Screw the bolts through the holes in the beam leaving the end ones with their slots upwards and the centre one with the slot downwards. Pass a piece of thread through the slots of each bolt and tape it in position (Fig. 2.bJ leaving about 10cm hanging down at each end of the bolt.

b.

Make a pointer epprox Bcm long using a toothpick and push it into the top hole vertical to the beam.

Wind the copper wire into a coil of 2mm internal diameter and push it onto the peintsr. Assemble the balance as indicated in Fig. A. Balance the beam using the sensitivity regulator and the cursor (when making the cursor the piece of aluminium foil to be used should weigh 10mg)

Once the beam is suspended remove a little of the material from the left hand pan so that the beam hangs slightly down on the right hand side.

Place the cursor at the zero position and adjust the position of the tare for balance.

----------------------------------------------------------------~

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN UsS)

Under $1.00

8- METHOD OF USE

; Place en Object in nle pans end proceed as an elementary belence. The belence is used by suspending it from , Hie holder. A peper scale fixed to the holder can be made if desired.

9- COMMENTS

: Despite its :;lmplicity this balance is sensitive enough to determine a mass of milligrams.

16. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE.

--.---.---------------------~~~--- ........ =--...,

1- ITEM

S!t'lPLE !'lICROSCOPE.

2- PURPOSE

To show the principle and function of a simple students microscope.

\.3- INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY

Notional vlottst1op for the Production of Low Cost Teeching Aid:;. r,J5i.lOil31 Eljucati ondl Equi pment Centre .. Lahore 16, Paki sten.

I

:-.----~.-.--.---.----.-------------------------------j

;4- LiNE ;)RA'~'ING OF PROTOTYPE

31------1-

FIG. A.


Components Oty

1- E~depi se8. 1.

6.

MaterIals Required Tin strip.

Iflooden stri p.

Wooden stn p.

Wooden stn p.

Glass microscope slide. Glycerine.

Nails.

Dlmensions 80mm x 20mm.

60mm x 20mm x smm 50mrn :~ 20rnm x Smm. 60mm x 20mm x 3mm. 20rnrn x 15mm

2- ClbJ8CJJ'-/B support. 3- 'v'er-tical support 4- Ei~se (stage) . 5-i1icroscope slide 6- Giycerine.

1.

I

r •

l. 1.

Tools. Wood saw; Hammer; Drilling machine; Tin snips:

Pliers .

. _._-_ .... __ ._ .. _---_._-_._---------------:::=====-

( PaQ8 112 'I

t..... ,


Fig.1.

Using the tin snips cut a strip of tin sheet to the size BOmm x 20mm. Using tne drilling machine drill a hole of 2mm dte as indicated. With the help of the pliers bend the strip at IOmm from the end furthest from the hole. This strip wm act as the eyepiece for the microscope.

Fig.2.

11

Using the wood S6W cut three wooden strips, two of 60mm x 20mm x 3mm, and one of 50mm x 20mm x 5mm,as shown at Fig.2.o,b,ond c. In one of the 60mm x 20mm strips drilla2mm dte hole.

~28~

L o~~

60 X 20X 3 mm Hole

/7

~

b. This strip forms the vertical support for the eyepiece and objective.

L-V 50 X 20XS

ThIS stnp forms the base or stage on which the object to be viewed is placed.

c.

50X 20 X"3

Using the nat Is and hammer assemble the microscope as shown in Fig. A.


$ 1.00.

8- METHOD OF USE

PIece 8 glass microscope slide atovs the hole in the objective support. Place a drop of glycerine on the slide atlljve tJI8 hole. This will serve as the object.ive lens of the microscope. Place some smell Objects on the bess (stage) of the microscope below the hole. View the objects through the hole in the tin strip. Focussing is carried out blJ lifting the tin strip upwards or pressing downwards as indicated by the arrows in Fig. A.

9- COMMENTS

This apparatus can be used to demonstrate the functfon of 8 simple microscope.

(Page 2/2)

-,.-

17. GLASS BEAD MICROSCOPE.

1- ITEM

GLASS BEAD MICROSCOPE.

2- PURPOSE

For viewing tiny specimens in the laboratory and for learning the basic parts of standard microscope.



National Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines.


Fig. A.

Components Oty Moterio1s Required
1 - Base. 1. Plywood.
2 - Stand. I. Iflood.
3 - Stal~8. 1. PII~wood.
4 - Tube. I. Wood.
S - Focus adjusting knob. I. WOOd.
6 - Adjusting screw. 1. Stove volt.
7 - t·1iITOt-. 1. Mirror.
e - t1i rror support. 1. Plldwood.
9 - mrrnr Clip. 1. Crate band strip.
10 - Lens support stri p. 1. Crate band strip.
11 - Stage clip. /) Crete band strip.
L
12 - Lens. 1. Glass DeM.
13 - Lens holder. I. Rubber grommet. Dimensions

llmm x 80mm x 112mm. 25mm .e x 10Smm.

11 mm x 50mm x lOOmm. 12mm 1.0. X 25mm O.D.x40mm. 25mm B x 20mm.

Smm B x 38mm.

35mrn :~ 3Srnm.

6mm x 3Srnm x 3Smm. 10mm x B7mm.

18mm x 90mm.

Smm x 30mm.

5mm .e

3/16" 0 hole.

(pagel/4)

6- CONSTRUCTION OET AilS

-IO.t)

-==_=::::-..:.=::---------------------------------------------1

//2- 0 -----'~

I t t
I '.0 I/.~
==r f U·O mlfl_ ,s O~//'1.. (I. R()1.6S) -Z'S'''''ft'I ~ /)~'LI..

r----~----~~--_

~.

'<1-' ~,-' I:[3

, '-t-\ L 13·0 _ t±.::.J

ff' j t~o ;~'j-

-12.0m,.,," 4(M

f./DLE

(£)

/s.Ofttr4 " / t) @

o O~:,( -U--cut here

tip of penlight bulb

(qta ss bead sybstitute)

16- CONSTRUCTION DETAILS (Continued)

01,- I
, ---- 3 t:» ",,,,. 8\
,7 • ~
~3S.o-i 10-- 3l'·0 ---I
* *
6·0
-;-
f ~.o"'", , fJ~If.L

ID·Om",

n.s -t-

-"-- =-pf, .

I zs.o I

, *

'10'

IS.o ,.",. ~

:11

Note: See assembly dravr'ing on next pBge.

