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flALACASY FOR BEGI NNERS

BICHABDSON

~ 7/~j'g , , ~ ~
M p 72o ~ l 'Pl 5
I

1 ~

Pg

MALAGASY FOR BEGINNERS:

A SERIES OF 8RADUATED LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN MALAOASY AS SPOKEN BY THE HOVAS.

C3>~~
REV, J. R I CHARDSON,
HEAD-NARTER OF THE L. AT. 8. NORNIAL 8OHOOL, ANTANANARIVO.

P A.RTS I., I I .

A NTANAN A R I V O :

THE LONDON MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

c884.

l'SKg

PRE FACE.

HE want of some such book as "~ oxsv z on Bnemznns" has long been felt. I n t h e following pages an attempt has been made to supply that want. In many places it will be seen, by those who are conversant with the Rev. W. E. Cousins' "INrnonucrroN," that I have been greatly indebted to hirn for much that appears in this book; and i n some consecutive sections I have closely followed. his order, simply because I t hought it w as the best. I Kr. Cousins most readily agreed to all I a s ked of h i m , and I desire here to express my ind.ebtedness to him. There is much that I t h i n k w i l l b e f ound put i n a n e w l i ght a nd simplifiedin the book. ' The tables aie purposely made long, for only by seeing and. learning the word.s can a beginner know the peculiar terminations of passive verbs, ve rb' alnouns, and derivative adjectives, etc. I think I should. adopt a somewhat different grouping of th e various passive terminations, were I t o w r i t e the book again; t h e 6 rst t hree groups ofpassive terminations ( pp. 20-23) are undoubtedly one. I h a v e found. it very diBlcult at t imes to keep to one thing at a t i me, and t here is so much overlapping and. interweaving in the book that I l a y myself open to the charge of "having had no fixed. purpose" in my mind.. A little thought will show, I think, that " p revious intention" has made the book what it is. I believe that any one going carefully though the book will be 'able to enjoy the reading and speaking of M alagasy in a m uch shorter time than he could have done without it; and I a m s ure that h e w il l a f terwards turn to such excellent books as those of the Rev. W . E . C ousins and Pere Ailloud, and. thank rhe for having supplied a key to t hose treasures hitherto closed to beginners. There are some very annoying slips in the way of spelling that have

escape $ me in reading the proofs. Th e list of errata is somewhat long.

I trust that the fact that (1) this book is the lirst of its kind in lKalagasy, thit (2) it was copied by Malagasy youths, (3) printed by Malagasy, and (4) carried through the press during an exceptional pressure of other duties, will be r emembered by those who may be inconvenienced by them.

It was intended to publish in Part II I . a s m a ll D i c tionary, showing t he various forms under their proper roota. T h e t ype for p r i nting i t , however, is shutup in Tamatave, and having waited nearly twelve months for it we deem it better t oi ssue Parts I. and II. at once. May this little book help beginners to "lay a good foundation" in their first attempts at learning Malagasy.

Faraeohitra, January 1st, l884.

C ON T R A C T I O N S .
krt.= k r t i cie. S.=Substantive. Sing.=Singulsr. Plu.=Plursl.
POSB.=Possesslve.

Lcc.= A.ccusstive. Ldj.= k d jective. Reduplic.=Reduplicstive. Pzes.=Present. Fut.=Future. V.=Verb. V. tr.=Verb Trsnsitive. V. int.=Verb Intransitive. V. pas.=Verb Psssive. Act. tr.= k c t ive Transitive. kct. int.=kctive Intransiti ve.

kct, Indic.=kctive Indicstive. kct. Imper.=k ctive Imperstive. Ind.=I ndicstive. Imp.=Imperative. Rel.=Relstive. Rel. Imp.=Relstive Imperstive. Rel. Indic.=Relstive Indicative. Inf.= l n i initive. Pass.=Passive. Psss. Imp.=Passive Imperstive. Ldv.=k dverb. Prep.=Preposition. Pro.=Pronoun. Conj.=Conjunction. Int.= I n terjection.

PART I. LESSONS 8t EX E R C ISES.

PLGE

1. The klphsbet... 2. The Diphthongs... 3. Some words with accents on second syllable 4. The euphonic i. 5. Some words with two sccents . 6. Ashing questions
'

6 7
8 9 8
10 12 12

7. The SuSx Pronouns... . i . 8. Words of three syllsbles ending in -na 9. Words of three syllables (or more) ending in -ka and -fra 10. The Prepositions "aniy" with the sufRx pronouns. 11. Therestof t he Personsl Pronouns............... 1 2. The Prepositions "any" joined to nouns ... . . . . . . 13. On the Verbs. Root Verbs . 14. The repetition of words with dia between 15. The Psssive Verbs . 16. Psssive Verbs in a17. Psssive Verbs formed by the suSx -ina 18. Psssive Verbs formed by the su@x -ana or -na ... 19. Psssive Verbs formed by the su8ix -ena 20. Passive Verbs formed by the strengthened suKx -vina and -vana 21. Psssive Verbs formed by the strengthened sufBX -zina snd -zana 22. Psssive Verbs from roots ending in -na 28. Psssive Verbs from words ending in -ka 24. Psssive Verbs from words ending in - tra... . . . . . . 2o. Psssive Verbs from prepositionslphrase .. 2 6. Transposed Psssives .... . . ; . . . 27. Verbsin the Active voice, r ni 28. Verbs in rni- (continued) . 29. Verbs in mi- (continued) S'0. kuxilisry Verbs with Active Verbs . 8 1. Verbal nouns in mp- snd f-.. . . . . .

13 15 16 17 18 20 22 23 24
20

SS. Causative snd Reciprocal Causative Yerbs

26 28 29 80 31 82 84 35 37 38 39

34. Psssive Verbs from the Causstive Lctive 40 35. -Active Verbs from the prefix man41 36. Active Verbs in man- rejecting the first consonsnt of the root . .. .. . 4 2 37. Active Verbs in man- strengthening the first consonsnt of the root.. 44 38. Active Verbs whereman- becomes mam-; b, f, p, snd v of th e root being rejected 46 39. -The prefix man- before words beginning with m snd n 47 40.-The Verbsl Prefixes mian- snd mitan48 41. Auxilisry Verbs before Verbs in "man-" 50 42. Verbsl nouns from Verbs in "man-" 51 4 3. Csusstive snd Reciprocsl forms of Verbs in "man-". . . . 61 4 4. Passive forms of Verbs in "mampan-" . . 61 45. The Irregular Verb, "hos" 52 46. The Auxilisries,"ofa," "madiva," "aoka," and " fokoey"... . . . 52 47. The Relstive and Interrogstive Pronouns 53 48. The Demonstrstive Pronouns. 64 49. The Adjectives 65 60. Derivstive Adjectives in m- or ma66 51. Compsrison of Adjectives 57 58 52. Derivstive Adjectives formed by Suffixes 63. Adjectives (continued) . 59 54. Adjectives governing the Accusstive Csse 60 55. The Numersls . 61 56. Numersls hsviug Verbsl forms 63 57. The Verbal Prefi xes "miha-" snd "mana-".....;...... 64 o8. The Verbsl Prefix "maha-" 65 59. The Csusstive forms of "miha-," "m ana-," and "maha-" 66 60. The Verbal Prefix " manka-" ... 67 61. The Verbsl Prefix "ma-". 69 62. Abstract Nouns in "ha-" snd "ha-ana.". 70 63. Passive Verbs from Abstract Nouns . 70 64. Derivative Nouns ending in " -ana" ... . . . . . 71 6 5. The Definite Article .. . . . . . . . . 72 66. The omission of the Article... . . . . . . . . 73 67. The Personal Article... 73 I 6 8. How the want of sn indefinite srticle is supplied .. . . . . . . . . 4 69. The Adverbs of Place 74 70. Adverbs of Time 70 71. Adverbs of Msnner, snd Affirmation, snd Negstion, etc. 76 72. The Adverbs of Quslity or Manner . 77 73. The Prepositions 78 74, The Prepositionsl Prefixes . 79

PL68

75. Substitutes for Prepositions 76. Substitutes for Prepositions (continued) ..., 77. The Particie "no." 78. The Particle "no" discriminative 79. The Particle "ao" emphasising an adjunct, or statement 80. The Relative 81. The Relative (continued).... 82. The Relative (continued) ... 83. The use of "manao" . 84. Words used in buying and selling 85. Names for various pieces of money 86. On the various Passive Forms

... 8 0 . 8 1 . 82 82 83 84 84 85 85 87 88 80

PART I I . TRANSLATION O F

E X E R CISES, PAGEs 94 I19.

Psga 2, Vocabnlary 2, Exercise 1, 4th line 4, Voo.

6, Voc.
6, Voo.

add Fary (s), sugar cane.

? to Srstna crooked to maloks. angths t o s n -

Psge?l,gth word intha

second oolumn> for "tberans" read to4rsna. 79, Sect. ?5, 17th word in the Srst column, add between to anlvona.

gkmbca
dlissle snd dris-

sly to eriks snd meriks. see Key. make the second xviii. add lifted up (ss of the eyes), to stopy. 18, in the Csble hewntovoskspa. 21, for "bsckbited read bsckbitten. 10, Ez. zvi. 10, Ez. wvii. ,> 17> Tsble,
22, for "hasssins" hosasina. 24, Sect.20,9th word, for "prevent" prevented. word m 27> E x. xzxlx, 4 t h tentin' "

79, slso m the second column, top to an-tampona. 88, Sect. 86,10th line,
for "thst read t h s n .

95, Ez.viii, Sent 14 add Msrar)r isy,

99, Ez. xx., Sent. 18 Yes, slr.

99, Ex. zxi., Sent. 12, for "entonso" >vad Ento. for "thyb your. 99, Ez. zzih., Sent. 5, for "hsve you" sre youra 99,Ez. zziv., Sent. add sir. 9, 100, Ez. zxvi of the key, for the 6th read I will b r ing antence, your ozen tomonow. 102, Ex. zzzv., Sent. leace out 8, 102, Ex. Xzzv., Sent. 14, for cchhsrointsika vead 102, Ez. zzzvi, Sent. 1, for "the rice was planted" Wss the rioe
99, Ez. Xxii, Sent. 5,

the tsble, for "mounted" mounted on.

voatentin'.

line, for "voan-

Sect.23,2nd word, for "following" Sogging. Tsble, a dd oorrectlon t o snatra. line, for "hstolorsnao" raad hotoloranso. 31, Sect.26,12th word, for "bested" beaten. 32, Ex. xliii 7th line, for"nohiniLhsn'b noiinsran'. 40,4thline, for "mifsmpihdy" msmpisdy. 4l,the last word in the table, for "angsndrso angadrao. 48, Sect.40, for "prinoiple principaL 58, Ex. lxxvh 4 t h l ine,for the Sr s t c'that Chan. 60,Voa lsst line in the Srst column, for "sum" rum. 65, Ez, lz x xv. 6 t h "ihslina, for reso lharaso. 71,2nd word in Cha second column,
for cchssfahins ,> 30,Ex. XlL> tha last

plsnted 7 106, Ez. L, Sent. 15, add Eny. 110,Ex. lzvL, after
"fandrenesans

in the number 3,

faudresaus> s verbsl noun fromtheverb "msndresy.

111, Ex. l zzii, Sent.

8, to "knife,"

and "hstsisho" hasiikhinasndhs-

[slkho.

112, Ex. lzxiv., Sent. 8, to "buttergy," yellow. 114, Ez. lxxzv., Sent. 17, for "dark," vead darkar. 115> Ex 1zzxvL>Sent. 3, for'wisdom," knowledge. 116> Ez. ze., SenC. 4, for"Wsitaminute," That will do. 116, xc i i . ,Sent.7 ,f or "numbers," number. 120,ov., Sent. 8, for "Eabe " Eakoto.

large.

MALAGASY FOR BEGINNERS.

PART I. LESSONS AND EXERCISES.

z . THE A L P H A B E T . There are only hventy oneletters in the Ma lagasy Alphabet. They are the same as in the English ; c, y, I, m, and w being
omitted. The zomelsare a, e, i, and 0. e

a is pronounced as a in father, Ak na, a chameleon. fa, done. e t h ere, d

y is usedfor i as a fi nal. o is pronounced as oo in boo,fo, the heart.

In the vocative case an o is prefixed with the English sound; it has also the same sound inforeign names. The learner should make no dif f erence in the pronunciation of these vowels beyond the difFerence between an accentuated and an unaccentuated syllable.

The consonunts have the same sound as in English, with the

exception of g, which is always hard, andg which is really dz, i.e. the word jdmba (bfind) is pronounced dzdmba.

R EAD

A N D L E A RN

T HE F O L L O W I N G . Vary (s.), rice. Sary (s.), a picture, pictures. Tany (s.), earth. 'Mena (adj.), red, ho mena, (fut.). Samy (adv.), both, equally. Tsara (adj.), good, ho tsara, (fut.).

Ba (s.), a stocking, stockings. Ra (s.), blood. Fa (conj.), for, but, that. 'Sa (conj.), or (particular). Ny (conj.), or (general). Tana (s.), a chameleon, chameleons.

Sa is used forquestions'and when only a particular one of two or of a series may be chosen; while na is used in st atements when any one.of a series may be taken. ' The present of t he adjecti ves becomes future by prefi xi ng ha.

Gaga (adj.), astonished. katsy (adj.), bad. Mamba (s.), a crocodile, crocodiles. Fery (s.), a wound, wounds. Firy (adj.), how many? Faly (adj.), glad, ho faly, (fut.). Sivy (adj.), nine. Valo (adj.), eight. Roa (adj.), two. Lamba (s.), an outer garment. 'Sy (conj.), and. Sira (s.), salt. Ary (conj.), and. Dimy (adj.), five. 'Izy (pro.), he, she, it, they. Enina (adj.), six. Masaka (adj.), ripe, cooked. ,Telo (adj.), three. ' Dia (conj.). Fito (adj.), seven. Maty (adj.), dead, ho faty (fut.). Folo (adj.), ten. Mamy (adj.), sweet, ho mamy (ht.). Ny (a.), the. Maso (s.), eye, eyes. Aho (pro.), I. Efatra (adj.), four. Manitra (adj.), sweet, fresh. Olona (s.) , per son, s omebody, people. Hena (s.), beef. N0te.The article in English will always be omitted unless where misconceptions might arise from its omission. W o rds not otberwise accented have the accent on the first vowel.

EXERCISE I. T RANSLA TE I N T O E N GL I S H . ~Ba roa. 'Sira izy. Firy ny mamba? ' Olona efatra. Izy aho. Faly izy. Tana izy, fa olona aho. Mamy ny fary. Sivy ny olona. Gaga ny olona, fa maty ny mamba telo. Enina ny olona, aryroa ny ba. Tana sy mamba. Na ny mamba na ny tana dia samy maty izy. Fery telo. M a saka ny vary. H o mena ny ra. Gaga aho. T sara ny sary valo. R atsy ny maso roa. H o manitra izy. R a tsy ny lamba mena dimy. T any tsara.

EXERCISE II. T RANSLAT E 1 N T O 3 f AL A G A S Y . Six people. Good rice. Ten bad crocodiles. I (am) he. She (is) good. I (am) good. H e (is) bad. T hey (are) sweet. The salt (is) fresh. T h e earth. The stockings (are) ten. The chameleons and the crocodiles (are) bad. The beef (is) cooked. Red blood. E i ght people. F i ve garments. How many (are) the people? They (are) nine. How many (are) the red eyes? The people (are) glad for the beef (is) fresh. It (is) dead. Kot'e. To emphasize the non-existence of the verb "to be," brackets are used in this exercise; they will be omitted in the succeeding ones.
Sy is used in connecting nouns etc. when there are two or more, and ary connects thela st of a ser i es of w ords, or t wo sentences. ' This word has very often the force of the English verb "to be." ' This word is used for masculine, feminine, and neuter; and for singular and plural. ~ The adjective follows the noun. ' There is no verb "to be' in the Malagasy, and the subject follows the predicate. 6 There is no change for t he plu ral. ' Two nu like these mean "whether..... . . . o r ."

READ A iUD L E A R H T HE P OLLOWI N G . Tanana (s.), hand. Boky (s.), book. Mbola (adv.), yet. Tongotra (s.), foot. Ody (s.), charm. Vaky (v.), (pres. and past.), Loha (s,), head. Vy (s.), iron. broken(in pieces), cracked, Volo (s.), hair. Resaka (s.), conversation. split. Vola (s.), money. Andro (s.), day. Ho vaky (v.), will be broken, Satroka (s.), hat. Alina (s.), night. etc. Fotsy (adj.), white. Peso (s.), peach. Tapaka (v.), broken oif, cut Manga (adj.), blue. Nify (s.), tooth. off. Lalana (s.), road. Ando (s.), dew. Vorona (s.), bird. Vato (s.), stone. Volana (s.), moon, month. Mafy (adj.), hard. Vata (s.), box. Hendry (adj.), wise, good. Tsy (adv.), not. Rano (s.), water. Reny (s.), mother. Manana (v.), (I) have. Manana (v.), (We) have. (You) have. (You) have. (He, she, it) has. (They) have.

The Malagasy verb has nochanges for person and number. T he past of active verbs is formed by changing "M" t o " N , " and the future by changing "M" to " H " : i . e . M a n a na, pres.; Nanana, past; H anana, future.

.EXERCISE I I I . TRAXSLATE I V T O E 1 V GLISH. Tanana roa sy tongotra efatra. F otsy ny volo. M a nana satroka manga aho. Ratsy ny lalana. Mafy ny vato sy ny vy. R a tsy ny vola. N anana peso dimy sy vato fotsy telo aho. 'Alina ny andro. Vaky ny vato. T apaka n y vy. M anana vato telo izy. Mamy ny rano. M bola tsara ny hena. N i fy fotsy valo. M anana vorona manga efatra izy. F ir y ny satroka fotsy, ary firyny vata manga? Maty ny vorona. Samy manana tanana roa sy tongotra roa ny olona. M anana loha izy. M anitra ny peso. T sara ny ando. Hendry ny reny.

EXERCISE I V.-TRAK S L A T E l lVTO 3fALAG A S Y . 'The water i sgood. The charm is bad. I have ten good books. The red beef is bad. The tooth is yet good. The nights and the days are seven. The dew, thepeach, and the stone. The road is bad. The hands, the f e et, t he people, and the chameleons. Five white people. N i ne blue birds. H e has a head. I havetwo peaches and three red stones. How many are the days? A good head, and white hair. T h e moon is white. The money and the box. The peach is sweet smelling. T hey have three.blue hats, and five red peaches, but the peaches are bad. The conversation is not good. The stone is not hard. ' Idiom for it is dark.

2.- 'TH E

D I P H T H ONGS.

There are only two diphthongs in the language; they almost invariably take the accent, and words in which they occur will not be accented unless the accent be on some other syllable. They are ai pronounced as i in m ine, and
80

ow in now . T HE E O L L O W I N G . Kintana (s.), star. Zaza (s.), child. Zanaka (s.), offspring. Diso (adj.), Ho diso (fut.), wrong'. Antsy (s.), knife. Ondana (s.), pillow. Lakana (s.), canoe. Lanitra (s.), heaven, the sky. Inona (adv.)? what? Meloka (adj.), guilty. 'Misy (v.), nisy (past), hisy(fut.) there is, or there are. Omby (s.), ox. Ondry (s.), sheep. Marina (adj.), true, right.
.

R EAD A N D L E A R N Ray (s.), father, Ao (adv.), there. Tao (adv.), there (past). Ho ao (adv.), there (future). Mainty (adj.), black. Maina (adj.), dry. Aiza (adv.)? where? Taiza (adv.), where (past). Ho aiza (adv.), where (fut.). Maizina (adj.), dark (of darkness). Maivana (adj.), light (of weights). ' Laoka (s.), a relish. Lavitra (adj.), far. Sambo (s.), ship. Rivotra (s.), the wind.

EXERCISE V . TRAN S L A TE INTO E N G L L S H . Hisy olona telo. Marina ny zaza fotsy. Tapaka ny antsy. M aizina ny a ndro. Faly ny reny tsara, fa hendry ny zaza. M b ola zaza izy. M i s y sambo sivyao. Tsy misy voronaao. D i so aho, fa ratsy nylalana. Gaga ny ray fa maivana ny vata. A iza ny ondry sy ny omby mainty roa ary ny laoka tsara? Tao ny reny sy ny zaza ary ny ray. M a nana antsy sy lakana ary ondana telo aho. Manga ny lanitra. A i za ny antsy fi'to? I n ona ~ny marina? A iza ny kintana telo? N y sambo sy ny rivotra. A o ny sambo, fa aiza ny rivotra? EXERCISE VI. TRANSLA TE LNTO 3EALA GA SY. Where is the red hat ? T h e people are true. H e h a s a w ise child. Where isthe bad money? They have sixgood boxes, seven white sheep, and ten bad oxen. Where is the canoe? The pillow is light. T h e box is light. The night is dark. T h ere is not anybody there. There will be a canoe there. Thetruet isgood. T h e i ron is crooked, and the knife is broken. 'fhe ten stones are light. T h e sky is red, and there is (some) wind.
' When "s" is preceded and followed by "i" i t ha s a soft " sh " s ound, 3Eishy. "Ny" before an adjective makes it a noun as in English, the true,' the good, &c.

3 . SOME W O R D S

W ITH A C C ENTS ON SE COND

S YLLAB L E .

R EA D A X D L E A R E T HE F OL L O F 'IXG , Noticing that nearly all the accents are on the second syllable:Markry(adj.), ill, to be ill Ity (pro.), this. Lalkna (s.), law. Atslmo (s.), south. M azkva (adj.), l i g h t Iray (adj.), one. Akdho (s.), fowl. Avkratra (s.), north. (of the day). Andrdfana (s.), west. Akaiky (prep.), near. At6dy (s.), egg. Madftra (adj.), stubborn. Maraina (s.), morning. Kandfa (conj:), and yet. Finkritra < (adj.), well, Harlva (s.), evening. Indray (adv.), again. happy. Ry,... 8 (inter.), before Mahftsy(adj.), straight. Malaina (adj.), idle, lazy. nouns in vocative case. Sakaiza (s.), friend. Mal6my (adj.), soft. Ambdny (prep.), above. Izkny (pro.), that. Ambkpy (prep.), below. Fanjaitra (s.), needle. Kaf6 (s.), coffee. Ditd (s.), tea. Matdnjaka (adj.), strong Omdly(adv.), yesterday. Mahdry (adj.), s trong, (of living things only). Reh6tra (adj.), all. heavy. Angkmba {adv.), p er- Avy (v.), (ho avy, fut.), Mafkna (adj.), warm. haps. comes, is coming. Anlo (adv.), to-day (fut.). Rehhfa ( adv.), w h e n Avy ao, comes from. Rano (s.), water. (fut.). Maloto (adj.), dirty. EXERCISE V II. TRA1VSLA TE INTO E K G L I S H. MaQnjaka ny zaza. M azkva ny andro. A v y a o andr6fana ny rivotra ma&na. Mard,ry ny omby. Manana akdho roa sy at6dy valo ny zaza. Fin6ritra aho fa manana peso mal6my fito aho. M i sy akdho fotsy iray ao ambdny, ary misy ondry madftra roa ao ambkny. L avitra ny lalana omkly, fa tsy ho lavitra anlo. H i sy olona maQnjaka efatra ao rehhfa harlva uy andro anlo, ary madftra sy malaina izy rehhtra. M al6my ny peso, fa mah6ry ny vato. A iza ny avdratra sy ny atslmo ary ny andrhfana? Matknjaka ny omby, fa angkmba tsy matknjaka ny ondry fotsy. M azkva indray ny volana. Mahltsy ny lnlana anfo, fa meloka izy omd,ly. Aiza ny kafd sy ny dit6 ary ny raho mafknaP T sara izd.ny, fa masaka ny vary. T s y m a rary aho, fa finAritra aho, ry sakaiza. Diso ity, fa mariha izkny. Aiza ny reny, fa markry ny zaza? Manana fanjaitra aho, fa aiza ny lamba? EXERCISE VI I I . TRAA'SLATE I 3 T TO 3 EALA GASF. I am not idle. The father and the mother have twp good children. Where are the oxen and the sheep, the f owls and the eggs. The stone is near, but t he water is far. P e rhaps the moon is earth. T h a t i s r i ght, but t his i s wrong. The wood is broken .off. I a m happy. H e i s stubborn. W h ere are the light boxes? He is ill. The water is not warm. T hey are ill. T h ey are there. The oxenare not f ar, and yet he i si dl e. The garments are red, a nd the needle is good. The water is dirty again. W hat is that? I t i s an ox. That is not good.

BXERCISE X . TRAPSL A T E E 2VTO 3fALA GASF. The oil is not good. I a m not in a hurry, for the road is good to day. The people are there. The day willnotbe showery. The boy is arrived. The girl has an ornament. The pins and the needles are broken. The bullhas a headandfour feet. T h e morningis dark, and the day will not be warm. Much good rice. He has a little hand. Be quick; friend. T here was much oil yesterday. We are not in a hurry, for it is not yet evening. The child is not well shaped. The meat is good, and what is its price? The people were astonished when the canoe came (tonga). It is like a sheep.

5 . SOME W O R D S W ITH

TW O

A CCE N T S .

Some words ( mostly if n o t a l w ays compound), take t w o accents. Learn the following:Lhhilkhy (s.), man. Vkravkrana (s.), door. V6hivkvy (s.), woman. Skrobfdy (adj.), dear (of price). Rkhalkhy (s.), brother of a brother. Vdalavo (s.), rat. Rkhavkvy (s.), sister of a sister. Anknkiray (adj.), one, a certain one. Anadkhy (s.), brother of a sister. Ampftso odv.), to-morrow. Rknadkhy (s.), in the vocative case. )( Anabkvy (s.), sister of brother. Hkzandrkno (s.), a fish; fish. Rknabkvy (s.), in the vocative case. Marknitra (adj.), sharp. Sandry (s.), the arm. Mazdto (adj.), diligent. Loatra(adv.), too mucb. Mazotoa, be diligent. Sarotra (adj.), difficult. Elo (s.), umbrella. Sofina (s.), ear. Raraka (v.) spilled. Fit6.ratra (s.), glass. Dombo (adj.), blunt. Ahitra (s.), grass. Tanthly (s.), honey. Maitso (adj.), green. Amb6a (s;), dog. Lasa (v.), gone. Madlo (adj.), clean. Alika (s.), dog. Ety (adj.), narrow. Madi6va, be clean. Hety (s.), scissors. Amp6ndra (s.), ass. Kirkro (s.), shoes. Mora (adj.), easy, mild, Kamboty (s.) orphau. Vbry (v.), lost. cheap. Tot6zy (s.), mouse. Tsia (adv.), no. Mork, be easy, etc. Lovfa (s.), plate.
I

EXERCISE X I. TRA37$LA TE ITO E E G L I S H . Vaky ny lovia, rknabkvy. Firy ny lhhilkhy sy ny vhhivkvy? Very ny antsy d ombo, fa ao ny paingotra maranitra. M a zotda, ry rkhalkhy. H o t o n g a rkhampftso ny totozy mena ary ny v 6alkvo. mainty. M i s y a l ika roa ao. Maitso ny ahitra, fa mainty ny tany. A i za ny hety? V ery izy. M a d itra ny ampdndra, ary ho raraka ny rano. K a mbdty ny zaza M a d i ova, ry sakaiza. Maty ny vdalkvo anAnkiray, ka faly ny totozy. T sara ny kirkro, fa ratsy ny satroka. V aky ny fitkratra, ary tapaka ny fanjaitra meloka. L a sa faingana izy. Aiza ny elo, fa mafkna loatra ny andro? Maty ny hazandrAno; ary aiza ny lovia? Manana sofina roa ny ampdndra. Skrobidyloatra ny tanthly mamy. Ety ary ratsy ny lalana. Tsy skrobidy loatra ny antsy sy ny hety mar4nitra.

EXERCISE XII.T RA1VSLATE IHT O 3 fALA GASF . I have a good brother and two good(wise) sisters. The money will be lost, if we are not quick. The water will be spilled, for the road is too narrow. The road was not bad yesterday, and yet the men have not arrived. The umbrella is too little, and the shoes are cheap. T h e b lack ass is stubborn, but the man is wise. The honey is too sweet. The rice is too dear, but the fish are cheap. I have three.knives: (the) two are sharp, but the one is blunt. T h e ten plates are broken, and whereis the rice and the relish? T hey are all lost. How many men, brothers, sisters, and children (are there)? The birds are gone, but one is dead.

6. ASKING QUESTIONS.
Questions are asked by inserting "vu" between the predicate and subject, or by putting "nzoa" at the beginning of t h e sentence. A f ter ' fzry" and "z'nona," however, "m8a" and not "vu" must be used; i.e.
Masaka ny vary = Th e r i c e is cooked. Masaka va nyvary? = Is the rice cooked? Moa masaka ny vary?= Firy moa ny omby i' = H ow m any oxen are there?

EXERCISE XIII. T RANSLA TE IXTO E X G L I S H . Tonga va ny olona? Lasa va ny vorona? Very va ny vola? V aky va ny l ovla? H endry va ny zaza? K ely loatra va ny 6mbiv6vy? M aty va i zy ? Ao va ny r6halkhy? g a i n ty va ny vato? M a i vana va ny vata? F i r y moa n yolona? T sy marknitra va ny antsy? T s y et y v a n y l a lana ? M o a t s y tsara ny tanthly? Vaky va ny at6dy? Moa tsy skrobfdy ny amp6ndra? Masaka va ny varysynylaoka? Firymoa nyondryao? Inona moaizany? Aizany fithratra vaky I' Tonga om6ly va ny sakaiza? Tsia, fa ho tonga anio izy. Dombo va ny hety kely? Tsia. Marknitra va ny antsy? Tsia, fa dombo loatra fzy.

y . THE S U F F I X T he suKx

PR ON O U N S .

p r o nouns (implying possession when j oined t o

n ouns, and th e a g en t o f p a s sive and r e l a t iv e v e r b s), excepting in words of th ree or m or e s y l l a b le s e n d in g i n na , k u , a n d t r u (the rule for w h ich see afterwards ) are as follows:Sing. ko =m y, o r by me. Plur. nts?ka=our, or by us (including the speaker and persons ad-nao = t h y , orby thee. dressed). -nay=our, o r b y u s (excluding =his, or by him. person addressed). -ny =h e r , or by her. -nareo=your, or by you. -ny=their, or by them. =its, or by it.

EXERCISE X XX III. TRANSLAT E I N T O 3 f ALA GAS Y , Using always ihe Passivewith SuPn Pronoun ar agenI of Ihe verb, where required. The oxen were killed by me. Di d you call me, sir? Y o uroxen werekilled by me. Tell meyourname. I ca nnot tell (to) you my name. H ow m any oxen did you see at t he door? He was despised by his brothers and sisters. They were praised by their father. The wood was hewn by the men in the field. Bring to me the captive, captured by you. Call the servant quickly. Dn your work well. It is well done by me. Can you divide the peaches? PerhapsI can divide them, if you will give them to me to be divided. W eigh rny money for me. Did you not despise your friend here? No, I did not upbraid him at all.

1 8. PASSIVE V E R B S F O R M E D B Y T H E SU F FI X. -AN A OR -N A . A secofra| group instead of tating "s'na" take "ana," or -na, and in a fevv instances do not change the accent.
Pos. Inf., ~ and Iad. swssh, washing ssssns to be washed Ssss ovhus Ovs (vos)' changed chsnged untied Vshs (vos) loosened loosened vohgna Voha (voa) opened opened ssslns fmed Sssy s fine rnin'ed Tavhs Rsvs ruined despoiled l tknsns held Tsns (vos) heM omsns given given Ome
'

Post.
nosssana novsns hosssans hovsns

Imper. ovay vohay sssio tano

olneo

v~

f f

} novohana
novshsns
nosasins

hovahsns
hevohsns hasasina

norsvsns

Tsingins

solder

tsinginsna

>I

Iryt Vsky (voa) broken

Lany

irlns vakina

lsnina Vory (vos) assembled vorlns torlns Tory (vos) preached Tslny blame, censure tsinlns Solo s substitute solosns ToTo torbana 2 Potsy white fotshns amptsns hmpy enough Vsly sn snsweT vallans

hotanans notsnans homena nomena soiliered notsinginans hotsinginans desired nlrlns hirins broken,Tesd novakina hovskins exhausted holanins nolanina used up sssembled novorins hovorins hotorins preached notorina blamed notsinina hotsinina substituted nosolosna hosolosns pointed out notorosna hotoToans whitened nofotsisna hofotsisna hampisns added nslnplsns answered novslians hovslisns

tsingino irlo vakio

j lsnlo
vorio torio tsinfo so16y

tersy
fotsio
sulplo

~e
s cut s command Tsfy (vos) olothed

har6sna
ahkro

f addf~ f tsffans

nodidiana colnmsnded natafy clothed

~ed cut

nohsrosns

vslio hsrdy hohsroans shsr6y

tafio

I The Reduplication is the same as in group one. "Aza" before verbs in the indicative means "do not." t This and the five following words might well be placed in group one, and really belong to it, the two "I" coming together coalescing.

EXERCISE X XXI V. TRA XSLA TE I1VTO ENG L I S H. Sasao ny lambanao. Vohay ny varavarana. Efa voavoha izy. Ampy va ny volanao? Tsia, fa mbola hampiana kely izy. Rava va ny manda? Eny, noravan' ny olona omaly izy. Omeo vola aho. H a inao valiana va ny tenin' ny sakaizanao? Tsy haiko akory, tompoko. F iry moa ny lamba nosasanao omaly? E f a nolau(nay ny peso rehetra nomenareo anay. N a haroharonao ny ondriko sy ny ondrinao, ka tsy fantatro izay (which) ahy sy izay anao, Tano mafy ny amboanao. Vahao ny entanao. Novakfn' ny olona n'y fitaratra. EXERCISE XXX V . TRAKS LA TE IHTO 3 E ALA GA SF; Using the Passs'ves arut the Sug P r orzouss as ageutr o f the verb, 'mhere reguirel. Make the box white. I cannot make it white, for it i s black. Y o u w ere fined by your father, for you broke his good umbrella. T h e people will be assernbled by me quickly. Can it be preached by you? Al l the water was used upbyusyesterday. D esirethegood. D i d y ou point out the road to . us. I did not point out the road to you, for I do not know it. D o not blame us, for we did not despise you. Di d you read your good book. M y g o od book is lost, sft. (L et) the water and the honey be mixed by us. C l othe (yourself with) your garment. Answer my word. The meat was cut by me. Where is the solder? Was it soldered by the man. Yes, it was soldered by him.

F O R M E D B Y T H E SU F FI X - ENA . A tkird g roup of roots ending in " p , " w i t h a c c ent on 6 r s t syllable advance the accent, change "y" to "e, *' and'add " n a , " or in exceptional cases "fz6uz."
Poss. In~.

f 9. PASSIVE V E R B S

andIA.

Voly

Tendry (voa)
Tery' Jery (vos) Iky(a)

voltns to be plsntss) novolena hovolena voldo tendrens oh~ sp notendrena hotendrena tendrdo

pointed

tersns pressed looked st jersns consent, ss- ekgns sent vonjbna Vonjy (vos) ssved Bsby esmed on bsbgna the bsok Teny s word tentnins Tefy working in tefhns iron, ete. sn snswel'~ setr6ns reply s fenoe fefgns

p~

noterena looked st nojerens assented to, nekens eonfessed novonjena ssved oamed on the nobsbens baek spoken notenenins worked notefena sdded to fenoed
nofefens

hoterena hojerena hekena

tssdo

jerso
ekto

hovonjens vonjeo hobabena bsbho

hotenenins tengno hotefens teff
hosetrens

setsho fefto

hofefens

These again are reduplicated in the same manner as the preceding groups.

