' PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER By McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY Avckland Bogott Goawemala Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Merico New Deki Panama” Fars San Juan Sio Paulo Singapore Sydeey TokyoPROCESS HEAT TRANSFER INTERNATIONAL EDUTION Tos nce ih by Meee Hi Bak Spore ‘mcs Th ek See Scie es Las4se7TsomsPonr6s ri Mer ht St ma ‘ecoedng or bere, wat the prt Sse oF be par When ordering this tito use ISBN 0-07-085353-3, ‘To my mile NATALIE W. KERN {oe her reat belpTthecame apparent nthe aly sage of wing this book that it could rodily bosom too large for convenient ut, this as facta the pla ‘of the bon in weer important resp portion of the material ‘wtih isinchded in envoxtonal texts rare fever ppd in to slr {lon of rumat-tonil enginoeing problems. Such material, aaiiar (and soup on ty by has bao emt eal aled oa por {ot fundamental formation. Scan, wax act yee to allocate ‘pace for mang bbe comparooa and eraoations and a the fame time prowet industrial practice. Win to mentions bom ‘made ofa rent eonsibstion tothe Iteratre no sight was lends, Most ofthe Etertare reference cited cover nathan 08 which the author has obesined additional information from india sppiation *‘The author ha nen nflomoe in inom prlemicoal developinent by ‘the exellent books of Prot 'W. 1. MeAdams, Dr. Aired Shack, and ‘other abit inf that ther insenee should be askonledgedvparaely in edition thir neldence nthe test ea blimey or asstance wih the oanuscrpt indebtedness expend to Thomas . Miley, Jon Bsa and Joba A. det, former acinar tthe Foxtsr ‘Wheler Corporation. or ebeckng ta wurerelealeuations ered i ‘veto Krshabhal Do and Narendra R, Bhow, grunt stents at the Polytecnie Taste. "For suggestions whieh eto the incuson or cercaroa of certain motel thats srw due Norman Ander, ‘Chases Blt, Dr Joka F. Midleton, Haward L. Pier, Oliver N. Prescot, Everett N. Sider, De. George X. Tait, end to Soup Meiet for aminante wth the prov. The Trbuar Exchanger Manufacbaner “Amoxiation bas bee mt generous in pasting permimon for the 2epro- action of mus ofthe grape contained 'nteStandard, "Thank ae sso extended to Richard V, Cawood, Presiden, and Arthur. Kemble, Viee Present, for their personal reiance and forthe coopers of ‘The Pattern Foundry & Machine Conpeay. Domnb Q. Kw Dew Yous, 8. ‘ei Baexe- Reeeggey BR eaRINDEX TO THE PRINCIPAL APPARATUS CALCULATIONS “Dobie curtain estang Qnanne-n04) Didi crwth cg or ‘Tob cpr eres) ‘Riu eng (ere). ‘Fanaa oer GO ont). SBEaS BE: eReReSET ERS $8 BESSSSERSSssi INDBX 70 TH PRIVCIPAL APPARATUS CALCULATIONS (ean semper echt aor ‘Femmcnmpron ease ear porte von fra See aca genous Stn, aoe peel S arene eee Sos Song tome eat (Geter tree SS Spoon sn etrp-atn “foe ‘iret td ve 88 852 G88 BRSe aa CHAPTER 1 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER Hoot Trander. The scence of thermoiymemies eas with She quanti= tative tanstios and earangomenteof energy asoatinbodesefmater, “ea toner the acnaee which dela with the rata of erlang of a betwoon hot and cold bodies elle the sure aod receer. Whoo a pound of water a vaporined or eondemed, the energy change ia iher ‘proceso dential. "The Tats st which ether prove eat be made to ‘rogrene with aa indepodant sour or reever ower, te iberenly Solera apart early uh ore rape pine “at Theories. "The stu of eat cantor wold be greatly eabanced by around undentandiage the nature of ea, Yel thininanaantags ‘which not ready avaiable to stidents of bat tretfor ot terme ‘ynansie brea 9 any manifestations of he have been dieovered ‘at no simple theory covers hem ll Lao ih mey apply to mane transitions may be inapplicable to rnlecuar or atomic transitions, and foe which ave applicable at low Lemparstare may mot spp at igh temperntares, For the purposes of engieuing fs necomary Wo under. ta the study with baetaformation on but for of the many pho- ‘oman, The phase oa single bance, slid, and gases, ae ‘moodated with ita energy context. Ia the aod phace the meleele or Stone ure cows gether, vg righty. Tn the guid pase wafieiont ‘ermal energy i preset to extend the distance of ndjoent lols rich that righty Hot. nthe gas phase the presence of additonal ermal energy haz tealiod in rlatirely complos mparion of the stone or molecules so that they may wandor enywbore in a contned ‘pace. Tt is alo rocogined that, whenever n change of phaco occurs ‘uti the ect! rogion, »lzgs amount of camgy fe involved In the For the sue subetanco in its diferent pas the various tharal properties have difeent ordre of msgutuds. As an example, the ape ‘oat per it masa wry Tow for anlidhigh or gui and oly intermedia for gunn Similarly in any body absorbing of lang beat, ‘pedal consideration must bo given whether the change 8 one of ease (latent heat or both. Sul urbe, tls alo known that hot eouree2 PROONSE HEAT TRANSFER capable of mach peat mbatomic nstement hu i emia ener without ‘2 act contact ith he rosie, od thin hw underyng prince ‘Toasting Bach oye of chang ait its ows peoaton Mechaninas Heat Trane. "Tereare the soe waysia which at ny pan fom a urn fo a reiver lthowgh mort ngieeng ‘Splatlun are cambinaions of tro o thre. Thee ne conduction, ‘Sree, and rit “Concion Courtine tna of hat hough fad tei sch'ur he sana wal show in Fig. 11. The Grn f ost ‘oe wilb aight agin othe wall woom(-3) mane an 1 urn ~A/e aa hpee pint dt ree the vomperture ha bon amazed higher wt the fac of the all ‘Shane £0 and lower atthe fans where z=. In oer word the [Ebsco uty of ht trae prope! to thn see sd ‘eit fees yooh dente bat tvoagh he wall SSE. “The repertnalycoomant ki prc to cotocive Nites niente eral a, cane ie ig aot tly del by Be Daal soe TEI Wiehe ere of minal alos ening eet eel beaidy good enduro eat ch 08 en ers pn ender uch simon "The ae rv a cpl wisn pw ‘aide Rival nnn to ue ‘Convection, Convection i the transfer of bebt between relatively hot nl Tt fone on Bl by ing Sopp wea Ki ere pled over a hot flame, ‘The liquid ot the btm of the oan bucomee ese nd nt es hn for veg eral eps The lil adjacent tothe bottom ila a dena tha the cl upper parton ‘and vis through Hf, transfering ite beat by misiog s Hn Tho trausfer of beat from the hot Liquid at the bvtam of the ean to the renal i natwel oF fre anzction. I any oer agitetion coca, ‘ch a hat proton by a ter, Ie fred conncion.‘This tp af eat taster may be dosed in an equation which bites the form of the cndoation oqation ands given by ana aay "The proportionality constant hia tam which sinfaenced by th nature th uid and tha natre of ho aftaton and mtb evaautd exper ‘somtlly. Tt i called the hetivanafreofind. When 8a, (L2) is ‘rittn interned form, Q— AA it inealo: Newton's lew of eolig. adit. Radiation involve tho traner of rdbanteoegy fom a soar oa eoiver. sWien radiation ina fom a source loa reser, art f the corey is aborbe by the receiver and pat elected by i. Based on the eon ln of thermaiyamioe Bamana eta tht ‘he rate at which aoarce gives of Batis = nah an "Thine known athe fouth-power law ia which 7s he absolute tempera ture. ina dimensional constant, but «ita favor peculiar to redintion ‘li called the emily. "Tho enilvity, The tho tharoal conduc Uiity Bor the beatiranfercoocent Ayaan aleo be detrened experinacal. "Proces Heat Transer. Heat ranger ha bom deat at the tua ofthe rata at which at in exchanged betweun beat sources and eeiere ‘wally Wate independently. Proce hat anf dole with the rates heat ezdhange a8 they coc In the heat-asfor equipment f the ‘sgicering and chanical procazn, This approach brings to beter {our ta importance of to tamperstre dif bxtwesn Uh source sod rove, which alter a the devng force wherby the tanalar ‘of heat i wecomplihed. A typienl problems of proce hee tafe ie encrned with the quate of hens tobe taafrody the ac at ‘Nlsh hey may bo tnafered booan ofthe ratures of th Bolla, the ‘Sving pote, the extent and arrangement a the aracerparating {he sure ad rclvr, and th amount of meclanlal goergy which Te expended to fellate the trazner, Since Anat afr inves an change in em, Un loa that bythe ons body will equal ho Beat ‘Shao hy nate? ein the ce of the me eye.‘ ‘Paoones MsaT rRaMarRR Jn the chapters wih follow studen will ies bo made efithe three {dividual ent transfor phonomena alter of the wag in whieh thee ‘onbinatio With «simultaneous ouce andresiverinfuenoo a spp fatus a'whola A large umber d tho examples whieh flow bare been sietad frou. cely Telatad prooases to permit gradi oo pevtona ‘Thin should not be castaed ae lain tho beoednes of the ‘desing principles. any of atin ao tin the mcm apt et ae Lass sag stems sn te en noe ie te tne eae Pobpiiitanesicis anemmcateas areata pre reoret creer aaa Praoosoneninea | See | A Tiiaa ete tie Sesseee ‘Process RAT eANaneR 5 A muti of ing te heal ears of plo sad eating the ‘etiam an net by, Way mm a Marg eet ‘Shred ths ead of ano dating bot ted ne ase ‘ts the re ae ott anaes erg ang eee SPOS nile eaten cake i os “fe = avrg lng pty Se ray a NOMENCLATURE FoR CHAPTER & Pept mn £8 it ei, Boren mara Spee rity donee sega omnes if ees, Ba/ a) e0R) iy dimen + aun, i Nao dB Magy soca “7, 1400 c1sas). Bow ce 8 80CHAPTER 2 ‘conpecrion ‘The Thermal Canductiviy. ‘The fundamentals of heat conduction vrre elaiibed over a contry ago and ae generally attbuted to Youre. In namerousrytoa involving Bow uch a8 heat Bow, Sud flow, eset fo, haa bos beerved at the Sow quant + ‘rw proportional toa driving plentildd inverely proportional to ‘the rdlances applying to the aye, oF potential how « lenin an In « simple hydrants path the prazure slong the path i the driving Poles! and Uheroughoes of the pipe is the Bow redatance, nan ‘eetrie crest the smpluet applica are exprwed by Ohm's law: ‘The volagy on the cats the Wtving potential, and the dffelty ‘wth which elertroms negotiate Uh wire tha Teistance. In heat flow {hrough a wal ow i elect by «temperate diference btwn the Iho acd cold fasen.” Converaly, fea Bq. (2.1) hin the Oro faces a 9 all ares diferent temperatures, alow of bea anda aatanoe to beat flow ate nceausily pret. "Tho amduconce ie the redprocal of the ‘estas to beat Sow and Eq (3) ay be expend by Flow « oonducanee X potential an ‘Tomake Ba, (22) an ogult the cenductance must be evluaod in mich away that oth dee wil bo dimensionally and mumreally correct ‘appone a soansrod quantity af belt Q” Bla hoa beon trusted by 8 ites meu! tn eral Wk mead Trapeatare diference °F. Rowsting BQ (22) 0 = conductance XA Buje an sod the sondsctance has the dizenions of Bia/(hn\).. ‘The conduc {oie a means property of tbe etre wal sthough thas alo ben {ound experimentally that the fw of beat is isened independently by niches an the aon of he wal TES deed to daign awl (elbavecertais heatbow harscleiaing, the conductance obtained above conovertow 7 ‘not tel being appa oly to tha exeimetal wl, To enable 1 Browder we of experieatl iaforation,% as become contention {o report the conductance ol) when al the dineneoas ae refered to tnt value.” When the conductances eer for a quasi ef mata "A ie wheat ow ao 1 in wd epee er cate YF, ibis eld thermal conducniy Tw laoeip betwen the thermal condactvty and ‘ondvetaas fan etal of ‘Gicknew Zand are A a then rea by 4 Condatance = hi sod anna an ‘whore dae the dimeadane roedking from he sexpromien QL/A A 0 Bua/ (a Bow sa) of texperatare der: etre tena oat bes Teed ra met ro Tate Socata eter ioe "Te eg ocniscaee a eee ia epee ene na ago fe our ide” Rega aan nan Side Siar nd chien eres See mona bates es “pgs tomemreemat amigas nie openers anny EER ante mae Snares Prana, Foray Sec, 4, 87 (145). Aan rege,8 process Hear MRANAEER slay heater ieadjuted unl no tenperntarediferencs eri between ‘the spessmens and adjacent polss inthe quad ing. Observation are sade whon de beat inp and fhe tanpertares on both fom ofeach ‘Specimen reoain wads. Son\half of the mearured elstical heat {put to the plate fom trough exch specizen and the tempeesare A the a hg in sent pdt tbe — 2002 de or ~ 2% de, The = te aod ab x + déthe temperature gaint i Be ‘conoverion a est hee ih nd in te fo B27) Sea Bi -rae(—H-2e) as 2-4 -Berwa(S)e an eee uae pry td Tn can Rept tana ts rene has mas ae eee See ee eee ee ep eee tag epee Sento ayy Ferersanses sty thor whic avr sei hat ne th ae @ weet aw soca Fa.) nd 210) onaat-soe(Za aay a ago 3-22) oun hice Pte’! pas, thor iol tha Etsy aac cna al in poor ver i he snduton that at ha th Sinema I naa ol Sm the ee ta ton tne long he, Y, a Zc im tee from which a(n yo £248) ean ene hat ino td etch ena ana aay ‘donor wt i eft 6 a constant and 24/22" ~ 0. dk = dy and Eq. (2.8) rduons to Ba. (2.6) Siew de std Stig 9 fr a the having8 aon sr rarer ice i/o un wont aw ep. py a seat nuarcenee me sme arss, aS ae ae in by (9) and be uel rthod Btegrine and if Dn the aincetr, D. AnD Referring ty Fig. 27 where ther tx compote Bind a Ma "linden resistance, set Bag Bt am nt hia ax an, 2 ge 24g Pt as nou Btn Pt + age 020 unset. Hotton meh Beat Ashe areas Se Soaiee ato ated Campo» al OS Meat tue 2k Ft aero hat teeta ft Teste mated se OF Whe beat fw wl ora PRS idan be 6) Bu/Os) 00) Oe Appendix Tale 2, ay 2218 C00 = ra oo i at ine diameter paris qatar than 0.75 ofthe exe ee Meehan et Then befor of eth wat fer 35) 7B" Ted,” De Pv 89) Eide DIA tre (D,~ Di se a of se pein th tte cee aed eda Be i de tom By 230 By ‘conpverton 1" oct | prcent_Aculy hae are 157 of tral asf pena foot and 1.31 of atral esac. ‘Tho Bet I pr eqote fot $a Ota bel on the ote sac ad S11 Dur ed Be Inde ace. THeaoes fom ePipe_ I he precoding examplesi wat asm tht thy eld exteval fee cold be mataned we dente vpn. ‘Wiest tis eumption e exnmples Wor tare een inden sine bth @ ant weld be unknorn ae indoedent aa dl nue thm eaty the venprntar gel to tn eter wal depends ot {ly om the eatanas ton the bot and eld urns bab on be ‘Sil of te wurunding cle atmeepber to eve th hot eng Sie eter mutaoe | Conder ioe cath in Pig. 28 covered {legged with reek woo! nation sd caying tem ampere. far omery shove at of the ohare, 4." ‘Th. overall teapertredireea devant tot the pipe i k= te The anese to" beat ‘Sow takes :2"ordr ace (1) the race te eam conden wpa and fre up bet fo tho iow pipe ssc, ristane which hee been Fenn experimentally to be very mall that sod & ae nal the ‘me; (2 tha rane of to pipe mothe very anal cept lor {Gina eondalow ha au ae easy tn eae) he at ‘volte eck wel eatin end (the esiance of he moundg ‘Sr to remove heat from tho cult auface The at is ppredable ‘Sihough the renal ef het tea by tle stra oreo ot ‘Seta nos tothe radiation sandy the temperature er ton betwen the otras ad ener ct. The natal csorcton ‘elon warming adc! othe pi, ey lowering deny. "The warn ans and ie eplane ena by ool ie Th com: ‘aed e's of neural consti snd rade cao! bo serie Uys conential rots trm Rs = o/s ainda Ls condutoee ofthe ain silonety sfemenid by fhe tts erat honey reatan Brenton, «tert dine ay be cated bntren ann outer mace and he andthe beat pan Ing fom the oster sara ts th lr a be dered fom mene smnicon the fl owing ithe pie. ang Gan te comtined Tectance of bef eo’ asthe quien of 5/0. ‘The ow ‘fies ro pipet anes ails ally seat nyo terore ‘ible ta opr the data al coment Bh) of8 PROOREG HBAS TRANSFER Ss aint ene tg TE geste mata ae (GA)RCHY/Bea. The recpros of the pit reaanen be ot ‘dis someon Sgantd the efor See ea tt es Condenetion of sea: a= bedi an May, Hy nn hem, 1 80 Big Laat WC. Lp Hoping 1, 0-6 eo edi) a or combining wo er altar Bie Bh oe b+ a) ‘The term inside tbe parathwe are the for rtances, snd of thee {he iat wo ean uml be nelcted. ‘The oyntion then reduou to te am. Tt 8p + RD ‘rom the sca of Fg. 29 I son that A dapenda upon aot oly {he tempera difeenc but the acto tenpertares wha cin the lnalton wn ofthe ai a reiporal indo one oh eeancen Sowmary forthe ealelaen of the teal temperate diferente, ad ‘Sento the tao coeficent A, cannot be computed exept by ae (tederrer method esole at Low rn « Po Ac 2 ain ence x ‘the te App arnt °F.“ ng nut = 0am salon sumusdng ur a TU, What alte eat oe at "The Anema = OT, = 1 =, b= 2 VER, 44999 = riaag "6 nase heck tee ne» i ots BS ne = 6,6 10 = b= 20 BL OE, aap = e 148 Deana) reaoe Mae rE 1 Dea)» Phoonss wir reansreR ink ten a enona = Beato SSS pentane of Wey bre nein, costae Pri, vo ochre er, tracey Ree creeper ihn, (298) ee mn and the msistance of the air per linesr foot of ‘iw alow ncn othe sues anda vrai ay i 37 oe ean ‘Th rsisanoe is minimum and dao bast loss maximum when the Deters eet Woy yute tal Boon wets tate as Pia 7 Ber ~ ae sate inn n= eta “ ay eon ers sain Da ot fv pneu en he Catron into ara neyo ie SER Metered bt tne, Terao bas ci Siete Tisdotae to phe ete nt el mp conpvertox a so thatthe application of insulation will uti «reduce and ot an ‘ners in the hen iow rm «pipe "ini obvouly accom op ‘sng a0 insultion of sual ondesvity ao tha heel adn lo, ‘baa the mins ofthe ips, or rs < ry of ere to carry hot fui, there wool be a eefatn hourly aw st Lot hace value could be delarmined from the toto prodacog toe Bes in the plant beal-genratng station, Th lover the hen lass the rene ‘he thiknew and iii coat of thin lation and the greater the anna! fired charg (aulntensnce and. depreciation) ‘ich must be addod to the ancua! eat Tos. The fixed charges on pipe ntlaion vil be about 15 ¢020 per corto the ia Gal installed cost ‘of the inulin, By sazumlog « number of thicknome fiat Jaton and sang the Sand charge tothe vals of the heat Toa msdn ext will be obtined and the thickness com> ponding to it wil be the optimus aso. omic thieknow’ af ch Snelson, Te form of vuch an analysis is shown in Fig 211. ‘The moet dlclt pate ising seableiitilintalation-eo dais, dace they mary testy vith plat to plant and with the amount ofinting ta be dos ot ingle tine. ‘Geapical Soatons of Conduction Problems, Thus far in the teat- tment of candtion, en thoe eases have een oeidered a wich the heat input per wre fovt of aurace was arifom. Te wat teehee steric of thes case thatthe ext reneral per agua foot ef rasacy ‘ya leo wsiform. This was Ukewin tee forte eying, eteathocgh the intemal and external surfaces ware not dential. Some ct the coke ‘on problems of sendy- ae "Pas, Cre pram oe tin soc he rnin syne i er i BB ene ote tien ho BOP, Aon ee ee eee edna ten ho oat evan sb nie Whi nk 2 fhe Tho tee te sane nme tbr ir resin Se at een iam ho md ca ca ete 2a orn tn meme nee ne cat fy hn hid ha ok oy an ek pins) rape Te Se albantam ig, “Rocmausin seam nega teteapen tiem fem me see een te inne uns ine na a mana ase sak Maen lr yn mayen See cere cal cminen p= e Where a th era tpt ona td SEUSS bei that dow pre ret i, conpveriox = "The total haat Sow fron BC vous roquzes m= Qaa/i(fs~ 4) lane, or retin thelr comer ao at right ange im accordanos wit the ‘Geady state pricepo tat the Bow of baa nae at ight angst [here comprising the temperature diferain, In Fig. 2.12 ison ‘hat 1 lane wore cblalned for each hal of «aymmoltal sein. If the isotherms were andistarbed by the ib, the portions abd woul then bequres nod th bat entering BC woul fow normal tot ad 3.3 lanes reali, The hae eat oan ihn ‘removal by 88 per cont, When the ribs ar pond more col tothe, {Be imotonal eat rersoval aera. SL Atenacis eco y wale mae ram neato of li bit, nol en eng Wn Tine ry ba,” Wht ih eto ett eso hn ln tan S07 "E87 of i ate fH note ey nd tie ih est te 0 BA hee fe iets we Ln) aad 107Y, rect ‘Whst no cay boc te pod" an wee ae pet 3 nb arid Bee eta trent Prat eter eS ee sean ne wi srepireige tt noarsse san senntonntnaregine crete pari de tram bin ero eg ed. ‘Wis nemo ivy oo ae aod 0180 oo {R07 neetrdy, hat fat iw pe meek lineal ne | ola nas ang to ga esa nape et Seem vn ered be ioem Process HEAT TRANSEER ny Ape ane ‘egg cence oe ae Ae onan meme ne ures Sor eisai aeeaiates eceataree sa = ees if are es Sa aan crane a tert ct tas a shaban srereaaee anes Sedma pen wn SE Ecoamcnttee OMENCLATURE POR CHAPTER 3 6,04 Crmanre ingatn Sete sort ‘ne pat DURA (Sone eon pene, Din /O9C) ol ee ta at, ea oNNCR) fl f : ii E ; ; FF | i £ CHAPTER 3 convection Introduction. Heat transfer by convection is du to fd motion. ‘Cold Suid adjanen to ot race rcv bea! which st impart to he Tule of she ced Sid by mixing wits i. Pe or antral convertion ‘tear when th id motion not plemented mechani agitation, Fat when tho Hud i mechanically agitated, hati rantrrd ty forced convection, ‘The mechasial agitation may be supplied by r= "ing, alshough in mot: prowoasappfoetins it indvoed ty erecting {he hot a old fds at rapid rats on tho oposta wide of pipes OF {then Broad foredconvecton heat tant ceca avery diferent specs, the lator boing tho more rapid and thonfore the more common. ecsr which promot hgh ates for oroadecmvection do nt nce are th sme eerton fre convertion. It th puspowe o hs caper ‘cablish a general method for obtaining te vate Beat tranaer partially inthe prosance of fered conveten. ‘lim Coe ent. In the ow of heat thre pipe to ai i wa pe tht the pasnage of eat tothe at wa nt cmb ell hy cor dveton. Tastnd, it occurred pally by radiallon and parly by few convection. A taporature diference exited Between the pipe sirare Sed the average temperature ofthe air, Binge te ditance fra dhe pipe ‘race tothe region of average al emperotare indefinite th ret Soon cannot be computed frm By = Le/bedyesng b forse. Tate fe resistance must bo deleraisod experinitaly by aproprstly rmasering tho ssfae temperature ofthe pip, ts temperate of tho a, snd he hea txnferred from the pipe a evidenoed by the quantity of Stour condense inf ‘The rete for he entre surface wa then fompated fom eae Rn once 1 deste, Za ean a bo caleulated from tha luo of Re and woud be he Maga on Raitious someon flan of ar equirlet to the cme Bind Feelance of cendvton, free convert, and radiation. ‘The Yeagth of the fh is of ite aguiennos, although the eoacep of he eis fle finds numerous appliatons. Tend it preferable to SVNOWLSA I9070KNAL LUSHRSINA ‘AuvuaIT‘PROGRAS HEAT TRANSPAE covrerioN a * “pet ety wth th pon f he wit etane we ha a0 sim tien ech ah the pp an ater oto id en a Sen te ny he rine 2 SSUES tee te necro of Ue pe ih wo may ern us the el mle ian 2/3 SEEN enh Lavine ts ovs dope ines the alee mt eral a daze Lk N07) Band eater tn content) fay serial why to a eb call oes ‘on eot alisr tho dies cate the Bn ete a ely be cd Oo pnecn a0 mn ombiain SCSUSRS Ins "histnprctad seater dese cen ae i cat ofi rf convectin ot cent each ie hate esas” gee, ae Cone tapers ne WETS Sheltie sha iasesd dea 0 ee tence orton ay Selpomounbolefcorchiin iceayes SE SL Se pete rte herrea ecient Ae as = nec ed ri nnn Sage te as Cn ofan. Sareea Sn ara fa uy ier oa ee ip wal with focal xe 22. GbevarenThelmnndate pate ee eer oe bh se Toca e add feet td tes td ee aoes me 3 On Oe ‘Spivittasom cpeinenal So ., aoe 22% Spat bya ot Sine "he cel not pl top ile ue mae bat nce ty eng paral treme a ber reat Soo Sa es pment SEa ra feapnitny by bang ir pert owing opr bo - x ete noc pe 2 ee ee em a4 SSPE cv tonpertre ote 4 ert orate his ror by Sian. Md Ne yeh nec edt Mr ed ater ae 0 lip tate he ld pitt cove ie ic ang hr Ba rite and 6) Nowe Beaver) = en tm ac a pin wc the et pba Sh Neen re ie eee seria cea are besating Un eaann co ide iy Rado moni "Ave re trae a a cepa tenet Ye cnt fe dom ang ta he hing an ernn fr hr oa, mominendane ate) Ail = 1) reef ae 2 on A AG an q ie eg ter mopar ne oie the topes he Bo do Ae ie od the ne Neorg tr edie ae Te cy nn Hecne Be eo re SEE teenth roves os san = ha = hate an wr hpricot sm ein of te bearer eau av he Sinan ts Sin te < [ARME:E nomon we ott ee ew ow ean of at ow i, . |r ee eet a. en la cea eo arte, ite ie an oF pod erable rer to Rig 43 whe ha ae aad elds laving sty of piel popertica and onder Beane ec eam ea rou by saitalag Ti rf agltion Umar bet. Ott facto niece the late with velocity V. At any pout in the nthe veloity wi given™ roms near rnaaree wren Iota = ff an ¥ 4) vend an aed i ny we Vand Ye "The etl force rogled to ove the plat lad. IF Ff the pond- fore, Lhe length ad 8 the Gn, the merous the vist are voPL Fe VOD E or tig the poundnaas Mf, where P= Mg and g tion of eri, ‘Wen evant in gt matric ia» in commonly called the alate cosy. . > cence eo ‘Tin unit haa boon nase the pos after the Pench ecietit Pore, "Tibi a large uni, and I ia customary to um and spel of the eon ‘ol, or ouebundredih poise Sn eaginecing unitate equivalent ia Brine by fom ext cent npc te nnn cm Ietieceaome eres ‘viscosity, is also uned because it oocurs frequently in physical systems anc Peper carte err renee og ean Zee oe sie Moe sent Hae ot de ny a gi sae Pot eet yt = iain nn ety eee ae i cea oa sete ae ore ere ee, Mommas bal ence covrrczion » seeonds and rvcrdod as Saybol Seouds Univer, SU, Conversion factors from the time of eflox to ceattoks forthe Seybolt aad eter vscometer ro given in Fig. 12 ‘Heat Treaser between Solids and Fiside: Streamline and Terbulest los. The Reynolds Nomber. When a lgud fows ie a boreal pips itamay flow with a radom odin mation known aa fren fs, ‘shown ia Fig 34 by m plot of thn lca wlscity Ta the pipe ts slotanc fom its cote, Tf tho ine veloty othe lal deceased below some threshold value, the nature of the flow changes an the ‘ubolence disappears. "Th Guid prtces fw in lies slong the acs af the pips, and tis is knowa as aromlin fw. An expen ood {or the visual determination ofthe type of ow consists of sae tube et cata “a ie Ahoughswhich water Gown A thin atreaae «ink f inject a the ‘zater ofthe tobe, aad if tho ink remain at Un ceaterfor'a Magonaie distsce, ite intetive of streaming fom. Synonym for Hees ow are viscous, laminar, ard roe fow, Attica! experimentation tas indicated that streazalne Dow prose asf by the Wilng of es ‘mts thin evlinders of guid one within the ocr ma shown tty, {eppears tht the dstsibation ef to velocities ofthe eles Snag, ete with Ut maximum atthe enter nd eprcling seo the abe val Reynold oberved thatthe tpe of fow wud by squid Singin ‘tubo waa infeconl by dhe vloty, density, and vss f the Ind sud the dimele of to tbe.” Whe related ws te quota of eens called the Teyoolds number, i wae found thal tarvuleat ow ahr ‘ciao whan the naucical alan of Dag/h eteded about S00 oe ually whea it eomeed 2100. By detain, the tater of at by. courection proceeds mainly asthe rat f mining, and while ie ogee ‘mont appears ioe sid by turbulent fw, Snot fallod by sce {Pe xe nt pened by oat ni it fad in te Aopen "emda 0, “ty Pape of One Repel”, ta veo re Laden 190 Contin0 ‘PRncHSS HBAS TRANSFER or, Stasi Sow aya fore cf endtn vhn y 1s tcc hte ged wih wh et a TS STL UNTRaES tte coded on fo era. Sr adored asi patie inant leas 3 a cock ow aud vey wc rome steal for “ rm ain Ame craigs mb aie at Ae ecag nt porn Snel al ite at, eens Sung pal paso bo bind Fi dare tame nea ouput toc in corn othe seer EEN eeu apponch to the eta. ic an probated re a chiinel emp, bt rere Snot ue Ant ha promated by far ho mont extensive posto th mathe. moti principles underiing dimemsionsl analy econ ib grup we Sen ih hon ok STU REL Tle te dependent vreblen ay slob ead epee died Hy he mn rer eae Dina i” Ya Cit raw Ha, wat convacrion a itlereat groupe of variate, each group haviag the nt dimeaslons of the dependent variable. A's very snp Mutestion cinder Uhe ene tity equation whic ie froqunaly writen in elementary phyeoy apd es) Suid Sow rato, weight tine ‘uid velocity in coe, lag ine 12 = eros soction of tho emit lng x lnath = tng? specie volums, lng X legs X length meight = eng4/ ot Why dow Ea. (5) have this particular fora? wo, and # mutt be ‘elated wo tt Whee not dimension ar tho esa howe f thn depen fat varable we, namsty, weight/ime. An equation Invelving both pare ‘puma and dimensions must be corct with nepect vo ether ad beth, {Checking the dmeatons aloe, walg for the varsban fn Ea. (25) ‘hale ndiideal dimensions, Tae Ee xe aura sa sie won that th dimensions on the lft sido re dential wit the net ‘the smart of ren wag ow ld om whe ‘ote ids coded rn to TT ution india rob ines to detenioe bo Bs heat tne tee eset hw proc cua Thn eee wold apart be poate {a expt that no enly A bt a enon wale thas bra ‘ble by former epetiena or Hse mins edo propre fore saien of ntl rl it ot rata to ron eprinenls onal etd wer a inte ay {Cecyrinental ens > oho neal ae hernai For eampi Al dif Tors age wight foe td song iat quant heat when ema ais oa ier ssc de lula props se etal to thn tempt" Othe intr whieh sx ae tae contre in i diners ap“ Provess 24r TRANERE such us the elfity ofthe liguld aad the ameter ef ie tbe through Sriehhottranaferooeure, It here tht te lnporanee ofthe eu Us caine thtoughdiseasical analysis booomes apparent, I the ‘yale of th exponanta and’ ecient of the dicenonlow equation for extre contons af opeatvo are established from experiments the ‘al of hr ean be cals or any interment combnatun of velocity std pipe an igi propertis fm the equation, "A apie epparatn forthe deterination ofthe besttacaer coli teat 1 Higuids Boing inside pes or tuba is shown in ig. 37. The ‘entpal pac nthe tet exchanger, which consists aa te ction of ie enlowed ty a conentic pipe. ‘The annus is sully connected be — Lame to pert the condensation af team for gud hnting experiment x the tapi enelation of water for Tiged-coang experiments. ‘The asxlary fcehanger i connected to perform the oppaing operation che txt Section and cols when the text ation lua fot Beating Fot a eat: fag exprizent, eld gid from the reserva erated through the siren by cosrugal pump. by-pass ici on the pump di ‘hare to permit th regustion of Bow through the Bow meter. Tbe Tiguld then pases throngh « tenperstureaanuring device wish as a callrated thannoneter or thmooouple, where (6 ebtained. fie (ken af cme cxtance in te pe Delors tbe tee cn, a9 tat the tenpentareseacuring device die not infusace the eouveston eddies Jn the tt sai tll "The Heid next pase Ibrogh to tet section ‘od another unheatalength of pipe before te iced ad it temperature {ele named. "The uabeald extensions of thts pipe are Terr to ‘Ss colmingvctons. Next the Inud pasos through »eoaar where ite ‘eemeatare ie Yeturoed to The annulus of the tt selon is con cowrreri0x toumelal contac, they nd larpoenss HEAT TRANSPER ecpuacion appar Soo’ ‘The rc a cf esto’ 8 hee Beaupain rons hen Se propre a 6 ee etc gpa prune. Th hel conduct oe mel wat TEA ee ieneto tn ae B/N dca eh er an vie enn Ape Te OST se ero in Tae were mre whe eel mort" Zot ve tempers t ‘exnpertare of euler pipe surface averaged from thermoonplet ‘marge ‘be found In Tobin 11. Fut properties have bec oboe “amarante of Poin Tempesti Meare td Ct ects aa at htt ero, New Tok 194 st er. Wa, To. Beg. Chm, 28 24 Bkereenevays eassacamgesny conv rerion Surgcnasansasd UaRRTIBNREESS Seoseanagaaaa aeleseqnagea sSeonasaanaanad Hieztsdacaeeree SRRERRRSRRRER RERRRSRRSERSARE seuamanauaaed a ‘SMGEURESHESOS8R RRSUSRASSGRGEES a“ ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER ‘2100 robetantation of turbulent ow. Equation 3.26) iygives at MD. (BY ()" BC) se pnd afd ay yh rt ne “ie inhi tl of coatin dae ty dee ana lu pat Se hoe Sa ee Ape moe cl yy ado one py on ot miata ect AD _ (Da) (2)* PG) @) canst aint sis > eens mas nea” “Taking the logarithms ofboth ie, C12: 29810 ~ lg + 4.00869 + 170109 BD: 28816 = lg a + 4065p + 1.81725 BE: 19008 — lg e+ SASH5p + 181709 0.00088, p = 098, and ‘inating the unknowns one by ove give > O07, sd the al quaticn oom GY eh ue ed oun a tly ag ‘ran the onbe oot of Up Prac mamber and tlvng for now vals of ‘and p. The implied equation would bo BP onan CCG)" hap Sin, Yr ean re oie pl eras ie Tete iB, 2) --@) ome ‘rhich is an oqutin ofthe fom, yee eo cowraerron e ‘aking Us opcithas ofboth ide, ey = lop + pigs ‘ich routs on legit coordinates to an equation of Ue form yoatpr aa) On eerie cocniatn teeta op hD/X( 4) (uy the oc tela E.G), te Reyoade mer weg ae ‘a ‘hen plot any va.» and tho vale ee tener eee Plog beret tet data: Might fw of gnc w = 72h ‘Temperate af of at pipe ill, = 7246 ‘Temperatize of oil st pipe ctl, = 100 °F Average ompecature of cuae py aurface, te = 210,°F Pigical data and alae rena: eat lead, t/t: venga TIL 109 — sn Average specie eat ¢ = 0.472 Btu/(b)¢F) = wel ~ 1) = 729 04721069 = 7.1) = 10,160 Btu/ae ‘Temperature of pipe a nid arc, . LD. of Sn, TPS = 068 in. 0.D. ~ 084 a ‘Vength, 10.1251; mac, 185 4» ‘process West TRANSPER meal ema a 3 1/0087) Dyna = BU sor Ba rea» hs amet a ge su = EMTD = ptegtarerrons) ~ ESTP Se See emule ~ aoe inte wait eta Bereta aan) eg, ame unit untae = AP = ings ~ 95 dimen man e mm Mas vlc, @ = spa ~ BIE KOSITE HH 1/0) mo voit from Fig, 38 at (°F is 8.22 cctipicon [gummace/200 ‘anny or 8b x 242 = 7.901/(600H0- raat mame, P= = ane vaio of 10 0k 16 coer Seeger are ~ 0 ltd Pe 89 Bo Jey 2 wage = 985 plated ne 330 vrs rhe tthe it tia wih eater =*P/(S) tr anew oy Lm pilin 38 tee be ein too mr intl on ond rien Sara Scenario td a sorte eng sept te Peal mami, By zorsing a vale of ¢ = 34 an plotting the onnat = 2/(@)" rpc tote dade oe wchomn in Fig 310, By dng cowrecrion a ‘tutte se yon tap Cotes pursue cum fund to be 090 By enopling erg Foe 5 ; 3 8: &; Si £3 na 8 a vy i i = = =r ml ree PA, Figs ee fev Peel A Daa ew th Pt Soa oom te al be Reynolds umber ia 105 vaue of « = 0.016 obtained Interop. ‘The equation fr al be data Uae ete {P -oons (YG) Arlo of ¢ = 040 woud ee i bowing si er {avers ce! i gm tu span. ncn pgs coin ih pe an S's Sipe etna Se rel Snes aa) ‘inothermally, it undergoes ® decrease in pressure. j ictal : Te iS ie nr te ry fton ‘ele unit etapa oe2 ‘PROESS WAT TRANSFER ‘Rewttog Bq. (16) i dimensions frm, wpe. (08) 1 =f? o(Z) se fm inte in dh et a Sina paccarear enaces ara Sate ae ee ee eae See IE = Re esp a an wi hr emt i icy ey Sve Shen te ‘Sree Ba fee ee BOE fe SUT E aca an ets Merwe shoe rs rose it aa ey ma es) 350 Yor the porsion of the graph ecresponding to strounline fox (Re < 1100 to 200), ee oqutin for the presare drop may be dada fom hears! eon ous) sideration alone and has bron veried by exparimant. "The equation lo suo op Be G45) ‘iy equating 2.48) and (248), sine ech aplin at the tani pot {rom streualize to tsbulot Bow, the equsion of this Hine own 0 the Haget-Polealeeqsion, where is wed vith Ba, (8.44), ‘MV other tutors ze the same. This ie not co of stone Bom where the Bid at th pip o tube wall ie ausumed to be stationey or naxly atonay and the pure drop i at influenoed by reughoens Tie ‘tuston of fn a, (44) fo Had ates in arbulent owt given by corrscrioy s rw, Ko 8d Mohd! wikia £6 pret by Foon + yS, ane "ei commei es ip gy Yon, & ony 4 es i eee oe 14 se eet 331, Manfred tn Mosse, end elie within 10 per oats . 0.204 100008 + phat, (sa) 1 an be sea. Aha, ifthe tanto fom strennline to tabulent Sow r : arbulnt le sven by Day/s = 2200, ayers ‘ % imately, then te vocty at which» = Yer we owing in Ln. TPS pipe a 10°F, the yin 07 cen Dts 7 2, BC Kon and W.H. Medians, Trem ACME 3686-7 cnsy apeibes eH, WM at By Tod Bag Ee aeon ‘process HEAT TRANSFER er 0.70 gram-nans X 100 (ms) oF 072 248 = 1.14 1/9) a ia andr fe i 8 10 io ).0/12 = 00011 an = BORMAN on yo 108 te ira 1009 he cay i BOS X.248 = 0 B60) a9 Te ges We ateiay Oto bk “Tea fre ae ie n= PRX 1O 300, 0g sun ysis Aske ‘Bots bat er snd Hd ion a CSE tt epee ho rae convacr10N 8 11-4 db te temperature of the Suid ls 7, and the temperature at the Indie muse of Ue pipe wall i Of the ota id fw slong te wain cf tho pipe, amune that mTb/C)( impinge on te pipe wall where {ts vlcy falls o er adits temperature approaches the texperstare ‘ofthe pipe wall 1, Hach parte of fd whish Chas contacts the wall, (Bros up is il moment une upon retrain tothe main body of the fd ho its ail momentum raed a the expeove of the energy ofthe ‘pals stvoem. ‘The constant lms nad roneral of pomontam ae the ‘seo ho preaue drop. The tection or dag on unit area ofthe pipe ‘rll i obiaioed by oqetig the drag on unit Ings of pipe wal tothe [roduc ofthe proware gradient andthe cromectional area of he pie, ‘hich redacn fo coder as) ‘nbee rite drag. Sino the drag amsmed tobe ex othe a of ‘Bement ofthe Bs, eure hee am ‘Toei tha tran etna the id andthe wal gan by ‘nCorr ar ~ 1) = WoaT “00) fron Bs, (8.49) and (2.50) - sn {spe tems the lat two members of a, (251) sate naa emia ieee, . . nee Se ess iets amar ne eto nunca 859 wat rug ae le es oi — Sree ih ni nly aa ean need al eee carte ete of [Win iatretog to note in Ba. (@.88) that nn eqatin ha bein chine pti et ie for the beat-tsatercoctiient hich iol: the fedon fctor and6 Process Huar vRaNarEn “ihich en be determined from an experimen in whith no hat was tans Terod. Like most decvatogs wich quae number of sanumplons, he use of Ea. (253) splies sly to anal ag of Oude, particularly permanent gue Te was Reynolds as quota hy Stanton! who predicted thatthe eon ing of beat tranaaretalned fom, (85) should bo affected ty tho ‘ato ofthe ermal conductivity and viscosity af x aes Suid. While the proces of the Shera conduetvity wage te infaence of ene ‘ction, as observed experetally dt he entire crow nstion of & ‘uid in arblase Boy iv pt turbulent Tstead thas been found that ‘Ison layer extn mar he pipe wall through which coadueton must ‘ceur. Prandtl? and ‘Taylor adopendentyfneadod thie layer. Iti 4 sauna! thatthe layer basa hikes & and that the tempore ‘lta inner croumfornce i, the beat flow per ate foo of layer i ‘era by one 59 ‘wher isthe mesn conductivity forth ayer. Asoume that the tranaer ‘tet and moment in cared through this lay by molecule notion without disturbing its laminar Ror. ‘The inersurtaeof he ayer moves ‘wth a veloc «in strnmine fore, and writing (0 = a) for in Ey ae), qemr—o a0) rom the dfniton of vient ren by Ea. 0.4), can os ec i the vincsty ft fd in ho lager, From Ey, (2.50, = Be sn) And rom Fa. 58), reread asm Combing Ba (6.97) nel 58, r-4-0(%+5-3) oa) o (3.0) Substituting forthe ratio w /uand eliminating by mean of Ba, (3.48), 60. Sm =e en 4 dimension frm wig for Cand tao gran the Aly os o- 31-77 Gay quan (2.6) the Pras mediation ol te Rayos eal leh ematical the Pond only The ace rand! op ot has appeal ern scape sates sumaraly 9st o 1.0) Fy Gai) rdvew to Ee Oa) TAL ‘oprrimany the ean for pertenent ues Waae Se one Soll extent Rey alent Lae tic, “Mien they now premmes tht fe dtibaae of ees to loge es rp nt the lamba lyr by tate ae Suter lye wih ani lger whch the tates ee Ota eresos fh sags ab put a a PRORLENS. 2 The Rn cout A ot nt pp ope by sik bstben ote sian by he pee ad cele Sat oy thar oct of epeasoc pa aa ne a eat ahi aby esiy + ani vey ga pa nal ei and te apr res etn ert ess Paoomss Wear PRANSrER feo ot sen of th vcs ey at by we he end ‘el ace itn ors pty, ich a te ho emt, the tener ane avenge anny tn Wl stealer gh a ae. ‘Ons Hn 1p 10238 ng Moe and Whtan repre he nevng ter bang st bs fpr whe ocd om teow” oe nt OF ‘Sermons man vty ot in oa la comm] a?) oF] OF tei | ia | ie toe | ima | aoce twa | ice | et ts | tot | too ton | ime | dim nos | twos | toa sere | ima | is ond a he Apne “T aM BHES Sao Ns “os Yond fh l2 75 tips 1OFP ad ‘tan iremedaln vow of ey nt ‘i poe Basan mae othe frm of By. GL) cng (Aten gee Pe 27 penn) 128 On theca of fe EAP tw wih mere te iloring for ILMB of Hin Be er Nor a Whim TET ea + = is = = EH = & mr m me s ‘ms = mi s ihe im ie | Be = | mos | aS | BS cw | aur | ma | ime mm [ima | Sire | es se | ie | igs |e, mo [ies | 83 | Be Sp PM an ton fh ir of 28 for a ie at 0) Cumin ‘ew tat ot 88 oa ox erat ert) Ceca« ‘Process wean TRANSERE ‘mth ent of th andl men and pt gt thet fo Ge auecaie tnt on bntng "What sctaon a been "GaN deer st stated Gn nn tg ee 3EAPT od Aig on nda wont abe Sang ote nmr of nd ng oem] or fo |e 0 ‘sas | ee a ies | me = tes | me wefan: | ues | mo iat [owe | mo wa | deets | Seo || os io | Sees | aot |S iso | Zere | mo | es reo fies | eo | me | Bt | mo | ine "Totoro nema Tenia ham ta a me nb o20bain nentnn f tefore H (0). "Tae ‘Secaty a tnt 240 ogi SF and 359 cep 100" Tata ‘Srl ction cae tty ensign etal er Siveis ip a8 ook oteu #7 apie) anhgnetaree ek ng. Chem 38, 10-108 (6, convserioy a Fee eer nermmuarnen fae ether mpc ee meen eng re \esvenin ft betes oe and see Seema oa na Se aes Se ee “Prowure drop, Ib/1 “om Eons tr conor See eta arm Ee ere EEL Sesgeeeuet.. =e. pease aaa Gooiwuradie SSSeooe? one eee aera aenay Seco coa mentite, aia Sees. een Reena ST uum ee _ 2 rey cm en Som PR ga ts pReRs goo payee ee Reeee(CHAPTER 4 RADLATION Introduction, All too often radiation i rogardad oa phenomenon {incidental only to ot, nino Bodin a this chapter i wil be seen Mp ised potion In ooovrton ihe bate re bored rom 4 ony test Sony wdc ol on {Ro steiner ofthe el by mitre wih (Bath echanie tere th peace oa ma corey that um a nur fo 8 ‘Wie, (Radiata nad domenoe rquie an nlrenng mdi, ‘oll am be trnenitid by radiation ero at abe vaca) "werdengt aad Proqency. Ts cote to melon tho carve tei meat energy i tnt eee arom the oon f (icy, to oom toda set wil manga id ‘Calege pags test Gly the tinoy a deta ‘Spare with inno ten of tho ete Sld ping « sin pin cn bo npr by ae ree hang al nth fom BP Deana nat wiih uy the wrong "Tho munber of wares ‘cing Gen pot inet tn i frac tthe raion, ‘iCpasd rth equecy and warlog nthe wy he wae Barwin vemamn te ronty of rpapton o aton rey PEL Tb mle or eve toagh a modi tho vty ‘eet on bog the drat oer ete "Fos vovcongl df rte ny be opr fn aay oa of ath, tt he rns 1 10-tem, keene, Al the kawn navel 12 We letragute hey lta tart werent fend ‘Spee tn 110 mice, and he ong wavongh of ilo above T3210 pron Of thm ely wave thn fxn Beten tho eat tear ited with vari 9050 moe are ong? {Slime bent andar fone a otinary iti pape sapiarion 6 ‘The Origins of Radiat Boergy. Radiant cong i bbeved to oii ‘ato within the moeel of sho radiating body, the alam of ch sole ‘ks vibrating ins simple harsouie motlon 1 Unear callaton. "The ‘enimion of radiant energy is baoved torepreatsdeereaein the ap ‘ade of the woratios within the ola, wie an abortion of oer ‘sn ine,” In ta cance he quantum theory portaaice {ha for every fraquency of radiation there In mall lium plain (of exergy which ray Be eitiad. ‘This i Un gentun, and a mallet (goanity cannot be emia though many nuch Gouna nay beet. ‘Tae total radiation of energy of given frequent cit by a ody em {ate number of quanta at at requeney. “For difrest frequencies, {hemumber of quaata and Uns the total energy may be diferent, Planck ‘Bowed atthe energy amceiated with «quasi b propertionl tothe froqueney of tho vibration othe veloty ofall diate a considered ‘ronan inverely propetocal tothe wavelength. Th ediaat energy ‘a Given frequency tay be pictared us conating of mcrtnyepulce fran energy, cach polo of which as the value ofthe quantuot standing of one penile eign of radiant eneey. Electrons are pom ‘mined to travel abot the oushun of an atom a elipticl ole at rary- Ing ditancen fom the ulenn. ‘The outrmort oni eletons panes Dig pound . spree wet Peo = 0s = De — 1h -poumee (=e = Dea :pempe = ie peumen, Sa PPR ed er are oom ons or ways oy, “02 — 1) = mom ony of 30g MMS UNE TO YM Te Gey, A — ‘pops pow iy Qaege ta ua Parowe "6 aE pony ao {ee oy ace ed em ay oy £4 pe Hao en, Pos ‘3 Ho Tea yee OoSpE 9 ea No ea oa a e1TOR ‘xy 9 som rm spun yp pogo 9m uy 0) 2 mas poe oom og 90S TORRE 94 st Bina P abUHES ‘po om enya yuaNyRp eany UR sod aN IDE ArH se my Rh TE epan FoR ©} poNEHE momnoRp AupeoaS OGL “AAR afm imegi 7 eo Joong Om, coemya9 Moog yo ARIMA ons0 70 ee = vor) — Yorn = ¥ 3 ALM = 0+ 008 = LAOH GO + x = {peeping me fase 27 m0 pmo ee Sccopeqremtn Gm Reena cap ere untunian ye o Sen cy anton, Soom on eay eat wont "FE [(@)-@2) 0 ~ eng gE Ga ~ mena g= Ee on on sesame sos 1 pramome am omy moat oy sob st bomesu )POE ane we i oF po om PHONO A fae na pone vt sy poe tse ent yay ne ‘p09 aR ae end md 9 Ye op mp ay Sno rns mao Go) WE Cees Jo suum oq Tyee “sm Ay ay Po SR! 2 st owsrrara | | een oumeeny oe ‘Same oy rare soa os va aon a Se ek ban ye PO) RE Soy em ery ony eoeane ae SE x — . oo (ew neon omroen say v= a 29 om Peat oo) race once Ae OY) NAMEN ADEN FSP Zep lee E es “gs ary mene ned Se SONAR Ro can pn en op oa ED oH nde OTK S10 SF Seammon Saye coro pmo oy on BT po my oe SoA B.. wox d= @ ge Gry bs tactar tart et J B58 ‘meooqymaeed uy sim ogy SPURT amavis san erm ”” eocass wear reanarne wo Gon -B0 9 - moa - 0" dt WN 04 = lh 8B oa = 4) — aby a) a)? + °° J (4.28) Ru ingives by wot, Baby ood By, (6.25) in sree whose elation (425) g ‘ . ao Waar rangle Raton betwee Fone wth Difrns Biri, the vo wa a eRe souariins 08 and 08, peste What eet See? ‘kai @ am $> aor 0a Poe eit ak bt the a we 30/900, Radaton intercepted by «Shield. Sappoee ite and paral leo are separated by 8 ‘ind pave wich t opaque to dec raiaton | between te two and whichis extremely thin (or as inf Uerml nadie) os shown in i 43, ‘Tho ae eatbange between the to intial eos | planes in pive by Ee (428, oy ney = sem EY oR OF retain vk ny ap bani O> gra tthace nt ED I= bute the met exhangfom 193 e ien y A Aw = geri Pray OTST Tay Wasa T wav ore a from which nase + am Toe a a Ley - 4.0 = gaya ™ om tan «4 =o Q; = HQ, and fr tho simple ct where m aioe are roloed, each having the ame emisiviin a the iii! planes, anche raprarion ” ‘where Qi the exohang ifthe inital planes wore not separated. ‘Spheres or Cylinders with Spheres! or Cytadscal Eaclonares. The radiation betwose sapbore and an excl epee of rai ry and rs ‘may be ested athe nno manner as Ba. (C2). The radiation emiied ‘nally by the inser sphere is Hs, all of which falls on dy OF thin Bove (1B tl emi (2) 0a paves vet —(2Y Jessie dy tana stot rts rng cen ten palo SSMS ks a ee siacs “Oey - “The same ration wil be oe to bold for nine long concent eine dem exempt tha Ay/An err intend of “Radaton of very #0 & Completely Absorting Receiver. Tp Exar le 25, calulatine were made on the Joe of ent fm 8 pipe to nt ‘When shea soure samall by comparison wih the eneloause!t costo ary to make te simplifying sasimption that 2one ofthe beat eat {tom the eure x rece to it Ta cus eames, Ba. (4.23) codon to feet 4) Sometzes it io contenient to represnt the nat fest of the radiation in {he nme form enplayed in convection; namely, = baits — 79) ass) where yi Seton file coaticint representing tho rate a which the Todintion pases {fom the alse of the sadiwor. The values of @ in ‘on (459) and (ASB) ae dential, but the vale in a (82) reat to the mechaniam by wish the oat waa Unedred, Ba. (038) is 8 stalanoat of Ue eat baluace as applied bor i the Fourier