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PREPARATION
- TISSUE SECTION: - VERY THIN - TRANSLUCENT
PARAFFIN TECHNIQUE
STAGES OF PARAFFIN TECHNIQUE:
1.Obtaining the tissue: -take soon from cadaver or obtained part of the body. -sharp knife/scalpel -cut the tissue 1x1x1 cm -immediately fixation
from some
2.FIXATION:
3.DEHYDRATION:
5.EMBEDDING:
STAINING PREPARATION
THE DYES STAIN:
CYTOLOGY
A PART OF HISTOLOGY STUDY OF THE CELL THE TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF:
CELL COMPONENTS
CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS
CELL MEMBRANE
= PLASMALEMMA,PLASMA MEMBRANE =CHARACTERISTIC:
FUNCTION
BORDER OF THE CELL PROTECTOR CELL JUNCTION RECEPTOR ABSORPTION surface EXCRETION surface
MICROSCOPIC
TRILAMINAR..3 LAYERS:
or a damage cell
2.INTERDIGIT PROCESS=BASOLATERAL
1.
Associated structure of the cell Contributed to cohesion & communication between cells 3 type Occluding junction *Zonulae occludens : zonula arround the cell - Epithelium cell of intestine *Fascia occludens : like a discontinue band, - Endothel blood vessels
2. Adhering junction * Zonula adherens : visible as a little spot *Desmosome : small circular patches or spot (macula adherens)
3. Gap junction =nexus
CYTOPLASM
COMPOSED OF: MATRIX=CYTOSOL ORGANELLES
CYTOSKLETON
DEPOSITS
CYTOSOL:
THE FLUID MATRIX OF THE CELL
CONTAINS:
ORGANELLES
TRILAMINAR MEMBRAN:
-MITOCHONDRIA -ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -GOLGI APPARATUS -LYSOSOME -PEROXISOME -ENDOSOME -SECRETORY GRANULE
CYTOSKLETON
SIMPLE / WITHOUT MEMBRANE
-MICROTUBULE -MICROFILAMENT -INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT -STRUCTUR ARISE FROM MICROTUBULE: -CENTRIOLE -CILIA -FLAGELLA
INCLUSION=CYTOPLASMIC DEPOSITS
TRANSITORY COMPONENTS OF THE
CYTOPLASM
COMPOSED OF:
MITOCHONDRIA
CHONDRIOSOME=ALTMANN GRANULE CHARACTERISTIC:
-SPHERICAL OR FILAMENTOUS -0,1-0,5 um wide and 2 4 um length -no visible with HE, -SPECIAL DYES: FEH AND YANUS GREEN.
OF CELL
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
2 UNIT:
FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA:
-
METABOLISME :AEROB
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
= THINNER THAN CELL MEMBRAN. =2 TYPES: 1.ROUGH ER
=GRANULAR ER
2.SMOOTH ER=AGRANULAR ER
VESICULAR TUBULAR -NO RIBOSOME -FUNCTION:-DETOXIFICATION -SYNTHESE LIPID -SYNTHESE STEROID -METABOLISM (SMALL MOL.)
RIBOSOME
SMALL ELECTRON-DENSE PARTICLE 20 30 nm IN SIZE COMPOSED OF RNA AND PROTEIN
GOLGI APPARATUS
=GOLGI COMPLEX FOUNDED BY CAMILLO GOLGI 1898 COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MEMBRANE-
LIMITED=CISTERNAE STRUCTUR:
-
IMAGE
SPECIAL DYES: IMPREGNANT AG
& OSO4
FUNCTION:
-MODIFICATE PRODUCT SECRETION -SYNTHESE MEMBRANE -PROCESS OF SECRETORY CELL -PRODUCT OF PROHORMON -SECRETORY DEPOSITS
LYSOSOMES
BY DE DUVE MEMBRANE LIMITED VESICLE CONTAIN HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES, INTRACYTOPLASMIC DIGESTION IN PHAGOCYTIC CELL(macrophag,leucocyt) Spherical,0,05 -0,5 um, GRANULE CHOLESTEROL AND SPINGOMYELIN
PRIMARY LYSOSOME
MICROBODIES =PEROXISOMES
SPHERICAL MEMBRANE-LIMITED DIAMETER 0,5 1,2 um CONTAIN PEROXIDASE ENZYMES AND
CATALASE
MANY IN ANIMAL CELL HUMAN ,IN HEPATIC CELL AND RENAL CELL
OXIDISE
METABOLISM
MICROTUBULES
TUBULAR STRUCTUR OUTER DIAMETER:24 nm CONSISTING OF A DENSE WALL 5 nm thick
BETA TUBULIN
FUNCTION:
-CYTOSKLETON -MOTILITY OF CELL -MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME IN MITOSIS(METAPHASE TO ANAFASE) -INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT -BASIC ELEMENT FOR CILIA,FLAGELLA,CENTRIOLE,BASAL BODIES.