Ald,tsinainy, Monday. Zomd, Fn day . A sab6tsy, S a t urday. T aldta, Tuesd a y . Alahkdy, Su n d ay. Aldrob(a, % 'e d nesday. Alkkamlsy, T h ursday. Tamy ny Asabotsy etc., past. Amy ny Zoma, etc., present.

Before thesewords the preposition must be made past for a past day
EXERCISE X XX V I. TRANSLA TE IXTO E N G L I S H . Voavoly va ny vary? Jereo ny kintana any an-danitra. Voavonjy ny zaza. Eny, novonjen' ny rahalahiny izy tamy ny Alarobia. N otorina tsara tamy ny Alahadyizany. E keo nytenikoanio, fa tsy ho azonao hekena rahampitso. Mavesatra va uy vy notefenao? Tsy fantatro, fa mbola tsy nolanjaiko izy. Tsy efa novorina tsara va ny olona tamy ny Talata? E ny, ka tafavory maro izy. Azonaojerena tsara ny ol ona any amy ny lakana. Nobaben' ny reniny ay zaza marary. N otefena tsara ny antsinao, ka maranitra dia maranitra izy. V onjeo aho, ry sakaiza, fa tsy hitako ny lalana. T e ndreo ny tianao hotendrena, ary alefaso izy amy ny Zoma. Teritereny mafy aho, fa tsy haiko ravana ny manda.

zo. PASSIVE VE R B S F O R M E D B Y T H E S T R EN G T H ENED S U F F I X - VI N A A N D - VA N A . A fourth group strengthen the root by t h e addition of "z,"
and add " - i n a " o r " - a tztz."
Pas. IscL
Past.

To

Dis Telo Dio

Ls (voa) Tets

truth, reality, verity good, beaut iful, et c . diitvins s step teiavins, three 16ins cleanliness di6vina refused, etc Hivina s drop tet6vans

to be verided

notovins noscavins
dit'Lvo tel6vy,

benested

trodden nodiavins hodisvins divided into noteloina hoteloina

s wheel
s defence'

Lslo (vos) passed by lal6vans teiahivina. Tsiihy (voa) rememor tsabivina Qiar6~ Tsuixo (voa) or tssx4

tel6y nodiovina hodiovina di6vy nolavins holavins lh,vo refused dropped by notetevana hotetevs- tetkvo dlopa wheeled nokodisva. hokodisva- kodQvo over, rolled na ns defended, narovana harovans ardvy prevent paased by nolslovana holslovana la16vy noteiahivi- hotsiahivi- tsisblvo remembetsahivo uotssrovs- hotsarova- t s v y na

Qunb cleansed

The reduplication is the same as in the preceding groups.

When two verbs, pr a verb and adjective foilow each other, the latter extendin'g the meaninp or showing the result of the former, the conjunction .ksz" pr "ka 4rls" is used, as Lasa ka tsy hita = G o ne and not seen. Noderaina ka dia faly = ( H e ) was praised and so was glad.
"

EXERCISE X XX V II. TRAML A TE I XT O E K G L I S H . Nosoavin' ny rainy ny zanaky ny sakaizany. D iovy tsara ny tranonao, fa Po tonga rahampitso maraina ny anabavinao. Tsarovy ny haja nomeko anao olrraly, ary valionao tsara ny ahy. Nokodiavan' ny vato ny zaza. Lavo ny fomba(custom) ratsy. Tsy azo diavina ny lalana, fa be (many) loatra qy ' vato. Tovynyteninaoamy nyataonao. Tsy notsarovany angambany teny voalazakotaminy tao an-tranonao omaly. Tsy nolaviko akory ny teninao. Notelqvinany peso, ka pomeny anay. Notetevan' ny r ano ny l amba, ka dia r naloto loatrS izy. Arovy ny ombinao. Nolalovantsika izany omaly. H p tsarovan' ny olona ny zaza navela tao an-trano.

sx. PASSIVE V E RB S F O R3EED BY T H E S T R E N G T H -

gNED

SU P F /X - E I N A r -ZANA.

Afifth grqtlp are strengthened by the addition of "z' * or "s," add "z'zz1z" or "rzzzrz," and sometimes change the last vovrel of the
root.
Poa I'nf., 'and Ind.
fohiislns to be sroused awsked from sleep fafiisana to be sown Fsfy (vos) sown Tohy s joint, s tohisans joined to, knot lengthened borne, en- tanQsans to be borne, dured received in the hsnd to be sprinkTopy (vos) led, lifted up
Part. nofohasins

Fohs (voa) aroused,

hofohasins

fohhsy

nofafessns hofafssans notohissns hotehissm

notantasans hotsntassns notopsssns hotopasana

(as the eyes)

Vely (voa)
Fehy Hety
a cord
sclseors

velesins

tobebeaten tied up, shorn forssken msde lsrge bound bartered

novelesins nofehesina nohetessns nilaossns nohsbihina

hovelemns

fehdsins hetdrsns

Lao (ilao) gone away ilaossna Be, or Habe much, ma- habiasins ny, grest Rohy a co~ a rohissna rope TakiQo barter takaldsans

hofehesins hohetessna hilaossna hohabiasins

vehlso veltso feheso hetdso ilsosy

habitso

norohisana horohissns

notakaiosanshqtakalossna

Pss. Znf.,
snd End.

. Em~ .

dndbvo Refy

hstched, foisins to be hatohed nofoisina hofoisins fotso left a slsve sndevbsina enslaved nsndevosins hsndevosina andevdsy s fathom reftsina measnred norefesins horefesins refeso andrhso

(in fsthoms) Andry (voa) wsited for sndldsans to be waited nsndrsssna hsndrassna for Fono (voa) s cover, s fondsins to be wrspped nofonosins hofono'sina
Mainty Hosy'

fonbsy wrspper, iip covered blsck msinttsina blackeneg nomsintisins homaintisins maintfso s tresdins hoskna trodden nohosena hohosena hosho

The first syllable of the derivative of roots accented on the second is not repeated in the redupli'cation, the rest follow the method ofthe preceding group; i.e., ta kalo, becomes takdlokaldzana. Tdnimbdry (s.), rice fields. Tady, kofhhy (s.), a cord. I Lam6kany (adj.), addled. ~ Koa (conj.), also. ~V o a (s.), seed.

EXERCISE X XX V I II. TRANSLA TE IXTO E N G L I S H . .

Fohazyahorahampitsomaraina. Fonosy ao amy ny lambanao ny bokinao. Ento aty ny hety, ka hetezo ny voloko. Notakalozana vary ny ondriny. Noveleziny mafy dia mafy ny vato. Andraso aho, ry sakaizako. Hohabiazinao va ny sahako? Topazy rano aho. Tsy tanty izany. H ohetezana koa va ny volon' ny zanakao? Ilaozy ny sakaiza ratsy. Norohizan' ny tady ny saka. Tohizo ny tady andrao tapaka izy. A fafazo maraina ny voanao. Handrasako any an-tranon' ny anabavinao hianao, ka faingdna. Hohosen' ny omby ny tanimbarinao rahampitso, ka vorio izy anio. V oafehinao angamba ny entanao. Eny, nofeheziko tamy ny kofehy nomenao ahy izy. Foy avokoa va ny atodiny i' Tsia, fa misy dimy lamokany.

2 2. PASSIVE V E R B S FR O M IN N A .

R OOTS

EN D I N G

A sixthgroup ending in "na" advance the accent and add "ina" or "ana," and occasionally change the "n" of the root to
"m" and change an "i" t o " d "
This belongs to the third group, p. 23.
I

Paas. Zsf., snd Emd. Fantina (vcs) selected

Tslnglna

Psture.

fantdnsna tcbe selected

(vos)
Tandrina

placed upon, tsingdnsna mounted tsken care o tsndrt-

(vca) msns Velcna, i Ve- hving, slive veldmins Idms (Imp.)

Tentina
Tslnilrons

stained
pierced

tentdnsna

nofsntena- hofsntenana fsntdno na mounted notaingens- hctaingena- taingdno na taken csre nctsndre- hotsndrema- tandrdmo of msna supported, novelemins hovelomins veldmy quickened besmesred nctentens- hotentenana tentdno nctsindrc- hctsindroni- tsindr'dn ns notsomins hotscmins tsomy nadinms hadinins adinc

tsindrdni- p i erced

enticed enquired about, exsmmed made to gc aSno slowly, retsrded Hstons (vca) approached hatcnins s pprosched nohatcnins hstdny hndrana (vca) tasted, tried sndrhnatssted nsndramsandriLmo Ds ns sintdnina drswn oilt nosintcnina hcsintcnina

ns (vca) Taona (vos) enticed, led tscmina hdina (vcs) exsmined adhuns

The "a" o f t h e . root is r ejected in reduplication; n and f c oming togetlier are changed to "mP;" n and v to mb; asfdn:tz'mpantdnana, vombeNmina, n arfd h become nk.
Sdavdly (s.), a horse. Tava (s.), face. Ints6ny (adv.), any more. Lefona (s.), a spear. Tsy .. ... intsony (adv.), no longer. Mahay (adj.), clever.

EXERCISE X XXI X. TRAXS LA TE IKTO E IiIGLISH .

Nofantenana ny peso, ka hita ny tsara sy ny r atsy. N o t aingenako ny ampondrako omaly, fa ts y m b ola notaingenanao angaha ny soavalinao? Tsy manana soavaly intsony aho, fa namidiko ny ahy. Velomin' ny ray tsara ny zanany. V o a n teutin' i n ona ny tavanao? N o t entenan' ny reniko tany fotsy. V oatsindron' ny lefona ny omby, ka Gto ny maty. N a d i nina omaly ny ankizy tauy aminay, l-a tsy nisy nahay. H a t ouy aho raha maraina, fa homeko vola hianao. A n d ramo ny sira. E f a n andramako ka t s ara izy. Tandremo tsara ny hataonao, andrao diso hianao. H o t andremako tsara izay rehetra nasainao hatao. S i ntony aho, fa tafalatsaka amy ny rano lalina aho. Eny, hosintoniko tokoa hianao. V e loma, ry sakaiza.

' An optative imperative: May you live! Also used in saying "Good bye."

sg. PASSIVE V K R B S

FRO M IN A A .

W OR DS

E N D I NG

. A segent'h group ending in "ka," reject the "ka," advance the accent (except in words of two syllables), and add "kina," sometimes "kona;" but thereare a f ew which add " fana" or "fina," see the seven words at the bottom of the list.
Pos. Inf.,
snd Isd.

Tspsks Kspoks Helota

cut off a following crootedness, guilt bent, tsmed

tapiihina tobecut oif notspahins hotspahina tspiiho ksp6hina Sogged nokspohina hokapohins ksp6hy hel6hins guilty, msde nohelohins hohelohina helbh

foliLhins arkhins marlhina

resthiua tsrihina

according to smart, sdesign Ressta eonversstion Tsrits (vos) drsgged s-

guilty bent, tsmed, nofolshins hofolshins foBhy broken in followed narahina harahum ar)Lho nultted nomarihina homarihhm marlho
tsiked of led
stuct deceived spilled on the ground overSown

noresshms horesahina reskho notarihina hotsrihins tariho nopetahsna hopetshana pet(Lho noStahina hogtshina. SQho narsrska hararata rarkho

long Petsks(voa) stuct petthsns deceit, fraud Stkbins Pitats Rsrsks spilling rsriLhina

swollen (ss s tondriLriver) hsna wlped fsohana struck, best- pehins

Hoholrs Tonats Sesita Donata Tshaks Tehata Reboks
en t urned u p - hoh6fana side down

2 toniifsns stuSLng, sau- sestfsns sages doniifans ? like tahiLSns s pst w i t h tehksns the hand phlegm reh6fans

notondra- hotondraha tondrhhana hy wlped nofsohana hofsohans fsohy chipped (ss nopehins hopehina pgho stones) c overed b y nohofsna hohofans something upside down besten hard notonsfans hotonsfsns tonILfy be pushed in nosesefsna hosesefans seetfo

enveloped by smote htened pstted, clspped spat upon

nodonafsns

doniify

notahssns hotahasns tah)Lfo notehsSna hotehsSna tehkfo

norehofana horehofsns rehbfy

I n r e du p l i catio n t h e " k a ' * of th e r o o t i s r e j e c t ed, a n d t h e

following changes take' place in th e derivative, k becomes k, (hdlokel6hina), f becomes P,(fblaPoldhina), r is strengthened by the addition of d, (resadresahina), and s by d (sdsitsesd fana); should the root begin with a v o wel, however, the k r emains (drakardhgna) .
Setroka (s.), smoke. Vava, (s.), the mouth.

Lambsina (s.), the back. Tamy (v. int.), at hand, approaches

EXEKCISE 3K.- ' TRANSLA TE I N T O E N G L I S H .

'

Tondraka ny rano omaly, ka tsy afaka izahay. V oafolaka ny soavaly ohialy, fa tsy mbola nofolahina ny ampondra. A raho aho. I n ona moa izany noresahinareo teo izany P Ny hazo tsy mbola voakapa. Notarihin' ny olona ny omby, ka tsy nisy very. Nopehinao tsara ny vato hatao trano. Hohofy ny rano,' r y s akaiza. H o k apohina hianao raha maditra. N o helohin' ny mpitsara ny olon-dratsy (olona ratsy ). Tandremo andrao raraka ny rano e ritinalo. Hohofan' ny vehivavy ny zanany, fa tamy ny omby maditia. M a riho izay tianao liosoratako. L elafin' ny alika ny tanany. N o tonafako ny ampondra malaina. N odonafan' ny setroka izahay. Sesefo hena ny vavany. Notehafiko ny lamosiny, ka dia narahiny aho. N orehofany ny lambako, ka nofaohako. Faohy ny lovia, ka apetraho ao am-bata izy.

2 4. PASSIVE VE RB S F RO M W O R D S E N D I N G I N T R A . The eigkthgroup from roots ending in "tra," change the "tra" to "r," advance the accent one syllable (except in d i ssyllabic words when it r emaifis in the root ), and add "inu" or " ana,"
with a few exceptions mark ed.
Pos. Inf., and Ind. Anatra advice, counsel snkrins tobe advised Fantstrs known fsntsrins known Velatra (vos opened velkrina opened Sambotrs s csptive ssmbbrina osptured tired sssgrina sewing, stitching Ksikitrs s bite keksrins Vesatrs vesikrans Taitrs sfrsid, etsrtled tairins Faditrs an offering to fadirans avert evil Fetra sn s p pointed fsrana time, limit Fototra r oot, ori g i n , fot6rsna eource Tolotrs (voa) given, presented to16rans Soratrs, writing sorktana Soritra s mark soritans Tsenteitrs drawn inwiththe t seutssfi na mouth Sotatra opened wide
Sssstrs Zsitrs Rskotra Tsratra

Euturc. nanarms nofsntarina novelarina nossmborins

tired by nosssarins stitched nossirins bitten nokekerina

loaded noveearaus startled notairins nofsdirarm

hanarins hofsntsrina hovelarins hosamborins hosasarins hossirina hotekerina hovessrana hotsirina hofsdirsns

snkro
fautfuo

veltuo ssmb6ry saalro

sairo

kek6ro veskro tairo fadiro

limited
sesrched out given w r i tten e ngraven eucked

noferans

hofersns

nofotorans hofotorsns fotbry notolorani nosoratans nosoritana notsentsefina nosokafans hotolorsns boeorstsna hoeoritana hotsentsefitolory sorhty sorito teents6io hosoksfans eokiLfy

opened

(voa)

s cover reSection

rskofana tarfifl us

c overed noratofsns horskofana rakdfy refiected notsrafina hotara6ns tsrtfo

In reduplication the same rules apply to the dra as to the ka in the seventh group.
Akknjo (s.), a coat. ) H a v ana (s.), relative. ) T o mpo, The Lord. ' Put your mouth to the water, i.e. turn your face down on the water.

30 EXERCISE ' XI I. TRAXSLATE I N T O E X G L I SH. T sara ny anatra nataonao tamy ny olona. V e l aro ny eloko. T s y a z o f antarina izay hataony. N osamborin' ny zaza ny vorona. T a iro ny v o r o n a , k a sambory ny maty. Zairo ny akdnjonao. T aitra angaha hianao? T a f a p etraka ao an-trano ny havantsika. Sokafy ny vavanao. N o fotorako t s a r a i zany. N okekerin' ny saka ny tanan' ny zaza, ka dia marary izy. R a k o f y l amba aho, ry havako. Saro-bidy ny elo novelarintsika. N o t sentsefiko n y p eso malemy ka mamy dia mamy izy. N osokafanay ny vata, ka hitanay n y z avatra tsara tao. T s y azo fantarina izay maty. S o raty ny anarako, t o m poko. H osoratako amy ny A l arobia ny anaranao, fa tsy azoko soratana anio. A sain' ny rainao hatoloranao hena izahay.
/

z 5. PASSIVE V E R B S F R O M P R E PO S I T IO N A L PHRASE . The fzifzt'k group are passives formed from a prepositional phrase.
Compound
Ncrd.

I Pas Isd.

Pacg

Puturc.

aldhs Srzt, before alohsins tobe gone before nalchsina a snd lcha aldlans (z.)' medisticn medisted nslalsnina s snd lglsna sntena antenains hoped for nantenains sn snd tena fsce, downwsrdz (sz of s paper, or hoot), behindany smbohd- tobeturned bsck ambdho tns toanything, an snd vcho thing pahn u p wsrd (of the hsnd) 'n the lsp ampcfoina in the lsp nsmpcfcins ampdfo sn and fofo expected nampeizins in thehesrt ampcizina smpd an and fo Sstteringly smbosins d eceived by nambozins smbdzy flattery am and bczy

hslohsins

alchsy

hslalsnins alabtno hantensina antenso

hsmbeheina

hsmpofeina smpofdy
hampcizins smpcizo hambczina
ambcsio

~ Inhny, a familar name for Ray, (God) The father. I Indr6a, twice. I Rakoto, aman'sname. I m o t h er. Jesdsy, Jesus,

EXERCISE XLII. T RAESLATE I X T O E N G L I SH. Soraty aloha ny taratasy. Alohay ny hena sy ny vorona ary ny vary, andrao avy nyranonorana. Antenao, ry havako, fa ho tonga aho rahampitso. Ampoizo ny hatao anio. Hariva loatra ny andro, ka tsy nantenaiko ny raiko. A mpofoy ny zanakao, ry ineny; ar y ambohoy ny tananao. Aza ambosina ny namanao, andrao laniny ny volany. A l a lantsika amy ny Ray

S1 Jesosy. Nalainao va Rakoto? Eny, efa nalaiko izy. K a aiza iky? T sy hitako izy. Tsy naka azy angaha hianao. N alaiko izy, ary nohalalaninay indroa. A n tenao fa ho tonga izy. T sy azo ampoizina intsony izy. A l a l ano indray, raha fantatrao fa tsy ho tonga izy. E f a n ambohoinao va ny taratasinao? Tsy nambohoiko izy, fa nampoiziko hojerenao.

z 6. TRANSPOSED

P A S SIVKS.

A class of passive verbs, m uc h m o r e c o m m o nl y h e a r d t h a n

seen in writing, is formed by adding "ni" or "no" to a root, and

then mak in g th e 6 rst consonant of the root and the "n " c h a n g e

p laces. T h u s Valy bec o mes nivaly, an d b y t r a nspositionvindly. nos'okalra son'okalra, Sokalra

Tmua Puss. Binkbo Bindts Dinkly Diniks Finhntma Finitska Gindhy Gindja Jindry Jininja Kiniips Kinkpoka Pinaiks ' Piniska
Pinaoks Riniingitrs Rinirotrs Sinintons Sinotro Tindry

Jtcduptic.
babo bets

binabobkbo>
binetabdts dinidididy dinidiniks finsntimpiintins finitapttska ginehigdhy ginejagdjs jinerijdry jininjajinja kinapakkps kinapokkpoka pinaikspstka piniapiaka pinaokapaoka rinangidrangitra rinirodrirotra sinintontsintona sinotrosdtru tineritery tinoritdry trinaingotrktngo tsinentsitsdntsins tsiniritsirika vinidiv'idy vononov6no zinarasiirs zinezijezika

didy dika fzntins

fitsks

gehy gejs jery jinja kapa kapoks psika

piaks paoka rangitrs rirotrs sintona sotro tery tory traingo tsentsins tstriks

Tin6ry Triniungo Tsiudutsina Tsinlriks Vinidy Von6no Zinkrs Zindzika

vidy
vono zsrs zeziks

tsken csptive lifted up out jumped over selected deceived tied up bound fast looked at reaped hewn beated chipped, tapped snapped swooped up s harpened witb a kni f e stretched out dragged out drunk pressed, squeezed presched houghed corked peeped st bought killed

divided
beaten

These are all made past by adding "no;" they have neither future nor i m p e r at i v e . Fandrika (s.), a net, a snare. Orona (s.), the nose.
T hese all take two accents, the 6rst on the second syllable, and t h e second as marked.

EXERCISE X L I I I . TRHHSLd TE ? A T O E & g L l SH . Nodinldin' ny ankizy ny hena, ka nozinarazaraina. F a nosinlmbako ay anjaran' ny ankiziko. N ofehezinao mafy va ny entana? Ef a nogindhiko mafy izy, tompoko. Nopinaoky ny voroaa ay fandrika, ka noginhjan' ny tady izy. M adio va ny rano? E f a notsinlriko, ka madio. N otrinaingonay ny ombiny, ka nokindpoky ny rainay mafy izahay. N otineritdriny foana ny orony, ka marary. Zinhzikao mafy loatra ny soavalinay, ka andrao maty. Nohind.han' ny olona ny ombiny. Nopinaikako kely ny zanako. Aza sotroina ny rano, fa nodinlkan' ay alika izy . N o fi n i taky ny ankizy ny zazakely, ka dia nosindtrony ny rano maloto. I n o na (no ) notindrin',ny rainao tamy ny Alahady? Nopinfakanay ay fary, ka tapaka telo izy, Notsiniintsinao ny sofinao, ka tsy nandre izay aotinoriko hianao. N o riniridriritro ny sofiny, ka nokinailriny aho.

This does notexhaust the passive forms; there are yet others which will be illustrated hereafter, when treating of active verbs.

2 y. VERBS I N TH E A CT I V E V OI C E , 3E E -. W e now proceed to the active and relative voices, which w e p ropose to t a k e t o gether i n l e a rning t h e c onstruction an d . derivation. The two prefixes we propose to take fi rst are mi- and ntun-. Of these the mi- is the simpler form. I t i s a d d ed to t he r o ot without any change of accent. I n t h e i m p erative the accent usually advances one step, and if it end in a there i s n o a d dition ; i f n o t i n u , an a is added, but there are many characteristic terminations for the i tnperative wh ich m ust be learned.

The relative indicative may be formed by rejecting the initial

" m" of the active imperative, keeping the accent, and adding n a

as a suffix; "o" generally takes the place of "na" for the imper
a tive ;
Jtoot.
Lasa Lsnjs Hira Era Dera s report s weight s song consen4
pislse

i f t h e r e b e " o " i n t h e w o r d t h e n ' y ; " som e t i m e s t h e

w hole "una" goes for "o" or 'y ."

mihlsa s in t 4o tell

mi&njs
mihirs e mitrs midtra e

Ksps
Vory Jaks

mikgps e mivdry m eat e t c . mijlLks presented st the new pesr Tssngsns erect mitstngsna
mitekngan-

a blow assembled

milasiL to csrry milanjk to sing mm to ssk lesve mierb 40 pl'slse miderk to cut mikspk to assemble nnvorls t oestthe "js mijakh ka'

ilasans ilsnjans ihirans ierans idersns ikapans ivorisns ijaksns

ilssao

jao
ihirso
lerso iderao

ikapao
ivorio

ijakso

tssngsna

to stand up mitsanghna itsangsnana itssnghno to wsik about mitsangsn- itssngsnitsiingsntssngkns tssnganana tssngkno

SS
Es&e. 3rcod.
Janons

(voa)
Trangs

m ijhnoua i n t . t o stop, t o mijandns pause appearance, nlltrtnga to sppear (ss mitrangil rieing something just ahowing

ijanony
itraujpm

up)
Solo s eubrhtute s Sght Ady Als (vos) removed Anteo a call Tssla judged (vos) Hsino heard (vos) Hanius(t)
nnsdlo mitdy

miius
IBltnteo

nllt+rs
nBhamo

to eubstitute to Sght to go swsy to call to judge to listen

to est

ieoloens iadiaua ialaus isnteoaua itearana mihainda ' mihintna

ieoldy isdlo ialao iantedy itearao

mihfnans e

These verbs are mostly intransitive and are followed by the preposition "amy; " b u t i n some cases they are transitive, and govern a d i r ect a ccusative, but sometimes with a d i ff erent m eaning from the intransitive. T h u s
Milkza aho Milkza aminao aho Milkza azy aho Mihlra aho Mih(ra aminao aho Mih(ra azy aho
= = = = I tell. I te l l t o thee. I t e l l it, or tell of it. I sing. I si n g to thee. I s i n g it, or sing of it.

These verbs are made past by substituting "n" for "m ," and future by substituting "h" for "m ," m ilaza, pres.; nil aza, past.; hilazu, fut. T h e i n dicative is used where in English we should use a participle, an infinitive, a conditional, and a p r o hibitive
m ood. T h o s e w i t h a n as t e r i s k a r e b o t h t r a n s i t iv e a n d i n -

transitive.

EXERClSE X LIV. TRA2VSLA TE IXTO E X G L I S H . Milanja vato ny olona. H i l aza aminao rahampitso aho. Tsy nihira omaly izahay. M i hainoa ahy, rankizy. M i t sangkna. N i t sangantsangana omaly ny anadahiko. N ij aka ny olona tamy ny Alatsinainy. M i j anona kely ny omhy. N iady ny ondry. N i ala tamy ny Alarohia ny raiko. M i t skra ny olona izy. M i t ranga any atsinanana ny masoandro. Miantsoa ny namanao, ka avia hihinana. M i solo ahy izy anio, fa noso16ako izy omaly. M i era aminao aho. M i h irk, rankizy. M i v oria, ry h avako. M i k apk n y h azo. Mihinkna ny peso. Mialk fa tsy tiako hianao.

28. VERBS I N

$/E- C ON T I N U E D

The past of the relative is made by adding "n" to the present, and the future by adding "k," i.e.
Ilazkna, pres. 2V i l azkna, past. H ila z ana, fut.

T he active voice of course takes the pronoun in th e n o m i n a tive case, or a n o u n i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e c ase a s i t s s u b j e c t ;

while the relative follows the passive an d t a kes th e suffzx pronoun as its agent. As to the meaning of the relative, I w o ul d advise learners
n ot to tr ouble th emselves at present w it h i t s v a r i ou s m e a n i n g s , b ut to rest content w it h u s in g i t w h e n th e t i m e,' manner, p l a c e ,

or cause of the act is to be expressed in the indicative; and the i mperative as a p a rtitive. I t is ' g enerally p r eceded in t h e indicative by the particle "n0" of emphasis.
I went away yesterday = Cut off some of the wood = Omal y no nialako. I ka p ao ny hazo.

Of course there are other meanings which w il l b e s t u died afterwards. In adding the suffix pronouns to the relative the syllable "nu" is rejected and the full suffix added.
Ovfana (adv.), when (past.). Any (prep.), before proper nouns. Fatratra (adv.), very much. F o ana (adv.), foolishly, in vain, for nothing. Dia (conj.), and, then. A ndr l a m knitra (s.), God.

EXERCISE XLV. T RANSLA TE I1VTO EKG L I S H. Aza mikapa ny hazo, andrao simbasimbknao foana izy. Tamy ny Alahady (no) nialkko tany. Milaza aminao tokoa aho, fa raha tsy mazoto hianao dia hokapohin' ny rainao mafy. N i a ntso ny namako aho fa tsy tonga izy. Omaly hariva (no) niderkko anao fatratra tamy ny namako tafavory tao. Aza mitsangana foana ao hianao, andrao hitan' ny o l ona k a t enhniny. Omaly (no) nilazkko tsara ny teninao taminy, ary nekeny tsara izay rehetra voalazako taminy. M i derk ny Tomponao. Miantsoa ny namanao. Mivoria, ry olona. M i saora ny Andriamanitra ao am-ponao. H i ala aty aho rahampitso Alarobia. M i h i r k a o an-tranon' Andriamanitra. N y o l ona m idera an' Andriamanitra mivory ao an-tranony izao. I z ao (no) nilazako azy.

EXERCISE X LVI. TRANSLA T E I X T O

Using ach've rehere hn0ten.

A f AL A G A S Y ,

Come here and sing (act.), my children. Go away. I d o not love you. Do not call out foolishly, but tell me what you wish (irlnao). W hen did you go away (rel.)? W e shall assemble in the house on Sunday. W e told you that on Friday. D o not judge and you will not be judged. D o not tell me

what he said. I w ill not go away to-day, if you will wait for me to-morrow. This was how I sang (rel.) it. He quick, lest your father goes away and you d o not speak to him. I w i l l t ell i t t o you, if you will tell it t o me. W e listened to him. M y f a ther was walking about in the field when I c ame. T he' child was standing up when I spoke. I w i l l eat my rice, for I a m. hungry.

29. VERBS I N

AE I - C ON T I N U E D .

The terminations of the imperative (and relative) are quite as complex as in the passive derivatives; they follow, however,
m uch on the same li nes, and th e s t u d en t m a y c o n s ol e h i m s e l f w ith the t h ought t ha t h a v in g m a stered the passives, th e a c t i v e i mperatives are more tha n h a l f l e a r n ed , a n d t h e r e l a t iv e f r o m t hat is most easy . A n a s t e r isk shows a verb to b e b o t h t r a n s itive and i n t r a nsitive.
Indic. s wheel mikodis responsibility miadidy to wheel to be responsible for, to censure to swske mifohilss mitonla to be at rest to look at mijere to speak mitendus to drop, to lesk mitetdva to sweep mifafil mitohiza to join to receive i n the mltantdsa hsnd etc.

IfL Iwp.
ikodisvans iskodiilvo iadidisva- iadidio ifohasans ifohilzy itonisus itonlo ijerena ijerdo itenenans itendno itetevans itetdvo ifafana ifsfso itohizans itoidso itantasana itanQzo

Foha Tony Jery Teny

Tete

Fafs (vos) Tohy Tsnty (voa)

awske st rest s look a word s drop swept

mifdhs

Lndry (vos)
Fono Fona

mitony mijdry mit6ny mitetd mifQs s jolnmg mitdhy c sught, re - mitIlnty ceived in the hsnd, or bssket, etc. wsited for miandry
s cover

to wait, to talre care of

to cover

mifondsa ifouossna to beg psrdou, mifond ifonsna to entreat mitdpy t o lift u p t h emitopdzs itopazsna Topy eyes Vely s blow mively t o pound, t o miveleza ivelesana best a cord, a rope mirdhy to bind, to en- miruhiza irohizana Rohy tangle mifantena ifantenans Fantins (voa) selected mifdntina to select set upon mitaingin- to mount on mitaingdna itsingensns Taingina Tandrina (vos) tsken care of mitdndri- to take care of mitandrd. itandremaus" ms na a blow mikapuks to beat mikapohs ikspohsns Kspoka
mifdno mifdna

ifondsy ifdny itopgzy

iveldzo irohizo
ifanteno itaingeno itandremo

ikapdhy

$6
Ifcct. Isdic.

krats (tsfa) sccordmg to> going t ogether Bessts conversation mirssaks Tarika (vcs) lead mitiLrfks Hohoks (voa) subverted mih6hoka
tc converse

mireifihs iresalmns irestho tc lesd, tc drag mitarlhs itarihana itariho to turn upside mihoh6fa ihohofana ihohdfy mividitns' IvidumsJtm lvidihno mifidltna1 ifidianana ifidiilno misniirs iau4o mivelkra ivelsrana ucac mi>uutrbo- isambcrs- isambsry
idirsna ifotorans irslrofaua isctafaus ivadihana lsrcvsns

Vidy

prrce 1My (vos) chosen hnstrs counsel Velatra (voa) spread cut Hambotra s captive

dcv>>n miv(dy to buy mifidy tc pick cut n>isnstrs tc lesru mivelstrs to spresd out mistmbc- to catch, to bortrs

rcw (money)
idtro ifcttro iralr6fy iscktfy ivsdlho Qlrcvy

Iditrs Fotctrs

to enter midlrs a root, sstem mif6tctra to turn sbcut mifot6rs back to front Rskotrs s cover mirfikctrs to cover mirat6fa Sokatrs (vos) opened Inlsoktfs mis6kstra tc open Vsdiks turned over mivtdiks mivsdjhs tc turn over >tro s prctecticn misro tc protect,tc 161srevs prevent s s helter, tc shelter mislcfa shade

mlditra

ialofsna

Fasana (s.), tolnb, grave. Tdfon-trd.no (s.), roof of a house. Rankfzy (s.), children (in Vocative Seza (s.), a chair. case). Lain-tskmbo (s.), sails. EXERCISE XLVII. TRAKSLA TE INTO E I>IGLISII.' Hitaingin-tsoavaly aho rahampitso. H i vidy vary any an-tsena'amy ny Zoma isika. N i fi dianana izay tsara. M i arova anay. M i a r aha aminay. R akofy ny zanakao. M isokatra ny fasana. M i fototra ny boky. I z a o (no) nianarako izany. M i fohaza hianao raha maraina. M i k apoha ny amboanao, tompoko. Nahoana (no ) irohizanao ny saka? M i t ohiza ny kofehy. Nitanty vola ny olona omaly. M i t ony tsara ny rivotra. H i r esaka izany isika raha tonga ny sakaizantsika. M i t ari-bato (mitarika vato) ny havanay hanaovana trano. M i fantina ny peso tsara sy ratsy ny ankizy. M i t eny mafy ny olona. M i t enena, fa mihaino aho. M i f oha maraina ny olona mazoto, ka dia mifohaza, rankizy. M i vidiana soavaly.

EXERCISE X LVIII; TRAKSLATE I ZVTO 3IALA GAS Y , Using the active voice. We are responsible (for) him. The book is covered (with) paper. Turn your chair round. T h e bottle is turned upside down. D o not turn the plate over fahohokaj. We w i ll spread out the sails of the ship, when ('rahag the wind comes from the north. I wi l l t alk to y ou on Monday. T h e b oy i s ' Note the exceptional forms of these two words; instead of a,'ana is added.

catching the mouse. The man caught the rat yesterday. Spe.k,, father, for thy child listens. W ait for us. Select the ripe peaches. We will beat the dog, if it bites you. W e 'will go together to your father's house. The roof o f the house leaks. The people are entering (in) the house. Learn well. I beg pardon (of) you.

3 o. AUXIL I A R Y

V E R B S W I TH

A CT I V E V E R B S .

With all these active forms the words makazo, makay, yaety, and h'a, are of teq used in the fol lowing sense:3Eukazo, (Imp. makazda), can, or may, implying practicability. SXakay, (Imp. makaz'za),can, ability or skill. 3le/y, may, consent. desire. Tia, wishing to Tia is contracted to 'Ve" before "mi a n d i s joined to the future form by a hyphen. T h u s : t e -hilaza aho, I wish to tell.
Mahkzo mihfra aho, = I m a y sing. Mahay mithny aho, = I can speak. Mety hit6ry aho, = I a m willing to preach. Mahaiza mihlra, = B e clever to sing.

