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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts

Chapter Essential Question: What international and domestic tensions resulted from the Cold War? Chapter Main Idea: The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs, especially after the Korean War. Fear of communism in the U.S. leads to accusations against innocent citizens.

Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Main Idea: The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two superpowers with vastly different political and economic systems. Why it matters now: After World War II, differences between the United States and the Soviet Union led to a Cold War that lasted almost to the 21st century. 1. Former Allies Clash U.S.-Soviet Relations - U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems - U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitlers ally - Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb The United Nations - 1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body - UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete Truman Becomes President - Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president - As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions 1. was not told about atom bomb The Potsdam Conference - July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union - Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland 1. bans democratic parties 2. Tension Mounts Bargaining at Potsdam - Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds - Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman objects - Agree to take reparations mainly from own occupation zones - U.S. emerges from war as great economic power 1. wants Eastern European raw materials, markets Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe - Soviet Union also has great economic, military strength - Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on own soil - Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates - 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable United States Establishes a Policy of Containment - U.S. policy of containmentmeasures to prevent spread of communism - Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain

3. Cold War in Europe The Truman Doctrine - 19451991 Cold Warconflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. 1. neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield - Truman Doctrinesupport against armed minorities, outsiders - U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reduce communist threat The Marshall Plan - 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need - Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist parties less appealing 4. Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift - 1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin - Berlin airliftBritain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin - 1949, Stalin lifts blockade - Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic form The NATO Alliance - Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support 18-1 Questions 1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.

2. Summarize the steps taken to contain Soviet influence.

3. Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions.

4. Explain how conflicts over Germany increased fear of Soviet aggression

Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up Main Idea: After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. Why it matters now: Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea continue to involve the United States. 1. China Becomes a Communist Country a. Nationalists Versus Communists i. Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek ii. U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt iii. Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support iv. Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China b. Renewed Civil War i. 194447, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism

ii. 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan iii. Communists establish Peoples Republic of China in mainland iv. U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government c. America Reacts to Communist Takeover i. U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover ii. Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid 2. The Korean War a. A Divided Country i. 38th parallel(38N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea ii. North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. iii. Republic of Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea founded b. North Korea Attacks South Korea i. 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War ii. South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves iii. MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces 3. The United States Fights in Korea a. MacArthurs Counterattack i. North Korea drives south, captures Seoul ii. UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone iii. MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north b. The Chinese Fight Back i. China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul ii. Fighting continues for 2 more years c. MacArthur Recommends Attacking China i. MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request ii. Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact 4. UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel a. MacArthur Versus Truman i. MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him ii. Public outraged over heros dismissal iii. Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right b. Settling for Stalemate i. 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire ii. 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone established iii. Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower 18-2 Questions 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted.

2. Summarize the events of the Korean War.

3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

Section 3: The Cold War at Home Main Idea: During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of communism leads to reckless charges against innocent citizens. Why it matters now: Americans today remain vigilant about unfounded accusations. Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge Main Idea: During the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union come to the brink of nuclear war. Why it matters now: The Cold War continued into the following decades, affecting U. S. policies in Cuba, Central America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. 1. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy a. Race for the H-Bomb i. H-bombhydrogen bombnuclear weapon more powerful than atom bomb ii. 1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets explode one b. The Policy of Brinkmanship i. John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower ii. Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy: 1. willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism iii. Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares 2. The Cold War Spreads Around the World a. Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America i. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)uses spies to gather information ii. CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate Shah iii. CIA helps depose Guatemalas president; army leader becomes dictator b. The Warsaw Pact i. U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalins death in 1953 ii. West Germanys entry into NATO scares Soviets iii. Form Warsaw Pactmilitary alliance with 7 Eastern European countries c. A Summit in Geneva i. Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes open skies policy ii. Soviets reject proposal; spirit of Geneva seen as step to peace d. The Suez War i. Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets over Aswan Dam ii. Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal iii. Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes iv. Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw e. The Eisenhower Doctrine i. Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for Egypt ii. Eisenhower DoctrineU.S. will defend Middle East against communists f. The Hungarian Uprising i. 1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic government ii. Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government, promises elections iii. Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets; overthrow Nagy iv. U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto action by UN 3. The Cold War Takes to the Skies

a. A New Soviet Leader i. Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet leader; favors: 1. peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition b. The Space Race i. October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite ii. Shocked Americans pour money into own space program c. A U-2 Is Shot Down i. CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 to spy on Soviets ii. Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before Krushchev summit iii. Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight over Soviet territory d. Renewed Confrontation i. Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2 was spying ii. Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as Khrushchev demands iii. U-2 incident renews tension between superpowers; summit cancelled 18-4 Questions 1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship.

2. Describe American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world.

3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United States

Chapter Essential Question: Answer the following questions using very specific examples from this chapter. Your examples need to be supported and articulated, not just stated. How did the tensions of the Cold War impact America both domestically and internationally?