Excretion Worksheet Biology Answer Scheme Name: ___________________________ ( ) Class: Sec 4/___ Date:_______________

Excretion Worksheet 1 Q1. The figure below shows a simplified version of a kidney dialysis machine.

(a)

What do you notice about the direction of the flow of blood and the dialysis solution? Explain the significance of this. They flow in opposite directions; The counter-current flow sets up a steeper concentration gradient that allows diffusion of substances to take place more efficiently. [2]

(b)

Explain why red blood cells remain inside the dialysis tubing. They are too large to pass through the partially permeable membrane of the tubing.

[1]

(c)

People who use kidney machines need a special diet. Suggest one difference between their diet and a normal diet. Take less water than normal diet; Take less mineral salts than normal diet; Take less proteins than normal diet (Any one) [1]

(d)

Excretion Worksheet If a person suffers from low blood pressure, this may lead to kidney failure. Explain how this might happen. [1] Low blood pressure would greatly reduce the rate of ultrafiltration in the glomeruli of the kidney nephrons.

(e)

The kidney machine is sometimes referred to as an artificial kidney. Complete the following table to compare the workings of a kidney machine and a kidney tubule (nephron). [4] Difference Mechanism by which urea moves out of blood Movement of glucose across tube/tubule Kidney machine It is through diffusion into the bathing fluid down the concentration gradient. No net movement of glucose across the tubing as dialysis fluid contains approximately the same glucose concentration as the patients blood. Kidney tubule Urea moves out of glomerulus into Bowmans capsule by ultrafiltration Glucose moves out of blood in glomerulus by ultrafiltration but is selectively reabsorbed from proximal convoluted tubule back into blood in capillaries by diffusion and active transport.

2.

List the parts of the blood system through which urea passes from the liver to the kidneys. [5] Liver Hepatic vein Posterior/inferior vena cava Right atrium in heart Right ventricle heart Pulmonary artery Left ventricle Aorta Capillaries in lungs Renal artery Pulmonary veins Left atrium in

Kidneys

Note: The question asked for List. If question asked for Describe, you would have to elaborate the details in words. 3. An important function of the kidney is the regulation of the water content of the blood. Describe and explain how the body responds to a decrease in the water content of the blood. [4] Decrease in water content of blood stimulates osmoreceptors (receptors that sense a change in water pressure) in hypothalamus of brain Note: Talked about STIMULUS and RECEPTOR here. Hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to pituitary gland to secrete more anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Note: Talked about RESPONSE here. ADH travels to kidneys through blood ADH increases amount of water reabsorbed into blood by kidney tubules by increasing permeability of distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct to water

Excretion Worksheet Note: Talked about EFFECTOR action here. When distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct become more permeable to water, more water is reabsorbed from these two sites BACK INTO THE BLOOD CAPILLARIES. A smaller volume of more concentrated urine is excreted by body. Water content of blood increases back to normal level Thus sending negative feedback to the hypothalamus to reduce production and secretion of ADH (negative feedback).