The student should take particular care not to put azo and kay before aptive verbs, but always yyzakazo and makay.
Mahkntra (adj.), poor. Mitdry teny, to preach. Mba, a softening particle, should, or almost like please, that (con]. ). Kely,afterver bs, al s o means please.
kntrs

Tsny (tomhny)
Vsvsks

pity, oompseeion, s ory,lsmentstion, prsyer>

Imnltrs,

Lalko Laollio

phy

mitomkny, mivkvaks, milslso, milsoMo>

t o pity, e t o. misntrit (imp.) to cry, mitomania

to prsy>
nnvsvllhs

to plsy,

milsllovs mllsoQovs

EXERCISE XLIX. TRANSLA TE INTO E N G L I S iK .Mabay miresaka ny zanakao. T e-hiditra aho. M a hazo miteny aminao v a aho? Mety mijery ny zaitranao aho. Aza mety hofltahina hianao. 1 ' sy mahazo mifafa ny trano anio izy. Tsy mahay mitaingina soavaly aho. T sy nety nitarika ny vato ny olona omaly. M ety mitory'teny va hianao? Omaly (no) nitoriako teny, ka sasatra aho anio. T e-hilaza zavatra kely aminao aho, ka mba mihainoa ahy tsara. Eny, mety mihaino anao hiauy aho, ka mba lazao izay tianao holazaina. M ahazo mijery kely ny bokinao va aho, tompokolahy? Eny, anaka, mijere izay tianao hojerena. Tsy mbola voaresa-

38 tsika ny teny voalazanao tamikot omaly. S ny , fa rahampitso hiany (no) hiresahantsika azy, raha mba tianao izany. M b a o meo vola kely aho, tompoko, fa mahantra aho. T s y mety miantra anao intsony aho, fa malaina tsy mety miasa akory hianao. A z a mitomany anaka, fa homeko peso mamy hianao. Eny, tompoko, fa ny raiko maty (no) itomaniako izao. EXERCISE L TRA1VSLATE I X T O A E ALA GAS Y . I wish to converse with you, sir. T hat is good, and so tell me what you. wish. W h at (no) is the price of your house? My horse is very cheap, do you wish tobuy it? Y es, sir, I should (nsba) like to buy it, if i t i s not too dear. Why (1nona no) does the child weep (rel.)? I d o n ot know what the child is crying (weep) for., May I sing? Y es, sing. Can you take care of my oxen? The men woke up soon. Th e boy is beating his little dog. D o not beat your little dog, child. D o you wish to look at my house. Y e s , please let (aoelao) m e look at your house, sir. C o me in and look. W ' e cannot go together to-day, for I a m not a t l i berty (afaka). D oes your brother wish to converse with you. We may play to-day, and we will pray to-morrow.

3 l. V ERBAL N O U N S

I N M P - A ND

F-.

There are three common kinds of nouns formed from the

active indicative and relative indicative which should now be noticed, as they will extend the student's list of words considerably: By inserting '~P" between the ' nz" and "i". of the prefix rni we get the habitual noun of the agent. Mihlra, I sing. MP ihira, a s i n g er. By substituting " f" for ' nz" we get the habitual noun of the mode; i.e. mitdny, I speak. fiSdny, speech. B y placing "f " b efore the relative indicative we get th e
h abitual r el at ive no un ; i.e.

already learned, and the relatives reject the na l i ke t he r e l a t i v e

ieor?ana, . pl a ce etc. of assembling. fizoriana, usual place of assembling. The nouns ( l ), ',z) take the suffix pronouns according to r u les

verb.
Toetra stste, condition,

Hevitrs Tsens Vsrotra

thought, selling,

'

a market, etc.

mitoetrs to remsin, to reside,to mitoera (imp. ) dwell etc., to appear ss, mihevitra to think, mihevtrs mitstns to goout to meet, mitseniL

mivgrotra to selL

mivsrdts

EXERCISE L I. TRAXSLA T E I K T O

E P G L I SH.

M aro ny mpihira, tsara ny fihirkna nataony, ka nidera azy ny olona. N y fithninao dia tsara, ary ny filad'knao ny tenin' ny rainao dia tiany avokoa. Miaraka amy ny fivavkhana izaho sy izy. M aro ny olona tao am-pivorfana (any f-) omaly. La saany an-ala ny mpikkpa hazo. Ny f iv hlinao ny hazo dia mafy tokoa. Aza mianatra ny fithny ratsy hianao; ary aza avela hitoetra ao am-ponao ny fihevhrana maloto. V i tsy ny mpivfdy, ka dia mora avokoa ny zavatra namidy tany an tsena. V ory betsaka tany an-tsena ny mpivfdy sy ny mpivkrotra tamy ny Zoma. Tsara va ny rakotra novidinao tany antsena? E ny, tsara tokoa izy, ka azo atao firkkotra tsara. M a f y l oatra ny fikkpokao ny omhy, ka mba mihevera, andrao matinao izy. M i t oetra ao any trano ny havanao. M alaina ny mpiksa, ary ratsy ny fiksany. iVote. The accents of words occurring for the fi r stt i me are marked.

33.

A N D R E CI P R O CA L CA U S A T I V E VERBS. Every verb in"mi" has a causative form, made by inserting

C AUSATIV E

" amP" between the " m " a n d " z ; " i t f or m s i t s I m p e r a t iv e a n d R elative exactly after the pattern of the simple verb in " m i ; " i . e .

Mithny aho, I speak ; m - a mP-ithny mamgithny azy aho, I cause him tospeak. It must of course be always followed by the accusative case. A r eciprocal c ausative i s f o r med b y i n s erting " ifamp-" between the "m" and "i ; " i .e . M ihira aho, I s i n g ; m - famP-ihira i mifamgihira isika, we cause one another to sing. It must have a plural pronoun or noun for its subject, and of course has no objective case. For practise make (r) the habitual noun of the agent of fi r st 4 words in the list under section z7 ; (z) an habitual noun of
the mode of the verbs in "mz" frorn g'd'r y , t' e ny, resaka, tarika,

dnrlry, zrely; a n d (3) the habitual relative noun from todtra, hdvz't ra, vdrotra, dntra, vdvaka, l alao.

EXERCISE L II. TRA1VSLATE I XT O E K G L I S H . Mifampirhsaka ny olona. M a mpivfdy soavaly anao aho. Mifampijhry isika. M a mpiasa ny olona va hianao? M i f ampilalko isika. Mifampikntso ny ankizy. M a mpikkpa hazo isika. M i f ampihlra ny zaza.' Mifampiknatra izahay. M a mpivkvaka ny olona ny mpitori-teny. M i f ampitkrika vato ny sakaizantsika sy ny havantsika. T s ara ny nampivelhzantsika ny vato omaly.

Milalao ka mifampiskmbotra ny ankizy. T s ara ny fiEampiankrana. Mety dia mety ny mifampid6ra. M i f a mpitkingina soavaly ny zazalahy; a r y mifampilalao ny zazavavy. Tsy mety ny mifampij6ry foana, Ny fihain6ako nyteninao dia mampifklyahy. A za mifampikdy akoholahy, rankizy, fa tsy tsara izany. H i f ampiandry isika. Mi f a mpithny ny olona. M a m p ikdy ondrilahy ny zaza. Mifampij6ry foana ny olona. Mifampiankra, ry havako.

34. PASSIVE VERBS F R O M

ACTIVE.

T H E C A U S A T IVE

A passive verb is formed from the form in "m amPi-." T he initial "m" is rejected and the passive termination of the root is added, while the accent follows the rule of the passive, i.e. Teny, gives tondnzna as its passive, hence from mamgikey w e getamPikrdnina, to be caused to speak.

E XERCISE L I I I . SFrite ogt thePassioe causatioes of thefolloauing, correc'ts'ngand cerifying from the hey. Mihira milkza mif6ha mijhry. Miksa mikdy mikraka mitkrika. Mikntso mikndry mikkpoka mirkkotra Mivkdika miknatra mitdhy mikodfa MiSfa mirdhy mifkntina mitkndrina

EXERCISE L IV. TRAKSLA T E I N T O E N G L I S H . Hampiandrksiko ahy ny ankizy. N ampifohkziko ny olona tamy ny fito. Hampivadihiko ny latabatra. Nampiasaiko tao an-tanim-bariko ny ombinao. Hampihos6ko ny soavaly ny tanim-bariko amy ny Alarobia. N ampiankriko hivavaka nyzanako tamy ny Alahady. Tsy hampidlriko ho ao an tranontsika va ny olona? Eny, ampidlro izy. N a m pitohfziko ny tady, ka voarohy ny saka. Nampisamb6riny vola aho, ka mbola tsy nomeko ny azy. Nampit andrhmako ny zanako ny trano. N a mpiarkhiko olona ny ombiko H a m p ivadihina ny latabatra rahampitso. A mpifafao ny ankizy ny trano. N a mpihiraiko ny zanako ny hira nampianarinao ahy. A m piadln' ny olona ratsy fanahy ny akoholahy. N ampirak6fana lamba ny zaza.

41

gg. ACTIVE

V E R B S FR O M TH E P R EF I X

3f A N -

While most verbs in th e active voice beginning with "ffst-" ~e i n t r ansitive, those with the prefix "man-," or by euphonic changes "mun-," are transitive. T h e "m a n -" is more di8icult than the "mi-" jrom the fact that in many cases it either changes or rejects the initial consonant of the root. Before roots commencing with a vowel, or the consonants ct,g,g, the "mun-" is ' simply a dded, and the i mperatives and
relatives are formed a s in v e rbs in "f f s i-."
Indicative.

12e/. Indic. ~ Eet.Iraper.

afaka ' Efs

Eeo

~ free , 'done
' scorn

Ontkny Ovs (voa) , changed Omt ' given

to invite to a meal, to sharpen mautfaks to set free to complete mantfs manteo" to ecorn manontkuy to question to change msn6va manomt to give

enoughq an msnhnpy to sdd

anafshans snefsns anesoans manonteuis anontsuisus manovh snovsns msuomtsa anomesans mansmp)s ansmpisns

msnsfkbs menefg

anafiibo anefso anee6y

snontsnio anovay

anomseo anampio
anirio snekeo snee6ry snankro

addition Iry manirye to deeire msruria to consent msuekt Eky coneent mantky" Eeotra(voa) tsken swsy manteotrs totakeaway, maneebrs to remove to give sd~ tr s couneel

aBlHSQa

snekens aneeorans

anttns Dimby

msnantbns to bope
ucceeelonp mandimby to succeed

msnanteng snsntensua ansnteneo mandimbiit. andimbiasanaandimbikeo sndonana anddny

change Dona (voa) etruok, mand6ns to etrilre, to manddna irnoclr knooked DMy a command mandidy tocommsnd,

andidisns

andidio

Gshy (voa)

msngehy
beef, manjii3rs or money, preeented st the new year chains

out to tie, hold maugehtss angehesana angehbso fset, bind to preeent manjakk snjskso anjskana

the jaka

Entana (s.), goods.

) Vahoaka (s.),' people. (

L e f o na (s.), a spear.

' This npun is frequently used fully with the suSr pronouns: i.e. vahbakako, etc., not vahdako, as per rule.

EXERCISE LV. TRAXS L A T E I Z T O E Z V GLISH. Manasa ny antsiny ny raiko. M a neso ny olona ny ankizy ratsy. M a nefa. ny hsany ny rahalahiko. Manafaka ny ondriny ny mpiandry. Maneke ny anatra tsara nomeny anao. M a nahtena aho, fa ho tonga faingana ny olona andrasanao. Manesotra ny entana ny olona. Mandidy ny vahoaka ny mpitsara. Manjakanyhavany ny raike. M a ngadra ny olona meloka ny mpitsara. Mandona ny varavarana nyanabaviko. Mangeheza ny entaaao. Mananara ny zanakao mba tsy hiteny amy ny sakaiza ratsy izy. Aza manasa ny antsinao anio, fa rahampitso (no) hanasa azy isika. Tsy mety ny manome vola ho any ny olona malaina.

EXERCISE I .VI. TRAKSLA TE INTO A f ALA GAS Y . He will invite our friends to-morrow. Y our advice to (advising) the people in the house of God yesterday was good. We will take away the plates and the rice. The servant willgi ve you ten peaches. They despised their brother aad would not agree to their father's advice. My friend is knocking (at) the door. The spear weat through the ox. I desire t o work. My friend set me free. H e added ten oxen last evening. Cut the meat. H ope for the good. Acknowledge your guilt and the judge will set you free. The water covered (rtartafoh a) the house. Complete your work quickly. The servant is comiag to take away the rice and the fowls.

36. ACTIVE V E R B S I N 3E A l V - R E J E C T I N G TH E F IRST C O N S O N A N T O F TH E R O O T . T he consonants k, s, 8, 4 ',and occasionally k) of the root ar e rejected in forming verbs in man-.
Itcot.

Act. Irsper IteL Indic.

Itetettee Imper.

I Hsjs respect i Hetsika (vos) sbaken, moved, etc. Hety scissors

to respect msnajk snsjans ansjso to sbske, to manetetha anetsehsna snetsgho

slilr np

to shesr, to msnetbsa out hair Kaikttrs (voa) bitten msnekers to bite Ksriuna vrsges t o hire f o r mansramk wages Ktpoktpoks the soundof manspokt- to orackle in msnepokeanything poka the teeth pobs betvreen the teeth rice plants to transplsnt rioe

snetessns anekersns snektro 4narsmana

mso snepokepo- snepokehsns pbhy

Zct. Indic.
a wach manflcs a fine msnhsy wandering, manissia turning about opened msn6kstrs s cubetitute msndlo writing msnorstrs snexchange manakklo to waah to fine to wsnder

Jfci. Indic. msneak manaeasia msnisciiLvs

anacio sniaiikvo

msnokiifa to open tc cubctitntemsnolda 8orstra to write mauoritta TshQO to barter, to msnakal6. exchange Tanty endured, a t o collect i n a msnantiiss little bsc- I backet, the ket hsnd, etc. Tapsks bmken oif to brest oif> manspiLha to goveru msnsfis Tsfy (voa) clothed to clothe malleable Tefy to work in maneft work metsle, or pottery msnendr6 Tendry (voa) appointed mautndry te appoint Tery (voa) pressed lnanery to precc L coln manere 8okatrs (voa) 8olo

snoksfans suokiLfy snolosns anolty snorstsua snoritty snakaloss- ansks)6ns

ansntsaa- anantiico ns

anefisns anefens

snsfio anefeo

snendrena anendrto sncreus anerto

snenttno na snsfihsns anafiho snohieans anohlco anolorans snol6ry

pel
a spot,
Tsfiks

man6hy

to becmear

msnenQBS

msnilfika to make wsr msnshha

s joint cented a master

Tohy

Tolotrs (vos) Tompo Topy

give+ pre msn61otrs 'to give, to meno16rs

deliver to msn6mpo to cerve

to 'JolR) t o manohiss extend

lnanolnp6s anompoanaanompoy l ifted u p msndpy Ito sprinkle, manopiias suopsslm snopiLsy the eyes, to liftup she eyec cprinkled Tohitrs (voa) opposed msndhitra to oppose, to manoh6ra anoherana
rechlt

Txd dmna( oa)~ pie~ gcsded

Tclnglns TesngsBs

manindro- ,to pierce, to

J gosd
msningina to colder msugnga- to plsce upright

snindmna- snlnd15ns ny
Smnglluuls snlRglno

colder

upright

snsngsus IMlsngsno ns

Vy fotsy (s.), tin. A dd l a (s.), fool. A ka n j o (s.), a coat. Tifitra (voa), shot; Indic. mitifitra, to shoot; Imp. mitif(ra.

EXERCISE LVII. TRANSLAT E I K T O

Z K G L I SIK

Hanetsa isika anio. H a narama olona valo hilanja azy ny I'ainao rahampitso. Tsy mety manaikitfa anao ny saka, ka aza taitra foana. H a nasa larnba ny ankizy anio hariva. Ny andro maina (no) tsara anasana lamba. Maniry tsara ny hazo novidiko taminao tamy ny Alakamisy. M anolo ny anao aho. M a n ingina ny vata vy fotsy ny lehilahy. M a nao trano ny

anabaviko. M a nindrona ny ombiny ny ankizy. N a n orkta ny anarako, tompoko. Omaly (no) nanoratako ny anaranao ka hosoratana indray va anio? Manokafanyvata hanesorako ny akanjoko. Manangkna ny omby hotofirin' ny mpitifitra. M a napaka ny zanany ny rainy' .Aza manao ahy ho adala. Ny teninaofoana (no) nanaovako anao ho adala.

EXERCISE L VIII. TRAXSLATE E 1VTO 3EALAG A S Y .

My father will fine the lazy. Hi s brother lifted up his eyes. H e delivered ten oxen to me. I wi l l w r i te your word in my heart. H e c o mpelled the people to work. D o notpointout'the road. Pu t up the wood. M y f r i end. clothed the poor man. H e is besmearing my face. We' will join the cord, and catch therat. Exchange your money. Deliver (to) me your hat and your coat. D o not wash your clothes here, for the water is dirty.' Saturday is the (no) day (on which) the people wash their clothes. Sunday is the (no) day (on which) we assemble in the house (of) prayer. Friday is the (no) day (on which) we buy and sell in the market.

37. ACTIVE V E R B S I N iV A 1V - S T R E N G T H E N I N G T HE F I R S T C O N S O N A N T O F TH E R O O T . The consonants h, l, 'r,and z are substituted or strengthened after "man-," k becoming g, I becoming d, f being strengthened by d, and z (strengthened by d'l becoming j.
2het.

,Act. Impcr
theft

I n d ~.! ~ ' Imper.

Hslatra Hsro ! Hataka

' La (voa)

a mixture a request refused

msngklstrs manipiro msngktaka msndk

t o etesl msnga l k r s to mix mangsrds to beg, to sa k msngaQha to refuse, to~ maudkvs

sngalsrana ! angalilro angsrosna s n i(sroy angatahsus,angati! ho andikvana ! andgvo

andaminans sndamino '

deny ! Lamins(vos) ordered, ar- msndhnins to put inor.' mandamins ranged der, arrange s weight Lsnjs msndimjs to weigh msn d a n jiL Lany ueed up msndkny to uee up ~ msndania Lao forsaken mandko to forsake I mandsoss s reproach mancbktsa te repweuk ~ maudateil Latea
Lstesks Leha fallen

andsnjans audsnjao andanisna a n d snio sudaorsns s n daozy sndataana sndateao l mandiitsska to asst down, mandatskha andateahana andatekho!

s step (I)

mandgha" to go

~ mandehgns'

sudehanana sndehiLno ~

' 3Eandehana is used frequently for Go amay; there is another irregular imperative, andPha, meaning, Go a&ng,you taygo.

45
Aet, Indic.
Be/. Indie. Bcfetirc

to wet msnddms sndemana andtmo to soak mand6ma sndomans snddmy to See, to run mandoe(ra sndosirans andoslro trse away Rspsts (voa) snatched msndrtpa- to snstch by mandrspt- sndrapaha- andrapsta the mouth ha ns ho Ratra (vos) s h u rt , s mandrhtrs to hurt mandratrh sndratrana andratrao wound Rsrats (voa) spilled mandrsrsts to spill mandranlha andrsrshans andraraho andravans andrsvso Ravs spoiled, de- msndriLvs t o u l l d o wn 7 mandraviL etroyed ~ to destroy msndrentea andreneeana andrenteo hesrd msndre ito hesr a fathom mandrsfy t o measure by mandrefdes andrefeesna andrefheo fsthome mandreee andresens andreeto overcome, msndrdey t o conquer conquered driven out, msndrbsta,to drive out mandroths androahsna sndroghy forth, eto. gone, de- m sndrdso .to go on, t o mandroeba androeoana androeby psrtnre proceed snjairo eewmg, nee.manjaitrs t o aew dle-wort anjstans manjtta to reign msnjaH, anjatso s chitl, mo- manjimats~to put out manjantha anjanahans anjsnilho ney at in~ mt reet tereet ',to get rich Zato s hundred manjilto manjatos (2)snjatoans (1)' ,.snjstdy (2) Zera (vos) thrown manjdra tothrowdown manjeril a njerana anj e r a o down s epsn msnjdhy t o epau msnjehb anjebena s n j e hfo

Lens

wet

manddns

Lona (vos) eosted Loeitrs deeeriaon

msndsns msndosi-

EXERCISE L IX. TRA XSLA TE IVTO E X G L I S H .

Manjanaha vola aminy. Mandena ny tany ny ranonorana. Aza mangalatra. Mangataha dia homena. Mandondona dia hovohana. Mandrosoa, ry havako. Mandehana'raha mbola {while) mazava ny andro. T sy mandre aho. M andrava ny nataon' ny zaza ny vehivavy. H a ndresy azy hiany isika rahamiadyamintsikaizy. N a njera ny manda nataon' ny olona omaly ny ranonorana. M andrefesa lamba hovidiko, tompoko, fa tsy mety ny nanjairako nylambanao. Nandrapaka ny amboa ny mamba, ka laniny. Nandao 'ny Rainyanyan-danitrany Tompo, ka tonga taty an-tany Izy. N a ndatsa ahy ny zanakao, ka nandrara azy tsy hanao izany intsony aho.

EXERCISE L X. TRAXS L A T E

IXTO K A L A GASY.

I cannot span the heavens. I will go forward. W e soaked the rice, and ' it is growing. H e will forsake his bad friends. The girl spilled the water.

46 She cannotsew well. Measure the heavens ifyou can. It was yesterday we begged that. H e is mixing the rice and honey. H e d r ove me away, yet I w as not reproaching him. W e t hrew the knife down and ran away. T h e c at snatched the meat. T h e dog ran away and I c ould uot catch it . C a n you throw that stone down. No , I cannot throw it down, for I am too l i t tle. We will go to-morrow, and the people will follow us. Overcome the bad. Refuse the advice of bad f r i ends. Do uot spend your money foolis hly.

g 8. ACTIVE V E R B S W H E R E 3EA N - B EC O M E S 3fA3E-; B, F, P, A ND V O F TH E R O O T B EING R E J E C T E D . The consonants b, f, p, and v a re rejected, but the "ffsrsn-" becomes "mam-" in consequence; b is sometimes retained, and v is sometimes changed to b.
ftcl. Inrfic. ~. ' Ictpcr. Babo s csptive msm(ibo to cspture mamabds amsboans amsbdy Beta (vos) lifted up msmbeta to lift up msmbet& smbetans ambetao Bsngs gsps msmbilugs to mshe gspe mambangii smbangsna ambaugao Boralrs loose, msmbsrahs to loosen, uu- mamborb smboraha- amborghy. unbound tie ha Psns mamirna to hest (water) msmaub amsnaua smsnao Psntatrs Mown mamkntstra to try, to hnow mamautbrs amentarena smanth Paoha (vos) wiperl mambohs to wipe msmaohs smaohans smsohy s boundary msm6trs to &x a limit mam6ra slngro Fetrs smerans Fihitrs s greepq msmititrs to grssp, to mlmhfra amihrsna amihfm clutch clutch mamoh&sa amohassna smohbsy Fohs (vos) swahened msm6ha to awahen Folshs bmken in mamslaha to brea)r in, to msmolgha smolahans smohihy eubdue Pototm root msmbtotrs togotothemot msmotsrs smotorsna amotory Peta)rs stuck to mam6taha to etich upon, msmetilha ametshsna ametirho
to put glass in put, plsced mamttraha to put, place msmetrilha smetrahsna smetrilho Vahs (vos) loosened msm&ha to loosen, to msmahil s mahsna smshso untie Vahy (vos) broheu msmilhy to brea)r msms)rts ~ smaldsns to lesve, for- mamel& a m elans Vels (voa) left msm6ls Petrshs

give (eine) Velatra(vos) openednut msmgletts to open out, to msmel&rs, smelarsns ameliim spread out msmsrsha t o open, t o msmeriihs~ smerahsna amediho Vera)ra (vos) bro)reu bres)r s seal done to &nieh mamitb smitao Vits msmtta amitsns s eeam mamitrans to seam mamitr&na sudtrsnaus smitrbuo Vitraua Voatrs (vos) prepsred msmb6strs to arrange, to smboerans ambobry prepsre

Act. Indic.

2ct. lel pcr.

Rctcticc Ielpcr.

V oly (vos) Voks(ky

mamb61ye to pisnt msmoksiky to eit di e c oneolstely msmon]y Vonjy (vos) ssved to eave to sssemble Vory (voa) sesembled msm6ry V sngy (vos) visited msmkngy to visit toamirspi- to shine Firstrs rstrse

mambole smboiena amboieo mamokeke smokaikens amoksikeo

mamonje mamoria msmangia mamirapirkts

smonjens smoriana
snl snglsna

amonjeo
Snlorlo

smirapirstana

amangio smirapitkto

Indro (Int.), Indreo (pl.), behold, or 0! Fhfi16ha, embankment. Fefy (s.), hedge.

EXERCISE LXI. TRAKSLA TE IKTO E 1 VGLISB;

Indreo avy mamangy antsika ny mpianatra. M a meld ny helokay, Andriamanitra 8! N a m oujy antsika rehetra ny Tompo. N a mabo ny olona ny mpiady mahay. Nametraka nyzanany tao an-trano ny vehivavy. Hovonj eny izay rehetra manatona azy. A n d riamanitra 8! m a monje anay. T s y namoha ahy nyraiko omaly maraina, ka (and) izany (no) tsy namonjeko ny omby. T sy mahay mambeta izany aho. N a m aha ny ondry nafatotrao ny sakaizanao. Mamboly yary ny olona. N a maoka ny latabatra ny ankizy. Mamoria ny zaza, fa tonga ny rainy. N a m i trana ny lambako ny zaza nahay nanjaitra. N amaky ny lovia sy ny fitaratra ny zaza maditra. Mamirapiratra tsara ny fitaratra. M a mana rano ny reniko.

EXERCISE .LXII. TRAXSLA TE IKTO S fALA G AS Y . Prove the good. Did you break your horse in? The man holds fast to his money. Your father will forgive you, if you beseech (rto) him. The servants o pened the burdens. D o n o t s i t d i s consolately, but get u p an d g o forward. 'The man put in the glass, and the child broke it. I t w a s yesterday we spreadout the s ai ls. We will prepare our house, fo rt he chil dren are coming to visit us. T h e man did not capture the slave. I c a n not open the door. The men made gaps in the hedge. The water broke the embankment, and(ku) thepeople ran away. Open the door that our friends may enter (may enter,, Rel.).

3 9. THE PR E F I X 3 E A N - B E F O R E W O R D S NING W I T H N A ND N .

BEGIN-

Before theconsonants m or n the "mun-" becomes "ma-."

48
Act. Indic.

Acr. Inlpcr. IfcL Indic. smoeavisns slnoesvio snenenaua snenbno

snglNlonsna sngad6ny snatoina snatdy sneuosns snendy snglnsna
.

Moeilvy witchery mamoeavia msmoehvy to bewitch Nenins regref remoreemsntninae to regret, repent msnenspa mensrll Nars cold msnhra to be cold Nghdona msngildona topound, tobest mangsdona Nato bsrh of tree msnhto to dye IGsnatds Neno s sound msutnov to c row, to manenha eound, to ring, Ngins mangins to be silent

A16ha (prep.), before, beforehand. Tdbatdba (s.), noise, clamour; bustle. Aorfana (prep.), behind, afterwards. Tabatabaina, to be noisy. Mitdbatdba, to make a clamour, noise. Ld.kil6sy (s.), a bell. Mikoratkba, to be noisy.

EXERCISE L XIII. TRAXSLA TE IXTO E X G L I S H . Mangina, ry zaza, fa aza mitabataba foana. N y n enina tsy aloha fa aoriana. Manara ny zaza. Manato ny lambany ny vahoaka. Mangina tsara fa tsy mitabataba intson)I ny mpianatra. N i k orataba fatratra ny olona omaly, favery ny ombiny. Maneno ao an-ala ny vorona. Naneno ny akoholkhy. Tsy mahay maneno ny akohovkvy. Manenina aho, ka tsy hataoko intsony izany. M aneno ny lakilosy, ka dia hianatra izao isika fa tonga ny mpampianatra. Rakofy larnba aho, ry neny (my mother ), fa manara aho. Tsy mahay mandratra antsika ny mpamosavy. A'za taitra foana, fa tsy mahay mamosavy tsy akory ireny (they).

4o. THK V K R B A L

P RE F I X E S M I A N - A . ND MITA

The principle meaning of" m i an-" i s m o tion towards, as exe mplified in'the first seven words of the following table ; b u t it has other meanings (see miambdzo, miampdfo, e tc.). A n d mit'an- means to go into the state implied by the root. They are
o f course intransitiv e .
Indic.' Ach
Iadic. IInprr.

Wfatice.

Ifc f . Inlpcr,

Avtrstrs m isnavhratrs to g oto t henor t h ' Atetmo misnstsimo south Ateing- mianteintns-; east

miansvarilta ianavaratsna i snavarhto

uusnstelnonls lsnstshlolnsns ~ lsnstaln6lny

! na'

Andrefa mianhsndr6fana

weet

mianteinan4,- ianteinananana ian~ o na misnhsndre- isnhsndrefsnaiauhandrefhfiiu na no

' This "k is probably euphonic.

Indic. Imper. Lla Trano

misnslii misnida miautrkno, misntranga, misndrsnds misndrgno Tsens to market misutseni miantsens Voaona mismb6sons to wesr on the neck mismbos6ns miampof6a Fofo mismpgfo to nuree in the lsp mismbesda Veao mismbgso to beg crsvenly mitsndshgrs Lahatrs itsndghstrs to stsnd in s row Fody mitampody to go to s place and mitampodts return in one dsy Fieska mitsmpisska to press sgainst the mitamplaghs side of snything Vonkons mitsmbnnko- to be bent (se limbs) mitsmbo4ns
to go to the f orest to go into the house

not uecd isntrsnoana, isndrsnosns isntsensns imbosonana iampofosns iambeaoana itsndsharmm itampodiana

not uecd isntrsndy, isndranby not used iamboagny ismpofgy iainbes6y itsndahiLro itampodlo

itsmpisshans itampieilho

itsmbokenana itsmbonkgno Votsotra mitsmbgtso- to be inclined to fsll mitsmboteora itamboteorsus itsmbots6ry

trs

Ondrika Holiks Peeona Ils Hiriks

mitandndriks to bend the body mitsnondrgha itsnondrehsns mitangolehs itsugolehans mitsnggliks to turn spirally mitsmpeaonsto beg continuslly mitsmpea6na itampesonsns mitsnils to goto one sideof the mitsnilg itsnilsns rosd miisngiriks to bore s hole through mitangirlha itangirihsns

itanondrgho itaugolgho itsmpesony itanilso itangixfho

H6dindto (s.), the bark of the rtaIo which makes a red dye. Vakana (s.), beads. K id 6 ro, bed.

EXERCISE L XIV. TRANSLA TE INTO E N G I I S H .

Miankandrefdna hianareo,. fa aza mitampisaka amy n y v ato maloto. Hianavaratra va hianao i' Aza mandry, fa mitampodia. M i ambozona inona ireny ankizy ireny? Iambozony ny vakanareo, rankizy. M itandahara, fa aza mitanilanila foana. I n ona (no) itanondrehanao? Ny alaheloko (no) mampitanondrika ahy. M i t angoligolika ny fandehan' ny rano. A z a m i tampesona raha tsy omeny ny azy. Mi t a mbotsora, fa miankandrefana loatra hianao. Miampofo ny zanany ny vehivavy. Miantranoa, tompoko e. Maro d ia maro ny mpiantsena, ka dia mitanila ny goaika sy ny vorona. A z a tangirihana n'y fefiloha. M i anala ny olona, ka mora ( vidy) ny tantely. A za mitondra hodinato miantsinanana, andrao ataon' ny olona ho adala hianao. Oviana (no) niantranoana ny vadinao? M i tambonkena, fa fohy ny kidoro.

These verbs can be made causative and reciprocal in the

same manner as verbs in "ftzi." We can also make the two

nouns in "mP" and " f " f rom the active, and i n relative. See page 38, 39, sec. 3f, 3z.

"f "

from the

50

42. AUXIL I A R Y V E R B S B E F OR E V E R B S I N "i V A 2 V-;" ks shown on page37 the verbs makdzo, makay, mety, and ti a, are used with all the foregoing active forms, but "tta" is contracted
to 'cta" before verbs in " m a n ; " a s tu - k a nao azy ako, I wi sh to d o

it.

Ta - k andeka ako, I wish to go.

Learn also the following list of verbs in m, mz, ma, tn'am, not included in those that have gone before.
Impcr. mstuiao ahssdy can, to get mahssss ahasoans mahsy sble to mshsiss ahaizo ahsiaana msudro to bathe maudrbs androans sndroy uuno to believe miuds inosna inby mantna susnana anhno mansna to hsvc homthy or to laugh, t ol sugh at mibomeheasihomehesana ihomehdz I mihomehy matb atsna. stso mats to fetch mils' to wsnt, to deeire milb ilans ilao missa" to chant miet Inleyq "to be," t here i c ,e t c. misis, isisua, none mauicy to put in, ou, etc. manisis sclaua asio mody to go home, to pre- modls odiaus odfo tend momba to sccompsny mombb ombana ombao ulomns to dwell, to live in a mondna onenans ondno Act. Indic. Act. Impcr. Ite4 Indic.

Aso Hay Iuo

got

Andro(7)
knans(7) Hehy

Ats (I) Ha (I) Ics (I) Iay (!)

Fody (?)
Omba Onina
Homana Nofy

place homsns to eat msnonbfy to dream

homilns manofies

none
anofiesna

ncnc auofiso

Jiro (s.), lamp. Halina (s.), last night.

Satria (conj.), because. S o l ika (s.), oil.

EXERCISE L XV. TRA1ISLATE I XT O

EX G L I SH.

Modia, rankizy, fa efa hariva ny andro. T a -handeha hiany aho, fa tsy avelan' ny olona. M a h aiza mandeha, andrao mandratra anao ny vato. Mahazoa fianarana. Mandroa amy nyrano, dia hadio hianao. Mino aho, fa mety mamonjy ahy hianao. Minoa ny anatry ny rainao sy ny reninao, fa ta-hanisy soa anao izy. M aka ny ombiko aho, fa tonga aty an-tsahanao izy. Ny hodianay dia lavitra ka handroso amy ny alehanay izahay. A sio solika ny jiro. Ts y n o dy ny ondry omaly hariva, ka dia manenina aho izao, satria tsy notandremako tsara izy. Tsy 'mila izany aho. Haka ny akanjoko aho, andrao manara aho raha alina. N anonofy aho halina, ka nonofisiko fa tonga mpanjato aho. Tsy marina anefa ny nofiko. ' Inanimate things only are used for the object of this verb.

51

43. VER B A L N O U N S F R O M V ER B S I N " M A 1 V-." As shown u nder' verbs in " m i - " ( p . 38) so w it h t h ose in "man-," thereare three useful nouns formed by (r) the insertion of "P" between the"m" and the vowel,(z) the substitution of 'ij" for "m" in t he Active Indicative; and (3) by prefixing "f" to the relative indicative.
E XERCISE LX V I . Read $ 3i again, and muke the tkree kinds of ouns from tke following
verbs i-

(x) Manao, manefy, mandeha, mangalatra, inanasa, maneso, mananatra, manapaka, manampy. (z) Manolo, manaja, mandanja, mandroso, manao, manjaitra, mandatsa, mametraka, mametra. (3) Mamonjy, maniry, manery, manapaka, manaja, mandositra, mandre, mandresy, mamaoka, mamela, manjaka (zaka).

'Put the English translation to all these, and verify therq by the key. 44. CAUSATIV E A N D R E CI P R O C A L F O R M S O F VERBS I N " M A 1 V - ." Again the verb in "mun-" has a causative formed by the insertion of "amP" between the "m" and "u," as shown under the verbs in "mi-."
E XERCISE LX V I I . Reud $ 33 again, and make causatives from tke following:Manao, manefy, manolo, manasa, manefa, mandidy, manoVa, manety, mangataka, manjaitra, mandroaka, mandanja, mandeha, mamoha, mamaha, mamboly, mamboatra, manenfna. E XERCISE LX V I I I . Read $33 again, and make reciprocal causatives froet the followz'ng:Mamonjy, mamaky, mamabo, manery, manaja, manome, rnanasa, maneno, mangina, mamela, mamita, mamoha, mamboly, mandrefy, mangataka.