equation to fendusticn and convection. Fiubendon and faunder! have treted s ‘omber of interesting aapect ofthe aut. i say Saomry Oe, nfo, 182,‘PRocnss HEAT TRANSFER a 1082 ey ern tt es hat ae eer BON. cb eter ane svat eet aetna down oe ERE 1 20m rm Tae 438 he minty pproimty 090 papiarion n ‘fst sme ofthe neident energy, but only a art oft wl tuto the fit pate. What ithe vet exchange of energy betwen the two? "The nos and ee ate perpndiclars to tha to plata, respectively, x their mutoaly expowed wurfacee ‘The lech of sho shortest Ine feining to tw patna hr conte." Wis Vowed fom fore: forteed picture of die obtain. natead f nome, the plate (24; many be viewed from ita ead os in Tig. 45, whee dds 6 ssouod purpendicalar tothe pane ofthe paper fr wily, the Hin ob ropre- (esa edo of dA, andthe Hine a repress the widh fo nthe view (itlaed fram #." Sie co and od” are tually perpeneuar oa oe eth eto ort Pa Ae tang sien, angle bo sont equal ay and the side of corresponding to A, edd = dy cow ax, For the mond plat, dj ~ day coe oe ‘Tho canter of mrtee A may be consider tole the healers ‘ecsving ration from 2, and the qaatty fang on x surtsc the TBomimbere conmeqcaly dimiiabor with the square of the rade If ‘bath se black bodies, th radiation from plate I¥o plato 2 preporticnal ‘the normal mre exponed Uo each eer and iver othe square ‘th dance botren them een Haat any an re popay lat inmey ilt h ih et eid” et sod mao, sa = Hew monn tdtts we» An important relationship exists batwoon the intensity Fy and Ube emisive power B. Ta Fg 48 let duy bo the solid ange wie le by denon {he intercepted rea on a epee divided by # Asm ral pal i% rwooass nour neassrse Whe eter noe le he be, Than 45 _ dade oe = teadet aan Pom Ha (430, (and 2, 2 . Bonen mnamate "2 ote aan - aa) ay ‘Sotatitating Bq. (£38) in Bg (4.5) thoes exchange between Ty and 7, (439) 1 coe a 08 ay dAa/e ia witen Ps Ps known a the configuration ot cece factor, "For ome nylon very lel fo deriv, but for i Sees r ce “Eas 4 eae’ ae eto its ace a4, Rade ben pase, evra bai arrangement te fini simple. Hotels integrated 2 ‘uber f cay te eommonort of which are plotad in Fin 47,48 and {49° quali (4:0) con thos be written in integrated form. Q= Fate(tt = 79 a0) "Hwa H.C, Me By #10 088, sapiarion 0 ane sgerefos fk ‘%, i Drenion einai, s 048 atonement aod pal gn Cat) cig. Oe ee ere Pi 40. Radon bm rans eta2 ovens mar meavare 1 he eo tac ay ad dren, os H(A) e- areaysit-™ aay ghee et Q= Fare = 79 an “the eummary i Table 42 geen ho vale of Fund F for» number of {he common cote derived bere and cnoere ‘tame 42 Voom on Fa st0 Fe ” m (© Baten Ama compare vi hr ‘ty cag rte A , * (fete apace ma ee canta nmnes “ht ate oe EG |) ane (an ‘a Oe at om xc asre x10 — 68) Siete age a Sf eof nn Tetn a eh ent 2p ‘Sakainen pints telnet. Wht pretaeaigr shen a emt "Ke pm te a of aad bn FS, Tae anal can orto ope ea [ier the ed arb nad sew cel bet mm tt suasctasan aula fthe moter do 07 we xi gen eee fe sath eee rn me bernie na npn {007 tn oe mate epee OE, ee eee skis Gaenowtrbor Beer ot beg mao a fhe pti pert f 9. Tha wma calgon ‘ised ape o Foal neater se) Watt ‘Realy cad wndndag? Thane cove egghicur oso 0) Whee RRS al asin ye hr "0k Ao mae sinter for a pag rn sob aby ate on mara Ter? ond th ecg ete {08 tc ery cnr tru ere”) Wha beet oi lah me Levtact” libs bahis ved he aah fhe wat int Nadas 2.0, Gomenns Pan aw ?PROCESS HEAT PRANSPER £ Ianto, B/G) ee ey en, Bs) i) Be etn emtane 20/0) Hepsi, ses mn Tempe EEA, enna Fee yEtimane oan, 077s 10-4 B/ANHICRY occa, dct sue Se fae ‘CHAPTERS ‘TEMPERATURE ‘The Temperature Diferents. A tuaperstandileracn nthe diving fore by whch bat i tranafere ive Tam oe ae “ats which tales bath a eater and ‘erivor i the famedate eject for tad Tn the experimental data of Chup. 3 the temperature of the iste pipe wall, wae called from th reported valu of the outa penal Uenperate fe. ‘The Ioguithmie mesa of the diferenen fy tard 1p — fw wed to eau The roortd tamporatare ofthe pine ‘tas the average of numberof theemocoaples which were not atually ‘oartaat over the Jeng of the pipe. 1k in mit ordinarily pose in ‘aot met mrt are pew onpeere Daly the inlet nd outlet vemporaure of 36 ba and ool Aude are Soe SSeS Cmele Sees Tecperatre vs. pipe length, vs Zoe a rate of tw eon conte pipe nuh ih tls al tel soy ode po ‘Bid heat seonbiy aro shown in Figs 81 and 62 When the to ‘id tavel a sponte dco song pie an Fi, they aren hewentein. igre BT ee We Compared wi Fig 2 to whch ‘Eelarenep that one plot of ve Land eter ia lt eva Q, Abohest ateerd. When the fase the an $y 02 nyu pal The tenes ape ‘Wate’ ona vase bring to one ourve ait ome lo the eth Atte pips an tpeature of the snl ei vas seortog hn be aint fn Yoo te wn ae date et and wd tape Sg xt" Tt oid teminl Cerne as rn Fy Sad ‘Galetti wees aor au by B= tS witoa ere sensei "Fei al apr Ge aa i epg hstro dile eings Spd spt ‘esr aust alent tek meme pene see Sm a ee nied Tie custo te upon the nanber of eon ees ie Rh and ete mae, Pvt obo ot So et Bae, ‘cig asheer ima. “Terao pot mt th oe orl te ‘cswlite ery ml sidan aor ba tater" Son ech ‘iredi ye feat ol aed a Cp cs98 ‘PROORRS HRAT TRANSFER Pata heat, excep, homer pipe ag vr thin, te rine seen as Pert ane piel rita fy dt wea vennce” be oq 0/3 arb, ahebet en) wenfebet « rhe 22 i the over rvitaen, tb cuntmary to satiate 1/7 fe Spi Cel rate al ie sare pe a ba ise nd ne Spite Wsdn mtb rlered to the mane bet ow re ry cere sse per nt lng He oxteaea & othe ine ie it wee hunt be ape by 444 tie the abe tat, would EE PEIy etnet ow eb of the lager are A nad of “Ao For pipe with thick wal Ea (A) bomen Ld 2a ey beady DE ony aK, ‘The intl senda dient of Pou’ great equaton mar teotewaten Bg vas a rawerearens a here tf the ampratur diferece between the two seas for the ‘at maface 4, Using the piston thatthe thin real pipo-wal ‘eeanoe ie negigble Ba. (62) bormen 07 Ks tk a arage B63) wil be ered i sng at Fir eatin. Sovak wl htdod fen k= Ql4san i By Ga) wang asin U ene bead ten = Q/4 cg pre ong: ‘Sebi. ieaprimtslnring sna ia ts et fide De (63) col (a) oa bs wed fo cian er arial Seca ten theo rset U ely oe splenic ‘Sue uv svat for opting the ober a wet Fer ‘in, nooo iam stn provide wneigblemaians os San ren bag competed from @ wet) = WECR,= FD, ‘Toe Comrting Pa Conent| Wheat ane ete pe sta smal ty eompson withthe wm th rama tothe ‘oun ads wy ny bare.” oe ence ‘al ani ho ter ey ep t alonsn prverS maar ‘dane sl the ove cette be tantra he appara Tey pty erent majrvcacon Supp i reuraearone 80 ‘and Loarethe ony varinblon. -Calerting terms oft and, Dora 2 ws “fs = a 69) in eed ur ie en ates Aiea +40 seen ee © te a 1 yon + (gs - a en (Fe) (Ra) "nas Cann Tosi hs praia mbit for Fn eo thee ‘st rm Ba. (61, nu he era and cl ae a: we * TMH Seater w/the egret om Ba (7) va. 1 Tou © WER he yo me TWD ae HD Sweet ~ 4) = Quad biting ss ad fr he Dot ad el ‘terminal temperature differences Ty — ty and Ty 4 atl @- va (Sma) xy) He dere wren he to rasa is ~ ts tes a Pet te the oof the tro trina aes a se a ea a [o-viswvaxnae Ty ® warp 2G 9-0, a ay AODED iat eae (O10 owyy © Proonss HEAT TRANSPE ‘arated Flow. Referring to Fig. 52 forthe cate where both Sida town the ean diteton, the base equations are exentialy the eam. Tor the wendy ete, ag = UO ~ ne" a “ a- weer tinct detne in the dteton al inreasing value of 7. Taking the Thwt balance bebo and the lf end, WOT = 19)» welts “Agsa cusietng the bot terminal illerence Ay = Ts ~ (88 te grater aepascure igre in par Sow and y= 7 ~ the omer tem porture dierence the veel P= (Te yh Be ry oo a REe Umea OP [Retation between Paral Tow and Coustertow. Is may appear from hea foc ofthe derivations forthe lw arrangements nt there eile to chores btwn he ‘exgzple whieh follow ‘Seacostata Ut exept whee 9 fd sotherme! (ich x condensing ‘tau thre ne dndint thera dnadnedage tothe ue of paralel Sow. Tupi f. Cleaton of the LA, Ro ld stan x coencn ge RII ES tear S007 and nt be coh to DUPP by ald ld SRE co el hid oP Sal ey te cl pl Sow ot Stet nea emrencat te wee th mp te for enol re a Tat aca naar once ie an ete ee atm (0 Onatetoet -meal napus cate Se A aS “eS gs ia aero = pth = goatiere 8? see tet ut Gi “Solty — mo ata fae - 8 = "oan ir ay BETO » epg 7 ‘The LAFTD for the sane pres temperate in paral fw i lower then fr eoustarfow. nodosa coop pptstons SPF and wo beennd S00 by sl ‘Sed ewag at 10 ot had 30°F (@ Cnnteo: tft 4 it (0 Pera ue ‘egperabre were stained, Uae LMT aml be are ‘oqustion = UA Ai ive Q and Varo finite the beat-traafr aurface ‘Frou have to bn init "Thn las obvi not feutla ‘The inaity of the hoe Suid in pall fo to fll blow ta out ecipeatre ofthe cil fd has a tara fect spon Une aby of spparatus to reser heat. Suppow iti ddd to mcover ach hort ax pone from the ot fd In ample by wing the rate quate of Dotan ex id ao betes but by aemuing that (Dore hest-irasfer mfue in aval. Ina sonlarow appara ft 5 pam to have th bord ott fall te within pechape 8 ot 10° (the co-idlnlett my TIO. In paale-ow apparstan the bet Uranader would be restrict by tho coladuid call temperate rather ‘han the geld-uld lt and the diference wold be the lm ia rover ‘ble het Paral fw ound for eld visor id, howeres, oe ‘he areagensot may enable hghar value of tobe obtalned. ‘Conaider net She caw where the hot terms diferece (Al) i the cating example is ot the greater temperature diforac: ‘ee $8 iain he LTD Wa Wh et ie Comte ” ee puit is EE soca me 7 te Caled@ Process Meat TRANSFER Lastly, when one ofthe fds procs through the spparsts iether snap (endensing sex), paral few and countevtow yield identical emeratarediferescen Bran A Cleats af he LMED wits Ove eben Fa. ll Bid ste fs 1010 8° Us a 300. (9 Greate infu Ona hit (0 Peat fo a ee erate, unl apectcaly quale, all trperatre arrangements willbe swum couutoriow, Many indus types uf equipment ae ‘etully» compronioe between peal low ad counterow and recut ‘sonal stady in later chapters “Heat Recotery a Oouztertow. Very often a siuntatiow apparat avaible which has a gives longh Land therefore fixed urfoe 4 ‘Two procas sev are avilable wth lak temperature Tt and ‘ea ats and speci boots WC and w,e, Wha outs temperature ‘rl be tained inthe spars a "This problem gus am acti of U which ean bo dbacked by the ‘methods of seceding captors fo diferent types of counterow bea anaes equipment. Rewtng Fa (612), rae — 1) — (ft) wel 00 = UA (y= BIT = 8) Rearronging UA (T= Te eet SGSr-) ew Since WOT, — 1) = welts = 6), e/WO = (Ps = Tie wi THis ‘nears tht he rai of the temperate range can be eta’ with ‘cut recur to anual working temperatures Calling this uu ratio en) rewpenarone 8 "To obtain an expromion for 7 alone. natch ana Bet Subatouig in Ba, (6.17) and calving, n= Gmn st 19) For paralial ow itbesomes [Rt drvmonrolT, 4 eramiese — pen no Ee ale ey) ‘a imay be obtained from 7, by applying the hut balance WoUr, ~ 15) = wets — 19 ‘The Calavic or Average Fluid Temperature. Of the four smmptions ued in the derivation of Fa. (6.14) forthe LM(TD, the one which ne Jeet tothe largest deviation is that of constant overall hector seficient Un the calculations of Chap. 8 the nt sooficact nee etapa forthe proper ofthe sid at tho athmetic mean epee, tare between inlet and outlet, although the comerinma ef ipsa, vest vot vet, Tn Hal oid eat exchang ty easy on en ‘gtd Them in shot terital 7; ~ anda eld raaad Peed Seales ofan the ang ot ala tie Tot terminal than wt re te ‘tae, tabs Ue cs ora Toafat a te et ‘edo clase rm he ln Mera We Saat of Ea. (43). ” Bras 8K Caton of asthe Caleinion ont as amr wetter eon (8). AREY a eam maracmcmy (Gy (att bay A nor gl X00 50 x 42 «eato eo;RSS ARAT TRANSFER Oem” (GRRE) == ie (y= (eg as he ~ 00m gig x 0018 30 9328 = 1 ae ‘he tht mn L437 he mT, ih ony 38 pe taro (Gomme rae 018 al the vetinsnun hat tate ea ((EpaEES) 0 = 00 prentand (Spec) 00 = 9pm rom the above iti wen tha: under actual conditions the vasation £ U tay in oven grsi than tht af halon, soe the cutie fm (efclent A, wll vary af the tans tie und in tho mame destion a hy ‘The variation of U canbe taken into aceaunt by mua integration ot 9, th heat transfered over incumeatal legs of tho pips" = dA, Sot using th avecege vuln of U fom point to point in the dferential ‘quali 20 = Undd At The summation from point to point then (Gree Q'= UA Bt very clely. This i tineconmting mathod, sad {he increase Inthe accuracy ef the relt does ot wart tbo efor’, (Cabra hae wndertakn Se alin of probleme with varying valor of by anni th varation of Ut be inear wid temperate and by Be (owed, sar pd ari, he Be ri aly foal tn Poe i llaat tated very Lr et eng co os at of ron ee ee vnc Tale 1 Ti, sel Fg (SES REDS he tac rn ra a at ce to Feary cabo srarton eth ae pen the tabla olag ato ld Ye a Aa re a ie Sigg» rene Hk MiG ta soon ax these exchanger becomes fooled. it i» [impractical vo abut down-ereime ooeexchanes o another foal ‘BEN wing the taunt fang fctos it ean be aang oo that ll ‘So exsanger a th proc Beoome dirty atthe mame timo rgarlen Tecrioe At that tmedll ean be Gsmaatled und cleaned during singe Ritdows. The tabufatd ylaea may ifr frm thwe encountered by ‘Beer in prticlar veri. Hf too froquent caning Deena, & (gouter value of [y sould be pt is mid for future din. Te is to bm expected Uat hnttranafer oqupment wil trunfer mote nae me ohn ey parm nd {int tp deterorte through operation, a remit dct, ntl jot or Uo but wich is operating Creraracel i not fia, Ralering to Hap. (618) and (5.9) se efor a i rod en fh chee te ed Uy). This elleaation is “a not Cakangut wil bres to dever the prous bel rgsiementa When it becomes | a enn tn. cece Trg Be an ames es counreseiow 100 pli tings conte gator and ha parr dropinh xhange EE To hd tb cdl tarpon ah nd fe north ante craton or pms ol fal sing vc” Ones {cise powar dap sloweae hasten Ogata for an exon Sa patos punplog cro abl alma linda completly "yeti ithe eranges ace wi brwise be lows ae ‘Spunded tog «pare eerie in B40) 2 <0 (omiy termrtw *) sin 0 ae ee tom) ss hot. a rn in et yo otenscutenrn hares aay Sty teem fom pie cont Saleen oes SE Siren fed rceictan op ane For gravity flow the lowable presure drop 8 delermod bythe love: tion ofthe storage vel above the Sal cue #in fet of Sid, "The ow ‘Where several double pipe exchange ae exacted In varie sme to snnufon sad pipe to pipe asin Fig, 5, the lng in Eg (6-44) o (814) inthe total for the eat path ‘The preoure drop computed by Bq (8-44) o (844) dows not inchade te prewar depend ws Sil tayo laren ebangers Fer the ines pipet dou pipe exchange comnectel in ve, the entrance Jos is usally nopligibl, bat for aml i may be sgneant ‘The allowance af prestare drop o eae voy ead, ¥°/37, per lpia vil erinailysufice. Buppone water fows i an anus wis mass Yeboity of 72900018409, Since» = O26 h/t (approximately, Vm gd = 5g, = 328 ‘5s Sao 0s * 8 fomno ‘PROOERS HEAT TRANAFER “Th prado pet hpi wilt 3.°/0 X $22) ~ 0.10 ft water (2 00r pa Union ihe vlcy el aboe 3 fp erase sd Sittomnatytoneite Veet Yay tpl detain ‘imam loys Bd wit psc roi of 10 ig 27 > one doped prevouly il bch i cashes sate derdoped previ ib cone ool i H five cauanqr The elton te ty omptng he od [Rucuan Ue Alloring stemming rastansavae Cs 1 cttw ma ean tour hie ots emir quan Q= Unt “ony the Sk problon oes whic ul shoud lend in sal and whic ne ate Tin exp by oa Tae th roti Sw of he ov atu for bth same ar oa ‘Sows prereset a hots san he sen ‘eatri he araogenent prod th most uly eel am rol poms Se For imi sang od se iow enn au gre a Tae 62, oe ‘onata Rw Aus arma Dr Devi ese Toreent | tenia fame Pe |e | a [um [os Nasange, 18 2 xm ow sam | ae [am fom | om axa | am aa fam | om wx leu[rm fon fos 1m th outine below, hot- nd eld uid temperatures aro roprnted oy upper and lower cae letter, mayectivd. All uid properties are Ineated by lower aoe lite tt eliinate the reairetent for tow somenditure. (Cold hat ae, tor oy AP, BO Bae "The diameter ofthe piper mus be given of sama (40) Conver hy oa he = AA) hy EDJOD, Avra: ©) Flow area, a, = x(D} — Dp/4, 1 ‘ 4 flow sve Foran dam 0, Alone =P a couxrsarsow ua ‘A convenient onder of elclation fellows: (9) From 7, 754, check the heat balance, @, usage at Pun tod on, @ = OCR ~ Ty = wot () Flow are, 6p = e074 (& Ma ety 0 = sie i, al pat ‘upon whch fovn though pie.” Bo/() = entpcs 5 342. eae Prom 2% 0/00) 60, nT / Ye) ein te Reyes ma roa Fig. 24 fa which jx = 1M © Moa Be 34 Je = (D/P Mea/n vn. Doga (©) rom Bew/CQNC, m/e, & Bra) COCR A, a a a6 Ts of compute (9/4) (9) Toobin matiply se by DK eu/RY (4 = 1.0) ce PG) EG@)*x10-- 2000007 are 5a2 process EAT TRASPER 46) Men velit, Gs = w/t 1/00) (0) Botabe at Poneto [o/b contain 39242, Brom Dott, Bef) FE), » O/H) obtain he Reyeolde maser, () From Fig. 24 in which je = (hD./E)cH/R Menai vu. DO ‘bua jn (6) From a yy and ll dunal at 7 or campute (/). 12) Mo obain By mutay ju by /DaCea/BY™ (@ = 10)-or EBAY" EY HG) ue aenevoneren (6x Overall nefits (A) Compute Ue = habe +A), Bea/() UCP on (42) Compute Uniram 1/Un = 1/Ue 4 Ra 610) GB) Compute A from Q-— Uedidt which mayb ranted ito length. Foe ength should wot eerepond to an fategn numberof bai ‘is, a lange i the dirt factor wil oul. The ealelated dirt Fotor should equal or exceed the required it factor by ws the tov larger integral numberof bapa, Coletain of AP "Thia roqro a Reowige ofthe total Jegth of path afying the het-ranfer requirement, = YOL/25PD, eas) H1—D) . p,- AEP. eyo. oo Compute te a! ean nme, B= Din Yor Snob, an ey Sin gonna ow Be eo vty td per bin ae. Ho aaa (AF. + APD o/144 = SPo pol. ‘hr naan ot i cmp ie yin bo They he ean is damenane nae (1) Obtain Dt couwraeeiow ns names Dne Bp Beto Tale Rng din oat ‘ani fod Vaso 0 rEg nae sl ss ove toe Tae etn porte ot ee a ed omc Te {2Sugreprte itt Lontinas ection Canto ert fein dieser bp cn ES aga yea wok iw ay (He ble: Desens ty = 951 = torr en nasBareMe ea @ = mm gate — 0) = pM ‘fama, Fa = nF em numeB ae) 1 ca Re (2 LAETD, (en mein Ca): Te it a tt 7 co er - te, ee ibe a, ~ este "47 ow = Hae + 89 = WF Pred sort ene fp tik of Tbe 3 int om SSE a ote aier ax 2 = 099/090) veer, Ba = 2 Tea x Terao = eaten = Tens oa = 8s oor ongenm Tete coommuannner SER. Oe = seo Maes, so x2 xu cia oe 22 Bea/ On) C7) camniltanerc yy ct te mts the OD 2 eae 651 ons i -m ow nl ote (Cinna ie De ten ee BS mere “ (8) Deg ren nec hipee 9) T= Oa Gort yt ody tome Th os meyaerne”, od je | oe (0) Maud mtn aeons Anpky tas = OP, = 508 couvreaniow us om Tal or 38. tp he en ee pobotine aint nes = f= Hota ‘pismo y etn ae 9 i in (ue he mate spl il actaly Bo 18% 485 = 3.44‘ ete Hl ting pater annie. ca dg soit Uo = IER = on Bel eOCF) orale WOM a psa ts) Mee) rd (00, ram pe re D,] () Po Bey = B60 a) sore we ma oo f= 008+ (Bs a aT, cami], Tomer x senso x 100 rs nina(Q) = gH -ore ar SEAT a a a Oy a Teg 18 ne 0 pati a Ke = 02%, Pr ig or ye = Mg Fy ah har in Soe ine ‘Ror tna el ero or al Ce SGI We magn shorn re eps ce aha Seeatlee aa Double Pipe Bxchangnrs fa Sevloe-parlel Arangements. Refering to Brame G1, 1 wen that elolatad promare drop of 92 pl fsue ‘Paoonss HEAT RANSPER ttainod ajo an allowable prasure.drop of 100 pa. Suppose, how rit the oalculat ‘ree 16.0020 pei and exeeded te ‘alah bead. How age mith the baxt loud be transferred with tho ‘vila peeare ew?’ 4 One pai i tho ce of w by-pass that ny three-quarters o twarbirasof the Bald ows through the exchanger Sod the rnaindar through tho bj-pue. This doos not prove an ea ‘elution, anes the rednced flow esos averal unfavorable changin the (deign.” (2) The reduoodow through the eshanger reduces tbe tant ‘rbwly nd tho Sm eoefiiet hy Blnco both af tho coaticints aro tealy alt, 23 va 226, nny slab rductiog in, alone decrees Us Gy oeerly G2, 1) It ln Hqu eredato throug the annus bas {ibe coded ovata lngor range Shan from 100 to 100° wo the, upon ining with th by-pans Bd the pros outlet tmperstre of 100°F real. "AS an example, ibe prion ousting Croup tho anoulas Iiight have to be cola over thorauge frm 10 20 BET dopending upon ‘he poreentago hy-puned, "The cut Uperature of 85°F is cower to the taner pipe alt of 60°F thas egialy, aad tho now cold terminal diferonee Ato only °F greatly decreas the LMTD. The two effec, ‘sereod Us and LMTD, incmase the required number of hairpins testy even though to bat laud i eonstact. "Reversing the Jaton ‘tae weame by placing the bene fa the mnulue dows not provide a ‘elution inthis cae en the beeen sro ilarg than the tle ‘am. ‘The pouty of rvsing tha lonabon ofthe streams auld ‘dvaye bo examined ft whanare Us lowe prswuo drop exaaot Dotnet. "A slution ie wll ponibla, however, even bea all the above bare failed. ‘When tvo double lpn exchangn az connote, the ‘rangement i shown in Fig. 68. Suppo that the stream which too [args fo be sccommedated in poe exchanger i erie divided in hal ‘od each hall texrarame but coy exhagger Srwugh the inner pipes in couxrenrion ur ig 88. Diving a stream in balf while kopng te fw area constant shout on-ciith ofthe sree prone dip, snes @ and wll bo ball andthe product of @-n Ba. (6.40) vl be paeeighth. While ‘he Ma coetciot wil alo be rodtond, the unfprarble tempereture {ference cf by-pasing ran be ceumvented. Where thre its mbetan- tad unbalance botwoon the weight ow of Hx two sreame Doone one ‘peste oer long ange and Ue olher over avery shot ray, the large ‘sre maybe vied in thre, our, oe ore paral streaa T arger fervizes each paral stream may alto Sow rough several exchangers “nverea a ath paral! bask. The term “parcktream” should not ‘be eanfuned with "parallel ow”. "The former rer to te divin of| the How of ene Bud, while tha later refers to the direction of fow betwen to fda, ‘The Tru Tespesere Diderenc for Srine-garalelArangecents. ‘The LMTD ealeulied trom My, 7 ant fr the sven aeangement wil ot be Us are for a seree-patail arrangement. al ofthe pipe ‘hid enter the upper eeakanger [Cin Fig, GS here tho enaafus Hold fe ‘ot and half enter the lowe exchanger in whieh the annulus Mud has sSready Ines partly cole, Whil exchange in serie do not taneer qual quantities of has, the exiorparale rationsip Is evea mare Svar, the lower exehacgoraceountingotrlativly les of the total beat tana. Ifthe tru tempertare dilleresco called Ait wl wot bo ideation with tho LMCTD forthe process enone although both af ‘tho exchangrs operate in counterion. ‘Consider the tro exchanger is Fig. 6 dasated by Land II. ‘The Intermediate temperstare aT, aad the outset the paral sein ae “degnsted by ff sod @. Thue mixed enpers e ‘Por exchangr I, eotsining bal the sues, = oe 29 = UA unre (8) wd wae, = eB on ‘utausting in Bq. (610, wa wom tne WO" FT HH Rear, vA ty Bre" = - aus) = a= weus PRoces# FEAT TRANSPEE ‘a ctw wa =) ~ 3We feos om seta ge Qu = FE(T) ~ om on {ad ae rtln which rout request in obtaining the tru tamper ‘Eis tierce Afton the LMTD. Ste rato of the eld Suid range to domains temperntre opi, th ater being the diferene between ‘oth iat temperate, Ps and | Bat eRe nd from Ea. (019) sd from Ba, (0.29) a5) cvonemoe . stein 43) a om) Te tafe a — am sin me a $ hee nade om ava rica eesretton i ca oF gah Bgustion (6.27 isn quadratic whoo sation ie Pee cern ursnett7] 7 wht VOWED oa) ‘Tho mine sign aplion when te heating modiom iia the pipon The ‘ign apples when th cooling modium ie in the pipes. ‘ubettating for Pin Eq (0.26), PE fi MVE we Pv eea = EC) (RA) + 8] om 11a ge arn arrange a Go vane 1) om, woh Ronn oa 1 n convenient in this derivation to employ a danitin for the trae emcee tone ia ene ot mam fener a Maat 0) oa Pauatng (63) and (032), Fon atr-W)20 epoass Wear TRANSEER Sloce AE = (F, —-To/(Me 6 ative Pm 125 — 60/8 ~ 4) and Dawe = Mj; dea PraM-i oo Svining B29, yg] am va _ ae I (m we eim( SE aafet)a(CHGY 4] 14 devdoyed in» geuliedananner it can be sbows th for ont erin Joleen ah» pal dre, Bx (634) become SE atl ERDGY He] om Re Pp F where xt or one wri cold stoemand'n paral bet rama, “caatgm[e (gy se] eam Mn, whine sod R= Baie Ot a a= oa abetting a Bs. (035) ad brag, 7 = 028. ‘02000 — 10 = B77 an ‘The LACTD wos 287°, anda aera of 27 pr cnt wuld be intel ‘Bachangers with « Vice Correction, ¢. For heating or coting fui, the ie of Fig 4 wth an aoomned val of (/pn)# = 1.0 abo femuines8-teglgble deviation of ud propero foe bothermal fo. {Yor nonvieoove fide the deviston from iwothernal flow during beating couyranniow iat or soli does not introduce sn appreciahle ave in Uh clestion of en the pipewal temperature difere [pprpsaly from the glo tamer th conteling id and the ‘controling Mud i izeon, the astul valuo of @ = (vin) must bo tiken into scpoant. To include the cores ty may be dtermined ‘Ey Ba. GAL) of by (632) from unoorovtd vlues of By/¢e and u/ ty, stich are than corrseiad scordiagly by multipiation by y and #y ‘eapoedvay. ‘Th oorectd sooBiients wher LO are nat) (630) oe «n ‘Sin for tivo rentancosin serio amployiag the vsnalty orrections {oe devition fom the other the an overall onions is gala hake « Ue = id 3) Beane 42. Drie Pe Lae OU-Crde 0% Teen 900 tho» 254Pi hie man bee om 013679 by Fol APL cot ‘at rae he ou li he em Sto 0 “Tieng to of 0 chal pred Fr sh tm, ad he wai amare dtp on ach rn lb po “Thtntort 208 tpn by 2 TPS pear arabe ow many mae selmi hw tall ey be spt Tava hs cde mayb (Sek ig 1c orth ester ae cg 6 900%, 38 Serr cod D7 vam repre enagh latent Diet iam ‘tin (0 Ht aoe [ebe o @ 600 5 00N4t0— 260) = 427600 ae apg tetas = Sra te [er me fas | 18 wb imp tpt th 00/2 agp or mag stents Sov toa toed ore tea ta ese ‘ye pall ae aeesr nate)we PROCESS HAT PRANGPER couvraxriow ua ® 6 Chan re tn Ce res Tear Knee nom or oon tn 0.38540 — 350) = 308°F a 7,25 Keka — 90 =F say = moma/oneen om end nt th ane a fain pps de ot Seo aaaia= dian Los nad = 738 8/000) ” a= Dla Lei eer « 1 ays mt to Ian ean = tp sa, i jn me 2a BO Hg Sane = as m/e) mes met 5 0) Pr = ore - oe ee fn saoeo Tt amgmvzas = ame | cgay oll) - f= e0ans + SA, = ou mee seam» eas cars i Sires cekeene ne eee one meester ome, | ante tit peer x 2a = 196 (Pig. 14 hee ose | 2 isa osm, an mem 60 248 = 1801 TGir ane = Lo net oo he mesa | 0 Y-ali = SBS ~ 0m sous) | anina(Z) =o ite) ~ ate [te ni rn he pe a sr to well ct gl Se id 8pe [eh oan OO pa14 ‘PROCESS MEAT TRAMSPER smgmeus ey “Ca Osta oma to tray T00T to do 60°F being ao ret any a ono NOPE. Aone he pes we et 2 tals Sop eng wi ul aap ch eri Rechcenvegtsuift Wann ojucatines Sereno! iftinatsndcad deans erence rope sos coord ar ‘esto eth yore erin ro a eek creat 10a Hem gat psn aoa Ass Soy ait gore ee Poet © How dah ae 4 ea oe ae? Etna srk no ot Rete 63a hr va) mba si tm 0 S577 ty btn APT ents OFA ewes ‘Sopot ona npn bot trang enfin tae ‘pride. Hy many sot hare of Hoty The sl pg TSE ola ity Ee at te tae eet "Te oo bvare ane wets no Sn oo i ft von rps ot AST iy ak do pea Dt poesia peg mnie dt iro) hw an ‘Sbpur af rt bo salty baronet, an a se al feo counzaeriow a2 631, 1560 Bh of AT ge Exner vi) Sto tacs ty betel sublets prt Soe So nar eay by Di PS dole emgage 1S'p ae permite ang wie inn acer oF 04) Hy ‘ia il?) How sa er be aang) What ef at “ESE nao Bg srt i oS el 6 227 by and el e109 Pat tap by SerER el ‘Semple se ys dope ioptae rate” nit too tor rc” fr try hep edt) Hal sit) Wh el nest NOMENCLATURE FOR CHAPTER ¢ anne st 1 Towa rca rn Un ft yi ‘eal tet i a eats 0} Aeterna inate ete a ‘reali ee anew pp, Dyin dane ‘rials dancer or bento aed prmae dv f aa damn rato 8 page AR OS F ‘Beal miei, Btu O08) elgtn org pay ‘Reopen pan Or FOL = 6, naman Naber afta sane Qaeda er ‘Eafe peer =~ ee fears gear NT th Bron gr : Hovtow, Se Berean ey (F~ 7 in Nerntnpeen (FF dann ‘Tampon oop Ch Pole 19, dine WRReRYIge emer Er PAs SgnEnp8 Pocnss ERAT TRANSPER ng Ry Re Coan ld it cee it tr, DONC) ‘he Réel sabe fr reer an pwede, Snes tna ain, 3 emprtar pru ets = 1 don ‘ pees pay weal Syrcm, Horna compen por elt nd oul of bt il F BT Clem uenpent tbe Fists Goat npr aga i wt of fad °F Co Gln temper of el id S,Symeratllre impedes = Unt at Beau Coban tortemin! uperta diene, ite vy Oren atc ht onl, dn tin de nat, ‘saya oen ya Wah nw ott i ye Teh how ot etal re : Baan : ‘Renan, innate z ‘firth sei pete nti x 2.8 «1/1000 5. Veewty at tm pal seprtny semper % 243 = 0/6008) , Dena, it ve ‘ iar ‘The Tubular lament. Tho flat of many Industral sevese rogues the ue of a large aumber of doubl pipe harina Thee feosune eonsenble ground aren aod tls etal’ large number of plots which lenge may over. | Whare lao heat-irangler aia {Ee required, they can bast be obtained by means of sbalhand-tbe ‘ton wo that flows ato the grooves ad forms an extrema tight ‘eal Tube rong sail, nce a fubo say be damaged by rolling to ‘Paper thinnen aod loavng x ea with ide straturl erat Tn some india uae fda 40 Stl te in tube sheet 0 that they ean be ramoved ely ae shown in Pig, 72. The ubee are =a8 eocuss HEAT TRANSFER ‘ctu pace in the tue host by marae of ferrules wing sat metal packing Ting. "Goabchngec Tebot. ‘st erchangur tubes ar li reered to einem bore shout by ofan with sel pipes o other pes Sipe which nr extruded to itun pip esr. Tho outside diameter of wr Pmitange or condenser bes inthe seual tae diameter inches iin a very atet (lennon "leat-exehange tues are availabe in 8 Taney of wet wich inl te, copper, dirty, Munts metal, ‘iam, 7090 sopperske, alam brense wumimum, and te sai Tenelecle They are obiazable i a number of diferent wal tikes ‘Siined by th Diraigh vite gage, hich wrually teers toa th {BIWO or pore of tho be. “The ins of tubes wich are gery arai- “Shear ted in Tate 10 of the Appeal of which to % outadedian- yyw ser and 1 in, OD aro meat ommon io hes-xchanger desig. The dt Sf ble 10 hve been arranges ire manner which wil Le most wo! Sonics cae Sivas ie mmm ices, Geta cenar ie or eqs GD on 194ia. sanguar pth. Tn Fig, 72 tho squarepiich than teen feated 48%, yet womanly the same as in Fig, 730, “Tn Fig. Td a mechooically eesable modieatin of triangular teh 6 be Pananset-couNTERILOW 120 ctor 0p lo 1 no given In Table 11. Above 12 and iolding 4 in. the actual out diameter and the notsnal pipe dlamnetar ar tho eae, ‘The sandard wall chest forall thle ameter from 12 to 2 ia facunive ie 3 im, which Ia saactary for lade operating _grssrea vp Lo 300 pu" Grener wall thicknbes tna be cbained for {Bowter poantes. Shela above 34 In. in dmetar ary tabicsted by folng ste plate ‘Stationary Tebe-seet Rechangert, The splat type of exchanger eth fae or ttioary tabeahe exchanger ef whieh the one shown in Yig-TAisan emople. ‘Too ementil part art shall), egulpped with fro noni and baving tube sbeets (2) at both ends, which abo serve ‘tango forte attachment of the two chants) ad thei epetive 74. Sunn lr mine, staan covers). Th abe expand int Yo tbe stand eruopod vit sumer bute (om tel eo clo GT EE lestee butinter aston i ely ted othe {tana bem heen lh foo htt cre ‘eine alee ye appara ' sles ali a tate. gw i Sah hash ange era ‘eto ‘aie ate sone oleae when eal op! ld Ge ood tas sl The gloat foe eigenen iitnterd ropa he ns vy okey Spent Spon tin Gams of esa” The P 4 stn opel oa : ‘Tal ecurely hy means baflo pacers (6x shown in ig 7.4 which ‘rat of Usough-lia sowed lato the tube aboot and a number of‘Procgas BEAT FRANSPER 0 malls lgi pp wich fom she noe den allen ‘luge al haven i 8 ‘AY Mons Soe several types of hfs which ae employed in heat exchang- na a en omen wri ae $2 Saptari pth Bite we me. 2 FRE Sand tar of esta Thve te Ha ot ntsc wed throngs ha ba Stone at ae ao ple inde, “An xtlent too tn thw to te i iio iten preemie by Dass’ ‘They may eterno fo Mepandiven fw or may be vid 9 to vie aetna 100 ner beng dele ven «treo Tid and Bos “Shan. In Bp Cha 0-28, 14 Panauas-couvrsRriow it ‘ough the shal, The bale pitch and not the 25 per cont cut of the ‘af, as shown ater, determines the wostvewlaly of sll id. ‘Other type of bas are the dia and doupnat of Fg. 7.7 and the rife balla in Fig, 78. AMhough adtiond types are aometinee cenloyed, they are not of genera importance. ‘Paad-tubecheet 1-2 Rachanger. Fcabangen of the typo shown ia ‘igt 74 and 7.9 may be canard to operate i ounterfiow, nobis taming te fact that the shal Ou ows arose oul ft aber ‘rom praca tandpint Iti very Bout to bain high veonty ‘wen can ofthe fd ows through ll tho taber na ingle pon ‘Tha fan be circumvented, however, by modifying Uo deigy wo that tho tabe ‘hui is caried through factions the tubes eommestivly. Ax campo steps Sed teat, ‘is ahowa in ig. 710, in which ‘the tbe i Hows through tho tro halves of he tubes suena.m2 ‘PROGESS MEAT TRANAHER ‘Tho exhangte in which theihleide id ows in one cell pace and the dino crore paris Mcang. Aan hee ineanployed wilt petition to ptt the entry and wit f tho tbo Bul ftom th ame charnel, At the oposia end of the exchange a onnet In provided fo perm the abel #o ere fem the fin othe aocond ‘pass Ag wth al fed tubers exchanger, the ous ofthe tobes 1M PARALLEL-COUNTERILOW 138 ‘The disadvantage to ch ue of « pl-throuphfsting hed i ne of dpe gponetry. ‘To secure the floating-hal cover itn seceeary to ‘bit to the tabe sheet, andthe bolt ctl equi the wa pace where it would be pote oie reat numberof taben "The bolting net nly redvces tho numberof tubes which mignt be place inthe fae bundle but also provides aa undadraefow anne betwoea the bundle sd the sbll.”Thes objections are overoome inthe more conventional PeTae Mint 12 etane, tren Fundy & al Oo) sxe itconible fr iepstin oe mechani dain. hi en ny mt ‘rotary doer or «vie ‘rw cel In. Seadchrcaet exchange, ans bth pe, ‘Swale he dll, tend toexped diferent aod ean suns oo ‘eteadoary tate si "Kemowblo-pedle Hucangest Ta Pig. 71 shown a counterpart cl tho 13 excange vig abe le ih i emoratle roc hn Tat, Pisa fone Seba, (tine Fon dine) 1 comin alana ab th, wish edgy ren ‘Dingle Shaan ang and al Sage.” tthe spon he True te faerie expanded io arly ig ag te sh ce [asing hd. h fonder Bato tots te St ad the {ate bende cat'b withdren om the chaos! ea. "Tbe sells Sct bys eel bom. The fig head Std sen th ‘Eteen expansion pts not ane and ead a pull enh foot had. P.738 Pinan 2 smnge, Ut Pay & Man Co) spleving foating head 1-2 exchanger shown in Fig. 7.12. Althoogh itis sy epi 1 mauled hae « pet mbar riecanicl advabinge. It eifes from the pallahoogh type by the ‘se of «eplivrng ausembly at Ue Soutng tube abet and an everdaed shell eover which scommodateat. ‘The deta of api rng sows i ig 7.13. ‘Th floating tube abet i ira ttre tho fosag head ‘over and «clamp ing placed in bak ofthe tale thot which ia pit a Tlf to pesmit-dinmanting Dierent stamuactuer ‘have ferent Uro P23 Selig ae swodibatons of the dang shows har but ey a tempi she erp of providing Inreaad rurface over the pall hroug Honing ‘ad in the sae ss bel Cast channdls with boaremorabe chen! ‘ova ae slo employed as hown in Fg. 772, ii La nd Tab Gs. "hh mame ot tn art fr an exchanger with v mpitving Soting hand i shown in Mig 714. The actual layout a for» 18} in: ID tal wth Lin. OD tabs on 1¥¢in, tangular ite arranged fornix tube puee, The partioni PROCKES TEAT TRANSFER a ala shown for ‘is channd! an floating head gover slong. {Tin Ge orientation ofthe pas. Tubes aro not usally Ii out y= TDetaly in the tube het. sre entry epce i eully allowed nthe ‘Bil oy omitting inde dctty Seder te not nom 0 a8 fo minimito ‘RS caleracton eect ofthe fd entering the shall When tubes are RCT me et Tat, Tone yg tr 1K I emp OD abo 1G rant Dhan ¥ Ini oat with micimm space alowaneos betoen partitions and oi Ihe tobe and win a diameter fre of obgerucion called the euler be Tb the mamber often in thetayout ith tbe oun. TR ot alas ‘nthe wo have an egal nua of tubes in each pat altbough in Iarme Pessanges th unbalance shel! sot be moe han about 6 pe emmt, In ‘Sopondr Table 9 theta cotta for 94nd 1 in, OD tubes ae given oF Beestan sland one, for, sed ight tube pe arrangements ‘rama, To Cover Berar Auvorsso (BUI Many Prerwery * mine eae wee nw & One ® ‘These tube sounts inl a fren eteanoe path below tht ike now (Ghalto the crowooctionl ae fC nosdes chown in Tablo7.1. When, Sitges pond o ued exrn ty space can bo obtained Dy Maring {he ile nonle ate bao oF removing the tubes which ordinaly Be lege tho nkt ose ‘ected Floating Head. Ancther odioatin of the foating-bead 12 ‘ehanger inthe packed Hoalagteed exehanger shown in Fig. 7.35. ‘6 PARALLIL-COUNTEREOW ae meetagemennaun tte embeine movnarna egies Sey cacencenaeeeamaeentcs See eee er ert Steen en aoe sesame Pia TAK Ted 3 ange, ann Pandy & Meir C2)186 ‘Paocnss ms4T TRAWSrER nuating modiction ct the U-berd exchange shown a Fig 1k ent snr sony tab ett ad en IeSjge on ad ssa tera abe ral on cum ren sma. fy wg to tube lets with and eup between {Seiler ld lig rou to ndsing tie het wil nap {Ge gsarphere In th way titer of tho seams an ona {Beckie ona real lonkage sept when ube af ods. Even {abe tr can be proveted by apiyng a rere ck te to fsbo perl. ‘rit CALCUEAMON Oy SHELL-AND-TURE HICHANORRS. ‘Sal-ide Flim Coeciatta. The heat-iancer ceficinla cuskie * totg bedi wy fred ow hie iin. When he abe fle employs allo directing the sella duidacrose the tubes om top to bottom a ld to le, tho oat tranaer coolant x higher than {er undisturbed ow wlog the asee ofthe tube Tho higher tender ‘oust ol tom te fore Sciulenee Tn agar pitch a sen ing ith oo ft a Contino Staion tx ‘ton he cl ra btw ‘Hist tate eared ih he ‘dar ch een otras ec evengrater {Steemuntred not he Bd ow ing betreenadicot tee at gh typing ecto thew. tng me oil hen th pre ad early ee ie ssn, {eat pik eapeorfr Wests ghee oe Sint This estat the oa nd der compare condi of fw od tibet hn connor ings tc engl 38 pet Cont pratt than for agar ph " Sere faster ot triad n preowtng capes nfnce the a of ‘atten thse de," Supes teen oa bande died {et bate” AY he Blt tn te nae wven tet {es bales a anal in the tam bagi of bun, ould egue {Shee tune be cand a tal of even nm, tbe Gon epee ‘ng the reer trblence.” In eton fo the ete ofthe ate ‘paste lect wan lady the ype of pt obo cams and Show dririne.|Fotberoy ere 20 {8 Sow ate by wich the bide mar velo can be compute (4 PanaLLeLcounTeRrLOW i lace the flow ara acne cron the amar he bundle withthe dite ‘eat aupuber of fube cranes in eae Tongitidinal row of Yaben. ‘The “gris ie lei iy at optic ‘bore put by exponent. However, in aablahing a nebod of core: ‘on tho form ofthe est-tanferuetr jn = (AD/2) 9/8) Mpa) een, has oan retained, in sgrerent with the uggtion ef MeAdame, ‘but sing Seto vals for the equivalent damier Dy aad the one ‘locity 0s dscuned below, ‘Figur 8 in the Appendix ia sortation fda data which ves satisiactry result for the hydrombon, oyasic comps, wate, oyun elution and gat when the bundle etploye bales wth scp sbleclearanoes between bh and tuber and tern ballev and shele® {tin nat the mean curve through the data but afoaurve wich thatthe Fo ne to sion soveal typical proces tempertarea and to Oph fader Ft 12h, heel pp peo aad rien rin th bon ant In Ba, 140) ro eee yrange mn, Tol he nen De Sa aptamer «reall ow et ee lines eomeriow ccace de tan Ser pct ieee! he rave mn ras, ei Saree ech with ol ono 10 {be bundle, taken as the Snide diaroeter of the abl in fst D, wad the tamber of ines th bande fa cowed 8 + 1, where Wi the mumber of Tales, fis the tube leugh a fet, ‘Number of ere, 4-41 = tbe lng, in. tale mace in = 12XL/B (743) 1th tbe length in 117 and the bales ae pace 18 in: past there ‘rl be I emer of 10 ball. Thee should says be an od aber (crue if oth sel non are on oposite iden of the all and ac, ‘ren number If both abel cals ar on the sue eof he cel. With ‘doe balla spacings at sonveiea intervals wach a In. and under, one tlle may bo onfted if tn number of erowes i nt aa lateger The ‘sual! dameiar wed for ealeclating the femue drop isthe tne ‘for boat tranter, the adddoalfltion of thn abl elf being ag Tela. "Tho notbermal equation fr the preaure drop of Said being ‘eatd or cole and eauding entrance and et we it ar, TREN. MOD ne cansracn naar rare At) gives the say i th pie gny tte uid, Berton.) Soe Pole hen algeet amin See ce a ctr et SAS tee tr te i ne te “yy Ba, (7.44) smloly Ji Fig. 2 by Ma ee at yin 4. gb Foti haete mir ce Aan Taher sl gin esi om gas) engi and isthe wpe n is the number of bo yess, the tube logy S00 TERRES fam into" deiaionn are nt ire, bat acre aa ‘ae te fm usp no We neta 1-4 Pawauaat-counrsRriow ue 2, From the bot baleane @ = WO ~ fy) = wel 6) knoe sucfac Ay dod they tue tpnpertar diflerence forthe pros tamper farsa value ofthe doin o ty coeion, Unie Obtained. Ue must {Ged Up waicieny no Gat the dirt foto, whic ea aaa of the ‘one suitace, wil permit opersion ofthe exhanger fora rncouble fod of service, “Tia allowable procure drops fr the two strane may not be escola. "Wen thw ae fled anexsng exshangerisultablefor the procsas ‘alton for which tha bon ated. Ip tard ealulaton the Smt ‘ot whieh arse to Joarmine whether the bot ot eld Buk dou be {hoes the shell Theres uo fst rule, Ove steam may be les {nd the ober smal, and the bate pacing may be sich that ia coe fastanoe th dali flow weno il be arg. Fortnstly any edo tion eanche checked by mitcibg the two aban and aeing which ‘ernment ves the larg value of Ue with! exending th allowable ‘ressue drop. Pactclaty in preperation fot lier rods theres fone advantage, however, ia wating calculations with she tube ade, ft mag be wll to ovals the habit, The dataled spe fn the Tang of an exchanger are culined belo. Te suberpl and tate {wel to dstioguishbelwoen the hel and tbe and fr the cline the tot id as Bren one to bein ho abil” By almaye placing the tht uid onthe lf the ual mthod of compsting the LMTD may be rind. ‘The Caleuletion af an Bsleing 1-2 Bxchanger, Proves caniont rauied . Hot ald: Pye, Wem by Be AP (Cel Blt ty, 8, Ba BP For the exchanger the following data must be nowe: Shel vide Te side » [Namber and bgt Basle waco OD. BWC, aol pitch Paes Paces 1) = wel) (@) Tree temperate diference a: : ow a10 ‘PRooHSS MELT TRANAPER (3) Calorie teopertare 7. and + (6.2, (620) at sa ae. ot ui: wie te) row RET D Ghee te] Po an 28 att |e am prem Ta 1a? olen ow ane abe Jen exces Baca ay Mam d= fe 9 |) Mw = wn B/E Tc ( obna Den Fg. of | (Onn, tm al 1,8 weer teres Sep 28 ce lau wp x2 | a= ie eine BS Gee tom Me cj tom Te 3 FO a3) Ags BOI ad Siftriacens Srssee Sonate oun cae oe cie CG) te aml nde (E) 6 est an Nemo cnet a 0a ena cbt 9 (a8) obtn pned 6 = G/N ny bin em 0, ‘Me | amore gee ore eM er comet ens AEF | Q8) artnet = SS tee) a ean) (i Cn cre on De we os eg ont a eh eae Fc en A = LH tong Davoren (Detter Be aa Mgalt een ew tga oe cata it tr, rel il mn ata Te cane rer Urs erat resp B= {SAT pt dene tT entan A tea pera in a renin. 1M PARALLEL COUNTERELOW i Pree Dep (ay Fr Bin 6 tin fn Te aq] OBO eta rn DS} Nanbersod nth ~ 8" amas =” “Sorbonne = WG = TH, coe (Mat ae aoe 9- ame xen — mm ~ simae nae Seelam ein 9 tt coi = fa) = Sloe ae me v [ieter| im [| m 2 [tone tmp |_| oo ww | Ditmee” | | me Jawa a7 aarp = seis or ow Saget Om . Fens “AL = 0.905 1505 = 1867 cd“iaaee sho AsohoNpTO OWA NYE og) Pe Popes tang sary sep send worn ter ares peak Poa ‘im eno Ao nye oom otin SeDTD De) Pe meee wan een ee sey Snare oy toot 127 ony lee 10% B= wie Nora at B~'o eT Soiaetacnee tema s0- 4 ovat ‘Heat o & 12 (0 090 a Tra wen anxere erase ie 1M mm so-fo-na oo ont ‘pias seo =e a sweatin =f sweeten oo een ET] ‘wae opm ea toa a emee yr ae teem /rar tao ore ~ FREER 52080 ony mem 8 ckaneorma 990 = BLEED - RE eg 0» 890% t= Yo oom Vaal 0 0 yap emie oe 9 7 canontov/n eo BLE TE AEE og 0 var emo omy Ua or doneannoo-rererara es =o = | rmourone on = wows ov = sen at “eZ = meme png oro] 9 = ee ny mena er fos aa Tee ey = actly = evar rma Towvnave: t- “Sowa eee creel = nie = rw (ey | ere arom oe aie (tr ~ ME et = auton Gaara ero = ‘dame = Go) an once, sy Premier = | aacaoratoq aes = staan = ‘nina ont flr ea) aca mo (A) suuyro= sx mnieirox or” arom roa) ‘smite = elt gel x minx se0x sete = (treet er Sat ee gir0 fre ano) ( Aawi/e0% at ~ > ao meine poe rr can OR “wr sere on we cg smc pommel Fee ee mo ee pet ~ aL x 0+ on = 7 cn see (Quen we yma) OF = arm m2 aes ©) ‘waqunras aren exaooes orvs ‘Pnoomas Wear TaANSTE echengers Using Water. Colng operation wing water i tabular cequipacat ar very common. Deepa abundanos the best éranaer (Sarectertin of water mparteit fom all other fide Tt coresive {Sindh pariaday when the tube-wall tperatareishigh and soled iris pret abd nany intel plants wo nonferrous ben exconiely vraier "The commonest oferous Caer aro edly, red brated eopper,aloagh in ceria lain {Gere prerenos for Monts acta, aburinum Bronte and abs. ‘Since sel re wally fanaa of sal, water in bot handle inthe ie When water flows ia te fue, there inno serious prob of ‘orrson of the chanel or ating wd cove, ince thee pata ae ten ‘Sno of chron or ate el. Castings ne rlsivey parve to wale, {2d large corion allowanem sbove structural requirements cas be Provided iexpendely hy malg the cetngs Deavir, ‘Tube sheta Tay be made of hoary ead pte with « eoreionallowanee of aut Yorn above the rue eractal ticks or fbriatd of naval bree ‘partion, Bill anor factor of eouatdrabl importante athe depo Genel miveral wale, When water of wrerage mineral and nit content ‘rough to a lerpertine in exes f 120°, ii found the tbe ation ‘omnman ean, and forties an cule water temparainre above {°F should be avoided. ‘Cooling wait rarely abundant o without cost One cf the geious problema fag the chenial and power Sadustris today rete from Tin gradual dnncy of aco and aubmatace water in ares of ida {aia eonoeatzton. ‘This canbe partly overcome through the we of ‘ting towers (Chap. 17), whi oe the ooaing water aad reduce the ‘Sequineat to only pe sent the amount of water roguied in once {ugh ane. River water ay provide part the ection toa dae tf ound water, ut isos and prupren the proximity ofa river Sliver weir mim Gnaliy bo mained by moving serene and pump ‘connderabe ditaoay, anda ue locate the water from river eervic- Scr in ret iting ington beie ‘enter ‘Many rable municipalities have lglated against the ue of pubic water supplies for large coli purpoes other than for makeup i (Goning tower orapeny-pond stems, Where valle, municipal water 1-4 PaRALLRL-COUNTERFOW 15, may erage about {cant per 1000 ga, although it asthe adrantage of its gunraly arab from 20 to 60 pl praare which inadequate {or mom process pons Ineuding the prea drops in heat exchange ‘Where a coling tower lol, the coat ofthe water determieel bythe at of trab water, pping power, fan pome, and whioof on the "Pie ahelbside heat-tranfer curve (Pig. 28) covlaes very wall for the furtof water acronttabo bundles, The high theme] eonducivity of rte ral in rately high fim concent compared with organic Usa, ‘The we ofthe taboaide curve (Fig. 2), bowever, gives ooo iets which are geealy high In its plnce the data of Eagle and ‘Perquoa' for water aloe srogivenin Fg. 25 sndarercommendod whan parameter, (in, 18 BWG tube sth bee, and the oorecion factor obtained from Seen Pg 8 sl te pl whe ny erie eter aa watensooalr exchange with individual lm eneficients ranging {rom B00 to 150 for both the sell and ube theodetion of tho roqurd {et lator merits serous judgment. Asan exemple if fn eoutieonta ‘1000 ao obtained cn the sell and tbe ide, thc combina reistances lm cr Us = m0. aoa actor 09g, te {aor tetas the onrling tectenoe Whew Us fang acter feat mn bath he of he echanges the oe ae nel ae ‘a “achanps the oe fo =a nena age "age, Ay ad BM eer Se, AB, 0-56 (10.warts ane a ena ee mat Vaso = Fore — zx [eas bLOFO = Svar = on CH) ag emg oe ae oo ene OBZ Ea yen = SO aon X ont = ¥ Wiattsro= 2 Wemne 1 voeges tee 1) “rary = va tn wp 00 = ews acy tap teton ptm tm eet amet om yy eres aor Lon ME eg Caan n= BOLE RE A oy a yrsgon mao em Wea tah ert = Jessen seem mas Ceca ta Seysro asi = colar x mo | MF Res Xtegx t= Ue Ra far= oa ok" ea at 1x JB) afm Uh amen en ante | mmm neo Aotmtaxnortamrava #1 ast srt yoraner x00 = Ware) reas "Waneanorea et (Seance => ae DEX wo ~ Mas» 2¥y () vahore~ tea coer = sone 4 A castor = rae = “pelo = Ux wO= eee EY WO cencrore cen = ltr sat wa = 0 su nero = 0X mi/verd x cl = liu ae = avo XH tere ta Spiren ae] renustt ses torre eormaven» 0 |liry tel Samia Xam = See as ee | en ou ocr reno ieee mem meses eat, greeny iy Fores Seyi aap te Ppa AL org sata =v x 900= Shp Bevo ware U5 y ore daw oe avn ane Cn ao | = |oimer a | [eonaem| ma cy ee ® _/0e nl =~ 091 ane area ema ve ovbrt = GE fx mc = Ba ang ro re meet wear oumer maf = gelome'ao sts inva ‘fg et 2 ede ver dpeuen “Ee = coo ‘as en a easxves vain gorooue oo18 PROORSS HRA? TRANAPER Pramas Dog ‘he anual ont of water and the Cd dsp, which flue maintenance ‘od depreciation. 