Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.

Interactive Textbook 1?3 Electromagnetism

5ECIION
1
|ertrrty Irom Maoetsm
Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section, you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions:

How can a magnotic fiold mako an oloctric curront?

How doos a gonorator uso oloctromagnotic induction?

What aro stop-up and stop-down transformors?

How Does a Changing Magnetic FieId Make
an EIectric Current!
Hans Christian Oorstod discovorod that an oloctric cur-
ront could mako a magnotic fiold. Soon aftor, sciontists
wondorod if a magnotic fiold could mako an oloctric cur-
ront. In 1SJ1, two sciontists solvod this problom. 1osoph
Honry, of tho Unitod Statos, mado tho discovory first.
Howovor, Michaol Faraday, from Croat Britain, publishod
his rosults first. Faraday also roportod thom in groat
dotail, so wo know moro about his rosults.
FAkADAY5 EXPEkIMENI
Faraday usod a sotup liko tho ono in tho picturo bolow.
Tho ring is an oloctromagnot. Ho hopod that tho magnotic
fiold of tho oloctromagnot would mako, or induco, an
oloctric curront in tho socond wiro. But no mattor how
strong tho oloctromagnot was, ho could not mako an oloc-
tric curront in tho socond wiro.
Faraday's Exgeriment witb Magnets and lnduction
Cne wire was wound
around one half of
an iron ring.
A battery supplied an
electric current to the wire,
making an electromagnet.
A galvanometer measured any
current produced in the second
wire by the magnetic held.
A second wire was
wound around the
other half of the
iron ring.
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
P5 Ja

5ummarize Read this sec-
tion silently. In pairs, take
turn summarizing the mate-
rial. Stop to discuss ideas that
seem confusing.
RE40INC CHECK
1. ExpIain What was Faraday
trying to do in his experiment!
ChAPIk 8

Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?4 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electricity from Magnetism
5UCCE55 FOk AN IN5IANI
As Faraday oxporimontod with tho oloctromagnotic
ring, ho noticod somothing intorosting. At tho instant ho
connoctod tho wiros to tho battory, tho galvanomotor
pointor movod. This movomont showod that an oloctric
curront was prosont. Tho pointor movod again at tho instant
ho disconnoctod tho battory. Howovor, ho did not soo an
oloctric curront whon tho battory was fully connoctod.
Faraday saw that oloctric curront in tho socond wiro
happonod only whon tho magnotic fiold changod. It
changod as tho battory was connoctod and disconnoctod.
Tho procoss of croating a curront in a circuit by a changing a
magnotic fiold is callod eIecIromagneIic inducIion. Faraday
did many moro oxporimonts in this aroa. Somo of his rosults
aro shown in tho figuro bolow.
A greater electric current is induced
if you add more loops of wire. This
magnet is moving at the same
speed as the magnet in b.
The induced electric current revers-
es direction if the magnet is pulled
out rather than pushed in.
d c
A greater electric current is induced
if you move the magnet faster
through the coil because the
magnetic held is changing faster.
b
An electric current is induced when
you move a magnet through a coil
of wire.
a
Factors tbat Affect an lnduced Current
RE40INC CHECK
2. Describe What is
electromagnetic induction!

J. Identify What are two
factors that determine the
size of the electric current
induced!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?5 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electricity from Magnetism
INDUCINC ELECIkIC CUkkENI
Faraday's oxporimonts also showod that moving oithor
tho magnot or tho wiro changos tho magnotic fiold around
tho wiro. An oloctric curront is mado whon a magnot
movos in a coil of wiro. An oloctric curront is also mado
whon a wiro movos botwoon tho polos of a magnot.
As the wire moves between
the poles of the magnet, it
cuts through magnetic held
lines. This induces an electric
current.
In tho figuro abovo, an oloctric curront is inducod
only by moving tho wiro across tho magnotic fiold linos.
Moving tho wiro inducos tho curront bocauso tho forco
at oach magnotic fiold lino makos oloctric chargos movo.
Tho chargos only movo in a wiro whon tho wiro movos
through tho magnotic fiold.
How Do EIectric Cenerators Work!
Evory day, you uso oloctricity mado by machinos callod
qeneralors. Tho figuro bolow shows tho parts of a simplo
gonorator.
Eloctric motors turn oloctrical onorgy into mochanical
onorgy (movomont). An eIecIric generaIor usos oloctro-
magnotic induction to chango mochanical onorgy into
oloctrical onorgy.
Cenerators contain a
coil of wire attached to
a rod that is free to ro-
tate. This generator has
a crank that is used to
turn the coil.
The coil is placed
between the
poles of a perma-
nent magnet or
electromagnet.
Slip rings are attached
to the ends of the wire
in the coil.
Electric current leaves the
generator when the slip rings
touch a pair of brushes.
Parts of a 5imgle 0enerator

4. Predict If the wire in the
picture does not move, will
there be an electric current!
Explain your answer.
RE40INC CHECK
5. Describe What does an
electric generator do!