45. PASSIVES FO R M S O F V E R B S I N "iM A M P A " The verbs in "m u mPun-," an d "m a mpi fan-," ha ve a lso a
passive form. T h e i n i t i a l " m " i s r e j e cted, and the characteristic t ermination is added, wh ile the accent moves on a s i n t h e c a s e

of ordinary passives. Thus from the word Munuo, m umP funao, z c o m es umPanaovina. Mandrd fy, mumPzfundrhfy, amPzfundref6sina. Mumonjy, mumpj iumonj y, umpzfumonjhna. Muzzdsu, mu mgzfunhsa, umPifuzzasaina.

EXERCISE LXIX. & A E E TH E S E P A S S I V E F O R A fS FR0 3 E T HE V E R B S . Maka, mamonjy, manaikitra, mandositra, misambotra, manentina, mamela, mametra, mangadona, maka, mamaoka, mangaro, mandatsa, manafaka, mamitrana, mandeha, mametraka, mametaka, mamokaiky, mangeja.

46. THE I R R E G U L A R V E R B , "HOE." T here is an irregular verb that i s very useful, and i s m u ch u sed in combinations, it is the word " hod." I t i s j o i ned t o
"manao," " mz'kira "miteny," " m i l a za," and m ay b e t r a n s l a t e d "saying," bu t w i t h "m a n a o" i t m e a ns says. I t i s u s e d w i t h a l l

t he forms of these wotds, passive, active, and relative.

Thus

Mihira ho6 izy, He sings (saying). Manao ho6 izy, He says. Atao ho0, Called,and isf ol l owed by the very words spoken, sung, etc. It ha s a n a c t i v e i n t r a n s i t iv e f o r m a s " k o y iz y ," h e , s h e , i t

says, they say; and again the "hoy izy" is followed by the word "hoe." Floy izy koe, He says ',saying). It has a third use as an elegancy of speech, and may be translated by the phrases do you say? would you say ? shall it be said! i.e.
Handeha hoe? Shall we go, do you say? Maty hoe? Dead , do you say?

EXERCISE L XX. TRANS ZA TE 11VTO EXG Z I S H. Misy lehilahy atao hoe Jaona. N i teny tamiko izy, ka nanao hoe: "A via isika hihira anio." A r y nihira izy, ka nanao hoe: "Misy famelana (heloka) ho anao." Hoy izy hoe: "Midira ao an-tranoko." Izany (no ) nanaovako Han e tsa rahampitso hoe? Eny, hanetsa tokoa hoe: "Tsy afaka aho." i sika. M a rary hoe? Ary dia niteny izy hoe: " T ongava rahampitso." A r y dia niantsony olona ka nanao hoe: "Vonoy izy." Ary ny rainy nanontany a zy hoe: "Aiza (no) hamoriantsika ny olona?" Ary dia novaliany hoe; "A o an-tranoko hiany (no) atao fivoriana. A o a n-tranonao hoe? Eny, ao antranoko avaratra hiany.

47

T HE

A UX I L IA RIES
A OK A AND

cc FFA

"

"M A D I V A ,"

c cTOKON Y

Tbere are, f our words often used before verbs passive, active, T h e y are e fa, madlva, aoka,and tokony. These are always followed by thefuture form of the verb.
and relative .

fakoare nearlyalike in m eaning,almost.T hus ( t) SXudfeahoande

Efa ho vita, almost done. Ef'a hanao, on the point of doing. Madiva ho vita, almost done. Madiva hitranga ny masoandro, The sun is almost on the point of rising. Madiva hisehoany isika, It is almost appearing to us.

(z) Aoka ko means let, as

Aoka hojereko, Let me see. Aoka handeha isika, Let us go. I t i s also used for sayjng.: That is enough, That witl do, Aoka izay; and Aoka aloha, Wait a little.

(3) Tokoey ho is used when something ought or must be done, as

Tokony ho tonga izy, They ought to be come. We ought to do that. Tokony hanao izany isika, Tokony handehanantsika uy lklana, We ought to go along the road.

It also has the meaning of about when used before .numerals, or adverbs of place, etc., as
Tokony ho fito ny akoho, The fowls were about seven. Tokony ho eto izy, I t is a b out here.

EXERCISE LXXI. TRAXSLA TE 11VTO E1VGLISH. Efa handeha izao isika, ka dia tokony hiaraka isika, andrao misy very ny ombintsika. Aoka aloha, fa mbola tsy tonga ny mpitarika. A oka hiaraka isika. Andraso kely, fa efa ho tonga hiany ny olona andrasantsika. Eny, tokoa, madiva ho tonga izy. Tsy tokony hidera an' Andriamanitra va ny olona rehetra? Eny, ka aoka hataontsika rehetra izany, fa manisy soa antsika izy. Tokony ho zato ny olona mivory ao amy ny lavanty (an aucdion). ataon' ny rainao. Madiva ho masaka ny vary, ka asaovy mipetraka ny olona. Efa tafapetraka izy. Tokony ho hainao izany va? Eny, tokony ho haiko hiany.

R E L A T I V E A ND I N TE R R O G A T I V E PRONOUNS. The personal pronouns, separable and inseparable, have been

studied already. T h e r e r e m ain th e r e l ative, the interrogative, and the demonstrative.

4 8. THE

( t) Of relative pronouns there is only one, lzay. I t h a s no declensions, and may be used for any case, and for plural as well as singular; i.e.
Aoka izay handeha hitsangana. Let him who will go stand up, Let those who will go stand up.

(2) The interrogatives are

Iza, Zovy, who, which? I nona, wh a t ?
'I

~ An' iza, an-jovy, whose? An' inona, (used of places), where, what?

54

An indefinite pronoun corresponding.to the E n glish "whoever," "whosoever," is obtained by doubling "iza" and using "na" before each; and "whatsoever" is got by treating "inona" in the same way; i.e.
Na iza na iza, whosoever. Na inona na inona, whatsoever,

These are usually followed by the particle "no" for emphasis.

Iza no handeha, who will go? EXERCISE L X X I I . TRA1VSLA TE I l t 'ITO E 1VGLISII.
Iza no tsara ny manaiky handeha fa tsy lasa, sa ny mandk ka mandeha hiany? A n fnona no anaran' ny tanana (town ) izay halehantsika? N a i z a na iza no mety handeha dia hotendreko. I zay mazoto mianatra dia hahay. Zovy no izy? N a zovy na zovy no miteny dia hataoko meloka. N a i n o na na inona no hataonao, ataovy tsara sy marina. A n ' iza ny a ntsy lehibe ao an-tknanao? Tsy an' it'a tsy an' iza izy fa ahy hiany. M a r ina izay nolazainao tamiko, ka tsy mandainga hianao. I n ona no mety hataontsika hahazoantsika famonjena? I zay rehetra manaiky izany atsangano ny tknany. Tsy azoko ekena ho marina izay nolazainao tamiko. M o a t s y m e natra hianao amy ny lainga izay nataonao tamy ny rainao?

49. THE D E M O N S T R A T I V E P R O N O U N S.
The following are the demonstrative prdnouns, which have s eparate words for singular and pl ur al, and have this peculiar i t y , t hat they must be repeated after th e w o r d o r p h r a s e t o w h i c h

they are joined, as well as being placed before; i.e.

Izany Olonaizany, That person. Ity zaza ity, This child. Iny omby entina hovonoina iny, That ox (which is being) taken to be killed.
Singular, and seen. Ity, Ito, (provincial) Io, Itsy, ' I ny,(. . . . . . . ; . . . . ) Ir6a (yonder) Iry (yonder, a little further) This This That That That That That
Piural, and seen.

Common. Izaty. Izkto. Izao. Izktsy. Izany. Izaroa. Izary.

Irety Irdto Irho Irhtsy Ir6ny Irer6a Irery

I t w i l l b e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e i n s e r t io n o f " r e " m a k e s t h e m p lural and of " za" m a k es them common as to n u m b er , a n d a r e

used of things remembered or conceived.

55 EXERCISE L XXIII. TRAKSLATE I H T O E K G L I S H . Tsara izanyombinaoizany. Ho entiko miaraka amiko ity zanakao ity. Aza ~i teny amin' ireo olona ireu. Izao ataoko izao(no )'tokony hianaranao, anaka, 4ahaizanao tsara ny hanaovana azy. Tiako dia tiako ireto mpianatra mazoto ireto. Tsy hiditra amin' ireo trano maloto ireo aho. I zao fananarako anao izao (no) tokony hampitandrina anao tsara, andrao diso amin' izany zavatra izany indray hianao. Iny ldlana alehanao iny (no) izy, fa ireroa mahazo any fgoes toj an-tandna tsy misy olona fantatrao. T sara loatra izato alikanay Izato. I o alika miady amy ny ombintsika io (no) mahay milomano indrindra.

5 o. THE A D J E C T I V E S . The Malagasy language is not rich i n a d jectives, and .there are several ways of finding substitutes for them. Our English adjectives in "-able" and tf-ible," etc., have to be expressed by placing "azo" before passive verbs, as
Azo errhrru, Portable.

The use of 'tsy azo" takes the place of our "in....ible" or "im. ...able," etc., asTsp azo otao, Im p racticable.

The place of adjectivessuch as. "wooden *' is supplied by nouns, as

Trarro hazo, a wooden house.

Verbs also are used as adjectives just as we say i n A singing man, le h il aky mpihira,or mikira.
L EAR1V TH E F O L L O WD TG W O R D S .
prscticable "cstchable" slmost iron short long high low iasy

E n g l ish,

Aso hhdna edlble ! Aso stao Aso hntlna portsble Aso ssmbbrins Aso refhsins messurable Saiky (sdv.) Aso valdna readable, legible ~ vy (s) Aso lasaina mentionable Fohy (adj.) Aso jetdna vlsible Lavs (sdj.) Aso sdlks translstable Avo (adj.) Aso tefbns ! malleable Iva (adj.) Aso ssrsins divissble Ksmo (adj.)

Fetsy (adj.) Vony (sdj.) Lolo (s.) Sahirans (adj.) Antitra (adj.) Taudra (adj.) Vsovao (adj.) Mofo (s.)

cunning yellow s buttergy perplezed old young new bresd

Tdndrombdhitra (s.), mountain. Hono, it is said, so report goes. Mpanjkka (zaka), Queen, King, Sovereign.

EXERCISE LXXIV. TRA1VSLATE I2VTO E1VGLISH. Tsy azo vakina ny soratrao. H a nao trano vato izahay, ka io azo jerena io (no) izy. H o n ina ao amy ny tandna misy (with) mknda vato, hono, ny Mpanjaka. Trano vato ny t r ano fi vavahana iangonanay. Azo tefena va io

S6
v y lava io? Tsy azo refesina ny lanitra, ary tsy azo zaraina ny rivotra. T s y azo atao izany. Azo samborina va io lolo vony io? Eny, ka (arzd) sambory. Tsy azo hanina ny mofo.sy ny hena nentina'o. Azo adika hiany ny teny voasoratrao, fa tsy azo lazaina amy ny olona izy. S a hirana hianao mijery io tendrombohitra avo saiky tsy azo jerena io. A z o v a k ina va ny teny ao amin' io bokinao vaovao io? A z on' ny tanora vakina izy, fa tsy azon' ny antitra angaha. F etsy loatra io saka fotsy io. S ambo vy. T r a n o tany. Trano fitaratra.

5 f. DERIVATI VE A DJE C T I V E S I N 3E- O R 3EA - . Most adjectives beginning with "m" or "ma-" are derivatives, ' the accent always remaining on the root.
L EARlV' THE EO L L O S IX G .
Adj ective
in Is.
'

Im i er . ' pcraz
level, true dead shady suitsble, becomiug showery hautsimL hsving an offensive odour sacred hssins heloka guilty, crooked heustrs ashamed dio clean loto dirty llltay straight tsnjsks strong rivo shallow hery strong tetika frequent, often halaua fsr spart vesatra hesvy 'risiks sctive iuty black iziua dsrk 1tso green ody fearful, euspicious ols restless, fooiish orllls upright dlsbdlo poor, eorrowful

Ifcdu p ficaticc,
msrindirina

Msrina Msty hfaloks hleudrika Merits hfsutsins hfsaiua Meloka hfenatra Madio Msldto Mshitsy Mathnjaks Msrivo Mshery hfstetiks Mahhlans Mavesatrs Msrisika Mainty Maiaiua Maitso Maody hfaols hfaoriua Mdlshdlo

fsty aloks endrika eriks

matimhty, lukewsrm malomiQoks mendrimdndrika merdhs merimdrika msntalna msutsimiLntsina masimhsina, saltish maslus meldhs melomdlolrs meuamdustrs meudrs madiodlo msdi6va mslot6a mslotoloto mshitsihitsy mahitsia matsujhha mstsnjathnjska. maldhs . meudrdha.
marivds msherdas mstetdha marivorlvo maherihdry mstetitetiks

mareus mstdaa

mshslkna (f) mshslsukQaus

mavessbesatrs msrisidrbdks msiutimhinty msiaimdiaina msitsomditao maodimsody maolsmaols maoreus (f) maorimsorins mslaheldva malahelohdlo msveshra marhdhs msiutlsa maiaiua maitsda maodla maolk

The imperatives have an optative meaning.

Those in " m a " u n c o n t r acted, from "a f io" to " r zsika," ' change "m" to " n " f o r t h e p a st , a n d "h " f o r t h e f u t u r e . T h e p r e s e n t

and past of the others are ali ke, and "ko" goes before to make them future, but "mdlahelo" becomes "hdlahdlo" for the future, and in the provinces "n" is frequently used for the past.

COMFA$USON O F

A D J E CTIVES.

The adjective undergoes no change fordegrees of comparisons,

but other words are added for the comparative and superla-

tive. W e ge t a di mi n u t i ve p o s itive b y r e d u plication; a simple comparative by the addition of "Nbho;" the superlative by.adding "s'nd'rindra" to the positive; i . e.
Supertetsee.

Stmyfc.
Tesrs Good

Diminutiee,
tstrsh4rs

rsther sood

tesrs noho better thsn

tears indrindpa beet

There are, however, amplifications of all these which must be studied. (I), The PosITIvE has three divi>ions, as follows:Simgle: Ra t sy, 4'mgkslic: Ratsy dia ratsy, Diminghve: R a tsiratsy, bad. de c i dedly bad. somewhat bad.

( 2) The CQMPARATIvE also has t h ree di vi sions, as foll o w s : Simgle: ' Ratsy noho, worse than. S'mgkatie: Ratsy lavitra noho, far w o r se than. t Ratsy kok6a noho, Qualiped I ' h I s omewhat worse than. Rt. t k I Ratsiratsy kokda k < noho,, ( 3) The SUPERLATIVE has two d i v i s i ons, as follow s : Ratsy amy ny .. . . . . . r ehetra, w orst of all. . . . . R atsy indrlndra amy ny .. . . . . . . , v e r y worst of.. . . .

EXERCISE L XXV. TRAKS LA TE IKTO E G L I S H .

M alotoloto ny tknanao. M a d i odio kokoa ny azy noho ny ahy. O l o n a malahelo izany vehivavy izany. Matanjaka hiany ny azy, fa matanjaka kokoa ny anao. An ' iza io soavaly maintimainty io? A n y ny raiko io ka novidiny tamy ny rahalahinao omaly hiany. T s ara indrindra amy ny ombinao rehetra io ombilahy fotsifotsy io. Raha ho faty aho, matesa ny olona, fa raha ho faty ny havako, matcsany omby. Mahereza amy ny fianaranao. Tsy mahitsy loatra ny soratrao izay nataqnao omaly, k a a t aovy tsaratsara kokoa ny ataonao izao. M a t eteha amy ny fikapohanao azy. M a i zimaizina ny andro, ka tsy hitako ny lalana. M a d i ova, rankizy. M a h alana loatra ny ketsanao. Marisika dia marisika izany lehilahy izany. M a m imamy kokoa noho ny fary ny tantely.
I should prefer calling t hi s a mislead. d i m inutive, were it no t t hat i t m i g ht

58 EXERCISE L XXVI. TRAXSLAT E I X T O 3 f AS A G A S F .

My child is wiser than yours. The birds are more easily frightened to-day than yesterday. He was exceedingly ashamed. Whose is t hat very good cat? It is my mother's. The day is somewhat cloudy (shady ). T ake the water away, for it has an offensive smell. T his man is much more guilty that that. My brother isolder than yours. Our road is much mere straight to-day than (the) yesterday. You have told him often, tell him more frequently. The heavens are very black. T h e water is very shallow. T h e r ice plants are g reener.than the grass. You plant your trees too far apart. T h e day w i l l be somewhat showery. H e was rather ashamed, when I told him that he was deceiving us. My burden is rather heavier than yours.

53. DERIVAT IV E

A D J E C T I V E S F OR M E D S UFFIX E S .

BY

There is a cl ass of adjectives formed from nouns corresponding to our English adjectives hairy, sandy,.etc., which resemble
the passive derivatives "ina" and "ana." tense, nor have they an i m p er at i v e. They have no past

Kibo
Vato

Kiry
Tsao

the belly kib6ina' stone vstoins determination, obstinacy ktrina

fever tsabins ssndrisns

big-bellied from fever stone-like

determined, obstinate, stubborn constantly affected with fever having lsrge srms

Sandry Bika
Vavs

Vody
Tssngsns Tenda Vsy Hatins Mos)Lry Sery

Fery Fsaiks
Vovoka Hsaaka Vsoks Fonitrs Olitrs Somotra Fingotrs

ehspe bikhna the mouth vavkna the rump vodlana upright tsangknsns throst tendlkna boil vsnlsna the itch hatsnina s famine mossrens s cold in the head sel4ns a sore, a wound fertna sand fssthins dust vovnhius s scabbed calf (of the leg) hazkhins whiskers vsohins a robust person foncntans
s worln

well-shaped loquacious big-rumped (of o xen snd pigs) commandingly tall big-throated, gluttonous having boils affected with the itch s stateof f s mine having scold i n the head having sores sandy having the dry rot (as wood) hsving s scabbed cslf whiskered robust
worm-esten bearded big-ancled hsrd to plesae

the beard upper psrt of the ancle Ssrotrs (sdj.) diiBcult

nlerins som6rins Sngdrana asrotiny

' This is also verbal, meaning "to be tickled."

59

V intana luck K aukaua worm s Tbrontbrona Kisina droui s hness Nofo ftesh Fo i the heart

!viutknma ,
kauktuuna , torontorenina kisinina noftsaua fotsina

luckr
ill with worms dronish plump morose, crabby

Ny lahy,' the husband. Ny vav y , the wife. bady..no, Both..and (conj.). Ranjo (s.), leg (from the knee downwards).

EXERCISE I .XXVII. TRAML A T E E 1 VTO EN G L I S H. Kirina loatra ny soavalinao, ka dia nekapohiko mafy. T e ndana, hono, ny alikanareo. Aza omenao ny zaza iny peso olerina iny, andrao kankanina izy. V avana loatra iny vehivavy hatinkatenina iny, ka noroahinay. Sarotiny ny lahy, ka dia kirina ny vavy. N a hita lehilahy' bikana sy zazakely seriserena,ary ondry kirina izahay omaly hariva. Nisy fery kely ny tongony taloha, ary izao hazakazahina ny ranjony. N i ady taminy Jaona Uohn) io lehilahy vaohina sady tsanganana io ka resiny, satria kirina sady foizina no nofosana iny Jaona iny. Vo v o hina ny hazo ka naka ny vovony hatao ody fery ny ankizy. N i sy mosary tany Egypta, ka dia mosarena ny tany fito taona. Ny tazoina (no) hatenina matetika, ary ny tendana (no) kiboina, sady kankanina. Jereo iny lehilahy foniponetana sady sandpana iny, fa mila hanjera ny mdnda izy. Fasehina loatra ny tanimboliko ka tsy mety miasa azy ny olona vainana, andrao azon' ny fasika, hono, ny vainy. B i kana Saoly (Saul). Tsanganana Jonatana (Jonathan). Kirina loatra Samisona (Samson). Iry lehilahy fingopingorana iry (no) namono izay omby kibokiboina sady vodivodiana izay omaly maraina. K i bokiboin' ny namany ny zaza, ka dia nihomehy izy.
'

5y. AD JECTIVES

( C O N T I N U E D ).

T here ar e t w o o r t h r e e p h r a ses i n c o n n e ctio n w i t h t h e s e a djectives t ha t a r e w o 'rt h l e a r n i ng , a s t h e y ar e o f te n u sed i n salutations and compl i m ents. Tsarkva, tompoko e! A s a lutation of persons of high birth. Veldma, sodvatsark! Good bye, may (you) be good, and excellent. Marena tokan-tr4no! M a y your home life be true (used in saluting newly married people).
These phrases are not used with the suffix pronouns. The word vadp is common for husband and wife; i.e. "My husband" is vadiko; "m y w ife" also is vadiko; "y o ur husband" is vaCk'nao; "your wife" is .vadinao. V a d iny her husband, his wife, their husbands, their wives.

Ol
I

3Xaslna >May,'you) be sacred, i.e. free from witchcraft. This is

a common or m used in saying G ood bye, orM a y n o e vi l befall y o u . It should be notiCf.'d too that om i t t ing "n o ho" o f the cqmpa ra tive, and "a > y" w i t h t h e s u p e r l a t i v e, t he w o r d m a y b e u s e d a bsolutely, the compared objects being u nderstood. T h u s
Tsaratsara kokoa izany, T h at is better. Mamy indrindra io, T h a t is the very sweetest.

Again t h e w o r d s " k oa r a k a " (also if) are put b etween th e a djective mak ing w h a t h a s been called " a c o n d i t i o na l s u p e r l a t ive." T hus 3lamy k oa ra h a m a m y, s w e e t, i f t h e r e b e a n y t h i n g sw e e t . Adjectives'are often joi ned to passive and relative verbs, as
Mora atao, Mora ianarana, = Sarotra avrla. = Sarotra itenenana, =

easily done. easy t o be learned. di S c u l t to be left. dif f i cult to be spoken of.

5 5. ADJECTIVE S

G O V E R N I N G T H E A CCU S A T I V K CASE. There remains anothergroup of adjectives which govern the

I am a s h aredo f'him. T ha t i s near Zohim.

a ccusative case; i . e . Menatra azy aho, =

Akaiky azy izany, =

Mr. W. E. Cousins gives the following examples:h.dhfs foolish sbout kntbnona suitable for >tmpy su%cient for Betsata hsving iouch of, abounding in Be hsving many of

Diboks

full cf

Diso lost Feno full of Gsgs astonished at Henika full of Hiboka hfsnins longing after bfsnitrs perfumed with

, hfsimbo smelling offensfyely o ~ hfendriks suitable, becoming Sshy without fear of Sasatts tired of Tshhks lite Vnky satissed with vitsy having fevr of

Hady (s.), a ditch. Manfdina (sidina) (v. int.), to fly. Andrlana (s.), the sovereign.' Toaka (s.), native spirits, su'm.

Elatra (s.), wing. Vazdha (s.), Europeans, foreigners. Mpivdro-k6na (s.), a butcher.

EXERCISE L X X V I I I . TRII1VSLATE I I VTO E K G L I S H . Antonona anao ireo kiraronao vaovao ireo. Ampy azy ny nomentsika azy. Gaga azy nyolona, fa tsy nitomanyizy. M a i mbo hena ny tranon' ny rnpi varo-kena. Voky hena ny alika, ka dia mandry izy. Akoholahy maneno

4l
an-tsena, tsy hery,. fa tnanina ny tany nilaozany. M a i m bo toaka izany lehilahy antitra izany. Tahaka azy indrindra io. T a haka ny lalitra, ka Icely sahy'aqdriana. Ak o hokely latsaka (fatten z'n J an-kady: hanidina, tapak' elatra; hiantso, kely feo. Be vary ny tany aminay. Heni-bary (henika vary) nb saha rehetra. F e no vola ny vata keliko (vatako kely). M enatra ny nataony izy. A d alam-bola (adala vola) izato lehilahy izato.

EXERCISE LXXIX. TRA1VSLA TE J1VTO AA L A G A SK, That man is ashamed ofhis children. I a m t i r e d .of you. T h e h ouse is full of them. Th e foreigners abound in money. T ha t i s sufficient for us. The house is perfumed with honey. We (have ) few oxen. Th a t i s suitable for you. I a m sorry for him. T h a t good man is longing after his lost child. H i s d welling place is near us. O u r h o use of prayer is full o f people. M y friend is like you. D i d i t l ik e th at ? T h a t ha t becomes you. M ay no evil befall you. M a y y our home life be true, children. T h a t i s difficult to be sung, bu't this is easily told. I f t h ere be anything strong, that is very strong. H i s oxen were easily stolen.

5 6. THE N U M E R A L S .
The numerals up to ten have been already learned. The

cardinals are made ordinal by adding " faha-," bu t t o e fatra and enina, commencing with a vowel, " fah-," i.e.enina, six; fahenina,the sixth. V6albkany i s used for fir st. ' T hey are made fractional by th e p refix " amPdha-.. . . ..ny," dimy becomes amPdhadtminy, (one) fifth; but the "tra" of e fatra
is rejected ; a n d t h er e is no fr acti onal of one.

They become multiplicative by adding' "in-," d b e i ng a dded to r, f be corningP, and s being strengthened by t; ar z vo,a
thousand, does not take the in-. 1'hey can also be used fortimes of doing a thing. I'anind'r6a-

ny,fanz'ntttony, faninefany, fdnindtminy, but a re seldom used

for higker n u m b ers. E XERCISE LX X X . 3Eake out a tabte in aecordanee roith the above of nurnbers up to ten. Cardinal. Or din a l . F r a ctional. M u l tiplicatives. T i mes of doing. Isa, iray, iraika.

' 1sa is always used when beginning counting; ir a y is s imply one, andiraika isused with " faha-" in m a k i ng o rdinals from eleven upwards.

hfter ten the u n it s are w r i t ten before the tens, the tens before t he hundreds, etc., thus reversing our E n g l ish mode of counti n g , and the word "d m by ny," o v e r p l us of,' joins them together. up t o nineteen, and "amby"' alone for numbers over 2o. tt, Iraika amby ny folo; tz, Roa amby ny folo, etc. zo , R o a-polo; z r , Iraika amby roa-polo; 8o, Telo-polo; 4o, Efa-polo; 5o, Dimam-polo; 6o, E nim-polo; ?o, Fito-polo; 8o, Valo-polo; go, Sivy folo; t oo, Zato; z o o, Roan-jato; 3oo, Telon-jato; qoo, Efa-jato; 5 o o, D iman-jato; 6 oo, Eniajato ?oo, Fiton-jato; 8oo, Valon-jato; goo, Sivin-jato; tooo, Arlvo; t o,ooo, Iray alina; t oo,ooo, Iray hetsy; t, ooo,ooo, Tkpitrlsa. E XERCISE LX X X I . T he student in o r der to be proficient should a g ai n m a k e o u t a table of all t h ese, cardinal, o r d i n al , f r a c t i onal , a n d m u l t i p l i cative up to " a r 3z>o," beyond wh i clt they are not used . H e w i ll f ind them nearly f u ll y d on e i n M r . W . E . C o u s i ns ' I N T R oDu c TIQN> p. 55. lm&dy is us e d f o r a g a z 'n. 1mbt t s aka, me a ns ma ey t z m e s. The ordinals are used 'as fractionals in measures and measurements, as Fahathlom-bkry, a third of a measure of rice.
Fahhnim-bsry, a sizth of a measure of rice. Fahaffry ny tranonao? How many fathoms (high or long) is your house?Fkhafolo, Ten.

The fractionals are generally used w i t h t h e s u ffi x p r o n o u ns, ' a nd the numerator i s ex p r essed as in E n g l i sh by t h e o r d i n a l s . , Distributive s a r e m a d e b y r e d u p l i c a t in g t h e n u m b e r a n d

prefixing "tsi-."
Tsirairay,' one by one. Tsithlot6lo, three by three, etc. Kilksy (s.), class. ~ Sakany (s.), its breadth. Lavany (s.), its length. I Hahkvony (s.), its height. Ala (s.), Forest. EXERCISE LX X X I I . TRAtV'SLA TE I1 VTO E 1VGLISH. Nantsaka impiry hianao? I n dimy. I z a n o voalohany? N y r ahalahiko (no) voalohany, ary izaho (no) fahafito amy ny kilasy. Dimby amby fito-polo amby roan-jato amby arivo. F iry ny omby novidinao tany an-tsena omaly? Teloambyny folo(no).novidinay. M akk fahatelom-bary amy ny vata be. Fahafiry moa ny trano-fi vavahana any aminareo? Fahavalo ny lavany, fahefatra ny sakany, ary fahadimy ny hahavony. M a nisk folo. E n t o a t jr amiko ny omby iraika amby ny folo. N isy diman-jato va ny olona tafangona tao an-trano-fivavahana tamy ny A l ahady ? Man d eha t siefatrefatra ny ankizy T o k ony ho telon-jato ny isan' ny olona. ' Both of these diphthongs are accented.

BS EXERCISE LXXXIII. TRANSLA TE 1TO 3 EALA GA SF.

How many children have you? F i ve . B r i n g me ten plates and twelve spoons. How many needles did you buy at the auction? I b o ught fifty-five thousand three hundred pins. ' Sixteen thousand three hundred and sixty-five. Three-ninths. How many times did you see (rel.) me? Seventeen times. Did you call me, sir? Yes, I called you twice. H o w m'any birds did you see in the forest? I saw about ninety. How often have you done ( rel.) that? A hundred times. Two-fortieths. How longis your field? It isforty (fathoms). Can you count fifty? Y es, I can count a million. O n e hundred and three thousand,sixhundred and ninety.six. The oxen are going away one by one.

57. NUMER A L S
in "m z -," a s

H A V ING V E R B A L

F O R M S.

There are some of these numerals which have 'verbal foims Mir6a, mz'telo, mz'e f atra
and i n thrice. "man-:" t o b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o , t h r e e, f o u r ; Ma ni nd r b a, m a n i n t e lo, t o d o a t h i n g t w i c e ,

The "mz'-" forms hav'e corresponding passives. Tel6ina, telby (sometimes telAzna, as gi v en un der p assive verbs,', e fdrina, efdro.
Indro~sina, intet6ina, to be done twi c e, three times. The number of days again in answer to ha firlana.z l n d rtza andro,two days; hatet6ana, three days; he farana, four days; haChmlana, five days; hdntmana, six days; h a fit6ana, seven days; kavalbana,eight days; but they are rarely used for more. The numeral may sometimes be placed before its nouns, as E fa-polo lahy, forty men (a name g iven to students at t h e Normal School). Diman-jato lahy, the guards. Fdloalindkhy, the army (a hundred tliousand men). Fanjakana, the kingdom.

EXERCISE I XXXIV. TRANSLA TE TNTO E N G L I S H

Aza manindroa izany fanao ratsy izany. A r on' ny tany sy ny fanjakana ny foloalindahy. T s y m et y m a tory amy ny a l ina ny diman-jato lahy. Aoka hoteloina izany pesonao izany. H a t e loan-andro taorian' ny namonoana Azy (no) nitsanganan' ny Tompo tamy ny maty. H a firiana hianareo (no) tany an-dklana avy tany Toamasina? H a valoana hiany, fa nandeha fain-

gana ny ankizy nilanja anay. Bfaro ny nasainy hataontsita, ka. aoka isika ef'a-dahy samyhanao nyanjarany. Aza indroasinao intsony izany, andrao kapohiko mafy hianao. Samy mahazo fsmpisnarana ny Efa-polo lahy nampianarin' ny Vazaha. N amory ny vahoaka rehetra ny mpanjaka, ka hefa-' rana izy (no) nivory tao Antananarivo.

58. THE V E R B A L

PR E F I X E S "M I H A - " " 'MAN A - "

A ND

There arestil l some verbal prefi xes to be considered. f) "3Eika-" prefixed to a r o ot m a kes an i n t ransitive verb. ( It has been called the progressive, because it conveys the idea o f a thing gradually becoming what is expressed by the ro ot ; i.e., 3Ahardtsy means to become gradually bad. It is added to nouns, adjectives, and even to intransitive verbs; i.e.
Impcrativc. Rc/. ynctic

ihstondraTondrs overffown mihstdndra-' to become, or beks coming ewollen hsns ka Hendry mihah6ndry to become wise mihshen- ihahendre- ihahendr6 ns dr6o Loss fierce mihs16ss 40 mihstos6 ihslossns. ihalosay Serce Tesrs good mihstshra to g o o d mihs4ssr6 lha4ssrana ihstesrso mihamsdio to clean mihsdiovs ihadiovana ihedi6vy Madlo clean Msltto dirty mihsmaltto mihelot6a ihslotosns ihslot6y Msh6ry stroIlg mihsmah6ry to strong 2 ihsresana ihar6so mihamsisma Maisina dark mihsmsi- ihamsisins ihamsisf. sins no light, dear mihsmssiLva 4o light, mihssavh ihasavsna ihsssvso clesr mlMly mihsmbro msuy mihamar6S ihamaroans ihsmardy muchq Insny mihsbdtsska much, mihsbetsii- ihabeteshs- ihabetsllho msny ha ua wre'tched 4o 2 Ory wretoh- mihsorla ihsoriane Tom * ed banddhy msn-like nnhat6mto msn-like bsud4by Msfhna mihamsfhns to mihafsnh f M6ngamihsmtnga- 4o mihbnga- ihhngatsi4- ihikogstsfsks cold tsiska tsisha hsua teikho

(z) " M a n a r p refixed to a r o ot is m u ch s i m i l ar i n m e a n i ng t o a verb i n " f n a n -," bu t i t c o n v eys the idea of conti nued action t o r ender or m ak e th e t h in g w h a t i s ex p r essed by th e r o ot . T h u s Manardtsy m eans to d o s o m e t h i ng w h i c h m a k e s s o m e th i n g e lse bad. I t i s a d d e d to n o uns, and adjectives :

Jmperotivc,
to make trus, to prove Vso to renew new msnsvsoss Mavo tomahe brown, manamavda brown to vilify |fanitra eweet msnsmgm- to mahe fra- msnamsnha frsgraut trs grsnt Zimba(voa) abuse mauashnba to sbuse mansiimbh Morons the edge manamdronato go near the mauamordedge Jsmbs blind mansj4mba to.mate blind msnsjsmbh Kimpy ehuthng msnahimpy to shut the eye msnshimpis oftheeye
snsmsrfno
ansv&osy anamsvosna anamavdy

snaiimbans snsmolona

snajambans anajsmbao anakimpisns ansmhimplo

Jak6ba, Jacob. Latkbatra (s.), table. Raosy (s.), rose.

Hainandro (s.), sunshine. Ka (conj.), and. Fitdratra (s.), glass, a R ondno (s.), milk. looking glass. Toy izao, as follows.

EXERCISE L X X X V .'-T R A X S E A T E I X T O EX G L I S H . , Tany Egypta (no) nihamaroan' ny zanaky Jakoba. Nihahery izy, ka dia tsy tiaazy ny mpanjaka. M i t sangdna, mihazavd, fa tonga ny mampahazava anao. A n amavoy ireo lamba ireo, fa mihamaro ny mpividy lamba mavo. Mihamafana ny audro izao, ka manamorona ny ony ny zazalahy. Inona no anakimpianao ny masonao? N y masoandro mihamazava loatra (no) anakimpiako ny masoko. Iharezo ny asanao. Aza ihatsarana vava foana ny havanao. I nona no ihalotolotoanao toy izao? Tsy mihaloto aho akory, fa ny r ano ( uo) manamavomavo ny tavako. Ho avy ny vahoaka amy ny Alakamisy, ka izany (no) ihadiovan' ny tand.na. Efa hendry hiany hianao izao, nefa mihahendre kokoa. Manamanitra ny olona tafavory ato an-tranoio raozy ambony latabatra io, fa manajamba azy ny hainandro amy ny fitaratra. A za manazimba ny anatry ny rainao. Aza manamarina ny meloka. M i h amaizfna kokoa, ry volana. M i h a loza loatra iny lehilahy iny. H ia n areo mihamaditra (no) ihalozany toy izao. I ha l o zay, fa sady mihamaditra no mihamalaina. M i hamangatsiaka ny td.nako. H i anao tsy nety nisotro ronono, ka izany (no) ihangatsiahany.