1 Cris the total sno cot, Cp = (wate onto) hr yanmaa be) gael fet cco Q= wel ~4) = ACLETD) siaatnng ena ey 4 aon fod the wstae A= Q/UGMTD) Or = Oe, + ye =) + EMTS ‘+4 PARALLAL-COUNTERELOW 180 phrs# = annus operating hous ‘Go = wer eo (Gy = nana fed chart? Amusag U in cosiast uverp = A= ate owing al factor content exept tha walerouletecpeatre and —e . ant eat) om O(a Sar ‘the optimum ooadllon wil cour when the tot ganual costa a min ‘bo, deus when dCs /ay = 0. ‘Dierenating and eating the repective parts, Wie (Tam te ~ a8 vation (7.51) ha been plotted hy Colburn aad ia reproduced in Bi, coe Arnage TA Caen lhe Option Onan Temper A vont satrersat om 75107 ehh ene alin °F. What eo Stee tcp? xem a0 ‘Taepeo ato wae a a Se G8) ame rau = 1 om em Few 794, . Boyes er? bo Bites SE10 Process pear raANerE When tho wale of U high or ‘harp i tangy boli ange the ‘optimum oxgeb-wetertmperataze may bo coder above tbe wpe init of 120%. "This no corel ie th tanitenaen oat wl probably abot 20 persent of he inital cot, then the tomperature aes sbore 12007. Ural faformation i tot tral onthe incre in miaienane ce wth increased water-olet B 2 ‘Boo 724, Ortlmam otle = Lect RT Ree, RNa Tea ol ‘exapeatare, nce uch dala ena not Sly eatructive tela but verde age over along period of te. “Suton tcbanges. Une ofthe commonest clases of exchangers ease the coating or heating tations fot whi Uc ow pay ‘physical data. This io understandable, snogproparty vx temperature ‘lots are romred ot ealy for ech combinsin of lo and savant but for dierent coocentzsions aswell.” Some of the dats eailabe Is ‘Dodteratare ander sade prmit the formalin of ral fr eati- ‘ating the heater propertes of aolatons whea the rues ae wed with considerable cation. Ther are given a felloms Cheat Ba Rnd (49 Pansies counrenriow ia ermal onde: ‘etuoon fiona: ute the weighted conductivity. ‘Soles of organ Hiuida and water> use OS men the weighted ‘emductiviy. ‘Scltions of sla aul water elated throngs the sal wxe 09 tee ‘the conductivity &f water upto cneentations of 30 percent, Scllions of alte and water sulting Ureugh the tubes and not ‘exzoding 30 per cent ws Fig. 24 witha omduotivty of 08 that of mater ‘lla diperiony: ue 0.9 times the candetvity ofthe dispersion Spf het: ‘Organic lution: wa the weighted specie bat. ‘Organi roltions in water ue the weightod pai het. ‘Publ alsin water une themighted specif hen wher the specie Tat ofthe sal fr the eryalie wate. Veo: Organic Hui in npc: we the reciprocal of the sum ofthe tama, ‘oti fracton/vaeodty) foreach component.we PRocnse FRAT TRANAPER un - 297 we aeBoan a on Penom oom last x ee Ua ‘Tolpente tree ol a ot rin ‘Seemed ce en ici ot tl aie X28 ~ 00 syrennemes spRerer. ar CHAPTER 8 LOW ARRANGRMENTS FOR INCREASED HEAT RECOVERY ‘Tee Lack of Haat Recovery in uchangers. ‘The important lniation the 12 eshangere eed in Chap. 7 ew i hae inbrentiabiiey ‘tie tho tube fd sas fom 890 00°F, Al he haat a the Bok Haid rem 140 2 80°F le senor lot fs 12 eahanger Beenusn of the down in Pig. 825. Tn a 3 exchanger opening with the Masel ‘experataes and sown in Fg. 8. it een tat cro exo Ut ‘ot ai leaving te sal at 40°F fo ford o yas over Cab urrylng ted cold Haid having u tenpertane of 10°F. Ths the eal ad ay be cre ate pat oat oer ha cal odm6 ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANAPER {ha fubo uid may be hokind tom temperature dre ta tit, When. the fw uid ae ear nt oem the sal Dog sak, ‘The tne Te ence af tn ‘alle recon eating bora Fig ae ao that the MOP shal et ser errieouneen Ae. mye Reeee e a engl t es ow ements cel Suid nad neveioon incon wit he 10°F abet ‘PawesTand i een Sotet iy ith and pgs Tio TV aren ‘Sconctony wih U ine an toda abt ote pe ayn rng fae was (aaoatrco irony altbough thie bay nd tan evorat 10t0 16 po ‘eat whan larg temperature dileance exit between the average tom “peta the tel Haid Sto Gro all passes.” Tho assumption or Bera endanger alo apply. alerting tothe 24 excbangerin Fig 83, es $A Roe 8 hana eas Bhatt ‘OW AReANORUBNTS PO INCREASED HEAT RECOVERY 177 (esl ld tempat ia, whem it fovea dzetin afer te fit the fab tempeatore whee it ores direction aller tube pass. “Tie otro 24 exchanger may then be eared sas to 1 in eto at shown in Fig 84 wi nese Sedat temperstare Tend, Caling show exchanger Yand 11 fo Fig 8 tho eat baleoes a, opty, L OUT, ~ 7) = wel ~4) an 2 Wott, ~ 10 = wd ~4) wo ‘Tee quanti tre i a Ta by noth tae yuna (7) ay be tn frac he eee 1 Yh pg Pict a= wt = VFL we TVET T+ ya ~ CB) VERT Yn Sb Tmt G4 C= 2) VEEL we EVE FRAT 4G Ce VET iy algebraically lininating 7, and a Bas. (83) and (84) through the swe of Sand the eat Dalances In gh (81) and (2), Fi given by (VETTE — Nie — Ht ~ Feo Spee CREATE TETT y= 8+ GI) VO=OORE)— VE oan (6.5) as been pod eg. 10 ad wel be ad for 24 ceabgon inte Foster equation @™= UA f= CAF XIAITD. A ‘npuroo bar nen mad bebe i atesolP in} and24exhahe- trusts lng wher tol ehang toy Bat open intial tnmpenire rasp. Th advanag ef i 2 ow arc ‘ont apres fom tbe laren temvrfre some pri Tn Fig 80 thes teach yt hen (07 ra ofr eying epoch tot tho ld Bl 2 aed rng om 0 AOE ree {E639 exchge hao aoe Pr = 070 compared ws Pr = OME fea ei entouper its poor tat spree be of enna nina th eter rom ae eat fy which ny bo aie Mechs, hover, eSpace {ga iene tea ater ec! wh mre dan Saving ore anno tel) pare, lg i pn tat the 24 sccaape & thrnaly ented ih too 1 cimapty ta sabe {reser ere tha hee pone inn 2-4 exhnge ca be schive by ‘sng ted xcango nets (6-6 srongeo) oto 4 exch a eo= moras nese Duunartn teins (68 rtngment) Vn efor urgent 1 ahs GleteRate pena pt iol fetes hnt ey ccnine We 24 wane Tena ay tel nl Go sae maser P12 a == aa a ry ® c os} read tra mad it Compaen obey of 34 Sean whol al etn a a co & peek er Fa 8 kane ent impact ie ‘Exchanges having odd names of tbe pases Dave 20) tee wen ter cane they ay create echasial problemsin tationryeabesbert ‘cchangere aad are bot fen employed. Fiche’ has ealcalstod sod ‘lotied tie values of P, for wyerel odd-umtered tube armngenenis Naturally fore maxim valo of Pr te odd sbe-pes arangnmcst {must be Pied 0 thatthe mit ofthe tube pam ae in counterion ‘Tih the dal fd rather haa in paral fw. ab, WH, Yn. B. Chem 9 97-32 (88. FUOW ARBANOBMENTS FOR INCREASED SEAT RECOVERY 179 1 ol fel Fe ‘24 Tubalar Rachangern. Two mthods by which the 24 temper stare anangorent i aeldeved in tubular oxoangers are shown ia Fn Gp and 80. The i Fig 88 in simiar to an oronry 12 schager sept that both ofthe dal noel adjacent tothe st tionary tae shoe. ‘Toc thease of pit eget alls a remaale Jomgtidinal bale iinet inthe tbe bundle. Unaly some type of veal i provided betwen the longtadaa! bal ad the sal, sage aay‘PROGESS HRAT TBANSPER ' tween th to sal pases invadates the ele. reauine esting male he oui of Chal In lr shel hin ital Eitbeally, Furthermore, fo orfer tha the bundle be removable i x ‘Homary tne te Sting tbo shoot n to halves which are joie OP eidage oatinghed eover and a backing pies to prevent tho tr, ale | (0888 ff Seco 10000 ff 0000) SE lel say om my et te ser a og ‘bade at the centar line of the tubesbeet aleo permite SS eee oe ta ii ae see 1B rat tees finde Se nig, 813 are horsonaly aah: Ja wile the euont portions sre equal t-thow of ordinary sogrenta OW ARksNORUHTS FO LxCREASHD UB ‘Tho mass voocton in thin cao ae th suze per inc of bao escoveRY 181 se, cig fr I beach ‘wih Boy ltough he Bud Te Gi boris ie daar eftbolaovetaly (ibatincmeLdon.uned ence most Sas lavolrad aang temperature (Gorm teestasng 24 exchange also ase nngemperasre range Se iativety nna fow quantities. "Tae reduced ow ara and interes Sa loity and fm coficiont afforded by versal ent bale are (only desirable "Phe Calalatlon of a 2-4 Rxchanger. A 2-4 exchangar can be uel ‘oben the proces tampeentuia give a ttre factor Fr of las than {205 fora 62 axthanger Tighe factor By obtdoed from Fig. 19 fora ‘pa embanger ofa 0.90 wih removable lngtudinal bat o 0.5 tra eee afl, a snge 2 oxdanger wl be adequate, the vio of Fis bow tha iit i wl en be to we larg; umor & vbel pames tala srangeoeat is found in whit Fraprovimates tho valu. "Th cdclation ot «3-4 exsanger ders in aly toe minor epents fan the cleulation of E2 ‘ws oalined in Chap. 7. (0) {rl bo reed fram Fig. 19, (2) the dow area lor verily cut bas sil be hil the valves compu fom By. (744) and (8) Use number af ‘Tomes Used for cemputing th preare drop vil be double, snow one h \ ts Soprectacres priate cmt ine Srnec, aeicmamets sbraiices se. Seats Semiecsiermy sera aeas Sea ah ere (2 Ht tae (i d= eo x anise — to = gsonpn} ‘he, 0 tn 80 — 80 = Aewa ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANSPER FLOW AREANOEWENTS POR INCREASHD FEAT RECOVEEY 188 am pi abn, S08 APF od | Ct ft ee or 1 aint Din oon ake an ara im i ce wrote 0 te. 630) XOmWNG = 7H Te (65) | tote | | | 8 ge ts = | an ee i Cetin ay | Deon | S2er0-anejoon, lade canary 14 2G Re io PG Set enteint SLE se Tr Raamen| ‘ee ean dan Fe XIMTD = 098X720 = 9"F aay (0) Clan ore eens et Pitt Ua hte «EH -mpasnosen aan Bue Keo», en (0) Deen evn enon Us: reste = arr . egmanren, ie “Let eisen = oer : a at tn sts recon = tees ice we ar re ron te. To ND nanenonen apa Of 0 ee orm = -anmocenenan co a tan « Set = ga? ea einen ieiaocecamgey ee | = ain ee on SET ts Ol" Eee ce ame ‘ener ia eo] le ioe me ma 9, ore Tarr, Ti rin re 14) = 38> 77) facia oes) ee cio | ey |p wazane -engon rn a ha fe bie moe sore) [zaesint cco | Dk x segnran end” | +" ~ Obed x orseori zt = 2400 Pere De ope tre (0) Peta = cms 19) PB, = 30, BAe tae wena ee a eal! ee 2) No of crm, +1 20/8 |e) As FO og ras Fee ag | 887 a, en scihentmn tm aasilon kx mee -nxanam gms x he 18 Terenas Siete Seep na a aan tom = tas xamjosss = 127 ue meal1 econsa mar rhatsrse Preneare Deo 0 are SPEED. 1,3] 201-660, $5008 M2 ngiaeerepmaatce | eta) 10m 2x ous aap aren anger, toa 0 | iter sea at ose AP, = 100 Latomabic ar = too pa ‘cages il ere igh or in tr bt tari patty. abhangeegbaSerfes.In pants whore lange members of exchangers sve dood, cura sive omar {otal number fae, pum arg ‘ect; bale acing) are tabla for LBexcbangrveo ats tajor- Sty of ature arvcoscan bo fled by um rangement of name of ‘sender exchanges in wien or perl Alhough this nay somes ‘aueeevirarineas beeoe of te inpowabilty of wising the enup- ‘nent mow ficiently ishas the rat advantage educng the (ype and ‘umber of replacement parts fabe, hn tools. a thas plants when » “proves ine become one varomary to nd toner of encang "ao Renta! sine arn for cer nari the tube bande imply Fetubal, tho exchanger wil froqanay bo as serviceable na when new. ‘Whee tro exdangars ae conetod in wis on bth te abel and tabe 7 ides, Way forse temperature ameqgument which has boar sown to bo ‘ential withthe 24 exchanger. When Yemperaiire cos valves ‘corrosion actor for a arrangusent which approsnaten trae counterion ‘ore Gowly Dhan’at poable 2 1-Pexchanger, it ean be met by 5 ‘erin erragenent of a pumber of 12 exchanges The.24, 24, 48, ‘te eangpoent rl aod upon sels and channels ing connected Inauren Any arangemnt pic isan even milla of we tal pasos such m 24, 18a maybe Bled hy onamber ct -2 exchanges ot ine Wises Ponsa 3 OD, 1 BWO, 100" lng aad elou oe nua ‘OW ARRANCRLENTS POR TNORRASRD HEAT RECOVESY 185 “Tabane te rt for be ae i eal a Se im nn ean sal 2 dn aint st — ate Peete DSK, Nunta a tag = 300" ‘igewpe = Bi.” OD BW, puck = C4514 BG, 1 are ‘ ‘tee 23 (a as Se Te Ran ER ers cut mat pa wo [Rector] [me ‘m_[tometee | wf w [aoe |e [ow Pensa as 8 aowyeue 1) 05s oo Fetes rs SOS ws (8 Tan Taiyo al ty erin wl Tae tape eae "fain eae iy et wt Dx Chiu “Te onl daaawine ap at cde ina to |e eee = faite = 2 aie xa = BS 0 at ner Omni 28 = bo ramen) Berassia oor few. b= oss = onda Roa a. (73 | aw Do Ts ms pco a = 6 ohne ie 25 fe8 ‘raocnsa ERAT TRANEFEE a ud a iy, it ate mg. |¢ = 0st maf OER, BOR erm) cei |t ota A/G EOT Cea, om = ox riamoasi naa ih ax xAminam a yt ieh (G1 Ba was} mse BC)" 1 ey na cee 14770078 a aie x 221/082 peri otinal = a0 B/D ‘amy cary any Tae vieaty ooton | 0) he = he XD/OD Ser ma cae a on om omit om is ETI as pmyennnen) — em) 00 Deena nasser ene sate rate. ‘rt en A ae¢0 0" I) = BAD Ue = ig = ERA, = an meron (iar Be nan Mech MOAB cum anewyenin (8) sor 2e_feosate| fs caniid 0 O7 tage 0 0 Pes ep te.) Pe a = 1800, 1) Ya Be = 3320, routs Se sf Gass ee og Padus ote 1 an] Rat er “ 0 No = LI ata reed ‘Teal for eahangen = 983 Dea msna 18 Pome rata (0% ARRANOBMBNS FOR INCREASED HEAT RROOVERY 187 rd mp. sy, 1A SB iO a, Rese” one Sue xr ra 2 + BRS eters Psa a, a3cax mde] = ASF cone tat Jo area a ak ee 4M) EET sagt eats ay = Sat Adore AP, = 100 1 eetange an maha ngs for bat tne ov eh te oe (Mi dep i insondy hgh Few anges net bo el ‘The 1-4 True Counteow Rachanger. ‘Ther are instances in which te temperature ete a0 gre hat the ony soluton Bin in the wo ‘rue ooutarow. Is fx-tubebootaquipmaat thie radlyacrom- ‘ished, bat in Hoatng-bead eipment i ightly more dio Tt (an be achieved ar ahow fn Mg. 12. An extmon forming te tbe fuidcolt nontle protrude through the sal bonnet by meats of ‘pecking and. Ths typeof exchangers lo wed when there ea gent ‘aml f tbe Bad, say nt aa ey oe WY ge Peed areas ist pamet ered SES Dobe Be nen oman map SE eee men “Gamba et avn eat A stacey fh Use eee Fy oe oe Sea Minar QE 1S aSerudteopeeta ube iain ate {iit its ange abe I 0, Saco ge ituee, Sunes ante eer ta pene ened “SER am alguns halt OP gwen shat Rh ehenetae STN TE tte Sab aang ok188, RROORSS Hoar rRANArEE sean egg ese fet se rg een Cami, Seeman ay eieg tematic 2 eee ciieraeaee ten gue eras Se eco Site detent [ROMRNCIATIRE FOR CHAPTER 8 a atria, 2 ‘Sara rcs pra i { E f i i | ‘Bas aenooe) ‘pin han lp tho tab ud a, 0)009 cn peer f enber of ee ec enna oe Fd tb es res dos ere sr n't — 7/1) dimen erate I ‘ai, eo & & saerergeg? i E £ i £ gz 3 {OW ABRANORUBNTS POK INeRRABRO HAT RECOVERY 180 ity ‘Yoouty tbe wasnt snpoime 242 = /00002‘cHuPTER 9 oases Introdactlon, ‘The alouaton for he heading or coling of gas ders in ony minor rmpects ‘rom the elelation for Bgudsiguit syetenn ‘The rlationhipe between as fim elicits and allowable proware rope ar rtalydepandent upon the epeating peer of the wytew, ‘whereas for incompremable dete operating presure uot important, ‘Tho vale of fn coefficients for gan are geuerly Tower than tows btainod for liquids at gun! mas vlc, he dference big sheect In the proper cf the pe. Properties of Gases. "The propertin of gue are compared with thom Tiga to emphasto Uo major diferenses Lntwena lara.” The Yr: ‘uses of gases range from about 9015 to L025 ceatipeiny or aout oor {enth to oneith the vale obtained fr the leat viscous Hai, Gea ‘cost increas with eeperatie in contrast wit quia and Ryne ‘lds numbers are corespondingly Izy oven when maw veloc re ‘anal Tho hnrmal conductivities of gan, wih the excepto of byl (5a, hr about one-fifth the value usualy obtained fr organs liquide ftod about one fteenth ofthe vals for mer aad aqua clsonn ‘Tho apoio beats of organic gan ad vapors ao cay slighty lower than ‘how of organi Igede. Wh the exeption of hydrogen tie ‘speci hanta of inorganic ase aight hydvvensbon vapor range rom, 03 to 08 Diu/Gb)CF). Altongh the apecio hea vicxity, nnd ‘henna! conductivity of gue inrearo ith teaperstur, the Prandl ‘number ¢/ shows litle dapendeno upon temperature enoept ear the ‘xia. "Tho valu of c/t calated ae any dng troperntre serv ‘slBinly wel forthe anton of problems inalting the mae gua at ‘nother temperature within anable proximity. ‘The valn fo) he gfoen in Taha for th nmmcn gre "Wile most of the vise, peciiohoat, and condustvty data on (pure aro tabulated for atzncopice prenur, corestion to er por. ‘are may bomadeby eatablsbed methods. Viton may be comet ‘by mam ofthe cormaton of Comings and Egy given ia Pi, 1ab or by cmployng tha method of Othner and Jennie Spode hentamny be Onin, BW. ad HB ay, nk Bu. Chow, cnses 9 crocted hy the method of Watson and Saith' Thee corrections will Sar be siqalieot, however, unas the proaure of the pas ls gat Hote at high racoums he conducivitin of pase are nob ected by {be preasun. Calculation af the deny or specie vlame os gat By {Be prec gt aw rule or moderate premuen bt fay be seer hives posure: I actual ooraprenion data are avalable, thet we le feferble st igh prenurs or the patel gas aw may be replaced by & ‘Pome Patron: Nenmane ro Gare ‘Stuod. It apparent inthe ea of any gas hat tho epecie gravity ‘atin comcderably with ita eprting prenmre The epic gavity of ‘Brin n carhanger operated at 10 pan is voy soary tn times the ‘pedi gravity mben operted at atmoephee omar, sod fora given ‘tus velocity the prenmare drop wil only be onesenth at peat. Moving in the other direction air at 754 pan ha a denity one-half that ofthe smenghen, and the prema deop for given mum vaety hermes (Grater an the operating prnmae cree, an wburorale consideration vacuum proces. When agai operated at high reir howerer, ‘lative large mac velocity oan be used wt ebianing 8 prea Aro ow impractical order. Whan ga io operated under vacuum, a preure drop of 18 pal may teproent a very lrg pfton ofthe eto ‘ad avalale to move the gus through the excange. *Waon,K Mand RT Bly Nal. Peta Ma, 10aw ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANSPER ‘Mim, Coe fens. “Fm cotienta an be epalunted with reasonable he wh unto Fig 2 ‘coreepindling!y low r Sruatoreps erence PES h esa ia eee aihecore thoes caer eno ‘from tear-atmospherid:eombustion gases stich ae economizers, but thee teen tanetntg neat paras ea resto ans = 2 vest ppeeinestemg tr ninertm bs Sn anonemibtaa h(a)" woh (ea) 2G)"ni-2@) as Aww ato hen died a Bay arate) o andi ote sa 8 function. of RA, Alb convention eqaation gen ‘tree cane plod sa en ce oe vey aly ‘Sing tho val of juan groan ig. 28 ad 2 by thee repent ‘rus Ra” Albrsip equation ar Said hey. “Tor i coonidrbl-cert to the fn etre to jx whi ing ee. eas natant, tin Ba (688) a 28) mt be obtained te tal temperature bla by and ene ‘=n rogue in By, (0.1) to obtain, and thin wl have bewn recut for the beat fod ao wel. ‘When game ote an adiabatic sompesor tir notherms low the _ eqation pet = constant, where is the abesiaje preeware ofthe gu, © ‘eb npecito vebumo end 7 Po rao of the mpd haat of the gus ‘ompant promre feiconetapt wots. ‘he perth ga lr, ‘he varalon of boca prtarure with abuse tmperstur Dooomen o.-o “ cases 88 "Game tobe weld or beta at moderate pres ar wry placed inte sl of shelland-gibg equipment to lease eorenion ering {om Ue ooing rater ons condensate, A higher pers, howe tres 4 eurtomary fo ploytho gas im th eos wher th psi lo tdesve cay upon tbe tbs: fengo Cueto fed tte Cag Area. Dry ein pe th i oat no OD br cp! em eng w30 Las betet toa renter steadeocing ite a HT. Apne ape np aad peas ep tr "Eater in erin 38, ID 29 ng ang 044,18 (ahr 8 lng a nd ot nus Wang “Tab ware isp Se tee ace et "Pate edt ac and peer gat (Tet aan14 PROCESS HAT TRANSPER un eit ‘wee sonnet, Sine Pvocg = ost = ea an300 aan ) Ab, 0, reed SLOG ae Cocoonvoion | |atss S2a™ Lem eon ie p= oeans msoure —_ckin, 1 fa hal i, ee 8 wenin fee Fai] 0 ‘Teenie, 24400 w/a Dy moan = aouan, Bem Dials 1g oa} Bas Dos Cs for pra Ao amor = dt 3 eats, ~ ost eno. = a4 Aa ore, Sage ma/dnbeyce my) trae Coin = ois x eum aoin™ = om ena (GPC ts] 0) A =n) CR ean Tico xemracus Sastmerdeerien Vit ermine) Ae =A ID/O er? an ascotram =a (a) Cn oe te ten Bebe TASS -ermaonanen — am (06) Dad orl iin To: ef ~ouse fiat ue) Tt olny, aH #0 HD = SE - eeega = er mavacnenen uses 185 0 er Be = 10200, Poesaustenien mem (a) Novena N41 =a | Og) ie 48 Sos axon = = RE Shaws a hand 1D — asm 22% - oma a baa ee 2 a a = 128 0m = 296 Sion arate 1 Belge, ‘Ale Compressor Interoolars. In ho compfusion of ait for wiity ‘purposes common 1 mubjectatmowpharie arto four or more stage: {f compreaon. "Tho allowable paso drop inthe intereclars follow lng the lial stages of compresion fe rtvomily etal. Anning ‘hat the eompreeita operate with suapentio aioe of roughly 29431 orig rare i 1 ah ita pie 1 redoedon fe the tal prose dalvered afer the forth sage ef Eaux 25 oc ~ 10 pl nd ey 9 pl ar deh ae Te addition, the preeace of melotr in tho altar sake pombe 1 compute the baat load an a simple soso hent chang. Sappane satura sir in taken int the compromor at OF (during « emer ‘Hower, composed, and then cole back to SF betwoan each sage sf comprenin. The ut and water vapor both ooxupy the sume ota volume, ‘The compression of anturated gu rie the dew point above106 Prociss waar reawsren it inl dew pit, Cong the gmp pba tip ona tecpeatoe 1 tin Stn fe are 8 nt i ae ssi "Raa bos Sle rane as 2 20 = fase, Gee 1s 30801 = 1.n0 m/e 88,908 Bear asp 93. Catton oe Tr Plate Comrie. The dew at sch mieten tempera of be mtd attire het, et ‘Seeemenreion tebe post raed, atu he Sew ps rhea SeFo lcmapl 32 ane ‘Straten eit oka of te AH0F SLSR ‘Theres er rea hm aoa peti part poner Benet esig = 20% 0/0 =e Pir atge: ane ‘i 2 compan oe MscteR ss y= src sabre at Qu Genrer Ate comrein: . Tel ene tae = Qua = 16 - Oaherev ‘From Table 7 equivalest to 1.90 pai dow point = 1247 Fe meneowe oan wer hort tere wit thy om 17 a ‘ad eg etree She war taper at onde SE, ‘The Choaition of Cootre for Wet Gator. The calelation of tho ‘nat oad an Bn cootintn inthe interclero adiabati comprenion sgrieos tarting with intially dry gan ofre pariular deny ‘The beat lon the sesblehens reiremect to ool the aaa beck ‘eteoen tage. ‘The coetictnt i ae of Os dey gam. ‘Coley which are eure Yo ool wet gas sat a namber af ad tal probes the wet gas st be cole bla’ its dew pain, tro ‘noes will appear: (1) fram tha fle tempenstam to the dow pot ia [aS eth oe and he apr ae sal uty ad fo the ‘point to the eat temperate, i which the gue and vapor ae ‘etld and par ol the vapor endense. The Grstzoo ean be dealt rather amply at dry pas, bot the caleuation of the secon ne i Fests = re n= ne Extn nace = 06 = = air Scream air nn Es 4/047 ast Ae La ge = soe x 08 = S40 ea is 8 0 OFF: ‘See bat: . ‘de ~ 1400 x 0380 ~~ 24,010 Baar Ge si Soaks 09 = aston af att te “do 6 300014, Bayestrated an an example of condemnation in Chap. 15, where tw be nea ‘hat both the coudemaion and gat Sim cneficeta are cooly rated "Th fm eoaBcoat forthe msire varien conde from the dow ‘point to ee tet temperature athe eoneetetion of the condeneble ‘apor diminishes. Teal sen Unt, in way Wet gu cotngsorvin ‘he tubewalltomperatare blow the dow point of te gu, even though ‘he gus ano cola low te dem point, the se wal wil be wet with ‘imdeamte, As droplets of eondennts fall from tho tube they wil ‘ela into the gar and some fxcton may drain from the cooler ith {eopeature should fall blow tho dew pint However, the fn of Tig on the tb actually intadiee reaance Sn through hich the ‘at stb transfered. If hy eondensable vapar a wate, Ue ei soe cat be omitted beaute of te igh onitctvity of the fl. Iie ina vapor whowe condonata i » vsooue Sud, i may bo ocrmry to ‘aleaate the roan rte oft Sin fom seth ten ix Cap, 13 ated on tho proper of the eondanate Tt i als wel {0 consider ‘piste arc spr St usne 190 4 nn tla ot 077 st Sites oo cag rng 2 rece ea Soe, Ramen at "eerl a en tow sage aotig 0 go pene Eintrag marie be BT Serio tobe 0 a toby gee ag ween ‘Seip "Thebatoasng ni,” Cassady we ior ete he pre eed ta ifort mode eter Beal 2 nee be ring Sesame Sie 21D etna AO ABC ta ene EE 33 t | mal ! AP AP, Te abe and rts dp ‘Ponte uy (F = = 1 dinero Goad etter AnH) ape eg: i ‘rene lpn hot a F‘PROORSIVMBAT PRANSPER ie tpt tote oe a, °F enon Sry ean elation | “e i Sinn Tamera xp By t00) eae ela 22 = 08) sreneqearapege § CHAPTER. 10 \ ‘STREAMLINE FLOW AND FREE CONVECTION ‘sttemlie Flow tn she: Tubos of xchange. From the Fourier eqaton alone fora single tbe Qo= well fi-= A(@DL) At When “gb ns te wall tompenstre fg canstant tbetampersturedifoence isin tosnfine Bow nay pe rpc by tbe aetna bot sd od terminal temperate diference At = [ip ~ 4) + Cy — 1/2 ae BuCe)g bees ony 16 ntrestng co nota that tbe hight outlet emperture attainable ina tubo lathe contant temperature of ho ot tube wall Fer thin se Ea, (10.1) reduces to (oa) Yo cbexved average valve of fy can exned thet given by HB, (102), an ii Unto by which ecroneos obeervtons ray be rejected ‘Grats obtained Bq, (227) from paraly theoriell conelderatoas on th roumption of « perabai. of vlc a the Bid owe "na tube in lnipar flow. He didnot Inco ay corrections for modi- Satins of the parable datebaNon during beating aod cooing. Binder snd Tate evalufed the equialet empiceal eqaton (Eq. (332) and hained Hg, (1), whih-nay be cettod with vrvocting for the medi- “ean of the velocity dtabution daring beatg und cooing, ‘Strearalne fow inter may be construed ws conduction elect, and ‘cia alto aubect tothe simultaneous cecurenc of fice convection at ‘xd. Fro convseion is only signifcan in nowvisous Suits. Paide ‘ow in sreulinn Now due tose enadisona: 1) Tha fd viscous: (2) the fd is wot vious, ut the quay emma forthe Bow area orided; sed @) She dow quantity snd viwoxiy are intermediate bat ‘cmmbine ‘give strmnioe flow. Only whan fee sonveeton fs su- praaed owing t' the high average viel ofthe Iga, any neers “atipoiee aed over, or when the temperature difereoe ia null dows “Ea, (Gr) give he wth the stated dovaion ne pur condacton. For ‘ae fling under 2) or (8) above, the value of ctr Ka, (8.2 may be ‘at2 PROCESS BEAT TRANSFER cmserrativo, th true vals of by being as mach a8: poo greater dan othe aden five conven. nthe Greta derivation the aun of Zia the Grass number w/t ‘or inthe rat D/L ensued to be tbe lng of Co path ovr wis he ‘id mores wih a condactio tenperature aca aright angle to the ong ax of th tbe. Naturally, mining cena any pat in ‘be baat Aratfr tbo, nda fom he nett ha plat of ing tus be regarded as the lng othe path ofr which the tesipertare (gadient ‘a ectve whether of not Ht eaeresponds fo the total the engi of the exchange nL. Bousineg' ba advaoal the theory Ut Under dal conditions strain ow is : ‘rib or ighiy greater thn the ware ofthe tubes in ouch pan Ip {hie way it paslle to liminao examive recur promre drop. Tt bo tarbulence or mining i induced atthe code of each pan, othe ‘al lng of path Santen of Z, which eds to the eatin of oa ales hy sold mising actualy ocu "Freqecly it wil be found that the Reyooklenamber bam on the vioalty atte = (e+ 4)/2 i low than 3100 bat nos the outlet the STREAMLINE MLOW AD FREE covvecrion 999 eee I. rae 08 ia: Sentn Fe, A an ai 1400 AP ev oh tye be BT ds de ee Siete Gene nad merce pn ‘fn voewiard te te Ghae et Pi cus mid Da es 30 [lewwty | oS | tue 0 [Pitman | @ |e ent fE EB et rpm) ig srmton tn he Rae mind nen pe ach ps mc amet ng epee or ‘Sra tnd mere tae In sh et ane ees tec par oY and cso eat hosed2 \PROCKSS URAT TRANSEEE tc al eon fan dhe sonar = es Joo ame (EE) Be keto (as x70 XO) = 124 0 Ao = 2078, = tao xe = 298/000) angetghee-e = 149 ENED ‘san tip a ot ae = 8 fon $B cine asm sane en MERE soe medio 8 — = HT le cng te hc) ‘Tana ary eh mes pm sb TOOT td ee tend of, Indiecing tet enter overt tor aun STREAMLINE FLOW AND FREE GINYECTION 205 ere mopsme ria heaton an ct he sane ane a See Soe wis aor ea be ado mak pn SEE lke tee net nelle oe cee Seber wl pete Sie . ‘Wha adi actor in be provided, obtain the ntl itl temper ‘ate dlr by the veneer, when fly placed i serve, sffon Be beat Balance nod Bq. (6.18), unig Uofor 0,” Ue ie obiinad ‘fram Un nad Wy by Eq (6.10) sted from Aad hy nein thin ave ‘Jp deze tp‘calelaa the valu of wich wl loduoe the initial ‘Rive of thesotet temperature, Haring tated, ase for exch _qomesatl te octet lemportar corapopde fo the ala value of & ‘tre dit cgomiatn © S¥ree Convection in Tubes. ‘Streamline Sow ic caleulated by equations clays weight fly or mam vlolty a8 one ofthe varalen How= (ors hodavatal tbe euroundod ry condeming baum cris ead COO@ Sui ad ita sow i cuddony hid, the ein the tue continues to Int. Acconing to Ba. (61) the fs oofint shoud be aro i the ‘as velocity igo, Where aboot is tnnaeedthroigh movemeats ‘iin tho liquid ital without freed eauato, Sone by fre oF {atural convention. Home of the facts free couretin fa by the temperate vacnty relationship the wall andthe cooled oreo guid. Ae the206 _Paocass RAT TRANarae Iheecnvecton ue ody dvs h he [Satu pesmabiy annie lode andi eee mag Shy be anitio bSg1054. Tha Kn cou for tm ot "Elon Sent tote mat tebe Dy doy Talento pana f geri scant p, tra enc scaly mmf atl ho tmp incr ‘Sivom colt wland at he perreere) Sotag by imal ays repay (at Poo PHRSY Gy «ay re Dig Aan he Ola ‘rabid woe Cnvcion Sein Flows atta Tm. da cr thy a tanaon gon tal ot 6a pl tog ttmlo snd tet fw te matt be ne ua og (Sorat conven ou sd tandingwi andrln Sor oe mr tn bh re daly pera East (6) sonra ta chad on nal hai node vio ‘and under moderne tempera tres ac at te raat unten wee inely taal Ker and Olmert neat is ‘con loa Sus deg tmp ln she ‘Elctow ant crated toon av econ to he ide ‘hw oqandon. Ta aa esnioa 2G)" @OOl ea coo srhee Gr tbe Gra number evtustd feo propertng an atthe ‘Srerage it temperature t= (ut 4)/2 an ordinary ealelated by iy (81) enn be corrected fr fice convection by muliplying by = BML 001000) ans Inaction of 3, (104) inet that tbe mbuene ofthe haeconvection ‘cent are inated in Si wanton and turbalent repon. Tn View the dloate nator of fre-cvection eurets thsi uit pinata “The wo factor whieh ordinary inuene fee onvodten mort are alow ‘araty and Tange txperntre diflence Martial a al edie "bn, . ad D. Ota, Tons. ATONE 2 17-25 0. "tatinls € 5, South Airs Cri Wear, NB, tenga is MK Ror, Frow, AACA, 8 Cb SUREAMLIIE FLOW AND FREE DONFROTION 207 ‘te nianen of free convection in upward and downward flow in vera! tubes Tiny founda lghtinernae nthe cofilnt when heating water {a tpeard flow comparad with downward flow. ‘Th fal corlaion {is raer complicated, although they alto obtained corlation of fee ‘convection involving ho Reynelde number Rasen 103. Kamen Reta: Seine Foe sad Pre Corrine ater nom Biro APT teh dite Ly ewan Vk cr ‘Set ote abr 997 nd naa SP ag ea ‘Ser tin el ental tren P| ‘Peeve! ie wn a semen ae Bos Pri ‘cad Phat Dia. = [eee] Le linet |e | f= LTD 1277 (owen) 30, (0 Fos el mn re rgb te nar oe (9.28eb a iam (0) Common of ens en ante dent te 0 ma aan) 0 gg 280 — 2 caer PROORSS HEAT TRANSPEE STREAMLINE FLOW AND rea CONVECTION i 7 ms st tin, oe (6 a = 0.508 in." ‘Fpble 10, Ha Bet joe Nal th a. (48), Lae det eee oT come xa Tne oy OMS a bag cats ED WPS. gener , ta, e fe Sos EE ars PEGE 2a = szo meio (a an re ot a tee eon = 0 Dem te = EG ~ Meanie — aan etter eta 8 rt tet ermine Bow, fai uomixa! tetswen 2 = 03818 7/ln (Pabte10) = eee ean ei mem eo aBfh -nsmesnanen Bes gaera ecient Rn soma sn (0180) = Tiss xoarrio = a0, ay ate = 20, Paneer = Grea Cerna 1 be comtin fr sna ond wold Bae gre the ‘miro ta th tlt well wt vty awe Va wtb tar as UC. fle, howoe, th vy met vty we bert cp ad he So rode encod wh om "Bs pwns yt i bet cn ie pe saetnine hows oreo ‘The Use of Core Tubes. Fmylaving the honontalexchhnger of te precoding example, mappoe that 80000 Ib af 28°API ga owas to te hantad from 105 to 130° uring wea at 2607 Wold the exchanger aoatatntory? ‘Saving as before, tho valuo of the weal srection is 118 but ‘efreecorvcton correction pis megligle and Ve wou belee than U,20 ‘PROCESS MEAT TRANSEER ‘be plan within the tes of exchanger as shown ia Fig. 102. ‘They cent the srowecetional ara by forming an anatlus which renew ‘he ind asnter of the tay ws enairequlalet dameter and ‘eich incrsos the tones elcty ofthe tube fed. Although the ue cae deroses the aestire tabe diameter and increase the mam oy, Ht dons pot alter the Reyuclds number from ie valve before Imorduction ofthe core. Ung coe, = FO - Dp rhe Dis th ota diameter f the core snd De the inside dnmater A tbe abe, Wetted parimetar for bat trate = #Dy 2 GO = MG? ° = ant=Dp OE = OP ert Dn * is ideas ene he sik te ane. 20, Dew a te Be DR AI” Dae ‘ice he Repaid umber ean he mane, the crag of he aces ‘emailed by the mar sous oD, to i Bx (62). Hower (Som clear cintasce he pany te Sonrtten ex eran ty By (104), sor the cre dept te natn coverton eure {Cra ae mont vantage employe ely whee the li vine Sd omen a pea Ay aise fcr ay elayd, adit caiamary to we 38 BT oc ihr beatenchange fet forthe purpose. Ifthe abe male by ‘Suopig ina vn Un or rot bef oh thao bal preter Sx rater than to fide anwar of tho bu ita whch ft to fnantod Ifthe camped with om he core marl hy melng "Uni ta nln agi eg, wed pa th ae ac net re STREAMLINE HOW AND FeBB conraceroN se ht bani ing enc tec pane ne mone ht Ia, 18 DW sa ee Oe ee xo. no ~ansav many ae % Siti = Som Bese ME Hot rast canes Dw 20 [ie Temp | a 0 [tower mw | sos | @ [Bae |e Ps}m2 PROCESSAAT TRANSFER ( Poandes po EI ea 1 us it aie ee ID x ewer (Be a] «= Fa Ties woah ioc. wont | = }msr— eam -oint cy aed ar he noe ate) Berri The onesie x2 = o1teee (=e er w/e Tesi Teihoomass * igen | and ODL tnbos i not very peat wthough ‘82 tes sary incre the feo. "The lower eat of mtu obtained rom he muller oatride diameter sn grater Seg tubes oot Dy the fast that maintenance ad par ‘lclarty cloning ary coir with oo tes of small outside diameter. Tr the tutor re too wal, uoder 1a. OD, tha are too many to be CALCULATIONS VOR PnovaSs coNDITIONS a an thei fc in hain 08 cling he ear Sar it erties ar tenn, dial to eer te Dod ‘St wonowt eli nt ely for exchang™ ta et as Ldn viharenn ofthe Saale Lng teen they aie ‘sen wom whew the ballet ly use Te et si Samana nie na we tw eon {ae diameter or og nef nda ur part elo SS Serimeat of ate have kept cnt ata It nyo sient 4 is i 7 e118 Catan mony eb he, Cuma Earn) at for exohangerwosk with Nude of ordinary fing cbarctviatin the Yeed | in. OD tube are employed mot frequently. For canal ‘repeats, balers, snd fouling prvi, larger ses are customary. "Tbs Calelation and Dongs of en Exchanger. ‘The outline for dade teow: Gi Pres ecndtions: ot i Ts, WC, ny hy a, AP eli 1 6 5B Ba ‘The tube length, outed diameter, nd pitch will bo peed by plant ie or may be determined from the sggestins in Chup 7. RS (2 Bost nao, — HOUT, — 1) = wel 1) (9) Troe lemperaiare Mtb: 1 can, (6.25) and (628)20 ‘PeOgmSs HEAT PRANGPER ‘CALCULATIONS FoR Psockss conDIriONS = 281 Poe eta: roo Doe 7 pemany poajaieme au ilettauinrine dora deataniegeten | Qeeenanel i ant mem pute tha marfuce from A = Q/U» ak. Tt is alvays better to amma, Tea as] Pema TE a aD a meee a a tee te bens aur ‘surface. Determine the correspouding number of tubes using Table 10, AP Roa x 10Daa, MA 440 “Spcerganned epee sep a see mae earn orem ei es emtaremategtstennn | hegstnnnutneyietneann ionenseatnon mace nei tanta cra anae FE ete aucun Pon mmtmmice ste tie te, Ie bd i soir ately pete ak tea wn ar ei te cnt or a mmr re eel Pantera ut oe Sees ore eee ee aca ‘un See ae eked St eee eer Pa canoe nmt decag ridmon Srna ots Daten ets decom ts ice, wena 1 pre dp alee Fico a SD OR AUP, ft ea 0 7 Mam v5, 0. = Wi ‘ty €2) © = Dae bis. oa (Sate om Pg 2 romp wears. Obie at 2 (rie 28 ™. (2) Ss saa Byteman eer beige mie ()'S) wo OW] Ke ieh(Z)o csr iy renee ea aan wre eg GO mba] “on GH) ond a | Oa ead = sn22 process HEAT TRANSFER sae = 103 ean ee oem oan ee oa ax (6) Aan Us = 10: Ps Tab vit of Uo btwn 89 an 5 sd be \qemecnen eee. aay btn amie Uso han oo CSE lew lt hep Pam etc Anan ae er =o in crite 0) ‘Nunta of bee = gel “188 rae) (0) Amun tro tbe pant Teumty ftbeaa Bi ry efor i seth hinted and meer hep tol teri em ty mg {Seale Penny hepa wt capa “rem the be sont Tale 10 ae, wo ae, 318. OD nae = ‘slr vt 1 tbr 159i. 1D aba {Card nent PAR ee ee = a0 08 Conny I ai al. sre ol fe nop (4 Pw tc, Bane te minima |) Pow anno = Oa ‘satya rode be pest aa] aie hg mae lam Walon ee oa BTID s a24/my 80, "ies avy ecwxcmnry ny ca Ties cos Sasa et TKO Snad 2 Oboe (7) ara Wi EY Ma = wf angen acy = 2, ZFigtoom oye Tsar eca msg fam Oa 24a = La bye) ng 14] b= nea = cour fe Bossa =ommmat —Uhg 34 Rac De Bae |S obit x raat = 2.300 Loin can povass = 70 it fai a i ok me mre me 1 si ts 037" = er ter qounieh(G)'® 616110) 4 = i03(Z)h ote 0) A X08H ay [Mo 10x aserost? = 209 mnanieacetentet ate bebo ifm oe ‘hao wake nomuyanmce —— Jan, cn oat he vent ssn eb = zn nasa Pot wih yom dep a ro o> Con gh PPB -samarenmen an (ae tera Voto (42 2. MSU BEBE comms amen etam Process HEAT TRANSFER eALeULATIONS POR PRoCKSS CONDITIONS 235 ‘ naele HA Clin «Lane Ril henge, 14361 oI ‘Shs trewnfr eb Sor Byatt airy is ahr SE ie [bowtie SAE Sema nekat sy bprd th cite donee ea ‘iteweay ef dndy bore 00. he magne cl atc oo te =e 82400 Be Svea, @ = esr asses ~ eo) = ne Bae wa icon ‘Toe St al fod bin of alan mate ren i curt Da (Gena Win chin ny te al pa a 30 [Bacto | ms | ‘Sidnoery nner? Cou any ern be un! tyre e sean? ‘Sse te in Sct fare ty wie contin wd pe (0 [tower Temp | ie | we ‘Shing te mur of peed spre tna ry [m0 | tne ‘eng ember ke pe ol ma ay ‘oo F 2 ‘gre sp nets theo parr ep thy sng We aye BF s [Cana 08 r. m” [2 gain 0.008 eliae se ie Se os 47 [Simaantar | a rat Arne» =: an in sn tie wwe [amwaiear | wo peepee ct ed ert pe ty Tein tang lve SAA Ar aati tea ‘natn Pee “tte proce de now ade nates ee ic Heate nt age Tose ee on me ser Seat ei Sg Se ama gre 80 “WE ek =e BG, a Sg SET Core nat eo138 PROCESS BRAT TRANsr RR setmgin oe = 0 nen wii ad Sry Spe a Fay ocntuen bly bea ncergetccatbeldetagta 4 la BEER - ns mete teeterse narrate Sots eras Te err cane SER ae ea rake cna fey he Te name aes ue mca Fe ae cen come etme bynomy Petersen tented si enepgenne tno yeaa TEBE cman ~~ onde aoe Messen | oupeemunoe Pewee sow ar, a Sac sanyo Otaee! ratio Sad, ny Di pene ey ume Sri eal emit leita xe Sune lined sit 4 eTibkewiar, man 7 Hap xs cianua x5) TaSetaed 1 Mae = Wf oF amv e/a 2 gna ssa | Ym earns = om ys) wathetarr pwemsee” |e) ects, Sibley dee tale a onsen = Susm/eyae Deowjannadrh” atl tre arceie >. wogy2 aren Teeth satan = sax | Ee Bale one Tet semanas “es ome me] jen ‘rem Be haga a 0 com svar Sastre Rerancemy | lane a Seavey) ie ‘etn wmaieh(Ge merely a k(Z)%e me cu ute tac tie es Qa = ie = asx 23 = Gin = aex3B, 8 (051 > om tea semen be ress =m xomyors = 1 (00 an Omit davcnty one = B= 21 BayO OER etal ge to s-B = or Bamnnnner CALCULATIONS POR PROCKSS coxDrzt0NS a Peart Drop Fee Ba = 10100, ‘a9 Fee Ba Poort smg-ee|/* oman {ro healt som Thesl fh 48 7 No ene 1 a8 Be G2) 2x9. x02 =o mainte Sas o> a8 sag 40) > sara oar CEST ee. cy 3415S bapa ta ean ‘err op magn th po Satay we pcs ut 8 de ‘Bow ts peered fo Sh ps ai erat 10 ow pont te et tn, (1) Canoe tc Ue BX wsmnomen — aan nen Bagg = HE Mo on t9819EF es tor | wets [amt rey [Renae om se [eucmuaar] 62 300 | Aion | toa] + Dae. Toners hae provided an changer whic ery ati ‘at ae nue” Eighty we wold me the Ser ee ‘St at woud ses hae me fw of ems Tow etl scan28 ‘PROCaSS HEAT TRANSPER emma lo la when haan fs al tab ing econ ay Sam Ses aolar ett ew nm yy “Ane 22 1D abl with tab ae aban aol 1 pr fae Fame nc eer he ern ly enmary can 0 i Raga 0.006 \e ta [ooueetar | 7 | ‘wo | AomteaP | wo "Teor a eng ml TD's sin, Number nd Imes “e700 ‘Bate = 2. OD, BVO, poh = Mtn 16 BW, 1a gear Woe 2 ‘te = rans 18, Cian «Cone Slion ile, 1000 Teo 156 satis, (pr ssh maior Dyer 4 1) tee» Se 8 Sr ans be soll to 1O'Panng water ot P= and St er A tw pore ta of 1p The van ttn I ert wim hoe ma be poche ahd of Chap, ut wary nn te toe te ed el Te ioasy st Laem aad HY we cep. Forty Sane sinh ef Og pt “hat pen pth nf gir ih th ln. OD aa frets ‘arly ae ay ods ve (2) Hat as: (Ganse@ 10000 x 088090 — 12) ~ 6140000 Bute ‘Wat Quon Xian) = 41000 Bene * ha debe chang wild ie pre Sp of 108 pe ‘caLoULATions POR PRooRES coNDITIONS 20 wa oem cat Pail Di 1 [ert | mo | @ [Deco | = |» ian = 27 ae Raan sayy om Fy =088 ero ‘213 eng wile mtr, Boomees as Ba) (a) Amme to = 0 Fram Tie 8 hn ve aboot he mini or 2 (00) te ud she neo alten te gue At tr oe. = BD ae coon owen ater ta Ne gr Aan ib par eth pa = 035 0d 0, = B00, tent vipaty een 30 me feo Cc) ne OD 1 tag Sanat ont 0th 14" a (6 Gand nae Oe foo x ee aati = 8 fo So ot i: a iy, mate al al: ke it (to re de trarns pst» mam (Pow ag of 008 a (ae 0h ‘Traine ‘each TNO Rares x4 ota0 PROCESS REAT TRANSEAR it fi a ise a de i, er wasn The, an] 0. swe Tease imo, = Eowyn Tea ee lng, y oye = hata x2 = 6 oy ars sae, oratun MLaiFectswinen — |e utaiscaae © 12am/00m0 boston soon ig my he 19 Road tne |p ~o4e4ri2~ oowese Cah it Tote sano at = Had” teat pom So ob) 8 inate in |e = Doe 9) iar 5 ~ 09 Gan) Tait | S008 x 30007. = an ost aj) GCF) - Goat = Gan xine 1a, wou teh GE) xc ma oan =m meg Ee sonra ‘CAUCULARIONS POR PROORSG CONDITIONS acne 0.007 Pinon Alta hal Le lp wil tle prt See ‘Disvalel Upsae bo sane! oe "7+ 03 i ID lw arabe pa in alle ce, Tha sre ee rexonaxcteynon «nt ayn {o> ct a8) 6 = 1 dow vin) = Biase} kek nrowraneen : Pema rn, Pera = san, Jae aa tre 27 Soma mem (tina | = els wwe, = Seo inane ae 43h la, 48) ar isons Oo a= mm Sime - ie EE om ony im. IBA rap New poet ta a seaBe/OI — aan hoe KT ete (4 Di ar Re a (2) 2. sen pl a 28 oom anger 018 ema Lino Ml Hat, 0 We Wf dae pete eb «= O78) st be edhe pre eoaon (a) MLAEED tee suse a Yd co oat = [ket] | * Bs [twtr | | Ce erp = 3 : ay (0) Feaed Un Pr and e ena a he kl el (e) Ame Up = 00: From Tate aaa ef Uae 100 70 mb peta sind te 0 ply Sae te ae tar oie 0008s ‘Fey moni rte ef Ur mond bon srmening tote St sme tah ae enema emai Neate 8 ag Si * 2 (mast pO oo ro pe re elf oe hate Frontenac Pe ont a4 81,1 (Come eatin Ua Pa ee fit: vi tom 0a ut he ity at Powe tue” ka |( Te bn mae vy trom ame (74) 900000 sn 100,50 we Fn, Dae Tasrientayna x2 0a |e Reece a ‘eaLcuLATIONs POR PROCHSS coNDITIONS = 48 fe i, a ud iy, lat nae er ie 3) Oc aon Tiktenaa ammvanae nso 0 wma, Geren SLEa cee -oomcwreman | Sai = sata) ie thet pony am naomi some Inet BS cpm pon) | Resa bee) a Sars Fears ene as = en ree iene at my aeyees lo foie eit ae os ink (Zee se ex ose x asi «mo fin ania J. +E = sa vansene, 0 he = OH B/N) mg a [y= aon ne mm Saree mor Fan das, 8a, z5y1| 89 Noo come, N +E “oan "be aan eet 5 OED oa ew iy = BRXE am mjaernen amy (Dit tae Re en 0. . Ue— Up , 0-0, a Og a. oom sawencm ms aanMs ‘PROOESS BEAT TeaNareR Seman wm | temity | 0 a tacuace vin om | Gomsar | 7 Nee | Airmtie aF | 10.5 i ain ahaa ta es eh it aired ha 2 4 2 Mgrs rl ea prem opxtting 1p Toe lene # caeotarroNs| e -paocass cowpisioxa 6 sane ate te = nah and neh = 8 1 ate gare 27 Pm gtch mh 0 BOG, Gt ‘hit How. Sometimes it isnot posible ta moet the prssuresirp raprement in a 1-2 or 24 exchanger. nstanes wil occur when (0) {Source tampereare difreace or Us in very rat and sama exbanger {sions forthe quant af eat tobe teaefred, 2) one deren ‘fave yor’ smal tomperatsr rang compared witht oer, oF (8) the [orale premue dropiesmal Ip gues and vapors tho lat ithe more ileal Boouse of the low deny of the gas or vapor. Is Lqude an ‘alent example of @) in found fm the quenching of ste, har tin tomar #0 ool Sarge ylame of crested quench ol over a ea fate Iti ao chaactrni of « suber of nearcontantlompera: {ioe eperationn euch a the removal af heat frm eather rena by feotituavsroioulation of the resting ids thrgh az exeral 12 took ‘The fare to mote the towable premure éop by tia eonventon smtheda ina 12 ombanger oud be conse att nation hat {fw an ot bat sme the cntring for Radtig tha Imei of the tate ad inreing to Gott to sal provide! one teens of rousing the rear dep, bt other means are aaa By Ioatng the al inst son atte rater nad fat the ed ofthe SSDS iy ln tet seeder So Pig 1.9, te ede ‘rmie'drop il be bo on-ighh an greater» convention ‘Galager cf the ean dl Game.” "fbe rection de Wo baring {he ae veloity and basing the egh of foe safe ph The ‘ape a foi own a pit fo ‘Resen Bg 117th tamperatare elation a pits exchanger sv nat in te counter or esti with a2 exchange, blog8 peocess wear TeaNsrae continous at tho dell mid-point. A drt wstion of te equation! {or the trve temperate diferenc ie womerhat tedious, xn the alg ‘ € and of are rlstad a th actual temperature difrenes td ex, ‘anaemia bth parts of the exchanger on either ste of the shal ee TF Ts > ty it in enadactory to ota A! By mulpiing tho LMTD by te value of Fy obtxined for «12 exchanger. Hor servis in which ‘ar ta tamperstae crus th acualspit-ow equation sbuld be wed “Another typeof Sow giving even lower prewure dope la died fg, ‘wtih i umaly reserved for Law premue Res, condeners, and reo fe Tt il be docs in Chap. 12 awnle 1.6, Callen a Fa Gaa Corr 100 el Se ow. ‘aya np ted 20°F oben ema rome ep o2 [pone wl Set by wate Oo Yao wen nr oe 2 Shi canteen Baan Se RT eu npg mca ster SEES oe ees ceememeross ml = Se . SRST etme Mater gostei “ah Pe og eta Ma “a a it amido ed ae [twtr | © | © | [owes [oe |e ‘topsite wl, Dy @ ya Le Gap. Bo enti ra ‘eran temper for stow ecang hfe tae jes ates CALCULATIONS FOR PROCRSS CONDITIONS = 247 ero = 0 j we pein 635 Ae ggthg ous Frmoms tre ‘Aconrentionl 1 ehanger ni} titer. See ee way ts To rue ont 7 ad il etary Bcf he © sp wiale’s tendo vat re en ttn nn of ca ee a amg ets tne ee att re ee ES an vba cars 8 coma na Trento lth = apg 8 1) ue cit ih um: sof neice gu changes chet on acing man gu Tie tak sont Tle 9) tes he ue i. OD 1. agers emer mpmee nets Ba eotemrantn SE aw Don 8 aoe ae ace peesommetaert haa prerreers aaah seh = Oe a aST art = ro tse a alPy (PROCESS BAT TRANSFER eat and tel ue me ie rnd the inn of war {er ep wal ett noel Tim hen od i ap some, it. Spl ow: (a) Amey 4, Dating othe mary fo linet ha, itt omar dap tee he ma cy mt fd Ut tna fein ranean be tony bw the aco 4 ed le iy "Aman 1 a pce, Tae ly water utc f 68 crpode to « ely a ny pe Paro wf nus ed tenor ed ‘rater nay b nga ibe i he hl lot baad wpe, {lees ee made he tse dat 1 per be erpep Fort ‘pet Fold sled he sew ween fe my ‘Sail ate mada of Brame” When wang mre Wat 8 pas xe ‘Se fs abe oat 8 pare rey pen ume {pet ptio pmror ema lei sve redo eo Back oom i= ea 0 . at fai a oie fue Ca ft ei, te Powe. i) ew ara, SmxCbnwe. we cay] cae ee, ‘Teer bonmel wumber erm 0 = Nagy (Getta taaand elo pe "= 30S OS/144 x 19 = OAUTH 0 Omi, ey m9 > Sse TES ‘Seago jee saan /00)0 a, ayo 0/0 x 625 = 208 (at, ee, |) we mere, Pr tome Xaed = omsom/aygey |an ast x22 x908,/e0 0) he he De osone ones i BD = oss42 = omnes Boal wy ri) a ln ah x ana joas S|” Abie xc angmo/t.o = 2,908 (ator pore oe) seo us em 7 Aare, Fo cots Bef ouncr) i ‘caueutaTions For Paocxsd coNDIrYONS a0 it a el in, pe Ge men] “A one Ae ws xontxesinans =r ant oer Oe onan an s=10 turers cy 3 butonne, Pr 0510 rove Sr Berane rane Dee f= S800, er. = 2.980, fant nt rem) Patol mean fp Seam #1 = 88g yr ne Oe sgpur+0, Sie 0 at Ban, C40 at, rary ig mer geass FS CaAitas = ant “|e aremar tan. | Ba can) rapeanwnen 63H) (2b) Dit ete Re Vato) = 248 ne Ot BAS 8 oom venen/ — wa | focus | [ve aa es Gama 0 oe [asonar 0.0 . To [oummuaar| 56 To | Aion ar | 0.0280 paoonss wear TeAnan | iby ui woul ae be abe bet out wrath, "Th lean sate Pei Todi, Numba ing 30,120" ‘atteyast atin, “OD, WO, pth = Lay 18 BWO, S38 ance i Bator Kon Tie Yethloving pm do etre nn tua seco sete souls setae pase So opal ete a0 al (Eater o 0004 Eglo Eo rhage ote oe “HG yr of SAP hone connate D6" By Ding SSF delat rm te 0" "Go itn. OD, lw BW maby 10" og on tui, nga ‘io in OD, 1 BW ta, 120 ng 1 se ic BLA 300 fc of see ot 8 pes cone 0 ing water ot {7 (las pate ep fr ern 20) he in OD, 0 BW tay gon, ete ph, OMENCLATUME FOR CHAPTER 11 4 int rant re, dom kn ha Mette tne, eng, a, Bt - [Beton tte per Rom foot, : aerate € ‘tt hot Hl i erry, B/ QB) & {Catv dare & ‘Tt naa dln Con (CALCULATIONS POR PROCESS CONDIFIONS 251 tin ater in TEyE tH | 4 ‘Rho ages if He HT il I i ; ffCHAPTER 12 ‘CONDENSATION OF SINGLE VAPORS Introduction, A Md may aris tas, vapor liguld. ‘The sang from tgud to vapor i weporiatn and th change fom vapor toad in endeetion, "Tas quai cheb neared a the vapoiaion ce ‘sondnntion of © poi of Bald ase Wane ‘For a pure fd eons ‘ov at «given preeare the chuge from lique $0 vapor o Taper 1 Tigi ceure a bt ono temperate whicrinthssateraton or epi, temperate. Since yaporliqidtea-tenfar changes aay ceo st ‘sonetaat or nearly eastat prewar im indutry, the vapayntio or oa Aensstion of» ingle compen nermaly occur inothermally. When x ‘vapor removed upon formation fom further ontctwithw liga th ition of heat to the vapor cause euperhay, diving which i bboy, ‘ko 6 ga. If mature of vapors instend ef pure tapos eondenacd st constant resi, the ebange dove nt take Pace eotneraally ia ment fnstanees. ‘The general tratinent of vapor mistarerdifere In erala rragets fom ingle compoveds ad wil be otuied im the text capt ‘th the ald ofthe phase role of J. Wiad Cit ‘Coodanaation oerur at ery dfeent eaten of boat tranfer by either ofthe tro dintnct piel nahasinns, which wl be @sousel pros ‘ally, dopete or Sms condensation. The ecedeotng fm eoefirest Js jfuenced by the tarture ofthe nrfaceom whish eaten oscars sod also by whether the condenaog aarface ix mnuned vertically ot hcaontaly, "In mite of thaw apart completions cendesation, ‘ike praialize fo, Jods lta to drt mathemalical lady ‘ropeise and Wawise Condezniton. When saturated pre vapor condenser aad ‘any form Igud droplets on tho nfo ofthe tube, ‘Thee droplets ‘say nt exit an ably for thofae sisted of eoting the be {a trom iTeaving bare metal on which eucov droplets of conden sete may farm. Waon-condensatom ace ty this techn, i ‘alld drepeie condenston. Use, bewever,» dint Sim sy Sppeae othe vapor condones sal ects the tbe, Additional veper ‘nea routed to conden into the quid fm rather thax form divtly onthe bare sface. ‘Ths ie fl or fluro condensation. Tho two ‘meshanions are distin! nd jadependnt of the quantity of vapor eoo- lensing pee square foot of surface. Fimoie eondenaaton (therfore (CONDENSATION OF siNaLE 7APORS 258 ‘04 tuaion from dropin eondenatpabynusn-of the rapidity at ‘hich empdenmée forms on the tbe. Due 10 the rasatance of the ‘Tetdnet Sn to the best paming through tthe heattranafr ceth- ‘Sint or Urwin condensation ae for to eg tines thos fr ftw ‘oedaarti team Is the oxy pure vapor known to oohdenss in ‘opie mance, and special wondons are reulted for ita oxurence ‘Theme ae desctibed by Drew, Nagl, and Smit! and principally realt {roar prespce of ton the srface othe us of contaminant which tibet to tp wren. Materials have bo ieatiSed hy Nagle? which promote th Eroprim condensation of foam although thee ala itro- Shee aa émparty Tht the steam. Drepwinecondenetion alto corurs then soveral mstartls condone slnltancos! 