(Poge 3/4)


Assembly drawing (Exploded view)

/' J-" I I \ r------\~,

, J, \,-I~ /

-0

I I I I

•

L~U8I1.EA.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM ( in US S)

$5.00.

8- METHOD OF USE

The specimen on the slide is held in place on the stage by the stage clip and focus is adjusted by the focus adjusting knob.

9- COMMENTS

Prepare the parts as shown in the detail construction drawing and assemble the apparatus as shown in the Elssernbly drav-/ing. Fix the parts with glue and screws.

A gl;%stl]ovy'er can fabricate the glass bead out of solid glass rod. The glass bead can be replaced with the lens tip of a pen light bulb. ¥/ith the use of small triangular file ene long nose plier, carefully cut off the tip of the pen 1 i gIlt bul b.

(p8ge4/~

18. ARTIFICIAL LUNGS.

1- ITEM

ARTIFICIAL LUNGS.

To demonstrate the operotion of the humen lunqs.

2- PURPOSE

~------------------------------------------------------------


Institute forthe Promotion of Teaching Science and T-echnology (IPST), Bangkok, Thailand.


FiG. A.

--

2- Connector 'V' piece. 3- Stopper.

4- Lungs.

5- Diaphragm.

1. 1. 2. 1

Moteriols Required Transparent plastic bottle. Ball point pen outer case. Rubber grommet (or stopper). Sma 11 ball Dons.

Rubber sheet (large balloon).

Dimensions

5S available.


Components Oty

1- Container. 1.

epprox. 12mm die.

~Bge 1/2)

From a trensperent plastic bottle cut off the top
part. Using the bottom part of the bottle as the
container, drill a 12mm dia hole csntrellj in the
base.
Using the outer case from ball point pens
construct a 'V' piece as indicated in Fig A.
Ensure that the 'joint is air tight. To eech end of
the arms of the 'V' piece ettecn a small balloon.
Obtain EI rubber grommet or stopper to fit into
the hole in the base of the container. Make a
hole in tms rubber to take the longer stern of
the 'V' piece. Assemble the apparatus by
inserting the Y piece into the grommet and
fixing this assembly into the base of the
container.
Cover the open end of the container with a thin
p1 ece of rubber sheet (cut from a be 11 oon) and
fi x thi s to the contai ner usi ng a rubber band, so
as to make the container- airtight.
7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN USS) $0.50
8- METHOD OF USE
When the rubber sheet is pulled downwards the two small balloons will expend (inhale). When the sheet is
pressed inwards the two balloons will deflate (exhale).
This activity indicates the operation of the human lungs.
9- COMMENTS
I
I
J
I (page 2/2 )

1- ITEM

19. WORKING MODEL OF LUNGS.

WORKING MODEL OF LUNGS.

2- PURPOSE

To demonstrate the function of the lungs when inhaling and exhaling.

3- INFORMATION SUDMITTED DY

National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teeching Aids. National Educational Equipment Centre. Lahore 16, Pekistan.


1------\1

FIG. A.

Dimensions

6mm dte x BOmm long. To suit bottle.

3mrn dia x 25rnm long.

>--+----\4


Components Qty

1- Tube. 1.

2- Stopper. 1.

3- Tubes. 2.

4- Lungs. 2.

5- ContaIner. 1.

6- Diaphragm. 1.

1.

Materials Required Glass tubing.

Rubber (or cork) stopper. Plastic tubing (rigid). Balloons.

Glass bottle.

Thin rubber sheet. Rubber band.

Tools: Hammer; scotch tope; cork borer.

~age 1/2)


Fig. I.

V.s.C,Oilo£ 1-------"1" 1.INE.

Fig. 2.

Take the bottle and, using an old file or glass cutter, score a line around the bottle near the base. As neatly as possible break off the base (a red hot tip of metal placed on the score line may do this) and rsmova the sharp edges (using the old file or rubbing on concrete).

Cut a piece of 6rnm bore me. glass tube to a length of 80mm. Prepare two plastic tubes of 3mm dia. and 25mm long, and insert them into the gloss tube in such a way as to form a 'V' piece. Using the scotch tape fix the tubes firmly in place and also ensure that the joint is air tight. Scotch tape two small balloons to the ends of the plastic tubes.

Note: Some bending/squashing of the ends of the plastic tubes may occur when fitting them into the glass tube. Ensure that the air Wtly is not totally blocked.

To complete the assembly insert the tube into the stopper, having made a hole in the stopper to take the tube. Care will be needed in inserting the tube into the stopper particularly if the tube end 'V' end will not pass through the neck of the bottle. Put the stopper assembly into the neck and then close the bottom end of the bottle wi th a thin piece of rubber (balloon) held in place with a rubber band as shown in Fig. H


$0.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

Using your fingers pull the diaphragm downwards and observe the balloons. Release the diaphragm and again observe the balloons. The balloons will heve inflated and deflated and this acts like our lungs when we inhale and exhale.

9- COMMENTS

(page 2/2 )

20. AQUARJUM TANK.

1- ITEM

AQUARIUM TANK.

2- PURPOSE

For keeping live fish or water plants

3- INFORMATION SU8MITTED 8Y

Science EQuipment Centre, Lagos, Nigeria


-

---

FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- E1~se. 1.

2- S1des. 2.

3- Ends. 2.

4- Top. 1.

Materials Required Acrylic/Perspex Sheet

Dimensions eOcm x 3B.Bcm. 80em x 43.8em. 43.8em x 38.8crn. 85em x 44.5cm.

Tools. Saw; File:

Acrylic!Perpex Cement; Clamps.

(page 1/2)


I f

\

Fig. 1 Cut the 8crylic/persDex sheet to the required

Plan view sizes.

Coat both ends of the base wi th the cement*ond firmly clomp both end pieces to the base. Remove the clamps when the cement has set.

Side view

Fig.2 Coat both side edges of the base with the

Plan view cement and both side edges of the end pieces.

Clamp the side pieces to the base and end pieces. Remove the clamps when the cement has set.

Side view

Note: 'x' indicates surfaces to be coated with the cement.

Mark out the cover sheet to the size of the tank and cut the comers. Gently apply heat along the marked lines and when the sheet feels pliable evenly bend up the edges to approx.900**. (The cover size before bending should beapprox. Scm longer and wider than the tank size. This will allow for a 2.5cm bend all round).

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM ON USS)

$60.00

8- METHOD OF USE

Locate the aquluium in the laboratory or classroom away from direct sunlight. Prepare the aquarium for errecuve d1splay. Do not meve the aquarium once 1t IS full of water.