5 9. THE V E R B A L

PR EFI X

3 E Q A ' ~ - . "

3Eaka-," or "mah-" before vowels,probably derived from the verb"mahay" (to be able to), is wider in use than any verbal prefix, as i t m a y b e a dded to almost any word, phrase, or c omplete sentence. I t m a y b e called the Potential Verb. I t

expresses the ability or power to perform any action, or w h i c h makes a thing to be what it is, as
Mahat6irana (alone) dia (step) izy, He is able to go alone. Tsy mahavita izany ahu, I have no power, or ability to do that. Ny mahlzy azy, The (what) mates it (to be) it (a very common idiom).
Boot.
Indicaticc dct.
Ilnpcratilc. Bclatlrc Indlc.

' Bciatisc

Faly i i ltsvo
i Soa

glsd
exultant

good
trust, cnntidence

mshafkly maharkvo mahasba

Toky

to make glsd mahsfalis ahsfaliana not udcd exultant mahsrav6S shsrsvoens I 1 1 11 good, to do mahaeokva abssokvana ' ahssoilvy good, to bene&t to trust shstokio

Lsls Sambstra bleseed

m shaQla t o know mahslslk ahslalana ahalslko mshaeam-, to make exceeding mshssam- ahassmbs- ahssamiy h~ppy bkrs rans btro batrs Ory wretched mahbry wretched mahorla ahoriaua not ndCd hungry Noana hungry mshsnoens ) mahanoans ahanosnans 1 '11 Voky sstielied mshsvdky sstie&ed mahavokisa , ahavokisans 1 1 1 1 11 Pety s corpse mshsftty to csuee death mabafaQsa ahafatesans ahafsteso hfaka free from i mahafaks to free fr om mshaftths ahafahsua ahefilho Mora easy ~ mshamdra to make easy mshsmorli ehsmorans not uscd Teraka born ~mahstbrske,to besble to give mehatershs shaterahs- 1 1 1 birth to ns sstoniehed mahsgkga toastonish mahsgsgk ahagsgana healthy ~ maluNslik- ~ to make healthy mahsssls shssalama- ehasalsma mk Rnkritra loyous loyoue maha8narh- ahsthmrets- shsflnats trs ns rtto f mshahen- wise mshendrd sheudrens Hendry

6 o. THE C A U S A T I V E FO R M S O F M IH A -, " MANA AND " M A H A - " By putting amP-" after the initial m, as in the matz-" and mi-," a causative isformed of the three foregoing prefixes; f -" ma kes a reciprocal. S e e t he foland the insertion of "amPs lowing table.
Idicatisc.
Caudativc.

Causative Impcr.

Caudattrc Bct.

Bccipl ocal.

msmpihamkro
msmpshsteilra

mampshafiQy

mamp~ s mampahstesrk msmpshsfsBa

smpihamsroans ampsnstssrana smpahafaliana

mifsmpihamtro 1 etc. mifsmpsnstsilrs, etc. mifsmpahafQy, etc.

The nouns in "mP" and "f" fr o m t he i n d icative in "m i h a -" and "maha-" are rarely ifever used, but those from "man-" are very common. But by farthe most useful cl ass of words from these prefixes a re the abstract nouns in "faha-" f rom "m a ha-," b oth f r o m
t he indicative and the r el at ive . T h u s , f r o m t h e l is t o f r e l a t i v e

forms on p. 66 we get seventeen abstract nouns, as follows; gladness, exultation, gra ce, trustworthiness, know'ledge, blessedness, sorrow, hunger,satisf action (fulnessj, death, gentleness, bi'rth, miracle (astonishment';, healthfulness, happiness, wisdom. Prom the indicative also we sometimes get an abstract noun, as: fa hafdliny, fahardvony, fakubany, fahatbkiny, fahasdmbany, fah4riny, f a han4anany, fahav4kiny, f a hafdtiny, f a h ambrany,
fahal agany,

suffix pronoun and ard rarely used absolutely.

exercise will h el p t o s how t h ei r u s e. Tamby (s.), wages.

e tc. e tc.

N o ti ce , h o w e v e r, t h a t t h e s e t a k e t h e

T h e f o l lowing

EXERCISE LXXX V I. TRAcVSLA TE llVTO E1VGIISH. Mahagaga ny fahavokin' io omby io. M a hasalama ny fahatsaran' ny tranonao. Mahafinaritra ny fahalalana. M ahanoana ny miasa. M a hory ny andro ahafatesana, fa maha6naritra ny andro ahaterahana. A faho amy ny fahoriana izahay, Tompo 6! Tambin' ny ota ny fahafatesana. Mahafohy fiainana ny toaka. M a hizy azy indrindra ny teninao. Tsy mahatokandalana aho, fa kely. M a hafaty ny fahanoanana. Mahalala ny fahafaliany va hianao? M ahatezitra ahy ny fanaon' io zazalahy io. M a havokisa ireo ondry ireo, ry ahitra, fa ta-hahita ny fahavokiny aho. T s y misy fahafahan' ny olona amy ny fahafatesana. Maharavo tokoa ny fahamoran' io mpampianatra io. F a ingana ny fahafatin' ny jiro halina, fa tsy toy ny fabafatiny matetika. M a hasoa ny fahasoavan' Andriamanitra. N y f a hataborana an' Andriamanitra (no) voalcham-pahendrena.

6t. THE

VERBAL

PR EF I X

" M A N E 'A - . "

Another verbalprefix is "m anka-," or "mank-" before vowels. It is a transitive prefix, meaning to regard as; i.e.
Mankamhny, to regard as sweet.

It sometimes implies motion to, as mankany, to gothere; and sometimes has acausative meaning, as Mankar+ , to make ill.

IfcL Indfc.
pleasing, msntasitrats to reward, gratifying erpress gratiScsiion of to regard ss Msmy sweet sweet .Teliua swsllowed, to express msntatelhma sntateiem acceptable pleasure with delicious to regsrd ss mantsfiss sntassana delicious hsted to hste msntshshl fsme, honto worship mantalast our, glory mantsriLry to mste ill . ~ sns lesnness mautshis to mateIesn autshiassns there msnt4ny, to go there antanessna manttmy

Si

antsmsmto sntsteldmo autaffso sntshslso sntslssso

It is also used with all adverbs ofplace, as: mankao, mankaty, manker6a, mankaiza, etc. etc; but only mankany has an imperative and relative.

Again, the nouns in "mP" and "f" fr o m the indicative are used; and from the above list of relatives in " f" we get reward, (sitraka,', pleasure with (sidraka, mamy, telzfza ), deliciousness , fy), ' hatred, praise ',worship ), illness, leaness, etc.
Ambknilknitra (s. ), the people.

EXERCISE L XXX V I I. TRANSLA TE llVTO EX G L I S H .

Fantatsika rehetra ny f ankahalan' Andriamanitra ny r atsy. M a n k asitralra ny vahoakany ny andriana, ka hoy izy hoe: "Ny fankasitrahana, ny fankatelemana, ry ambanilanitra, fa manan-dray aho, manan-dreny, manana anareo ambanilanitra ; fa ve l oma h i anareo, hotahin' A n driamanitra." "Mankanesa atsy aoriako, ry Satana." M a n karary ny hatsiaka. Mankahia ny fahoriana. M p ankalaza an' Andriamanitra ny mankamamy ny teniny. Mankany Ikopa ny rano. oTahaka ny homam-bary: ka samy mankafy ny am-bavany." Ank a s itraho tsara ny z anakao, raha manao marina, ary form of ' m a rrhahala) akory, fa a n aro r aha aza ankahalaina (Passr've manao ratsy. N ankaty am>ko ny anabaviko omaly. H i v idy sy hivarotra (no) ankanesantsika any an-tsena matetika. Mampahory ahy ny ankahiazanareo ny ombiko. N y mpankasitraka am-bava dia tsy tian' ny ankasit rahana. N y h o e : "Veloma, soava, tsark" tsy mahavelom-bady aman-

janaka. N ankaiza ny tanteliko teto P

62. THE V Z R B A L

P R EF I X

" M A -."

There remains one more verbalprefix,"ea-," or "t y z -" before

v owels. I t i s u s e d t o f o r m t r a n s i t i v e a n d i n t r a n s i t iv e v e r b s, and like the other activ e p r e fi xe s i t t a k e s t h e n o u n s i n " f yzp"

a nd "f " f r o m t h e i n d icative, and i n "f" f r o m t h e r e l ative. It has also causative and reciprocal forms; i.e.
From Tory, sleep, we get Mat6ry, to sleep (Imp. matorfa). Mpatory, a sleeper. Fatory, manner of sleeping. Fatorfana, time, etc., of sleep. Mampatory, to cause to s l eep. Ampatorlna, caused to sleep (Imp. ampator(o). Mifampat6ry, to put one another to sleep. Ifampatorfana, the putting one another to sleep.

These verbs are rare; the following list contains all w e c an find,some of which were given on page 5o.
Impcrotics.
Bcl. Indic. ahitsna atokisus shsretaus ahandrosna toriana androsns Im

mahlta (tr.) matoky (tr.) Hsritra mshhritrs (tr.) Handro mahilndro itr.) Tory mstdry (int.) Andro (I) maudro (iut.) ansus (vl manana (tr.) maka (tr.) dka (I) Hay mshsy (tr. snd iut.)
Hita Toky

to see to trust to endure

to cook to sleep to bathe

mshltk matokla mshardta mshsudrda mstorla msudrds

ahitso atoldo
ahar4to

to have msudna to fetch makk to be clever mshaisa

skkua shalsana

ahaudrdy atorto androy sutmo akao ahsiso

Midram(la (s.), soldier. Rihana (s.), ceiling.

Famindrd.mp6 (s.), mercy. Andrao (conj.), lest.

EXERCISE LX X X V I I I . TRANSLA TE I N T O E 1 V 'GLISH.

Mahita antsika rehetra Andriamanitra. M a hareta ny mafy tahaka ny miaramila tsara hianao. M a t oria, fa alina. M a t okia an' Andriamanitra, fa maharitra ny famindrampony. Mandrahoa vary, rankizy, fa noana ny zaza. Ny faharetana amy ny marina (no) ananantsika sitraka amy ny olona. Androy io rano mafana io. M akd solika, andrao matynyjironareo. Mahaiza mianatra mba ho hendry hianao. T s ara izany fahaizanao mipaika vato izany. Ny fakanao ahy omaly dia tsy nekeko, satria tsy hitako izay nahafahako tamin' iny. T s y t s ara n y f a toriantsika halina, satria betsaka ny voalavo nikorataba tao amboni-rihana. N y f a nanan' ny olona (no) tsy mampatory azy indraindray. Mahareta amy ny fanaovan-tsoa, fa mahamendrika antsika indrindra izany.

6g. ABSTRACT NO U N S I N " HA - . . ..A N A . "

" H A -,"

A ND T h ere are

We have studied the abstract nouns in " f aka-."

two more in " h a - " a n d "h a - a n a." A s t o t h e d i fFerence in me a n ing b e t w een the abstract nouns in " faha-" and these two, Pere

Webber says t h at "h a Ssdra" si g n ifies i n t r i nsic g o o dness; "hNsardna," extrinsic goodness, or goodness embodied in deeds; " fahatsardna," goodness as a source or principle of good deeds. A s t o their formation, see the following list.
Tsara Batsy Maitso Lava Vaventy Tandra Mens

' lrohy Be Kely

Vao

kntitra Ela

good bsd green long, tall huge young red short great little new old long (of time)

hatsgra haratsy hsmhitso halhva havavgnty hatan6ra hamgns hafohy habg

hakgiy
havao hahantitra hahela

hatsariLna haratslana hamaitsdana halavgna haventgsana hatanorkna . hamengna hafohgssna habeiusma habelgsana havaosana hahantkrsns hahelhna

goodness bsduess greenness length, tallness

hugeness

youth
redness shortness greatness littleness newness

old-age length (of time)

Ora (s.), hour.

Tsy m i hoatra, not more than.

V da n k dzo (s.), fruit.

EXERCISE L XXXIX TRA XSIA TE I1VTO EXG L I S H . Mampiseho ny h atsdrany izany. D e rainy Solomona ny hatsardn' ny fahendrena. T ahaka ny ketsa ny hamaitsony. N y f a hamaitson' ny ahitra dia mahafinaritra. Roa amhy ny folo ora(no) hahelan' nyalina izao. M i a sk raha mholatanora, fa ho avy ny hahanterana, ka tsy hahazo miasa intsony hianao. Tsy mihoatra izao nyhamenany. M ahagagaahyizanyhavaventin' izany amhoa izany. F ahadimy ny halavan' ny hazo. M a hadikidiky ny olona ny haratsian' ny hena. Malemy ny hahantitry ny voankazo sasany.

f )4. PASSIVE V E R B S F R O M A B ST R A C T N O U N S. The class of words just studied have passive forms; i.e.
Poeeive Isdie. Hatsaraina to be madebetter clear Hasavsina ~i long Hslavaina Hatanoraina s lighter oolour

Poeeise

'

Hstsarao Hasavso Havaosina Halavao Hatanorao

Poeeive Imper. Habehsina to bemsde larger Hababso

Poemoe

new Havaosy Hsmaislno Haratslo

P
, Hsmorains to be made easy shorter Hsfohgsiaa Hakelesina 11 11 Hsmaitsdins

PossiIe

Imper.

Posslvc Indic.
Hamafina Hasishins Hslemena

Passsvc Imp . to be made hard Hamafio angry with Hatslaho nof scd Hslemeo

Hamorao Hafohdso Hakeldso

Hamsitsdy

(softeu)

Tezitra (adj.), angry. Feo (s.), sound, voice.

EXERCISE XC . TRAII ISLA TE INTO E K G L I S H . Hazavao tsara ny teninao mba ho fantatry ny olona rehetra ny hevitrao. Efa nohazavaiko hiany, fa tsy fantatro izay tsy anaikeny. H a tanorao kokoa ny vony sy ny maitso, fa tanoranora hiany ny mena. A oka izao, fandrao simba izy raha hatanoraina indray. M a zava loatra ny jiro, ka tsy mety mankao ny totozy, fa raha harnaizininao kely dia ho avy avokoa izy rehetra, Lehibe izao entana izao, ka halavao hiany ny tady. A z a hasiahina ny ombin' olona, andrao mahatezitra ny tompony. Raha hafohezinareo indray iny kpfehy iny dia tsy ho ampy. H a mafimafio kokoa ny feonao, fa tsy reko akory ny teninao sasany. Vaovao izao ny trano-fivavahanareo, ry havana, ka aoka mba hohavaozinareo koa ny hevitrareo. Az a haratsina ny tenin' ny antitra. H a t saratsarao kokoa ny trano, fa ho tonga ny vahiny. A z a harnoraina loatra ny fitondra olona, andrao mihamaditra izy.

65. DERIVA T I V E

NO U N S EN D I N G I N " A N A "

T here i s ye t a n o t h e r c l a s s o f v e r b a l n o u n s t o b e s t u d i e d ending in " a fza."

Tsilngans Sersas Vovoaa Levins Valona

Horona Tokons Lanona
I TamI,

stnugbtness, upright ness serknaaa sea-port vovdasna the ridge of a house levdnaas burial asspiece of ca vsldnans folds, lico, etc. hordnsna s roll of paper tokdnans tbreshold lsndnsaa play, games
tsntilnana ~mallet

Lambana lsmbilnana bresdth Ssmpans sampsnana branching (ss s road) Fatotra fatdrana bonds Lshatrs lshgrana order Toetrs tderana place, position ! Hsry hartas riches Saly Tety
salksana tetdxsna fehdsana

msst (of a ship)

a bridge a bunch, a bundle

! Fcby

Mipdsoka, mipasfIha (v. tr. and int.), to smooth, to iron. Fahavdratra (s.), summer. Tsihy (s.), a mat. Midina (idina) (v. int.), to descend. Mandntona (hdntona) (v. tr.), to hang up.

RXERCISE X CI. TRANSLA T F. INTO E N G L I S H . Aza mitsangana en an-tokonana, fa mankararin' ny sery ny rnitsangana eo. Lanonana fahavaratra: ka ny maraina hiany no izy. A z a mandrava laharana. T apaka, hono, ny tetezana, ka nampanamboarina halina hiany i zy. M i haria harena h o anareo any a n-danitra. N o tolorany horonantaratasy sy voninkazo iray fehezana izy teo amy ny sampanan-dklana mankany an-tankna. I t y toerako ity dia antonon' ny tsihy iray lambanana hiany. Akao tantanana aho hipaihako ity vato mainty ity hanaovantsika tokonana. Ametrahan' ny A n d riana miaramila ny seranana rehetra. A z a malahelo diso levenana, fa ny ho faty mbola ho be. Nahita zavatra tahaka ny valonandamba nidina avy any an-danitra Petera. F aharoa amby ny folo sy irainjehy (no) halavan' io vovonana io. T r i aro manaraka ny tsanganany ny lamba, fa aza tapahina amy ny lambanany. A hantony amy ny salazana ny tady. Pasohy tsara iny lambako iny, ary aza atao valonam-balo, fa ataovy valonana efatra. Ary notapahiny ny fatorany, ka faly izy.

6 6. THE D E F I N I T E A R TI C L E . " 1Vy" is th e only d efinite article i n t h e l a n guage, and i s equivalent to the English article 'Vke." It is used to define comm on n o uns and to t u r n o t her p a rt s of s p eech int o n o u ns ; i t i s prefixed to Words when a whole class is referred to; is used after

takaka, Su, koaba, etc.,i n general comparisons; before a noun made definite by a s u K x p r o noun; f r equently w it h a bstract
nouns; and with the words an&ckz'rdy,sasaey, maro, andreketra

the article is often used when in S n g l ish i t

with. Vody (s.), edible roots. Vomknga (s,), sweet potatoes. Fangkdy (s.), a spade. Rkharkha, business.,

c a n b e d i spensed

Toho(s.), a kind of fish. Vovo (s.), a net. Volo (s.), colour.

EXERCISE X CII. TRANSLA TE INTO E N G L I S H . Aza manamarina ny meloka, na manitsy ny diso. Gaga ny fangady, fa tsy misy vody ny vomanga. Mamy ny siramamy, nefa ny fary mba mamy talohany. Fy ny aty, mamy ny ary. Tsqra ny mijeryny mamy, fa tsaratsara kokoa ny mihinana azy. (Ny) anao atao, fa aoka hataoko ( ny) ahy. N y madio iray, ny maloto roa, ka telo izany ny isan' (ny) azy. T ahaka (ny) reniny hiany ny zaia. H o atra ny saka (ny) habeny, fa (ny) sofiny hoatra ny any ny ondry. Toy nytotozy sy ny voalavo: iray volo,f at sy i r ay raharaha. Toy ny toho miditra am-bovo: mazava idirana, fa maizina ivoahana. Jereo (ny) marina, ary diniho (ny) mahitsy. Fotsy (ny) olona sasany, ary mavomavo (ny) sasany. Maro (ny) te-ho mahay, fa tsy avelan' (ny) halainana. Nihaona tamiko (ny) lehilahy anankiray omaly. Samy tokoqy hidera an' Andriamanitra (ny) olona rehetra.

6 y. 'f HE OMISSION O F

T H E A R T I CLE.

The article is omitted before nouns in apposition; nouns in the vocative case; before accusatives used adverbially, instrum entally; l i m i t i n g t h e application of a n a d j ective or v erb ; and after "zza." T h e last case will be considered under "zza."
Goaika (s.), a crow.

EXERCISE XC I I I . TRA1VSLA TS AV TO Z K G L I S H . ' Rasandy mpampianatra. Rakoto mpanefy. Rainay Izay any an-danitra. Alikanao io. M ifoha maraina ny goaika. M i asa alina ny voalavo. N i kapoka ahy tehina izy. T sara trano ny raiko. M i ova endrika ny voninkazo. Voaova lamba ny zaza. H i kapoka anao (no) nampitondrany ahy tehina. Nanoratra episitily maro Paoly Apostoly. Masiaka iny ombinao iny. Matory hariva (ny) zanakao. Tsara ravina ny hazo. N amely totohondry azy (ny) sasany. Hanasa (ny) akanjoko (no) nanalako anao. M i hirk, anaka. (Ny) eo amoron-dklana (no) tranony. Mahadikidiky ahy Rabe mpivaro-kena. Ratsy akanjo (ny) malahelo. Vitsy teny ny olona hendry. L ambanao ity. Niova hevitra indray ny lehilahy. R a tsy rivotra ny tan4nanareo. Nampividiny omby sy ondry ary vorona aho. N asehon-dRakoto mpanoratra ny taratasy sy (ny) vidiny.

6 8. THE P E R S O NA L

A R T IC L E

The Malagasy has apersonal article "1-," used before proper names; t h e p ersonal prefixes 1'lay, Ilehy, Ra-, R ay (p l u ral), and Andrdana are also used. These are usuall'J J placed before proper nouns, but they are frequently used with common nouns, as names of persons.
Zandry (s.), Naotra (zaotra) Zoky (s.), Ikkky (s.), Inhny (s.), Ranaivo (s.), Ravao (s.) etc., Raboto (s.), Ramatoa (s.), Maty, Ay I (Int.) ,
a younger brother or sister. l brother-in-law, sister-in law.

an elder. father. mother. n a mes of persons.

name pf respect fo r a woman. to be in danger. 0 l

EXERCISE X CIV. TRANSLA TE INTO E N G L I S H .

Sitrak' itompokovavy izany ka hataonay. E n y , t sara izany, razandry. Atopazy ny masonao, ramatoa, ka jereo iry tendrombohitra, fa ao izokinao. Andrianaivo, hoy ralehilahy tamy ny zanany, andeha maka hazo. I.azao amin' ivadinao, rangahy, fa misy akanjo tsara any. V e l oma, hono, hianao, h oy isakaizanao. M i h ira Ilaivao, ka mitomany Andriamatoa Rakoto. M a t y aho ray olona ay! V eloma hiany ry zareo. A t aon' itompokolahy iroa ho marina angaha izany, ka ekeny. M arina va izany teninao izany, ry naotra? Dia hoy razazalahy: Iza no Andriamanitr' Ikaky, ry neny? Antsoy Iboto, ka omeo azy ny alika.

6 g. HOW TH E W A N T O F A N I N D E F I N I T E A R T I C L E IS SUPPLIED. T here is no indefinite article in the Malagasy language. I t s want is supplied by the omission of ny, by the use of anankzray
and sasany in th e semi-definite sense of some, certas'n; b y u s i n g t he relative pronoun z'zay in an i n definit e sense; an d b y u s i n g

the verb mz'sy.

Miala satroka, to take off the hat

EXERCISE X CV. TRANS LA TE INTO E N G L I S H . Nahita omby mavo izahay. M i sy saka mainty ao. V o ron' olona iny. Hano izay tsara. M a k k vato. I t o n dray vilia sy antsy aho. N isy miaramila namono alika tamy ny A!akamisy. Z a vatr' andriana iny k a m i ald satroka. Olona malaza (ny) rainy. M a hafaly ahy, k a h omeko peso, izay miteny malemy. M i sy olona ao an-tranonay. A l i k a io . N i t a i ngina soavaly fotsy izy. M anana akanjo aho. M isy nosy atao hoe Java.

7 o. THE A D V E R B S

O F PL A C E .

The following arethe adverbs of place.

Seen. Uneeen.
Here

Etf, ettkatrs,
Eto, ethsas, Eo, Etsy, etsiaas, etsikatrs, Eay~ Eroa, erbsna, erdhstra, Ex$, erikatrs, or irP, etc.,

(farther oif)
There There (aearer) There (geaersl) Yonder

At), atikstra, Ato, attana,

Ao, Atsy, atsisas, ststlratrs,

Yonder (further)

Any, Aroa, ardsaa, sroakatrs, Ary, arlkstrs,

75

Those beginning in "e" generally refer to w hat i s seen and

p ointed out ; w h i l e t h ose in " a " b e l on g t o w h a t i s v a g u e a n d unseen. The forms ending in "-katra" and "-roana" are wider in meaning t ha n th e si m ple for m s. W e h a v e a l r e ad y s een t h a t t h e s e a d v e rb s t a k e p a s t a n d f uture tenses, and need not add m o r e . S ometimes they ar e p l aced before an d a f te r w o r d s , l i k e t h e demonstrative pronouns, as
Any an-trano any, T h ere in the house.

To give them an i n definit e m e a n i ng , o r t o e x p r e ss relations of time, ho is placed between them, as

Ato ho ato, Hereabout. Tato ho ato, Lately.

Or even used alone in th e past tense as teo, recently, just then. W e h a v e a l s o s een t h a t t h e p r e fi x " m a n k rz-" m a k e s t h e m verbal.

With avy'coming ) prefixed they may be t r anslated by t h e

word hence, thence. EXERCISE X CVI. TRAIVSLA TE IXTO E K G L I S H .
Eto an-tanako ny vola. H i v i d y zavatra ato a n -tsena isika. N a n k a i za Ranaivo? iNankany an-tsaha any izy. M i s y a ntsy ao ambony latabatra. A mbatomiangkra iry. A i z a ? I r i a n drefana iry. I r i k a t ra ? Eny. A r o a a n dalana aroa izokinao, ka mankanesa ao aminy. Tsy avelany hankany aho. A petraho etsy ny lambanao, fa maloto eo, ka andrao simba izy. E t o ? T s i a , eroa ambony seza. M isy omby masiaka, hono, aroakatra. T s y a o akory ilay omby masiaka, fa ary ambany ary. T sy ao intsony izy, fa efa nankary a tsimo lavitra ary. A t s imo aiza '." Arikatra atsimo ary. N a p e trako t eto ho etb izy. Tsy misyeto,f a ni dina any ho any izy angaha. Eroa ny tranony. Aiza? Eroana. H a n asa lamba eto hianareo? Etoana izahay (no) hanasa, fa lavitra loa:ra ery Ankatso. E n t o etsikatra an-tsaha etsy ny ombinao, ry Iboto, fa aza mankary ambony ary intsony. N i h a maitso ny ahitra tato ho ato. F a t atsy ho atsy dia saiky maina izy.

7 I. ADVERI) S
t o-day (tlie p ar t tc

O F T l i VIE.
kaha kfaka fitsy afteratime(e.g., some

I 'he following i s a l i s t of th e ch ief adverb of ti m e .

'come) hc ktsy kokos tc-day (the psrt gone) a ndrotriny, a n yesterday tc-morrow the dsy sftertomorrow drctrizay Isan-andro Isam-holana

Andro any Omhly Ampltso, rahsmpltso Lfak-amp(tso kahafak-smpltso

days) a t thst very day ( pas t )

every day every month every two mcnths

Issn-drcs-volans

T6
Isan-telo-volans every three months every six months Isan-enim-bolsna Issn-tanns > every year knkdhitriny, snkehi- now trio isso, amin' isso Vao fsingans, hsings- quite recently

Pahiny kistttika Indrsindrsy sometimes Tontolo sndro, all day long msndritrauy sndro Tsmin' isay upon that Hstry nsrains ever smce mornmg )tfiaraka smin' isay at that moment Mdndrsksrtvs till evening, continubfisraks tamin' isay do. (past) ally Hstrisay since thetime of Ihlan-ddva incessantly Itahatrisay heresfter (indegmte Itkhatdo alresdy, beforehand future) Itehdfs> rehefefa presently st tbst time (faka- Tsy mbols never is used with msny words to express psst

from of ol d, f r om eternity (indegnite past) formerly often

time)

Ingdhy (s.), the master. EXERCISE X C VII. TRA/VSLA TE I l V TO E G L I S H .

Anio raha hihaino ny feony hianareo. Tsy hanoratra intsony aho rahafak. ampitso. Niandry anao hatry naraina ny olona. Miakatra isan-enim-bolana ny mpampianatra. Tonga ato an-trano izy izao. M i tomany lalan-dava ny zazakely, fa marary izy. N i asa mandritra ny andro izahay. T onga androtriny ny taratasin' ny vazaha. H o m a ina ny ahitra sasany raha afaka atsy ho atsy. H ano miaraka amin' izay ny varinao, ry I b oto, fa handeha faingana isika. M a saka rahateo ny hena, ka tsy hahandro azy intsony akory hianao. M i vidy TE NY SOA dimam.polo amby roan-jato isam-bolana Ingahinay T s y m b o la' nahita lolo tsara tarehy hoatra it y a ho, h atrizay nahavelomako. No vidiko andro any ity satroka ity. Ni t e ntina loko mena, hono, ny olona ary avaratra ary fahiny. A r y i zao sasd.ny ny tdnany raha azon' ny loko. Hoy ny rainy hoe: " Modia," dia nody niaraka tamin' izay izy. Ma n asa lamba matetika ny olona any aminay. M i v a vaka intelo isanandro izay le hilahy izay. M i a k atra a ty a n - tankna indroa i s a n-taona izy rehetra.

72. ADVERB S
Fatrstra Tsimdramdra

O F M A N N E R , A N D A FF I R M A T I ON, A ND N E G A T I O N , E T C .
Kokds Asa, avy
moreand more, slittle
mnre

Tsikdlikdly Tsipdtipdtika
Loatrs

kiaiuka Koa
Knsa

esrnestly, strenuously easily by small degrees piecemeal exceedingly, too rather, all the more
too on tbe contrary

even Sslky> sslks> vsiky> almnst (but not e f-

fected) vsiks blsdtvaho, efa ms- almost (snd will or diva ho oan be accomplished)

Hsfoto-pe(fototrafe)to thc thighs

Havaulana (vamsns) to the loins Hshelika (hglika) to the armpit Hatdnda (tenda) to the throat HafiQsdis (fthLdia) to the sole o ft h0foot Hahttro (idtro) to the heels Hitlohtlihs (loha ha- to the knees

Anghha, sngiimba Tokony ho Sendra Tahiny

liks)
Havava(vsva) Rny Tsia Tsy to themouth yes no not Avokba Avy

1st not (the sign of prohibition) perhsps probably perohsnce perohsnce (used only of suppositions) (before s word) individually (after a word) wholly apieoe, individually

EXERCISE X C VII I . TRA1VSLATE I X T O E X GL I S H . Aza omena tsipotipotik5 ny volako, fa omeo avokoa. Saiky maty izy raha tsy nandeha tsimoramota ny soavaliny. T o k ony ho vitako intelo manao angaha ity.. Milalao ny ankizy, fa nanoratra kosa aho. M a my ' ireto; ity koa mamy, sady manitra fatratra. M a diva ho.faty ny jiro. E f a h o hariva ny aadro, ka mody avokoa ny akoho. Nokapohinao angaha ay soavaly, ka mihamaditra loatra izy. N y omby aza mahalala ny tompony, ka mainka ny olombelona. R aha tahiny tonga anio ny zandriko, dia hirahiko hankany aminao izy. A n gamba tsy ho tonga anio ny zandrinao, fa nihatondraka ny raao ka tonga hahelika izy izao. I o avy (no) atahoranareo. Aza matahotra foana, ry naotra, fa azontsika avokoa ny vidin' omby. H a a o t s ikelikely ny varinao. Mafimafy kokoa nyvato noho ny hazo, nefa mora vaky kokoa kosa ny vato raha sendra mitovy ny hateviny.

73, THE A D V E R B S

OF

Q U A LI T Y O R

M AN NE R .

The want of adverbs of quality o r m a nner i s supplied by ' adjectives, prepositional phrases, and verbs, as: Tsy tiako fnainty izany (nzainty, black ), used for exceedingly. Mihira tsara, to s ing zoell. Ma n a o am-pitaka (fitakaj, t o a c t ' deceit fully. Maka an-ka fetsena ',fetsy), to get cunningly. M a n a o am-psfehezana (fehy), to do authoritatioely, etc. 'Ihe Interrogatives aiza (of place) and oo)ana (of time,' are . already known . T h e r e r e m a i n ra h o v )ana,when (of the future ),
akory, how; ah6ana, how. Ma nao ah6ana (wlth past and futurenanao, hanao), in what manner, of u hat kind, etc.; atao ah6ana

(with past and future natao, hatao), how, implying difficulty.

Tsy maintsy, must. Lblom-pd (lolo and fo) (s.), malice, spite. Misksaka (v. int.), to be cut in half.

'I

EXERCISE X C IX. -T RA iVSL A TE I N T O E N G L I S H . Miteny an-katezerana hianao, ka tsy maintsy ho diso. A iza ny tranonareo? Halako mainty ny mihira an-kalainana. Nanao ahoana ny nanoratany ny anarantsika? N a noratra tsara izy. O v i ana n y s a t rokao (no) novidina. Atao ahoana (no) fahandro ny vary? Akory hianao, ry havako? Aza manao an-dolom-po amy ny namanao. Miteny malemy izy. Rahoviana hianareo {no) hankary aminay? Manao ahoana ny reninao? Matory am-pihinanana io zazakely io. K a h a t ao ahoana izy ? M i l o mano mitsangana Ranaivo.
M itomany an-kahoriana Ramatoa. V a k y n isasaka ny lovia. T r i a tra m i t s i valana ny lambako. T r i atra mitsangana ny akanjoko, ka mba zairo kely.

74. T HE P R E P O S I T IO N S . T he simple Prepositions are few, the following being t h e chief:

Amy, to, with, from, into, on. Any, belonging to. Akaiky, near to. Afa tsy (fully afuka tsy). except. Ambkraka, until. Araka, according to. Hatra, from, or to. Ho, ho any, for, to. Mandraka, until. Noho, on account uf, because of. Tandrffy, opposite to.

Arobdhy (pass. imp.) (roboka), put in.

A ta o vy, put.

EXERCISE C . TRA1VSLATE IIITO E X G L I S H . Niresaka taminy (to) aho, ka nolazainy {tami.)ko ny heviny. A vi a hiresadresaka, fa mahafaly ahy ny miresaka aminao (roith). An d e ha hiaraka aminay (zoith), anaka. A z a e ntinao mankany aminy (to) iny boky iny, fa avy taminy (from) hiany izy. A r o bohy amy (into) ny rano ny tongotrao. Ataovy amy (on) ny gurodona ny elonao. Ho avy angamba ny olona amy (on) ny Asabotsy. Aza alainao ireo taratasy ireo, fa any (belonging to) Jaona. An' (belong to) iza kosa ireto penina ireto? M i s y v oninkazo tsara tarehy eo akaikiny (near to). T s y m anana sakaiza afa-tsy (excePt) Rakoto izy. Aza miala eto ambara- (until) pahatongan' ny reninao. A r i ndrino ny varavaran.kely ambara- (until) pihinako. A n d r aso mandra- (until) pihaviny. Firy moa ny isa hatramy (fr om) ny i ray ka hatramy (to) ny iraika amby roa-polo? H atramy (fro m) ny A o gosta ka hatramy (to) ny Martsa, dia mafana ny andro. V i d iko ho any (for) ny sakaizako ireto zavatra ireto, fa ho any (to) Toamasina izy rahafakampitso. Ekeko hiany ny teninao noho (on account of') ny fitiavako ny rainao. Ni tsangana tandrifin' ny Andriana ny zanany.

7 5. THE P R E P O S I T I O NA L

PR E F I X E S.