0 mixture and where ‘he condenan intro io not misc, an te cme of « hydrocarbon td steam. However, daving varios pride i th normal epertion of team condenser tbe mechaninn eaayintaly be Enuwne coodens- ait to dropriecondenaation-ad at sams later tna rover 0 fim coronation. Bevsuse of the lack of contr iis not eustomary in (alelation to tke advantage of the high cellelnte which havo boon ‘htened in dropwisecondensation experiments This chapter conse ‘quumtly deals with the elolation of conden for varias conditions hd bod ally upon Sm-condenaton het rancor coaficens. i ie fortunate thatthe phenomenon af fs condeasation leds tat to matbonatieal snl, and the mature of eandenetion on eld sut- {ce my be eonedorel one of telfdon. The sntraton prowure of ‘rapor fo the vapor boy ie greater then Gh eturtin preure of the {3d condanate ia contact withthe sald efer. ‘Thin proware dier- ‘em provides the potenti for devig vapor ext of the vapor body ab & (gaat rate Compared wit fhe mall rovance oat tranaer by {ifsion frm th vapor into the condanset, the fof condeawala on {he old tbe wall cntribton he controling roistancn, Te isthe om a8 wth which the eat of eondonatien pron though thin fm tht deteoen the condsng oni, Toe akiate form of wn eration for th condensing coficieat may be obtained fom dimandonal analy ‘bev the average condensing oaticint Be fntion of the propertios Ub condensta Sm, & oy a4, at and, to lar betng th atant 2eatef vaporization. "Nunltthoretially dered th ndatloadips fr ‘he modhaciae of fin condenaation, and the routs he ditlned are is cemeleet agrument with experiments, "Procehoplcatons. Tn chemical induc its common pestle ‘toseparate a lqud mistor by dieting of th compounds whieh bare Die, BW. BNag ad W. 2 Bath Tree ATCA, 4 8642 (88) 1 Naas Win G8. Prt Hane254 Phocess nar TeaNaren lower baling points in the pare vation from chow having higher bal Se poaia Jn a souton of tereral compounds each exeta 8 part] ‘rena and the most yl nnnot be bl of from Uo ret Without {aryag some of the henvier of tiher boing compounds song with ‘The propor of heavier compoands cro of when a elton war, {ball lms than existed Inthe original elution before being cam Ipenoed.” I the vapor coming of initaly is condeoed it as «lower ‘oling point thas the orginal sltion, indicating the increns inthe ‘Proportion of the more velate compounds, By ucemively bling of aly pat of quid mitre, condoning the vapor forma, ax boting (Of oaly« pat ofthe condensate Ite ponte to obtain » nearly pre (Guanly ofthe mow elatilesampound by mumeroas repetitions ofthe ‘Ths the aeperation by datlation accompa by pars tmepontconlenaton. os ‘ons etd cndumtions by relly contacting «vapor tn gu ook {ng miu in oatiuows ditling coho, The bubble cp dating fcouina thowa in Fig. 121 Sa wprocatativo of modern practice and ‘erie ta naa from a aera of averted lated expe wich ae placed rer vapor ey on each plate ofthe column. Vapor fom below a plate (ators the ters and ie broken into bubble at fe pases through the Sorted bettors ofthe Bubble cape and thence through the layer of iid ‘CONDENSATION OF SrNoL VAPORS 255 susie ty the downcomer on cach late. The ed wish fury {iq is mlstre of more and lee vole ompounde and enter the ling column at the fad pate where Ho yolatle empounde re fpertinly voporzed by the rng vapors athe fod trae aero the "Th raider of the gid oa tho plate lam vat than the {et and overdova othe plato low rough the downeemer, ‘The ball Ing pint of he guid cn each af tho lower plate oonmaueatly Right. "To vapoite «portion ofthe fed vapor fom blow Ue fend pate mat sobs eat widh the igo n Bh fond pat, herby Sing th more ‘Vale compounds to the pata above the fod. By mpplying eat at {he bolton of tho alum wher the ieresedconontration of the leat frase campounde represata the hight bling temperature in the "Tovceomplih this, some volatile quid from tie condone, which repre ‘mots one plate above the top plat ad whic thercor eer, ino.265 rooms Wir reaNerER from Bet, sno masimum concen i tan nth turbine hy mala lain low turbinedinchage temperstur. Ifthe tutin were to ddachatge to the stmowpbor, tho lowest atztnable steam tempertane ‘wouldte 212°, bat the seam wor (oDlseharge into condenser under ‘Teeuom, i wotld be pbs to operate at discharge Leaperaturs of “164 ond lower aad to covet the enthalpy difference fom 212 to 75°F Foto metal work ‘Codenston da'Sutaone—Muselt Theory. Ip coodenstion on 2 ‘atic race afm of arden ie Sormod ax shown i Fig. 122 90d Ferthorcondenstoe and beat tafe to th mirfacececors By condo: tion throwgh the fm which amumed to be in cant fow dowaward, “Tha hina thin greatly fafleoee the Tomer pono Serer ec {iy uid oe Score ostopto baton Torin ren the cor ining ete foro vapr conden ot ‘exe srs dere opto tony oY Titre sana ag eng Seca fhe ag the marsh ak iver peat, the recy of none or REEL T= egal gate foetal ore tied te vinoty ete ene: The lower th ray he nett int Tor al es the vest ‘oma cae Vepntaeinveama, ad the eon corn: ‘cSetortyiceues wih thong tempyrtre De Sere. SSE Yow i le pla thr B02) ae the o Nom “The loving sammpons ae aod "To idler by She apna heat n'y, a ae eer dove fom twas hy lamin soci aad a ets eared roth ny rca "."Th ico aft im may po 2 Salon of th msn sity ef ow al ef anno tee pang ak pl “Tan voy of te evid iyr tw in action te rine ic! sheng fot ae wae nf oe Gh. 3. nh WY dn, 0 CONDENSATION OF SINGLE Varons 27 4, The quantity of condensate ia prdpotina tothe quantity of heat blots, which’ fo tare related 4 the tines ofthe Sm and of ‘hetemperstore difermen'bebreen the vapor end the surface. The condesiwta fm ie #o;thin tht the temperature gradient steough ii nen. "7. The physical properties of the eondenaie ao taken at the meas fin temperntire. "8 The orface i aninmed to be rlatirely moot and ean, 9. Tho temperature ofthe urace othe ed la conan ected Tn Fig. 122th rate at whieh beat sass from tho vapor through the Hiqid condensate lim aod Hato te footing sisfac por nit arn given by @_kemo 7 g = AW ene 9 2) srhae isthe latent heat of vaporization; 17 te pounds of condensate {med per hour per wun foot, ny fs the tice of the condeatate fim atthe genertiand point i the figure whaw coordinates are 2, ‘Th aber symbole have thie convention! sneering ‘The rate at which the vapor eondente ia thea given by w Heo 022) ‘Te guid flows downward over the vertical mrfaoe with a velocity x ‘aryag fom nero t th tube interface aad increasing outa to ‘he condensato~rapor interface. The velocity alto Increses verily ‘the condeneata ome dowamard. onder small cube of wit depth de = 3, defined by de dyin the moving condense fm cf Fig. 122. On tho ede near the ead vrtica! ‘ufc there ie tangeatial free acting opward and tending to support the enbe. ‘On the side sway fom the caldera! suraoe ere i {angentn fore sting downward duo tothe more rapid movemant af the Tiuld downward a the distance frum the aurkce in inereed. tthe sultant force upward through the abe ie diignated by 7, then the apectiveforca arer ~ dr/¥ and rh ar/2. Ihe diferetial angel fore mut be cite by gravity acting down as)rom the basic dafiition of vioty in Chap. 3 the tangetil eg in dened by Ba. (83), ing (lvorc)(n)/ an the dimensions for aos Sine its camry owe th dmesion (am) {or the dimension, Bq (2.8) becomes (24) (25) (28) 27) “The corstante C, and Cy must now be evalua. Sines the ligeid ‘Gdbee to the wall smut equal ero at y= 0, making Cy equal Soe [At the cuter boundary of the fn (ondensat-vapor interface) there ie 0 tangata strenwod from y= pdu/dy when ¥ = ¥, (@_-0--B ta oe ow Tw") ‘At dates «from tho top of Ue condensing surface the average lor lity downward x given by b [lu - Br a9) ‘conDBoaATION oF SINaUm VAPORS 250 ren the value of = fom the op ofa vertical wll in taken to be unity inn Pa 123 the Quanity of downward tow aero heizonta eo ars If the onde i Wve ‘hus + ds there naga inthe amount of dowawrd fo of condonate Mowe in Fig: 1238, Usiog the value for atom Ba, (128), mpi no (22, aan -alpey ju ite at eer seers cay = oe 2 ee etn ln satin sens eas Se Kem o wales sahaig or na (1250) he ae, 123, e042 can 2m) Pecan ag Woy 0200 Be - 0 cain) v- [she of ante seein sin nda th tne Tse sea tl aoe Po CN hae at saat y tom (1280 216)xe rors nar reves Ft bat en tener on ffs nee= [ [EP] e nit =F) om cain 1 tesa ed ban ps (128) — oom =m 21) hare py nd py ae erated atthe Bin temperature and where ‘he fl temperate ie Me +0 = ET) a aoa Ue +0 = 36% a9) yaa . Inthe above a nthe derivation whish oli, the tats canned bythe pangs of the saturated vapor ave the condennate-rapor interace bas been neglected, Tt as be include, although isnot of practi ena ‘juence- ‘The varetion of the lin thicknew sd loa! het-traner ‘onfekat aro hows in Fig. 134. ‘Tho shape of the carves flow the ‘Benes and eenequraly the reitance of te condennate fl. Thalned SufceeGasidr &eabe making the abe « aa shown in ‘ig. 125, The-graity component setng in plane parallel €0 the So ee 28). (ak pinatir «(= £8) (484) =a can ovsahceietent we pines cam Pete tome = Bue com Faquation (19.7) becomes * oo Evane toy +0, (22 [A the sart of condensation on the tbe whore y = 0 and cere fe ne ‘eat slag the fabs w= and Ca = 0 oat CONDENSATION OF siNGLE TaroRs 2 fone, tanta Erte mee me oO ane (aay nt G29 ome tung Tensa(igpste cas et st ej Cn ee enh 8 nn ‘making an angle «wih thereto ae tenia Tg. 126. The mam flow ‘Of vapor lntsthesondenaate Bn trough the svar da and with «film282 PROOHSS Hear TeaNreR Wieaas yi given by the conduction equation, ea aairde ara chm mt nnn in lg Re TERRE eee Soa Tansee dow) liar bath an) far mo owe ‘Substituting for W", Eq. (12.11) beecimes He pte = Bain 8) ee tee yay ine ea KEM Oe “_ nde = yay? sin a) Dierentiting le = ¥Gy" os wy + con ade) : = 3Y/ sin aly’ ty con ade 228) 1a (20h pas a) Bi" dy’ = M4 dy", nar (12) mone ten A anety +E onete tavin=ho de-haeu tomes (2m Sana teeme—t0 aap tin (229 star usin sh tin snads({fstemea) aan Wine 0-8 eo Saag [ Sede i230) LCORDENEATION oP SINGLE VAPORS 208 se wt tin nn it tw ay eri Deckers att vores aaa eter 818.8 = 7 eT Ee ly nce go one splot chats ely pin hanstanntrasacae [test ts aas} ‘The average haat-tranfor cooticnt fy of thn eagnt betreen snes Baden OD awa LF cay Employing graphioal methodn aa belors, where D, is he ouside inneter otha ta, he aver hea-ranatreatiicats are found 10 . eff -om(3e" o-oo) roc 0 to 180" which is oneal the tube, the other half bang erm =~ saers( 8) aay "The vavition ofthe fon thicknee and bot-treefer cofiient for ‘seam ons horizontal fubeia shown a ig 27. Asin the preoling ese iti governed by the rts of the eendeniale Sm to condition. Development of Equations for Calculations MeAdaze! found rom ‘he corti ofthe data of several invetgtions thet oberved com. ‘cong vouficiots fr stoum on Verio tabs were TS per cent ater Us the theoretialcoficenta calculated by By. (LIB). The ralaee ‘aeated fron Bq. (12.18) agro, however, fra condevat in trace Seow withthe aes frm y(t) ary sme ‘When liquid denen vertically onthe ote of tube, itiecertinly * Mopmt aos sar reavarne conpavsariow or sno yaross as ne Dwi x sims oat Dy Pew oa ot eri ee “ating the londing per tube be w’ = W/V, were Nei the suber of ‘bes, G= w/a, W/dmetey Bem Dil = (QAPPNOTAD a= win (1235) ‘itn he condensate loading pe near fot =F, w/amdiney 235) Ba. (3288) bavomes ane ‘The oth Hou ron by @ = wae B= 355" Poa” Lis aay Boban in Ba, (1218), ‘ = os (te) (am Multiplying th eh erm by (4/40, & ~ 00 (Hg) (ek (ey eas he ursnatinier ty Coe ben 4h)" 10 (@)* 2a se eg sana ic * oe Xe cay * 4 uggaag Yeteal de echangy etcept ta the ootar serfs of the ceaiti ‘te one of the dauble ine exchangerthe equal amor we taken sa for tines the hydrate radi206 ‘rwocese BRA” PRANGEER ‘sing tho correponding loading se given by either Ea (1238) o 124%) seth ae maybe, Hey (1230) sl (1240) may both be represent by BLY 15 (0) as (2) Gh) EYE)" ore iquations (12:30) and (1240) wate obtained Yor condensation on singe ‘abea Toa vertin}tube bundlethe pres of oo o more tbe de ‘ot alter th anmptonn on whies the ervation was proceed. How. ‘ver, on baisntal tues in tle buadlon it hus boon found that the ‘lashing of the condenete mit ipa over mtceatve rows of tbe crue @ wobe more neat inversly prpotinal to Ni rather than N90 that 5 prfrale to ue Beitious value fr horizontal tes oe a wrosygin cay ‘Figura 1209s lino chat of schtien of Ba, (1243) prepared for eon- ‘valence. Tks roquie thu ha i ein streamline flow corepond- Ing to an average Reyoolisnarber of sbout 1500 to 2100 for thn fon ‘gadlat amumed by the condensate, For team st Atmoephera pe tse Eq, (1243) reduces to the equations given by MeAdamn: Foe odaontal tabee ce dia) wettevetat he 6 ft say ‘wher Ay rangs frm 10 to 150°, ei foqoeity desirable to apy Hge. (129), (2240), and (1242) to ‘he elation of coedaaser whith are modisaton ofthe exchanger ‘rth camdenmtion in Uh hl Soch conden have bald tbe ba: ‘le, ‘The baler do 20tafct th condensing fm cotclnts ix hor ‘soutl condenser, tice th couiclenta we independent of th vapur ‘masa velocity, but they do nfenc the sceumulaton of condensate ot the tuber feria! condecaera. ‘Moreover Jn condensers with sol ‘pss tee the tube wall traporstare i diferont at evry pln i ach Das, wheres tho surface tmperture was srumied canst inthe da ‘ations, A cortection forthe inter cannot be secoanted for in the (akultions exzept hy the treatment of enall uae increments of each pusindividealy. "The error intreduee by using the rean tubal tam Dorare aa beng fetve over ute arace bs apparealy 120 roll to Soalfy the lengthier calculation. Since the bale hole aw ornaely "hp 2 CONDENSATION or SINGLE VAPORS on dann ta a nf) ‘e388 Cndmang olin, Srp men a2, 84288 pRoossa weit TRANSFER about Soin. otter in daratr than th tabo onside Bacher, the ‘tee ref! codons proven: Che condensate Bi fps rae hng a ‘icknere greater than 3¢4 in. bobre impinging on the (bale, ~Thix, Honore ina arora lintaion exept a igh tae Jondings wher the cenit St might eter re elle to cheng to furbulent ‘ow "Compute between Hodtasatal'and Vectal Comdeniition. ‘The ‘vw ofthe condensing Sm sonceat for aiven quantity of vaper on (Geen srtoe ie Sqikeanlyafeted by do poitun of the eondecaer fis verte tub shout 60 pe ont ote yop eandenen in the Upper Mule he tube,” By combining ce (1216) and (12.86) the ri of he thooteGaal hornootal asd verte condibingcoeficints in given by _——~ (0:705/0.963NG/D)M,_ For a % i. OD tub 100° long, the oriaootal ‘Sotclent shoud be 3.07 tines a ret a th vertical coafeeat, pro- ‘Wed tht th condenae a ssamlise Sow thronghext. Oi Trly, however the advarisge i ot mule wo goat due to the other ‘Modoaions whch prove each ae a tranation ofthe vated Bln ito "orth noma shatter fo bine with vem di seu th cde ace ual, very wn 00 60 ‘Sper ly nde wma om ne pt 28 oe ‘sae Tika Boba sme! as Conte “franc rn to univrly tale ia bint psn tfai- tate the tino ofthe vapor ud be renwal the emda, “hn ncondmon in enployed co «latin clan, vil psc futinemt i abe nto comsdertion. A tpial armagemeat woh CONDENSATION oF siNaLE VAPORS 20 «eens i own in Fg 120, ich he sis tard {heeds geri. Throondanastolg 12st ight mos pay iefiet hydrate asd to return tbe confeata tthe com {inagh Cea Taig 1211 a veri sondewer employed forthe {reserve but ist wl sled for gravity marin conta, ‘eh moth levee condebly above the clot, wish a many ‘Sis ror tally Ho. Malstcanee ad seta spor fr the ‘ericalcondemer maybe only and cauideabl mae ical.” On the {Beran i lo Goeod nt only to condnm tbe oeraed vapor bt ‘Ghotentbol te conta the vere! ewer arsiy ae ‘Being eth operation of rating hn cndennts blow i turin freer sod hes doe very rogueady wn the overhead roc ‘Fa rl qu tobe st vo starage By eto i pone to frail ans evaporation Ios during iil storge ‘The conation ‘Teondnsaton aad abeolng ntl tit inner the bed fora Seate oven procl cooley, a own in Fi 12 “Gendauetion aside Tubes, Hovtenal Contes, ‘Th equtons dered far ve eee oi when apd ta conduit ‘So toy, libough te devia a enmeraa nds have Bot teen ropated capt in ulated instanon Ole, however, the oe ‘Comte corrode ort deed to rrort the latent hx rom th ‘apr by lng to prebeat the fed oa dun Tn auch es may TGipmfenble tocando te vapirin the tbe rather han on thee ‘arin the ial decvaton sno lense sppiable Wis hn {Ste of engl otal once ech be conden a ea ‘Som of vopar tad there eo changs in th eras duo to the ‘phakng of condenat fom ea tbe row to moter. Aa the eden. ewe along he isidahttoms of the fb homer, bp = {eck codes retain han nt tpt is th eran Ubon arabe os hort ustire to perme rtna nly bt ‘eh bo found hatte Sn sooiint sony bo sly camped by ‘y.(240) when "wh heretally B/CN Se oped by th ‘lin aling a= gly, W/taiat ana uation (12:48) ie empacilly woeful when eonfenstion ovear in the inner pipe ots doable pipe exchanger. For conénmation in tho tuben of ‘soondenter with multipass tubes itis preferable to vompute the average fin coefficient french pas. The condensate famed in te fia pase fs ‘aad through the sosad pus by oe oranere the lower bee inthe any wich may Sow fll of eoodenaate nad therfore pone 20 uracea0 ‘PROGRSA HEAT TRANSPRR for condensation. ‘The cleulatice sth eased ut by til and error ‘te determine the tre tbe Iuding in each puss Vera! Condensers, Condensation lie vertical tubes flows aen- tially the ee mechaniem a condensation outside verial tes If the {ntefrenen ofthe nll bafios in neglected. Sine the condaatte Sn has he ait to grow cootiauoaly In ies denoent down the lege tee of tubes, ay change fam nreamlne to trbulat flow at sme Tek betwoen the top and the botlom. ‘The loa condeningcoeticint Aoereue contimoouly from the top downward unl at ame pent ty {dm chango to trbslent ow. Mer the traaition to trbulant fw the conffon ceresorin aonrdane with the aml babavior of forced tenvection. By semempnieal mana Colbaa! aa combined the fet n eB 85 = a 0 2 Semone! een i et hen, Pane « strnatine ow in the upper prion ofthe tbe with that of terbulent flow below the poi where 40/n) = Z100."‘This required the sleton ‘fa hat Grannfer actor for for convection euch tha kt Ue traniton Polat was roughly th amo for both Nuss condensation and tubules ow. Tle then obtained the moan catiient forthe env hight o he ‘tube by weighting the average cesficieat forthe upper portion a the {tbe and bfor foro eanveston inthe lower portion of he faba. ‘The ‘ean onic of Sondeneation fe th entire sube when 40"/y, > 2100, fs given a Fig. 1212. Thi plot contains the values recommended by MoAdama, Tho dstaace from tho top ofthe tube st which tho case from lamina to tarulan ow core may be obained from Nemes ‘emiempieal derivation based cn the tranaton occur st 40"/ "="1400 for wlearn and exploying Hap (128) and (IRA). Thx bs De tans in fee from that, no 8 aa, ten A.M, Fane ALOR, 9,381 CONDENSATION OF SiNaLR varons m ‘hare there ovidence that the tain scars at higher value ‘an 42'/oy = MOD, a8 for expan vapor, the vale of 2 shuld bo ‘atpil by the ratio ofthe corrctad val o40/yy divided by 0 "Naturally «verte condenser eto operate wit ceodennation ede ‘ho tabs i have bat one tabe pase ax hora Se Pig 1218 ‘Conder Coleulations."Candantes ae bat clamifod by wha ome sp ai he, than by thee rca eto or vin Or ‘ttiton to condensation they may alo perfor vapor demperbetng ot fendensatewbcoling a0 thet x cparnte all and not be exployd for ‘eventos! tener, A conveniont hicheach ele iindlctivé of wiferent modiation ofthe even blow: 6 Hoge yaa f perth ans a8 Yr, cote 1 Sena storie mato or cams 1a throagh Id the malty of endinser ae modesto sf the 1-P exchanger td may be relered to a8 V2 condenere Thee sa 1-2 exchanger a condenser usally require proviso fr « get ‘lesa maces that the vapor i ot abjted te lo peat orem ‘Sop on eerng the shell. "Ton may be asozplabed i ete of thn ‘a7 The vapor may be inredocedthreugh » vapor blt as shown it Wi 12.16 or by menos of fared sell ila noe a thown in Pig T215. A ind method i the auton of same of le tbs fom he dle Although condensation reduces the vohime of the vapor, it ocoum st qetast remure ect fo in Ian! rau trop bebe he Sed fe cult Taa hott ccdat tong niemm Phocess wear reassreR ‘ntl hain in inprtive ta they be nang fo 10 oe {Bp act upside in Fig 7.8. Ti ioveleo mary Ting the bed 0 lor ing chaoa tthe al Sang "e proved lois or cnune poof Condesa Yo fry TORS, 2 purefbena rh chester oe ol he ‘ary inet the page ap ‘dp conaerstioa wl allow ani to wped the bates accordingly. To. = count forthe aiiaag in tho ot! pounds of vapor asi teal the Ors weg pa aie vera length of the bunitie, the baile pacing may boralagyered to give & neasly "| outet anor mesh wey. "Atte net in lle a med ta Tate spud more cow loward the est The wa sng fel pc aera aout nei apes th apy Tikeequpeet to eer srvoa nthe event tat te orga! promat SS Gsentinved., Withenifm ble pitch the conden ay be aly apie to qi nd guid Squd bow xchange Th datilntentho-alomble prams doy for vapor coming of « cedazn ia iy vor anal Ue eondeouer ental for tho gravity fetarn of heart he clea. Heerng to lng 1410 the trae ‘real con of tho weight oft overbea-vaper ine ss ~ zy endemser [romre 4p AP, the weight ofthe condense og 2, the prea ‘opin te condensate otra which hrwuallyaegartéd. The ogee tion is given lowly In pound per square inch by Ft off CONDENSATION aF srwoLE VAPORS 3 rhe = desty of anon Itt r= deat of gai, 1/0 AP, = preweae drop in condense, sspenion antennae ees dom tnd tothe tower have als been teloted. Forall practical porpone the minum alable hydrostatic damit exoed pat, = 16427, Totem aly beaddel ann thual actorto permis the une of « fow-cantcl valve in the ref ne. Tora quid with a epee gravity of 10 the inion elevation ef tho ‘undentte Tne above the level of th top plaa for & 2.0 pa llowabe presure dra the condenser is (20/147) x 24 = 482 ft and for Iiuide of lower wpecie grevty tbe elovaton of the condennr wll be proportionately ester. For thin ramon the condenser i frequently festalld ab the round level and a eondents return Pump ie cael fatal for gravity tar of refx ‘Thi in enpely tre et higher pree- fare, where lydmulc contol iy more dficut and serious surging ay seaut a the tp of the column. To prevent wiring the eandenate Ieovng the condenser fret enters & ondennatenerumeltor and thea eete the pomp. With pumped rtom a vapor prevre drop of 5 pe ‘Sotten allowed fa the condenser. "For gravity tuiens the alowable ‘vapor prose dop isthe condenmer wil be ual Ifo 2 pel Te the condeuation of apure axturated vap, fhe vapor eater the condeatet at He saturation temperstare and heros se @lguid, The prmare drop obviously lou than that which wold be elolted fora {Bi ab the net spose gravity ofthe wxpor and greter (ha that hich would be compited using the outlet specie rarity ofthe conden ‘The aa velo of inlet vapor und oat gt ary however the sane 1 the abeonoe of extensive corelations reamoably food tl are tained mbes the prmure drop is calalated for thse vloiy wing tho totl weight dow aod the average specific pavity betwen inlet aad ‘ull. ‘Thiomethod ean bo farther dingo ain the condeoeatcn of eam, by taking ene-alf'Uhe convention yess drop computed ‘tidy cm inlet conditions. Ths for condensation In the shal, 1 AmDAN +1) a, = | Porgy aaa ‘where se tho apecite gravity of rapor. or condemttion in tubes 1 fein tent Me) heroin the pee gravity ofthe vapor. No otra o expansion lemee need be considered, Both Iq (1247) and. (2248) ew on the {aio sie, snce the maa velosty of the vapor deren messy Encatymm ‘pRocesa HEAT TRANSFER ta th presence of args from st to oe whee the prmare drop decrees athe equate ofthe vebeiy Sr toca take it diffclt to mock the allowable drop ‘ee iD conden, ower yremie drop ax be obtained by rare (uot dow un shorn nig. 1246. Bll anotber-arangeoent = 1816, Cmte thet So nd erty ears rn, setae characertcs wl be dined ater athe double ow or dite een in Big. 1217 This condeser cos o 6 ome fe eae with 9 remonble ongitial bal end trae cre teat well a alle bales to dave de-toeflw o the upp CNandenate, ‘The wuyportpae, nation to wpporting ll ‘pe: tnt Dhan 12 a to ate, ato euro tn divide he fom. To prevent the condeoate nad 1 fara the wl rom ping between aon! Fae re Came: of the tal, ies customary So provide rae Mui which fore Che vapor and conden to tava the alt Magi ofthe divided flow emdeser. uamle 12 Cio o sacl ria Came hei Bae A See densa 60 hr of tiny me ake ic mig to po ling ls ein ‘CONDENSATION ov siNaLE VAPORS ns soe s eh pn 207, Yo an ng “A dire fact of 0.008 seca ee sap ete one a "eda rent op whom Hien sang pa sie: (a bal: ‘eye @ = 900 228 = 1700000 Ba Jeu aon ian a) Tea he oa i Pie carat De, 24 [rigor tp [imo | ime 4 [torwtep | os | ie a -e -107 ue ‘he hen i snr a i. (giteoed ins nha fi Wace mp ba 22 vin cuit Teumet= alPosieade (cue = 10: Conde im il ry sol! Ltn in et oft rr Uae agree ‘rte SRE ee (6 Gomctad aet U PSC ses = ta 0 iia spt | A a ptt nln not tease gegrsaratecon, ae "rm ee eet eR, (aC Ta kote x bina oma8 ‘PROESY HEAT TRANSFER fi ia weg ate is te fing peacoat | 070: Sf co bt ga 10°» = out amon Zane one fm aig pe O29 282 = 24D /GH) Act, —W) (Ba. (631) D = 082d = 00617 @ Table tenth = De. ™ cout Setona A Se 8 a eal ceetigme a sin Ws he = AX 1D/OD 3) Bie i = 80 po xeaars Sccberdnavvcr i Cote “ios eaniner Sete tren ‘ase bo 020) PiSabedineen : duoc = rio mone et cobs edn ts toe pret te ly ERY" FE stay ins omeieom e olne ppn e itp me serene ty oe Ba = 98, Nae Sai ee 36 “eaetyroe) (. geceagsronehe I Comes x a47on/aaasa ~ Bie yoann! me va (8) Noche M1 are pM a 4s Melne oat wo nomnid x 1210 000 x 8 x + Decal 6 = STOATURVIET] ENT) "eX Lo iD ae Zaiw 4s ogayas = oom ee tat | oy ar, 1 ED cy AP, = (Amieytve/ag) 1B. 7 xR Lee = saat Sean ‘ibe can) Tatar eset catty an ‘CORDENALTION oF suNoLE Faron a 2) enone nit Ce ithe IT acs mwaninen — (oan ptr Rt an = a Cha eee weer me AD aa [oust | on 30 | Atoms a | 00 ‘eft al enter eter and lb Monbe aed eg ie, 8" ‘OD, HWE, ek ~ Kl 16 BWC, "Hein ‘toes 2 siete by Wand N, sod the bos basa fr compign i iad when ‘he number of tube in bath condaner isthe see, ‘To thi cod a srl condenser wl be aaumed whieh employe the sae bbe count 1 that of the preceding example exoopt thet ts tbe legsh may be 18 er 10 Fan nnd to anrcunt forthe lower eoflete bland in vet condemnation 124 Duin of Yet nPop Caleta, Pron dio Rex He Se tm am Tope cone al eon or 1) at bas: un Ena 124, = 1710000 Bah dmane me bmi a= 1 (Oy Fact mune Seni "a eandentin ello he imino tert el ny ‘side inc cto sho be kda8 Peocass wean TRANS?ER conpevstrion of sinaue rarons eo 6) Aamane Us =70. The eatin for ths coderng Sm, oni ime wh ‘Posemte Dewp ele is BE Sana oh wl te "he care a-%h ‘nacammry Wo rodace the vabve of Us, senna = age hi - rom Ms Tooake a coma wont ‘ ofa Wee : prsesyia sonst pea erage mean oa rette Ns nine (The tet of ramp 2 mig He OD abso He ener ph Sot pea el be teed a sn Wyinng = wae, iB. cas = snwaaa 3108 x one aire mone = tact st) fe, B20 fret " = was + Gort ~ 135) wea (00 De tr Be ati) = 17 028 le Oo t=, TEES on » aM y= hen BOF . “ ete uarem sae, re a ese Ba na, PES iteeneh ume Pree Dp Cars) (8) 8 wi be som ang he) Bane ae 1 ee fo Be fees | (Balham ere tebe eC 0ess Retopied_ 0.80 STN Caie, oy cn 33 | oineaae | aa] * cine tyne Cat ne ae 309 | Atoabe a? | 30020 ‘Peoonss sar TeaNareR Dams, Toe soda imran adn seein bests pray opin ot ‘Tedvenag ofr onde “rhe ecnteper " TD's tin. Monte ed hag ~ 0, 0" a = a “Goro Rah ah Ken Parl Condqasrs and the Balanced ProamareDrop. Somotifos tig Aesirble toscodense only sporti of the vapor ins condecaeiaue at ‘may be ncdud only for rx. Sicha condenar in» partial “lthogh the erm depBlagmaor wat formerly used. ‘The elation of [cil condener dont alter he rnthod of epmpating the condoning fn coeiciet.° The eultionc tho preeue drop Sera arta eon lease i biainod with pficint'ecuracy fom the average of tm ree te dope bad on init and oats sonditions. ‘The presure dep for the let conditions has already been tented al forthe ctlt condita its dbsaned for pace! purpoet by computing the mas velocity and Reynold autbe frern he weigh How of vapor ole Yapor se ste oe, ‘Amora precise caleulation ofthe promure drop involves an adits uct.” Dang aril sendenstien in horizontal condener the rape ‘trun travels inthe upper potion ofthe sll ad th layer of ogden ‘She eaves in-prllel with om tho bottom ofthe abll Bote na ‘ravers tho length of tho exchange with the some preesze dp, see {Wo erinlpresuesforboth re dantieal. Tyne called the cocion of balmad prarare drope, and itappies whomever to Sus fow In Parlin mie Poco ie hr iy ‘arly in tube bunds, the peaure drop ean bo compte by trl 40d error by mening the gy megments of the pipe in which the ‘condensate and vapor fow. ‘The elvalnt laeter can then be ele lated fr each portion from te fre low aren athe wotied porter. ‘Th mua velocity, Rayon mime, and proaare drops ean sinialy ‘be caeuatod tae prema dope for ow wml von of he scgnenta de ol check, a ew sasomption mont be made and dhe ell ‘ion mprted. Tho piste of balanced preasre dope la partly important when ii desir a eucol the condensa o very specie teaaperature andthe area for eoblokess eraser must be Setermined lopely. When desing withthe abel sido of 1-2 horispatal condenser, ‘a leentcealy dtl to predict arearetely the eflotve flow area a he CONDENSATION o# sINGUH TAPORS 2a seit oft si uss i an be termine by anime rm tbe Sl lpot tough ie rnin of anod pra Srp mat lo oo, Tetaeysctinpacs spd Condenein. Tn dition operons the volatile component is always-omly partially separnted from the less {he eampone ad th ovrbendpadot neve 10 gers pre {mind tay cnn om sens ts nl earn te fever compen od er ct nds bth esp whe the oval i «combat boli mitre r= are fring wo Seles. When the caput ag over ich te om ‘Aconion oe msi ars al parapet exeodiag 10802, {fay be tated ape cmp iste tv peste iter tore Bing th LATD for eons or Fr UMD for 12 cn. Stem ww of hn omnia APBD iter ue ae hat ‘Sub ed romovd fom tb apt per degre tempers erase ‘Santee, Parlay whee cae apron oth temper of {Seow media article, thay ad weer an dene stein Gap 8 Porth najrty oars pon de Sen amo ee “hoe pe of impesty cong» ern fom arma on taunt e proton os tum ef encode py ccm ‘Sad with tn vapor A rentannhi ge nt © sped {rho coed oa moraton onpeate wie he apr endo. A common empath prs of he dene fant sean. "Th prowne only tf cet a by wae ay fhe eodanng cola fens by )perecn The mac Tet uth endemelontecomes ona ifn the apr deh ‘health cor srring ar one othe user tes. Ua craton o primar pate hee ie Sad tat ina no a atm rt forthe sal qantien whch may have Toe acted nthe fod eter noe hws agen. Tn vn pointe pentyl ao the ten reir fa re Totes for cota otra Cndnanon of «Superbad Tag, The condenaton oa me exe raer dere rm tet fn srt voor afar Shae i heat tobe reno The nape may be ert an ‘ional abortion yw ry etre apr ater ror rom Seatac witb Sed fom whch aw fondo re pang © farted apr trwth 4 promnresoocng ve Free Conn. Sectoral etn Neha ces nutes aviator no ‘vefond tat he wt phd at ode het oc maybe "Mek on 9hv2 proceas maar reanaree considera tanlered by the temperature difereoce between Ube way ‘atoatioa temperature and tho tate wall tmporsture, = Kats — 4) 2a) vwber Ki the condensing Sm coeticent and Tis the eturation oper ‘tue ofthe szperbeted tam conerponting to its inlet prowtre. This ie actanly« compromie rule “ciple the clslation by the greater temperature diference that should be usd fr the deme eating alone salon a fm cofiient sich may be socaertat lowes than the condensing coficint, Ia the Hight of lam cancusve evidence ‘ope ey speclate on what poity cour In e denperboater com ‘lense: Consider » horiaontal tn counteow or J-1 condenser with ‘the vapor in tho abel.” When the mpechetal vapor eaters atthe bot no the condenon, the temperate the tube wall ay be lower than {he saturation tamperature of the vapor. The ssperheatl vapor on {ating the fube wal eandenac at ke antraton temperate ad may Domably even be eabeanled. As th codentadripe fom the tabon i ‘probably etebaoge host by rflahng into the hot supechatel vapor at ‘peat transfer rule, they eficting most of the danperiaating ‘ra, then, tbe dosupertontng i probably contro bythe rte of wih ‘ig, sioh should be relatively high for « zn on b eld tube wal provided Uh condeante dove not rai to rapidly tobe abode tis ao pomible io have a revese condition. Ifthe cooling mad ‘hs oem ont so th the fle-rall emperetare ner the ot terial in grater chan the saturation tenperntare the tube wall wil be dry torrord the hot end aod demiperbeating el cour ony wf the sxper- ‘bated steam were «dry gan in bis as it iv ueeeny to divide the unit into demperbeating snd & edensng vane and thie tet will ‘bo treated prowl. ‘In he condensation of vapors ober than aca emit be ott tha 2 ier rasoeaip exists beten the aative host contant of te expe ‘hat ‘and tho latent heat of evaparation. When seam atmospbese ‘Dramare ad iperbated 100° i condensed, the densperhet represents ‘iehtly low than 5 percent o the lta hat load I an organi var ‘whowe baling peat is i tho same range, suchas a-boptane, Se mopar Tate 100°P and then condenady the danepesbeat regret ovr 3 pet ‘ent of tbe hont ad, -Furtbornors, water vapor has very low deaaty eopared with oraaie vapors, aad tbe mechanics of Tfaahing ax {ijion in the vapor phasis probly more ative for steam than or fongaie vapors In condenser with miltpl tbe pares, condensation ‘dos not occur where the tube-vallempeaturele higher than theextara- toa taaperstare ofthe vapor, so tht itis pole 1 have only par of he arace wetted CONDENSATION OF SINGLE VAPORS 8 ‘Tue Weihtes Clan Coefilot sod Tenerstre Dilerace i ‘posperbenter-Condeaera.Tnetabinhing the tuo tmperatue dt Pe cunlrdow and 12 excanges twa ued that 90 pel hangs oncured in the exchanger, The demupatster condense Ei ditic lt of tis sunption, roqiag Ue devenent fs trend deming tn oonpraan Serone En , 128 {ir tenperatses ding te condeustion of» pure vapor ar shows. fhe, 1210 ae shown te tsperataren during Di demperitting aod ‘edeoation ofa soperbewtl vapor. Tels couenien to consider the y it a 4 4 = > oa eee ene BS aan condenser a Using mbdivded ino tro nes i serio for dome ‘ining andthe ether for condenation, ‘The logth Ef, th Tid ‘amdcate loading, @” = W /LA%, ora horisrtaldesipetbatercon- ‘Ser then the length of tbe corresponding tly to ennaation and ‘ots overall abo lng wl bon at his reguiro an ertinate (ihe length ef tube eaepanding ool to concanation befor can be ‘ain. Thin diftlty to eeaaton dove och are in verti units, "The temperature ration inthe condensing sane of Mig. 1218 are I st hn nperatare tay be obtained from dierent ations for ‘Be heat autor ove the (wo tube proms of ho deporting soe. ‘Theat given by" coY(Bvmee ) : + Iyer an RY Torn 7] pied ae, D-, Kar at C.F Cen2 ‘paocess uaaT rRansran ysl ea ao ea Foro a ae pe hg ci as Capon ta en ee Sere etdtnlgel mcseapun” For aes ar eg a scape opin fo paiot sa nes he Sa es onder end sonenaeeenes o ‘and if there i ooitempersiute eres betwben the covidensing range and ‘mug betel igre veers ae so SE ar ainay ome ray em rtonTecmwat ces bP ota i iarciin tall aeateneett eagle ae, ‘Shes a sue seeps ame, Be te ha oa Ts ee Stn ae We se Stearate aa pee ee Sintntcee Uwe le oscars Capea oe ‘hetitiees ae nenaet ate a td enblnenidont nel weaken, ney Wiutampeteteg net nove eae Sponton ere here relation facade ‘Sotpena Sd ety oc eey and ces ‘undo i Uo fro sn apt eae tea, sree ee abetee eel cient Tei Mfc oie oe sree ead ond vale oUt Cafe sen epoca ae emis heey teat ne Poorer epee mnie meat aatrot bodes So ek ean er fats Seen ant wien aioe eee Patti hens cre team Weel sate Shee ers eon)» BE = Us where Ue isthe weighed clam enral conic. “To eaclaton val of Us from the Fourier equation’ @ = Usd at ‘tiemnanry Brat to obtain single valaefor 3th may'b ehted in terms ofthe heat transfered, reartvely, bythe temperate ier ‘ene foreodenaaton and desupecaing, Since UA ~°Q/8, o-— 2 Ya ad (eight) = aan CONDENSATION OF BuNOLE r4PORS 25 rhe tito weighted tomperafurediferens and (Ai}sand (Ae are TM{TD in comtaidow. “The asounpiions inthe weighing method ‘Sepld be-completaly understood before attanpting the soltion of Gleblews. ‘They erve asa content mean no etirlyprele, for ‘paring the performance and devin of dorurerheatr-oondensar Th the sleulaton of danspeheiter-nanlentre forthe flliment of ese codon, itis dll to entaah a fst rule for aasaming 8 emote valu of forth tial callation It xt only dependent ‘hoe the fnoeticiat of the superbeated and started vapor but to [Beduabertent upon the dstrbtion ofthe bat load betwen conden Geno sipetieat which may hev-any vale. By weighting Us from the sv heat loud and antipatad individual design eoefiienta Sepemite reasonably good approximation. ‘Thus fora tral ealultion 2 casa) dst wh ane, Cnt #4 ee zg cit th itn Seeman ee es Shela cen iat due eos oo ae eee eee Ti ce ited ae ws are craioplin arlene tion trae Ti tsi eet pe nbn win 2 sin racine eden tonne pais Se era We ght) = ine Enter: a te ete TD 2 ia Noni nd ath = 3,100" Bate ase =i OD, BHO, ph ~ in 18 BHO, U-e — ‘ter =e (2 Ht tans ‘Bran: Deep ng, = 7.988 5044200 0) Tea ele ern, ending ey (rem Fe: “oligyyof winner 1 10 pan 1907 = 90 Dah ‘Bayo wane Wot 10 pa nae 12° = 170 Bl > rasta a) = aes Dee 5 san + saanou0 = 470 Bahr Water, = 188002 1400 — a8) = 474900 Bee oS soon deste aE26 ‘Pencess MEAT TRANSOER (a et: Dena mdm ok c Midis 95> lls 07 cas (9) Feand Arann vn mtr. at fi sal ite a fa ie, te © qni x Ga/iahy te. cn| wo spam Tate Mas es sande xt | vata ‘dasare|™ Dances x4 ~ arms Degen ty enw ey | 8) = wie Tero Tio * srsmi5/000) "= Tap 003019 ya, ¥ = mane "2 Fags X62 = 5 (0) 8 7 = WEF, the men lr | 6 n= ER, Seat pn ater Sta =an w/00% S28 = eee mra0, he hg 25|D ~oszn2 = as b,= omit samoee int Ra Bye fer pommel) Dake Toa Sama = in Taba srzcomene = 450 mene he © his, Praag eavanmocr mates fem ut xommaiion winch)" minal nae, ma =a xan F ‘CONDENSATION OF s1N0LE Yaron’ an oe abe eee Stes ween ee eo a Inside deaoetar of tabes, ia “mm Za Ss. Soi Se so oe Scat aes. Se Tee ease mime Soames eee re eens Soe ac Se ea meee cones Scrat Ht oa ite om ty tae, ig = fr mention, crema nd eng mp be ld mat, pty, ‘pening = eta pte, Fate pea, ‘Tegra lead eta at el, eet,aooass HEAT TRANSFER rags pene a i, F ‘Slee empetr bet 2 Boum tater, 7 ‘Cd tenpenton ert ie id th, romctidy, mi rea tegen 27 CHAPTER 12 Seiad Py CONDENSATION OF MIXED VAPORS Jatroduction. Tn the preceding chapter it was sanumed thot the eon- a eee tmpantr ener cate, dap. dng vapor consisted af « pare or aubtantily pore compound which (he 2 at) and when, oe ‘codon iothcraly, the vapor was mined with another con ene rel emer ae ee Sean Segetanannsny ein atang SLRISE NESE Oe Es acces ann ee eee cetmtng at Mf Serres cmd re the ent bat ofcndeatinn we tase ont, anager ela esa ae ce Ce Se ce ae : Soacne et a ere tal ete ; 0 ESE . ee eet aac BOE enmeannsn nm Serene ee per eet a + Eeoeieee ae uy Sacveianpeanicche Pees ES anomie See ats ara nate tana >» Hine Sort natn nvr 2 Sr Saat at wk ae om smi tact helt voreoved. The stout ef eons . Sopot 2G ewmonige erin naman : BE cctrmmctasn | Zebgumenknte onynrnteteaghaterasernhes RR eee we Seacrest > eS Samer aetna terete Dee : fia te enigaritcee dunked ok > ox Fe nee er et, ‘ \ ne v0 ‘may vary rally wit the compaiton of the vapor mintare a0 the kt - open areata aerate 1 che cman net Mae pty ‘ FEN anette = > ES "ue Rae To fen ye of emits ma be ne eae ante Ne eee Phan ate dened ashomogenous amounts of matter in Usb, Ligaau PROCESS WRAP TRANSFER denial ampenda hie a ot wi sarin ne mis ok ts oie an te mixture of water, an interface appears Be reser aio alirpeionag tay SiS semenin dps Wie ogni my oe SSeS une epee eae rte Sieiaiart sn ye mt nt eae ae na Pea tage” Ona ota owes oe Ss fe omnes ne prota pi ‘Stat etbaned stent cee eot elan Sbcie a es rue pene nico saint pass ma ie antol me oe, Faeries CONDENSATION oF w1xRD Varons aus dre of rsiom (of wlectcn). Bometiacs ke ispaie tof tore ‘bral phaes in sysiem by cimply Sing the pene. This tna ors paz bing ld such aa water” Wit Seed to all waar by ea lshing sgn and fil pase, can tbe done under any cembition of resus so trperaure the enpincr desire to fx? the prose is ‘egara epren of fda sae t may te rly and incpdetis chown, and it sed ut 147 pein, ul to fsa the cose he ‘he een of the fvo phases. But the trmperntre may note fey snd indepedenty chosen, ince it snot an independent vanable Pe, {Be eglisium sytem Ie i a property