9- COMMENTS

*Acryl1c/Perspex cement can be made by dissolvIng the acryltc/perspex filings in chloroform. smeer the

plastic paste formed along the edges to be glued and apply pressure to the glued parts until the cement is dry.

**The bend1ng of acrylic/perspex sheet is not easy partIcularly in the length indicated. A flat cover resting on small supports may be more suitable if the aquarium is constructed in 8 school.

~6ge 2/2)

2 t. DISSECTING NEEDLE.

1- ITEM

DISSECTING NEEDLE.

2- PURPOSE

For holding specimens during dlssectton.


Science EQuipment Centre, Lagos, Nigeria


FIG. A.


Components Qty Moteriols Required

1- Handle. 1. Wood.

Dimensions

10em )( 2.Scm )( 2.Scm. 2mm die x 10em long.

2- NeedJe.

3- End Gap (ferrule).

1. 1.

Steel wire. Sheet metal.

(page 112)

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS Fig. 1.
- Using a lathe tum the handle to shape from the
piece of wood. Drill a hole, the same diameter
C"-=== ----,3 as the needle, into the handle from the narrow
end 6S indicated.
- Using sandpaper finish the handle to a smooth
finish .
.
Fig. 2.
US1ng a grinder grind a taper on a suitable length
of the steel wire leaying a parallel shank to fit
into the handle.
D
Fig. 3.
Using a piece of sheet metal construct an end
cap to suit the end size of the handle. Drill a
hole slightly smaller than the needle die.
To assemble, carefully push the needle into the
handle ( this snouto be a tight fit). Finally fit
the end cap in place by pushing it along the
needle until it fits tightly in place.
7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN USS) $3.00.
B- METHOD OF USE
As required during dissection of specimens.
9- COMMENTS (Page 2/2 )

1- ITEM

22. DISSECTING BOARD.

DISSECTING BOARD

2- PURPOSE

For dissecting small animals in the laboratory.


Science Equipment Centre. Lagos, Nigeria.


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- Base 1.

2- 51 des 4.

Noteriols Required Plywood.

Wood.

Wood glue

Noils.

Dimensions

25cm x 25cm x 14mm. 25,3cm x 3,2cm x O,6cm.

epprox 12mm long.

12.

~8ge 112 )

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

,F ~

c.5cm.

Fig. 1.

Cut the 14mm thick plywood to the sizes indicated (25cm x 25cm) and smooth down all surfaces.

Fig.2.

Cut the four sides to the required lengths and rebate each piece as indicated in the sketch. Mitre the ends to form a neat Joint at each corner. Smooth down all surfaces.

Apply wood glue to the edges of the base and the rebate areas of the sides as well as to the mitred ends. Using the nails fix the sides to the base.


$ 6.50

8- METHOD OF USE

As required for the dissection of small animals.

9- COMMENTS

~age 2/2 )

23. STRECTCHING BOARD.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

STRETCHING BOARD.

2- PURPOSE

For stretching insects in biology experiments.


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids, National Educatil'fJ"Il EQui~ment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan.



Comp,onents Qty

1- Board. 1.

2- Straight pins. 1 pkt.

Materials Required Corrugated Cardboard.

Dimensions

188mm x 150mm x 2mm.

Tools: Steel rule; pencil; scissors; stapler.

~age 1.12)

6- CONSTRUCT I ON DET A I LS

Fig. 1.

Using the scissors take the corrugated

~----------~~--~~~~---'~I

cardboard and cut out a ractenguler piece of size

180mm x 150mm.

I

1 I

I I I ,

I I I ,

I I I I , ,I

I' I I I I ! I I I I I

Using the pencil and steel rule draw the dotted lines occording to the dimensions indicated.

Fig. 2.

Place the cardboard on a plane surface. With the help of the steel rule bend the cardboard along the dotted Jines to form the shape indicated (as a guide bend upwards on lines 1,2,3,6,7,8. and downwards on lines 4 and 5 as marked in Fig. 1.).

To complete the board, using the stapler, staple in the positions indicated at both ends.


under $1.00.

8- METHOD OF USE

Using the straight pins a variety of insects can be stretched on the board and examined as, for example, the butterfly shown in Fig. A.

9- COMMENTS

(page 2/2 )

24 ELEMENTARY COUNTING DISC.

1- ITEM

ELEMENTARY COUNTING DISC.

2- PURPOSE

For elementary counting practice.


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids. Nat10nal Educational Equipment Centre. Lahore- 16, Pakistan.


•

'-_---f-'

2

FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- Frome. 1.

2- Dfsc. 1.

1. 1.

Materials Required Hardboard.

Hardboard.

White paper.

Split paper fastener. Gum.

Pencil.

Dimensions 140mm x 140mm. 135mrn diameter. 130mrn diameter.

Tools: WOodS6W; hammer; cntssl

(page 112 )


Fig.!. 1~·'""'----140 -----~-i

16.mm. Dia Hole

140

Fig.2.

To make the frame cut out a piece of hardboard of size 140mm x 140mm. Mark out the position of the 16mm dta hole, the centre position and the 20mm x 30mm opening. Using a small chisel cut out the 16mm eta hole and also cut out the opening. Make a hole in the centre for the split fastener pin. Remove all rough edges with sendpeper.

Note that the length of the side opening will depend upon the space used for Hie pictures on the disc.

To make the disc cut out a piece of hardboard of 135mm diameter. Next take a piete of white paper and cut out a circle of 130mm die. Mark out the face of this circle with the pictures and numbers as shown in the sketch. Paste this paper circle onto the circular piece of heruboerd 11f1ke EI hole through t he centre position for the pin.

To assemble place the disc behind the frame. Insert the split pin in the centre hole find bend it open behind the disc.


$0.5.

8- METHOD OF USE

Rotate the disc until 8 number eppeers inthe round hole. The picture corresponding to the number eppesrs in the side opening.

9- COMMENTS

~age 2/2 )

25. SIMPLE ABACUS.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

SIMPLE ABACUS.

2- PURPOSE

For addition, subtraction, counting, etc. in primary school mathematics.


National 'r/orkshop for the Production of Low Cost Teecmnq Aids. National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan.


-+--~1


Components Qty

1 - Frame. 1.

2 - Stay. I,

3 - Beads. 100.

4 - Threads. 1.

Materials Required Cardboard.

Cardboard.

Cardboard.

Thread.

Dimensions 250mrn x 200mm. 190mm x 120mm. 30mm x 15rnm.

