Spectral Representation of signals

Remember! A signal is
Analyzed by three
parameters Amplitude,
Frequency and Phase
Which can be recognized in
Time Domain but what about
Frequency Domain?
There are different ways of
representing a sinusoidal
signal in a Frequency
Domain Which not only can
tell about its Amplitude and
Frequency but also its Phase
Phasors also play a major role
in the spectral analysis

Amplitude and Phase Spectrum
The Phasor representation of a sinusoidal signal comes from Eulers
Theorem

Or We can Write it as


Now Consider a sinusoidal waveform


Using Eulers identity, we have


where A and are real constants, and Re{ } indicates the real part of an
expression.




u u
u
sin cos j e
j
+ =
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
| e
| e
+
= + =
t j
Ae t A t x Re cos
( ) t x
( ) ( ) | e + = t A t x cos
( )
( ) ( ) | e | e
| e
+ + + =
+
t jA t A Ae
t j
sin cos
Also we Know that
Consider the signal:

Single-sided Amplitude and Phsae Spectrum

Single-sided Spectrum
Two-sided Amplitude and Phase Spectrum
Example: Fourier Transform of the
Rectangular Pulse
( ) sinc
2
X
et
e t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
A rectangular pulse in
time domain
Its Fourier transform in
Frequency domain
(a)Amplitude and (b)Phase spectra of
the rectangular pulse
Magnitude
Spectrum
The spectrum draw from Fourier coefficients is
known as magnitude spectrum
The coefficients a
0
, a
n
, b
n
are defined as:

Fourier Series Review
Single-sided Magnitude Spectrum
Two-sided Magnitude Spectrum