ists phe rle allo the rapid dag of food ia sates of greater comply. “The nae re ities Fec-P42 can hare Fis the number af gree of freedom C the numb of indidual emia compounds or cheioal subvtnces in the aynany ned Pa ae, ‘amber of péasen, Nothing in the phase rue Secrminse ‘ype mirture encountered in haat tuner, adem re given ree [31 ‘To demontrate the um of the phase re for deeming te ‘ethan or noisotharmal nature o the condeasaich os tapee ae {ar ns condamer three ofthe typer wil be Hisestal. e's cane ‘plaid he, in cninary procs dagn,confeners operate St,ae PROCES HAT TRANAERE “Tas 14. Comon Comma Ragorme elapse oo] econ | mee PETE n| St 1 |e, ate 5 [beer 5 [Roce fs |: im = : dab Es |! s fomeoeremems, REE | 2, feats — + se Sse] lim 1 [Beceem | tat 1 [emer fa | 3 [ome a + [ergy mee | fame aa = Ferg Sm apa Ei stantially constant pare ac bt on degre offen i eay ‘za by thn oping rena te pres Porte anagocsUelow rtarne ould bo mad to Fg, 132 which shown th it cad of ecedener Dieter th net nots Teh tamper yada 4, other wet edhe, ier pe tf tial condensation has occurred, the ‘magna donated oy ich | ‘aay or may Dot be enti Wi Ty oj Wier tesla i | convent 0 ear sndaaston ‘the Srader of mara boon, it 1 gan phe and one or more quid wa a ‘beemune tho heattransfor mitfaco By HA Cons cdi eo th dow printf the vapor, proper to mune thatthe beatae fer mrtuen vty unde to inlet pone a wet and euple he Bae ‘lan esneatly aler the vaper eters the condenser ‘CONDENSATION OF MIZED VAPORS an Case 2. Condesston of Mistreiof Two Mivsble Components, ‘esample! Butane pntane Pac-P42 52a 242—2 (dagot freedom) fr dutilatin, The rytam is complatly defaed bythe prooeen which fra alrady Bad the two degrns of rom p and Cy and Prat 1b aed Uarlor us dependent vaiala 9 in the cam of water baling S147 pla, Betwoon 11 and 22 heat i over and with quad ‘iy ofthe high-boling compound and leer consti of th lowing sompoundcondene into the iid phase. The compen C; af the sapor at 22 dirs from Cy at 1-1 the vapor beng lotr inthe high ting vompound. Apply the phabe rue grin at 29. ‘There must i to age fred ae de oa the me ‘sumber of phase The pressure i eonwlan ap, it the compotion is changed to C,-Aceording tothe las gonerning vaportigua! equ ‘cm, the temperature Tat ps, Cy not be the se se Ty at, Cs, sda the lter na pot on vapid enelibrinm Hon jst 2 12°F {and 147 pain ion pat on the eglbium lina or mar.” "Thterapere- Aare of condensation mast ensoquenly rary teas I+" to 22, and he ‘oudenation snot oer, ‘Goa &. Condenaton of « Vapor from a Noweondele Gas, Eran pie: Bonner water, FeB-24202 @degel foodon) ‘The operating prosreis xed, and Cis rd atthe othe condener bythe ratio of ennm to airin Unt pas.” Sioe to degree of rem ‘mand Care fed, the temperate 7 is agit dependet raiaie wt EV.” Moving along to 22 whers the prenureon the aya etl py, seme ofthe eam it condensed while th ga is ot condesoed ad »aew ernpeition Cy rena, Tho temperature Ts frp, Cy moet ier frome ‘eat 9. Cs for the mine raton a blo. Tl lempeaton at 2.7 ve any cdr point nctaally the dew polat for he mirtare remaining in ‘he gaa phase and varies Hom the net to att nthe compotion of the vapor pase changes. Condensation i not eothermal. Cote 8. Condensation of a Misture of Two Immiele Components ‘Beample: Pentaubstoam-rate. Pep a4 2— 1 (deg ot frendem)a8 ‘PRogReL HEAT PRANGPER me ite of two liquid pam, With but oon ogre freedom the rte i completly Ene 1-1" hy snlecting the operating I, The tesperatur T, chen coresponda to fy AL 22" te Drea te sate, rand ence this fem te sytem, and Py te Pe etn, both being dependent upon. Condenaation ie wotheroa 4. CONDENSATION OF A BIRARY MIXTORE ‘Yagor-sigaid Relationships. In tho deivstion ofthe Nusa equation {or single component it wat asruped thet the rato at which the vapar ‘nies the condenato fm 8 uealy inte, "A vapor enating 6 one ‘denne ats satumtion proware couieraes brocune the muface i at a ‘ampernare below its dow paint ot startin tomperatare. The rate ‘stra ths vapor paso fo che vapor pha to the quid phase, bow ‘evr is Sependent pon the mechani of diffusion. Tia moans Ua 4 the tnperatare of the conlenete Sin is lower than the saturation taciperature ofthe balk of th vapor, the promi of to component at ‘he eondanate fm feta of he yep and rear dierent Je eablbed Tho dnetien of the diferential promote the fow ont ot the eapor phase. Tn Us condenniion of tinnry misture th problem of dition i sligity toe inolved, although dows not produce a egnifenst rat Sos in ais wid the rxistnce of the condennato fn. To « ary ‘airture leant ina conetant bling mixture ch as O5 pr cent ethane ‘rae, tn higher bong compmnent eoudtecs in great proportion aa ‘Be ooodenser inlet. ‘The Te of condensation ofboth component ‘ined to he iavidual prema dierent baton the UulE of te ‘apo and tho eondanast hm.” Colburn and Drew" pot out thatthe ‘ti the partial prewures exci by the condemn fn fora binary covbanstriow oF mixes varons a (aan te varies ay emg ho esate pref mat compe eer ee ‘ur ptt bythe phaw nde The aoeed veig it « Tatil conden move reply nea te se tae a reali tara bnry mice wih seas Caan Jostiy is ection" Whece name ot vonpsn ae aed ‘the overhead vapor as in multicomponent distileton, the ns ‘nyt eben he heat ore i Seapine ain of @ ve tn vlc AED ee oti eae aconpoen ists dest eh Fics re wate mtn star may betel in thn mine mazar tre a, ‘por using the weighted film propertiee ofthe inte . * conpensinon or 4 wouncoMroner austen Yoprsgisa ‘Paocass HEAT TeaNsreR ‘hanno pun the baron leach ad whichis governed by Dale's Sd oul'shwn. Porch s etm Dall wcttot e toa irene be um ftp! rar in pase shove the at ‘Gist, Reels law ate dha tbe pal rena of componeet ‘he pas above alu cftioe gual t the product is pron, ‘the pe compan! aad ls mol ration in the maton "Th ater, ‘ore of snk eins a hich he prea fe Vous ce Sinai tends to odcs Ue perl prmuen ofthe obec wo that iy “Zot pemueiot te a o thprodul the oles at apr ‘ene in Un pe condition. Materia of ect oi ‘ature Svinte rom tela al mations to grat eteak. Foran ast Dalton ew pomtmtm pope cag) en a3) hare pis the total peau, 7 the patil prerare of emaponen Lp {he vapor preasare ofthe pare omponent 1 wt te temperasre of the ‘alae, x the mal freton of component 1 a th vapor phate, and s, ‘he molirntin af component Lin the quid. Suberpt 2 3, oe, refer ‘other components. "Tho mol ition isthe mi ef the number et ion fw engle component to the tlal number f mola the stare “tod i nme arevisted by a. Tho ol percent he rl fae ‘on multiplied by 100 . ‘Sadving Bye (18.3) ad (133 fr po pe pe Po 086) ‘0d Racal Rearangog, naPet 3p Solutions which ar delat tmoderat prowares appear to devato fom = ait at igh prowarey cach component tanding in some degree Tower ths pesrue f the ote. The total prmare then po loger te situa ofthe portal pees and By (3S) ewok ab Pag Ser or corrected prerae,dexignaid by the alter fae thon introdtoed_ 3 "The fugaitin at tho parte prsares af thy compound wich thet the vatious extra of Mealy may to retained, and thi valcsofginaia ‘wth expeingotal promue-volune‘fompeaturestues on the soba ‘oneal compounds, feof a9 ‘CONDENSATION oF aren varons aa “hare frepcee be otal prez p Suze nok a2 poke : where Ki Soa/fe ae B= Ben 9 K welled the pete content “es « mitre in vaporligul phase equilibria, tbe vy set rater percentage of the more aie eamponets tans Preven 2 ew Pak Yor rence ree quid. Its powible from Eqn. (134) to (13.0) at ren ‘iso eat bom ration yo th componet at vps fee ‘whch may somitwith a wo raion 2 othe mene peer ite‘01 quotes soma 9g yen = 11 Gee) ba wt = x Seated ‘an oy gis rnd ad oer [eae sue oie | oat | sr08 [one 120 ‘ont neo| Stet [emote ie ares [sot i Soe [ven oe faves] peat cto Ecrrsrt so empal a ria por egg meme =pIne mean 4 eon tnd ye esa CO weatns| warns [ieee an few] amore [pe ue = zeemeny [aoe = 4 ome | 000 = 1 vane | waa = Faw on — LAT = Rad oe a a we ‘S104 aax1m 10 worsyewaaxoo pm nea poy sna ec Pn “yet gneaa 7) ematta a oa eageon eran fia pevrerege este TAAL, EO [become penne med On ON om Pm) A aor oy A poop omy smytedy ou, “Poe ots Hr oY SopO® wy ORIDPL [Lea srRapIOD JP HID sy one. eORPEROY oS ‘ovr fog cowed Jo atepuodaad « Bary sanz sh) “POeM sr op Sago 38 Sau Yom TOA o¥mE pH BEM ING P SPE “mci pad 9) ay 0 ony ‘ame O} seen Jo se eno Ferman ary mpumodmns sal 2 oman fanaa june Wad Guy yu oanaaad sodua yoy og] weno eH|NG AD “ECL ‘Ag oe oe eso pe amped ‘ooeINg wavy "ep PoE ff emaggrao prby-iodes omy orga 2% eimrendar og 9 UATE ("sma saree and yp seteud aota ou, "soy! PMO maesvras cyan seasowe ueom PRoOESS HEAT TRANSFER te imi ih he treo phen hr te ld re [i oniono 347 ote pat empty Seep 1 te Twa hg tan nh vig athe mei an ep pry Pine sna CONDENSATION OF MIERD Y4PORS 325, ‘eT = 06 | tne T~ 10? | Menno P= UP [eae [as [ome feo | tom | to | See | ta | oe an [eos | Sa | oo | 038 | Oe So ate 08 ars tebe Gin (Tend Kvn iy ad pent te alia tn a y= haa hath eer for 3 pi ae P= 107? | heme P= Kan [= en| Ker [n= Ko @ [eon | am | eae {om | oan 6 [oma| Tor | ose | Tm | oo. ©. {esi | om | O.tm ots. |.0:1m, Tee} 2 20.85 en "holor ‘Conk 9» Th npn wich ei ham Sa sag wera colon tenets tapos at wl nyt ge Bet Elche ppl ee epee wae hep ome {Re tl mpadcn we tn he poral bans 7 ft a fat = whe ew int At y= Hr, 00, ma FF eee [ae 6 {ees} a | oan Clone) oa Los i wees = ‘ter pit 16, ‘The Opéenting Preseure of « Cendenset. In Erample 12.1 may te foand the quaatitative requiremente for siting tho persing pramte fs diiling coimmn and condense. Ifthe coadenser Is operate at smorphero prea, the condensing range infra 123 to 102°F. ‘The tplleation of 1-2 conden or thes tampeatues 6 Rol very extn tary hen cooling water inavaabloat 85°, ene the water temperate ‘ange must be kept ema lo prevent large tmperatare eros above the {O2*P condanate cuit. It would be neearary lor lstonphericPresere andenulion to opera the condense with «Aff about 1BS°F with the ‘neo ¢ lege acnount of water. Ifthe dating coma preanire wee ‘ed fo 36 yl, the rngs el condenntion woul be rom (7 to 1. {he ocaling ater rang cold be from 85 to IAF, sod the St would be shout STF, requring approsimatly one-quarter a auch surface a at ttmogpberi preaure It rust be realised, howere, that ating the ‘prowtre onthe column neces the column feos and alo te temper Stare ofthe heating medium in the ebler. "The eertin af the opta ‘PROCRSS HEAT TRANTAR 4 = auth rate vat mpd compat 2d FI SS ie vay cone 8 to open 2 or vapoition: ptt nto assy Ration can setting nena cam sod ie a ee Forcast im Breda k sat ten Siem ent hans 7 leat nt wl Ale note aa on ie 8 eget cao of ob Pt on ee Copia Ra cate St oye ebb psn, eh SS, . asta preesre of the vapor atthe condenate fm, atm. A, = molecular weight of vaper, dimeric X= latest heat Bee "The pasty of sabeoing the vapor at the tube wall as been omittod from the heat balane, ace iti not cnally giant compated with the lsper Intent ets If ssbooling i of ecmpequene, ment that {he amount of ht delivered a the tbe wall gralar an that which ‘tered the gs im Tn the spliation of Bu (13.20), (18.30), an-(18:82) tothe sbtion of an seta condenser itis true that the ita wnge value of 7, ‘nd, any com pation and benef pan. Tn condenser having, ‘ever tbo pases with water inthe tes thisis obviously not pomble 1 there ins long condensing rang, « wal ecling-ralr range, and 20 tarperasrectem 20 that Py for 21-2 condanas would be oubstaalally8 ‘Peocess HEAT PRANSPER 1.0, the lite harm rere i the aaoption of a tue counterion Alxrbuton of water temperatura. AL whatever point the gar geo up bof te total Bet loud, th vate cam be asatbod to ave rca ‘half ho total heat lod. This ay appes rather arbitcay, but ind fal snags it problem of walang Pz — Ty nad pe pela tt proper relation, and both rogue the prweace of te mame singe vale of = TTeatany rial. Otherto the watin mast be elended to cover each ofthe pao «tla condense The Calclaion of « Vayor-Noscondenatble Mitore. ‘The method o spplying Bs (18.2), (5830, aad (18.32) ar clined below: 1. A plete ehangye mtb assumed to Gx the belli ad by ‘ide Sow amas The erfacy fs alnad by intgatich onthe sammy to of rae eounteriow 3, Fram the proous conditions compute hy and i fr the exe amt cooling. mesinm, repectvely. ‘Th une of an average valle for hae ‘orp bat not fr Ry see thomas velocity ofthe ea changes ret Pint to point, "Fro the vale of hy obtain Kafpy from Ba, (18.2). 4. Far the at interval of esulaton by Baing Ty wie abo face the beat load forthe interval. 5, Aamime Values of Ty the sondenate traperatne, so that Bae (98.32) and (13.308) balance,” Yor each aueumed vale ef itis noe sary 0 compute a ew val ofp, sce th prose of the Fapor a the ‘eodenste fm de eaturaton presare correeponding 207 When Pax. (13.82) and (1332) balance, the total bet Tod trans eer per oqare fot of each Ss the same athe lead which ma hve ‘eam stasered oer, UC, — 1). 7, Prom ¢ obtained in 4 and UCP, ~ 4) obtain di forthe interval 1, Provol with the next iar by aaeoming lower vate of Tn Maampl 38. Catton of « Stun Caron Dide Coe ase te ted tm bon sa fog ean ‘23cie TD sat wa in bee en ib toan 0D, 16D, on gu ph, ‘Teoh by aoe pe ‘Diletrinum ies nsw oOo and 84 of Cyst 9p staring 21S pt lg 17" Sng ater WP de "Dei of seam-COy mist cae yh ind fa se snl na iy hn ay st ane (a) Dome ewe At) Deri te itr ere nde, Sissi ty beamed as the her ater st «De arasen water toner mot trout tn cane Tn doe ‘Seer te ets amp tat he water perry coed ae Shute in herd (CONDENSATION OF MIXED YAFORS sar ‘Ta prema = 30-4147 = AT pt © 206 whe /NAT = si Petal pum of ma = yg Rad a0 pe = Soa Bie pee= 307 en Sale as ‘a Pl pam rar a °F ~ 0535 ‘ier per Pap = OE Inet remap 3 atm ‘Taal “06a esd nl ant = 0 ed ml it = 95 BE ct an a ‘Eta ome pO, se compet ‘ivtecainrad vette, te ite ra 37 3 peter a Mola ena = 29) = 168 = 6 eat endctin = 0% 18 BER ADE — 20) x 43 m0 ea Se comtet 5e ote —am TN ne “Tle el rae a pe . tou ‘ea enter = E80 sora8 ‘PRocbas HEAT TRANSFER roi be a Nene x 2. ite exten 48) S280 ~ sem eo m/e) vn gis aBUNe, = 4m i nena rex Rennie B= se xB 6 “ee ep rerio a om pl pit inthe el by eenig peo the nate nt ge (183) and C2) oo SEDs source tor ene gs mire Moan prin or Poi Tt 28 X00 gay B/C a = gota Beyonce, ap» HE XOON-E OOO goay x 248 ~ ams) wntb Ke gy = 85085 gly = Ou an ee ee oy ma PB n,n 28 coma m worm x HES - 20,000 oa ome “a G5" cgay = 9 orcs im viasccnm (G(s) = pen Btisim py nb 208 0nT os ein Ths Jee a Bch = MAE ara 9" alae” Beg BAST Aer = 19+ Haig ~P) = =) cam aaa — 4) + BB, x m8 x ose — 15) ~ 99044 430000 Me ak ‘CONDENSATION OF MIXED varoRs a9 0 FPP na LiTata X= 188atm py Foam sno ~ 20) + B89 contact — 110 = san — 16 en = 7380 ome ya BOSS 59 nso vase ving Stein he eos be nlp pit peit the Soe erent een ce, {Tate tat mato the codon wl er a inlet (ete he ‘Aitatn cue er otc) “oes rae dtc of ht ed ove ‘Soden b ment ptt Yc at Cn at has bo hom al ea meine = 3884 86 ewan = 144 8 18 ~ 8 fe Men et ESP, on cubeieea's cat 0-2 82 ~ oso mracie 10 2 mcg x f= 0 some (hose (Bee oe Egan ton “22 nL = Lom pum yeti peo tain og ~ san + 28% cm coeraa ~ 90 Sno — 128) ‘heme ee outa pa 0 P= ne es ae he ie po . yr tinet poutine pons 3b360 ‘Peocess EAs TRANSFER ieee = 15K 4337 18 18887 sao, A ssa y/aneer sa = 7c GER, = 00 os (gy -0m or uf = TE oy Tele? pa ameaim 7) s0b—on namie ay n2et Shan oun +E ci m0 ~ ome = ema? — ‘vig determin bh ¢ and a nn oly be ated hat A 4/20 setpoint mma Siena ere rare“ SEEF"pratel tm atin sae 0 stn arse ha pe pending Ripe cel emealy sone atl meter abn of ea ca ‘CONDENSATION OF IRD VAPORS as “toe LTD ba el rg an 7 te 20 an be range tom 8 fo LMF Sr bt when wd byte ramon nt 2UA =O) west hc = US we Came = hg = SAR, 8 ment a0 ou ROSAS corona ese oan node tees Bema. Th yma fo th sl ion pte et aeage ‘wd on tet and ot tel cna, The Oceana wt Corn tat er Bee) 58 eat lad ion Bh te marty secre tat ae emer Sdnty de aim ntheltervans Apes Uaodd ma ceen He tat” “Net ln Ue rar GA 163m ut toe Tet any aneery teen fr ht for abn geod ‘Sn att paar tbs trae tun brn te gh al sudo ‘Stuy whee enna ea hie ral When th nang po oy, sEeaommay taller ets aan dae i ae reg et62 ‘PROCES MEAT DRANSPER {-CONDEREATION rapM 4 SORCONGENEARE OF & “ “MIXTURE IMMISCIBLE WITH WATER The intense Gngocmntt nthe Coldensing Care. Thi in corenentste Cae bin Tal i8s." Tuo oda bow ree pa, ‘Say to seam Stila ne perm dsr, abgh va ‘Cte daar too pois va ‘Fenn rae apr rn i ar tl dtd cts noeradeuogaa wel eee else cae al et ne (0) wth aban Irth om ditt pas fh pra he na ‘is, prnare of tv a and te prem af Sma The ‘uitam another unas he pron he ler ‘Sugeest wen that se eq ext ony fe ano oe pvt pram fhe nhc ad at the pers rors he Conder Sine he est od nbs maitre ea the ‘Nmap tbo stem my hare dept orth sn sh ser sh sion shah ots bed nt ‘luce wih the tot of nonondeble cued rx content.” ‘estes nmi wth the man ted pit func ny ‘Ge pr premure and tenpertre at whlch the aoneadeas ‘ome strat wih ne aed nln enn propre mck {2 Taleb of th Wo dev pata ovum th ihe ep {ire depends wpon'the composi ofthe il ape. Ie etany ons to hee tor he tou he mines sta er Sak ‘Rey have dew pins cme ogsbr Siw th intant het ha on ‘Ethowt tt ht eran rot tha fat tral Sper ‘cori nt gh th om re otis nf om ing ervey erie rae diverges from n aight se ict capacity v7 plo an i inal encwuntred with malo” Den turtle sloe, ‘The eedaton ent ypect psn (CONDENSATION OF MIXKD raPoRS 353 an bo falitated by empirical wathoda, Able of thi ype wil be ‘dived promntly using an empirical metho Yoveloped for potrlen Sinton. ‘Development of ax Bmpr! Soloon. In the petroleum industry it Iocuniemary to take gcd samples of eomplervapin abd stu dl ‘The iti the ASTM dllation, wih i arid out ins otandardied ‘sannat with preseribeduipmeat as otnad inthe ASTM Standart, 1090, Part I. A 100ea¥ sample i ited batch i x itaton ask with thermometer submerge! inthe neck. ‘Tho temperstne it rowed at the fil being porn (IBP) an for sstetve Ie" portion died over. ‘Te percentage dtl over ar plotind agai {he temperature. This it eallod the ASTM distil sure, Another snathod which i more acura but mush mere elaborate x the fe ‘ong point (ERP) Geulstne. The comit of attoducing te sasple material into a roundsbotion flask which then tonnoted toa Pas ‘ii ditiling column eontinng t large muber of there! die Ailing plates. ‘The material is ted over witha raft rato of 10:1 00:1, ‘The TAP eurvs is potied is «similar manne tothe ASTM iillaton exept thats newly complete separation takes place and the perentgar tilled ean bo identid by th baling plate na pre focpouaca. ‘The fit material to come Ovnten! ins THP diutlaion ‘asa lower initial boing point dhan the ASTHE inc the mort volatile {raion yl bare ben nparstd aloe iedividselly from the este lai frdion. ‘The promnce a an ASTM datilation ofthe unosp, ated frnetoan shortens the range of temperstere betwee theft tating point and'the ed point ofthe dilation by comparison wih ‘he TBP, ‘Anunber of correations have bon made by Pivomov and Hetnweagert tad Packie of which the later ie und here. Thow stdin underate ‘he proba of correlating «beh diallation nich a the ASTM ot TBP ‘rt the performaneo tobe expected n'a dating alam where the ‘rpatiaton dona by continuous proven. ‘This suppor «wll were ‘otiuoualy operated at its boiling pint by th introduction of ysl feed which opartee contiououly into & vapor rising spward and a Iu which whee okt Wotton. Grmer pak a equine ‘geo. sumed tat boing produce «quid of wnifertacompo- ‘ic aa thatthe vapor is neque with the lig, A ema tendon exes in dining oun, rola, and condenser Sn which ‘ui contsoounlyineqlleriu with the vapor above itis formed Fr + Migr tnd Deorng, dm Parl nt Bl, p. 8 Jn 8 108. ‘Pedi. W, Prone ATCA #74 PROCESS MEAT TRANSFER into pont, A ourve which indicates the temperabare of the lig [Sfunction ef compotion andfora given promare when is aiid ‘neaalbcium with ie vapor over it entre bling or condensing range i ealled an equim fh cuve (EP). An EE erve is poem Cr ‘hy ealeaton ofthe condensty curve, and it matrally ifr from an ASTM curve in which the muteral previously vapors is removed ‘rem th peta. "The method given below perits te conversion of ax ‘ASTM or TRP cuveto aa EF etre empirically at thereat o cord ‘on of saany Muah dlatladooe which ave ben compared wich ter Fepeeive ASTM and TEP dilations The proosare for aban ‘Be condensing curve andthe rs teuperature difernct rom the ABT. (oe TBP carve as flows: The tre tpn dire: ¢ 1. Draw the ASTM dilaton curve with per onnt vaporiand a the abodes and temperature ao the ordinate . ‘2 Draw the dilation rere line which 6» sesh Line Uroogh ‘9 1Dand 70 per can pins altho ASTM. THP curves. ‘3. Delarnine the lope f the dation refrence ine by the foe ing formate, where peeetagsswprsst pint ou the repent carves emp "Pot 70% — temp °F 810% _ pq, ‘4 Compute un average 50 pe cea point for tho dilation curve by ‘veraging the 25, £0, nd 80 per con pints, rif the 80 per cet point Tcking, te the $0 percent pobt ofthe dst reference line. 5. Biter the appropriste euves in Fig. 138 oF 120, which i ho luey to thm correlation Tt relitn the 50 er eat point ofthe ASTM See =e meu, ‘rc ain of Does oF ote oP are te rea Eat Pay newooeas HeAT TRANSH cenanateng | S] seueatesatare 331 3) geyseases g E % Es a be = - conpnnaavion oF axe varons 300 Sin at hoe) Pa te APTA or nd tr no in 18. “gi melon erie erp hep 0) SEE end atv behead) weal eon. font tenon cota (j i ade MME ME wen (ose 0 po = ESO UO 90 0 yp (4) Fr he 6 pron pin aula i are (EFC Fg. 1b ‘Tete he ASTM = AF] and BOOT peng (» St agiae oF ABP SF ABM rane Sue Liners im Seer atten ho tae pt eto he 0 pec oat: “Tafoting rape eta, 38,80 Bh TAP, 70h, 001g Boaee300 Paoonss waar resNares Sesto aay sae vt oe Fel smth tartan tn be Tether CONDRNSATION OF srxRD vaPoR or pe cn, 153 30.0 — 1884 Bh weed ‘rues tiene tm te PO at a SF os Pe 18, ‘Aron lng pt ie ho BPO at I pound °F ~ to 17 = mote ‘ater reo vpe on ptt pltlacetermiom Ma Fo wratt al sanve, iw Thome ofl tbe ncdemed = IMB0/118 - 04.8 ‘Ts fobowng aa pos Mate te ey Hira = 3,2 a0 361wie x wore tO sonar 9 = wos = Ge bewixret lees = me 0 open dea gn oe ram “puta et upon pen ow 8 ga emt nay op me agatha Pen ‘ei ideas ‘Seemapeomns ps ters oy go peers Yer) Ut ‘Daten mt vp copepod oy Renney eg (Spot mnam omer os anne se oh ge oe 98 4044 aim a) RoLLvENEANOD a sor aoe 3 ABS : ARES E Bee | $a ‘ =) 4 ele S| = om | Taaag nama a) 7H ‘ecm pee oye me, Denn tea tp me a ony eeepc port renner sre sratfttsea = PHO ave mae eT Se votu en esmme mc mgr med WR nn mE on coe oe ae rns ona ee ommesiyy = te + seer x 44 ‘ae yp mem ra xin Sree tue = som 1 END esos xem sett = ry — cana ote wel yo Se oe mY eases avau sexo08s wot‘Panoass meaT rRANSrER eily 7 | Chews | Otwed w | as ia | fs | ion | we i Cndmuing Cure Tong iy ste ar he pp wl hn seattle fhe pe se | wo a | ie eo | = me | me im | 30 a |e ar ‘| be ser. x ‘Sleeper = 13500 x98 = Apu Sao 2 Xtere = “Seto Nom > “oom > “tise ares are ‘hrapor = 1086 x34 = ATG Orbea > hee as Sa Sam = seis > Ss Roe 2 “pamau (CONDENAATION OF ALxRD Varons ‘Cl re = rome 357 =a ord GS Tess Sen = “Sexier 2 “ate Hee = "Sx = “tom cy ovr: ‘per = gam xen = itiged 2 esti = stow Sew = "hee ttas 20 Nees 2 iawn >t iam TET ow it a: ‘Gls 3me 80 = exw iia 20S Zan Bano 2 ow xine = “tne Now 2 Bxowin = “S50 am ‘lipo aym0 xan = Sais Satie ies TS See = eet > Mote Bee > oxime > "She Nome = TeXetuy = Seo ass amr leer = xs otiged Dugas S Bee ES ee STS Wee > sexe = ike Rome 2 “hictwas = “hue im ‘Sitgud = 99m x98 — non fee 2 ames Sat Néee 2 Ruan 2 "Sen rr 7016 * paooess waar reaNarae gee Esse "tana dor hal cm e611 cs oe Weil restate freee eee Ti ts GLAD - amar ean we Gh "|e EBBEES gongs CoNDENaATION oF x30 varoRa 27 Write Sr = 1 soy Or wee tempter tt GM 9 peor Bo Seal Get it Pdr antag are seta pl dase, Zeng ere tn na Sac da var ese fet When tho lator occurs, the mitace fom the tens fe ‘ont tothe oi dew point ua bo tend nthe orinay conleneeteg oy ‘ger frm snonecodeatle with th mpereed el! veparcambince ‘eh the esto form th otal noncondenaaen If he Yopee eae hen tind noel rn Pou 181, Gonna tt for ope a di bere rein sahara it do point I ropaned a nonendonule38 Paoomss wear cRaverse, ‘When stam difses through a noncondenable gas sad the vaper of risen, tho rae of hat taro quite diferent from Cat of pare ‘4jieo. An npudlihedcoreaton Sas boon tue of hoover een, ‘ocficents Us btaiod by caalating the pure difrca of seam ng Ue medhod under Bec. 4 ots chapter, through ees with lear ‘nesta between 18 and 80. Tho cusulatd data ein a cme ne Wren Ue le ploied agains the peraniage Bf noncondenablos ren Though the operating Premans ou te systems vaso. Tho etre [btained fron thie data ilaken atthe bane curve, end 0 ese ‘Bn reataco correrpanding tan ot ayer of 0.02 in, whch ies an ‘avecogerousance of 00020. The ters carve own in Fig 117 waa i imate sence meee AS paaiiey Prom Pig. IIT, Ue = 16 _ mere, Foam oval ceicet = Te B/G")‘proosss HEAT TRANSPRE 370 Thin oa 1 cD = 20 fr bw emi. pete er snc ny Aa = DOS $28 + BRS = TOE (an ore ecient ten dy BEB - 2 vONANCD Des evel elt Uo eel ar/ ont 0.28087 rat) Stee Seiaw seeaeis a cael [ese [zcmuiiowm | iim oe | [os [amuaiar| 56 ‘20 | Amaia oP | 100 . mmomuras aterng re entre dm 340 & 3 enter, Ave fre arin s,s BG, 120" oe he sn 9 poms dp of 8 uct ae SSEtID Tian ooseme seta chapman To oa a Pale sees eho et CONDENSATION OF MIXED VAPORS an ofan LEST an ening al by water 6020, (a) Wat tere peter ene? 1) Caimi tv of Rrra rable te mie poring ssn dt factor of 00D ns rome depo Rr rp an TOD et (rar Un tnt en Ie suc kn nen eae wey 8 = te mpnpetrtemnn mara ate Speer ern sia WBWG, (27 aba ng ror pe rg pc Hah ee 2 See a iRREaseece es em 2 & BEseserennstl E I ee ae 8 yen hh ota TaN theca pute ecient oaeg tong nia whnen err haere 8 1D 1. el eer sn a siren otang 0 (OD, 4B eer 180 ga ou rae Oe tara Seen ee ete ome eae id a 10) Wha ae he tata an per Sept ewengete Siete . 4 nt arr monte I i i i £ i { | i zpsgepe ¥ parry sr Fr oppornp CONDRNSATION OF wixED vAroEs ars am recy, 009 Geta ore nd yt a, (Godengo en Sas ih of pet of ha, ty gente oni a oa Bt ree ‘perc, D/C, ‘ase Aeog tae ne le 9D, n/t 9%) Rasraagy eng fn wot: Bea ene eee ee Fer fet wanes Wench Saas er k,n ia sto a mapa ion in soto on nt oy Piao ett, ha 0m) ‘Taga sda, He OCHS Dagar. ye De eth, etl mal mathe Heise crt tet mtr site ‘eee he wh onmon ein ito eg capes nad pr ta atr k e eke = getdate yarn rons SS a se EERE tact geen SSS Sate tyre irae See Sacer eres 2 Knee deerme aging aa Se nn ts EEA we . EES EccPROCESS HBAT TRANSPRE ee tet CE mine re sme econ ete mite SSS Ege parma Tee Ser Tek Enter Er iiomttes Ee, cece ae a onic xae =n) [esr inde the bubble is let Gan that othe rarounding igi ‘The saturation trspentar of th babble beng lower than that of the [isid resouning ly boat ows nto the bbls ‘Tee mmber of pinta stich bubble orginal in dependeat upon the taxtare of the tube {al of foe oravecion an given in Has. (108) and UO). Tho ‘rica tension as a inuenc on bubble fornaton and growth another ‘rlble er shors Ss Fig. 143. Therrfsoe ton of water agalntalt 1 ik, M, and W. Prin, Fora abide Ingeniere, $94 (981), "Sikh, AC ia gO 808 Han Te” Vl dak Wey ‘hat Tan Hoe oya6 ‘PRocnss EAT TRANSPIE ‘approximately 75 dyuon/om atroma temperate, wheat he organics ave musacetonsioes raging from 20 to 30 dybes/an 4) foou temperahie, The mrfaceteonony of mont ii tit reper ‘Gee bling pon, howerp, are probably not wo far pact as bY Tee epertare, ‘The wuraoy nds of tofu against wal ay aap Ulifer om ti surface orton agua a, nce tho ateofvaporatce fof water i otuliy mush grater than dat of oanis under Meni Cadtions If the sface tason of th liuid is Low itt to et ‘rine, 20 that the bubble nF, AL eondly osha by the gee bd ries” Foe tigois with iotermediate mace talons, a8 fn Fig 141, momentary balance may exit ‘betweg the babble andthe tuber, tht ise seomeay to form eet (2), caeaegy | — ‘bobespeore the buoyant forename fore est the enfaoe, Pe Bee onl — in Fig. 1. indeates toes of igh tsa tension. gz V y 7 OOD of ate a 3, Blt ona pina, 6, Maing cre mer Rages Cooder the tie Bling esiunt ourve of MeAdams! based on ‘he data on cover invongaersfor water as shown in Fig. 142. From 1 (i) shove OF thoe iva relatively straight lopaidame reltcndp {abe sll boars of the high tate of hot throughput, and very tle Tiqid metal contate the hot tube wall "Tal condition i eal Medan, WH, "Hat Tomei,” p20 MeGrmH Rok Caney,“ ty Now oe, Bvaronarion an Naskeig oc vapor binding, wherein the ye noun of vapoe formed 8 Abe tabe wll sctully acres at bs roasance to th pemage of Dest {nto te quid sod reduces the Sts cotileat for vaporization as tho erent ifonnceneresea. Drew and Mella! have rp he (Sal veapertarediferencs fr a numer of gaa empounde under ‘Suing cottons of srface andthe oeaniea eit xia tener {er diference of roughly €0 to 127°. Whearapriation takes luca wally te eating surfeit ead char ailing, aod when i {Sis lice though Maltin Sn fg it sm vig. ik etl cxteron of performance during veporizasian iat of tho masks stalsaie hat Sax dened a2 (0/2 aw of (U Dam ‘The ht tor va. (ein pote for baling water we upper curve of Pig 202. Ue reprownls the umber of Bus per hour being toner pet {care foot of mrface wid the asimim sttltabl ix corempondng {Sthebeat fw at tbe crdsal tem pertarediierece. For wales ‘Eonbare prerure this oso. ‘ouring to MeAdamn” when ES and @/4)= = 200000 ‘id at higher prewres bth val einerous. Mor tha (@/)ac { Bast) canzot be foecd {Grog tbe Bening face bo- Fibs Af cmn® Meher came che appenance of gs fine When a hgher (ean the cia! inemplara, x mule apo faton cootinat rls ad the Nx sri brane” Te flows thea tha be large temperature diferentes 40 avorble to eoedacion tnd convection tay actually be whindraos to Yaprzatin. "The folowing (story are fod to wot Uh meno attra by ‘oration fron pols and have dfntod, to wareat extent, he pn Et febtaling oe o to sti earelatoneppicbl tothe male ty fii: ature othe srace aod ition of babble, ope fo fd uch nce onion, ones expan nd exoiy sad (8) te infos af the tamperatire diflerence ton the (rolton sod vig of the bobbin ‘eto Premure and Propertnn on the Vaperine Coecest. Much fie prseat method ef elation of vapetin om pols omit obiing more than te eof obarved conti for invidual Uke ‘erie al atmowpheie pranue tthe eeelient for poration fromm peat ben porta fru Sd ab ace pron Deena AC Mut, Te. ATOM, 8, 0-1 5. +My Tesitgartn= sons mas ere cerned ote pom ein ch hohe Po) cu remus pce iy For mperatmonprie _Bvaronarion a ‘poxvoided. Vary often tho term maportor iil applicd to 8 combina Won af several pees of equipment each of wheh ent alo be doied ne be evaporator "Unfortunatly certain lame of evapratos ae stil dane spat ‘wort rather han the rational uation ofthe individual eetaoee to hent Mow as practised heretofore. ‘This in de tothe high tanfer (eeficente with which certain eae of evsooatore operate ad the Shey of Teatlying cach of the tal lndvidual rectanese wbich Sake 99 the overall resance, As nthe ca of ures condenters CGhep. 12, mumerous daw of eraportors are deigacd on the Duce of ‘ene cheese Une procemen ‘POWER-PLART HVAPORATORS! Introduction One ofthe main prpost of powerplant evaprston i cae Shang ia eomoreaton, although obnge goeraly cant a,b, Ped ul Ars fa Teh, % 80.1 OD PRR DG TE Spec, fm ana ts0 ‘ape town ie Figs 144 to 148. In Fg. 144 the abe bundles aid out ft td the fs entranced at the baton. Ta Fig 1.5 the bundle fe ‘indo and the food i Intadced just blow therligud level. AllpRocess HEAT CRANSFER oes ieee a heeding ad a aor om end Boe ‘ie bk Tomei ecu, Oute Wink Crp) en espn arctan ie at eee nes wi ieee ain 5 a a en pte eeree cere pia met amu erpg es Ser ternete ciclo sane ae vacates -Braponasion aa Jorming muti, ti customary to vaporize cy 90 par cnt f the rte fed rontiovouly, te remaining 10 per eet bring dined ean {Gp the soit prose. The ast by far the common ou ne installa flout In the sodium seule proces © complex sodium sicale react ontionousta wlth dh yelorming compounds ofthe fed war, eplae- lng the pontive Sone of the cleim and magnesium compounds wit ‘eciur loos apd a Up sae ine sotainng the callus aad magne “oapodaas elsiunand magpesim sais,” Its therefore noommary {have two aslte bea in operation wo tht thecal sod magnesia ‘as be moved from one od while the lee seuamlatn exern and ‘magzsium na salt. st dtd dseuasion of water eoaditining is eyond the opp of tha chapie, bot ine evapsratin inital w pica ‘ton proces the quention shoe! 1 tho aed for preliminary chemical (prdeetion, ‘Toe mason sre as fellown: When bubbles of vapor are ‘sengoged rom the Haida the mface of ol the vapor envi, ot ‘aio, oon of th igi water with it which has not boen dtl ‘l conseyuenty contains the impurities ofthe concentrated Biaadom. ‘Whoa thes unall quantiden of exry-over are eomtiuouly fed to» ‘le, they eee sale depen onthe ble tubes, In sition thay iermue the quantity af blowdown which wut be ramoved from the ‘ler where the temperate beater tha in he evaporator and wine eoresenta an idded lm in sasble hast onthe power generating ren. "The sftening of water price wo entering the eapomtorisin. no nente a _qureales ofthe patty of tbe Sal ole fond sae a timber of actors ‘Stones the spunt of entrainment ecorrng atthe vtfece of the Sigs. Bigot the tal othe total nla to marpended solide tte ratio of total aids to sodium allio wid, parislary whe ‘seompanied by « lage quantity of sarpended sake or minute quastty ‘dinerganie slide, "When tho oofening retues the surface tension of {Bo water appreciably, eyes priming ot foaning pvatably meals, ‘Th contra of faring is consuanty tao of the eat important coo ‘ersten in congener dagge "The standant ogued pasty ol {pea evaporator prodact a te United Statoscontana not mere tha ‘eto four part of mineral solde per US. gon. Notwithstanding ‘Gea precautions the formaten of yale a a erapratoninvac Chit it ‘entiered normal to dale « powerplant evaporator every 24 hr. ‘Thor ae theo principal types of wel: (1) sft sale whieh ean be vated fom the ibe, (hard scale which eat be removed oly mancea8 povonas unas DRANarE ack ue wih the hero the eA he 2a a Tee te cid forth reer of at srr pnp casement ene lee "ceive ttae St Te eet ‘In order $0 deseule, all the hot water is ore tn ke ee Fee cea ee fede nates Teet ( te ald water inprayed on he ist, wish craks the 8 ent, rm 167, Conn eps ‘ion a to powerlan cma btwene the verti! aupport pins 2 teat eh efecvely eoved fom the curved portions a wal {Be dat porns of he tube. Heatran Coefcents in Powerplant Braporaors. Tho ats of eat tavfr in power-plnteraportos, as mation before ae not treted on tho bad of individual fn coofenta Borate of tho Fepliy of sole formation aed dh nature of te sao rdtance, the ‘real atee are tosd onthe normal operating ele of about one ‘honing every 24 br In Fig. 14.7 the percectage of ba wvernge trerall concent Uo are ploted nail At whieh i an evaporator a he {irene between th slut temperature othe bestng steam ad {be mluration emperature ob Unable This temperature der ‘ao is shvays employed when evapora ar doignol fea overall (Geficienta” Tn the powerplant evaporator im elled the emperatare ‘a ad in chamlaleraportor te Un appar lenperatre diferent, (ecapaind (A) The rls of Us and tao dao pera the dst (Bbatction of Us in Q'= Und at. The over eouisant in greatly {nfamoed by th prware onthe apse, noe the vapor vole of the ‘bbls i To at high preemre that at low prescues so that larger eoel- felis may be expected forte former. This rected by tha eurven ‘rich bave boon plotted jn Pig. 1.7 a function of the vapor temper- ‘Sure and which repreent nde the operating preware Uebel sd Ayal of 700 Bah) (07) aur average forthe ban value of 1s ahoughBigher baw eufiienta hare aque boo tne. suntenperte herpes lb IA ener 207, Bat ace ee = 13.00 « 8 — 981000 Die (toss x10 et Bea — ren ont Ee Mt ata ithe 1a ‘PRocess WHAT TRANSFER ‘Tempernture Diferencenat Lats than Masinum Flux. The pro {ng oealation io alo only te otimate the mirface eiremeat. The ‘srfoce wl half othe sbll oreo, anc the method of spacing the ur {hon rates gently wit diferent manufactaras, Tuhetyos 8 ue, ae ‘aed farther apart in evaporators than io exchange. "Acording tog. 17 it would be pons to obtain icrosing ove) wll be 2,000/200 = 100 ‘Buu/Qh)(WSCR). "Tho esperar dilersor (may be preaterthan ‘Gecriea emperataredifereace, nc it dow ot coeur af Ue asian, ‘MUdinabielarand under hone coadtons the extn! temperate dif ‘ove can be exaeoed within Umit without the danger of rapor Banks Jing There in no advantage to tho waa very high tempurfare dif. tcc, however, soe atthe maximam allowable fx any incon a ‘mort be ose! by ndeereaein the alowable val of Us. Guly when Us SS saturlyecall may the of high tbe parly foried. ‘The tet of whether or not a vaprserexeoeds the sllowsbo Sur ix mays ditermined by dividing the wal vaporcing ben oad bythe tial ‘ralale sorfaco for vaporaation. By the amo token the maxim ‘alue of Us which may be antiipted ia given by Us = (0/4/80) Tegardem of the dit fetor which rwute ” When sting the tempem {ere ofthe Beating mes, 1 sas hat he of lage A! wn or responding (A), ale rqve dereuing Us which ia arn gives age nto of y= Uy Tee "The lags dic tach in nok eet So the continued opention of the vaporizer from the standpoint of dit ‘ut only as preventive sgsinst vapor blanking, Accordingly, wien the temperature o the beating macum may be elected Independently rach at by sting the promure nth cas of ssa, ie ased not be wt ‘yee of Af grr tan Yat which givens Ue eoreponding wo the eed dire fcr. VAPORIERRS,-RVAPORATORS, AVD nanorLBen 494, PORCED-CIRCOLATION VARORUZINO RICHANORES 1 Vasonunarion 2¥ rm Ss, a. Wager on i Pecap-through Reboier wit Iaothsmal Boling. ‘The eothoneaas Someta enganneg mene muestra Sst cee Sage eae Sian eer a emg ones, and the clean coefficient is the wicca ‘ given by Ege. (12.60) and (12.51). niet cas confit ‘iporng Tuite ‘sed receives beat frora a me nae ioe = fra a moti bvinga rang 7, = Ps oposite,‘process MRAT TAANSTRE ‘poatng medium, Ci sng sa PM naar ft bing on on 8 I, wear ~ Vera 1) O81) nto odin he ete, Sater ting 7 with rect 103, eer Eo cD Ate=0, Ga ia(ts =) 88) So Seer Eco as wane BT=T Ge won —19 = oy seeps raped a 7 a Been wleret asn aan eg ae i epee tein pm ome ree ener Ufo Mangere os 088 ce tate use ape e re ee a ar Sophy emma Nhe =e ee sce f aap = [[%S ce sernes— Dee bene Bfor MIE We ena aromas, raruaros no maoans ‘Tntegrating and sicoplifying, . BP a = PS Fon 0MTD) =F. Fa6e—si-+n oe Hea Spy MASE atte tee (Cee T: Vapor in counter to eating median: sa Fy ay — OUT TAT UsD oh a) (1512) ‘Can I Vapor in parallel ow to heating medium: ny 4 Few + Be, —ae te sis) ot “ea ‘With he aerge vty bed on Bt (5) oF (8,1 a (1518, a. “op nc nots tne ee ad toa ‘puconss wat raaneees VAPORIZERS, BVAPORATORS, AND RewoiLERS 445, Compre the tot sees pee se Wiha oboe byte point Srna tn wei 3531.20 12 ———. oun Fel nar emer EET aT me See STOUT a erties SEG em secpan Wine amb Reh cae mieas cae Ra “Sava arent tacts ees ee ra i cen kepee re te tah 2 757, ah ara OY rive ar ow 10% 068 = $440 be Senate venta manor asa “By Hela er So pt at he cael ld age. pv 080 1836 +020 x001 = 10 acai TD Win Nuaterandingts =e ats = ge” "OD" BWG pick =o, BWC, 60 en ve 2a “ tere ye 248 Bea mo moot w= 1.010 age ew 20100 Dake aca preatng snd raporiing ie oe casy onen om es Feiewig OH asore-en amine torn a Pre = 1+ a mm 0x (a Wigston sxe eet er esvab ar = Fon nt ( isro~ - Be Wieatie oe xe tra oor tom RTMTRE RLS IE ae w aire = 4 5 mem pm aro = SESE ri aiuere= ot sey Or (| 213 ree eye Le ens Tayivsounee =f elev smove = fa = ma (2 ‘eos se og ems r ovo = EXE. 7 G9) ma/taninoten are» SEX » 55224 cmon aroma) “adKoa/on eat = soar = ¥/0% 0 588» HX ee ‘eqns ruc nt 2 eto pom oe pao of ee Pos ome SRE ‘soneveda yp et nem Or Eee PRETO VoL PY tomar PMO sb sto x aX Be» eo come “aeew= sin vo semen et ‘wen 6 sarap” vie" a smaie enue map pct 49) purmoary axv ‘euosruoavax ‘eewzriouvs wnat $9 yoo — = Bg M9 ene wo REA Sn em en memeomais | ome ctenen nro ween ta (8) Eero t 5 ono 2, (ee aner0 reg a0 = w/e ‘Landi sy soaro= Ro = da ome oe ad sy vs sear eo ™ a torneo are xuca= + {re Prout p anan gas sa (| on Bd gasnrts Lean ssaooad wm_reocust BRAT TRANSPBE Preware Dep scent 10S xaas = a8 ae ao sane axe 19 seen -arei9 2200 Tam [bee ¥ VAPORIEERS, RYAPORATORS, AND EEBOILERS 469 inert that it wil poumes rang of boiling temperatures, Furtheraare Abe matile heat abeorbed over the same mrfae asthe het for vaper” futon in contrast to the peehaalendsthermal eapoiner fa which the two cour In separate sone. "The ealesaton af the being coeticient ia seas, however, i the wae ws for »probatarraporiser ms ale Iniedin Wing 15.2. ere the bent from the tabe wall set sorbed bythe ig a scab oat before it is eater into vaporastin, ‘Shae the ata of eat traafer rom a hot Haul nto am inelpeat vapor Tubb ie very amet, taney be amuned that te ecalble het trader {Bie ox and allowabotceient oven though hn computed frre ig ‘a When aidiqu hus baling range, the crepe Sux. Q/4 tony be {es than 2,000 but became of the variation Sn tamperture diertee Uy Ake ab tho qroter terminal temperature dierenoe may exteed ‘00, "Discrepance of this sort my cana bumping or ezatisvapor- {ition Wf the ila compounds to vapors are very vlasle compared ‘Hos the balk and tend to meparate from She guid too radiy. A check ‘the alt Ox ean prevent i diieaty, UC the fale x doo mot ‘cowed, ay, 25000 Bk /() (0), ther sno Do! to penalise the eave (ign providing excess surface simply boca of texan Se ‘ete ft fom pac note! Ue vapor mace. ‘Preare Drop. "The presume drop scompatol in th tne manaet oe -for iether boling, wing the Reyoolds number bused ca inlt cond ‘ioe nd wgrety wish he moan falta tne graviin Tee ‘deo ite pole hat aid weidh a boing rags may enter wvapocaee elo its babble point. Tn wr ea the surlace i again divided nto te concave sone, on8 for pre prehesting sd the other for vapor0 PROCESS UIT TRANSEBR ‘ation o's mistar with a biling range. The weighted confcian an Verperatre cfereaco may be ebained aa fre through the ta of ‘Ba (12.80) and (128). Forved-dvelaion Braportor or Aqueous-alstion Reboller. Ap sen in Chap, 1, the shel of 12 exchangers are not umd in frat ‘reslaliomevapratar prose, sie the prpertin of water are era Isat for uxturacieuation eqipman. Howerec,» 2 exchanger an susly sere an ered-drelation evaporator. Th disilation presence ach ante dniatin fan sotenesrntar of aleohlonater selon the bottom producti many pre water Itzay be advantageous a salir copertine of this nature to use a pump-shrough rebar in preference Xo tural drvlatin,sace the Loma inthe connecting pips may be ‘und igh snd those of larger cnnecting pipes doos ot sar moh ‘operation. "The aqueouredation mbar ean be ealualad inthe mine ‘manner asthe pamp-reugh reboler, wich or without «ball rqy, ‘reap Ghat the alowable flr and Bg colin! be greater "Tha pe of exuipmen a urually designed with the lt factor a the ccavaling redstance. Tho appliabilty of n mothod of ‘ralerovaporanion rate i therefor ef val aly a low mina vlc ‘Since water vapor basa very low vapor deny, low muse vost mat ‘be emplayed whanever the allowable presare dop ama Fn oni ‘Senta fr bling water and nqueoe solution ean be obiained by the toe of Fig. 8 although tho wil be about 25 pe cent Lower than thw ‘ich bave been obtained experimentally. Where data on tho py ‘ropetinn of equous solutions ave dking, they cha be apprsimatel hy {he methods of Chap. 7. If th mass velocity i very low, tho value of the conient so cbtaind may be mating by 1.25 and the overall ‘alo of Ue shoal rarely exaned 60) Bia/(a 97). 