1 roll.

, F'''qc 1 I') ",

\ 'J 0:- I ~ I

"'-~-_/


Fig. 1.

Using the scissors cut a sheet of stiif I cardboard to 8 size of 250rnrn ~< 200mrn. ~1f1rk I out the card as indicated in the sketch and cut. I around the three sides indicated bl.j the dotted I lines. Bend this inner piece beckwerds. 81on'~ I the bottom broken line, and then bend a 25rnrn high upstand from the outer edge. Make seven I

small holes, evenly spaced, in U1e two sides I

of the frame. I

I

From a similar piece of cardboar-d merk out I

and cut the stay as indicat.elj in Hie sketch I

Cut the two sl its at epprox I :]Ornrn apart ani] I

I

bend along the dotted lines. I

Complete the assembly of the abacus by passing the thread through the seven holes and tying at the back; staple the stay to the rear upstand of the frame, and the top of the

frame, as shown in Fig. A.

J

I

I

,

From a pi ece of cardboard cut out 100 beads ! as indicated in the sketch. Colour the bealjs In I groups of 10, as requi red. I

ZOOm",

\

C.UT.

Fig. 2.

r~---]-~·

19D",m

Fig. 3.


$0.50

6- METHOD OF USE

9- COMMENTS

Different concepts such 85 addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can be taugtlt and e>(plained with this apparatus.

~6ge 2/2)

26. MA THEMA TICAL MODEL.

1- ITEM

MATHEMATICAL MODEL.

2-.PURPOSE


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost leaching Aids, National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan.


21----+--1

AS

AS

'--- A I B ---.J

2 2 2

(AtB) : A+B+2AS

t----t---i 3

t---+---1~


Components Qty

1- Baseboard 1.

2- Square A 1.

3- Square B 1.

4- Rectangle AB 2

Materiels Required Stiff cardboard.

White paper. Gum.

1-----11

FIG. A.

Dimenstnns

300mrn x 200mm. 70mm x 70mm. 30mm x 30mm. 70mm x 30mm

Tools: Scissors; marker; set square.

(page 1/2)


Fig. 1.

1.001._--- 200m,.,.,. __ ---' .. ~i-

I

To construct the baseboard paste a large piece of white paper onto 8 piece of stiff cerdbcero. Using the scissors cut out a rectenqle of size 300mm x 200mm. With the help of the set square and marker draw 8 square of size 100mm x 100mm. To complete the baseboard neatly mark in under the square the information shown in the sketch .

~ A _.L--I aJ

z. ;I. 2.

(A+8l .,. A + B +cllB

.30Qmm.

With the help of the scissors cut, from the remaining cardboard, the following pieces - One square of size 70mm x 70mm.

One square of size 30mm x 30mm.

Two rectangles of size 70mm x 30mm

Neatly mark on the 70mm square - A 2 Ne6tly merk on the 30mm square - B 2 Neatly mark on the rectangles - AB

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM UN USS)

$0.5.

6- METHOD OF USE

Put the square A, square B and the two rectangles AB onto the square on the baseboard as shown in Fig. A. I

This shows that (A + 6)2 = A2 + 62 + 2AB.

t..........-- •• ,,=-------------------------------'

~""7))

- .. /

9- COMMENTS

27. MODEL OF A CIRCLE.

1- ITEM

MODEL OF A CIRCLE.

2- PURPOSE

To find the area of a circle.

3- INFORMATION SUHMITTED BY

National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost'Teaching Aids. National Educational Equipment Centt-e, Lahore 16, Pakistan.


AREA OF CIRCLES

FIG. A.


Components Qty

1 - Baseboard. I.

Moteriols Required

Stiff cardboard (or hardboard). Irlhi te paper.

Dimensions 300mm x 200rnm.

2 - Segments.

1.

Tools: Scissors; gum; rule; compass; penci 1.

~- CONSTRUCTION DEl AilS

Fig. 1.

~flge 2/2)

From a piece of cardboard (or t·,ardboard") cut out 8 rectangle of size 300rnm x 200mrn. Paste on one f ece a sheet of white peper. Using EI compass draw C! ctrc:e on tM paper.

Fig.2

r~

R

On a second pi ece of white paper dr-a'w a circle of the same size as the one drawn previously. Divide this circle into 17 equal segments and using the sci ssors .cut out these segments. Mark the segments 'y'y'ith numbers from one to seventeen. Cut the 17th segment in half as shown in the sketch.

Arrange the segments in the form of 8 rectangle below the circle on the card and complete the details on the card as shown in Fig. A.

u

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN US$) $0.50

8- METHOD OF USE

Calculate the area of the rectongle, which is the sum of the 17 segments which is equal to the area of the Circle. Refer to Fig. A. - the full circle consists of 17 segments. Arrange these segments in such 8 way 8S to form 6 rectangle, ABDC. Let us consider the curved length of a segment = 8, and that of a half segment =.i Area of rectangle = AB x BC = (8e +.!J.) BC., which is the same as Circurnference x F.~, 2

2 2

Since circumference = 2 x 21 x R (t.e. 2 n R) then Area of circle = 2 x 22 x R x R = 22 :~ R2

7 2x7 7

9- COMMENTS

28. RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE MODEL.

1- ITEM

RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE MODEL.

2- PURPOSE

To show thet the area of a right angled triangle is equal to Base x Perpendiculflr 2


National wcrksnop for the Production of Low Cost feeching Aids. National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan.



Components Oty

1 - Base. 1.

2 - Triangles. 2.


Cardboard.

White paper.

Gum.

Scotch tape. Marker.

Tools: Scissors; rule

B

r----(1

FIG. A.

Dimensions 300mrn x 200mm BOmm x 4Dmm

~age 1/2)

6- CONSTRUCTION on AilS

Fig. 1.

Cut a stiff piece of cerctoern to a size of 300mm x 200mm. Pests a piece of 'yvhite paperonto the card and tri m it to the si ze of the card. Draw a rectangle of size 80mm x 40mm on t.he paper, as indicated by ABCD in the sketch, and draw the diagonal BD.

From a piece of cardboard cut two triangles as indicated in the sketch. Fix these two triengles to the sides AB and CD of the rect8~lgle Winl the help of the scotch tape 8S shown in Fig. A. Ensure that when the two triangles are folded t.hey fit evenly over the rectangle.

~============~-~

D C

~ 300mm

A------..:w 8

8- METHOD OF USE

Fold the two triangles ever the rectangle. This indicates thet.-

L-- ~ __

.... 1~r-----200--.....;a~J

Fig. 2.