There are four prepositional prefixes, "a-," "an-," "am-," and "i-," which, when joined to nouns, make a class of Compound P repositions, T h e f o l l o w i n g ar e th e m ore commonly us ed : A- Afovdana (fo and voa),in the An- An-kavdnana (havdnana), at the midst of. right hand, of. Aldha (loha), before. An-klla (ila), on the side of. Aoriana or arlana, behind. An-tampona (td.mpona), on the A mdrona(morona), on t hebrink of . of. Atslmo (tsimo), south of. An-tdnatdna (tenatdna), in the Atsinanana (tsinana), east of. middle (as of an ascent, road, Avaratra (varatra ), north of. etc.). An-tsfsina (slsina), on the edge of. An- Anatrdhana (atrika), in the preAm-Ambdny (vany?), beneath,'below. sence of. And.ty (d.ty), inside of, within, Ambdny (vony?), above. Am-bddy (vody), at the bottom of. among. An-ddfy (lafy), on the other side of. Am-povdany (fo and voa), in the A n-dkny (lany), do. middle of. An-ddfitra (lefitra), on the left of. Am-bkdika (vadika), on the other A n-ddha (loha), on, or a t t h e side of. Am-pita (ita), on the other side of , head of. Andrdfana, west of. a river, etc. An-dlandlana (elanelana), beAm-bdho (voho), at the back of. tVeen. I- I f o t otra (fototra) on the tree. An-ila (ila), at the side of. Imd,so (maso), in the eyes (sight) An-ivona (ivo), of. An-koatra (hoatra), beyond. Ivhla (vela?), outside of. An-kavfa (havla), at the left hand Ivdho (voho), at t h e back of, of. behind. Avo be (adj.), lofty. Z a v ona (s.), mist. L a l omodra (s.), a cupboard.

EKERCISE C I. TRA A'SLA TE INTO E X G L I S H .

Nafindrany aoam-povoan-trano ny latabatra. Nandeha talohako izy, ka efa tonga ery an-dafy atsinanana ery izy. N i t sangana teo aorianao aho. Misy hazo avo be eo amoron-kady atsimon-tan6na. Mipetraha eo an-kaviandrainao, fa ny zokinao efa mipetraka eo an-kavanany. I n ona no ataon' io lehilahy mijanona an-kilam-bavahady io? Misy zavona kely ery an-tampontendrombohitra. T eo an-tenatena ld.lana (no) trany izahay. M onina eo antsisin-tandna ny havanay rehetra. N e n tina teo anatrehan' ny mpitsara izy, ka nasainy nokapohina teo imason' ny vahoaka. M i j a ndna eto an-kilako, fa aza mitoetra ao ivohoko. Tao ambonin' ny latabatra (no) napetrakao ny satroko, sa tao ambaniny? Na v e lako ao a m -bodin' n y l a l omoara izy, tompoko. Mankanesa ao am-badik' io tendrombohitra io, fa aza mijanona

eo'sn-tenatenany na mankeny an-tampony. Misy antsy ao.am-bodin' i o seza mangamanga io. M asaka ifotony itony akondro itony, ka'izany (no) pankamamy azy loatra. L a tsaka an-ivony iny, ka saro-miala. M a ndry an-defitra, ka saro-mifoha.

y6. SUBSTITUTES FO R

P R E PQSITIONS.

The verbs avy, mz'ala, mandtona, mamdky, manodldina, mandraka, misblo, midraka, etc'., are u sed as substitutes for our prepo-

s itions implying motion to or f r om, respecting, according t o , etc., as in the following sentences:Tonga avy any AmMhimknga ny an- The children have come from A m kizy, bohimanga. Avy tany Namhhana (no) nihavian' His father came from Namhhana. ny rainy, Ento miala ny soavalinao, hoy ny Take your horse aroay, s ay t h e diman-jato-lahy, guards. Ka dia nentiko niata faingana izy, And so I took it aroay quickly. Ento manatona ny reniny io zaza io, Take that child-Awards its mother. Natosiko nanatona ny vata ny vato, I pushed the stone toroards the box. Mandeha mamahy ny tsena ny omby, The oxen are going th r o ugh t h e
Notarihany namahy ny tankna ny miaramil'any, Mitsangana manodidina ny rainy ny zanany lahy, Fa nipetraka nanodidina ny r eniny ny zanany vavy, Valio manaraha ny nataony izy,
market. He led his soldiers through the town.

His sons stpod round their father.

But his daughters sat ro und their mother. Answer him according to (what) he did. Put that there insteadof the lost one. Apetraho eo iny hisolo ilay very, i end. Andehamiarahaamy ny sakaizanao, Go roithyour fr He took his children in. Nitondra ny zanany miditra izy, Nandeha nidina ny tohatra aho, I went doron the ladder. The oxen were driven out by him. Noroahiny nivoaha ny omby, Aza atsipy ~ihoatra ny manda ny Do not t hrow th e s t one over t h e wall. vato,

81

77. SUBSTITUTES FOR

P R E POSITIONS (CONT.).

The verb itself sometimes contains the force of the preposition.

Afitomaey voankazo ny zazakely, T he ch i l d iscryieg for fruit. Aza mihomehy olona hianareo,ana- Do not laugh at anybody, children. ka, f ady he n-ondry ny r a y a m a n- H i s fa t h er a nd m o ther abstuined dreniny taloha, from mutton formerly. I willt a k eo g( m y) c oat, for (I a m FEiataakanjo aho, fa handro, about to) bathe. Aza manduinga azy intsony, Do not tellli e s to hi m any more. Aza misangy zaza raha eo am-pian- D o n ot Play with children when in chapel. gonana, Mkry ny havanao va hianao? ' A re you r hiding from your relative? Malaina hiera azy amy ny mpampia- I a m u nwilling (lit. idle) to ask leane , natra aho, for him frory the teacher. Ho lavo ny zazakely, fa mitaingina The c hild will fall, for(he) is on the ampiantany, wall.

The relative verb often obviates the necessity of using a preposition, as

Nitondrany vola aho, I wasthe person fo rwhom he brought money. His mother was the person for whom he bought a garment, or He bought a garmentfor his mother. He built a house for his children. Ed i b le roots are d'ug for; g u t t ers are made for cr abs; t he sovereign is followed for beef.

Nividianany akanjo ny reniny,

Nanaovany trano ny zanany, Iasanaavdko;itataram-poza; ueurahana Andrfana hena.

There are some verbs that govern two accusatives which require a preposition before one of them in English, as
I

Mamely sabatru azy iz y, Namely tbtohdndry azy aho,

He strikes him with a sword. I struck him suith (my) fist.

The su%x of the passive and relative verbs always has the preposition "by" expressed in the addition of the sufEx pronoun
to the verb, as I Nokapohiny aho, Nantsoiny aho, Nanalantsika ny vola, I was struck by him. I was called by him. (Some) of the money was taken by us, etc.

7 8. THE P A R T I C L E

" N ' O."

The emphatic or discriminative particle "no" is v e ry difBcult to be understood by persons just beginning to feel their way in the language. I w o uld advise learners to abstain from it s use
e ntirely u n l ess t he y f e e l y u z't'e sure t ha t i t i s w a n t e d . N ev e r

use it as an equivalent for the English verb 'Vo be." A

e xamination o f v erb, or verbal n o un .

c a r e f ul

E x e r c is e C I I . w i l l s h o w s it s use almost in t h e I t s u s e a f t e r i n t e r r o g at ives w a s s h o w n

T s yahoako, I care not for. Milhvina (v. int.), to bury.

place of the article, after "izao," "koy" followed by a p a s sive in a former paragraph.
Rafdzana (s.), father-in-law, mother-in-law., Manhry (tery) (v. tr.), to compel, etc.

EXERCISE CII . TRAlVSLA TE I X T O

E Z V GLISH.

I zao no lazainy, ary izao no fiteniny, tompoko. H o y n o navaliko. I z a o no resany. Hoy no fi hiranao azy; "La, la." Ary hoy kosa no fi hi r ako azy: "mi, do." I z a o no lazaiko aminao, tompokolahy; " T sy ahoako ny zavatra rehetra raha tkhiny ho tsara fanahy hianao." A r y i zao no tenin' ny olona: Amboleo ny hazo, vidio ny vary, zarao ny vola, ka mankanesa aty aminay indray. A r y izao no navalinay azy: Tsy misy orana ka tsy azo ambolena ny hazo, ary lany vola .ka tsy misy hamidy vary, ary ny vola efa voazara rahateo. Hoy no fiteniny Rota tamy ny rafozany hoe: " A z a manery ahy handao anao, fa ho oloko izay olonao, ary ho Andriamanitro izay Andriamanitrao, ary hilevina amy ny tany izay hilevenanao aho." I z a no marina?

7 9. THE P A R T I C L E
L et it be n o t i ced that i n al l

"i VO" DI S CRIMINATIVE.

s u c h s e n t ences a s a r e f o u n d i n

Exercise CIII. the "no" is used for emphasis, and the subJecd is alzvaysPlaced begore the verb; th e f ir st s entence may be translated: Di s s o f t mords (and no other) that'make riches easy to be got. N e ver use this no unless you want t o e m phasize the subject.
Lhlkfo (lela and afo) (s.), 6ame. Midrika (orika) (v. int.), to go up. Osa (adj.), slow. Trozona (s.), a whale. Mi bnd r ika (ondrika) (v. int.), to bend down. Pkrasfly (s.), silk.

EXERCISE GIII. T RAXSLATE I 1 V TO E K G L I S H . Ny teny malemy no mahamora harena, ' ar y ny vava mahery no mampifanditra. N y rano no tsy miorika, ary ny lelafo no tsy miondrika. N y s oavaly no faingam-pandeha, fa tsy ny ondry akory; ary ny tana no osa fandeha indrindra, fa tsy ny totozy. Ny ankizy no nandriatra ny akanjonao, tompoko, fa tsy izaho. Ny elefanta no lehibe indrindra amy ny biby rehetra manantongotra, ary ny. trozona no lehibe indrindra amy ny ao an-dranomasina, fa ny liona kosa no mahery indrindra angaha. J aona' no anarany. N y parasily no lamba saro-bidy indrindra. V a van-olona va no tsy hitiavankavana? N y hatsiaka no itafian-damba; ny mosary no ihinanan-kanina. N y alaheloko no itomaniako. A t sy no t ranonl ny mpivaro-kena. A i z a h o a iza no nametrahanao ny bokiko? E o amy ny tknany no misy hatina. I z a y m anaiky hiany no iraho. N y lava no tapaho, ary ny fohy no tohizo. N y voankazo masaka hiany no vidio. R a h a sitrakao, tompoko, ny soratra no aoka hataoko. N y h ir a aloha no tokony hataoko 1zvorary. N y m a rary hiany no aza avy. I o voankazo iray io no tsy hohaninareo. Tsy hananatra anao betsaka aho, fa ny miady amin' olona no aza atao. Ary i lay akanjoko no aoka tsy hozairina, fandrao simbanareo foana.

" 2VO" K M P H A S I Z I N G A N 8 o. THE P A R T I C L E A DJIJNCT, O R STA T E M E N T . An adjunct is sometimes emphasized by being placed first
a nd followed by " n o, " a s i n t h e fi r s t s e n t en ce : I t w a s i n t h e year r869 (and in no ot h er~ that . . . . . . A st at e m en t r e q u i res a reason to be given as inthe sentence, "1zdho no mitdny z'z any, ny alah'zloko"must be translated: The reason that I speak is my sorrow for you . A nd t h e l a s t t h ree sentences show its use as a contraction.of "n a k oana no" i n a s k i ng q u e stions w h e re a l i t t l e

censure is implied.
Adldy (s.), responsibility, blame. R a v 6ny, name of a girl.

EXERCISE C IV. TRA JVSLA TE IET0 EN G L I S H . Tamy ny taonax869 no nandorana ny sampy. Tamy ny Janoary faha-29 no vitanay ny raharahanay. Amy ny andro ihinananareo azy no ho faty hianareo. Tamy nytaona r88r no teraka ny zanako. T amy ny Zoma no maty ilay omby masiaka. Ny sampanan-dklana no nahazo adidy, ny toko tapaka. I zaho no niteny izany, ny alaheloko anareo. Isika no nahay nihira, ny hazotoantsika. N o tsy nopasohinao ny lambako? F a n o t r iarinareo ireto taratasin' olona? No tsy babena ny zazakely, ry Vony?
' A " eo" must always follow where the very name is put first.

84

8 I. THE

RELATIVE.

Exercise CV. is made to show the use of the Relative verb where a direct object is considered partitively; or where the
nominative case or the subject of th e s entence is a n i n d i r ect

object, as in the last five sentences. The following list of words taken from Mr. Cousins' INTRODUGTIoN are used indifferently for passive and relative voice.
knknans knontsnisna knkaeitdihsna kmboltna. kbd S~ Ianiirsns Iantrkns Iarttsns Ilsosans poseeeeed ontanr ~ queetioned sitrska thanked voly plsnted tahotra feared snatra learned sntrs pitied aritrs suftered lao left
Inoans Inonoans Issousna Ieaorana Itokknana Itokisns Itomsnlans Isahiins mo nono ssona saotra toksna toky tany sshs

believed sucked mourned thanked eet spart trueted bewept looked for

Lhlaphnina (s.), a pen.'

O n d rikhly (s.), a lamb.

EXERCISE C V. TRAXSLA TE ITO E X G L I S H . Izahao lelapenina anankiray, hono, ny zandrinao, Rajaona. Inoy kely hiany izay rehetra nolazainy. Amonoy akoho ny vahiny; I t ondray peso aho. Akao rano kely ny rainao, fa mangetaheta izy. I varoty lamba ireo mpivaro-kena ireo. Aniraho olona hilaza amiko, raha tdhiny hitanao izy. Anesory voankazo amin'ir eto t sara, l r a anatero Rakoto. Anomezo azy kely io solika io, rankizy. Ividiano siramamy kely izahay, ry zoky. Hividianana sira hoe? Anesory ity rano ity fa feno loatra. A nario, hono, iretsy vato iretsy. Nanalako anankiray ilay peninao tao am-bata kely. H i l azako ny resatsika va izy? I t okiako izay voalazanao. Itomanian' ny zazakely ny reniny. Ianaro ~loha ity boky ity. Inonoan' ny ondrikely ny reniny. Ilazao izy fa ho avy Razafy.

8z. THE RELATIVE (CONT.).

The Relative is also used when the nominative or subject of
the sentence is an adjunct of time, place, mode, and cause, 'as illustrated in the following exercise; i n t h e fi rs t sentence the

word "od3ako" is the subject, i.e.: "My going home is when it is night."
Hoatrlnona (adv.), how mnch? A r i kry (s.), a dollar.

86 EXERCISE C VII. TRANSLATE I N T O E N G L I S H . Ny andro alina no odiako. Rahampitso no hahatongavany. Impiry no hampianaralto anao? I n droa no nitenenako taminy. A t y I m e rina no itoeran' nyVazaha betsaka. Ao anaty rano no itoeran' ny trozona. Ity tany i ty no onenan' ny olona aloha. Roa volana no nialany tatl. aminay. N y hevitraono anarahako anao. fzao no hanaovantsika azy. Ny ditrany no ahafoizako azy. N y h a maminy no itiavako ny fary. I z a o no amoriako anareorehetra. N y h e tintsikano ahetezan' ny olona ny ahitra. N y h e r iny no akany ny zavatro, fa tsy heloko. Ny fahendreny no anamarinany ny z anany. H o a trinona no ivarotanao ny elonao, ry sakaiza7 A r i ary n o angalako azy, fa izany hiany no nividianako azy.

83. THE RELATIV E (CONT.).

The following exercise will show the use of the relative forms in "maha-," sometiines used transitively, and a t o t her t i m es intransitively.
EXERCISE C VI. TRANSLA T E I N T O E N G L I SH.

Ny koratabanareowo tsy aharenesako ny teniny A m y ny andro ahavitany no hakako anareo. N y teny moramora no ahavitana raharaha betsaka, fa t sy ny horakoraka. R a hampitso no hahalasanantsika ny lambany. T a my ny andro nahalasanako no nivarotany ny ombiko. T o y izao no nahazoan' ny rainao ny entanay. A n i o n o hahatongavan' ny taratasintsika. N a hafatesanay omby roa ireny vahiny ireny. Ny ahafatesan' ny omby no hampiseho aminy ny fanajana azy. H a h alaniana vola be it y t r ano hataontsika ity. Ny ahalanian' ny vola kosa no hahatsara azy. N a halavoanay roa ny ombinao, tompoko. A n dro nahalavoany indrindra no nano6sako azy. H a h alafosako roa amby ny folo angaha ireto boky ireto izao. A r y a m in' izay ahalafosany no hanaterako ny volanao.

84. THE U S E

O F "AX A NA O."

The verb "manao" has a very great variety of meanings and

the following long list of phrases will well repay study.

Manao (tao), Manao hoe, Manao kkratra, Manao fanorona, Manao dbmy, To do. To say To play at cards. "fandrona" (a native game). d ominoes.

Manao diaminga, Manao totohdndry, Manao landnana,

'

Manao angkno, Manao fan6nona, Manao an-tsavily, Manao vikina, Manao dknish, Manao tsindriandriana, Manao trano, Manao volo, Manao matso, Manao vary, Manao fanomp6ana, Manao rarkngy, Manao ranomkndry, Manao sava-rano, Manao rano-refy, Manao tsikkrok-amboa, Manao an-tsltrika, Manao rano tsilkny, Manao rano tsangana, Manao batlsa, Manao Krfsimksy, Manao ba lava, Manao fanamfana, Manao didy lava, Manao hamkma, Manao kir4ro verinla, Manao peratra, Manao dizbniny, Manao kavina, Manao sori-bilana, Manao vaki-tkmpona, Manao bango an-kktoka, Manao solanga, Manao pkta16ha, Manao vy very ny aiuy, Manao ditra, Manao botraika, Manao an-keriny, Manao an-tsojay, Manao kit6at6a, Manao teninaina Manao loha-teny tsy mitdvy,

To play at kicking (backwards). "fisticufFs." r To assemble in great numbers for celebrating some great event. To tell fables. To play at making riddles. swinging. j umping. ' To dance. To play at making sovereigns and people. To build a house. To dress hair. To assemble for a march. To reap,collect,or t hr esh ri ce. To do unrequited service,whether for t he s overeign or a master. To run fast in carrying anybody in a palanquin. To go slower, of the above. To swim by throwing out the arms. bringing the arms in. throwing the hands downwards. To dive. To svrim, or Soat on the b' ack. To tread water. To baptize. To celebrate Christmas by an assembly out of doors. A C hristmas picnic. To wear long stockings. To dress in one's best. To wear adress made in pieces sewn from the

neck to the skirts. To wear a turban. patent leather shoes. a rmg a suite of clothes of one material. ear-rings, To part the hair on one side. in the middle. To wear the hair "in a tail" behind. pushed back. trousers. To put forth strenuous efForts. To be obstinate. exceedingly obstinate. To take anything by force. To rejoice over any one in trouble. To act at random. ,; recklessly. To shew partiality.

Manao halakoombay manka- To try and make others bate what the speaker hdla, hates. Manao soa am-pd, To act without lawful authority. Manao teniko fe (fa) lhhibh,' To lord it over others. Manao kelytsy mba mam(ndro, To despise those of l ower rank. Manao havan' ny lahy sy ha- To act fairly to one's own friends only. van' ny vavy, Manao mard.rirkry izany en- Your looks are as if (you) were ill. drikao izany, Manao vklabd,l aka aho izany, I am exhausted. Manao add,laddla, To appear to be a fool. Manao azy ho ngdza izy, To think himself to be something. Manao ...ho addla, To think one a fool, or to make one out to be a fool. Nataoko ho sira io vato io, I took that stone to be salt. Manao dimy an-dd,l ana, To arrange in fives. Manao efa-toko, To make'q divisi ons, or cl asses. Manao ny tavany amy ny vo- To put his face on the ground. voka izy, Manao ny tknany 'amy ny vah a nds to his mouth. vany, Mattao tahin' Andriamd,nitra, To say God bless you, or Good bye. Manao veldma, To bid good bye.
Manao tsara hid.ny andriana, To salute tho sovereign. Manao trard.ntitra andriana, To bid good byeto the sovereign. Manao ary zato am-pandrlana, To build gastles in the air. Manao rknomanitra, To put scent on anything.

8 5. WORD U S E D

I N B U Y I N G A ND

SE L L I N G .

It has been thought well to add the following, showing how with the requisite scales, weights, and money, bargains may
be struck, and p u r chases made.
Mandrilnto (v. tr.) hiivldy Mivkrotra Am-bongkdiny An-tsinjkrany Tsipbtipetika Mandmbana Mikdivkrotra Angalkna Resy aho Tsy sahy Tsy slaiko
to trade

to buy to sell wholesale retail

to name the price to bargain. can be had for

I lose (by it) unwilling I wlll not take it, he. the price

Mason-kantna , prime cost Tombony I gain Faty antoka i loss Mizkna scales Mizkna mandMnga false scales weights Vato miskna Vato ratsy bad weights heavy weights Vsto mahdry light weights Vato revaka Vato osa tt o to weigh Mandsnja Vkklvkkiiny out money

88
Mora Samtra Misdndrotra Mih6ns klslho Fsnilmbiny ny anao Raihitrs Ento ary

cheap
dear

gomg up going down I sgree

tate it all right tahe it

Vhhhn-bdla Mah6ry. Latsshs Marins Msnshllo Sandsny Setriny Heriny

a pieceof c u t m oney hesvy, too much light, too little

right (weight) to ezchange premium on ezchsnge

change returned overplus of price

8 6. NAMES FOR

V A R I O U S P IECES OF M O N E Y .

The French five france piece (or its equivalent in th e m oney o f the nations forming the L a tin U n i o n) is the only p erfect c oin current in t h e i sland. T h e o l d S p anish dollar was t h e f irst introduced, I suppose, and it is still sometimes met w i t h . The Government issue small scales with their accompanying five w eights, two (kso) which each equal half the weight of a n o l d Spanish dollar,' one (kr'rbbo) equalling a quarter, another (sikdgy) an eighth, and another (rbavbam'tnaj a twelfth. T he perfect coin
is called "F a r d f gtsa," a n d t h e m o d e rn c o i n s a r e o n e - t w e l f t h l ess in weight t h a t th e an cient ones, yet the ful l w e i g h t o f t w o

"kso" must begiven in exchange for a perfect fi ve f ranc piece. This five france piece is called a dollar b y E n g l i shmen and Americans.
Iyams.
Vary irsy venty r Vary dimy venty Ersn' ambiltrys Sssahy ny latss-psheniny Ils-vdameuss Roan' smbstry V6am6na latsshs Sto vdnty
V6smenas Latss-paheniny s

Pvonunciation.
Vsriraivdnty Vsridimivdnty Ersnambgtry

LiLvoamdna

v4c of s dollsr vfc of dollsr of s dollsr of twopenoe One penny

* of s dollsr
Lttsspaheniny
Diventy sy vosmdua, or diven-tsy voamena Efstrsmbiltry Ldsirh,y

Vary dimy venty sy voamena Efatrs ambhtry Ils sy irsys

Three half-penoe Twqpence $ less than twopence of a dollsr, snd twopenoe

of sd ollar

Threepence

' The variraivbrrty i s one grain of r i ce. ' The erarrambatry isone ambatry, which is s upposed by some to be a contraction ofambarivatry, the pig eon pea. * Zlavoamr'rra is literally one side (i.e. half ) of the vaamersa. Voamkrsa is literally oa red seed." ' The "latsa-" is from Zatsaka=less, or wanting. ' Lasirup is literally one side (of voambrsa) and one ceumhsa.

89
N>xsxc.
yto>o cd>xrstna Ha sy roa' Pmn>xnciotion.

sik>fet>* Ila sy telo Venty Ila sy venty IraixnbiQnja Kix4bo latsaka ilany Niref>o Kirdbo sy vdamdna L4irdy sy ldrdbo ~ g y
Ldsirda sy klrdbo Sihtjy telo Venty sy hirdbo Loso latsa-bdamdna Loso latatka ihl-vdamdna Loso Loso sy ildv6amdna Loso sy v6amdna LiLaix4y sy loso Rdav6amdna sy loso Slk>tjydimy Venty sy loso Kirobo telo ArQry hxtsa-tsikhjy ArB,ry latsa-droavdamdna ArQry latsa-bdamdna Arihry or Fardntsa AfiiLry sy voamdna Rdavdamdna sy Aridry Kirobo sy tuihy ArULry roa Vola folo Lstsa-kirdbo tsy sheni-droa

Fourpenoe Fivepence Sizpenoe Ldsitdlo Sevenpenoe Eightpenoe L4ivdnsy Ninepenoe IQimbililnja Tenpence Kirdbo Igtsaldlany Elevenpenoe A shilling One sndtwopence threepenoe foxxrpeuce gvepence sizpence eightpence tenpence elevenpeuoe Two shillings Loso sy Ihvoamdna and a penny twopence t hreepence R6avdamdn-tsy loso fourpence Half a orown Two and eightpenoe Vdntsil6so Three shillings AriiLry liltxdkdjy Three and sizpence Three and eightpence , Three and tenpence Four shxilings Four and twopence Four and fourpence Five shillings Eight shillings Ten shillings Latsa.hirdbo tsy enin-droa Seven shillings

Rdavdamdna

Ldsirda

The Malagasy reckon their money as follows:

xo Vdriraivhnty = 9 Eranambd.try = = 8 Sikkjy 1 Arikry x Er a n ambdtxy. x S i k djy. x A r i a ry. x Fardntsa.

The portions that have stamped weights issued by the government are pri n ted in i t a l i c s.
Lasirda is literally one side (of vd>am>ina) and two vbamena. The sikajy, kirobo, venty, raimbit>xnj a, sasan>xngy, toso> I cannot give the derivation of. "Heni- from He nxlxa=full o f . Hence "Tsy keni-droa" me ans not filling up, or making two (dollars ).

8 y. ON THE V A R I OU S P A SSIVE FO R M S .
W e feel t h a t m o r e e x p l a n a t io n o f t h e va r i o u s ' d e r i v a t i v e passive forms froin the root is r equir ed. f,t ) Some rootshave a passive form in a- only,. and in such cases it is used of somethz'ng fut i n t o t h e s t a t e i m p l i e d b y t h e

root. C o mpare the following list:Aflndra, Ahbdina, Agkly f Akkmbana, Ak6mbona, Apkka, Askndratra, Ashho, Atkmbatra, Atdslka, Atsangana, Avbna, O f som e thing moved. made to turn round.

gp

fg

ff

fg

suffel.

'

j p

oine d to something else. shut. made to touch something else. elevated. made manifest, shown. added or joined to something else, ushe d . set up. made into a knot.

(2) Others having one in a- have also a correlative in -ana. When such is the case the a- form r efers to th a t zoz'th zohzeh a certain act is done, while th e f or m i n - a n a refers to zohat the act of the verb is applied. Very rarely a form in -zna may be found w ith the same meaning as that i n - a n a . fafkzana, Of the field orground sown. Afkfy, Of the seedsown, fandrlhana, t h i ngcaught ortrapAfkndrika, w h at is used as a net, ped. Aghja, the string, etc. used to gejkna, thing tied. tie up anything, Aidina, w ater etc. poured out, idfnana, on wh>ch something is poured. the axe etc. used in cut- kapaina, w o o d etc. cut orhewn. Akkpa, ting or hewing, lefana, or l i place on whi c h A16fa, the thing set free, lefksana, ) t wateretc. is turned. ainpfana, t h i n g t o w h ich t h e A nkmpy,' added , addition is made. Ap6aka, (powder etc.) pokhana, t h in g b l own up b y blown up, the powder etc., Arkkotra, t h e thingusedasa lid, rakhfana, p o t etc. covered. Arkraka, t h i n g ( w ater, m i l k , rar6,hana, that on which anything etc.) spilled, is spilled. Arbboka, t h i n g put into(water, robdhana, that in which anything etc.), is put.
' Noticean "n" for euphony inserted here.

91 Of something put forward, ros6ana, Of the person beforewhom as a meal placed' bethe meal is put. fore some one, Ashsika, s omething put i n , a s sesdhana, that into which somethe minced meat of a o rsesdfana, t h i n g i s p u t , a s t h e sausage etc., s kin into w h ich t h e meat is f or ced. Atkfy, the cloth etc. used as a taffana, the person clothed.
Ar6so,
garment, that used for collecting, , tantdzana, the persons etc.from w hich something i s collected. Atdtd, the water etc. dropped, tetdvana, the person or t h ings on which th e w a t er drops. Atsfpy, the thing thrown, tsipdzana, the person t o w h o m anything is thrown. Ats6boka, somethingput in to, as a tsob6hana, the gravyetc. intowhich the spoon etc. is put. spoon into gravy etc., Avd.rina, something thrown down, varfnana, the coast, ship, etc., to or sentto the coast, which things are taken. the t hing s t r uck b y Azdra, something thrown down, zeraha, s omething thro w n down. Atd.nty,

( 3) Others again have three forms, in a-, -ana, and -irra; b u t the difference in meaning of those in -ana'and -i n a should be carefully noticed.
Loko, Aldko, Lok6ana, Lokdina, Roboka, Ardboka, Rob6hana, Robdhina,
Colour, paint. Of the colour or paint put on. Of som e t hing painted. Of the act ofbeing rivetted.

Put in (water)? Of the t h ing put in the water. Of the w ater in which anything is put. Of the p erson going into the water.

. Stand i ng aside lest one should be struck with a spear etc. Soroka, Of the shield which turns the spear aside. As6roka, Sorohina, O ft he spear or stone turned aside. Sordhina, or Sinoroka, Of grass dug up to clear a road or path.

rafy,

Only used in compounds or derivatives. Atkfy, Of the garment used as clothing. Ta6ana, or Tinafp, Of the person clothed. Of the act of clothing something or somebody. Taffna,

Takona, , Hidden. ' Atkkona, Of that which is used to hide something, i.e. a screen. Tak6nana, or Ttnakona, Of something prevented from being seen, i.e. hidden. Takdnina, Of so m ething carried by two or more walking in file. Tamgoka, Sudden. Atkmpoka, A nyth i n g struck suddenly, as the water. Tampbhana, Of c o l d water suddenly put to hot. Tamp6hina, or, Ttnamgoka, Of the act of being frightened by somebody. Digging. Tomboka, Atbmboka, Of the t h ing dug. Tomb6hina, orTi'nsmboka, Of the act of being dug. Tombdhana, B eing falsely accused. Old, pressed. Tonta, At6nta, Of a bookpfinted. Tontaina, Of the a c t of being printed. Tontkna, or Tin4nta, Being struck with a club. Tonp, Calm, quiet. Of the wind put at rest. At6ny, Being put at rest, as the mind. Tonlna, Of the washing of clothes. Tonhna, Tor o, ' Atbro, Of the road pointed out. Torbana, person directed. Torbina, something crushed.
Ahtr a, None in a. Athrana, Athrina,

Of the person to whom anything is sent Of the thing sent.

When there isonly one form no great diffi culty should be experienced, as in the following sentences.
Ak6mboko ny vavako, Has6hontsika ny antsika, Nah6dina ny kodia. W hen there are two ag ain , a
I shut my mouth. We will show ours. The wheel was turned.

l i t t l e t h o ught w i l l r e m ove a l l

the difficulty. F o r instance, you have a bad lantern (fanhlaj and

you put a g ood one in it s p l a ce, the solbana will r efer to the b ad

one removed; and the asbk to the good one put in its place.
Nosoldana ny fankla ratsy, The bad l a m p was substituted, i.e. had another put in its place. Nyfanalatsaranonasolonyratsy, The good lamp was put in the place of the bad (one).

Or again, you have a s u m o f m o n ey, say a d o llar, (four shillings), and you add a s h i l l ing t o i t . T h e s u m o f m oney would be amPhxna, and the shilling would be the anamPy azy.
Ampfana ny vola, The money is added to,i . e. i ncre ased. Ankmpy kirobo ny vola, A shilling is added to the money.

T he amPkana can only refW to that to w h ich the addition i s made, while the andmPy can only refer to the shilling added.
But when there are three, it i s v ery difficult t o m a k e l e arners understand the nice distinctions, unless the -ana and -i n a h a v e

totally different meanings. W i t h the word ta fy w e w i ll m a k e three sentences, underlining the meaning of the respective forms.
Lamba fotsy no atkPko azy, A w h i te g arrnent is Nsed by me to clothe him. Lamba fotsy no tafiko, A whi te g a r ment is roorn by me, i.e. 1 am mearing a white garment. Tafiako l amba fotsy izy, I clot h ehim with a white garment,' or lit., He is clothed byme with a white garment.

PART II. TRANSLATION 'OF EXERCISES.

Ex. I I. Page z. Two stockings. I t ' i s salt. H o w many are the crocodiles (or How many c rocodiles are there)? F our people. I a m h e . H e ' i s g l ad . I t i s a chameleon,but I am a person.' The sugar-cane is sweet. The people are nine (or, There are nine people). The people were astonished, for the three crocodiles were dead. There are si x people, and two stockings. A chameleon and a crocodile (or chameleons and crocodiles). Both (whether....or) t he crocodile and the chameleon are dead. Three wounds. The rice iscooked. The blood will be red. I a m a s tonished. T h e eight p i ctures are good. The two eyes are bad. I t w i l l be fresh. T h e five red garments are bad. Good earth (or ground).
I

Ex. I I. Page O lona enina. V ary t sara. M a mba ratsy folo. I z y a h o . T s a r a i z y . Tsara aho. Ratsy izy. M a nitra izy. M a nitra ny sira. N y tany. F o l o ny ba. Ratsy ny tana sy ny mamba. Masaka ny hena. Ra mena. Olona valo. Lamba dimy. F iry ny olona? Sivy izy. F iry ny maso mena? Faly ny olona, fa manitra ny hena. Maty izy.

Ex. I I I . Page F our feet and two hands. The hair is white. I h a v e a blue hat. T h e r oad is bad. Th e stone and the iron are hard. T h e money is bad. I h a d f ive peaches and three white stones. I t is dark. T h e stone is broken. T h e iron is broken (off). He has three boxes. The water is sweet. The beef is et good. E i ght white teeth. H e h a s four blue birds. H o w many white ats are there, and how many blue boxes are there? The bird is dead. Evbry person has two hands and two feet. It has a head. The peaches are sweet. The dew is good. The mother is good.

Ex. IV. Page 3. Tsara nyrano. Ratsy ny ody. Manana boky tsara folo aho. Ratsy ny hena mena. Mbola tsara ny nify, F i t o ny andro sy ny alina. N y ando, ny peso, sy ny vato. Ratsy ny lb.lana. Ny tknana, ny tongotra, ny olona, ary ny tana. O l o n a f otsy dimy. V o r ona manga sivy. Ma n ana l oha i zy. Manana peso roa sy vato mena telo aho. Firy ny andro? Loha tsara sy volo fotsy. Fotsy ny volana. Ny vola sy ny vata. Manitra ny peso. M anana satroka manga telo sy peso mena dimy iiy, fa ratsy ny peso. T s y tsara ny resaka. Tsy mafy ny vato.
"Izp" may betranslated by he, s he, t hey, or i t , unl ess t here are r easons forsome particularword. ' Or a human being,

Ex. V Page 4. There will be three people. The white child is right. The knife is broken (off). I t i s dark. T h e good mother is glad, for the child is wise. He is yet a child. There are nine ships t here. There is no bird there. I am wrong, . f or the road is bad. T h e father is astonished, for the box is light. W h e r e are the sheep, the twoblack oxen, and the good relish? T h e m other, the child, and the father were there. I h ave a knife, a canoe, and three pillows. The sky is blue. Where are the seven knives? What is the true? Where are the three stars? The ship and the wind. T here is the ship, but where is the wind? Ex . V I . Page y. Aizany satrokamena? M arina ny olona. M anana zanaka hendry izy. Aiza ny vola ratsy? M a nana vata tsara enina, sy ondry fotsy fite, ary omby ratsy folo izy, A i za ny lakana? M a i vana ny ondana. M a i vana ny vata. M aizina ny alina. T s y m isy olona any. H i s y l a kana any. T s *r a n y marina. Meloka' ny vy, ary tapaka ny antsy. Maivana ny vato folo. Mena ny lanitra, ary misy rivotra. Ex. VI I. Page 6. The child is strong. The day is light. T h e warm wind comes from the west. The ox is ill. T h e child has two fowls and eight eggs. I a m happy, for I have seven soft peaches. There isa white f owl above, and two stubborn sheep below. The road wasfar ( di st ant or long ) yesterday, but it w ill n ot be far to day. T h e re will be four strong people there this evening (reke fa hariva ny andro anio), and they are all stubborn and idle. T h e p e ach is soft, but the stone is heavy (peaches are soft,but stones are heavy). Where
are the north, the south,,and the west? T h e o x i s s trong, but perhaps the white sheep is not strong. T h e moon is light again. T h e r oad is straight to-day, but it was crooked yesterday. Where are the coffee, and the tea, and the warm water? T hat is good, for the rice is cooked. I a m not ill, friend, but well. T h i s is right, but that is wrong. W h ere is the mother, for the child is ill? I h ave a needle, but where is the garment?