2. Varomsamor ix en Toss 2 Pamp-through Vaporizer er Rebollor wither without Blling Range. “Th eoaficients Tor vapeinton with of withoot x bling range can be bianed from Fig. for organic Bquide The numberof tube pam tmay be aa retin hocaontalexcacger the promre drop wil allow. [the number uber in he final pam are greater than the number in {ho Saal pene Ht pul Wo law rose prware drop "The Sal sida, when employing steam, may be lid out on Wlsngula pte, ‘ioe elaning wil infroquant andthe shall eds canbe doanod by bal ing out Toe prmare drop can be compled ting 1g, (7.45) wilh a Tayaolde number bused on the nt properties and a speiSe gravity ‘woh ie he shan brtwoen alt sed out. ‘The tbe fas sould Bow treed, VAPORIZERS, BYAPORATORS, AND RABOILERS 47 4, Fowed-cicaation Braporatr or Agutous olen Rebellet, The abel dala for the evaporation ef water aad aguetus scutions cam sho be obtained from Tig. 24. ‘Tho baling onficent wil be thoat ‘ape cent grata han the computed vals at at low mage velo {de costicint can be multiplied by a sorection factor of 128 ‘This cls alto includes the ford relation evaporsore alr to ‘et exchanger, The calculation ofthe vertial long tobe evaporator wil be treated w+ «natal cboulaten vaporie [NATURAL-CIRCULATION VAPORIZING EXCHANGERS 1. Varomuamon in sn Sins, 4, Kote Reber. The ket reer hewn in Fig. 15.6 smodifeation ofthe powerplant evaporator. ‘The ration ofthe bundle ‘a the abel anes tir frm an cod eration. Anoloe form of the tle reboier employing «tubo shaet whieh soe the eatie sal Se RHEE Reyer wont aa Uae Pd ed Mane shown in Fig. 167. ‘In thin ype tha aod ot cea bat conform {othe belles sows trom 6g aed aeration.” ‘The mod of contacting {hls peo ebierto the dtling column shown ia Fig. 18.8 ete ‘Whalers ace fed with wer to camo tha Ue ld lovel in tbe ‘boiler i maintained and that th tube wefae i noexpened. Sine ‘ay about 80 per cent af tho guid bottoms eleing at he Inlet are ‘aperied, proviion mst be mad fr the reahval ofthe btions prot ‘wt whichis onthe charge ede ofthe wei. ‘There area muni efana ‘Paognss EAT PRANSPER xtiteary rls on the volume mur shove the liquid level for das Tm the maziznem umber of pounds pee hour whish may bo Fohcrinn dro tho liguld eta. If the top row of taben not higher {in 0 per oot ofthe shell Santer, adequate ieagngig epae il wan inn ae ate erg 1 povided whe gi ere orang to lop ow f tn cae Wye re Ekle. Tho eile ie shown Sa ig 162, ti pelt st, excep fore wey td bam ns aes wht fae RiprtadlbedinmelrThavapocpace bovis for dimogapnest YAPORIERRS, BVAPORATORS, AND REBOILIRS 473, tory at ba cften about o 107 lower than the tecperatre ultimately (Gate in the char being reigerated, ‘Tho partally vaparined ‘Brgerant may entar te shel «cil whe the ezuindar i vapor fied lethermnly blow temperate bythe fd being ehilld sit owe ‘rough tho fabce ‘The vapor than pass oth commoner between ¢ tse dre fs rcomprencl lo the higher peau (and tzperstrs) fc that it can be resend With the avalable cag water. ‘Cold brine eft devlated to the canber being retigerated in prvtreace tothe retsigerant lf. Brim ame wally sium cloride Pe 68, Ch, Pen Py od Meshina C) fsb vapr trom tbe ud, lle a ed in dgeton proses rere eben rac ros Sorbet the punt are Bel retgwact wt temple SUEDE td Ee sondeane water ao hh promi pons eS enfay Uncle yore whe enue ren Te pec llenprte end et dona me ha ‘rear mtuay lw tas oe bigh- proms, The npann TEINS "unde of th ld flab ato apr cong the rennet in witeract he fvepemn side a Tf he cold ri SAE ORTRhaon dec tre gee, a stration tp Pe HEI Companion nde et reals chloride elution in concentrations up t0 26 per cent by sriht depending spon the coldnen of tempratre to be xatalned, ‘Thay are cheap and have litle ausoepbitytovard leakage. On sorem- refrigeration by aenle bat. ‘ein remain in ver, there it ne temperature diference betroen the resgeent andm ‘pmocess BEAT DRANSPER een ope ten there ol chanted i mcm, Sette cgenion Tor ober ape flag ee cen otis cm fs ay ts ee ad thcolymania tether eet thn he ragunonpseum lh eth or Seer fences od bere Whe lf ge Fe rosie irre be wl on esd ent Nanri sd este dn matin ern my me sept on ‘Win te ce sl “sen Cher ond Kate Rebrn When iit apts poh the Wy to lilt How ov th a Tee tery ws A hw ow relist cont TST nttendnt cho voy tnd depend feted pet (ey taiee Nate trnc ttre tnt wal td the tan Re seclan af Un bling dA curv shoring ti inti teeny the wper ine Fig. 150. Toe conte en ost TE 30 for epen an 100 for wate, exept that the mai VAPORIEBRS, FYAPORATORS, AND REBOILERS 475, Shorale Sx fr organics s 12,000 Beu/Qr)t9. Th ltr doe not ‘pet the se a large lemperstare difeeane for naturalciruation ‘opens and reboler, which requve more erare as clans than do [ocot-drelation typ” The difrenoe neat fvrface la uray more {han of by the saving im aealating pam power, "Chillars operate tera uals tho vapte space of the chile alo servos atx fick chaser fo the expansion in which cae the let tem [rete wil be thaw the tet valve and the out temperatare the faturaton temporsire of she refrigerant. The vaparimtion out of {he gu surface however, ia etharmal. Kate reuse alo perso ‘der neaty isothermal condition, partiula'y when enplayed at the frelon: of an aqueouscetution dling cokmen. “When weed with fmpaae bottoms, however, dere i uray « boiling range, and Hie ‘senmnry to provide forthe istrodseoa of sole beat. The ene tie repardd u eterng th quid by a motlcaion of fro comeaton* ‘dd curve for fre convetion to crganes in natural relation ix (Grea by te lower ne of Fig. 111. Teeorepoods tly ml to the feels obtsined from Fig. 10 In tho ea of kote reales the ot That loud is vided into sensble- and Iton-tnat fractions, and the ‘nafs rogue foreach frstian i computed aparally a ita respective Ting or sesblocoticlent. While there ae soveral ways In which (hin procedure canbe juste, i is noneles an empiial rane of ‘alelting cocflnis comparable to tow obtained In practice This ‘behod Se demonatated in Bxarpie 1A. "Prete Drop in Kae Fibula and Chllra The bight of bottom natianed in a dialing eclsn nutray mck Ha owt level in the tbo. f herbal ot mounted mach buow the Baud level in the {atom there ie « eplgble hydrate head fr fil Wow from the ‘lum to tho rbot, abd beac Une dralthn rato i rlatively smal, ‘Thin rela in w Low Bai veeeity serom th rebolerwarfac, and the ‘ewer drop, os well that of the connestng ping many be considered agile ‘Tn etl rebel, infact ite ot abl of natal ‘relation rebikr whore th rbolkr cannot be mounted wullcienly ‘nko thei Iva in Gh eum to provide large rectealation rate nei 164. Caen of «Me Renter, 4900 eof te of (24PT peray and eal eg ng SPH eres ta er ov ona vapertshemed adorning pe £20 poe Het al SP RPAP proline ngs fam 15 SP an 100 oe penne me Zon dey 3 pe pri : ‘Tris ins TD bt he entaing a si-p 1540 heel retin ad str cin satin ofan, ‘Ts forma eet bl ne, he oa Bwa0 Process ra rRawarxR “cesatnd, The han ats 1m. 00,24 BW taht 320” ag a {igi ae ch The nc ed ely iy ert pp le ‘wa raed tly of id 9 407s 24 pa ~ 280 a faa = ee vm Pesce’ aw ‘om? oem 2,406 + oscar — a) = P om kf: be i a i al ie gi Povarmeal nase frat 0| oleate ey Leta xe «co 8 . 0 We ray ram wr @mn-are, aan cata 008 70000) peed) eat ear Ore ean me i Aout odis Beyaneencz 7) ani B(G)io Bo W180 7 seme eo i “a tonl ann cnet 0. = 0 — an =? Prom ig > 0, bes oe 908. VAPORIZERS, BVAPORATORS, AND REBOTLERS 8) Cn ove sett Opn ghhy = BI um aijon enon (20 Dake oven ot © oot was ‘ade ee Coan = 4 0 = 8 = A os ct msi fa: $= 28322 — r23c0 nia Gtr) ee an Ui He Preece Diop (i ere» 508 = Oars Nagi Te 8 anon mea es — SH fen x xi 24m 0, = 08 Py = 00 an men wt a. a “ASP xo a1 pd Warman tar mea. ae sa sod 10.0 | aloes aP | Ne ar ae rae) as oma8 Process EAT TRANSFER ce Buadle-ig-cluna Rebollet. 1¢ wll probably ocur while examin. sng he Eto role (Pg 15.8) tat, X the bundle so be submerged in {OS tcpouy, ican be inte dirty ito the bottom the clam, an fa Fig 15% There is no objevtion from w beattransler standpoint, ‘Semon Example 18.3 only 214 of mace wad required for he trae. fer of 24670000 Bahr and this ina 15160. inst [P44 cla bande" long. ‘The clam reared for tet [T° 100i fsb vapor at 200 pig basa diner ‘hee han 3” Ith bundle i inserted In the ‘ottora fone a eos, many wort tubes wil be Fouled andthe bight of Co bottom ofthe eatama + Nant be nreneed 9 sto maintain the ame bl (eee, Another obvious dinvantage Us jn the ‘Reva io funge! connection which mat be weed {othe side Se calama to accommodate the lpr ‘ovens ane, Tserelmapporia are lo retired to keep ‘ng. inia Bote tha weight of th bundle from forming «canter ‘wih he column connertion Gangs ‘Thee fia. tins ace usually surmouttab when he eum diameter is greater than (fe but oneal experone favor the eof external rebate i peer ace to th al avings raised by efsnnating the shell "The callous forthe ndl-n-olun rbot are intial with thee for the ket oboe, wing cotiinta rom Fg 16.1. me 1 ans emo le, Palen Fey ad ain 4, Hoceaia! Thereseypon Reber. ‘This io pee the comme. eb geet halon Page 1649 shows = horeetal Danaoershon eke, Te'Sonnte of catraly Tosated flet ad outlet nore, » ‘ert cirelar upport plate between the nosso atid horizontal ‘fl. Horgontlthermenypions oprate o the prince 12 Sivnd ow ao fet xine under condansrs in Fig. 1217, with Salvo of the entering Suid loving away from each otbor blow the Soogitdiol baile and toward each otter above ik Disengagement {ike Hac inthe coluan, an the rebaer may be connected by th [YAPORIERES, SYAPORATORS, AYD RBBOILERS 479 wngacent of Fg. 1540 oF 2, To Fig. 154s, stated prvi, a tigi from the boom plate is Ya dz tothe Feber. ‘The of feed to tho rebar is dhe boury toa ria, Which passe Tt ane. In Fig. 154 th rb is contocted -rhich ar front reo at al ch tha the foe prewre drop inthe webilr and tet rasances of th ecu "he Hydrostatic bead diference betwen the Basil ad tees. ‘The hydrostatic bead avalbl inthe latter arrange Tower is lo than inthe oneedhregh arangueat although Toad is required for rcelation. ‘The beads provided by (Se he bay al et enn hy a et ‘Ocouscaily the roboles may e ot a wal, but chi fds tle faor in oder pani eh hat His patee Fite Cocicads tn, Horzntal Rooters, Tho cotiestn one fr LUE PEE me480 peooess HEA? TRAREEER ‘Soon the tampa dire fr ws hetng and apoio sre tho min, thew sao wephnd onpaatreicnee ‘tt, ‘oul hat ie rated with fo onvecto cant of hy nd {Slate ore! wn cater rt "To prmit obtaining wage drt fst ol mance muintcnae ofthe er the weed enact ay bool {Sfalws: Brom ¢= A YAPORIERRS, BYAPORATORS, AND REDOILEES 461 he fab lng, and ii: secure cores the praeredeop {Bo shine a8 fru abl without ballon and with axl ow sola Exam 78 he daneter of « hoiosta thermosyplinn rolls grata as ‘hat ish corespondto the tab coat fs craventionl 1 exchanger ‘esate ofthe fre sane which mut be provided Ia the upper halo slow the light mixtare of vapor and Hauld ray to reack the cult ‘om I he mfus of «25 a. ID layout mld for eat tana, the {aber would be relocated in w 27 kn 'ED hall wile retlning the tube itch 0280 lave a free vapor dow chancel a the top ofthe cell and noe eteasce channel at the otic. “Tho equivalent dinate is iret by Ba, (73) from the competed rotted perimeter of he tubo, lat the sel ad the with of he lag Seresculy Loree Unreal andetenduat fone, Ie caen ‘malin deter or hight prema to ots a 050 pay bo Mind bt cots tha aay io he Suge of th cole we ‘arc Fore bole raps atl fn of he iad cnrng {Sorequied aerate pater c the ern oto th ora Som: theme id hen pred tdi only of ss °° pe ba tee my be ype to creas the turbylenoe i yen bed to ee sn%tm od thet erly praia om mga by the Yer ‘opt pate) not et ot nonteean dienalguasi ‘il report laa, Te id eetg he het Cerne Slows oube eh igh net ote ge ae {alot oe feng tote do tha lego ce {Dente tie nth bet nck tae smc Bad ‘soba eta for. ‘Thelengil pt each parla ot fad! bale The fow arn le the diferenc between halt cv and the ausber of tubes in the upper or ower shel pass In the almeaoe of the acnal tube layout they may be semana’ to be eal The Remnais numer is computed fram the ile quid viewity and the ‘uralnt diameter, ‘The preware drop in bund on the mean specie (govity betwenn inlet and cut, ing a fret factor obtained from, ‘When there ia single inlet noua on the abel, iis customary not to ‘wes tube leg more than five times the abel diameter, Lang tha ‘bala donot themmaryphoa wel” When a lng, thin rbailer find ‘ain ita weal enkiped with two Ilo none wu shown in Fig. 1514 [Pi Am veliy based on oma forth tho iw mat a oul bo area The following table wll wv ue ade Vo well prepeetionad esol theron: Sa, tm Mae tnga aang ee eo ae . Meatowe ie" When using » rcirulaing arangumen: with» horisonal thermo: ‘open, recrelation cat be computed approsinataly at th tale atcor ME IE Eo aot BEE BE TM wag a Ye uD) 225 pen 0 = aouaey at a eee x oe = atten = cooftow ea na oa Kerr) ta yiventareen = eve eae evan SO {e00 ~ | ovaous- w/in aa om, farm weft = a) "arte = vee x (ee om We < = tear Al ts me) san ~ ee ~ oe = | OO Eta =) TET aa len al =a Sh =n sa ge = Seats sen |e inten ee oe eo co =o seaweed mae wert ame wo 0 WER gegen aust | ae | Seca) oo ce [se fea mat | se a 7 or 9 sarrioern ax swosrioeras ‘axzreoars snr = a sen x a's = 99 Jott? = + ‘oe = ee - owe 5 syne ws st aa oa Seidel pee ae wrt ere we ane. Von oe = os pv tr ee te cama Fro 90 won eae poe Se sont stn» we sang vase le PT ws Salt ike ao To Bem atone aL Ye geo Se “cer nae ways re ‘ype gt yop 9 tl pene LE yg ‘erTtevendan op 8 steep lob stone pet pester ere eer ‘Theva eons ape eens PmEERED. WHT pear Am f cormmaas se 8» aya “mpage oq 9m weoetooe of peop 9 Ia ie oe ERSTE poe uy epee meoyoes «ny ses TaD Boar mea fnorgromn Seg pH) PAD me FOS Topmmageey ‘woperuodea gio gh oh eA oe Ba SP stor omy en FOE You Heo aR “pein feneg "ar opemon yap orien “steeam bepemspar omy oT TERE or ema eg wm “susan go 91 Gos ew eyed pra 8 to RGD ‘openedes oq po wonenar Gwe Fan nde p yee ae ‘fio Songer pb oe HL yn oaroeo © 1 "oan permpy au eo ous a stg Se ve "yan: ino oo anon meg ne as app me ‘oe HL 7 [EP reoneate on a pregin ots o aR,wonY Ns 2anog ind wpeod og gia pairs gaged ny ee PM 2a peo ohm poop for ee uneasy Sypo oF Batiecoempd ee ope aR og yes YON TY sre ays fou sep oso ROR STALE PDs com emai wy ab gone ony dup ammaud oy UH nasnvas avn soa00te ora Process HAT TRANS? ER VAPORIEERS, RVAPORATORS, AND REBOILERS 485 (Gt) Dain over enict U ‘Sais pr ow ot = 02818 ie 1) ‘rol ren =e Sea” 303 = EA tanga S08 7 he ain sank ld hs $1900 10 1200 sense 4 Dit a Re ye — Ue. 00 . a ecg? = MST = not om Peer Dey (8) ay = S90, j = a0 197" ‘el pes s-on Made afte tre ad bao iepnal oe = Fa — 10 x 116 = tant 83 = many 0 i Fn NO amr AEs AAS x0 =A a. 4) oar arsan Eat) 6-4 ahah = 27 ina ximmaat as man Tips on ser rar at 318.07 dann et 2900/0) se em 5G ut yoo eas he seen dng concn nen ‘SectuttceSaes lee af titamiesnctiesneatS6 esa {ral et ogni ranged fant iw, the nia198 Peocess maar ThANSPER 2. Varoxuamot sme mes ‘Th mentere ofthis cla ar vere waita operating with arte large hydrotati haed and low peste drop. For ths reason the Vaporeon usually orur-n the tor of & ob-tabe-pas exchange, irhch permite a greater rsrelatin rate han i common to hoist {nit th vapriation nthe bel. "Th thro main lanes of equipment ceaploying ths rrangeneat ae the ‘Sper. Serial eng-tabo evapartor, the ‘erin ermoayphon rebar, ang ‘he untied ean gonerstor.”"The steam generator in shown fa Fg. 1638, and a lotr tothe verti Ibneribe evaporator in Fig, 1027. The vertical thermanyphon rebar bows in Pig 1516 ad wil xnty be teatod in detal to demon toate the calecaton sven ta aeration wal ‘Besrciton Rati, “The recheulation rato fo attaloed whan the ‘num of the reatanow inthe vapodsation cit ean to the hydro. tao ving frcon the id, Referring to Severed ‘hermoarpbon in Fg 15.16, there ae five prieialreviancen: 1 Pristina preare drop throagh the inlet piping 2 Pietioal proare drop shrowgh the ebler (4) ‘3. Expenson or aceleration Lo de to ysporstion inthe rebler VAPORIERRS, BYAPORATORS, AND REDOILERS 487 as ‘estos wbere the recicnaton rio and the operating pear are {gest the difreace in tho donate btwoan thy alt ond out ar not ‘ery ae ad he expuneon los nelle, Weight ef o Cok of Misad Liuid and Vepor. Thais fll erlute if precision is rue, sine tho expan Soo ofthe veper is fetion ofthe ectelation al, ave. gp specie volume of the vapor, codfcient of expansion the Hii, ot For neal all practi cae i may be ‘amunod thatthe vciation of the mec gravity fy Hoar brewer teint and he ott He a the epee volume st aay height xin the vera tbo of Fg. 1817 whom tlel “| teogt in J and whom init and omtlet spre vokome ae wand vane hy 59) the wight ofthe column of minture em, te change a troght wih hight nd, and faite comockn for aron, if inate ca BEE ee mon haf pred Shakocndetae om [S-favtam asm Inleating and dividing by 144 to cia the bad pe aouae inch ti abash oxen Raina elation forthe reielatin rat oan be tabled by taking ll he bead in the rei into cent at factions of te mua ‘elt , and upon ation for the rerun rae ut be obtained lnc. ‘Benus the gravity of Ue weoler cle atere alo vate48 ‘PRDcRSS UAAT TRANSPRR ‘wth the reienaton ratio, Uh exprasion becmes complex aad ita ‘Srpler ta slve by tal and eror. Ifthe height of an exiting rebar jn pve, the recreation ratio cap be computa. If th relation ‘rao i given, we regained ead ny teay be compsted. ‘2 Verte Thermorypon Rebel.” ‘The-verieal Deraceypbo ix ‘usualy a conventional 1 exchanger with ‘the channel end. "The upper tube shoe x placed claw tothe Il lve ofthe bottoms inthe tly edu. Stee the reboler can be st clove tothe colin, ‘the tinal loss in then and octet ppg oul eggs. The rectzelation ei is determined fra the diftrence between the hyde. ‘tatesead in the dating coum epresponding to the abe length of the robo sd the weight ofthe vaporsigad mixture, Reclouaton ‘ion eeeding 4:1 ett enployed. Reanols 155, Candin of 4 Vii Thenetphon Baler A veri tstemoreho tater to pee M900 rar opr sce aio pry ‘bane, De en wren Saal wi i160 us pens th 25 pl womependng ns feral belle pt 02°F. Bak mS soda by sae a i al “Aveeno 41 aia sell be need ‘in she opening fl eon X50, OD, WENO ube engl ho bu (1) Ba Bate: Bin fig a 00 ad 80 in = 248 > mo ‘ui of yperat °F ad 200 n= 998 Ba ‘ete, @ = RomoGas a) ~ ano le n,Q = a0 308 = RNB he ran ) tr inieraa be asap ser aw (Pea Be er tea lf Chap 1 fr made app) (a) Wi tating bs sae he nt el shad eae be tebe fe athe abreast 42 MOM - se Sioescine wate = 9a = 90M as VAPORIERRS, SYAPORATORS, AND REBOILERS 480, ‘esrelon tn: Aman 1 maton, Yap atm sess reg = 227 B/N meer ene muen-asteg 0mm men el ow fae id = 4 80 = 18490 he ‘Fas retns eat mba ai team xa0era~ sam 40 ‘oe, aan Xoat = HD Teal = a5 2 ta aay OBA me te = eI tg BS oe can erin 0-3 = MD 080 | sow wan gry A207,» =o x 248 = 0081/80) m0 Toutes 190309 a pd Diving ts f= 18 04 U/L ~ 2 nck ‘Tapper eter thn he dr ed a ovine ee iain ore fo pe pa ‘ele bythe wry fe a rye fb render." ‘Serie tora ha ud rele esl armiper edt ‘it 3: Ae 120" ahd 4: eon ie; (Nobo of tes «190 f= 0/320" x 9108 = 0 8 sn ht ont 19 aon pm, anu Naru ont tiene Wi Dac “4090 ‘PmocRas RAY TRANSFRR (0, Cc nt ‘at tae ots ~ ate ‘Go tomar 138 = BO eckson ae Aas 1 mtn nil oom x92 wane 0, = 24 ago 8/0019 a wom x 5 7 eam seem ges ODETTE I~ OM ‘ealeatnn = 9 #05 2 Dov feta x= 23h, sere cingem tt oe neta Soc eiret sree ene ce Soh eaters Poche Tika et pal i ii none a a. 509 = a oie m0 rem Sort = 0318/0010 > Nm Gal Dicala Tap ieetanast = m6 rede ann T 90. foo ke = 310/00 a0 Soares =a Beltane) (0) Consiga, 2 uizeaefoomen (8) han oe cite em pithy = BBB «2 master om (0 Di rte (barb bod shove. VAPORIERRS, EYAPORATORS, AND REBOTLERE 404 Simmer twa | soi [ee 2 “ BGs ORS Regi 00-06 Teg | Ganado | « 2g | Alot 2 | 08 "Dn le dit ator mas be lined tea fe x ose, Ta Shey tie wih te igh pts eth ean ar no dg, ae fam tapers ee over, ogee Tne Us et bo ed ‘ten pul a ae ‘Pol er ‘ate ae TTO~ 13{in,Nenber and gin = 16,807 ‘tama = cca OD, BO, ph Hi 8 BO, Le. , Tee ot ‘ae of 2, Long-tabe Vertical Brapoair. ‘Tho elation in Bape 15:5 ‘an be applied diy to the longtabe vert ‘Glerapomtor and the sam guerston, ‘The Imehod ef computing the receaatlon ratio eat, ‘io be applied diet to Borsontal thermo ‘Syphon, although son In pactio that te oardiaton ratio i umally git low. ‘CALCTLATIONS FoR DISTRLATION pRocxss ‘The Reboller Hot Balance. The heat = qernents for a rebiler can be delerminee ‘Rady frm heat olances on s3y eontauows 858 +1440 1089 ~ 29800 X80 = 59000 B/he ‘Ye wih mnt be pred i ih ber = 5804 00/15 = 57.0 hc ‘Tho Higuldextving the mbar in oncothrough srangemta i the Acad quantity leaving the botton plate or trapoct. ‘The tesput, in YAPORIERRS, BVAPORATORS, AND RABOILEES 409. alo the sum of the material vapors in Un rebller ad the rut product, "Tho total qzanttyentring tho wel ie 37900 + 10,680 = 48,380 fhe ‘The percentage vapor in 37,900 x 100/490 = 73.5 po cent aad ‘he vopor and liquid are disengaged under th totam plate The ta (pesto dorng Yaporaation dos not reala constant in tho rebar, ‘tough tbo blling mange fora binary mistare wid a fay pure bottom ck ery anal. The vapordiqed equitium relationshipa have Tinady boea estd in Chup. 18. ‘The gearal method of determining {Be baling ange wl bo deswnstrated preveatly with a multicomponent "Temperature Potentials in Distillation. ‘The operating pears of = Gilllating estura i ualy determined by the approach ofthe bubble frat of tho overbend product tothe average tpeatae of the eoaing (ier avant the condaner. I eondeser waters svalslo from ito IOPF, tb inpomiile to remove the latent het of condenaation fom a vapor at eush s penre that it condenen st 60°F. In rach & ems it nocemary to rave the operating prowire snd oblaia «higher ‘htsrtion temperlure at which th hat ean for into the cooling water, ‘Te higher the presare the grester the tempertare diderecoscros tho ‘odeatr od tho amar th coodenser. Thi tobe! by the incraned ‘mt ofthe eb, colmn-ead condense, all which mist be designed08 ‘peocnss HEAT TRANSFER sian in Fg 19 ccna ye ah ie sir he sin et he ete e ingen Sa eet ore ed wey denn ee Tow tn any a eee Velie nite to eh vapor naps fii hen cee en a te nth pa aa dnd bY {be au earn 1-1 4/0 ae ong fo he en tne on 03 te ae ne ahen The mal ae o£ 1-9 8 Veto + > CRD stu mater Sle, ld to Tc ce intial ee socaio he Yao = Danan + Wate 82) she yt th apr mal fie Tone oenponoat Vy zn the SP SSacto ose cre senda sree wl mr Ted tae compote ikea Sung rng evap ico ou ony te te Saeed le and Tame tet = te rr, iss a0 aoe Se eyes PAPORIERRS, EVAPORATORS, AND REBOLLERS 495 ti foto fhe dita (oy ats ire a th tt ty es aa are ordmy enon Byunen (123) ee whe ‘ite isiohip ended colasng ytd Zn Batrng 19a heat banc can be mate sant the Upper pares ee “ea le ent nla the onder Pablain + Wallog = Fa + Wella + Zar Harnn (1828) Sinly for the setion below the fed, 2-2-2'3, the analogues of Eas. (0522) to (15:28), where way plate below the fed i taken a the ih {isto and the pate above faa tbe + Teh pla, the balances are Yo Wy = a asa0 atc Far a ey = (GEE y) =~ (GEE) sen rst ato ib etn n+ Lallanie = Vly + Wallng (188) [Whar tes aberved that he ratio ofthe molar tent hast of vaparsn- tin to te abolte balling pats of related cmpounds it cousant ‘Thee Troutow'e ale 11 further asouned thatthe att beats ‘Mleompounds are oq the Iatent beats of any dal ston they may {oom ae alo qual per mol of miztue. By woming that the enable ‘at change ffom plate to plate is neligble compared with the latent tent chang th alsulalon of tillasonprooome geal plied [the tmperaure diferene between the tice end bottome several Sandro degen, however thin aonumption cant be made oblong {Gisammanpon, ifthe molar latent heata of the vaporantion and eotent son throughout the tower are constant, Ube ala of material on each ‘ate tust abo be constant. ‘Then Hay * Ha 1590) wd Vie Wet We ul en By (1825) mn el fe uy avapro, Wallen = bese, san By mention, . Bay = Hasse ss) a Weeden0 pocess sar reANsrae “he may liquid and vapot fo have thus been proved costa: shore the feed, Tes adr nedomary {> dermine Whetber i is also constant, ‘alow the fed acd iFonftnt, wheter or not the alue afm elgg qual % Ys. Combining the het balaoce the motion below the fed {g. (15.25) wih the over est balance BQ, G50), Vola ~LetsHegsn “Wa + Felon Wary Welton, (1528) sand using the assumptions established proviwly, Vala) = Wa + Wo, 1824) Hay = Hae = Hoss Wee we ve 835) -Equnton (1534) entabah the equality of rape Bow i both portions fo elas. ‘Silay Lallag, = Weblog + Walla 1836) Hag = rn = Hag Ta we't we assy Equation (1534) may be gener for the compestion at any plac shove the fed by s(t eet afer tee cn eat (839 mayb pid ry to ly Lye (Map )ova be Me y= (chin)=- (Ey) Fees san the meta ide Dagan a gin ay Reet tee neenernnriean Seed See a a a onc So rae a ka wa cae SEA SE te peep es Smt Tl geaench eo alae ae noe SSeS aiieeechee a pe ancl dtr ae uty aes wanes Semi rea eet SS rechten ral wigan eos tatan acre rat Sow vim cn Suhr atdbamere cuatntelreaw coed Sop Ses bianco de aged ocr alt anne ae lato above (w+ 1) by ‘he conentation rH chan ear =_pnocass HEAT TRANSPEE " Zor He t ate Aa Soa} oF eet i, Plt pear nec nae vecrmmartan,iihenmbet hin stage emo, ate ule toppers ec presario and lla ried theoretical et eemodon. Ttead of Sowing VAPORIEERS, RVAPORATORS, AND REBOILERS 490 tien, The lower Kine eprent the depletion fvelatecamponent and Js the ripping tection ‘The infoence ofthe rex can be seen more cleaty with th ad of ig. 1521 the amonnt of es i inresed whe yin fed, tho dope of the operating ine for he retention sve theft plate alo ieereaes, moving the pont downward to.¢. When the vapor ata (aodensed Stead of, x rete compostoa change oz pe ple {Se senaller number of plats ae required for he partion. Tn tera ‘dig shorter coun can be tse. Bul span ft mst be poate ‘og Cathe greater the quatity of rex and the shore the eoluma the erste the diameter othe colamn and the grster the host ood on {he rebates and condenser. ‘For this reason te detzrminetion of the ‘qimum refx rio isn economic eonsderaon obtained by adding ‘Be operating cots wd Saad charge ofthe equim or diferent rf ‘atic and dstermiaing tho mini opersting ert a a funation ofthe ‘ax ali. Its pow apparent thatthe 45° diagonal nein Fi. 1821 ropresets the enallet porsble nunber of plates with which the epsration af fou into diilae and bottoms canbe eeted, But he dope of he diagonal 1610, ad in Bg. (1538) the ope in unity, L/(L"t Wa) = 10 and ‘We = 0, coresponting tow pinod column io «qtr from tap to ation but without feed aad producing nodal, On the other Baad, ‘eppome o were moved up to e. "The number of oul changes ‘eweary to go from xy to zs with sn operating ino bbvoan #2 on the ‘Segonal anda would bein, although the refx woud bea msimam, ‘hs lant woud rue an infaly high cfuma, and Io were moved 1o- point even higher than et would be impoadle 1 aelore the penton. ‘Minimum Reflux. The determination ofthe minum refx swe {a Holton for etablahing © practical neutral The optim ‘afar rato, ae mentioned belo ily one of economic cot he ‘perting fine comers a and’ 5, corepandiog 10 minimum reun, ‘Be va of the oll ml of rea at mina ax ey be dia yyy, Then Bg (16.38) may be writen we Mer Meee aso = Weeram ase Wenre asmOe FETRORAS un LUNIVERSITI-TEKNO! eo PROCES URAT TRANSPER hee 1/7 he ai of th cs ef iim re Yo hy Total er PE cnt ol he Bond Stet won he Hola Tal he emcee war at air ier sed ht we ey iau cceiag ea ing pent Tie ree ete areca Ta foe ay snr te clans ity em st Cla Dan th bing pt coreg oe kinsman ap "Hee kvm es Jrnes rough reducing vse bly enerng the ow-prosuré clams, FM be mperheated. ow do ther poets et the colina od the eller? fo seat of guid feud at tain point gu blanc around th feed pate ayy ase 5.) ‘Defae a so equation to crm oe deviation from the balancing 540. Tas = Tost ee 1g =, hana in By (15.48) ll he feud enters a iad atts ba (54) fg pot eg, same ofthe fad i vapar-seeounting forthe dierpansy "fie iui bale. Meg <0, ay must be agate ‘Secatow fo the lower porn than in the pper sxetion, This Said ceca only i ome of ‘he food wae spetened no tha ot ‘eid waa ruin for the heat rane, pO, gs'= O andthe falls vapor a ite boing pit. Wg > By Mhe feed eld ald. YAPOBIAERS, ETAPORATORS, AND ABBOILERS BOL 1 the componon! ulate for the vlalecampanent Ws Wath + Wot, 0545) id if a = Coys — Daf, then g 1 = Fa POW, from ie y ephe- 5 540) qi deternined fom Ba, (1544), thea Bq, (1540) describes the pint i fterecton in terms of sandy. The vaio positicns ofthe inter- ection i tarot of gar shown ln Fig 15:22." Lapecton of Fg. 182 — ae a :] Indoates that for a given refx ratio the cade the ood the fower the ‘pueber of gates euie fr the veparstion, sac the refux Pati inthe {omer ection io inrenet Uy the condensation of Ue additonal spore 0 Ue pln, The inereamed sex fu Ge Tower econ mint be ‘lint py an res itt sn of the abla andthe quay of reboder ‘nat. “This brings up be peat of whether in boaper to eipply the It for ea feed ins fed prebatar or nthe rboler. ery obvowly 1b nape to doo in eal ete in separate preheater, since Ue -Aempesatre at whic the fed boar tbe hgat mut be lower than the “mperatre at which th booms cas absorb the ndtonal bat fs the than ar tho pstlte,Row o tey ace Unless of per and Tower epnatiog nes of he cons, ace any pint on the $eeScainn fom oy ton i, LEB represents a guitenly? impey- Ui Bep 823) wed (167) and elling the coordinate of the inter sont Veg = lag + Wore Vag = Tos + Weeoy process Ba PRAxAPER eboler, ‘Thin might manst anedantage tothe use vapor fee, bug ‘hiss by the increased ox of transporting the vapor i agains fan by an increanednamber of theoreti plats, Purthermors reper ‘eed cannot contain sucent hot to afer the nod feta rebel nse slat all heat ‘catering 26 vapor fed mus be removed in the en ‘denver to give yroduet and tho tent heat required for rex must ‘be provid hy the rebeile, ff is availble an a vapr, its nrg to condense it ft sinwo the rdoced rebel ty and eperting cost of ‘apor fd snore Dan Justify the wiiton of exe theoretical platen © mene 64. Dita ery Mere, 20000 Bo $0 wih po seat cto bennett be lo an pring Pec Speen produce dist ming 0 wiht per tenn lo, ‘Selng 5 weight prot hme" How uty neo? toi [MF iar | a | see ate | 9n aad i YAPORIERRS, EYAPORATORS, AND REBOILRRS 508, we 2 yt fe ht mini sone ea, 22 254 mal ele ‘one rh potting wEhae mage) xem - ome ‘Bete pie ema roads mse HO a ‘ier Baan Epa aermptae Fane settee [on Lae ee Bf iat, tates wend we | “Tepe ger [ors | 00) ws [ass nate “ ‘ai, Sr iii —_ Si it | 4] 4] | a = w/a). | as “S 5) 3 [8] see LO pies ni: Tog dn tn nig 1630 an wk, FER am MM =80l gustan 0500 Y= "ithe thee We vy = Onso 088s Eo tata earn tte Po Spinto oy int ay et ee fan stay tr an openers oe stat ‘pete er und tof te lows Sinema ‘Soe Shama Et "Ea cae : ‘Sy tape Epa Ue ot pts beer apna an be ‘tnt and te eg ange era beetsje a tt = 399 rhino sree ae rrinahe on er aeete pepe mare ‘process HEAT TRANSFER a a8, ete Bg SEE hs eee Tn posta ro non 1S VAPORIZRNS VAPORATORS, 4ND REBOILERS 506 BReboller Day fer « Multicomponent Mictre, ‘The method of Beam- si 187 may be extendel Jo the eatulation ofthe rebar requlemeata Fara mauleoraponent misure (se Chap. 15). The fed qussity and empontion an wall nthe dala and betions compartons an the ‘ito ratio mart be ova. ‘The stepa in the olin of the heat alanee may be summarise 1, Haat balaner on condeaner alone o dlernine Qe into coadensar: Top tay vapor ‘Out of condenser: Distt tnd ex 2, Overall hut balance on alums to determi Qy Tato column: Fond and rboller hot (Out of column: Dislate, bottom and condenser duty 4 Heat hala onreboiler alae; The quantity, composition, and tow peruture ofthe bottoms are known, The quantity, ompostion and tem- erate of the tapout to the reboler are net kama, "The he reuled 1 lhe tober sown, but the quantity of te teboler vapor Bot nova, although it hus «competion which mut bein equ with the bottoma. The bot plate Haid will best lower tempartare ‘han the sebailer,and tho Lqud to the rebibe wil be at tin lower ‘sopertare Tes customary to assume this eoperature dlferenee and ‘hook the Dottom-plte temperature afterward. For elamae ditiing ‘Smal range of componente the dierence wil be nite ax 50 10°, fd for wide ranges the gud on the bottom pate may be SIF ot more ‘alow the reboletemperatare 11 isthe pounds of vapor formed and the sabcrptp refers to the tom ple the beat balane acund the rbolee Hing + Waa lay = Xing + Wagllrg + Qn (1547) fram which X can be obtalad (oe Fig 1618. “ Bnco there it a material balance acres the batom plate, the ‘otic plat gui a thogum ofthe me of vapor and mol of betiams. $sving determined the mol of vapor andthe tora being. ncn, the ‘expt inthe eum. Having the ttl maa Inthe hott plata Hai, tp temperature on \Geplate canbe chodked by a babble-pointcalaaton. I the tempera ‘are arumed in (8) dow nt check the bubble peat ofthe traps, anew ‘wtionplate temperntre ast be numod and (8) reworked‘pRoceas BEAT TRANGPER ® » -APORITERS, KYAPORATORS, AND REDOILERS 507 500 ‘ample 168 Toe Haas Duty for « Maicomoonnt Mint, Theil DORE SE IRS Rate and smpetee e rn oA roti eer Bassons Seeteer rn sere} ME | savae || pas | mere Te Se ee ‘ sts nal] & )df) dh) ss nilsel ale S| as Be . ™ | a Es . e| gt Bi = eae | ae | ae ao ane ™ Ei er on Om tae vow [esa | ERS oc fmes]aka] sae) a | sms 9 ay a eee» en vo a | [am Beas. elle lag las e | ab [$3 | Bs | ame | #3 /th | Be) as [Brite | Rt) ts | Sloe] gs] | G(R | tr] 38 S| Si ISS | a | ao" baths does eh Sw I =O sphere the a a ton of telnet ites ems or Se statin ote Una tn dat kn st atop ioer hn ett,8 PRoonSs HEAT TRANEPER Cucsnanon o7 Beno Pare Tourer ¥ = y967 Tova = Traut | RE VAPORIZERS, RVAPORATORS, AND REBOILERS 609 se apr = TAT, Wen nt 168 tab) Teton ad echnge opr at Bip nd pertinent nrpindy SPA e (se MID lo SW wis mein Pree dopo 9 120g n 1D bone hermerpi akr oae 30 .O0, 12 BVO, ‘ah ih meson Fin eich Arm dopa 035 perm "al wlth di ncler nol appoints recent b 88 toi ob dg! are orate men Prob 154 wih «| it tea 004 aap aC nk Ferme be apt by» 8 ple ‘ein. Uang OD, 18 BWO eb wa egos enh ‘eran ft eon Ea Avert thereupon rel nt grove 200. ot ita vp seecwer at 1 pie ollag pnt = 107 nat bat = a) a Simo oed "Anat on writin 25 1D bane scan, £05, 182, 90" ng tte oo Ti ang pi bl ner nie pte Witten att io 2 Jovcoocne saeeenes Peet 4-4, Hgts ves ebatig male bang, nd vapern it Gi 4 ly | i ae me te ate stn nr, a/R ‘tuna en or mise Si snore ld, Bx FB presons510 sageenn 3 Bes ar ar, Process mar TRANSFE Yegntgs enn ent, Anemone Rial melanie ‘Rive td mal dete mn oe oy, "F eels ise on pre vat ae ‘Resp Pram drop ‘Py byt ret pedo Pewee [Basey pe sanponet ad etl rome heen, Pain Sige non Sen, a fw fc pati, mat ating snd vpn, lah (nie ed edt, Bh ‘art tape gap r= 7/04 ~ dein Datta, acne Te “eienobe at uae tod ype dp diane Soi YAPORIEERS, SYAPORATORS, AND REMOTLERS ou era a tn wal tps,‘OMAPTER 16 EXTENDED SURFACES! redaction. When sitions metal pee are stated to ordinary Inst-vanfer surfaces wach a8 piper or tube, hey extend the surface tail for beat trader, Welthe extended surface ferosee the {etal wanamiacion of hat ts infooac an rato is tread diferetly {rom dimple conduction and eonrtion ‘Consider «conventional double pie exchanger whowe eros scton i shomnia Fig 1610. Aarune th! hot fudsfowsin the anus sd old a i pt. Ona dtl abe ‘uid the inner pipe, both inturblent: Sow, and that the elective {ecnperaturn over ha crom ection ae Tz abd repectiray. "The hat ‘anaered can be computed frontthe fone pipe mitace, the annular ‘onlfeent and the temperature deerace 7. ~ ty where tei the expe ‘tare of th outer wirfac ofthe inner pipe. Next eanaiethat sie of {Ball ae ded tothe inne pipe a shown in Fig 16.1, Since the {Bell sie ao aftaced tothe ood tube wall, they serv to traalr ‘ditional heat from tho bot facto the ner pipe” The total erace ‘sable fr haat tne no lage eorreooni othe outer crear roof the inner pip but ieranod by the ational surface on be ‘Sin ofthese the metal strips do not reduce the eoaventonsl ‘campers sonal mais of ceded etn re ge ty ‘Caan Hand 1, © ge, “Codon of Han Ba” Caren Pro ‘Sse aby Mee Tat,” Dln Wy Bo Ta, Now York axrevoso suneacns 518 sau healer cpfiiat by are changing the fi-fow Fetes more hat wil tered nc i the {it ih amped oe hts re ae gown atin. wil shown nth ot of pipes end tabey, However, tht tach uae fort of ealended waco rie the 8 mae font of unerieaded race Reforog gan Fg. 10.1, Ure tanprsare diferwnee T,~ (betwen the emule Bud tod ‘apd the heat whieh ows ito the wil be conducted hy it tote ney ooh [remeron gaettnrs spe one mech ane meaty: See oe For a end hi ma re an Pepalinmetie tien veg an ena ra be nin as bro lp lk oes ea peg at SEU fe the be. futons She icp Uae bere atan dea spain eect Esnine nfo wit mete bet cs = tno at wh hi toned to ed sistant\ si process HEAT TRANSFER 1 wil be found that (vo fundamental eattraneer principle enier tate the vsiou relationship re: (1) to determine frm the geometry sai Sendaty ofthe fin the naar of the tomperaare variation and {By dnegring the hearer oeicient fer the combination of fa Oo etatedraface. Tn the ane of the double pipe echasge, fr ‘TBtapl, the fas arpree the opal eddies nboat the wana which ie fare reduces the sonvection eveffzient for the annulus below ite conven ““Qeateaion of Rese Sue, onl mumbo intial pe Sorstie 162 Mpmandtubere ‘regal tae mace by red ‘chet nd cot te "oppor haan staid oth tne rm TH, the pipe, The stipe ao attached Welle Ger by grooving and Peting the tbe Denn Destemsain Fig lhe oY wing contin rf the ban, When chanzls ae attached, they aeintegnly wee tke tale as tn Fig, 1695, Longitudinal Sn of tha trpe cee aly ol fm double ipn exchanger or in uabafnd shel ‘Saue exchangers whos the fw proceed along the xi of he tubs [ekginal Gos nro mart somzouly employed tn probleme invting oF fase sonore fas and arly wedi theta or ann Su thova yn ae Inertia ote tes ‘ewe intr ht tes hn Sn de ame tS nhs wa as teens tae eo Seta, "Iieunpd oo teat and pon tinge eens teteisbead nears bond thie" Aner a te enn {is Me leech ing inh lo wh abt ma {hele dive. Stee gpl ane as rade [fussnd me hae chs ara own M16 So paps heey ca, yer sor cyan wih end atn hepps So sta they arb for ear ‘giao fay or ndlon” ath ype ef {Sin ttm bar cata ‘Sma forthe at ne Sota the td de ta, fennel te Sint the tp td a ‘Siam the comment pee Belay Sepa fran inh de tose forthe rey ened ste, evra ne or ‘Senrcl tyen pa in ope, Sin postin edne toxorpmas xs Deda fhe Ma Bene. The dt fom estate a ‘els mathemati the img ot ‘Siar stra Fortin detain ie ‘Scr ty fo pte he ats nd supine ory May y Cara : et toupeatar bat teaget he independent of time; ie, the heat low in steady. . 2 Th a mt eget gi 2: Tht tee te {The hu ho to om eB mew ay pa i uty sural ote ener ian bv ene a Fett andthe sono 1 The hrm eondtty he ft omc ap MJ Ae Man A 9 sola St tre a6 ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER 6. Taheattncaor outa he ane over theegtire fi fae, 17, Ti emparatire of he fy rounding tm fis usform. 1 The temperature of the bs of the i wciform.- 8, Thefathickneainso maa compared withitsheight that tempa tur rane eros the width ef the fa may be meget hehe beat tramferodUbrwugh the oulermoct cdge of the Ga ig 4. negligible compared with that ping into the fa though tse, THs The foot betwen than and the tubes sumed to fer no bond rosnanee “As any ers action ax in ig. 16 It be the onatant temperature ‘af the hat ld everywinre urremnding she fin abet tbe the tenpe- tare at any plat Sn the Sn god variable. Let © be the ternperatre ‘ierencedrring beat (rom the Bud o tho wt any pol ate eet ‘ection. "Then o-n-t os) Adie the eh of he i varying frm 0109, Bow 163) ‘hs it te fn ih pe troughs tiny end mr ona us -xrepso suaraces sir ihre eis the eration aren ofthe Sn. “Thin i aqua to the heat ‘ssh papel into the fin rough it de rom t= O downto the ddd ceampectba. IPs thepaimotar of tho fi, tho area ofthe dena P dt ‘tof cocteiat frm quid to fi sida, wether on Ea surface ar {abe wrtce i wnnra @ Bango on iarsng Be (43 ih rope tt Bante ass) zustions (16.4) and (16.5) aro equalities. 1089-1090 ase, eran, $e -Me -0 aun dine dato on on cult 5 cat" tan a The geoeral solution is. () on et cet an aio eects, can ‘ore the mubcrpt refers to the outer ee the fa. ‘tno bet enters the nat the extrem end, at qulifed by samumption 10, d9/al'= 0 when @ = Oand Ch C= 0. Gn aay Equation (16.8) becomen ett $-44 + ana eta pace rms 0 Oca nt siass ‘pnoceas mean reansrer ‘At the bee f thea where = b 0 = 6 ooh mb where the enberigt refers to the be of the in. Tin an expremion has heen otttued forthe tempeatare diferenee Letwoen the courant Bah temperature and variable fin temperate in Ccouvafthelength of thefn,Teisnow neemmary to obisn an expremion [er interna of From Eq. (184) by diflerentiation with reeet to ‘hi high, csi) £0 yp £9 ap is taining 2,163, e-62 6.16) ee BMFa~o asin sateen he ton on cnc cw nino aeane cc “ B np mci —m=0 oy one nM Ml sx) tnt yp tin a= HP sak nt san = SP ah wt ey ‘he cle ado th eprtrrc a 8-Be wz “ Me nae OM at usan exreyDno svaraces 510 ‘Dalia hm the valve of hy to the fn marfac aloe when refered to the nee tes ofthe fin at T= 8. Caling the rao B/hy = 0 the effceney? (te fin te srorage vas ofthe hatter ceticeal atte aan of {he ia grea by Fourie’ uation: dene ry ha ony Way bf by a. 30 ad 0 Be. _qvanP _ tah ab ea a BP tank ‘Buunton (1628 alo only tothe in and st to the bare portion ofthe ‘ie between the fon. To iv the total hat removed by &Sianod tbe, ‘heen owing into the fn wih ooafcnat hy mua lately be coe ‘ined with Ut dowing ato the bare tube athe tube outeide diameter ‘For this a nooeary Uo ectablah ome reference sutace at which tho ‘oficnat on the diferent parts can be rediped tothe suse eat fx nan oninary exshanger A i roered tthe tubo cutie diameter. ‘Becstethere st no stp reference arfaco ox the eu of ened tee ‘eis convenient to we the Inde diameter cf the tube as the reference sutaoe at which loa colina are correo the same at fix By danition yu the onsen oa the ouside mace, wheter i be {he fin or are tae,” Beneath the bases ofthe fina ere ie matraly igester heat ax than on the bare tobe ueace between fn, noe tho Sat long throug the bes of tho Sat peter pr uni of tbe ares {may alo be expected that pat of the heat pasng fom the bcs ofthe fans conduct into the tube metal, thal the temperature ditrence between the ane uid and bare tube ls not sce oonaant Tt inno ually nosey lo crc for this ft, nce th be tae aren ‘valfoted by the ineteted for ven the bus of the Sasi ordinary {ull compared withthe tla bare tube are AL the mide diameter ‘the fuby however the beat fem both the Eas and te bare tube teers trie td» wee “The total heat removed from ihe anouhs ial and azcving at the taba ise diameter is» compost of th beat tauferred by the fine to the tabo onside dametr and that trandered directly to tho bare ‘be murson, "Thou may be combined by meant‘ the wephed "Aa tm wich i we ia he Rare hn cinene”ie e (as ey sap byte fe sao babsoo Peo;Rss maar TeANSPER ciency 16 Sh baat taneetd through the bee tube urace st the ‘be oulaldy ameter i sigs by then Carns sz where Avia the are tubers at tho outside diameter éxcuv the tea beneath the asa of the Kaa. If there are W; Gna the tube, Sere eal ofthe in orfao. Th total eat tuner wt the outlde ‘diameters geen by = O40. = RPI + A = (eee gs) (be hy) men (18.25 Satan Ba, 1826) lias a=(ou mats a)ia san Cling hye the compote value of by Wo Both the fn and hare tobe au {acer when refered tothe ovaide Geter of the Uubb, the weghind sifceany fe by defntion = y/hy, Combining Bee. (1628) and = a vate (OBE) ay he tae Bat a in Bq. (62) tha vals ote oeelfents vary avers with he beat art. If tho value ofthe composite coefient hy rlered tothe tube nie diameter, beats dnay ahs, 6030 se= (wrt aa) cm Pom 88 weg ean ramet en iaa ta sp erexpro avaraces a ‘That ha equation has been oblaoad which pve dielly the heat-trane- {ee copicent om tho iid fan extended tly ith isthe equalent ab sre of yon the ota arface of the tab. By subaitig the ‘pigsal and gecmerioal factor ora given tube and fa arrangements felled efcieny eve ean be developed relating hy to hy awed on he Inside tube mrfoe. "Boalt ns presented « grephia slsion of Bx, (16.24) forthe re- (angular Sa of uniform thickness ‘The methal of derivation exployed area appliable to other types of longitudinal was wel, although ie sather awkward forthe longtdinal fn of tingulr cosa seetlon, A {able of the byperbli tangent i given in Table 16.1. nb | noah no [BR co | oom | iam oo | osm | oer 83 | oer | oer 03 | ome | ont 68 | or | ome 8? | ae | ose con | 3.0 oe | ore oon | om, 20 | ose | oa 32 | oom | ose 13 | tee | Sn eps 184 cain of th oy ads Wed Biaeey Care: ‘oni he of By (44) wae cig sev wl te Sep ‘eee te en tpn oft arn nen pe ean ‘dae pw wean soe tH. OD, 1220 dimer ao weh evatached fas 9 BG, 3( gh Ts mab ngs eno pe ‘ered teu an, 75 cue pp,” Dearne 0) he eens ff ft ‘iar alow fy) ghd eicnay ee "Beil FT. B.C, 1096-101 (1948oan ‘PROCRRS RAT TRANSPER Siam "etl nae mtn, Pato fy = 60 X O76 02 X20 = 2308/0 awtshe vaio y= fe C1 S000) Hag = O28 1 haa tn 062/44 = 027 Ha Fa eraias any 0 = 52 cam = REY? =)" = (aes Eien)” - oo » [oom = |e oe haw tea oxo oy ta tes iy (Gis ge acm 7 8 Bear) | = 200 fad afr roi odo of a Brkt ae aes th ror Tatham ORG at (ye on exon ou) «BR, «mo 0. = BS < saan 2008 8 309 Ra dag int a= 1900 vu 37, dnt a ney oS eter Fewed hg loin” i wet by nm ta steppes toe 8 et (Sih tnt rpms hang rn del dy ey ore (Spee teres on mena! eyo 2 ape bah ‘Sn tng Toe srl npn ofr poet he i (alin Cap, Sad 6 In eects snr in Py Toten oct ‘Sern fund fe Gay hwy ely an ‘Spent fe "wal Than tere ep wal bs ‘The Wal Temperature of « Flaned Tube. ‘Te wall persis dan extended-urace pipe or tube infuanem the valu of th bat trae concent whidh are ablagnd when ids hated and ole vr the same operating range. Blase thon and tubo metal wll ot ‘as the mie fomperstre, the woe of any wig empeatar such an Sno hE empresa epee tous. Kajan' bas developed an ngeioan experimen ‘lho ef analysing for Un wall emperatare whith snlatw ba rae {erky mane of ex soca! snlogy.”"Theortod methods of staining ‘Se wal temperature are quite compl, aod ever te moet typical ep ‘ston af extended sutacss have not oon coved by adequate dri ‘eon "The method employed below is semienpicial, Ite principal Tut rn af th bare ah bah heb th ak, The rie ie te wee nt ented se atin he denon de eel Sanaa ayn Py Par ABE, 78-718 OA) Ind Bho, 10443008 = 40; id Bg. Com, ke ryos Process @e4r reanerin seasag er .th reiy i wich ston can Botan -Spromted href the oqo sho mont adaptable oS hag ‘otter plfornancoware sich as Fig 1100 aval “Ifan cabana cues be dovapltrom basting an coolngenpriers, {besos nr yey bo earge “roe trv tempera difeen 8 corependa ‘othe eal aay 1Unin the dein eration (/A) = Une. The sum f tho er {emprature diflerncestvogh each of the component rxianes ‘coven the ani sa ane tbe Sie mur equ the ute {Sr freon. The dit acta forth anand tbe may nt fe sunalue dit fetor, (fin and be meta, compost, (4) tube side [Bi lactorand-(@)tebeslde i, The exaiponet lerporatare dif ‘one are cbtined by multipin the component reiiancs by the Bux (/A, hen thoiaterncormoted a tbe appropriate orface seach pat ‘The mall temperature fw corm between temperstare drone (@) and @), ‘and by obtaining this tempeaiapyzcaa be evaluated. While the deat ‘recent 1 i obtained from ‘hdividualoeficients ealeulated fr ‘epetin o7.tnd yte unaton ofthe eompar epee ‘lfererpn in the Uesgn equation coreponde to Af and not T,~ &. "Ts al ofthe wal ley tid ror "Pie sae ® value oe whieh perce the elation of the asoule vsesy ‘erection, and the annulus fim eeficant correcta for beating oreo fag. Tae reptoal ofthe aztelat se coe the Testance (0), The oan actors the reastance in (2), Ne temperatare after ‘aming through thee roetnes corresponds to the waated vale tw aad if te oll empertare drop over the Sve rednanees care xreypen svnraces 320 pont, the sumed value wen corre. If no check obtainad, bor valve of ty met be sanuned and the grocedure repeated. ‘The Accation ofthe vation tepersres a odstanee lvetved in th ‘sete are shown ia Hig. 61. ‘Thecoonenclature der tom Ba {G835) i whic thee wer no rt fabtre. Th sepa i suminag op ‘he reitaner ad erecting forthe diferent suc per Hout fos ‘extended surface pie o abe shoald be eriden! inthe catlne blew Hae taper tt abla tempt dence betwen he Riis falc “ 3 Bit = into ahd 1 obtain actos dae cre a ret Sis iy rai an bat ‘ecb erly tl ul had Se ented te Por et st as ye tee 837) ee a atv ai of a he ‘th va 4 ste papa mihi! incre he i y+) Athingfhi erte {hf eed me ow Mle nyo Mie sa sy WN ny be ene de re fhe 839) 1. tli Afr te ae et rm ay aie ate data ha 24025, TE = Gi td f a ad ane whe eae a Be “aS rand tora af hehe oa poktee ‘ana © Dn a yaa Unt ead real dp ett al nh ake ua Onin ut ay mp f-v0u + cua 9 npn th fs tm 90 hn nial rato ed deri wae he ‘sta et enol ternal ean msec0 ‘Process mbar TRANSFER 1 7, ~ ean he a omen oa ec epee ine, pha mee ea ne ttre eo Saas