CILIA/FLAGELLA
CILIA:
-MOTILE PROCESSES -LARGE NUMBER,EACH 2-3 um in length -MICROTUBULE CORE CONSIST OF 9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES SURROUNDING 2 CENTRAL MICROTUBULES(9 + 2 PATTERN .. AXONEME
FLAGELLA:
-SIMILAR TO CILIA STRUCTUR -ONLY ONE FLAGELLUM,LENGTH CLOSE TO 100 UM BASAL BODIES: -SIMILAR TO A CENTRIOLE -CILIATED CELL -STRUCTUR:9 SET TRIPED MICROTUBULES
CENTRIOLE:
-CYLINDRICAL STRUCTUR -DIAMETER 0,15 um,0,3-0,5 in length -consist of 9 set triped microtubules like PINWHEEL -NEAR GOLGI APPARATUS -CENTRIOL TOGETHER WITH GOLGI APP IS CALLED CYTOCENTER
INTERMEDIATE FILAMEN
-FILAMENTOUS STRUCTUR -DIAMETER 10 nm
TYPES:
-DESMIN FILAMEN(MUSCLE CELL) -VIMENTIN FILAMEN(MESENCHYMAL CELLS) -KERATIN (EPITHRLIUM CELL) -NEUROFILAMEN(NEURON) -GLIA FILAMEN(GLIAL CELL)
MICROFILAMEN
=LONG FILAMEN -DIAMETER 7 nm -CONSIST OF (PROTEIN ACTIN) G-ACTIN F-ACTIN -CELL CORTEX -MICROVILLI -MUSCLE CELL
FUNCTION:
NUCLEUS
ROUNDED OR ELONGATED STRUCTUR USUALLY IN THE CENTER OF THE CELL COMPONENTS ARE:
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: THIN MEMBRANE SURROUND THE NUCLEUS EM :SURROUNDED BY 2 PARALLEL UNIT MEMBRANES SEPARATED BY A NARROW SPACE:PERINUCLEAR CISTERNA NUCLEAR PORES: ESTABLISH CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE CYTOSOL AND THE NUCLEAR LUMEN CONTAINING THE CHROMATIN
CHROMATIN:
COMPOSED OF COILED STRAND OF DNA 2 TYPES: HETEROCHROMATIN:
NUCLEOLUS
SPHERICAL STRUCTUR RICH IN r RNA AND PROTEIN BASOPHILIC(HEMATOXYLIN) EM CONSIST OF 3 DISTINCT:
-PARS GRANULOSA -PARS FIBROSA BOTH CONTAIN RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN: -GRANULE/FILAMEN -PARS KROMOSOMAL: DNA FILAMEN
NUCLEOPLASM
NUCLEAR MATRIX THE SPACE BETWEEN THE CHROMATIN AND
MITOSIS
CELL DIVISION EACH OF DOUGHTER CELLS :CHROMOSOMAL
INTERPHASE.
PROPHASE:
COILING OF NUCLEAR CHROMATIN CHROMOSOM : SPIREEM
CENTRIOLE SEPARATE
CENTROSOME MIGRATE TO EACH POLE OF
THE CELL
DISAPPEAR CHROMOSOMES MIGRATE TO THE EQUATORIAL OF THE CELL CHROSOMES DIVIDED TO FORM 2 CHROMATIDS MONOASTER
EACH OTHER MIGRATE TOWARD THE OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL. DIASTER
TELOPHASE:
REAPPEARANCE OF NUCLEI IN THE
DOUGHTER CELLS CHROMOSOM IN THE POLES NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, NUCLEOLI, CHROMATIN REAPPEAR.
CONCLUSION:
Cytology Study of cells
I.
3. Cytoskleton: - microtubules: - centriole, cilia, flagella - microfilamen - intermediate filamen 4. Inclusion: Transitory component - Accumulated metabolites: *Lipid droplets *Glycogen *Secretory granule - Pigments
IV. Mitosis:
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Dr. dr. MIRNA MUIS, SpRad
DEPARTEMENT OF HISTOLOGY HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY
3 type :
2. 3. 4. 5.