Ex. V I I I . Page 5. T sy malaina aho. M anana zanaka hendry roa.ny ray sy ny reny. A i z a ny omby syny ondry syny akoho ary nyatody. A k aiky ny vato, fa lavitra ny rano. A n gamba tany ny volana. M a r ina izany, fa diso ity . T a p aka ny hazo. F i naritra aho. M a d i tra izy. A i z a n y v ata maivana? M a r ary izy. Tsy mafana ny rano. Ao izy. T s y l avitra ny omby, kanefa malaina izy. Mena ny lamba,'ary tsara ny fanjaitra. M a loto indray ny rano. Inona izany? Omby izy. Tsy tsara izany. E x. I X . - P a g e 6. (The) sand is soft, but (the) stone is hard. The egg is good, but the fowl i s little. T h at is suitable. He quick, chil'd, for it i s n i ght. T h e day i s a
l ittle showery. T h e o r nament' is good. W h ere i s th e cock ? H o w m u ch

Crooked w as omitted in t he v ocabulary. I dictionary.

t wU1 b e f o und in t h e

(what) is its price9 I f we are not quick, it will be night. T h e canoe and the people arrived (came) quickly yesterday. We have a little fowl and a w ell formed bull. T h e.child has (some) bad oil, and its price is little. W e shall be happy if the rice is cooked quickly. The oz has not a good shape. The wind comes from the north, and the day will be showery. Th e tea is warm, and we are not in a hurry. I f t he peach is sweet, how much more the sugar-cane. The needle willbe br oken, fo rt he garment is hard. The well formed cow is stubborn. The people arenot astonished, for the rice is much. The father and the mother will be glad, if we arrive quickly. Ez. X. Page y. Tsytsarany solika. Tsy maika aho, fa tsara ny Slana anio. Any n y olona. Tsy ho merika ny andro. Tonga ny zazalahy. Manana haingo ny zaravavy. Tapaka ny paingotra sy ny fanjaitra. M anana loha iray sy tongotra efatra ny ombilahy. M aizma ny maraina, ka tsy ho mafana ny andro. V a r y t sara betsaka. M a n ana tknana kely izy. F a i n gkna, ry sakaiza. N i sy solika betsaka omaly. T s y maika izahay, fa tsy mbola hariva ny andro. Tsy bikana ny zaza. Tsara ny hena, ka hoatrinona ny vidiny? Gaga ny olona, raha tonga ny lakana. Tahaka ny ondry izy. Ez. XI. Page y. The plate i s broken, s i st er. How many men and women are there? The b lunt knife is lost, but there is the sharp pin. B e d i l igent, brother. T h e red mouse andthe black rat willcome to-morrow. There are two dogs there. The grass is green, but the earth is black. W h ere are the scissors? T h ey a re lost. The ass is stubborn, and the water will be spilled. T h e c h ild i s an orphan. Be clean, friend. One rat was dead, and the mice were glad. The shoes are good, but the hat is bad. T h e g lass is broken, and the crooked needle i s br oken. He is gone quickly. Where is the umbrella, for the day is very warm? The fish is dead; and where is the plate? The ass has two ears. The sweet honey istoo dear. The road is narrow and bad. The knife and the sharp scissors are not too dear. Ez. X I I . Page 8. Manana rahalahy (or anadahy) hendry iray sy anabavy (or rahavavy) hendry roa aho. Ho very ny vola raha tsy faingana isika. Ho raraka ny rano, fa hty loatra ny lklana. Tsy ratsy ny lklana omaly, kanefa tsy tonga ny lehilahy. K ely loatra ny elo, ary mora ny kiraro. M aditra ny ampondra mainty, fa hendry ny lehilahy. M amy loatra ny tantely. Saro-bidy loatrany . vary,nefa mora ny hazandrano. Manana antsy telo aho'. maramtra ny roa, fa dombo ny iray. Vaky ny lovia folo, ary aiza ny vary sy ny laoka? V erI izy rehetra. Firy ny lehilahy sy ny anadahy (or rahalahy) sy ny anabavy (or rahavavy) ary ny zaza? Lasa ny vorona, fa maty ny iray. Ex. X I I I . Page 8. A re the people arrived? Are the birds gone? Is the money lost? I s t he p late broken? I s the child good? I s the cow too little ? I s i t d e ad ? I s the brother there? I s t h e stone black? I s t h e boz l i g ht ? H o w m a ny peopleare there? Is not the knife sharp? Is not the road narrow? Is not the honey good? Is the egg broken? Is not the asC dear? Are the rice

aad the relish cooked? How many sheep are there? PVhat is that? Wherxx is the broken glass? Did the friend arrive yesterday? No, but he wiO come to-day. Are the l i t t l es ci ssors bl unt? No. Is the knife sharp? No, it is very (loadra) blunt. Ez. XI V. Page g. Myoz, mymoney,andmygarmentsare lost. Are yourarms broken? I have taken (lasakx) yeur ass. The bird was killed by you? My father, my xxxother, and rny sister are dsad. How many people are come? Where is our sharp kaife? I h a ve not your knife. A re your friends eight? T h ree are arrived. Are our peaches lost by you, i.e., Have you lost our peaches? No, you lost them. Is our house clean, for our father is come? Your oraament is good. Its eggs are broken. My umbrella is brokeu. Did your oz come yesterday? How many brothers have you? Is yoar sister i l l? No, my sister is not ill, but my mother is dead, and our father is somewhat (kclp) xil. My good little dog died last evening.

Ez. XV. Page g. Singular. Plural; Singular,

Plural.

x Sakako x Sakanay, sakantsika s Sakanao s Sakanareo 3 Sakany 3 Sakany x Elonay, elontsika x Eloko s Elonao s Elonareo 3 Elony -d Eloay x Voloko 1 Voloaay, volontsika s Volonao s Volonareo 3 Volony 3 Volony x Lasako x Lasanay, lasantsika s Lasanao s Lasanareo 3 Lasany 3 Lasany Singular.
1 Ataoviko s Ataovinao 3 Ataoviny

1 Matiko x Mat i n ay, matintsika. a Matinao s M a t i nareo 3 Matiny 3 Matiny x Ni6ko 1 Nifinay, nifintsika s Ni6nao s Ni fi n areo 3 Nifiny 3 Nifiny 1 Volako 1 V o l a nay, volantsika 2 Volanao s V o l a nareo 3 Volany 3 Volany 1 Ataoko x A ta o n ay, ataontsika s Ataonao s A t a onareo 3 Ataony 3 Ataony Plural. x Ataovinay, ataovintsika s Ataoviaareo 5 Ataoviny

Ez. X V I . Page xo. Singular.

1 Entilfo 2 Entinao

Plural.
1 Entinay, entiatsika s Entinareo 3 Entiny x Tianay, tiantsika' s Tianareo 3 Tiany

Singular.
1 Alaiko s Alainao 3 Alainy x Tanako s Tananao 3 Tanany

Plural. 1 Alaiaay, alaintsika 2 Alainareo

3 Entiny 1 Tiako 2 Tianao 3 Tlany

3 Alainy x Tananay,tanantsika s Tananareo 3 Tanany.

Singular.
x Omeko z Omenao 3 Omeny x Vidiko z Vidinao 3 Vidiny

Plural.

Singular. ~

Pl u r a l.

x Omenay, omentsika x Amidiko x Amidinay, amidintsika z Omenareo z Amidinao z Amidinareo 3 Omeny 3 Amidiny 3 Amidiny x Vidinay, vidintsika x Hitako x Hitanay, hitantsika z Vidinareo z Hitanao z Hitanareo 3 Vidiny 3 Hitany 3 Hitany

The words aEaina, omdna, and vn'dIna were introduced too e arly they are derivative passive verbs, and a l t hough t h e accent is on the second syllable the full na is r e jected before the suKx pronouns are added. See page zo, last paragraph.
Ex. XV I I . Page xo. Take my knife. Where isyour servant, sir? Sell my sheep. Is your house for sale (anzhty)? It is not for sale, madam. Give me some money. I have no money here, fr i end. Hold your dog hard, sir,for I am litt l e. Love yourfather and your mother, child. Your brother was not here, sir, for he went away yesterday. Is your house there, ornot? No, sir, for my house ishere. Fetch your knife, your needle, the peaches, and our lates. The moon is xiot seen byme (I cannotseethe moon),for the night lit. the day) is too dark. W h e re are the children you love? N o ne of the children Il ove are here. I am taking your money, s i r . Ex. XV I I I . Zt is Put XV I I . in t h e e wercises. Pagexo. Amidy va ny satrokao? Tsia, tsy amidy izy. Omeo vola kely izy. V e ry ny vatako. Aty ny satroko. Tsy maditra ny ampondrany. A iza ny sakanao, tompokovavy? Aty ny sakako, tompokolahy. Fotsy va ny volonao, t ompokolahy? T s ia, t ompoko. E t y v a n y I k lantsika, tompoko? T s i a, tsara ny lklantsika, tompokovavy. Hendry va ny ankizinao, tompokolahy? Eny, hendry izy. M a dio va ny tranony? T sia, maloto izy, tompokolahy. Inona izany, t ompokolahy? Akohoko, tompokovavy. Tianao va ny rahalahinao? Eny, tompokolahy, tiako izy rehetra.

Ex. XI X. Page x x.

Singular.
x Tapako z Tapakao 3 Tapany x Rarako z Rarakao 3 Rarany x Afako z Afakao 3 Afany

Plural.

Sxngular.
x Hevitro z Hevitrao 3 Heviny x Fantatro z Fantatrao 3 Fantany x Soratro z Soratrao 3 Sorany

PluraL
x Hevitray, hevitsika z Hevitrareo 3 Heviny x Fantatray, fantatsika z Fantatrareo 3 Fantany x Soratray, soratsika z Soratrareo 3 Sorany

x Tapakay, tapatsika z Tapakareo 3 Tapany x Rarakay, raratsika z Rarakareo 3 Rarany x Afakay, afatsika z Afakareo 3 Afany

Ex. XX . Page xr. Vour writingis bad. D o y ou know the road? N o , I d o n ot know our road, si r. I s y o ur c hild good? M y t h o ught is true. D i d y ou break its feet? No, 'but the feet of the ox were broken by my father. How many feet has the rat? I t h as four feet. H o w many children have you, sir? I have six children, and fiv e brothers, and two sisters, si r . Are your houses clean? Ye s , they are both very clean. Was your arm broken by you, i.e., Did y ou break your arm? N o , my feet were broken by your ox. I s o u r plate broken? H o w many of our children are here? T h et'e are none here. My child is dead, and the feet of my friend are very ill, i.e., bad or hurt. Ex. XX I . Pagz r x. Madio va ny t k nanao? F antatrao va ny I klana? E n y, f antatray ny lklanay . H e ndry ny zanako. M arina va ny heviny? T sia, diso izy. Notapahinao va ny tongony? F iry ny ombinao, tompokolahy? F olo ny ombiko f otsy. M a r ary ny zanany, fa finaritra ny rainy. E n t onao ny eloko. A l a o ny satrony mena. Verinao va ny volanao? Tsia, tompoko, mbola aty izy. Lasa va ny reninao? H i t anao va ny lanitra manga? E ny, tompoko, hitako izy. Fa n t atrao va ny sakaizany? Ex. X X I I . Page He is with his father. T h ere is an ox with him. H o w m any people are with him ? T a k e the sweet peaches and the cooked rice to him. T h ere are seven men withthy canoe. Is the water where you are (with thee) shallow? N o, it is not shallow at all, but too deep. I s the rice with you good? Y e s , the rice with us is very good. Ar e the people with us wise? N o , t hey are not wise at a ll . A r e ' th e crocodiles with you dead? Y e s , they are all together dead. Was the bad dog with you killed by you? Yes, it was killed by me yesterday.

The "with you" in nearly all these sentences might be translated "whereyozz are."
Ex. XX I I I . Page x3. T he sugar-cane is ours. Is not the sheep mine? Th e glass is ours. I t is not ours at all. H o w many have you? I h a v e five. H a v e 'you a white h at? N o , mine are all black. D o y o u k now his well ? Y e s , I k n o w h i s w ell, and they are all together with him. I s m y c h ild with y ou ? H e w a s not seen by me (I did not see him ) with us, sir. I s t h e bull yours? Y e s, sir, the bull is ours, but the cow is yours. G ive him some money. W e h ave n o money, sir. I s n o t m ine with you ? T h ere is much there, sir. H a v e you a black cat? W e have no black cat, sir, for ours is white.

Ex. XX I V. Page The peopleare i nt he house. Your hat ison your head. Your friend was with me yesterday. Where wereyou? I was in the house. Where is your book? I t i s in the little box, sir. W h ere are your father and mother gomg? They will be at the door. H o w m any people were in the ship ? T e n , sir, and there were nine of your oxen in the ship. D o y o u see the stars in the sky? Yes, I see the little stars well yonder to 'the south. Take my seven

oxen to the field. M y needle is in your hair. W i l l the people be in my house 7 Will the sweet honey be on my'plate 7 Put your xnoney below. I s mine below? Was not the rxce in the canoei' No , i t i s still in the ship. Are the people still on the road? Yes, they are not yet come here (or, They have not yet arrived here). Ex. XX V . - P a g e xy. Ao amy ny tany ny vary tsara. Ao am-batanao va ny ba? Tsia, tompoko, eto an-tongotro ny ba. I n ona izany ao an-tAnanao? Misy antsy eto antknako, tompoko. Any an-danitra. E t o an-tany. A m y ny tongotro roa. E o amy.ny vato. Eo an-doviantsika. A o a n-tsambo ny lehilahy. A o a n dakana ny tantely. E nto ho any an-tsambo ny alika. M isy lehilahy ao ant rano. Tsy tao am-bata va ny satrokao? T sia, tao an-dklana izy. N i s y alika tao am-baravarana. Tany an-tsaha ny olona rehetra. N isy totozy tao am-bata. Ento any an-tsaha ny ondry. Ho ao an-dklana ny lehilahy. Ex. XX V I. Page x6. He loves us. You are loved by us (We love you). My father will be loved by me (I will love my father). H e l oved it yesterday. Your ox will comy to-morrow. Your thought is understood by me (I understand you). Yoqr words are somewhat understood by me. Your child is conquered by me. I am not yet able to do that. H i s money was got by us yesterday evening We gbt his money yesterday'). I could hardly see the stars yonder in the eavens. The wood was broken oK by us yesterday. His honey will be used up (gone) to-morrow. Was not your beef used up (eaten up) yesterday? I know you, but your friend is only slightly known by me. H ave you not yet finished my shoes? No, they are not yet finished. Come, friend. ( M ay you) arrive quickly, child. Ex. XX V I I . Page x6. Nentiny izahay. Tia ny borikiny izy. Tia ny zanany ny raiko. T i ako ny reniko. N entiko ny rano. A via aty, anaka. F a ntapantatro izy. H a i haiko or, haikaiko) izy. A i z a n y z aza tianao 7 H i t anay va hianao omaly? itanao va ny trano? H i t akitako izy. T i anao va ny alikanao kely? R esy va ny saka? T s ia, resy ny alika. V a k inao va ny lovia, tompokolahy? T sia, vakinao izy. H a inao atao va izany? H o avy aho rahampitso. H o vita ny Qlana rahampitso. Azonao va ny teniko omaly? Azoazoko izy. Ex. XX V I I I. Page I loveyour brother well. I cannot see your house clearly. I understand yourthoughtsall together. I ( have) taken all your oxen. I c a n partly do that, M y oxen were well taken by you (You took my oxen carefully). Did you not use up your rice yesterday P I did not D oyou know all your mother's oxen? I s t h e stubborn ox really conquered by you? Y e s , i t was well conquered by me yesterday. Were allyour good dogs sold by you (Did you sell all your good dogs)? How many children has your father 7 Were all our father's books brought by you to me? Yes, none of hi s books were not rought by me there, i.e., I brought all his books. W i l l y our friends come to-morrow? Yes, they will all come. Th e fowl you brought yesterday is very good. Your bad dog is quite dead (esatp dia xxsatp). Yes, it is really dead. The honeyyou sold t o me i s ver ys weet.

101
Ex. XX I X . Puge i8. The garment is stitched. The oz is not killed. The house is almost ready. My father has lain down. The canoe has turned round. The sun has sunk. Is my name written by you (Have you written my name)? The door isopen. The bird is not yet shot. The oz was skinaed yesterday. Was the boz locked? Was the tree hewn by you yesterday? Your book was put down. The beef is almost cut up. Have not the qeople assembled? Was the stone set up 7 It is almest set up. Your father s oxen have been put out. W'ere our sheep marked by you? Yes, they have all been marked by me. Do you know the names of all the people you wrote? Yes, I know all I wrote. Ez. XX X . - P uge zo. Prefer the good to the bad. Put your little box together. Set the bird free. Soak the ri ce. Was your ox f at t ened by you (Did you.fatten your ox)? Throw the peaches down. Turn the paper over. P u t the chair dowa. Leave your book. My garment was left by me yesterday. Was the writing done by you? Let it be done by you well (Do it well). Yes, I will do all mine well. Have you gone along the road I went along yesterday? Yes, I have often gone along it. Your white paper was put dowa by me ia my brother's house. Has the door of oqr house beea put up by you? No, I have not yet put it together, but I will put it up to-'morrow, whea it is finished. The wall you finished yesterday will be thrown down by the raia. The rice was soalredyesterday. How many are the fowls you fattened (How maay fowls did you fatten)? I'have fattened none at all, for mine are yet little. Was the money paid by you(Did you pay the money)? Ex. XX X I . Page zo. Asehoy ahy ny tknanao. Navoakako' ny omby omaly. Hatambatro ny anao sy ny ahy. Atopazy ny masonao. Azerao ny vato mafy. Hasondrony n mknda. Nalefany ny ampondra mainty. Hafindrany angamba ny hena. atopatopaa' ny ri votra ny r ano. Aleo resaka tsara toy izay ratsy, Apetraho ny satrokao fotsy. N a lehako ity lklana ity tamy ny Alakamisy. Navelako tao aa-tranon ay raiko ny bokiko mena tamy ny Alahady. Alaharo ny lovia. A v oahy ny alika maloto. H a loantsika va ny volany? Narafitrao va ny latabatra? Tsia, narafitry ny rahalahiko izy. Arosoy eto aminay ny haniaa, raha masaka izy. Mbola tsy nataoko izany, fa maizina loatra ny andro. Ez. XX X I I . Page zr. I have told him your wnrds well. Call the people. Has the money been weighed? Yes, I have weighed it. The black ox will be killed to-morrow. Honour thy father and thy mother. Was not the rice divided by us? Were your children endured (governed isbet ter here) by you? but Caeyou ecanugs you~children, is best. Was your dog killed by you? Yes, it was killed by us. We were despised and upbraided by him too much. Tell me which sheep you like. I like them all. The bad people will be judged to-morrow. We saw the beef which was divided yesterday evening, and the people thought(a/uo) i t wa s good. All the good songs have been sung. Can you do that? Yes, I can do it well. I have called my child hard (loudly), but he is not yet come. ' This word does not follow the rule of the suffixes; it retains the, weak syllable ku.

Ex. XX X I I I . Page zz. Novonoiko nyomby. Nantsoinao va aho,tompokolahy? Novonoiko ny ombinao. Lazao amiko nyanaranao. Tsy azoko lazaina aminao ny anarako. Firy ny omby hitanao teo am-baravaranaP Nesoin' ny rahalahiny sy ny anabaviny izy. N oderain' ny rainy izy. N o k apain' ny lehilahy tany antsaha ny hazo. E nto aty amiko ny babo nobaboinao. A'ntsoy faingana ny ankizy. A t aovy tsara ny asanao. V i t ako tsara izy. H a i nao zaraina va ny eso i' Angamba haiko zaraina, raha homenareo ahy hozaraina izy. Lanjao o ahy nyvolako. Tsy nesoinao va ny sakaizanao taty? Tsia, tsy nesoiko akory izy. Ex. XX X I V. Page z3. Wash your garment. O pen the door. I t i s o pened. I s y our money enough? No, it will be yet added to. I s the wall ruined (i.e. pulled down)? Yes, it was pulled down by the people yesterday. Give me some money.' C an you answer the words of your fnend? N o , I r e a lly cannot, sir. H o w many are the garments you washed yesterday? We have used up (i.e. eaten) allthepeaches you gave us. Youhave mixed my sheep and yours, and I donotknow which are mine and yours. Hold your dog fast. Loose(i.e. untie) yonr burden. The glass was broken by the people.

Ex. XX X V. Page z3. Fotsio ny vata. Tsy haiko fotsiana izy, fa mainty izy. Nosazin' ny rainao hianao, fa n otapahinao ny elony tsara. Ho v o r iko f a ingana ny olona. Azonao torina va izy ? N o l a ninay avokoa ny rano omaly. I r i o n y t s a ra. Natoronao anay va ny lklana omaly? T s y natoroko anareo ny lklana, fa tsy fantatro izy. A z a t sinina izahay, fa tsy nesoinay hianao. N o vakinao va ny bokinao tsara? V ery ny bokiko tsara, tompokolahy. A harointsika ny rano sy ny tantely. Tafio ny lambanao. Valio ny teniko. N o didiako ny hena. Aiza ny tsingina? N otsinginan' ny lehilahy va izy? E ny, notsinglnany lzy Ex. XX X V I. Page The rice was planted. L o o k at th e stars in the sky. T h e c h ild was saved. Yes, he was savedby his brotheron Wednesday. It was preached well by you on Sunday (You preached that well on Sunday). A ssent to my word to-day, for you.will not be able to assent to it t o -morrow. I s t h e i r on w drked by you heavy? I do not know, for I have not yet weighed it. W e r e not the people assemblcd well on Tuesday? Y es, and there were many assembled. You can see the people in the canoe well. Th e sick child was carried by its mother on her back. Y our knife was worked (tempered) 'well, and it is very sharp. Help (save) me, fr i end, for I do not see the road. Chose whom youliketo appoint, and send him on Friday. He presses me hard, but I cannot ruin the wall, i.e., pull the wall down. Ex. XX X V I I. Page z5. The father did good to the children of his friend. Clean your house well, for your sister will come to-morrow morning. R e m ember the respect I gave you yest'erday, and answer (you) me well. H e r olled a stone over the child. Abstain from (refuse) bad habits. The road cannot be trodden, for

the stones are many. Prove your words by your deeds. Perhaps he did not remember the word I t ol d hi m in your house yesterday. Your word was not refused by me at all, i.e., I did not refuse or object to what you said. T he peaches weredivided into three parts, and given by him to us . T h e water dropped on the garment, and it is too dirty. I . ook after (prevent ) your ox. W e p assed that by yesterday. T h e child left in th e house will be remembered bythe people.

Ex. XX X V I I I . Page z6. Awake me to-morrow morning. Wrap your books in your garment. Bring the scissorshere, and cut my hair. He bartered his sheep for ri ce. He struck the stone very hard. W a i t f o r me, friend. W i l l y o u enlarge my field? Sprinkle some water over me. That cannot be endured, W il l your child's hair be cut also? Forsake bad friends. The cat was entangled by the cord. Lengthen the cord l est i t be broken. Sow in the morn thy seed. I shall wait for you in your sister's house, so be quick. T he oxen will tread your rice fi el ds t o-morrow, and assemble them to.day. Perhaps you have tied up your goods? Yes, I have tied them up with the cord you gave me. Are all its eggs hatched? No, for there are five addled.

Ex. X X X I X . Page z?. The peacheswere sele cted, and the good and the bad were seen. I rode myassyesterday, but perhapsyouhave not yet ridden your horse. I have a horse no longer, for I have sold mine. T h e good father supports his child. What have you stained your face with? M y m other stained it with white earth. The oxen werepierced by the spear, and seven were kill ed. The children with.us (at our place) were examined yesterday,and there were none clever. C ome to me to-morrow morning, for I w i l l g i ve you some money. Taste the salt. I h a v e tasted it, and it was good. T ak e good care of what you are going to do, lest you be wrong. I w i l l t ake care of all thatyoubade me do. D raw me out, for I a m f a llen into the deep water. Yes, I will surely draw you out. Good bye, friend.

Ex. X L . Page z9. The water was swollen yesterday, and we were not at liberty, i.e., could not getover. The horse,was broken in yesterday, but the ass is not yet broken in. F ollow me. W hat was it that you talked of there P Of the tree not yet hewn down. The oxen were led by the people, and none were lost. You chippedthe stones for building a house well. Pu t your mouth to the water,i. e.,Turn your face down on the water, fr i end. You will be beaten if you are st ubborn. The bad people were condemned (made guilty) by the judge. T ake care lest the water you are bringing be spilled. T h e woman covered her child, for there was a stubborn ox coming. Mark.what you wish to be written by me. T h e dog l icks his hands. T h e lazy ass was fiercely beaten by me. The smoke enveloped us. Push some beef into his mouth. I p a tted his back, and he followed me. H e spat upon my garment, and I wiped it. W i pe the plates, and put them in the box.

Ex. XL I . - P i z ge 3o. T)ie advice you gave. to the people was good. Open (put up) my umbrella. What he is going to do canaot be known. Th e child caught the bird. Startle the birds, and capture (take) those which are dead. Stitch your coat. You are perhaps afraid? Our relative is sittiag down in the house. Open your mouth. I s earched (examined into ) that out well. T h e hand of the child was bittea by the cat, and it is ill. C over me with a garmeat, friends. The umbrella we opened is dear. I sucked the soft peaches, and they were very sweet. We opened the box, and we saw the good things there. Those .which are dead cannot be known. W r ite my name down, sir. I s h all write your name on Wednesday, but 1 cannot write it to-day. Y o u father bids you give us some beef.

Ex. XL I I . Page 3o. W rite your paper (letter) first. Send the beeg, the birds and the r i ce ahead, lest the rain comes. Expect (me), friend, for I shall come to-morrow. Expect (prepare for) what will be done to-day. The day was too far goae and I did not ex'pect my father; N urse your chiid in your lap, mother; apd put your arms round (me). Do not deceive your companions by Battery, lest they spendtheirmoney. J esus is our Mediation with the Fat4er. D i d y o u fetch Rakoto? Yes, I have fetched him. An d where is he? I c a nnot see him. Perhaps you did not fetch him. I f e tched hiia, and we sent messengersto him twice. Hope on for he will come. He cannot be expected any longer. ' Sendto him again, if you know that he will not come. H a v e ou turned over your paper?' I did not turn it over, fot I e xpected you to' o'ok at it.

Ex. XL I I I . Page 3z. The beef was cut up by the servant, and was divided. I h ave spoiled my servant's share. Did you tie the goods up fast? I h a ve tied them up fast, sir. The bird swooped upon the snare, and the cord caught it. I s the water clear? I h ave looked at it, and it is clean. W e houghed his ox, and our fatherbeat us hard. He foolishly squeezed his nose, and,it is hurt. You beat our horse hard; and it may be killed. T h e people divided their oxen. I slapped my child a little. D o not drink the water, for a dog jumped over i t. T h e servantsdeceived the child, and it drank the dirty water. W h a t did your father preach on Sunday? We snapped the sugar-cane, and it was broken in'to three parts. You stopped your ears, aad you could not hear what I preached. I pulled its ears, and it bit me.

Ex. XL I V. Page 33. T he people carry (are carrying) stones. I shall tell you to-morrow. W e did not sing yesterday. L i sten to me, children. Stand up. M y b r other w alked about yesterday. The people presented beef and money (to o ne another) on Monday. The ox pauses a httle. The sheep fought. My f ather went away on Wednesday. He judges thepeople. The sua is appearing in the east. C all your companions, and come to eat. H e s ubstitutes me to-day, for I substituted him yesterday. I ask leave of you. Sing, children. A ssemble, friends. Hew the trees. Eat the peaches. Go away, for I d o not like you.

105 Ez. XL V. Page 34. Hew not the trees, lest you spoil them. I t was on Sunday that I departed thence. I t e l l you truly, that tf you are not diligent your father will beat you hard. I c alled my companions, but they are not come. I p r a ised you very much to my companions assembled there yesterday evening. D o n ot s tand there for nothing, lest the people see you and blame you. I t w a s esterday I told him your word well, and he assented to all (what ) I told im. Praise your Lord. Call your companions. Assemble, people. Thank God in your'heart. I s hall depart from here to-morrow, Wednesday. Sing in the house of God. The people praising God are assembled in his house now. This was how I told zt. Ex. XL V I. Page 3y. Avia aty, ka mihirk, rankizy. M i a lk . T s y t i ako hianao. Aza miantsoantso foana, falazao ahy izay irinao. Oviana (no) nialanao? Hivory ao an-trano izahay amy ny Alahady. N i l aza izany taminao tamy ny Zoma aho. Aza mitsara dia tsy hotsaraina hianao. Aza mifaza amiko szay nolazainy. T sy hiala anio aho, raha hiandry ahy rahampitso hianao. I t y (no) nihirako azy. Faingkna, andrao miala (lasa) ny rainao, ka tsy miteny aminy hianao. Hilaza azy aminao aho, raha hilaza amiko hianao. N i h aino azy izahay. Nitsangantsangana tany an-tsaha ny raiko raha tonga aho. N i tsangana ny zazakely raha ajteny aho. H i hinana ny variko aho, fa noana. Ez. XL V I I . Page 36. I shall r i d e on my horse to-morrow. We shall buy some ricei nt he market on Friday. Some of the good were selected. Protect us. Come along with us. Cover your child. The grave is open. The book is t urned upside down. This was how I learned that. W a k e u p i n t h e morning. B eat your dog, sir. Why do you bind the cat? Join thecords. The people received money in their hands. The wind is quiet. W e shall converse about that when our friend comes. Our relatives are dragging stones for building a house. The servantsseparated the good and the bad peaches. The people speak loud. Speak, for I am listening. (The) diligent people awake in the morning, so wake up, children. Buy a horse.

Ex. XL V I I I . Page 36. Miadidyuzy izahay. Mifonotaratasy ny boky. Mamadiha ny sezanao. Mihohoka ny tavoahangy. Aza ahohoka ny lovia. Hamelatra ny lain-tsambo izahay, raha avy any avaratra ny rivotra. H i r esaka aminao aho amy ny Alatsmainy. M i sambotra ny totozy ny zazalahy. N i sambotra ny voalavo ny lehilahy omaly. M i t enena, raiko o, fa mihaino ny z anakao. M i a ndrasa anay. F a nteno ny peso masaka. H i k apoka ny amboa izahay,raha manaikitra anao izy. H i a r aka ho any an-tranon' ny rainao izahay. M i t ete ny t afon-trano. M i d i tra n y t r ano n y o l ona. M i a nara tsara. M a m elk a h y hianao. Ex. XL I X . Page Your child can talk. I w i sh to enter. M ay I speak to you? I am willing to look at your sewing. B e not deceived. H e .cannot sweep the house today. I c annot ride * horse. The people would not drag the stone (were not

willing to drag the stone) yesterday. Are you willing to preach? I preached esterday, and I am tired to-day. Please, I wish to tell you somethmg, and isten to me well. Y es, I am willing to listen to you, and so tell what you like to tell. P l ease, may I look at your books, sir? Y es, my child, look at what you wish to look at. W e have not yet talked about the word you told me yesterday. Yes, but we will talk about it to-morrow, if you like (that). Please, give me some money, for I am poor, I a m not willing to pity you, for you are lazy and not willing to work at all. D o not cry, my child, for I will give you a sweet peach. Yps, sir, but I a m now crying for my dead father (or my father who is dead). Ex. L. Page 38. Te-hiresaka aminao aho, tompokolahy. T sara izany, ka dia lazao ahy izay irinao. H oatrinona(no) vidin' nytranonao? Mora dia mora ny soavaliko, te-hividy azy va hianao? Eny, tompoko, mba te-hividy azy aho, raha tsy saro-bidy loatra izy. I n ona no itomanian' ny zazakely? T s y f antatro izay itomanian' ny zazakely. M a hazo mihira va aho.? Eny, mihirk. A z onao tandremana (i.e. andrasana) va ny ombiko? N i foha faingana ny lehilahy. Mikapoka ny alika keliny ny zazalahy. A z a kapohina ny alika kelinao. anaka. T e -hijery ny t r a noko va hianao? A v elao hojereko ny tranonao, tompokolahy. M i d ira ka mijere. Tsy mahazo miaraka isika anio, fa tsy afaka aho. T e-hiresaka aminao va ny rahalahinao? M aliazo milalao anio isika, ka hivavaka rahampitso isika. Ex. LI. Page 39. The singers were many, the songs they sang were good, and the people praised thern. Your speech was good and they all liked your telling (description, repetition, or recital) of your father's word. H e and I are going together t o pray. The people in the place of assembling were many yesterday. T h e woodcutter is gone to the forest. Y our beating of the wood is very hard. I.earn not (the) bad words, and let not unclean thoughts dwell in your heart. There werefew buyers, and so allt he t hi ngs sold in the market were cheap. The buyers and the sellers were assembled in great numbers at the market on Friday. I s the cover you bought in the market good? Y es, i t i s v ery good, andcan be made a good cover. Your flogging of the ox is too hard, a nd should consider, lest it be killed by you. Your relative is remaining' i n the house. The workmen are lazy, and their work is bad. Ex. LI I. Page 3g. The people are t al king to one another. I made you buy a horse. We are looking atone another. D o you make the people work? W e ar e playing with one another. T h e servants are calling one another. W e a r e making t he trees to be cut down. T h e children are singing to one another. W e a r e teaching oneanother. The preacher ismaking the people pray. Our friends and our relatives are making one another drag stones. Ou r m aking one another to strike the stones yesterday was good. T h e children are playing and catching one another. M u t ual teaching is good. T o praise one another is verybecoming. The boys are makingoneanotherto ride on horseback; and the girls are making one another play. T o look at one another foolishly is not right. My hearmg of your words causes me to rejoice. Do
' The anp 6aeo, should be an-haeo,

aot' make cocks fighg children, for that is not good. W e shall cause one another to wait. T h e p eople are making one another speak. T h e child makes the rams fight. T h e people are looking at one another in vain. Teach one another, relatives (friends). Ex. LI I I . Page yo. Ampihiraina Ampiasaina Ampiantsoina Ampivadlhina Ampifafina Ampilazaina Ampiadlna
Ampiandrksina Ampiankrina Ampirohlzina Ampifohkzina Ampiarkhina Ampikapohina Ampitohlzina Ampifanthnina Ampijerhna Ampitarftina Ampirakofina Ampikodikvina Ampitandrhmina

Ex. LI V. Page yo. I shall make the servants wait for me. I awoke (made to awake) the people at se ven. I shall make the table turn over. I made your oxen work m my rice fi el ds. I shallmake the horses t r ead myrice fi el ds on Wednesday. I taught my child to pray on Sunday. Shall we not make the people en'ter our houseP Yes, make them enter. I joined the cord,and the cat was entangled. H e caused me to borrow (i.e. he lent me) some money, and I have not yet given it (back) to him. I m ade my child take care of the house. I made somebody go witP my oxen. Th e table will be (caused to) turned over to-morrow. Make the servantssweep the house. I. made my children sing the songs you taught me. (The) bad people are making the cocks fight. The child was covered with a garment.
i

Ex. LV. Page yz. My father sharpens(is sharpening) his knife. (The) bad servants despise (the) people. My b r other completes his business. T h e shepherd set his sheep free. Assentto the good advice he gave you. I hope that the people you are waiting for will come quickly. T h e people remove (are removing) the goods. The judge judges the people. My f ather is presenting beef to his relatives, or My father is entertaining his relatives. Th e j udge chains the guilty people. My s i s ter knocks at t he d oor. T i e y o ur g o ods fast. Counsel your children not to s peak to any bad friend. Do not sharpen your knife to-day, for we shall sharpen it to-morrow. To give (the) lazy people money is not right. Ex. LV I. Page
H anasa ny sakaizantsika izy rahampitso. T sara ny a n atrao t*my ny olona tany an-tranon' Andriamanitra omaly. H a n esotra ny lovia sy ny vary izahay. H a nome anao peso folo ny ankizy. N a neso ny rahalahiny izy, ka tsy nety nanaraka ny ana-drainy (anatry ny rainy). M a ndonddna ao ambaravarana nysakaizako. Nanindrona' ny omby ny lefona. Te-hiasa aho. N anafaka ahy ny sakaizako. Nanampy omby folo izy omaly hariva. M a n ip ." ' The word in the exercise should be "mamgiM ' The English of this should be "The spear pierced the ox."