a= ie 6a) 1 ne i,t eae de ate (rag sa at he ae on rete sie -(Q)e0 oxen a Mt os ‘When the tab ids gu, water, oa sar novia i, the tabeald vnc eomet hate ood und dca be taka e¢ 18 ‘The meal of lh the fn aceasta tha eeey, ‘tclaty se forse a8 ado copper 20 Ba (S)0O) CT A, “Tbe Calculation oft Donia Pipe Mae Roeaange The sre ployed bar ey flows tat te ene in Cha. 6. The ce {empuatredidareose or «dub pp eazhager th IMT cle. Ist for tre countrtow a valbcomputd fs Bq, (038 for s- all Sow. ‘The ateaive tubs hath dosnt nde to retro Tetmenn oo hapa any be aed prone tamer be ‘Tho lndeo the abe td tthe reeencs Brace" Moet alas {ares ptr tu the oleae seen aces bart ‘exrexpen sunracss ss ‘sé (1 Hen bata: Oui, @ = 800 x 089280 — 20) = 477000 ae ste @ = 1,90 1.0190 ~ 8) = «708 Be wo (©) kann tester fr tn to a see aloe rp ima wonder pad (2 eer ema eared il the Tina 404700 ~ me) = 2207 cm Clee amiaen amare i co ai mnt 2in TPAD show Peake {gin 8, OD ~ a0 ile a in, ete Details = base he tke 1) Dene cae = Sorte 7 =o, - sana tas never. are m ‘a 1anev00 ss, -mer, Po ea = bas 8/0000 ea | = 2 pm Toneitsaoarise aston” FRED COIT Oe 3H ne dean, he tara gfe a sae bre batsa Peocess HEAT TRANSFER et utenti pete opener iter ote oi wun - - t/t (9 hereto t= bg ~ em Gent 6 aun ene swt 18) cu dno Ln on we: ORE Tabes Be = Han = 0008 5 emt +8 wn an ei x, (sa) omens ay 9 SES a tnt ety abe Foi een tt ou Te aden wit net oe mid = 2 = ea Ce Pd = pa eal ee aoe n= (8) Rate eT (rat te mt tes = (f) oe = Hn x0 = 28 (ones a a= (G) Rene xomm = 8 (i tein a= ($) 4 = “axrexpED suRnaces wa bern €,— ty 4107 Oba Fo 85° = 36° Me fitwens 10 ~085 = 249 want satay lang te ral Pres Dep 1) Gn A AU/CIE He RA |) Ra A500 Ge) Saath [fest Oe 4, ~0sgn ~ 0mm i ta | Datta | oom = [ome |e Um cy 7a [ised ap] te 1.9 |Aieeabe aP | 0 Adin ft olin face. Un: = 128 ne ao 148 in Ma 2 sei ey © te ace cmd er gl Ta sera tego SR ohne aedom ‘puo0nsg EAT TRANSPBE “Tecate ec copa [oo eee Te To| Sima [oe “EertelO a mantra aes woul be B88 x 870 = 1841, raed et ea ead HG 2 9A a EOC. ‘tubes fly promed agin the Hings of aljcent cubes, ‘enna fa exchangers relatively expensive and, since they a arexpep sunraces as sot leabl, can be sd oul for Suidn wich ordinarily have very tow lo ocfiients and which ar leas or fo dt that ean bo bed cat Tht mak the ie! for gues a low eave wher the dst Slow and the allowae prewre drop s scoring weal “The prototype of this xshangr Ise 1-2 changer without bad sscaleistad in Btamplo 78. Langtioalfnaieband tbe archengers te computed in the same sanner as doatie pe extodet-mrtace changes using th sme eiciency curren frie taen Only thn equivalent dineiee for bet snafer tnd prewure drop dif ‘hes a computed inthe conventional mann forte ete thel wang four tines the byruulio radius ae Gott! Ia Chap. 6 nad donee sired in Beagle 78. Rinne UA. Caleton of & Lng! Min Sandie cane pomtel rma tpa remnant BT toro nailn nO acagter i 001057 "Toe meatus pomtetapr Os oee OT a {5 water 100 pe Paki nt 0 hele pron ‘rae he evi 1% nD 1.9 eee sped wih 70180" sesame Re a he os Bra dae ote tm n i techn ice Srvint Wit i al gern lt aan: it te aes 1D'="Di¢im anbe ndtgth~ P09 fan BO, ‘aa Saco = sng pnts “OD, BO, pick ~ Jia AWG, one ‘Neat ‘ine 2 (0) Rat ane ee a 177 pao = mem x onsen 10 = 10000 Ber a d= a S10 0) = Ln Bohs * ot oat rit ‘m0 [Hic Tome | 100 | 10 100 [tove tee | = [= 1 | Bites | a att = seer . aw ReBnts Sagg@ groan Foon oe98 -Paoonas iar reansrae (Fak: Tn arg tmp a 0 bt 1 tat, yn Cd a iy we 0 wef mae ospemm: tae aes Sass thee = (x14 20 xonis <08)]"roicney je 4 = dome whee preva ees TES = ane Yuet pan Tt = 8 42 0 RUSSO we, ‘ea. | Dw osn2 woot a 0 Os wie, Smal gn ye) 00 8/0030) ¥ = aymoy ~ signe sae 2p. 9400/0904) 7,» woos x 200 |e) Ate - oP, anism en Oe 15] a0 a Diet nome at CR | sowarpen me ice (F)"% ha. C101] A= 940x090 ~ 900g. 25) Tees eam Ne om al a 0.0, be 0008 aan 18 Bde SIE ay cet” aa rea din eet el 0 abet abe Ua on Ba, MOO OAR 1 ioe a bind i et Intel are eB = 0.20686 rain Tp ose eo = ROT Une gh ona sxrenoeo suaraces a stat eg tet sate = (y=) ig te i ni er: ‘a = 00 4937x038 ~ oes Nn = 0008 +E; = 8 some hk ot a or tt 7 aekay EAs ar ily 2 ora ce 5/4510 + x 1038) |) Hor By = 19300 mttane ‘ty (a3) |7 = Goon a an G4 0 ahs cae as, (a 451 = ion 90510" ¥18.X 4 ab 04 [cmmtar| t30 20 [atest | 10.8 ‘Perse drat mh ngpet a ee aang ior st "Howerr, te sob of faned Sb whch cs be ied on Bn tse8 eoonas meus raaNareR pie ino a 74 al ily ‘Th go ound ral Ue eh, {Esti eet cae proredin v1 }ean. ane ‘ruxeviss ms ‘Derivation ofthe Fin Bceacy, ‘The diferent type of travers finned pips sod tubes have been dacimed tthe begining of the chap de Keprenons or thir iene are samerat mare dificult Aevve than for logit fi, sce oven the transverse of uniform 4 “rom som does 20% rete to the simple 2 Giferental equations ofthe lonitaina not ‘ifr eos tection. The derivations given Te era thowe of Gardner which are ingesionn 7, ees ey reer ak t ‘© applinable om modlcatin to al the type. ‘of mnactred encoding she longitudinal. inn.” For the durvation of general cu, ‘anrene fof varying com option wil be conedend. ‘The fad surrounding the ‘tain mune to bo httr than the fa Kal, (Sel We foe of at from Use ter i the fn. ‘Tho sane smumptions apply a2 Delors, Referring o Fig 16.12)e80 = 7. ~ ‘where ith constant hot fad temperature vo. 1638, Deion othe S211 the metal temperate any eit in RQREAPRIE hen Thehent entering the two mde ofthe fe between 227 and 1.1 i dependant upon the surface bet the tivo all reandr, Th the oll race betens 22 and 0 in fnetion ar agreed 64 “The het which etare the in betwen 2-2” and 1-1" fw toward it base ‘ough the ero mction of the Sn at 1". Applying the Fourier ‘equation on many where ki the thrsal conductivity and yo the erom-ntional are of The Ein hich in Chi em alo vais with F Diforeniting Eq (1648, -£-5(42) sens ‘Equating Kgs. (16.44) and (16.46) mee “ (LH) Bs (Mo-0 — auen ‘Tis sncond cede dferetial equation is omonbat more difealt to sraluate than Bq. (16.0), which ba imple ot, and ean be mlved by ‘Banal furans. “A mamber of seoondardr difereota! equations ara in the wltion of caging problans which can be slvalby 1 powsr seis, The (luton oun be welts an Uke um of to abitmy fonotonn ad to txbitarycoamanle a0 mugged by Bq (169). Tn » general form the Boel equation i x 2 +rB4 emo =0 (6.8) nba nit constant. Many typor of functions whish ao independent {ohio of Use Bowel equation hav ben developed, and thir properties te tabulated’ Doug hus proved tho fllowing elation for Ba, (16.8) inte which By (1647) maybe transfert hy multiplying by 88-410 amr {SWC aban — Dt pe = 0 088) share ay i Bm, and mare constant, the lust Deng the err of che Bose fenton “Baoatons (1648) and (1640) wil have thy ame for when coe 3.0) wt ccna sy store Cy and Ce are poste constants. If the eres ection of th fn ‘ane docrbed by Hg (1850) and the marac fom he cuter eet the crow section by 1a. (1661), the general elution is found from the ‘boundary contilion st the our dg of tof and tthe base the in. "At the oer aden 7 = fy and O = @, Ai the bam p= an 8 = or equal to sero or an integer | fale + of 9G) TASES] oem "Sern TA, and CB. Rand, ppt Matematica in Coie Ig lng, Mee Be Conny te, New Vane0 PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER Jeslud fom — Reo (ss) ood oe te «EE oss ee a a ae om ying, nk Af th ae Tilt entre adi 2 9/1 Bac ina ftion of a el DUNEEASPENIIe ce th ie mats from tn i o-nfitoa ast wry Ay it la aca.” The min hat wen feed ‘tae a ote otto» Oho cto Dain tn tly stele, ot ASH ae Bathen aM] or 6 fiat given contour the epoomat of ri known in Ba. (16.0). Byuston (1651) may be eliminaed te permit the eoiton {orn the order of th Boal func. “en n = 0, the intreduetion ef Be-(1682) and (16.88)and d= cam ae 1 obaina from Bas. (16.51) snd (18.54) into Re, (16.87 gives th value For the anmalar Bx of constant width Bqoaten (1687) resto 2 t= a o- amt say tee 8S ns “ “ey a6. a) ww Plots of thes equatins are given in Big ‘axrevom suarscis ou or sho ease whore equals a fratin, on a(*)[ Rotataw QLESHES) wom a.) ‘ay (18.05) (16.66) When « = 6, comespnding to annular ne with content heat fox at rary eos rection from 107. ae eee a. Pas) (ise wa n(2) (6.00) veal?) cam ‘Than valu aro potted in Fig. 16.18, Forlongtudiaal fas end pins {he efiieey ears nad the fundamental qualions are incided ia ‘ig. 16.1 and d. When fouling factor i ret replace hy by hy Ta thos graphs the efiieny 0 has bon pltied wx the oringta and the principal dpe elseat in hsning tho value of wn ho Basal equa toa as Boon plated oe the abediom. ‘The vvations in tho typeof Srorition of trnorere Samed tubes ae numerous and Ine band ‘Sebo foe Fngidinal fin, eno etlempe Will bo made bere to fenpole Weighted eliiney cums of Me. Bj. A weighted eficiony ture can be computed, however, wing Bg, 1€4) wth the value of © ‘dng taken from ig 18.18 an, inthe mame maize as before, hen he froquent uso of given fin aid tubo arangomenta Juin theCanT7 nap gens pn) oases wom ‘re a a WD Hb EY 3 EHO nus 2 Was wo Sa GOED oa seeeseeagaae ese ese Ct . ceed oe swovenne axaweaxe sarasnvas oven sexooue5 ‘Paocnas was eRANsraR ‘Thé Optiqans Trenmal Pie. Schmidt ber undotaken the darth {or the apa ol vaion ype fin whide give the highest bet ranaer forthe ainimam snout ef metal, Astron the optoum fanny be ‘cuskoredCholioe which ta » cont hea Bex ak aay ere section Tecween th ote oe and the base. For the common lougituiaal nd ‘runvere fn thewe would comegpend toll uarow ahapes with maa) 1te sean Farthrmore, tho eis ofthe Gas sould have parsbals opceprine Scene cure ‘Desaps thea interesting appbatoos of tanavure fs are found {nh ger pooling nd hesting vies sich as on foracee (conor Inner), temper el for ait endiGoning, i-coled seu condensers fer turbine and eugins ork, sod misplanoous special sven. AS pplication which i rowing in poplsity ie the aireodid team eae Sh BY, dk oy. 6 3010- -ExrevED suarAces os ow shown in Fig 184 fr loan with andonate ec ool. Ie aa hee heb sl ue 7g 1816 4 plas i how of whigh-omperatn gu coir ted in an ‘ren tating ahoratry. With the exeepton oid fore al oer lexarete fn tachangers eprae a eran. Th tr fepertire ites for res eperating in erosion matey ie fr ober fw patter etept when oe fi nother tha leer ae ia fens reeataeeatPt ween one Suid is iecthermal; then all ystems are in.oe PROCESS RAT TRANSFER sxtendednrface gua exchange, an investigation wil be made of te {sitnnee of Gow pattern on Us tus temperature diference in cramow, “True Temperate Dierece for Groestow Armaagemests. Conor 1 enn wh ot gu (or ober Bud) pases ot ight angle tom buns ‘carping noold tbe laid iano pom avin Fg 16.1. Aare tint Uatle inated by tbe verti! Ine are pond ners Ue bund i he ‘lection cfg flow t2 prove ting eve th langth ofthe tabet AC point Ain the St horsosal rw of taboo and in the plane I! they ig [n onique fomperatire decane between te gine usnparare aad the lini enparstre. Moving to plane 224 thre is» asa npr ference at 4 betmon he gant tcp aod he Ail ceome Ligh tempore Saint l au he plat {he tenpertare erence miler Chan end farther resting {ft napertne irene mayb expected over the ere cg Sietite in ee ib Caring he sin nw the gu fempertars ol ten htm te row va ve {Ske engine tho quay ofa treed npaning ove tt Soe co cou rcs poi pnt withthe decreasing tmpersh0 ‘Scene, ” Over tn wevnd born Tow the tempertuy direct ‘Seo vary but the npr te a ovig tie vew we ifr {fem thes on eving toe pring rv ob. "Thi letre ls ‘ram thoee an Iesving the Preseding rove ce difference for a 12 Bxrpspen suprsces wr escbanger given in Chap, in which the tle uid was conser ‘Bimal and of homogentows temperatures every eres scton sad where {fas aostned that al the fab rows comprng each tube ase were at ‘amie temperature. ‘appt othe othe hand, that tho bafta in tho exchanger in ig. 4B are Tepoved and Wat she tuber are nc very Jong 20 that the gx pang over aro of tubes may be conde Uhroughiymisad. Ths ‘Einach diferent from the provodinganales, bt also ier from Ut fi the 12 exchanger. Inthe 1-2 orchanger the uniform crom-rction ‘enperatre vail along the length of he tube. Inthe preeet cate the {ps tnpeatre at ewe tetion vais from zo to row, an itean bo (fen that the true temperate diferance in ieBienced considerably by ‘other ons, both, orniter sear ize. ‘When ght pases at ght sagles 10 a bude compound of single ro of ngin-pa Cabos, both ida may be conser wnised.” Kw frm, ite aot always pomle to determine clearly beth ran are ‘ind, edition being somewhat airy I the case tbe bunds tit ong and short tabe lenge. In the study blow, four common Yen Bg. (7.3) for counterion die Ro =a/8 Cate = ETA) * GH "amy, Tak Meck Prati, 3-2 005 ‘Stat bry Bg, 28, ea cae Sm Chap. Fainus Drowns HEAT TRANGPHE ‘eaployng the facie F to cere the LM'TD to dhe tue tesperetune ieranee Aa eneiow bythe mao Introduced in Chap 7, peg here d= Fr XMED. itt a bert (rele th re ‘a x cao Ttering wo i 1616 and plying the beat Yalan, Uae = {UCT ~ 9 ee ay oan we ism = Bem cau 87) wed innds «(t-te od a8 Darr ‘hott ibe ares vat ota hel id moves wt rr ia a ‘Seaton an tb te Best wont i tog ate Seton aoe ADP Vaso tering e187 Ur ~ 0 Gedy = Say de = de Lay 074) ua us ene Ho mt PD roe Bn dh (am Solve when 7 ~ Pate’ = Qand! = tat y= 0. ‘The ton le expel ina oul inf ein, fober >) [cor Meroe] asm sa obtained by iatnation a the moan of Pw x = X andy sex from Oto Y. Then WO(T, aod yf = 8/60. n-SS or acttiteml ATS “Vakae fF are pdt Sor Pr = ()/( amo in tera of Band Sin =O 2X2 = KENT -EEDENORO sunrécus 40 3 ae Stetina OF {© ‘wea entre id nd eh ld a INE, Srmetorsumpraretewae evens he. mate, Be annoy ry Borman, Malte; es80 ‘proonss wear raansra BO Pd Mined, Br Pid Unie. eleng to Fe, eit ot hte uid be mld” Pia fenton aly outta ‘ern of bh sandy. Conr ap at owt” The ad fing nr the ei a heat ol epertare bat he SUES yt spose and yack" tin nono ‘SSovmetenprtte oh whee = at y= 2.2 @-9 ism [At the ott of the sep the aperture i given by Fae em ‘aa bere trees tothe erp, ‘The total nat teanfer in the arp 10 ‘id we Sun = 18.90) Su. 4 = Weer (83 Bubottting for t4¥ ia Eq. (1680), Integrating, and allowing forthe DDoundary ecnition¢~ ta 2 = O, an expreson obtained fr whieh ve Ty bens =X. Tow BoB ore — cote aaa) “The parameter hae nn shown tha =k 5 worst wo Ketek 06.82) eprming (7) oa impli Fsetion ae: 5 1080 wee) oo a fa i etn en i, 1. Se rin nd tag kt Paes ee apa in ans dys Theta ba How ura mana wa ferns sexrmvoeo soxrsons a tes vate ad i comtant, Tet tected ed grid fire 068) teh flew cam vf [Treen $ 1dr ad ti teas upg a tote ty an tents thon Sess z nn Qin-miem—» asp pom Ga ayerr = asa) “ehegtn rth emperor a token ee) ase simitaneusty and sing the temprsture ching Kites we to ‘anette, sane cs ofS +rSin]=-1 ana actor for tha equation are plot in Fig 16.17e. Many of the cams for one crnsow and eveal eres paste hive not bon sived wo fr ‘Thea of greatest valu that of oe eredlow and two sos pms Jig purl firw-countrdow when the dhl fu le uamized ad the ‘eres hii mca Retween fre (Cow D, Shall Pid Misa, Too Pos, Countrfne, Fis. Unmizet Beep btten Paster. ek be the mized leaperars belsen pes tad Ty tho coreponding sll tenperstar as shown in Fg. 16.174, {Ca he upper pane Tan She lower pw Ty nck wih arose 4/2 From Case 1a Kew emiag = em pam ad = Ke ween — ema any rom the entity of low in ach path KK Es aon greek3s Pmogsg WAT TRANEPER roc the gontaney the Beattranar eoeiciant and area in ech pas gg 809 Let Mm (Fa ~ tn) ~ Sand V = = 69/0 — 6). ioe the otal het traater i the mu of bth pases va Yo YS ae us a conven sKNoe a9 si noneg-mste—m obs Bisa peer eee pater sen nok T nro + cte—0 ice? cn Salving ll 2ina equate simultamonaly.and eliminating tbe eight Caoownn Ky fy Uy Kin Bi (my MG a press» oalaton in tere of KS, and (7), ¥rom gn (1682) and (1698) E-k-@ 99 From Bs at) Mieke Rake Gham re Ya 0 ol (68) Klik & 18 AH HIG ininting Mand etneen Box (1698) to (1808) aod epg Be Ge, n(ieg-s)-+e-0 cau K Save saan Bubattuting in Ba. (1680) using onl the positive roa, (aso) [SxTENDED sunraces 83 s GK) in VO= SB - GH) = See ee estas fr tha equation are plotted a Mig. 16.13 "Duns att Boal! her treated the case offi transfer with no tame ‘ene ising parallel tot estended wrfcoand preset graph to pert Tap saltin forthe sutern, oe 8108) 4 Dyan, Wand CP. Boi, Ine. Bg. ham, 40, 1101-1404 (1048.04 PROOBSE HAT TRANSFER leanfer curve employed here hus been. transposed rum the date “emewo," which agree win reasonable ins with the publd rong ‘of Tate and Cartinhou on conomisere It has been found that th, Ieabtrunfr cellent sor induaaeed by the spacing of suceeding rows although neal llth ate were obtained for triangular plc, "Th astal esi fow patter in traorvere Ba probably difer some. srha from the Halle pint used in derving the fn eSieey. Ta ‘tiangla pitch tho ar organ oikes the front and aiden of th anmilar fin but not the back of the fa. “An determined experimentally hg ‘actually only an average vals. ‘Theecnoentration of heat on the lad ‘def an anmaar Sa probably introdcn a potential for hat Bow ard ‘tho fin metal whch was not cousdered inthe decvation. Dioontiuons {ne rach au arn oF oltar tpn va gromrally higher ooficnt than Faia or die fie, ad thie may be atbd in Pars tothe renter eae ‘wth which th gut peetrater the pace batweensdjacet onlin fm. Boceute 20 many of the aplication invelve gaa, it hes besome ‘common convention in ertendo-arfage heat trate to toe Calbur's Iattranater tater = (/ee/E%. The advantages of Colbur' orm of th factor partiulsty th easea have bon dacmed in Chap. Yor the sake of «coment peesation the data of Tazmmon have been ‘omverted tothe Bled Tate na-raafrfatot a shown in Fig 18 ‘withthe value of the voy eamotion taken as LO for gan. The ‘rsivalont diameter in Jason's carelaton hae bon dened by bam apt (48109 “The projected printer ate mu of ll tho exer anon in the ‘tn Wow of tranmvore eed tb. The aus vlnty competed Fron te five ow arvana bank fabs ight sagan he ps for Prosare Drop fo Trnava Fiat. Unik the Beat tanr coe cit, he pou dop x rey iadueacd bythe pacing othe one. fag rors of tba, Wir lot ad mon Tt i often Bee ‘tuner ebment us he vr sn cansrese pices wi by Stequa” Of umber of ellen corltons ef promare drop in ram: flow that of Gontr aod Sher snd ber. Te ogy machry {oreroaow eialsionn over bare eral eration x based ca natn andr While tere has ben some cjpton to ha brad. be, Yon, ABU, 9-82 4). PROTOTE, cs Cites Fm A800 02 C8). oun Aso Wh ho, om ABN 0c C8). -RETRYDED suzesces 86 sen ch coma it gr tly ae fr pram ‘ho Maya number ae ocpud niche arden ae ‘ice wh enc pig sd erage oe tego td tho parrot continent cotton atom "Th mene ut dans ty Dy, = 1X fee volume ‘The etre volume i the volume tween the contr Hines tie verti! asks of tubes Tom the volumes of the hal ubes tad fw win tae (asi08) thd ORS ERI Ramps peeved onan (Jana er nd tales Une A configuration factor i a dimensionless group which ie edtoary lot inthe derivation but which may be iced nt the de, ‘tion th experimenter The atae aed Lee are Sr a 8s any Sede the pitch in teaoavre bank and tcenterto-center dts {o.he ear abe in the nest bank. "The roworedoy equation ore Ly io the Jeg of i on fa tes length of ihe path. Freon ictrs are given in Fig,386 PwocRss HeAT TaANarER amply 4 Laan «rm Ne Cost A du 40" by aye caren immo itr nee oP A ‘ated rtf ed 40°F by remap eon dns Tin 00, 1 BWO obs wBh 3 Might bm so 20BWO mt ad icapa, hac ncn rN ew 1 a eh ‘Und Tastee 1000 ot mn" Tae prem ad 0 to a artes ecatpc en yw at one eee Spat Exravog sunraces or Tow many ae he tlt low ha they Ie anne? in: (9) alae (Ars HT pa © = 100 & 024220 ~ 20) = 126000 Bes/he faim, 0 = 3.30 x 1G ~ ts) = Ya Bayh (9) A hrs i th al erga war Seb en rom oe ‘Sesleri be sn mnny pune orb ‘Sense median op tea ina by £4 dit te ay be an soa tigoe te opr oa rit ‘cu rst oa 1 en mayb rel a M1) ‘me [ieim'top] tm | (et ee rp = eel Ce Sra aes 6.48 tor ‘@ [Pitme | @ | Bot bt: tat ero = 5467 os BeBeit sagt gto reams oun ota xesu «nr Tid engage a We depta (etn oft det eit le eae Fame Arf OI AOKELE KI =H aM Bae eh TKS EEH ay Tat iiaiewm amen an pier = 920 X28 1B FDP 8 Oa ce axa Ba ie, 5 2 1 MB 099 « mt ‘cr he = 0008; 1/08 = 388 ye ake bx eth Ha 2215 bivancwien ‘De 10. 222882 b= aut588 wociss HEAT TRANIERR or tram = 0 ua/ VIC) EE 3) themes ee) n= 2% - co0an toon Vi = CES) Nixon “° a emi Srexartaal a noose 310,723) 28 at as) a ‘15089 = 1.8 as my tant ‘sae Deo scat et tome ay o, «pirates atte Fe 130 Neti rae ode fourm far tang cere 19 Bee and matt = on 29024 34 = Gyo Ce ent mecn igri 0 "iron ngs exraxpep svRraces 0 stn (0) itn woman (A) [aaa 01 x 0300 x 108 0598 six eae Rabe oe ost se a nigh, ‘Double Betonded Saface, Another type esting coment, which at fet inspection sppeas to offer ulinied posbiti,ia the doce ‘Sheol mrtace Spine tno Mowing de re eprted by 9 metal ‘Sat and the rrtace i tended ito both fis by meane of pines or ‘rhooe aes ace sermponed. Per uate foot of allan i (Roetd be poate toad an much efaoe as dead us ong ws thre are fo reticion ang the axes ofthe apnen. Boch an arangement wil ‘called fr only when tho coaffisient from both Buia Yo thet rxpar- tive fon a mall. Under these condense omy fond that 28 ‘opmctcal length of fin ogre for evens moderate total eat tame fer, The fin effcenie and otal tensor ean be determined by the tethads seedy usted and by tho woo of Pig. 1612 or 4. The het {nar coteenta generally mat be approimated frum more conve ‘ne arrangement romana 24, done ange sno» 8 IS ute pp and Tg TS. ation “ta ean hata AP gu wefbomedopeens SNO Bete NAPE ‘ein narod vated fs os Mo Tom gare wet pv atiren °F Ame yf rin ec bt Fro te" gh ing al deal or “nab o te prnr a mzteo308 cin oi pie ecangr FRG Sa arc "How sun mete ruin sal ay seeoo Pocabs wear TRANSERR $84. anne top 0 ene oe hae em 1090 Tae EES cen a SSE yin tage entaane 0 06 OD ee, ‘penesed Lvl ne 9 BG ic tnd Oe Pm Se ee lpia’ wart (essa) Toe a ab Tisgtneanag iret otetmcneeoseb pein ae ac il sh vith mil foaled. Th wy saree oa a, phn en O01 cae cto ea, Meno ey wi aati a er rome Waste pena mst walt te att "OMENCLATODD: FOR CHAPTER 28 4 “et ue Daedric, 1 ue ‘Biles finan eth SEES St ete ad ane uno he ue a toned ar mepney, 1 ‘owara, owae/ba it ‘Genscan el ant sangre ow 0+ ‘i a efoto be Gori ba eet inden BVO gy cucoence cr Seman een f ‘Scena Sl Seaport, bryan mann de tie fh Bel uno, iene andere oben et {Bae cee fae saperene » ppee z Ste epee anes { i I earn ‘tienen shy neath ae tas, a DONC Di code san ther of te it “noe sae on te-Ra an ena he tb Bo Somer B/N ONC) had nica nt me pcre, a ‘escent on asa pipe be wr fae an heer S/O, Seater tanto nt eater ad prado, % "pears EF neraupeo sunvaces 61 ua ved hinds ap ‘sma BalneC Sah ‘Bop Sele Tale aad Cots Inara fers, ‘reagentne poup for ran (Ts FO/KE Ay eee te Dl cto fh ne ind ad ate ‘itd eae, B/ OCF Tages 8 ra torte ost Bhtgacurpane Tie of rv oat tnd be eatin of a reais eran tn Gear sable oe Rambo aoneichande Negba ote pen net ding eae of ‘Ge on ne ince ‘Tenpente gmep ie conten, STD), =), “Tegan Boe ~~ ts enn‘PaOCRes WHAT TRANAVER sent iy, mee ey es nate 7 Bete ee ccaten ae mpm, eee ta Ee 2 eras tem, ta tape bh ‘tn, erat F ‘ole 3 ORG SS Sci fat taza bs on he Tai ebe marae B/C, col in sata ohn mate aden iia "Sins BNI ao. BE rages Hele seman ‘Bow nt t=) Fee ama itt po oe Pe Bet ro mee ‘uo in a provou. ‘The fueton f the vooden nleraas or i, sto inca the elas varies bawoun th ur and the water, A cain tower andcany sedans tho fed soting water soguireot by chet Spr cent, although thre nse maton cotariotin came by the wttration of the ae with water vopr. "The prepestive um for dinctovaact equipment in otbar services reqrng rapid rata of eat tantra prkap greater ign for any ther type of hea-rsater appanton. ARhoagh appied now almoetexls {Erty to the hamdictin af wor the cooing of ater, he pena feu cota heat traner may be apted othe aon (PROCESS HEAT PRANSFER pee insble pane 2 gua, ‘This pei tru i he ooding ‘rong tenure aggre The ot enim reed to Trade an ecapleof det contect se pied fe condemn SPR ane et los aye condensed nm apartan sal ‘atmo. h wotetonct th zame pie might ety e nid {oie cocomtion of oie ros bya apy of water and pac Uy tothe reblr eondening a vapor Ub prea of «o- WeSeate gx utuedevetepnstt may rl be ateated forte Ser af tis sony in emer fon promen, pe Tilo unin gannrinn eglen Ta capi rath theory td Treo thespenip cloatioan epee to diecbeentac bat ‘Difecoa. “dy aro conatant wenger ie aarated by wae he obee ner ea re-ntet apart, te ate rar “essere eure wh He est Sat ef vapor, “Te (Stein the mrcrterrapor taste inven Boing oxtraten ‘ine Ue upur peso of rata ato the Bid eget than irthe aterated sr and vapratn ithe rot “When the rapr arr of buen he Aol ha oft Bald th isla EfTwnputcton ccane, The tpentare of the water cn be kph sama ening aaron nat oped Yo replace tat at fron tie peas latet heal vapimiin. Ceti tom, the eak (ash brng to ttuation oa gurl a quid can be made to ee ef witec's temperate diflrece, although ech «Titan Wey encountered Te sem, however, thst there a fondaratal “icooebetera it ype hat anor nt cot, conven, ‘erin. ben movement mae a remot betwee to pe by apr procure or coentn) ines uo aad char {hesFoy the tc ht tre treed fom on ato another Sma ot pans Thisbaav alld eee mtr ror SE Taper tn i reary onal of ast eter” While he ‘cee Stations spy 10 spate abelian, Hf » Dhwe TeToemnonts, wetfesion ay cout 8 the De apache omar. "Fa te condcomtion of vxpat int presence of» noacondensble quai wes expedient in Chop. 120 iteodane Colbur/e analogy bebrom SEE fader and mam tranaer. This im torn wa compared wih ‘Reyodi's analogy beeen bat tander and Sui frition se dncuned in Chap 8. The Reynold analogy ide more cltey fr Bat tana (cl ald etion tan do the Calbura and oteranaloi for eat tna Ar Netraaer. Tn the eondepation of s vapor frm « noncow DuRECT-CONTACT TRANSYEH: COOLING TOWERS 56 bsble ga a ant fs nor the Ae yal rand the condense ‘tow trom eachng the condone fmf tbe wll The sient ‘TE evap on ine nent ee 'vaprtn be arb nn nena na ~ val and folios she mechaiam of dif. sdisining Sh tae "Seren he deliv eae ole ahs hapa canbe nde ool nitoateBaough backround ate thary oi, bt ho ‘SArsinge of goal foundation ar viet, "Te samc ot spe ‘non ae prendre abbreviated fer, Saving, heroes po si ail nity dite ncn te, eo 3 cetena fte uber maybe Found Shera sod Per? “Datu Tow. Dion nvlvs the paagy 5 on i hrongh Thiel anda Ae, Sef. A eh Braineert ‘dbo end HE Pigford, Moree Bont Campa. Is New Won. 1306, PROGESS HEAT TRANAPER glial betwoen the ar bxdy sod the als flim whish cootinuowy pr. Iolo th movement of acope molecules inthe dieton of the le ‘Thin etree analogs that of the sendy tat Ba theory of Chap, 3 In whieh tompersturegrateat promod heat tranfer “Th ar and quid Snare ima > Sherpa resistances ine, Inthe ons of dfn from 1-1 to 2-2 the eoncanraion diene of ‘he difsng tiracctone tatu i the potential forthe mast ear ‘ofthe acetone sore the never Tene in ere. Designating the ‘Gtusing ga by tho suecrgt A and the inert or inauble gar (i) by ‘he auborze 2 the conoertration ofeach gue may be expreted ia ‘ial by is molar deity, 6 mele The rate at whieh the cone raion of 4 in the air Body decreases, dt depend poo four facta: (0) the number of mols ef 4,44 (2) the numberof mele of B, 8; (8) te {lative diflerence of movesant between the velocity of, we hod She ‘rocty of ath direction of difesion; and (4) the length ofthe at ima whe = supheaue = 19) db orp where asia the proporsenaity constant. Ifthe net dfaion of the ‘ottle ga intr un = and Bay (17-1) mes to ab, = audited any 11 sith ter ofpmdn per ir end dah A ia ntne Me ae te ws amy is) amy) ed fr equine iain of A into a ae can ‘rom Fa. (73) wa = (esnatah, ~ manhte) = eaetsbibe + 84) at (178) nek die wa Mo Sa aa DIRROT-CONTACT TRANSFER COOLING YOWSRS oor ‘rom the, continsity equation, input — output = accumulation. At steady late there willbe no accumulation of A in the gat fm In ‘onnds par cube fot per nit ie ag ena ‘where Bs the macular weight of eas 4 ani tine wath ran Saleen] an abt te telnet -3(u%) nam Deng hal = be oy on) {ei the dirirty or dtfaion eotiins ntred in Chap. 18, ie asl de, howe, by Be (71) nd (7.1) Hating wanna eran Ando tht i nm pe aly spa, s-2- 0738) she mabe a ie eters maton ena Ino om he gt hp fi om he aly (-flen-liquid-flm interfsce, ete eo Nitin = etm ray ‘here he conentratons have lo been exrome by tho pata prewre sod where the ebecrpt Brulee to the vale atthe tefece > Fora108 ‘Peooess MEAT mmansree ving fre across th gue contin of tho tro presmre 2 an ‘Pu let pha bo tho log mean driving peda of Uo intB. "Then oem BRE ans ‘Tiina to the ordinary tunnar equation Q = IcA(T. i), wing theaomoacatury cf Chap. 6, where 7, ~ tis the taperate difernee ‘t's angle crm prtion andthe taho-mll teense fy eorreponis te thie “Since ths pail prewar ca compet ‘s propartioal tls mal faction in a mixture of perfect gues, Na Badly — 9) = badly = 99 ray where ya are the mil faction in tbe ga body ed athe interne = we cay ‘emmy be compared wih for one of two fd engaging in heat een ‘The difdvity can be Uterined erperimentally by teeing the aio of eroporation ofthe dfusing gua A from » volume container {ato an iar which x puma ver the vowel. Dias ona be com pled by the Gililand equation (a, (18.31)). wil be noted that a “Bq (831) ky in inverety 1 thelttal preamare on the ‘spate po at in Bg (17.20) rorcoretion ane be nada for rear, ‘soe the predact yp 3a the numerator wil be onaetant. ‘nan ordinary difteion tome the potential iflernce p — peor y ~ x Siler af every crs scion or height ofthe tower aa materi ran ferred oat ofthe gas body. If the total transfers the sum af «number af raafrethrovgh incremental rfc with a ferential otal en ‘St norront the difarentin uation for he enti height in whieh a ‘Se otfae i contained Incomes a.m dp pak =keply wd 7.8) Sut te otal hat teaser Q oan be elle from snl nda ‘im eotieat th otal surface and th teperatarediferece bebeen ‘hel and Ue tbe wall so the mates transfer can be determine fam ‘he change inthe gx phate aloe, wiog eq, (17.21). The total material DIRECT CONTACT TRAWSPER: COOLINO TOWERS 560 teavng the ga phases cbvioady tho same shat wiih enters the Liga uc. {By'ssndlar analyte tht above it ean beabown tha, for tho ‘Bald Sh lb Stato, aN, = Kull = (NGA = aleedes~ 2)24 728) svhere [isthe concentration ithe quld wih suerte a abors, = ‘The mol fraction ofthe lining material nthe iid ad hth gai thle difusion coetsient, Expromed naan equal, WN = Reply ~ gd m bales 2) 441728) hg and heat the rsirozaa ofthe to reiatancen trina comprising ‘he gu nd tigu fie. Is tera of overall cota and the Overall ‘ote fot dion Wy = Kip = P)4A = Kull, ADEA — grap) Ramla = vad = Kaleb’ = 2) 4d sehen 9! = patil promure of the diffusing vapce which would be in teria with liqu of the concentration of the liquid aumbody, andy’ tol rations coneaponding toe, and y,repetively, dimen onl ‘Te overall oats are expres in ther of ths two wars ‘Ke = over eefiint of ams transfer, Ibsale/Ch) 00) (atmon- ‘here of partial prerue dierence) , = dverl-coofiiotat mans trate, Ibmcle/ (8%) (oom ‘ontrtion diferenon/f) ‘sand Kz saay be related to tho individal fms and to cach other by ‘oeann of Henryl w= Cale, hie is the equilibrium partial prowore of A in he gas phate corr sending to iit eonenntaton of (, Tomals/t_ aie the Henry's Iie proportionality conmtaat The law boldnenly for reatonty ite selon ‘Theo 1 ena onan) Xe TY WTO) rs)50 Pooouss war TeANseae -X, and K, aro rally tho oune xcept fr the dimensional dierent ia ‘Ge respective equations in wich they ar employed. Pquations (1727) snd (11.26) il bo son to meenble Bq. (67) for obtaining the Over ‘Couficint of heat transfer fam to indviual fm ovtiena. ‘Colburn has ntrodced tho iden of unit of mas rater which os measure of the numberof jnerphone equlirium changes reyuired ‘ct given amount of iduion. Tei dential with tho const of ‘Gooretie plate in data uoder s parGcular condion. If Gy ty the gus rate in mas ar hour per aquate fat cf tower erom section tc) dylate change of soventton of te difasing component, = Cady ‘and Eq. (17.26) cam bo wets adh = Kandy — yak ara) 1 the urace par cule foo ok tower in a {2/0 the ttal surface i A'~ ad, where Via the volume of She tower pet aquare foot of tower ‘rom section kak. r wn [pipe nek (739 ‘ha ty if es Bertie aca res ete eke Romie Sires Soya anionic tiene Se rea ena aloe HS a Seem te ieehaueeanenen peepee ae finan peaerensreareeteae Sepa nant peg soeanacare Srvane sear vee mite peace aoa Bas aro~2 eran ‘The Wet-blb Tenpeetare. Humidiication isa form of heat ranulr ‘ag wel ts form of difusa. In ir conditioning wyrtome i to. ‘area in the moisture eaten of air and is Ural seorplnedby 2 spray washer. Tn a cooing tower ati bo humidied but cold water {bd not malta ta prin protect. Pasticulary relative to the ‘cooling Love, itis customary Inthe United Bates to deine the mate ‘conten of air by its wet-bub temperate. This is a valuable once, "Gaes, AP, Prone. ATEN, 35,21 80 DIRECTCONTACT TRANSERE: COOLIO FORERS S71 sue it wil be hor ner that te al lemprtr e k ho lov vaer npn wick on ply be saan’ by acs Sinai. "Hi wera taper & Sole ee Strap cmon vhs nat pce oan es Siesta Gnome fo F173 rh eet ‘Seamer avomded ty» wick dpptg into wut eo tsps troeurondag ar Teck eaiaprcee heed ‘Scrotum i rong oats "uae twins a ay ey ub ied oe wid Bect th ik mw te ee eae Fn the waa pe ef kw ee an a ‘Teepe in teed area er emma Tiscover da inn a tepeatuSnnead cea ok sek eae ‘Scots mleagacaieed kd np nce ak from the Wek by evaporation. Under tis conten an equifbtan it stable whereby the vaporsntion inten cable oot or Pond of it ‘safc by th weasble heat emored fom cub fot or x edo ‘Taant sould make no difernae whether th a pase slowly or rps ‘ver the wick wen the ealibiam ia atained; te tompartars ote ‘ick shouldbe deprened tothe same extent, sine Une amount o wae ‘raprating into each pound of dry ale at by aa eel seul hat ‘moval from theme pound of at. "Thefatar sir aivalated one the ek, however, the gener willbe the woght of water evaporated from {he wick, This convenient temperature called the wet bulb tonpore- ‘son. The wet ball naturally vais for ao given dy bul notrlagom process wear TaAvarae to theese to which tinaturd fore ontarting te wk ne he ‘ge of rardon afte ts mmran of water vapor WAS oa be fraportabno the and emngualy te amount het Wilh ean ‘eremoved fo "Ths deprain ofthe temperature ofthe we bulb Mhemomee, Le exeimart deal above stared ven Ue walt, pommel at {he dpa perature, evaporated it he aa he bane tmpen {are th su bos tatu ati ya tempera no tis would have eapontal ata» Fanaa of hain i cr poy tere rina pot or obaang eo alr be ato the water fram tev, he owt ser ompertare static ‘role We wel enperiare." "Ths ooing Lovet ot ay ober Tiiiyingaparin wl tue oo Beat oro ts muro Ing wil to al sll gil wore in eau! eld ol the water ely {othe webbal enpertire tsa, nich i fnetion fn degre ‘tetra ate oie et wth Ue gl betagoveporatd, Ta {tenure ptf the onpeate ane, whee & webu tempera {UTS conn the rummage col weer tower han TIF eaten by rege ‘Tho prcunUebvem th ale andthe wick can be debe rather ssnply forte eqllom ernie wlan Ue wk ban, prematly ‘out th wet tampentrs, Let I bo the able ham of ‘ei pounds of wl pr pdf dy which ald to ‘Se pra promure ofthe water repr nthe orignal ar by Benen y Me XO Fer Me where Ae and Ma ar hella ihe of water ana. et 2" Tobe by or vapex prema) of We water ata te wick at hn trectlltompwature For spy, sin oer mwrtrander Tons Kev be wed ia hich th veporslive posal rom On ‘Sek tthe t's eprint fe wo mies X" and, ‘eras Keeps the pram in atpreslo xprew te ifn Joona," Thea ethene bet of apcua on, tbe bn Dring Te nak pr apae fore af ace pve UP Qe kya =n om “The beat of vaporization por square fot of wick i offset by the Dent ‘anered from the net the wk, whi ie groa by Gm hes =e) orm Dresct-cONTACE TRANSFER: COOLING TOWRRE 81% where ton and try are the dry-blb and we-bu temperature of the at, eopwetively, and hla the senibleceat-tanser souceat btwn the ‘Sraod the Wik ‘Siac Bap. (1732) sad (1738) are ienttns, and ea be equated. Maa ~ tes) = Ka =) 73s “ a =m a7 tr aaa snd sh potential for Ke pounds of water /pound of dry ai. Using Ke for Kx he potential natmorpheres ol witer/atonpbere oa, wick cevploa the molar ratio of water to airfora patec gan. Weight nd al tation are obviously not aqua, slough both are dimensionless ‘Thus 1:1 aol ratio of water to aio oqhal oan Bf cr 0.0: 1 weight rai ‘The pet lets of weight transfer must be the mune ae the product of ‘molar trafer aod the molecular weight of the eising vper. Rie tek RD Me Eee x wom 2 hit azn) ‘tat sn rt pt ge hang Meee pe wept 2M AEM ran (Gat nanan ora Hoe Kepae (0 Relation between the Wel-bulb and the Dew-point Temperatares. ‘Ther a an inteenting dtnaion between the we-bulb and dey pont temperature. Both are sed in diuson calguluions. To obtain the ‘ret bl temperature the following is considered: Asboredry ai pha is Seompanying vapor i obeulted continuously over wick st w given ‘ial tmperatre, the nie and vapor miata ar coded bythe pangs of alle bent from ita tbe wick The as end vapor mixture get the heat back, However a the foram of vaporiet water whee Int enti eqoal tothe heat which paed fnto tho wc although the fal Aempeetare of the mixture is lower aftr eulaan. The volume at vreight of apcr per pound of dry air increases. Since no hea enters or Ttares th system during the direct contact, it i anadlabatic proses, and {he wot bul is obvioony 2 temperature in muchas alate proses. "The dew pot i the tmpersture at wish a gm of given vapor con. tent depasta the fst drop of condenaate when cooled by & conan?om PROCESS HEAT TaANSPER premare proces. Inthe Lempersturecatropy plot of Fig. 172 themsany, {ion curve for water is osribed by BAP. The constant prewure coking ‘ata vaporcccure along the contest premaure poth AB. Conidae ‘nxt the adiabatic contctbetreen water and ir eg aisha ‘dgesibed by ftitious path °C", whieh eat adiabatic although not lsentropie ance the mixta ar and water yap in ineverble "The cnaing of the st und eveportion af the water wparaly are 0 true ‘adiabatic provasn. Only th grow eects betven tho to ae truly ‘Aiabatis.” Porto poten of adiabotie saturation the path ofthe wale ‘apor alone canbe determined by experiment ad i fond to be along {heli AC. The plat i Ue wet bul, nd nce water vapor ned ring the adiabti nturstian the pasalprasir of the wet apor ft the wet bulb C, i some TC gas at the ‘dey-alb tomperstare 7, poses ‘higher degre of saturation, the sng POM A move 1 A and he dey oA aan emo wea aed Seite at the obviowly higher fmprature 7. ‘The Lewis Number, ‘The ratinshp boleen the beat trander oni ciont and the mave-irander tient, IK, eaters into nearly ory Alrweteontact prob. Ts enlogy betwoan hawt. tamer aad’ id ‘ition im Chap. 3 was arieedf by mathemati! snulaity. Heat ‘tanner ad tna tater may alo be related by comparing both with Suid friction" Meferncee to the subjees val bo found in Chap. 13 ‘Only the ost gaeral applica don ie developed her, although I spears {hal grater seouracse may be cbtained from eter analogies For boat transfer Chilton and Colburn give i-$- wane @) ~2 (0) ‘wtf dine ion ctr Forman ne (in) KeDis_()"_ Kx saan in b> atts 6)" =F orany DIRKCRCONTAGT TRANSERR: COOLING TOWERS 576 tga a ray Heo Het (ayn ora s weet are) Divine, ovis called attention to hi ratio, and the dimendonlne group Kae ta Known the Lain number Ze. Te couveye the extematy Inpartant infortion thatthe heat-trdereoeeent 10 the Tae Auamfreoefcen as the val ofthe see heat of ha media whieh terre forboth bent rasafr and mate ner. For Uh eae othe we ripe orate lng wtbulb expaiment if tho mean more eat a the moi aia (026 Bta/Gb)CFY, then the hearer ria wl be but one-year ‘he mamSraior rae. Te cha require four Umas as greta potential fora given aumber of Bly to be tasted By seule hat for a2 cua numberof Bho by masa trator. The plot of Lewin namber a, temperate for Use neta sivater called from r= (Eee) shown in Fig. 17... Two pots obtained experimental by Hilpert are ‘sine n thaplot Valy 8/2 for other raat ee ated intitle i. "The Bective Fis. Inthe wot-bll experiment i waa won thatthe sco wet-balb tampersare would be stained regardee of the rat of ‘eo over the wick. Thar lo boon shows in Chgp 1 that the rate baat wsefer see with S08 power othe pw vet. ‘The ame should be Cue for mae tecaer, tho Ba, (E44, the rato ofthe aig WX, rou, ASM 20 (12, ‘pe es Pehengee, 8988 (100.516 [PROCESS HEAT TRANSERR ‘oun is const hy for bots heat tuner and ase taaaer ‘ist be fect tthe sme degree by » change in the as rae. Sher ‘wood! hse prveted vaprdation fr the vaporization of mmeras Trvide ito er, iehing wer, and oboe Peoms(22)"(2)" ata whore Di ths isd diameter of the tbo and Ln the thiaknea of tho ‘in, Thie may be eared with Ba 22) af ioe and Tato for heat Poo ENO when (uf) is mbtantily 10 for mee. Other introting exten ‘Joa ofthe sory bao ben made by Areal! and Chilton and Colburn OMIDMNCAmION AND DERODIRCATION Hiumidifecs; The Ceolog Tomer. The lige praentday wae of -iteonal hat tracer are found in Ua ooaing tower, the ale-ondilon- Sngepeny chamber, tbe omy de, the pny tomer, th pry pnd ‘Tho un of naling towere hus grown temendoualy in tb lat twenty years ovng'to mx iberasng mecca In many indus Toate ‘al feck water ie too eearee to permit unlimited use a8 » cooking neti, The problem of woppiing elicit muface and ebeurtoe ‘ling water has grown to sh an extent that new planta are often ‘aera pp ‘He 1H, Pin m5 8. TAA a TT 2 anaes fad Chem. $6, 1188 0900, DIRRCT-COnTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWRRE IT ‘to develop the continual 20s of the mid water they may (Blain from publ o private souress, In some comsaunineven er ‘ter, which may be preent in abundance, regime prosooling a di Zomeikin Chap. 7 Th i eqpeily tre of some of the river In the ‘Sothern part of tho Uated States Raving nother souoes aad which [Teboated to the dry-bulb temperature by tho tie they reach the Sot, "Tha evaabe temperatare of eonling water as teen shown to be a Important economic futon the dsign of todern chemical ax power ‘panic. Inthe chee! plat it fee th operating prneare ox be 00 ‘ember of dtllaton snd evaporation proces ned eononqunt onthe suigmeat proeding then. In the peer past i xe th turbine oF {apennebnngy prewore ad the ulate corey of heat. For thoes ‘al reaoos the study ofthe ooaing tower end ths aperture of the {res made available Dy itn of great importanc in the planning of [rove Tho coting tower ie alo the simpler member of a clan of Spparatun whowe potetiabtiehnve scarey been realized ‘Caaication of Cooling Tower. Modern cooling tower are clase scoring to Une meena by which si in miplie tbe tomer, All employ ‘ducked horizcatal rows ef 6 to provide inrewed contact atsce eevee the ir and water, Kn machaniel-draf! tome the arin euppied neither ofthe two naye shown in Fig. 17.20 and 6, If the wr seocked {ate the tower by fan atthe top through louver tthe bottom, It ‘induced deel. the ait i fered in by a fam a te bottom and di ‘ages through the top, tls frel draft Natrabireulton towers a0 Ge mine wd tra ine 1s tt "Powers. Tovers of this cla aro the commonest vated inthe Une tert an fw a ery ae ‘ow Indused-deafttover. The trod toward-the inuced-dreft tower ar boa prononeed only in the lar len Years ut 8 ropreeats algal ‘manition, ence theo aro advantages to ia use mich exoed all others teoept under very speci endiion. In tho ferd-traft type as in Fig 1.55 the at entre through» circle fan opening and a elatvely lane nective height and ylume of tower must be provided aa in ‘tlt epace. ‘The air Gstbuton ia relatively poo, sive the air mast ‘ante © turn wheat high velocity. in the indented tower on {he other hand the air ean enter wong one or ore entire length a wall, si at a reall the beght of dower require fo ait entry i very stall. a the forad-draft tower th at f schargd at ow velo fem lunge opening atthe op ofthe tower, Under thesecontins tho sir someanen «small velocity hed and tends to settle nto ths path ofthe faint steam. This moana that th fre ntalo iis contaminated by parallyanlurted alr which haa alrvady pawal through the towerot panonss Hear TRANSFER ‘fore, Wren thia cece, it is known a recirculation and reduce dy frforaanes capacity ofthe costing tower. In the indured-rat tomer Tear charg through ho fac ats bigh vlsty wo that iti diem lap nto the meturl ar eurere whic prevent fom wong a the wir Hake. Tn inlucod-drafttorer, however, the prenure drop ison the Inlake tide ofthe fan, wich ioremes We otal fan-power requirements, ‘The higher velocy of dachago ofthe induoe!-dn? tower alo canna EERE Silrare “er CerTURAL OFT oe OTA The comme oy csi toe toauanie somewhat pester entrainment of dit toto water rape canted rom {he aytem by thea etre. “Notwol-credatog Towers Tn ania Burope and the Orient, the pope last ofthe type in Fi -Se and di eaning inthe United Staten, "Thin particularly tru of th satural-draft tome. "The aamenpheie tower avi lol of stmogphric wind curente, Air ‘lows though the louvered sien one dreton atte hifig with the toe ef yext and other atmephere endo. Tn expined plac Ae ie Te a eels of & or & raph the atmompheris tower may DIRBOE-LOWEACT TRANSFER: COOLIO TOWERS ET be the rot soon type, sd hers power ara ze high it Ey evn be preferaie wit wind relonee ne low a2 25 to 3 ph Eine the nears cuventa most penne the tei the toner, the tower are msde very arrow by compara wth ote typ Sod ant be very longo afurd an enpacy. Towers of is typehave teen bul wish ae over 2000 felon. Delt ower our ovr the eae (Ge alae grater than fr olher inp, ‘Thwn tower ake few Seat wf Usable potetl, nether operate eromdow Wheres {few show fa Chap. 18 that he set elective us of potenti ster inoousteriow. When eoliog water dared as tpenn cee fo ‘he wet bub, thi type incapable of producing Atnwpeic lowern scomequentyextreellargand Bare igh nl ot, ad when the ‘Srbcoalned they may coe to operne, ‘They have oe reat ava. ‘Bee, however, that tiny eliminate the principal pertng cot of ‘Secasial dattomer ey the ot of fn power Tn ares mith low ‘rem wind ylolto the fed chagea snd pumping conta cet ho ‘Brasage.” Representalive serge Sey nd vlc nthe riled Eee se shown Fig 78. An eversgevloity encoding Ser 6m {Foot sulicient ndin tht a nimple tower toa With sx average wind voloscy of § mph tha tover wil peal atl than Aen put for pat ofthe Une.