$0.50.

Area of triangle = Area of rectangle = AB x Be = Base x Perpendicular 222

9- COMMENTS

(page 2/2 )

29. COUNTING TRA Y TO BASE 5.

1- ITEM
COUNTING TRAV TO BASE 5.
2- PURPOSE
For teaching four fundamental rules of mathematics when counting to Base 5.
National Work:shop for the Production of Low Cost Teactling Aids,
National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Paktsten
4- LINE DRAWING OF PROTOTYPE /D jl>-
,
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
+ 1 2 3 4 10 X 1 2 3 it 10
- •
-;-
1 2 3 4 10 11 1 1 2 3 4 10
2 3 4 10 11 12 2 2 4 11 13 20
3 4 10 11 12 13 3 3 11 14 22 30
it 10 11 12 13 14 4 4 13 22 31 40
10 11 12 13 14 20 10 10 20 30 40 100

FIG. A.
Components Qty Materials Required Dimensions
t - Base. t. Cardboard. 300mm x 180mm.
2 - Caller. I. White paper. 300mm x 1 BOmm.
Tools: Scissors; rule; marker;
gum. (page 1/2)


Fig. 1.

~------------------------------- ~

~=--120 .1

Using the scissors cut a piece of stiff cardboard to a size of 300mm x 180mm.

Take a similar sized piece of white paper and s using the gum, paste this to the cardboard base.

~20
1 2 3 4 10 ~ 1
2 3 4 10 11 1 1
3 4 10 n 12 2 2
4 10 11 12 13 .3 3
10 11 12 13 14 4 4
11 12 13 14 20 10 10
\to.J 0 .... 2 0.1
300 ~ : : ~~ 1

4 11 13 20

180 11 14 22 30 120

13 22 31 40 I

20 30 40 100

Using the marker and rule draw the columns and rows and complete by adding the symbols and numbers as indicated in the sketch.

±

2

3

10

See method of use below.

6- METHOD OF USE

1. Addition and Subtraction: The cross section of rows and columns of the additions eno subtraction square, tndtceten by the arrows in Fig. 2.8, and b, will give the correct answer for addition and subtraction respectively e.g. if we add 1 + 2 the answer is 3 at the cross section of 1 in the row and 2 in the column.

2. Multiplication end Dtvisien: The cross section of rows and columns of the multtpltcetton Bnd division square, indicated by the arrows in Fig. 2. c and d, will give the correct answer for multiplication end division respectively.

I ...

-------~ .. I -

Fig. 2.

+ 1 - r
~ ~
(a) ( b)
X J • f
•
~
ee) (,1) 7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN US$)

$0.50.

9- COMMENTS

~age 2/2)

30. SET OF ATTRIBUTE BLOCKS - GEOMETRIC MODELS

1- ITEM

SET OF ATTRIBUTE BLOCKS - GEOMETRIC MODELS.

2- PURPOSE

For use in mathematics teaching.


Science Equipment Centre, Lagos, Nigeria.


Fli3. A.

Components Qty Materials Required Dimensions
1 - Rectangle. 1. Wood. as required.
2 - Triangle. 1. Wood.
3 - Cone. 1. Wood.
4 - Cylinder. 1. Wood.
5 - Circle. 1. Wood.
6 - Cube. 1. Wood.
7 - Prism. 1. Wood.
B - Hexogon. 1. Wood. 6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS

The various shepes can be cut trom seasoned 'flood. In some cases tl'l81d will need to be machined on a lathe.

To keep the set in a kit form a bex could also be constructed to house the set. The si ze of the box wi'll depend upon the sizes of the blocks.


6- METHOD OF USE

Either for demonstration purposes or tor pupil use.

9- COMMENTS

~ege 2/2)

1- ITEM

FRICTION BLOCK

31. fRICTION BLOCK.

FIG. A.

2- PURPOSE

For inyestigating friction between different types of surfaces.



National Institute of Science and Technology, ~18ni18, Philippines.



Components Qty

1- Wood block. 1.

2- Sandpaper. 1.

3- Plastic sheet. 1.

Moteriols Required Wood.

Sandpaper.

Plastic sheet.

1. 1.

Felt peper. Screw eye.

4- Felt paper. S- Screw eye.

Dimensions

150mm x 37mm x 40mm. 150mm x 4001m. 150mm x 40mm x 3mm. thick. 150mm x 40mm.

6mm ere.

~oge 1/2)


Assembly drawing.

Attach the different types of surfaces to the wood block, by means of glue or screws, 8S shown in the assembly drflwing.


$2.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

Attach a spring balance and drag each surface along the table to determine the frictional force needed to start the block moYing.

9- COMMENTS

Different types of boards can be placed on the teme so that the frictional force of different comntnettons of surfaces could be determined.

~age 2/2 )

32. SIMPLE PULLEY

1- ITEM

SIMPLE PULLEY

2- PURPOSE

For mechanics experiments and other lifting activities.


Sciences Equipment Centre, Lagos, Nigeria.



Components Qty Materiels Required

1- Pulley. 1. Wood.

2- Hanger. 1. Galvanised wire.

FIG. A.

Dimensions

3cm dte x 4cm long. 2mrn di a x 15crn long.

~age 1/2 )


Fig.l.

Using a lathe machine the wood to the shepe indicated In the sketch. Drill a hole of 3mm cte through the length of the pulley. Smooth down all surf aces usi ng sandpaper.

Bend the gallJanised wire into the shape' indicated in the sketch.

To assemble the hanger and pulley gently bend open the lower arms and slip the pulley onto the longer of the two arms. Bend back the shorter arm fitting it into the hole in the pulley.

['1------1

.3cmJ;... ~

-+-+-r-_--::., - - - - -::. - - 2m",. die..

~~:~d

Fig. 2.

2c",.

8- METHOD OF USE

When the pulley is suspended from its hanger it cen be used for lifting activities.


$0.50.

9- COMMENTS

A "cutten reel" could also be used with a suitable hanger.

~6ge 212 )

33. CENTRE OF GRAVITY SET.

1- ITEM

CENTRE OF GRAVITV SET.

2- PURPOSE

To teach the concepts of equilibrium and centre of grflvity.


Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology (IPST), Bangkok, Thailand.


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1 - B8S~S. 4.

2 - Small block. 1.

ttatertels Required Plywood.

Wood.

Wood.

Metal (or plastic) sheet. Nail.