108 didia ny hena. M ananteni ny tsara. M aneke ny helokao ary hanafaka anao ny mpitsara. N a n afotra ny t rano ny rano. M a n efk faingana ny asanao. Avy hanesotra ny vary sy ny akoho ny ankizy. Ex. LV I I. Page y3. We shall transplant rice to-day. Y our father will hire eight men to carry him to-morrow. T he cat is not willing (i.e. will not) to bite you, and do not be frightened for nothing. T h e servants will wash clothes this evening. A dry day is good for washing clothes. T h e t rees I bought from you on Thursday are growing well. I a m substituting yours. Th e man is soldering the tin box. My sisterisbuildinga house. T h e servant is piercing his ox. Write down my name, sir. I t was yesterday I wrote your name, and shall I write it again to day? O pen the box that I may take away my coat. S e t the ox up, that the shooter may shoot it. H i s f a ther governs his children. Do not think me a fool. I t was your foolish words that made me think you a fool. E x. LV I I I . Page ~ . . Hanazy ny kamo ny raiko. N anopy ny masony ny rahalahiny. Nanolotra ahy omby foloizy. Hanoratra ny teninao ao am-poko aho. Nanery ny olona hiasa izy. Ai a manoro ny lklana. M anangkna ny hazo. N anafy ny lehilahy mahantra ny sakaizako. Manentina ny tavako izy. Hanohy ny tady isika, ka hisambotra ny voalavo. M a nakaloza ny volanao. M a nolora ahy ny satrokaosy ny akanjonao. Aza manasa ny akanjonao eto,f a maloto ny rano. Asabotsy (no) andro anasan' ny olona ny lambany. Alahady (no) andro iangonan' ny ol ona any an-trano fivavahana. Zoma (no) andro ividianantsika sy ivarotantsika any an-tsena. Ex. LI X. Page y5. P ut out some money to interest to him. T h e rain moistens the earth. D o not steal. A s k and it shall be given (to you). K nock and it shall be opened ( to you). Go on, relative (friend). Go, while the day is light. I d o n o t hear. The woman pulled down (what) the child has done. We shall conquer them, if they fight us. The rain threw down the wall made by the people yesterday. Measure some cloth for me to buy, sir, for my sewing of your garment was not right, i.e. I did not sew your garment well. T h e c rocodile snatched the dog by its mouth, and ate it up. T h e L or d l eft hi s F ather in heaven, and came down to earth. Your child reproached me, and I forbade him to do it any more. Ex. LX. Page Tsy mahay mandrefy ny lanitra aho. H a ndroso aho. N a ndona ny vary izahay ka maniry izy. H a ndao ny sakaizany ratsy izy. N a ndraraka ny rano ny zazavavy. Tsy mahay mangaitra tsara izy. M a ndrefesa ny lanitra, raha mahay hianao. Omaly (no) nangatahanay izany. M angaro ny vary sy ny tantely izy. N a ndroaka ahy izy; kanefa tsy nandatsa azy aho. N a njera ny antsy izahay ka nandositra. N a ndrapaka.ny hena ny saka. N a ndositra ny alika ka tsy nahay nisambotra azy aho. Mahay manjera izany vato izany va hianao? Tsia, tsy mahay manjera azy aho, fa kely loatra aho. H a ndeha isika rahampitso ka hanaraka antsika ny olona. Mandrese ny ratsy. M a ndava ny anatry ny sakaiza ratsy. Aza mandany foana ny volanao.

Ex. LXI. Pnge yy. Behold, the scholars are coming to visit us. 0 G od, forgive us our sins. The Lord saved us all. The cleverwarriors captured the people. The woman placed her child in the house. He will save all those who come to him. 0 G od, save us! M y f a ther did not awake me yesterday morning, and that is why I did not deliver the ox. I cannot lift that up. Y our friend set the sheep you (had) bound free. The people are planting ri ce. The servant wiped the table. A ssemble the children, for their father is come. The child who could sew was seaming my garment. The stubborn child broke the plate and the glass. The glass shines well. My mother is heating some water. Ex. LX I I. Pagc' yy. Mamantara nytsara. N amolaka nysoavalinao vahianao? Mamikitrany volany ny lehilahy. H amela anao rainao, raha mifona aminy hianao. Nameraka ny entana ny ankizy. Aza mamokaiky, fa mitsangkna ka mandrosoa. Nametaka ny 6taratra ny lehilahy, fa namaky azy ny zaza. Omaly (no) namelaranay ny lain-tsambo. Hanamboatra ny tranonay izahay, fa ho avy hamangy anay ny ankizy. Tsy namabo ny andevo ny lehil ahy. Tsy mahay mamoha ny varavaranaaho. Nambanga ny fefy ny lehilahy. Namaky ny fe6loha ny rano, ka nandositra ny olona. Vohay(m mamohk) ny varavarana hidiran' ny sakaizantsika. Ex. LX I I I . Page y8. Be silent, children, do not make a noise for nothing. Remorse is not (goes not) before, but behind. The child is cold. The people dye their garments. The scholars are ver y quiet and no l onger make a noise. The people were noisy yesterday, for their oxen were lost. The birds are singing in the forest. The cock was crowing. The hen cannot crow. I r epent, and I w il l not do that any more. Thebell is ringing, and now we are going to learn, for the t eacher is come. Cover me with a g arment, mother, for I a m c o ld . T h e witch cannot hurt us. D o no t be frightened for nothing, for they cannot bewitch us. Ex. LX I V. Pagt y9.
G o to the west, but do not press yourselves against the dirty stone. W i l l y ou go to the north? D o not sleep there, but return the same day. W h a t are those chil dren wearing on their necks? Wear your beads on your necks, c hildren. Stand in a row, but do not go to one side of the road. W h a t makes you bend your body? I t is my sorrow that makes me bend my body. The water goes in a whirlpool. D o not beg continually if he dues not give ou his. Lean,foryou are going too far t ot he west. 1'he woman is nursing er child in her lap. G o into the house, sir. T h e people going in the market a re many, and so the crows and the birds go to the side of the road. D o n o t bore a hole through the embankment. T h e people are going to the forest, and the honey is cheap. 'Do not take bark for dyeing to the east, lest the peogle think you a f ooh When did you take your wtfe honte? Bend your legs,for t he bed i ss hort.

' This is equivalent to our "Do not take coals to Newcastle." The bark is found in the forest to the east.

liD
Ex. LXV. Page 5o. Go home, children, for it is evening. I wished to go, but the people would n ot le't me. Take care how you walk, lest the stones hurt you. M a y y o u find(get) education! B a the in the water, and you will be clean I b e l i eve that you are willing to save me. B e l ieve the advice of your father and mother, for t hey desire t o benefityou. I am fetching my oxen, for t hey came into your field. Our home is far, and so we will go on our way. Pu t some oil in th e lamp. T h e sheep did not go home yesterday, and I am now regretting, because I did not take good care of them. I d o n o t w ant t h at . I will fetch my clothes, lest I shouldbe cold to night. I d r eamed a dream last night, and I dreamed that I became a rich man. Yet my dream is not true. Ex. LX V I. Page (t) Mpanao, mpanefy, mpandeha, mpangalatra, mpanasa, mpaneso, mpananatra, mpanapaka, mpanampy. (s) F*nolo, fanaja, fandanja, fandroso, fanao, fanjaitra, fandatsa, fametraka, fametra. (3) Famonjena, faniriana, fanerena, fanapahana, fanajana, fandosirana, fandrenesana, famaohana, famelana, fanjakana.
/

Ex. LX V I I . Page 5t. Mampanao, mampanefy, mampanolo, mampanasa, mampanefa, mampandidy, mampanova, mampanety, mampangataka, mampanjaitra, mampandruaka, mampandanja, mampandeha, mampamoha, mampamaha, mampamboly, mampamboatra, mampanenina.

Ex. LX V I I I . Page Mifampamonjy, mifampamaky, mifampamabo, mifampanery, mifampanaja, mifampanome, mifampanasa, mifampaneno, mifampangina, mifampamela, mifampamita, mifampamoha, mifampamboly, mifampandrefy, mifampan gataka.
Ex. LXIX. Page 5s. Casssahve Passiveforms. Causative reci~ocalPassive forms. Ampanalaina Ampifanalaina Ampamonjena Ampifamonjena Ampanaikerina Ampifanaikerina Ampandosirina Ampifandosirina Ampisamborina Ampifampisamborina Ampanantenina Ampifanantenina Ampamelana Ampifamelana Ampamerana Ampifamerana Ampingadonina Ampifampingadonina Ampanalaina Ampifanalaina Ampamaohina Ampifamaohina Ampangaroina Ampifangaroina Ampandatsaina Ampifandatsaina Ampanafahina Ampifanafahina Ampamitranina Ampifamitranina

111 CaNsah'ee passiee forais. Ampandehanina Ampametrahina Ampametahina Ampamokaikena Ampamokehina Ampangejaina CaNsaNve reciP ocal Passieefnrsas. Ampifampandehanina Ampifametrahina Ampifametahina Ampifamokaikena Ampifamokehiha Ampifangejaina

Ex.. LXX. Page 5z. There is a man called John. He spoke to me, and said: "Come, let us sing to-day." And theysang, saying: "There ispa rdon foryou." He said: " Come into my house." Th a t i s t h e r eason why I s a i d : " I a m n o t a t liberty." S h all we transplant rice, do you say? Yes, we will transplant rice. Is heill , do you say? And then he spoke saying: "Come here to-morrow." And the people called (cried out) and said: " K i l l H i m. " A n d h i s f ather asked him saying: " Where shall we assemble the people?" A n d h e answered: " It is in my house that we shall hold the meeting." I n y o u r house, do you say? Yes, in my house to the north.

B y an oversight the phrase "koy izako" was omitted.

Very

frequently we find "koy izako" where " koy ako" would b e

t hought right, for " i zaho" i s emphatic and b y r u l e ought t o Arsd said L grecede, but it does not as: "Aa koy i'zako"
Ex. LX X I . Page 53. We are now on the point of going, and we ought to go together, lest somI: of our oxen are lost. W ai t a little, for the guide is not yet come. Let u s go together. W ai t a minute, for the people we are waiting for are on the point of coming. Y es, I a m q u ite sure, they are just coming. S hould not all p eople praise God? Y es, and let us all do that, for H e bene6ts us. T h e people assembled at your f ather's auction were about a hundred. The rice i s almost cooked, and bid the people sit down. T h ey are sat down. C a n you do that? Yes, probably I can do it. Ex. LX X I I . Page 5y. Whichisbetter: to agree to go without going, or to refuse (to go) but going at last? W hat is the name of the town we are going to ? W h oever is willing to go, I will appoint him. T hose who are diligent to learn will be c lever. Who is he? W h oever speaks I shall account to be guilty. W h a t e ver you do, do it well and truly. W h ose knife is(that) in your hand> I t belongs to nobody except myself. What you have told me is true, and you are not telling a lie. W h a t shall we do that we may be saved? A l l t h o se
who assent to that lift up their hands. I c a n not agree that what you tell me is true. Are younot ashamed of the f al sehood you told your f at her.

Ex. LX X I I I . Page 55. T hat ox ofyours is good. I s h all t ake this child of yours with me. D o not speak to those people. This that I am doing is. what you should learn, child, that you may be able to do it . I l i k e t h ese diligent scholars very

11$ much. I wi ll not go into those dirty houses. The advice I am now giving you should makeyoutake goodheed, lestyou make a mistake again about that. T hat very way you are going is it, but those roads go to the town in which there are no people whom you know. This dog of yours i s a ver y good one. That dog fighting with our ox can swim well.
I

Ex. LX X I V. Page 55. Your writing is not legible. W e shall build a stone house, and that you can see is it. I t i s said that the Queen will dwell in the town with a stone wall. The church we are assembling in is a stone house. Is that long iron malleable? The heavens are not measurable, and the wind is not divisible. That is impossible. Can that butterfly be captured? Yes, (go) and capture it. T h e bread and the beef you brought are not edible. The word you have w ritten is translatable, but it cannot be mentioned to the people. Yo u a r e troubled bv looking at that high mountain (which is) hardly visible. Are the words in that new book of yours legible? T hey are legible to the young, but not to the old perhaps. That white cat is too cunning. An iron ship. An earthen house. A glass house. Ex. LX X V. Page Yourhand is somewhat dirty. H i s i s cleaner than mine. T hat woman is a poor one. His is strong, but yours is stronger. W hose is that' blackish horse? (It) belongs to my father, and he bought it from your brother yesterday. T hat whitish bull is the best of all your oxen. 'When I die, may the people die, but if my relatives die, let the oxen be killed. L e arn with al l your might. The writing you did yesterday is not very'straight, and do what ou are doing now better. F log him frequently. I t i s s cmewhat dark, and cannot see the road. Be cleanly, children. Your plants (are set) too far apart. T hat man is very active. (The) honey is sweeter than (the) sugarcane. Ex. LX X V I. Page 58. Hendry kokoa noho nyanao ny zanakao. Mora tairina kokoa ny vorona anio noho (ny) omaly. Menatra indrindra izy. An' iza io saka tsara dia tsara io? An' ineny izy. M a ndrahondrahona ny andro. Ento miala (esory) ny rano, fa mantsina izy. M e loka lavitra io lehilahy io noho izany. A n t i tra kokoa ny rahalahiko noho ny anao. Mahitsy lavitra ny lklantsika anio noho ny omaly E f a voalazanao matetika taminy, ka lazao aminy matetika kokoa (hiany). M a i nty dia mainty ny lanitra. M a r ivo diamarivo ny rano. Maitso kokoa ny ketsa noho ny ahitra. M a mboly ny hazonao mahalana loatra hianao. H o merimerika ny andro. M e n amenatra izy, raha nilaza taminy aho fa namitaka antsika izy. M a vesabesatra noho ny anao ny entako. Ex. LX X V I I . Page 59. Your horse is too obstinate, and so I beat it hard. It is said that your dog is gluttonous. D o not give that worm-eaten peach to the child, lest it should be ill with worms. T hat woman somewhat affected with itch is too talkative, and so wedrove her away. The husband is hard to please, and so the wife
A proverbdescribing a selfi sb man. When he dies he hopes everybody may die. But at the death of others only his or their oxen are to be killed.

11$ is obstinate. We saw a well-shaped man, a child having a cold in the head, and an obstinate sheep yesterday evening. His feet had a little sore before, and his legs are now scabbed. That whiskered and commandingly tall man fought with John, and was conquered, because John is obstinate, morose, and plump. The wood has the dry rot, and the servants used its dust as a remedyforsores. There wasa famine in Egypt, and the country was in a state of famine for seven years. I t i s the people constantly afFected with fever who are frequently atfected with the itch, and it is the gluttonvus who are big-bellied from fever and ill with worms. Look at that somewhat robust and big.armed man, forhe intends to throw (knock ) the wall down. My garden is too sandy, and the people having boils will not work in it, lest the sand, say they, should get into their boils. Saul was well-shaped. Jonathan was commandingly tall. Samson was very determined. T ha t somewhat big-ancled man killed a somewhat big-bellied and big-rumped ox yesterday morning. The child was tickled by its companion, and so it laughed. Ex. LXXV I I I . Page 6o. Those new shoes of yours are suitable for you. That which we gave to him is sufficient for him. The people were.astonished at him, for he did not cry. The house of the butcher smells oKensively of beef. The dog is satisfied with beef, and so it lies down. A cock crowing in the market: (it is) not strength but longing after the place it came from. T hat old man smells ofFensively of rum. That is just like him.' As the fiy: (a) little (thing) without fear of the sovereign. A little chicken fallen in a ditch: (should) it fiy, it has only half formed wings, should it call, its voice is low. There is much rice where we were (tany, past tense of any). Al l t he fields are covered with rice. My little box is full of money. He was ashamed of what he did. T his man is foolish about money.
Ex. LX X I X . Page 6t. Menatra ny zanany io zazalahy io. Sasatra anao aho. Feno azy ny trano. Be vola ny Vazaha. Ampy antsika izany. Manitra tantely ny trano. Vitsy omby izahay. Antonona anaoizany. Malahelo azy aho. Manina ny zaoany very io lehilahy hendry io. Akaiky anay ny fonenany. Feno olona ny trano fivavahanay. Tahaka anao ny sakaizako. Ti a i zany va izy ? M e ndrika anao izany satroka izany. M asfua hianao! M a rena tokan-trano, rankizy. Sarotra hiraina izany, nefa voalaza mora ity. R aha hisy zavatra matanjaka (dia) mantanjaka indrindra izany. Mora nangalarina ny ombiny.

Ex. LXX X. Page 6t. Cardinal. OrdinaL E r a chonal. 3 f u l h g licatives.Times of doing. Indray mandeha 1Vone Isa, iray, iraika Voalohany 1Vone Roa Faharoa A m p aharoany Indroa Fanindroany Telo Fahatelo A m pahatelony Intelo Fanintelony Efatra Fahefatra Ampahefany In e fatra Faninefany Oimy Fahadimy Ampahadiminy Indimy Fanindiminy Enina Fahenina Atnpaheniny I n e n ina Fanineniny Fito Fahafito A m p ahafitony Impito Fanimpitony Valo Fahavalo Ampahavalony Imbalo Fanimbalony Sivy Fahasivy A mpahasiviny Intsivy Fanintsiviny Folo Fahafolo A mpahafolony Impolo Fanimpolony Ex. LXXXI. Page 6a.Is so easy S hat no hey is re quired.

114' Ex. LXX X I I . Page 6z. How manp times did you fetch water? Five times. Who is the first? My brother is the first, and I am the seventh in the class. One thousand two hundred and seventyfi ve, How many oxen did you buy in the market esterday? We bought thirteen. Fetch a third-of-rice from the large box. ow many fathoms (i.e. how long) is your house of prayer? Its length is eight, its breadth is four, and its height is five. Count ten. B ring me the eleven oxen. Were there fivehundred people assembled in the house of prayeron Sunday? The childrenare going four by four. The number. of the people is about three hundred. Ex. LXXX I I I . Page 63. Firy ny zanakao? Dimy. E nto aty amiko lovia folo sy sotro roa amby ny folo. Nividy fanjaitra firy hianao tamy ny lavanty? Nividy paingotra telonjato sy dimy arivo sy dimy alina aho. Dimy amby enim-polo sy telon-jato sy enma arivo sy iray alina. T elo ampahasiviny. Impiry (no) nahitanao ahy? .Impito amby ny folo. Niantso ahy va hianao, tompokolahy? Eny, niantso anao indroa aho. Nahit* vorona firy tany an-ala hianao? Nahita t okony ho sivi-folo aho. I mpiry (no) nanaovanao izany? I njato. R o a ampahefa-polony. Hoatrinona (no)fahalavan' ny sahanao? Fahefa-polo izy. M a hay manisa dimam-polo va hianao? Eny, mahay manisa iray tapitrisa aho. Enina amby sivi-folo sy enin-jato sy telo arivo sy iray hetsy. Miala tsirairay ny omby.

Ex. LXX X I V. Page 63. Do notdothatbad thingagain. The army is the protection (safeguard) of the country and the kingdom. The guards cannot sleep in the night. Let your peaches be divided into three parts. The Lord rose from the dead on the third day after he was killed. How many days were you on the road from Tamatave? Eight days, for the servants carrying us went fast. Divide into fourparts that which he bade us do, and let each.of us four men do his share. Do not do that again, lest I beat you hard. E ach o'f the forty men educated by the foreigners has got (a place for) teaching. The Queen assembled all the people, and they remained (assembled) four days in Antananarivo.

Ex. LX X X V. Page 65. The children of Jacob become many in Egypt (or, It was in Egypt that the children ofJacob became many). He became strong,and so the sovereign did not like him. A r ise, shine, for that which makes you light is come, Make some of those clothes brown, forthe buyers of brown cloihes are becoming many. The day now becomes warm, and the boys are going near the sideof the river. What makes you shut your eyes? I shut my eyes because of the sun becoming too light. B e strong (encouraged) in your work. Do not be good in words only (foana) before your relatives. What makes you become so diriy? I am not becoming dirty at all, but the water makes my facebrown. The people willcome on Thursday, and that is why the town is being cleaned. You are wise now, but become wiser. That rose on the table perfumes the people assembled in the house, but the sunshine on the glass dazzles them. Do not think lightly of the advice of your father (your father's advice). Do not justify the guilty. Become dark, 0 moon.

116 That man is becoming very fierce. It is your becoming stubborn that makes him so fierce. Be fierce (to them), for they are becoming both obstinate and idle. M y hands are becoming cold. Y o u would not drink the milk, and that is why they are becoming cold. Ex. LX X X V I. Page 6y. The satisfaction (fulness) of that ox is wonderful. The goodness of your h ouse is health-giving. Wisdom is pleasant. Working makes hungry. T h e day of death is wretched, but the day of birth is joyous. 0 L o rd, deliver us from wretchedness! The wages of sin isdeath. (The) rum makes (the) life short. Y our words just make it right. I a m not able to go alone, for I am little. H u nger causes death. D o y ou know his gladness? The habits of that boy make me angry (That boy's habits make me angry ). Make those sheepsatisfi ed, grass, f or I wi sh to see t heir f ul ness. There is no way forpeopletoescape from(the) death. The kindness of that teacher makes (one) exultant. The going out of the lamp was quick last night, for it was not asithas been of t en. The grace of God does good. The fear of God is the beginning of knowitedge.

Ex. LX X X V I I . Pagv 68. We all know God's hatred of evil. T h e Queen is pleased with her people, and she says: "Pleasure, acceptance (I give you), people, for I h ave a father and a mother in having you; may you live, and may God bless you." Get behind me, Satan. T h e cold makes ill . W r e t chedness makes lean. Theyglorify Godwho regard His Word. T h e w ater flows into the Ikopa. "Aseatingrice: each one regards that which is in his mouth." R e w ard our child well, if he does the right, and never hate him, but correct him if e does wrong. My sister came to me yesterday. The object of our going to the market frequently is to buy and sell. Y o u r making of my ox lean makes me wretched. Those who arerewarded in words only never like the rewarder. The saying: "Good-bye. may you be good and excellent," cannot support a wife and children. W h ere is my honey gone to? Ex. LX X X V I I I . Page 6g. God sees us all. Endure hardness as a good soldier. (Go to) sleep for it is night. T r ust in God, for his mercy endures. Cook some rice, servant, for the children are hungry. E n durance in the right is (the reason) we get reward from the people. B a the with that warm water. F e tch some oil, lest your lamps go out. Be clever to l earn that you may be wise. Your cleverness in chipping stones is good. I d i d n o t assent to your fetching of me yesterday, because I did not see how I could get at l i berty. O u r s leep last night was not good, because many rats were running about on the ceiling. It is sometimes one's property that causes one not t o sleep. E n d ure >n doing good,for t hat becomes us. Ex. I.XXX IX. Page ?o. That represents it s goodness. Solomon praises the goodness of wisdom. Its greenness is like (that of) the rice plants. T h e greenness of the grass is pleasant. The length of the night is now twelve hours. W o r k w h ile (you are) young, for old age will come and you will not be able to work any more.

116
Itsrednessisnotmore than that. The hugeness of the dog astonishes me. The length of the wood is five (fathoms). The badnessofthe beef i st r oublesome to the people. T h e old age (maturity) of some fruits is soft, i.e., Some fruits are sof t when ri pe.

Ex. XC. Pag yz. Make your words clear that all the people may know (understand) your meaning. I h ave made them clear, but I do not know what makes them not assent (to them). Make the yellow and the green colours lighter, for the red is rather light. W a i t a minute, lest it be spoiled should it be made lighter. T he lamp is too light, and t h e m ice will no t c ome t here ; b u t i f y o u make it somewhat dark, they will all come together. T his burden is large, and so lengthen the cord. Do not make somebody's ox fier ce, l est that make its owner angry. I f you shorten the cord, it will not be enough. Speak ratherlouder,f or I cannot hear some of your words. Your house of prayer is new now, relatives (friends), an'd so make your thoughts new also (orrenew our thoughts). D o not treat slightly the word's of the old. , Make the house etter,for the stranger (visitor) will come. D o not treat the people easily, lest theyshould become obstinate, i.e., Do not be too easy going with the people lest, etc. Ex. XCI. Pagr ys. Do not stand on the threshold, for standing there may give you a bad cold. As play in summer: the morning is the time. D o n o t b reak the order. It is said the bridge was broken, and it was repaired last night. L a y up for yourselves ri ches in heaven. A roll of paper and a bundle of fl o wers were given to him on the branching of the road going to the town. T h i s place where I am is suitable for one breadth of a mat. F e tch mfi a mallet to chip this black stone for a threshold. The Queen places soldiers at all the seaports. Be not sorry fnr being too late at a funeral, for the corpses will be yet many.' Peter saw something likef olds of cl oth coming down from heaven. The 1ength of the ridge of that house is twelve (fatboms) and a span. Tear the garment from bottom to top, but do not cut it crossways. H ang the cords !ropes) on the mast. Smooth that garment of mine well, and do not fold it into eight folds, but fold it into four. And he brake his bonds, and was glad. Ex. XCII . - P a g e ys. Do not justify the guilty or make the wrong right. The spade is astonished, for the sweet potatoes are without roots.' (fhe) sugar is sweet, but (the) sugar-cane was sweet before it. T h a t which is here is delicious, and that
which is there is sweet. I t i s good to look at the sweet, but to eat it isbetter. Do yours, but let me do mine. The clean is one, the dirty are two, and so the numbers ofhis are three. The child is like its mother. I t i s t h e size of a cat; but its ears are like those of a sheep. L i k e the mouse and the rat : having similar hair, but their business is not similar. L i k e the 'fish entering in the net: the going in is light, but getting out is dark. L o ok at the true, and examine justice. S ome people are white, and some are brownish. M any (are those who) wish to be clever, but idleness hinders them. A m a n met me yesterday. Everyone should praise God.

' A proverb meaning: There will yet be other opportunities of getting a fill of beef. ' A prov' erb: You have not got what you expected.

Bx. XC II I. Pugt y3. R asandy, the teacher. R akoto, the smith. O u r F a ther, Who art i n he heaven. 'fhatisyour dog. The crows wake up early. The ratswork in t night. H e beat me with a stick. M y father has a good house. The fiowers change their f orms. The child's garment is changed. It was to beat you that he sent me a stick. P a ul, the Apostle, wrote many epistles. T hat ox ofyours isfi er ce. Your child sleeps in the evening. The tree has good leaves. Some beat him with fists. I f e tched you to wash my clothes. Sing, my child. H i s house is by the road-side. R abe, the butcher is troublesome to me. The poor have bad clothes. (The) good people are of few'words (reserved). Thisisyour garment. The man changed his thoughts again. Theair(wind) ofyour town is bad. H e sent me to buy some oxen, sheep, and birds. Rakoto, the writer, shewed the, paper and its price.

Ex. XCIV. Page yy. The mistress is pleased with that, and we will do it . Y e s, that is good, younger) brother. L ift up your eyes, good woman, and look at that mountain, or your senior is there. A n d rianaivo, said the father to his son, go and fetch some wood. Tell your wife, good man, that there are good clothes there. Your fr i end wishes you good-bye. Ilaivao issi ngi ng, and Andriamatoa Rakoto is'crying. 0 p e ople, I a m i n d anger! I w i s h you good-bye, friends. Perhaps the master yonder considers,that to be true, and so he agrees. I s t h a t word of yours true, brother-in-law? A n d says the boy: "Who is the God of my father, mother?" C all Iboto, and give him his dog.

Ex. XCV. Pisgr yy. We saw a brown ox. A black cat isthere. That is somebody's bird. Eat what is good. F etch a stone. B r ing me a plate and a kn'ife. A s oldier killed a dog on Thursday. That belongs to the Queen, so take off your hats. His father is a famous man. T h ose who speak softly make me glad, and I willgivethem somepeaches. There is somebody in our house. That is a dog. He rode on a white horse. I have a coat. There isan island called Java.

Ex. XCVI. Page )y5. The money is in my hand. I shall buy something in the market. W h ere did Ranaivo go to? H e went to the country. T h ere is a knife on the table. Ambatomiangara is yonder. W h ere ? Y o nder to the west. Y o nder? Y e s. Y our senior (or elder brother) is yonder on the road, and go to him. H e
w ould not let me go there. Pu t your garment a little further away, for it i s dirty there, and it may be soiled. H e re ? N o , t h ere on the chair. ' It i s said thereis a fi er ce ox yonder. - The fierce ox is not there al. all, for i t i s down yonder. I t i s not there any more, for it has gone away to the south. Where at the south? A way yonder to the south. I p u t i t somewhere here. There are none here, perhaps they are down yonder. H i s house is yonder. Where? Yonder. W i l l you wash clothes here? Here we shall wash (our ) clothes, for Ankatso is too far. T ak e your oxen to the field, Iboto, but do

notgoup yonder any more. The grass has become green lately. But a short time ago it was almost dry,

111 Ex. XCVII. Pag, ?6. To-day, if you will hear his voice! I s h all not write the day after tomorrow. The people have been waiting for you ever since morning. The teachers come up every six months. He is come in the house now. The child criesincessantly, forit is ill . W e w o rked all. day long. T h e letters (papers) of t he f or ei gners came on that very da). Some of the grass will be dry in a few days. E a t your rice at this moment, Iboto, fsr we shall go very soon. The beef was already cooked, and you must not cook it any more. O ur master buys two hundred and fifty TENY SOA every month. I h a v e n ot s een a more beautiful butterfiy than this ever since I was born. I b o ught t h i s hat to-day. I t is said that the people yonder at the north formerly besmeared themselves with red pamt. A n d n o w t hey wash their han'ds if they have paint on them. H i s father said: " C ome home,' then he went home at that moment. The people with us wash (their) clothes often. T ha t man prays 'three times every day. They all come up to town twice a year.

Ex. XCVII I. Page Do not give (me) my money little by little, but give it ( to me) wholly. H e would have been killed, if his horse had not gone slowly. P e rhaps I shall finish this in three times. The children are playing. but I was writing. These are sweet," this too is sweet and very fragrant, T h e l amp is almost gone out. I t i s almost evening, and all the fowls are going home. P erhaps you beat the horse, and it is getting too obstinate. E ven the ox knows its owner, how much more mankind? If my younger brother comes to.day, I shall send him to you. Perhaps your younger brother will not come to-day, for t he water is becoming swollen, and it reaches to the armpits now. Y o u a r e a fraid of that even. D o not be afraid, brother-in-law, for we have got a l l the price of the oxen. Eat your rice little by l i t t le . ( T h e ) stone is harder than (the) wood, but (the) stone is more easily broken if perchance their thickness be the same. Ex. XCIX. Page y8. You speak angrily, and so you must be wrong. Where are your houses? I exceedingly hate to sing idly. H o w d i d he write our names? H e w r ote (them) well. W hen wasyour hat bought? H o w shall (we) cook the rice? H ow do you do, friend? A c t not maliciously to your companions H e i s s peaking softly. W h en will you come to us? H o w i s your mother? T h a t child sleeps as he eats. W h a t s hall (we) do with it i' R a naivo swims standing. T h e good woman is crying mournfully. T h e p l ate was broken into two equal part. Pl y g a rment was torn transversely. M y c oat is torn from top to bottom; please, sew it. Ex. C.- Page y8. I talked with him, and he told me his thoughts. Come and talk (with m e), for talking with you makes me glad. C ome along with us, child. D o n ot take that book to h im , fo r i t c a m e f rom h im . P u t y o u r feet i nt o t h e water. P u t your umbrella on the Roor. P e rhaps the people will come on Saturday. D o not frtch those papers, for they belong to John. W h ose are these pens? There is a beautiful Rower near him. H e has no friend except Rakoto. D o not depart hence until your mother comes. S hut the window until I have done eating W a i t t ill he comes. How many are the numbers from one to t wenty-ane? It is warm from {the) August to (the) March. I

IIO am'buyingthese things for tny,friend, for he is going to Tamatave the day after to-morrow. I assent to your words on account of my love ofyourfather. His child stood opposite to the Queen. Ex. CI. Page yg. He movedthe table tothe middle of the house. He went before me, and he has got away yonder across to the east. I stood behind you. There is a lofty tree on the brink of the ditch on the south of the town. S i t d own at the left hand of your f at her, for your elder (brother) is sitting on his right hand. 'What is, that man standing on the side of the gate doing? T h ere is a httle mist yonder on the top of the mountain. H e overtook us in the middle of the road. A l l our relatives live on the edge of the town. H e was brought before the judge, and was ordered to be beaten in the sight of the people. Stand at my side (by me), but do not sit behind me. Did you put my hat on t he table or below it. I l eft it at the bottom of the cupboard, sir. G o t o t h e other side of that mountain, but do not stop in the middle nor go up to t he top of it . T h e r e i s a k n if e a t t h e b ottom of t hat b l uish chair. T h e se bananas ripened on the tree, and that makes them very sweet. T hat is fallen into the middle, and it is dif5cult to be taken out. ( He is) lying on (his) side and cannot wake up. Ex. CII. Page 8s. Thisiswhat he says, andtheseare his words, sir. Said I i n a nswering. T hus (or as follows) was his conversation. You sing it as "Lah, lah." A n d I sing it as "Me, doh." T h i s is what I say to you: "I care for nothing if you are good." And the words of the people are as foll o' ws: "Plant the trees, buy the rice, divide the money, and come to us again." Thus we answered him: "There is no rain, and so the trees cannot be planted; the inoney is spent, and (we) have no money with which to buy rice; and the
m oney is already divided." k ut h s a i d t o h e r m o ther-in-law: " D o n o t compel me to leave you, for your people shall be my people, your God shall be my God, and I wili be buried in the ground where you are buried." V Vho

(or which) is true? Ex. CII I. Page 83. It is soft words that make riches easy (to be got), and it is hard words that make (people) to quarrel with one another. It is water that does not go up, and the Rame that does not bend down. I t i s the horse that gallops fast, but not the sheep; and it is the chameleon that goes very slowly, but not the mouse. It wss the servant that toreyour clothes, sir, but not I. The elephant is the largest of all quadrupeds, and the whale is the largest of all those which are in the sea, but the lion is the strongest, perhaps. John is his name. ( 1 'he) silk i s the dearest (kind of) cloth. B e cause somebody talks, should we not like (our) relatives? I t i s ( because of) the cold that one wears a garment, and iti s( because of) the famine that one eats food. It is my sorrow that makes me cry. There is the house of the butcher. Where did you put my book? I t i s on his hands that he has the itch. Send those who assent. I t i s the long you must cut off, and th e short must be lengthened. I t is the ripe fruits you should buy. I f you are pleased, sir, let me do the nrriting. It is t he singing that should be done 6rst. 1 ' he sick only must not come. I t is that one fruit you should not eat. I w ill not advise you many times, but do not Sght with anybody. A n d l e t not t hat coat of mine be sewn, lest you should spoil it.