‘ placement oth ower fn ‘Smph vind lacey mut bo mb tht It fee of bstratin ad ean ral ea very uly of exiting errets ‘Retr tovem oper in the sums way a fren chimney. ‘Airs ested nthe tower by Ue hot water contact ha a Sait ‘lower. The difersnc btwaen to daly of sin the tower and {ade W oaum a oateral Bow of cold ar in a the botam 2nd the ‘tetion of nw dense, wor atthe op, Nara owers mast tall formalin buoyancy adit hve args eo ection beaue (Ft low rte at we th ae covlatarexpard with eshaieal ne Natonidn towers ens more pumping power. were, coniing of wuaber of wp-pmay owe, hich epey wer ito the‘PROCESS mRAT TRANSPRR biexcr.conracr TRANsPER: COOLING TOWERS 58) sic without indocog wr coments. Those do not operte with an orderly titi ot ai flow and mmoquetly are not capable of producing water Spprsching the wet bulb ax cloty an cooing torors Where the watet (Sur be cooled over uahir range an withou s close sppronch to the ‘erbul terspertare, may ponds may provide the moet scononical (Shion to a wabe-cooling problem. “Drift looee in eprey pout re ‘Bltvely high” ‘Spray tower are alo used wiedy. They are sila fo atmowpheretovers except that they employ Title ono Coigtemersare ccusicnlly equipped with Baretube bundle, which sso inetd jt above the water bain at the bttom of the tower. ‘Toor ae refered toms lovee rams pag pa pre coders. The primary coalng water cdwiale trie Bows lnnde the coder while tower water "Pe Tiny coed gen, ‘The ella of +. {hin tape of npprnten il be eld Chen. 6 ‘Costing tower Interne andthe Role of in vi Ifwatr panes though» moe + Syoetioe Tha oe pce ot the SO, Sea ‘enypend anitargny ves” Ooms (Jee TRpakeiad pen toveeanhove nti, LY OER ete, Sigel to Wale tvogh by tr Yo a ar wavity. If the tower is 16 ft high and no‘ ‘in cy brparta to hs ply fl in posite ncond ‘eth to roa anes = Sr wher he big fhe eran ‘age aod tina ple war la rose oh st Getoverin we. Wigan ot he tad oe dropper wed ‘threo sbtratonon replat wil van bepress tover ‘5 ow drop tay bests rumored en hore per ced ‘a tcv utente tower of ig. Twos pe ‘Now eanyon that by inrbucing wo grams foro om wich 4 droge tay page ob dendrite iake Soet {aks tof gh he bight th Umer Ten a how a ie 1175, one dol fod per ean tho ep and me dope Socontinnouy semored at te totam but four dopleta remain i the tower. ‘The efective murface inthe later i that of our droplets or four Aine thefreofall once. Thefuneton of ls octet valle ‘surface in the tower either by spreading the liquid over greater ufce forty tkarding tbe rae of flo Sho droplet marfacethrongh the appa ‘atu. In ondinacyditsion towers sucha ceria ubotbers the pack ing i ntrodood in. the frm af Ratchig ngs, Bett sade, or er cect which are very compuctand provide a mrfce on which the lasid spreads ead expat «lage fl. This i im mufac. In the cooing ‘ower, beens ofthe requrement ofa large ar volume and all lon: able promure drop, tit customary to wie apace wooden sate oft ‘gular of rctanglar crm ction, onvng the tower aban nab + HH ithe gia Pi 28 Coane pol wagon structed The packing, or i ooaing tower abon entry fabi- ‘ated in either of he forms of iy. 178, ad ita pupats ito intrrpt tho ‘Saveat of guid. Although reo space bet ajling ll dais ‘elatively lare, the horizontal projection of the fil does not permit he ‘rope of gui to all trough the tower without impinging repeat con meenively ower laa.” Ben ofthe gu etziking the top af 9 dla ‘potters, buts lage part fows dout Stand breaks into turbulent Bow at ‘he botlom mo ast fora new dopa automatially and recreate new ‘deplet ufot. "Tha wurace one ies ofthe ll compare to fm terface in packed sbaorber Ther yn aden, nnge amount of ‘ropa earacn. More roeoty the rend hua ben oad the eof eal reclangalar dela, ‘They are coidaratly cheaper lo fabicne snd iatall upon the drining liga breaking into turbulent fw, Consequently, {he method by which the droploe are formod at the top ofthe tomer so DIRBOR-CONTAGE 7RANSPRR: COOLING TOWERS BED ‘ite consequence othe evel formation sf pres us ong ws thao i ‘auform deribution of iid over the elie crow section ofthe tower. "To demonsrate the efetivenc of the type of tbe freefall ean be cared al farther. According Yo the fell equation ‘droplet wl fal 16 in 1 ae. I 3 cea droplet it sre velocity {ithe top fll approxima 4 and it evorage vloity fe pe. Ta ‘he psond 36 oe fala ho Texan 120 with am average velocity of ‘1 tpn Toe droplets traveme th lower Piroe-qurtrs of the tower 99 that the tne of contect im the Ist three-quarter af the tower ‘Sys only that ofthe font quutr._‘The advantage of interpol fall ‘Gu becomes apparent: Rach tmp the fa ls intaruptod (uy at ach “quarter ofthe forer in Bg IT70) ewe ¥ zoplet with seo vbelty ‘roe slarting to Tall new, ond the Interrupt tower is oaivalent othe “yn Ta mod cooling towers te gid is pees upward atthe top vo tha it travels ee84 ‘PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER Fee eooveaens, cooling tawes art analysodion Ue bass of 1 1 of ower intemal grou aren. hea rto or ai loading in tga the chonedry eas cot pat nto ground akon @ 2/2). The war “oding ab he top of the tower athe water ate per unit of ground area 1b/0hr) and the aakeup rato Zs / (h(E. The hat load per ar pe auare foot ie secordingly tho total hourly rate Q divide by the {marl ground dimension ofthe tover. Using the aubonipt 1 fr the {alt wod'? forthe out, Uhebalance round the tower in teras ofthe ea fora OP datum ie HF LOT, = Oli Hi) 748) ‘where C i the sper eat of water and 11 i th enthalpy per pound Uf bone dry air snd inctaing tho hat ofthe vapor asoiatd with the ‘pond of boner ae In tera ofthe water Iai Ue hat balan peor totta tay ing thes, : i=) = tern 416 tay ‘gto ay veal open pin = oe) nay Diving. (48) By 4) Peer ee te eH rot rytnen ans Combing B18) th B24) IGE) +beh=_+LOR, any oe cay T= X= OM atin (25) es gn ay oman my fied terminal comioon Tae ental for etureted a appears ot ‘rlinarypeyehrometsic chart. Gauon swiggsted in the. us ftw arta, ee they lnvariay hav difring datams. Some eaploy a UOFP aie datum and a SPF water vopne datum to peri the use of the ‘Reet and Keyes ssa tables (Tube 7). When sng hart ued, the epinipy diderenee ar all of uficient sccurncy for heat-iadet falcoatonn When part of the data ie taken from ono char wad pat from another, scour error may roll For the soltion of ll sieovater DIRECT-CONTACT TRANSFER: COOLIO TOWERS 586 ‘mirturs ip this chapter the enthalpy of saturated ir above OF can bo soxnpted by wea riera som ars rhao 0.24 is tho spose heat of ae Tor usmtursed air B= Xtoe + Boor +O4SK(E~ ton $017.56) rere 045 ia the space hot of water vapor from 0 to 20°F and the {nierpt DP refers 1 the dew point Roum 373. Caleaton ofthe Bthaly of Saterte A. Whatia be aniaras seataiyy oar at TS? "TS Genin put pre of wales O42 pun al 7 ewig, = POM meg ng 5 = OUT ter Eatsigy show 4, H = O01 X78 GONE > TOS +024 75 St bel ra arse ‘heute Tate 3 Band 1 3 em onl hi aa ‘Taue172, Berean anb Honaonas Am Waren Morons 4 167 Pate yon 7 |__| Mamstay, | Sater, | oak, rT lensya| mab | Baba | Fine @ | om | om | was | mw S| tim | mes | ay | ae & | on Som | ws) Ba | on com | Ba | ae fo | dam | au | a | Bi & | oj | caw | toa | am f | os | oom | xs | a B | com | soe | mt | a | ciom | com | ai | am fe | Soom | come | sr | ine & } ome | cme | a | i com | oom | i | tae | oie | Bs | iam | mee) tic ee | ono | ins ie | Olt | a0. dae | sim | aes shee | Sate | eo |es PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER "aus 18, emuaem ane Hons ot Veo Eocene Tartu ae ur tr le ™ emi, 17 her yeti Bu dey we ¥ wlel*\|r]*|¥]® a 25 oom | ats [on | ie ‘om elon | a0 ons | 30 om, Bi loam| ms lone | ae | | oawr| is as ‘om G3 |cm | fos Ba ou Bo foc | Ses en ‘eae e/a | se 0 ies DIRKC.CONTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWERS SST depending upon the amount of ai and the amoust of evaporation i x forthe experature af the water ffl oo bee the dey ba 1 teins si befor reaching th bottom athe tower where the alt ‘exten. Tes th fact tas both potential many operate diaaialy in the same dteton while satrating ait WREL maken the cong toe 0 sdectie for eosing ate. In the lover portion ofthe tower the Water ‘Day pases esipertar equal too lower Un the cy bull ofthe ie ‘contacts, and smable het and mam trata ain oppose Sireten, ‘ential wits the webu experiment.” The Knit to wich the out ‘rater temperature may thn fll ins ecing tower that which in ‘Mistnialy in equim with the lle st, namely, the wet bal ‘The derivation ofthe performance of eoing tower given below ia emtialy that of Markl Snoo tho tla heat teaser in a coding {ower tthe pangs of het by difusicn sad eonection fom th wales tothe as, ute ase) ‘where cx Buh) inthe portion tuner by difsion and 4, ‘ua/(s) 6 5 te portion transfered by convestion. Inthe deation ‘qt shouldbe remembered tat the ares implied by ie dimescion a ‘he ground ara ofthe tower and not the hat-iande arace, ha the average latent haat of vepernaono al he water vapid nthe tome, nL (aeay) inn) (Combining with We, (1747) ALT= T+) =I 788) ot feo LOM + LOTT) mLd WO =) ALAT— PO) e rN x 7s) at In =O, =X) 790) Oty — Hy) = EF) +L 2) 48) from wish £-1@=2) . aren, ‘sean iting rath nei ne tha thera tha eat ‘tacafered by convection to that trated by &iiion, both in the Mat, P Forchagur 6, 1-481).08 PooKes Ean TRANSFER saraiasetion ie ied by Ue net spd outlet ai condition, Wich a ‘hel inowa o,oxn be obtained by cleulaion. While Ba. 17.01) (etalises the santos of heat tmatfer by conveeion and ‘hero of th rater eat auton tranfor hos bes ot by the Lew, ue Based on the overall rather than ie adv la, the eine boat ‘anaer fom the water at Lempratare P 1 the ala traperatue fi sven by ay = MP gaa? 76) ‘tere aa tho muface othe water pe eubo fot of tov a bot droplet 4nd fin sarsce and dV inthe deena tower volume in wich the ‘niface xia, From this dV ~ dd, where A ia the hest-tanfer Scone tbe huhid heat of th st defied by © ~ 0.94 + 0483, de =Geat za deka . O16) Sine dia the rte at which mute ditt, the dierent farm 124.0720) for weight Bows Hudb = Key’ ~ paav (785) ‘Bguaton (1765) becomes a = Ki — Dear (0786) andere Xie (he humidity tho water tompernture P and X the husidty cf the Subettting in Ba. (1758), day = KAU = Kady aren ‘Th rater eraportad dl nereases tee humidity of tho wr sream shove ‘avalos atte int by w= oax 98) ‘The combine heat trae dpi then the eum ofboth modés of tran p= ap bate = MT ~ Hea + KA — Nea (17.80) oan orm Byuation (17.70) is wl cam be combined wich Ba, (1780), sinse ‘texpromm the otal hat traner inthe rstem in beat uaitslone- [>| torr to avid the appsrasee of Pott X and Hin thowame equation, the DIRBCr-COMTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWERS 580 we att an a a id SLs ae Sait ae eee eh edna Tila deve nitee tainty aoe Phe = tesa ams oat ova a rm seeing 0% a= keer {(2'- ar) — (Be ax)] arr sabe ine ot =, aonaar[erinny-tesrn sat-o(es~)] an) ubatitate Bq. (17.71) Into Bq (1774. a¢-uar[ar-m+er—o(2--1)] on fer: sro, as seen in Fg. 17.1, the saturtion line i higher, which in ura, incremes the pote and reduces the required ie of towe al eer ‘conditions are tho'aze, ‘This oo besaan tha pata prow of {he water is aod thera the total romure has been dcreated. "The ‘humidity ofthe atursted at at higher elevation is ao greater. “The jaftoence of-Opecning Varubles. Since 4 cooing Lover nee ‘he stmeephere an & oaing msdian, i a alo sabjoct to the varia. fiona in the atmespere. When eperting atthe dagn wet bulb, the ‘emer shoul produce wae ft range and at the temperature specie in the poaranee. When the wet bua, howeveyit athe anne increasing tb potential in the tower. If th heat Too onthe tower and ‘he yarn cf Zid created thesugh the tower ae all tobe Kept emrtant, the witer stl undergoes the ease muzber af dors of cootng jn but the ae ad outlet tempera wil be colfer than guarantod. ‘Tha cxcling towir i nly abe to remove the some heat Ind from the weiter by eutomatially reducing. the potential dlernce, woe wane Cenperstaresdecning esoringy wih the wet bulb, Fram the sand pat of operting the cole and coudensers employed in pact, hin ‘ied het ld nell low tbe denied otk Sempertare. ‘revant this frm securing in a cool, the fo rate ol the eee water [trough the over i reduced by by-paing, a tha lee water in el bat ‘with a constant deg cult tampentur, ‘The eomrtant aperture {allt water i then recombined with Uh by-pass water beformrecaring to the cooling tec. Te th-way al acer or condenses denied for ‘rater, any, fom 85 to 120 have collet-waterUemperatues of 12077 DIRBCT-CONTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWERS 200 tho yar sound, ‘Thin win atthe bt forthe sangeratae ‘Example 17.4. ie ne * I the water and ai lading on «ter ae change ia ay way, ho user fron une he tavern cape of protege abe ‘Stee “Oniasiy he oon ow sage et sane ecg so {ely Tt variation 3 por cata i a de ‘rae ain iin sian wish ay beats te te Sn Ics ar produ by onsen which in tar, hae eee ted fos ge ‘ow rte ate gien ad, Thy hin, dncarge cacy Al ‘Sout 10 per tt of Unga and when testa pe cet often ‘ae ri ued, the dagen ofthe ropes reuse song othe {eal cua of rater. Th nr lening ea be rained 39 varying tiih ot fan blde, whihean ribet ton pas erate pesto fom ho men In naw the Sc it be Yesiln and in winters 2°." Ia wter he “3° prise othe fon ‘ive bout 80 per eto the 43a quanti, bur ee pes ing i¢ pet cat. roqueie th eotng ter het ol goa {he tmpratae rage sono hy the Song ter way at Sch 100 ero ft dg ang when te dd. gua at he ‘ataee wet bul Someta, when te epraing fe bab inne {Rese Gain wot bl, ede oa nice pent eds mare ng water of the eral Sy Sempeae ooge {Wien ie wet bulb var, bw ach more ar carte ant ‘his canbe ean from te 0 10,220 25) per ont la ng tiempo hat the nme a itacon uataberoaed bee i een sly ops £/0 rat dwt wm eso 0p ley Thin tl appronnnton tin herngne cog ieee Sprain al rom Oto BD per en of ei apy Miao 14. Te Retin of Cong tomer Peicause, Ten pr Sot sire de ee : ve ea by he ttt for ova ad Lita 6 Fepestne rng °F = vines gh whe, eat wif a eee erat (aaa Fema eran peas edt tieant me od waza sa anny hao ee Sit Roni rr rn ol elve 10 ‘PROOESS HEAT TRANSFER ‘e100 gm, 1/0 = 088 Fe tinge ey digs 1/0 = 120 088 = 1208, Seah an 14s 85 = 7s BESGeees DIRBCE-CONFACT TRANSFER: cHOLING TORERS GL id Amana 1/0 = 130 noms BUS 410 x28 = 200 BReauees aseecess a8 pee nig 110 = 080 098 = 074 ‘ewe. Se Serer iota +0768 = a0 ee 1 elabaty BREE] | te BEVEL Er| Bt | ie i (BEELER) BF | te me] BE/ E252) Sh | te “The bot of Kae Lf pit Pig TL log mach waar lo 3 59a aa athe tower wha ht ‘oa fale to70PE nF 7 hak the esta Kyo oe ne ‘Soll, tr denied ater at. ancl ene ‘ees te aan coil for bh Wa nd ate re (She a the regain of povmanae Wt bmn. woe my byl eer |_| Ket s | wel us| ws | 2) ms) ea [ese | ose sw | BF) me] aa] ase | fee me | Be | at ye | ar | oe Prom Mehr Keb = 810 = 108 toed iid Soe Re Dyin tn nes ro aiid when hee 1/0 = 1A Tete se hd a 7 agra Debasidters: ‘The dbumiieaon of hit bani it by waning vibe valerinaconmon pte ns tollenng “thongs rl Care etn pny wah sn be ebetdy acie ‘Broke ue fs cota Lome tine sang eeeon PROCRSS BAT PRANSFER sider os sir ntunted anda higher temperatare than the ecd-vatr pry. Toe humidity or pastil sure of tho water vapor in the ht ‘Frody in erenter than the aatration humidity in the all, Which, ‘theca fa gui Sm era, i presred to be naturata at ty ° ‘weer tcaperatare The potent ‘ference for maw rantr i hen ws] in the direction from the ae body tothe waterbody, therevehe fhe | rection of buzidieation. The buscr contact TRANSPER: COOLING TOWERS 618 nasser conticient sot, “This is ptiouatly true where the stati ‘promre on tho gust developed By blower ot an. "The aame hot pat {tay be brought into contact with water in wpackd o fled tower wth ‘rople surface and tho beat tracer wil be acoumplihod very cheaply. Te many instances a eylindreal reel containing 8 fow foe of damped packing material may replace a large tubular exchanger. The applica- tin of rest contact heat ranafr tothe ecutonalga-cooling pret ‘snot yotrocved he widespread seceptane I spear 1 mer "Thee is an unfounded prejudice in some quatrs ogninst the dict wy ‘enthalpy at ovc¥ plat la the at ctack of walarwihigl-ampersture gases, Tis sometines felt that H ‘dyin grater than the correspond ‘mprotictable rons willbe obtained wach at frothing and boiling uh Sng ree of thoi Sn. Th iy ‘Consider the typical cane shown in Fig 1716. tn Fig. 17J0a hot ga shown gupbiedly in Fig, 1715, s ‘The operating ine wean has thy (a) entre tower st 00°F mith dow point 9 120°F and leavoe {BOTP. ‘The water basa range from 85 to 20°F, What wil happen at ghar Sa TiS tatratics na es tn ele maa af Niqui is a mochanian apart fom emdanation, although the beat of he water removed by ae tranaer in equal oth tent eat of vapeiation {etrucdifson the maar randfer ram tho au body tthe guid treated fase molruar phenomenon in wiih case no dev is assumed to fore ‘ltidiention and dehumsdicatio may th conlderedeatiol ease inthe dire tlomf the mam rater. Studies indals ‘hal therateofdebosdioation equlsthe fe of huailication, the ame Ke data Iingappbosbieto iter. Tho the num erat difaion ule fr deamon ‘at keri be dleemined by integrating ‘he area between the upper operling ine ‘Sal the maturation line. ‘The bas an tion forthe cans of dcbueifction where a « te e278 numa fhe de pt one nfm rane ‘ebotiom of th tower? ‘The ga, b-virtue ots em point hana vapor preature of 1.69 ia. The water iatng the fave eat 120°F and a {hotame vapor presue. There will kano potental fr the av rater water from the water body into the gust that there can be 20 Vapor ination, whether the temperture of healt gaa be 20 or 2000°F. The ‘as nari eta sly bythe difrence bebwoan the dew pat the let gan andthe partial premure corresponding tothe outlet water {ho Lev aamber unity boeome od tonperatre At eden bight pyar ate tower thereon vf et Egy Dementtatne [sip twee he poten chmoges Tr ale leaspantare loner eo kee= fg Zyp 80 ‘Sat the'gar dew pai, and water vapor start ofan frm the go {oto water, The diftion proces continue po the gs cult tthe ‘which dfs from Ba. (17.81) only in the postion of and 1. 7 ten. ‘in Fig. 17.100 the prooua conditions have boen tered so thatthe daw sat of the inlet gaia 85 intend of 197°F. Har the partial pene the outlet old water a reter than tbat ofthat gus, but the pres ‘ne exerted by the outlet water iil 1.09 pa, 0 matter how high the "eat Tanafer from Gabes, Al tho provding trations have been comteroed with coding warm wai. Suppose iis eared to cool «est ira moderne prewore sein Chap. 9. TE the gs in pared through » ‘eat exchanger with resonable allowable prewure drop, low bastou PROCKSS HRA? TRANSFER ‘eu tompersturo may be, ‘This amis omowhat diferent from tht of 4 ‘eoling tower, ine the gus wll be egled and humidified whereas i he tooling tower it ie hostod and hamitifed. In Fig. 17160 ga ele sritha higher dew point than hat ofthe water andthe moveeat othe “yayr ia from tho gusto tho waterbody throughout. Other nteroting “xrungements re posible. Analysis shove thst wosblotost trae by dvectoontact mst bo accompanied by somo mas tater: Whee ‘nppsino be codod over a grat range, neared in bundreds ta the dew pent eoreopands to that of fue gars euch frm 110 to 1O0°F, the saount of moe traafr nay be very mal (Caletations without Simplied Lewis Number. Tn the dotiaton of ations for tho performance f coling lowers rotor azar bul ‘form and dehuridifere, single exprewion wo obtained. ‘TM wae ‘rng very lnrely tothe sarunpton that the Lewis mumber for aloraer ‘Stfurion i oary wait "Te as boven pose to elimina dhe lat tem of Eq, (1776) frm forth evaluation ncooling-oer ealestong, ‘When Le» 10, Ba. (1770), nnd freding to, (1781, reduce to ¥ Pa acket- [wanes Equation (17.7) eanot be eroated na simple strnehtorward manaer ‘bert ofthe lat arm ofthe denominator. Ta Fig 174 the Leva nam: ‘erfor astoraterhan a valle 10 nt 600°F. ortho difwsion of water {nto other gacs soc as yard CO, tho Lewis number i bout 20 and (06, repectively Tn the cae of gas cooling ¥ no simplifying eamumption ean be mde {arth Lewis mmber, is Deunary to ret othe thre bade equations for hamidietion and dchumdifention. "Then ae die = hgaV P= = Gea grea) ate ~ Ruad¥ (x ~ 1) = az, (8, Lagat (778) srhere T now refers to the ho gat and to the cold water. ‘howe equ ‘Hoos are respectively, the ecevetion,diffsion, sod overall beat ta snora. ‘Tho fet to can berated by thofact that h = (2) Kae. Toe ‘overall Beat balance given by Hq. (1778) ebviouly 5 te um ef ae (17.2) and (17.87, reapetivay. ‘The problem ls to detenaie the sunber of difusin ult corespond- ing to proc requiem by th simultaneous intgration ofall three cquatioan. ‘This ealls for a t7pielwal-and-roreouton. Suppo hot par asia Fig 17.160 conacn cold water ina countrfow tower. ‘The provem conden Ieeveto wow tho outlet as humidity and the ‘tually of water owing ovr the tower. Although its temperature is bescr cowracr TRANEPRR: COOLING TOWERS 615 nos, the outa enthalpy cannot be eluted ui ite bury Snknown. Withoot the outlet humidity te total heat toe removed (dil = Lateanact bo cxleaated, and witht tL eatot be deterninad. ‘The oumber of difrion waite i depandet upon the L/ mati, which {anna be sot withou knowing L. ‘The aolition of « gurcvlag problem (an be seen to hnge entity upon the van ofthe euler hamid Hoovers, by suming the outlet hunidiy for a reed gail texperalreteeathalpy canbe determina, the eat balan coms, ad the L/0 rai sound. ‘Negcting mechani probs of dgtubution, the requited height sf the toners proportional. te number ef dioxin wit min ome tain.” Having cblaned J by suming te gavoulet humidity, the (gamit of water diftwed nthe tower and the quantity of heat ane fered ean be determine by Kye’ /Lat ha /L both which are related by de Levis number. Stating at the balla ofthe Yower al he pat Ine an increment xa AV/ ean be samuel end the amount of sin sd heat tranaor ooeurring over the increnent eae, alae Zi towknown and Kre AV ithe actual nuberf poundsal aa taneterfor ‘enteral. Working up the cal by erementa, By (172) and (G77 canbe integrated Sine Bg. (1771) lath wm of Bae. (1789) ‘ol (12.67) blgat eau be reached in th omer at which al the bet Aranderred coceponds to Ea, (17.78). che sommed otha of the ‘ult gus nd the lle-rater temperature doet not cu at ie ame Teh the oul enthalpy han been sasamed incorvety and bnew seimption mut be made. Bharwood and Reod* have given the suion ofthe thre derail ‘guations by the method of W. H. Miine, which a stenighorward bat {ely legliy. Ian estinato of tbe outlet amity cat bo made, the med ontined abore may be empl Repl TA, Cation of « Dion Gat Caer, A aig open cette ug 00 Bro tne pu fear eh cy {ieee re ae het atria om eh wt wes mest be ‘Tepsietoind in pentagon 0 SOF ca caer els Sor (pie iar Nim perc dont our then ort hak depefaio of rar apie mr Seewed, TK, and. Ree, “Appnd Matnati nC age ‘ng 18 MeGrit Bo Comp ayer Fay 190ae eooesd ser TaAwaree Tove fl etna ter bar! be, Schone eyo ISL jr ata oe ee ar ast ee qty = 08 =item “al para it pe 0 0067 38 nie psy tn Sr Sw pe Ue 035 P/O) tc pie ete sar an eaor x 1s 048 x omer — 129 + 035 Sipe = ee St ea Dow pt ett wn Pg = 8 rim eRe eee ga ‘yw amps x 1A0 5 09648 HOD Bs Ae % CAND 1120) fe scan ae. afrty arr) “tah = OE, — 9) 8 ‘ter atiog = PEER, = wr “Tse rept 40 enn / 7 ih rmbt hp ftp spd ee Eats From 4st 07 te 088 Fis wroier ar ae vje 0m 0 08 08 ‘esa uyaneny ree — an = ce mene ora phithge a Pow = 90 1 = RE Eck ts pot the and hc rt uit art ma hi poten, hres fone terra Ta nye polen dtunn may ot S'Setic tera ced ante att heme eed tral = i ease DIRBCTCOWTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWSRS LT ‘pe venga fa be ft int ash Fg 17.37. sh = 010 2 x 058 088 ~ 688 B/D ‘ein inter = 588086 — nr) = on Me fre gat Egg mr ET Fe er ent = er am Waa? = Kaa} xi 010 x00 = a9 janes BF 29 = ose ota = iasbie ee ming = 0818 = nba i Ba ST at ne {Tomas ince bale a= alt, ay = S38. / 0908) eta nae = sasaose — 1125) - a0 a ne 8+ gg gg EF =a Soc tied as ral ~ potatoes — 00a = 223 w/ ‘vate reaang = ESAs = ease a = 10 be 6B or . fay 8 a weros ‘pnocRss EAT TRANSFER ree eats of he remiig intra als pe emg °F socked ae hewn i 7. ran he womny tebe i Er Ee SEehERe a geen mand in = 7 bald cin = 21.0 x AO = 10 pd 1 sn say mein ee rete Sree aoe ogc vn we tote Se Soe es sgl at mii ao SRE ALSadtins ean be 0 por ant 08 See SEED inate nists cow ee rain ot wah St ing nod dea gr rex xpi ter eh id shite a tongs toud "Seer com mtn 96 9 Kn iid migra Ben in 3 ‘ntl pean: 96, et Naber a 1 z, a eaten] naira | B** | RO “= | oo ms | ose ns ae | O00 ie | om ia | ot un ioe | oom | Sic DIRBCE-CONTACT TRANSPRR: CCOLING TOWERS 619 0 = tape = eee en Kae = “ower ii # = BE = 084 x 208 = 230 com nctin = FP 33.3 nh bo th ot ltr aie a Spleen pe dp 17a pen eating and Cooling without Mane Trane. When a bot. gua oon- tein noavalaile cling media, the maestraafer i very small Te ston, withthe extepion f wate, methand, and wminonn, tholatent bat af toporiation io ano small, rom 100 2 200 Bb, no tat the ‘isin bet load is inigidesnt,_ Tn auch oue it it pole to negact {nae trader sltogeter snd sloplfy the mathod of ealelaion for (pa cole. ‘Mast paormance data on packed Lower hare been obtained for maze ‘ranfe, but convection alone canbe compte fom tam trnnfer daa tsb as soot DU by the dimple ationaiphe¥/L = (eC a¥ 2). ‘The enthalpy ofthe eas whe ther eno mas tasters proportional to fs tampertur, and the potential for eawection ie the fiferenee ‘eeweon th tmperature of te gat and the anpeatre ofthe water a. say rom clon in the cower. Aceordingly, Ja /L = J i/(P ~ 0), and ‘oo only sone beat changes ecu, MY f dhs ons forage pena ea oer DU nor B18 ean nines aa) 120 per cnt af the total hat tran, "In tho yan cooler of Example 17.6 ‘maretion accounted for 65 per oat of tha total eat nd. Ifthe gue ‘ad ha an inlet temperatre of 1000°F and x dew point of 10°F, cone ‘ection woul have accounted for 95 per nat ofthe het loa gus“0 ‘Pao;ass HEAT rRanarER ‘witha dow pont of 120 12°F rl tobe coole by water withons {Fedoveapproee, fica ropresatya wall portion of tho han lad tod th sate problem can be trated ub oe of sesiblebeat render ‘The dow polntorefre to above re within hevange cf fue gan. Bony ‘llownnce ate be made inthe bat load and iui ean altbough he Tag of ue tomer wl bat be ated ine Both diuson ad conve. ‘on wl opeur ix the sine eight. ‘Tho ape of thie short method i emenstated below. awe 112. hese Cat ts Oasis. SAT eg in Homage er ain = tobe vn fan anger ‘Bewwar. Liv mex tune wa nye of wre ee pene? "sae at 6 rhe mame Us B/C ‘ScBa d= ono cases 20) ‘=4a00 re Henle 18ers iain = 22208 one = 750000 cay, a lloras the aad a mad as (Tite Sapna ry tng ve eters option oa eae out =H! awe 1 ace pi ag ow 38/0), etd ana 180 aor ce (in fh rf tte nse ME f oo ana) DIRSCY-COWTACE TRANAP#R: COOLING TOWERS 621 ars ue epee ip Brae 162 Jp ecrmpinn aed = ib a we, Ke = 18: wn kael Fn tahhe. roan ines = (23) 88488 da dry, he rome oy lb epi stabs 18 oF wn Spr a ab TET Th nee Die 27500 em fai Bow many itn nts ne saed? He rar oat wet toe WP re many fain wks db el? Sa" A cosine tore 80 31 wa end 20 gp reer oe win S77 natn pect eb as as aero Sererag Sinem fa) nano e rcing vie stb as TE ie'yter sang ou rn 7.8 9.0. Waste te ling pate a EPO nent in terre? (see Tene past tse! ala rr Chang at ‘tesivid oury min Anal prt toate waar oop ‘atcha fe tee ne qt al ensue eer Oa Sizer ad drut opr "Se tower pris ammo at an $07 wt bu witha on 1207 and of 1B. Bam of thn man opment uta etd wre gua Ext etrtar tel agin yursten 1/0 seb Niet oes Tee intr etn ahd ok the the hang ad om ide nbn tn ret babar” nt pean ies seen “CTA GO ID tee 0 igh pack with 100" of nce wa do vit 1A 000 rf wtoge nary 9 deci i SPF nd» dw elt 180 ad nl to DY by one fw B50. hanna ‘Pinan ou eng 9100/0 ad » tre Ud ef Sh tanta pra Was damecr and wwe rqured How many ‘Atlee wat a read NOMENCLATURE FoR CHAPTER £7 4 Basin te, . : Setar peli & meyer sss, ¢ Sree ht dt ht ot B/Nprem g ™ span peep = Process HEAT TRANSHER Spi fl gral af i ‘Concentration in Tis, \ovmole/H* = ‘esivabere te mitre gear ne Gr emf gent os Game hia pn Ey oa mtn ai tn, ya Ena camrat mgt ianc cet Se Scat adr eo te hae ita onc mera oon cachet inate ee ta. aoe tow etd te Seal wicca bey onelan Fimt Sate ret an meade “te ani ttn apr, ert aan orig See meade an tr oe Sree cas ean tam aE mt oy ove conti fam ns, (906) ‘Tara condnctehy, Bal NCIC) Ditoar ho (eta on BenQ tum) (ein eta ono entation) (Gorin eta i) 0) ‘es edge re {garnet unpre sc, Distonp tare) af pede) Lev seaberereor VE denote Fim cian ‘Maen wat resin Dolor weight ofr ad, repay, mene Gatraiof taon role ‘Recker at ‘ante of Sn w dint ‘Sumber fer un dimen Fron iy conn ng Doda rattan pene! dung spon ee Lapras pram oft ten ‘nat tna by sarin a ifn repeal, dont Sec a efecto ena) DIRECE.CONTACT TRANSFER: COOLING TOWERS {ap Daly weal ad dit Mol nition tng epost pae Mal fmoten of Stueng cme soe Haga aoe Hts Beewea gray Mae dey, san sopra apt, Bee Cina ora et that tas Be é ou n/a) , Tone, . pale home, 297 Sex Gat ga eet iy fh pu, i ‘rong teat apron, Lite of apr nt et Font ow, be mre state (se a ete sho) Sas itn net serene osOUAPTIRR 18 ‘BATCH AND UNSTEADY-STATE PROCESSES troduction, ‘The relationships of preating chapters have sppucd aly tothe ready stale jn wie heat fo and water taaperatrs swereeenrant with ine. Untealilte roveen ar thea in whic he feat dow, theriaperatare, or both vary with toe at « Gred pola ‘Batch heabtraner prove are typical ‘proces sich discontinuous eat anges oezur with speiSeqaastte of mate “Tal an when betng« geen quantity of Tiuld ima tank or when weld furnace Is arte up. Stl thar conanon probleme invlve tho tes at ‘which beats condustd trough uateril while the temperate ef the It tooes varie. The aly peotle variations of the beat of an ‘a various cece othe quevaing of sea an il bath ae examples Se tr" separates asl on cant of “sted sala are the regenerative faruacer te in the alee ndury, the pebble hener, and ouipment in proeuae employog Sed and ne. fing exalts, “in batch procrae forthe Beatig oflqids the time requremen: for ‘oat tyne en usualy be modied by inzeasig the eieation of he ‘ato dui, the hea frnsfer rod, orbpt. ‘The rato fer ung x ‘teh rath than continuo het Sransfer operation are distted by ftomecoua factors Some of the common rons ar (I) the gui bing ‘procomod i not continweay nal, (2) the baating cr eoaling eda pot cootinvonly salable) the requirements of ration time ot ‘tenting tine necratates holdup, () the economics of interateatly| ‘rocomng«lsge batch jute he accumulation ofa all continnone ream, (8) leaing or Tegeneration is egaifsant part of tho tl ‘porting period and (6) desi operation af mat batch proves advaatagrous, Ts order to tea the commoneteppetins of alah and unset Hale host traneoraypematialy 3 preferable to divide pronswer ‘between Light (Bu) hssng cr scling and wll beating or evling ‘The commonest eles re eatin’ below. 1, ating sd ning ie Tiedt WSS ate ‘BATCH AND UnereapY.srare Procesess 626 MIATIND AD coum TrOHDS 1a, Lago Barcus Introduction, Bowman, Moeller, and Nagle! have derived an expree ioe fr the time required to oat ah agitated atch by she imei of cleat tie Stern tue een sg ep Tiwcafaae ghee camara eves SEER a nurs gresan grins itereeiaeattt ds ie arimraets Mn Man alenchs an atne r sects ets caihesomres Exch inicigattest emt ant B Ay AO Mode, aad WM, Xagie, Prone ARare, on, 288-056 ‘Fins, RO, Fk Bag. Chen, 49-4304), "Ctdok, WX and 36, Sad, Prone ATOR, 8 8-210 (104),ors Ai! aa: Contre sng Ce me en Sa eer dog im Fg 18 consti of tn agit eer ence tea ee ed tap Se td coon tr ei i sree ee fs See ee oan a pATCH AND UNSTEADYSPATE PROCESSES 627 aus ida ss roa hfe asa) Jnlegnng re sie inp 0, whce. Uae ass ‘The uo of an equation mth aa, (18.) requ the independent ele Intion ef U forthe cll or jacketed vowel ne sven iz Chap. 20. With {Gand A fed by proces conten, the retired hating time ean bo ‘allt, ‘OOI-E-TANE OX ackwPaD rseR, MoTmEmAL COOLING DTM. ble this type uta arn im on-temperatre provomee i which ‘Bo cooing medm v a tefrgrant wich a fo othe eoling element st {te lotheral tiling temperate.” Conde the sume arrangement ax thown in Fig 1.1 coating M Tb of liguld with mec heat and {nial temperature 7 coled by vaparinng maim of trperate fy fete bah epee oy tne Za -ucf-uw oan nate Rak aan ‘onrm-raNx ox kckFrn0 ane NONISOTMERAL MRATTNG EEON, “The tonothernal heating mdi hana cotatant fw rte W anda temperate 7 buts variable ote tnperure oo 9 © Ba MeG- wor. 79)~ vee 8s) MINT = poh matt Dit nt Band Lek = 27 ad unt ad 0) 8) we «wo Be!) ~0+ wash Re) aos paooass waar Teaver nn, None ONG MID 2 wo mW 0A Bay heen mee) any Tan” WOR | x mua azo. Cone canna na AacmAnaeR, am aon Coe Ptthet te vie teak temperatre andthe ferential heat balance f given by 5.12) a8 zirosmorme Thode: crm ro ORROTERMAL etal bat bse Bre 97 @ % © © ie 9 WOH —T9 VAM BAD) ewe © ed BATCH AND UNBTRADY-STATR PROORSSRS 629 ‘There are two variable temperatures, f and Py which appent in the MTD and which must ft be eliminated, Equting Ba. (1815), (0) aad (, Meat cnr ee Baatng Ba, (1815), (2) and (0, Tah) Wee Maa" TeWenw)! — O8ID amnNAs, REOMANGEE, QED CONTNVUOURLY ADDED TO TAME, 10- ‘ramus esr weno. The in Mig 183. Liqud conte tly added vo the tank at tho tale of Le lbfar and the teostant Yempersture te Jt ie ferumed that ao chemical heat seta attend the sition of the tmakeup liquid, Since Af isthe foeand of Tiga origialy inthe 3, 83° dS ith ear 13 ich and.Zeisn poundsperhour, ee: et enn ala (he total liguld at any timeio M+ Zo The difeentil heat balance dren by 106 $B bt = ot we-pevie te ‘t= LMTD = fat630 PROCESS MEAT TRANSFER Selving for Ke (SG ‘Satetitating in Ba, (18.18), hs ten oui to to taka eras eds ee ate edie, Drab mak, Homa be lode Ferree oe anne and enn oh at Sse pO dec mbes critht EEGHUNONE, LIQED cONEETCOWBLT ADDED TO TARE, fo- lanl 4 weer 7) = nats GIy (eee? com sa as yg s/o settee cay ae ao ponmuaca maar MEBEn. "The at alt aia wit Bo rer crmet tan Se una itl at ATOM AND UNSTEADY-STATE PRocessss 681 Few CiKe= 1) 4] Mb Le ~ [ERS AGE czy “Th heat-flation fect can be inched by ading ge to both ‘he mumerator and denominator of the lt ld ETERNAL, EXCHANGER, QU. CORFNEWOUET SDOKD TO TANK, HON Ky ry — Meet = De yon ie [ERE 1) san ‘Te hat action ao can bo ncadd y ning 44/6 to Yh {Be mera and dnote of th et ‘eing end Colin Apia Bach 1-2 Pare fw-Comirte. ‘The dcvtos forthe Prong eae nce! sompten 7, wich ‘ured (hat al eteral exchangers operat ncounterfow. Wi on. ‘bor ting wd beating meus thi villa alway be avant (pounce merino the sunnsucion sol peformaces edvantaps {Cpa appartin mach a he 1 exatger The ena © ‘changer ea ecu by ug the empentariference x Soted by Be 3, 12st VED Fi" assests very hot Raa 2=SR41-VEED | pomveite 5, 2-81 VED . 2-9 So Rare Va) asta vETy2 ‘proces! HEAT TRANSFER and oS an well an Rin costant whi is independent of tho exchange Fa aanons, meine, Using those ea alc a Aabinod by Ba. (1815), ea 1 Mf yausao) Soma hat stearaiin, row Se) as here i deind try Ba, (1824. sxrenat 1-2 Exon, COOLING 82) where i tine by Ba. (1824) exmomsat, 1-2 SXGHSOER, GUID CONTESUOURLY ADDED TO TANK, trie wit = bet) 0820 pot Swat Semis a “ _ -y wae ee 2 » sn gu— (O48) sett Oi onan mau (5-5)n ates (iba) Te tetatasion eon be Teme te amen, a emit oe ee rams 12 Lonny, S20 Con AO8E8 90 tare, act nd = neem -wor- 7 C939 1 pghsfo WSR ~ (at WRT, iF wan' Lar EWR WO Au ahr wre 8 defined by 3, (1820. The hetoteton eect amb Ia by ding “isto the nomenon se deeninatr of the ain enrn@ Ax oct somaraD narams 2-4 anata, nw coovrsamow Eatin (83) fie the tran tempertre ain for thea cong Thncanbofecranged tere to Ge (a0) DEED OEE ase a Kyo damier saa) ‘Since 8 cannot bo expressed simply, Eq (1831) can be clved by trial sul erer,amuming diferent valico of Sunt ap equality i rechod. ‘Ten equations for heating tnd oafing are the sae aa those far the 12 eathogee exept thatthe vale of $ ten Eg, (1881) replies tho value ofS from 1g, (1824), The hextoentuton elses can bo stoounted fr inthe same manner at forthe 12 exhanger. Hetin and Cooling without Apt. [We tion It vil be ten ia. Chap. 20 {hat agitaion terme the ened L_ i ‘See aed thereby deerme the Hane ‘quirement When heating or cooing Tiqidh by twee of a cil in tank. Wit external exchangers tho pres ‘ save of agitation, ether Intended op IS IRE Bah wiht etn, {mnveldale, much v the eonary Saree the tne required to heat of ool batch. ‘Thin can be appreciated by simp analy, Reforiag (oF. 184, the batch with iniGal temporature:t pues tough a= rer exchunger and i returned tothe tank wharf buds up a8 9 layer of feroperature&, Buch might be the ease If the liguld wat rl Lively vieous or the veal al and narrow. AL the Liquid enters the changer athe tank temperature ¢ during the intl eielation ando procuss AAT TRANSERE oie ome iy Gt edn E tna cn ipiniememedene. fectintoae ee ee te cat mr eesatrcuastt oy“ gen SE TiaNE cuss key aut vs owe iy rt ma ws 0 Or aD ert nl cratation wan peo Parte retin ene hev—wo Item Posed aon Ano 3) 1 en ye ‘hen scved for N ceultions, 830 rn tne epratind ya saree a oe eoeraa wate SES SS SRS ARG SS ui ed a Peeerer) a9 BATCH AND UNSTRADY-STATE PROCESSHS 636 ETARKAL COMMEERLAN mLGUNOER, NORBOTNEIMAS REARING sexo. The oatlet temperature of tho Bich aad tbe beating medion (Stereachrecrelationnnot known, ‘Thinean doe not factor sply ‘the preceding wth a otheroal modu. Although th answe ca be expremed in x nro form, i tdions Uo evaluate aad greser apc ‘anbe attained by ealolating the temperature change aftr each rece lation "The temperature relations afer act recreation ean be deine men ke sh 0330) Ky = ein siti elouation uaetsen ss7) Recreation kent an) ‘Sele foreach culation by introducing the temperature from the pre ‘ling ulation TERT OUUNTERNLOW EICRANGER, NONIORREEUAL, cDOCING vewwrie Alter each rca, Ter-sr-y (sss) erent 12 excuanar, exiri¥0 2x0 S0oLINe, This cso can bo ‘alelated inthe ame manner asthe preedig but wing Sea done by Eq. (1820. Ancven greater simplibaton an ba obtained by ung the ‘Ten Brow chart in Fig 728 and ealealating each rep weparaey. The ‘ttinuoas ston af gud can bexcoootel fern each ep along with ite hat of soltin, "RETERNAL 2-1 CHANGER, MaAsINO AnD COOLING, ‘This i the sine sa tho proveding exept shat Sl dnd by Ha (1821) ot Fig 87 el Cin ot ning 0 of ne ne raneat a0°F eran eh nt rome Tae reer Fistnenes OOF Ayuatienrs being madam au Ofer aM semis tanger Fh pp eter te atk tp ee, Gieateon arta finathintenmete nso eeeanticn See Se ER eee cr File St teos ‘PROOESS WRAP TRAMGPRE "a Tia rene Ba ate at ne = 0s Beoe7) staan = ons rms ce = nso e/a) Fo = oon a0 = dn BBE net) = (i 8is) — 0301 ‘satin in By (818 ef =im 1 esate (Tha ue erp (885) whch eel yg. 1820) ant ears (a = 1920 — 59 We" ee Kecim VFL (0 UB toma Be i80, Reinert = BRO ay ‘dv Ba.) by aed re sen mt. Se daa bs ane) ‘arcu AND ONBEHADYsTATH reccHssRS 631 Th 0 = 0+ arm — 1 = we : “ie Sees an re SIRE “0 coe tastes — pa 2ey ETOEER IQ Ios fodam 230 coer omy «nt un eatin ain he lnm ‘Soto he ante at et a ‘£~ {raetionsl crealstion a ere Feow ‘ald 4-00 8 nx «cathe ‘reap rt ed eh, 28, Bern Derarox Jarourn, Typ ragnomi fr Ete aon a hows ser i85 md 186. The ll yous cuge vis hc ol race fer si oat i suppiod by cl or a natural o fort erltion rbot. {In some high-temperature inaaltions the wll pot may be dry Sed, Batch dislotion in unaly employed whon there nah inmsicioey of ‘elatively mil, Ta batch dalton the compan and lempertire of the rexidual guid inthe ail constantly very, and omaly the meos [PROGRAS HEAT TRANSFER ooh oun ap en the il in el The sy ne Ta ttc ion Keble fo Ohta nn nal overheed fractica which is pare than thet obtainable i a yen nin Tinea tne Teese dete i drat raw ren or Th ai conan Varying ha Moa roo an Cayton i ape, 3 ein too eoetly | ‘gener ee reheat DAY i cares any he Rapoah eatin Be fe sy : ao ae a sehr = se gid chang ti 2 ron Samat 127 Ret aton frie campos hag! st th tain oe ee, So ee on howe lhe cleat cnt teri se ea abe nee re nde Th daqn coin for both he en ea nde ly bared eon te tig {BATCH AND UNSTRADY-STAIE PROCESSRS ooo {oad inte wil pot increas, ie weighted hat tater concent tothe residuo decreases. Euppoos steam a 300 used to vaporise a charge ‘ving a inital blag plat of 200°F and the datllaton i 0 be eat ‘of at & residue compeaion comesponding fo a bling pint of 250°F, ‘Naletllation curve canbe prepaod wing Uy methods of Chapt 1 and 15. "Tstantaneous concent ean be erated for both the art and ‘he Ssh from sdjceat intervals of Beat Sapa At th stare when the ‘lm coeticient and heat load ae high, the tempernare erence ie 00 — 20 = 10077 ‘but at the cto temperature, where the Sim coeficent and heat load ae Jor, the temperntare diference a only 800 ~ 250 = 80°F. Bath feoditons must be tsed for U and att deteraine which one requires {Be greater surface. ‘he factors atecting th condenser are difret, The water rie it mally Lept constant. At the sar of dtation he tatsperatre of te corehend vapor may be near 200 andthe water, with «range from 8 {O1R0F, providesan LMTD of 06.2°F. At the culo the overhead may ‘be sear 260°F, coreponding 10 a tampensaze dilernce of 160°F ‘poster, and te heat fond wed water range wil be stale. Th oom ‘coring cooficient wil chang tile over tha entire run. The Lting ‘zililon forthe condaner therefor th art of ditto, where {Bo maim host load and inimom temperatire dillerenco Golly near togeber "A common pratie for obtasing the hes: lad for the roller and ‘ondaner without revcrting toa dilation curve to ake the otal hot loud and divide by Che tne allotted tothe Gilation. ‘hia wl gre ‘tition arerogeliouly beat load which egret theta the ut (if but ull le than the ial eat land. The val of @ ao obtained ‘Scombined wit tho rae of Vaud at oocureng at both he wart aod he ‘te esperar and th larger esleulatod atae pts nme alowsnon forthe errr is ued. If he beaing elements lo ted to probes the ‘haro, eieeninly Hkly tha the prabeat ile may be Fntng. Tht time for probeatng canbe oblained from one ofthe bate beating os ons ind proceding secon. [MEATING AND cooLING SoLIDS 2, Conese Nemec Trae rBAro¥p Introduction Siac the appearance of Fourie’ aarly work tho con- ction af beat in atid ha tract eile and atention of many "Porn, 1.2, "Thats nly eae” 2oo ‘paocmas MBA? TRANSFER ewtng mathematics a aia” 188 pile Wo rat ely eng tant nd mat rpm cms Bre 2040 Fe een Cid inert tote eas eo at ions Tiny tot thei rin wlan or numer of mais probes wa Seay wah mor opie ene me eames onan te sap pe ts So a eh the aac ef th wd ely we rl ileal cntant, Tia ce aryl, aa enero th eons ther ent ne ae eed chews thre se not tay pein. eEeP pe nung sepinetone thn ot er ema edna bong eoskng noes lm coh. tac aga twos ts ti 0 a ci or onan neat the temper the eo, See A ie ote ce chung emia a he ee tee ngh ie angrier ds ein ci eecle n t tenprstaro of eo el sch Si pee lb wall mney th bat Te Pt ca ints tn el to wth ee te tac onl hae win coat ‘Ta falonng or ome elim ye fn pets lin atts msn oe se ceciiaeea TanS Rie tome nmi en Ga cab) Ciel Pe eaters Nea rs ot hashes aren berber Yon a me [BATCH AND UNSTEADY-STATE PROCESSES AL Cone do ai in end een Wal Sie he pinky pee, wii ‘Sova oid ores ae compet ap ‘Gopal dernier atton ‘Wall of Yate Thicness Hented on One Side. A wall of infin ‘hiekoees and at vnifera orginal tuapeatae is subjected to mire ‘ndings with eoatanttemperatine [Tee wued that are eno ‘rctactreatanesbntreen the medium and the parave it contact, so {hat the fhoe temperatre of tho wall in ali 7” "Ti fos fo ord ‘ary quenching i which ther ina recy deft ontctratance. ‘The {ata equston for conduction has bean gives by Eq. @218). For a ‘all of nite thick it edure to unidirectional beat ow agen by. x. @212). The group hep isthe thermal ifimivtyeonaiting oly of ‘ho properin of the conducting materi. Calling this group a, Ue on Aaetion may be epreatad by a ‘Fourier hat indicated thatthe ine temperatureditane rlatinship or body of wiform tmpernare subjected to a svddensoures of het will beropsnlad by the exponeatial evr, where aed are consant, € lathe time ads the ditaoe from the sce, With this asthe start lag pint is pomblo to et up a umber of eqoatens which describe the varasion of tho termperatro with tne and distance Chooghout & sald eudenly eabjectd to w heat wouree st ve face, Tt is renuist, Rorwever, that te equation containing the exposetil ls ul ll the boundary condition imped othe eytam. The most goer equation © this ype given by t= 4 Ca + Camer sao) in which C, Cy and Cy ae constant A molifaton of Ba, (1840) which desrbee te ea in question sad ule numerous bovndary con” ‘onan given by Schack we teen ek [cru asa) hn, ey needa th pet oa Chant oii wh ltr 0 18 The yen tae i al bel en en n'a PTT Lute shone Dad STs Ts the be aloe ‘Proass War TRANAPEE niform temperature of the ald, When # = Oand 8 = 0,1 7, = 0, TDahich 7 the temperate othe face of the la direct upon xing ought in ootact with surroundings at 7. When x= 2 and # = {ho tempeatare ofthe dab marally powete te oreinal temperature hee tes OH Oe += te 32) can be va howerr, ety Cj = 0 for atari wold ave ‘Diag wns when wae smamed tobe wil he haces “ G=6-T Subang forthe onmtats 2 Ba. (841, fen DS [Pere ein ror forn (ea) sa) fet tG-m whore fle/2 Va) dents te vale of the ero integral in tna of the um Ora ee sea a pet, ey es inesiono group 2/2- Va‘ vaion tthe ntl ae lta 8 Sg IST Eaan GS) can be conven writen n(zSa) ase) ion (1844) evi the meen by which ho spear tt SOEs cane doraied Kd [BATCH AND UNSTEADY-srars PaocessES AB ‘be cbtained by dimensional anaysa. Forunt ares the hat fw can be senton Baa). Bout as nber Qis the heat Sow Bahr; "To obtain de fom the expremion Jor fin Ba (1844) th drvatve of the rar ntl becomes (846 sd Ba, (18.45) reduce Que, a ‘Value of the expooeatial ar plated in Fig 18.6. san) Te es sas) sd alter Shr the total eat which wl hare ered olathe wall wi be {ema oe com er nthe aber apple 84. Huet Pow tung « Wali oh the pie 2b ant val fin bo atacand eer bas tpn ow mua at ri ng te Er ard uch cia Jere iene eye meou punonss wear TaAwsren tion ane Ha A: rp at Ant oP Semen £ath mesentery) 2 Tienome CoE pity

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