Metal.

Dimensions

200mm x 75mm ~: 10mm 95mrn x 95mm x 4:,rnrn 190rnrn x 9Smm x 45rnm

3 - Large block. 1.
4 - Needle. 2.
5 - Pivot. 2.
6 - Hinge. 4 (page 112)

Cut a small block of wood of size 9Smm x 95mrn x 45mm and fix this via B hinge to the upper surface of one of U1e bases. Recess the hinge as before. Repeat thi s usi ng the oU18r base and a block of size 190mm x 95mrn x 4Srnrn.


Fig. 1.

Cut from e 10mm thick sheet of plywood, tour pieces of size 200rnm x 75mrn. Assemble two bases by joining two pieces together via a hin,~e. Recess the hi nges into the base so that the

teces lBy tlet when closed.

c:::: • 200 m.... :;>

I~F"",""-"I~_5"'_"' ---1-~

f

Fig. 2.

+.

I

From a thin piece of metal or plastic construct a needle in the shape indicated in the sketch. Using a small nail make a hole in the needle such that the needle can swing freely on the nail.

Usi ng the nai 1 as the pi vot for tile needi e .. hammer the nei 1 into the sme 11 black at its centre of gravity posi t i on on one face. Repea t this for the larger block.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN U5S)

$1.50.

B- METHOD OF USE

Lift the base and observe the position of the needle. The block will fall backwards when the position of the needle points outside of the bose line of the blOCK.

Lift the base of each set simultaneously. The set with the higher centre of gravity v~il1 fall tlack'vVards first.

9- COMMENTS

Page 2/2 )

34. WEIGHTLESSNESS APPARATUS.

1- ITEM

WE IGHTLESSNESS APPARATUS.

2- PURPOSE

To teach the concept of the condition of weightlessness.


The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Scie~lce and Technolog1j (IPST), Bangkok, Thailand.


FIG. A.


Components Oty

1 - BOl{. 1.

2 - Contact strip 'A'. 3 - Contact strip 'B'. 4 - Battery.

5 - Light source.

1. 1. 1. 1.

Materials Required \A/ood (or plastic).

Dimensions 15Dmm x 1 DOmm ,,: 30rnrn r'li 911.

1 ODmrn x 1Smm. 2Dmrn x 15rnrn.

6 - Plasticine.

1. 1.

Aluminium sheet. Aluminium sheet. Batteries (6 volt). Electric torch bulb.

(6 volt) and bulb holder. Plastici ne.

Connecting wire.

approx. 2.5m.

~Elge 1li)


Cut 8 thin gauge aluminium or brass sheet to meke the contact strips. Str-ipA should be epprnx. 100mm x 15mrn wide eno ~;trjp Ei spprox 20mm:r: 15mm wide.

Obtain e plastic 00>( of epprox lS0rnm x 100rnm x 30mm high (or make one out of wood). Fix the metal strips into the box as shown in Fig. A., using small nuts end Dolts. At the same time connect the electric wire to these strips. One end of stri p B shoul d be approx. lOrnrn underneath strip A. Bend strip A in order tnet it will not be in contact with strip B. Complete the wiring of the electrical circuit by.making the connections between the strips, the tl6ttery, eno the bulb. Finally, place El piece of plasticine on the end of strip A so that the weight brings strip A int.o contsct with strip B and the bult, lights up.

1- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM (IN U5$)

$1.50.

8- METHOD OF USE

Lift the closed-circuit box about 1.5m from the floor, and let it fall down. Observe the bulb whilst the box is falling; the light will go out.

9- COMMENTS

(page 2/2 )

35. DYNAMOMETER.

1- ITEM

DVNAMOMETER

2- PURPOSE

For measuring forces in mechanical experiments

3- INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY FUNBEC, Brazil


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1. Spring 1.

2. Scale 1.

Materials Required Spring steel wire Drinking straw

Dimensions

O.6mm dia x 1.2m long. Smm dia

(page 1/2 )


Fig. 1.

Using a 5mm piece of steel rod (or a drill) trap a 15cm length of the spring steel wire in a vice and coil the remainder around the rod as indicated in the sketch. Leave approximately 3cm of straight wire at the end after coiling. Remoye the coil from the rod and slightly reduce the diameter of the last two coils so that the straw fits in tightly (see Fig A).

) ~

[ 1111 /11111 1I/1/III1IIJ1J1.

r J

'\ (

Bend the hooks at each end of the streiqht pieces and then pull outward on the hooks to elongate the spring. Do this until, on releasing one hook, the spring returns to a natural nosttion where !I small space shows between each consecutive coil.

Hang a small mass on hook 'B' and mark on the straw its value, using as a reference the last coil. Divide the stretched distance into suitable intervals, according to the messvelue.to make the scale.


Under $1.00

8- METHOD OF USE

As for any other dynamometer. By moving the straw on coil 'C' you can zero the instrument.

Other dynamometers of different capacity can be made by varying the diameter of the wire, the coil diameter, end length.

9- COMMENTS

~6ge 2/2 )

36. SPRING BALANCE

1- ITEM

SPRING BALANCE.

2- PURPOSE

For measuring weights and forces.



National Institute of Science and Technology, Meni1e, Philippines.


Fig. A.


Componepts

t - Balance body. 2 - Spring.

3 - Hook/pointer.

4 - selence nenqer.

Qty Materiels Required I. Aluminium sheet.

I. Spring (music) wire.

t. Galv8nised Iron wire.

1. Golvanised iron wire.

Dimensions

145mm x 25mm x 20 gauge. epprux. 900mrn x 24 gauge approx. 160mm x 14 gauge. epprox 40mm x 14 gouge.

(pege 1/3)


Folded 90· on dotted lines

L
,
11.S"
. -L :JS:O
- -' ! !
f-/2.o1
,- ..
l3s:o
.2.0 fl ()fl.ll.l. t !2O.()_ *
No The balanced body can be made trom a piece of 20 gauge aluminium sheet or any other metal sheet tnet is available locally. With the above given dimensions cut the aluminium to size. Drill the 2mm die. holes 8S indicated to accommodate the hoek/pointer, the belenca hanger" Qnd t"''' " ...... ; ... n C,.,lri 0(,)0

u u U lll~ ,j1J1 IIIB. lUlU »v

on the dotted j i nes i ndi cated in the top sketch.

Fig. 2.