- Squamous cell - Cuboidal cell - Columnar cell Located on basement membrane Avasculer Intercellular junction cell Polarity cell
Basement Membrane
Thin layer between the epithelium with underlying
Lamina densa = basal laminae delicate collagen fiber, glycoprotein Laminae lusidae : collagen fiber, glycoprotein Laminae fibroreticular : collagen, reticular fiber
Base on the structure & their function : I. Covering Epithelia II. Glandular Epithelia
According to their shape 1. Squamous cell : flattened cell Nucleus : flat. 2. Cuboidal cell : height & width : similar Nucleus : spheris, central 3. Columnar cell : height 2-5 times greater than their width Nucleus : oval, basal
II.
According to the number of cell layers A. Simple epithelium single layer of cell B. Stratified epithelia compose of several layers of cells C. Pseudo stratified epithelium simple epithelium is seen stratified (Nucleus is not in the same level)
A. Simple Epithelium
1. Simple squamous epithelium - Single layer of cells : flat & plate like *Ectoderm squamous epithelium (eg. Ansa Henle Kidney) *Endoderm endothelium (eg. Wall of blood & lymphatic vessels) *Mesoderm mesothelium (eg. Lining of the serous body cavities peritoneum, pleural)
2.
Simple cuboidal epithelium - Cuboid cell, one layer - Nucleus : spheric, central - Microvilli (apical cell) - Ovarium, plexus chorrideus tubular contotus renalis Ductus secretory glandular - Function : transport of ion, fluid
3.
Simple columnar epithelum = simple cylindris epithelium - Cylinder cell - Nc. Oval, basal - 3 type : * 1. Secretory : - function : - protection - secretion - Cytoplasma : pale, & many vacuole (mucous) - Mucosa gaster, canalis cervic uteri
*Absorptive & secretory 1. Function absorption: - microvilli - intestine 2. Function secretory: - like goblet cell - many secretory gran. (mucous) *Goblet cell 1. Consists of cilia cell & goblet cell 2. Upper respiratory system
B. Stratified Epithelial - Two or more layers of cells 3 type: 1. * Stratified squamous epithelium - Function : protection - Non keratinizing & keratinizing
* Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium - Transformation of the superficial cells - Keratinizing/ cornification Consists of : *Stratum germinativum -basal:attached to basement membran -several cylindris cells
*Stratum spinosum - several cuboidal cells - spine & desmosome ( Tonofibrill ) *Stratum granulosum - squamous cell - contain keratohyalin granula *Stratum lucidum - very thin - cylindis cells *Stratum corneum - dead cells
2. Stratified cylindris epithelium - rare - ocular conyunctiva Large ducts of salivary gland 3. Stratified cuboidal epithelium - rare - duct of merocrine gland
C. Pseudo stratified epithelium - Consists of : - cylindris cells - Golet cell - Basal cell - All the cells are attached to basement membrane - Not all the cells are attached to the surface (some cell dont reach the surface) - cilia: Kinocilia (motile) : upper resp. tract Stereocilia (not motile) : Duct of Epididym (have no Goblet cell)
D. Transitional epithelium - urinary bladder, ureter - upper part of the urethra - consists of : * Several cuboidal & polyhedral cells * umbrella cell (surface)
Classification: A. According to the duct : 1. Simple glands : have only one unbranched duct 2. Compound glands : have duct that branch repeatedly
- tubular - coiled tubular - branced tubular - branched acinar Compound gland can be : - tubular - acinar - tubulo acinar
B. According to the way of secretion - Merocrine : exocytosis (Sudorifera gland) - Holocrine : pinocytosis (sebaceus gland) - apocrine : mammary gland C. According to the secretory portion ( pars terminal) 1. Tubular gland 2. Alveolus gland 3. Tubulo alveolar gland
D. According to their secrete 1. Mucosa gland : viscous secrete, glycoprotein, mucous 2. Serosa gland : liquid secrete, serous, enzym 3. Mixed gland : consists of mucous & serous gland
Characteristic exocrine gland 1. The secretory portion & ducts the parenchyma 2. Connective tissue, blood vessels & nerves stroma 3. Capsula of connective tissue: septa interlobar devides the gland into lobulus 4. Septa : ducts, blood vessels, nerve 5. Interlobar ducts & interlobularis ducts
3.
Cells that transport ions : tubule of renalis Cells that transport by pinocytosis : endothelium,mesothelium Cells that produce chemical messenger
-neurocrine cells -paracrine cells - endocrine cells
4. Cells that syntese protein 5. Cells that secrete polypeptida = APUD cell (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) - G cell ( Gaster gastrin ) - S cell ( Secretin intestine) - D cell ( Intestine somato statin) - A cell ( Pancreas glucogon) 6.Cell that syntese glycoprotein : Goblet cell 7. Cells that syntese steroid : testis, ovarium, suprarenal
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