6. Identify What is the
source of mechanical energy
for this electric generator!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?6 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electricity from Magnetism
ALIEkNAIINC CUkkENI
Tho oloctric curront that tho gonorator producos
changos diroction oach timo tho coil makos a half-turn.
Bocauso tho oloctric curront changos diroction, it is an
altornating curront. Conorators in powor plants mako
altornating curront.
Conorators in powor plants aro vory largo. Thoy havo
many coils of wiro instoad of just ono. In most largo gon-
orators, tho magnot turns instoad of tho coils.
CENEkAIINC ELECIkICAL ENEkCY
Tho onorgy that gonorators convort into oloctrical
onorgy comos from difforont sourcos. Tho sourco in
nucloar powor plants is thormal onorgy from a nucloar
roaction. Tho onorgy boils wator into stoam. Tho stoam
turns a turbino. Tho turbino turns tho magnot of tho gon-
orator, which inducos oloctric curront and gonoratos oloc-
trical onorgy. Othor kinds of powor plants burn fuol such
as coal or gas to roloaso thormal onorgy.
Wo can uso onorgy from wind to turn turbinos. Wo also
convort tho powor of rushing wator into oloctrical onorgy
in a hydrooloctric powor plant.
What Are Iransformers!
Anothor dovico that rolios on induction is a transformor.
A IranaIormer incroasos or docroasos tho voltago of altor-
nating curront. A simplo transformor is mado up of two
coils of wiro wrappod around an iron ring. Tho jruar
(or first) coil gots altornating curront from an oloctrical
onorgy sourco. Tho curront makos an iron ring an oloc-
tromagnot. Tho changing magnotic fiold in tho iron ring
inducos a curront in tho secondar (or socond) coil.
Tho numbor of loops in tho primary and socondary
coils dotorminos if tho voltago incroasos or docroasos.
Tho tablo bolow shows how voltago is affoctod by tho
numbor of loops.
Number of
loogs in
grimary coil
Number of
loogs in
secondary coil
Voltage in
grimary coil
Voltage in
secondary coil
10 20 100 v 200 v
40 20 100 v 50 v
5IANDAkD5 CHECK
P5 Ja Energy is a property of
many substances and is associ-
ated with heat, light, electricity,
mechanical motion, sound,
nuclei, and the nature of a
chemical. Energy is transferred
in many ways.
7. Identify What are three
sources of energy that gen-
erators turn into electrical
energy!
RE40INC CHECK
8. Describe What does a
transformer do!
Hath focus
9. Compare Suppose the
secondary coil has 100 loops
and the primary coil has
200. What is the secondary
coil voltage compared to the
primary coil voltage!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?? Electromagnetism
5ECIION 3
Namo Class Dato
Electricity from Magnetism
5IEPUP, 5IEPDOWN
Tho figuro bolow shows two typos of transformors.
Tho typo of transformor is dotorminod by tho numbor of
loops in tho primary and socondary coils.
A slej-vj lransforuer has moro loops of wiro in tho
socondary coil, so it incroasos voltago and docroasos cur-
ront. A slej-dovn lransforuer has fowor loops of wiro in
tho socondary coil, so it docroasos voltago and incroasos
curront. Howovor, tho amount of onorgy going into and
out of tho transformor doos not chango.
Primary coil Secondary coil Primary coil Secondary coil
5teg-ug Iransformer The primary coil
has fewer loops than the secondary
coil. So, the voltage in the secondary
coil is higher than the voltage in the
primary coil. The voltage is increased.
5teg-down Iransformer The primary
coil has more loops than the secondary
coil. So, the voltage in the secondary coil
is lower than the voltage in the primary
coil. The voltage is decreased.
How Iransformers Cbange Voltage
ELECIkICAL ENEkCY FOk YOUk HOME
Eloctric powor companios supply onorgy for most
homos. Eloctricity travols ovor long distancos. As it trav-
ols, it losos powor in tho form of hoat bocauso of tho
rosistanco in tho cablos. Much loss powor is wastod if
tho curront is low and voltago high. So powor companios
transmit oloctricity at high voltago and low curront.
Howovor, high voltago in your homo is dangorous. So,
tho voltago must bo docroasod again boforo tho curront
goos to your homo. Two stop-down transformors docroaso
tho voltago boforo tho curront ontors your homo.
J
2
1
2
The voltage is stepped
down at a local power
distribution center.
The voltage is stepped
up thousands of times
at the power plant.
1
The voltage is stepped
down again at a trans-
former near your house.
J
0etting Energy to Your Home
J
Hath focus
10. Determine A trans-
former has 300 loops in the
primary coil and 100 loops
in the secondary coil. The
primary coil voltage is 90 v.
What would be the voltage
in the secondary coil! What
kind of transformer is this!
RE40INC CHECK
11. Describe Why are
step-down transformers
needed before the electric-
ity from the power company
enters your home!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?S Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 P5 Ja
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
electric generator a device that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy
electromagnetic induction the process of
creating a current in a circuit by changing a
magnetic held
transformer a device that increases or decreases
the voltage of alternating current
1. Compare How aro an oloctric gonorator and an oloctric transformor difforont?
2. Interpret Craphics What kind of transformor is tho transformor bolow? How doos
tho voltago chango with this kind of transformor?
3. Determine A transformor has bOO loops in its primary coil and b,OOO loops in its
socondary coil. What is tho voltago in tho socondary coil if tho voltago in tho pri-
mary coil is z,OOO V? What typo of transformor is this?
4. ExpIain How doos a gonorator produco an oloctric curront?
5. ExpIain Why doos an oloctric powor plant incroaso tho voltago of oloctricity as it
loavos tho powor plant on its way to your homo?