The balance spring can be made from a piece of 24 gauge music spring wire bl~ winding the w'ire tlghtly on OJ piece of

1 Omm dill steel rod. neke 40 turns. The spring wire ends can be bent wtth the use of long nose p 1 i ers.

Continued ..

~age 2/3)

Fig. 1.

-


$3.50.


Fig. 3.

1---+--------1I6.0---------+l.j

N

Using 14 gauge galvanisBd iron wtre construct the hook/pointer as shown.

Fig. 4.

Using 14 gauge qelvernsed iron 'v'l'ire construct the balance hanger according to the dimensions given.

6- METHOD OF USE Direct weighing.

9- COMMENTS

To celtbrete the belence; (1) Pesta a thin sheet of cardboard on the face of the balance bodlJ,

(2) With balance hanging vertically without any load. mark the zero reading on the cardboard sheet.

(3) With the use of a standard weights set calibrate the balance with the desired weight intervals. (Limit the load to 70g or lower for a balance using 24 gauge wire. To increase the capacity of the balance use heavier gauge wire).

(Page 3/3 J

37. REACTION FORCE APPARATUS.

FIG. A.

1- ITEM

REACTION FORCE APPARATUS.

2- PURPOSE

To teach the concept of reaction force.


The Institute for the Promotion of Teaching science and Technology (IPST). Bangkok, Thailand.



Components Qty

1- Car. I.

2- Balloon holder. I.

I.

Materials Required Toy car.

Tin (or plastic) sheet. Balloon.

Dimensions

20mm x 100mm long.

(page 1/.2)


Fig. 1.

To make the belloon holder cut out a piece of metal (or plastic) sheet to form a strip of 100mm long x 20mm wide. (Actual size will depend upon the size of the car obtained).

Drill a Smm dia hole and cut a slot as indicated in the sketch.'

Fix the belloon holder to the front (or beck) of the car, es indicated in Fig.A., with 8 strong adhesive or a nut and bolt.


$0.75.

6- METHOD OF USE

Blow up the balloon and put it into the slot of the balloon holder. Release the balloon and observe what happens. The car will run in the opposite direction to that of tne air blowing out of trle balloon.

g- COMMENTS

~====~------------------------------------------------------~.

(page 2/2 )

38. SIMPLE ACTION AND REACTION CART.

1- ITEM

SIMPLE ACTION AND REACTION CART.

2-PURPOSE

Actlon and reaction are equal and oppustte. (Newton's third law of mntion).


NBtionBI Workshop for the Production of Low Cost q-eaching Ailjs. NBtionBI tduceucnet Equipment Centre. Lahore 16, Pakistan.


I.


Components Qty

1- Cart bOdy. 1.

2- Balloon screen. 1.

3- Axle. 2.

4- Wheels. 4.

5- Spring. 1.

6- Hook, I.

7- Balloon. I.


Cardboard.

Wood.

Hardboard.(or bottle lids). Meta1 sheet.

Iron wire.

BBlloon.

Thread. Paper.

4. NBils.

Tools: Hammer; Scissors;Saw; tin snips.

Fig. A.

Dimensions 220mrn x 150mm. 105mrn x 80rnm.

5mrn di a x 80mm 1ong. apprux. 40mm di 6.

24 gEluge x 130mrn x 10rnm. epprex. 50mm.

(Page 1/3)


us-;« DtA.

~8ge 2/3)

Fig.l.

Using the scissors cut out the cart to a size of 220mm x 150mm. ~lEfrk out the position of the uetteu nnes snown in Fig.1.a. and also the two slots of 25mm

8. x tmm'end 10mm x lmrn respect.ivel~.

Cut the slots and then bend the cardboard along the dotted lines to form the cart indicated in l.b. Staple the overlapping faces together.

b.

Fig.2.

To make the axles cut two pieces of Smm dte, wooden rod to tile required length.From the hardboard (or use bottle lids) cut out four wheels. Make e hole through the centre of the wheels using

a net 1. Place the axles inside the cart at approx. 20mm from each end and nail

the wheels to the axles.

Fig.3.

Mark out on a piece of cardboard the balloon screen to the sizes shown in the sketch. Using the scissors, cut out the screen and the hole at the centre.

6- CONSTRUCTION DETAilS (Contlnued)

FigA ..

From a piece of metal sheet cut a strip to the size 130mm x 10mm. Bend this strip to the shape 1ndicated in the sketch.

(7

ioo-«-« __ -1 ........ /

Using a piece of steel wire construct 6 hook to fit into the 25mm slot.

7- APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE ITEM ( in US $ )

$0.5

8- METHOD OF USE

Fix the balloon into the balloon screen and hold In place with a small paper tube inserted into the balloon mouth and tied with thread. Inflate the balloon with air and insert the screen into the slot. Release the air

.

from the belloon and the cart will move as indicated in Fig. A.i. Remove the screen from the cart and place the hook in the same slot. Using the thread tie the spring back onto the hook. Place a small p1ece of card (or paper) onto the spring as shown in Fig. A.ii. Bum the thread to release the spring. Action of the piece of card moving rorwerd end the reaction of the card moving backward are indicated by the arrows.

9- COMMENTS

(Page 3i3 j

39. EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL RESONANCE STUDIES.

1- ITEM

EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL RESONANCE STUDIES.

2- PURPOSE

For studying mechanical resonance phenomena.

3- INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY FUNBEC, Brazil.


FIG. A.

Components Qly Moterio1s Required Dimensions
t - Woodstrip. t. Wood. 40cm x 2.5cm x O.Scm.
2-Spring. 1. Steel spring wire 1.Scm die. x Scm long.
(size of spring)
3- Swing bob. 1. Brass or steel etc. 100 to 200 gm.
4- String. 1. String or cora. 1.5m long.
S- Scale. t. Cardboard 2cm)( 30cm.
6- Container. 1. Small plastic cup.
7- Fixing point. 1. Clamp
Several masses. varying from 1 0 to 50 gm.
Small screw. - -- - - - -------- ------ -- ---------------- ------ -------- -- -- --

~age t/2)

•


Fig. 1.

Cut a wooden strip of 40cm x 2.5cm x O.5cm and drill three ncles of 3mm cte as indicated in the sketch.

To assemble the apparatus clamp the wooden strip onto a table top in such e way that the strip remains horizontal and hole 'C' ts approximately 10cm away from the table edge. Take the string and push one end, from the underside of the strip, through hole 'C' and the other end through hole 'B'. Jpin and fix them at the fixing point. Tie the swing b'ob to the string between holes '6' and 'C'. Notice that the pendulum length can be changed s therefore the peri od can be changed.

Using a piece of string suspend the spring and container from hole 'A'. Finally prepare a scale in such a way that it stands vertical from the bottom end f 0 I dad out wards and scotch taped to a firm surface.

4Qc.m

15 em

--'------'


Under $1.00.

8- METHOD OF USE

Place masses of 1 Ogm to 50gm in the container and allow the pendulum to swing. rtaesure the maximum c.')'1·nir'r~ ~"f'i!l<)t.ing amplitude. Change the pendulum frequency (length) and relate the resonance amplitude

, Irequency. Observe what happens when there is resonance pendulum movement and loaded container movement.

9- COMMENTS

Plot a graph relating pendulum frequency to container oscillating amplitude. Also notice what happens when giving intermittent hard strokes to the end of the wooden strip without any initial swing of the pendulum.

(Page 2/2 )

'to. AIR AND WATER WHEEL.

1- ITEM

AIR AND WATER WHEEL.

2- PURPOSE

To demonstrate the concept of wind end water energy.


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teeching Aids,

.

National Educational Equipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan.


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1 - Wheel. 1.

2 - Holder. 1.

3 - Axle. 1.

Materials Required Styrofoam.

Metal sheet.

Neil.

Plastic tube.

Dimensions

40mm cte x 15mm thick. 230mrn x 12mm.

epprox. 25mm long.

3mrn cte ~: 150mm l[lng.

4 - Air pipe.

1.

Tools: knife; file; tin snips; hemmer; scotch tepe: merker

(page 1/2)


Fig. 1.

~age 2/2)

Using a knife and a file cut. out and shape a 40mm dte disc from a 15rnm thick piece of st'Jrof cern Cut B metcnsti cks to a I ength of 20mm and insert these sticks to a depth of 5mm into the styrofoam 8S indicated in tile sketch.

Fig. 2.

Win, the aid of the tin snips cut a 230mm :~ 12mm stn p from the sheet of meta I·. ~'lark out. the metal strip according to the dimensions given in the sketch. Using the hammer and ;j nail punch out the two holes for the axle.

Bend the strip to rneke thsshepe of the holder as indicated.

... 1·--180----.....

Mount the wheel in the wheel holder and pass 8 neil through the holes and through the centre of the wneel. The wheel should be able to revolve freely on the axle.

To complete the assemblu, scotch tape a 150mm length of 3mm die. plastic tube onto the holder tangential to the spokes of the wheel, as indicated in Fig. A.


$0.50.

" ... --.-------------------------------1

8- Hi:. j tWO OF USE

Blow air through the plastic tube, the wheel will rotate due to air pressure. This will show the concept of ',yind energy. Hold the wheel under a running tap as shown in Fig. A. The wheel 'v'y'ill rotate due to the water This will show the concept of water energy.

9- COMMENTS

4 I. LOW COST SUBMARINE.

1- ITEM

LOW COST SUBMARINE.

2- PURPOSE

To explain the principle of buoyancy and the submarine.


National Workshop for the Production of Low Cost Teaching Aids. National Educational EQuipment Centre, Lahore 16, Pakistan


- -=--=- -=- - - ........

--::::: .....

.......

r------' 2

- - -

r-------41

FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- Container. 1.

2- Tubes. 2.

Materials Required

Glass bottle, wide mouthed Plastic tubing.

Dimensions epprox 1 litre. Smm dia x 3S0mm Smm dia x 120mm Smm di (I x 90mm 5mm dia x 50mm To suit bottle.

To suit bottle die.

3- Tube.

2.

Glass tube.

4- Stopper.

S- Rubber band.

1. 2.

Cork stopper. Rubber bands.

Tools: Cork borer; scissors.

r-------------------------------------------------------------~.


Fig. 1.

Select 8 cork stopper to fit the neck of the bottle. USing the cork borer, drill two holes of 5mm di8. 8S indicated in the sketch Insert the two glass tubes into the holes.

E1 A
I'tl -, I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I
':: .-.J t".-... To complete the assembly fix the plastic tubes onto the glass tubes, insert the stopper into the bottle, and strap one tube (the shorter one) to the side of the bottle using the rubber bands. (See Fig. A).


$1.0.

8- METHOD OF USE

Put the apparatus in a bucket of water and suck the air through the longer piece of plastic tubing. Water will fill the bottle and 8S the weight of the bottle becomes heavier than the bouyant force of water the bottle will start to sink. Now blow air through the tube. Due to etr pressure water will be forced out of the bottle which wl11 then rise up to the surface eqem This also explains the principle of the submarine.

9- COMMENTS

~8ge 2/2 )

42. CARTESIAN DIVER APPARATUS.

,-

~age 1/2)

1- ITEM

CARTESIAN DIVER APPARATUS

2- PURPOSE

To demonstrate Boyle's Law and Archimede's Principle


School Science Equipment Development Project

National Institute of Science and Technology, Man;]a, Philippines


FIG. A.


Components Qty

1- Container. 1.

2- Diver. 1.

Moteriols Required Transparent plestic bottle. Ball pen casing

Dimensions epprox 240mm hi gh


Fig. 1.

t ---1 The diver can be made from a discarded ball pen.

eao I

Cut the outer casing to the dimensions inctcetec

Bcllpen cast> in the sketch. Drill a small hole of eporox 1 mm

o · i ~ dte near the end of the case. Cut off the head

~...,J1S~'O=r--=====t!=========::Y of the pen from the ink holder.

LeuT

HERE

I

i

~~~I~~~~~~~~~

J !

tip I

LeuT HERE

Link holder

L"O,.", ~ DQ.IU,

01' I ED

end coPJ

Fig. 2.

Insert the writing tip into the ball pen casing. Partially fill the casing with water and fit the end cab into the casing.

,

Note: The diver must barely float vertically

when placed in water.

Place the diver inside the plest!c bottle. Fill the plestic bottle with water leaving an air qep at the top. Place the diver inside the bottle tigtltly.

Note: Make sure that when the sides of the plastic bottles are pressed, no air escepes from the cap.


$0.50.

B- METHOD OF USE

To operate press the sides of the plesttc bottle.

9- COMMENTS

A clear ball pen casing is to be preferred so that the compression of air can be observed by the students.

fage 2/2 )

Low Cost Experiment For Science

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Low Cost Experiment For Science

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﻿LOW COST EQU I PMENT for sc1ence and techno logy educat 1 on

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LOW COST EQU I PMENT for sc1ence and techno logy educat 1 on