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LAXMI SHEWKANI
ROLL NO.37
T.Y.B.M.S.
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Securities Market Regulatory Body in India
INTRODUCTION
The Stock Exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as "BSE" was
established in 1875 as "The Native Share and Stock Brokers Association", as a
voluntary non-profit making association. It has evolved over the years into its
present status as the premier Stock Exchange in the country. It may be noted that
the Stock Exchanges is the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo Stock
Exchange, which was founded in 1878.
The average daily turnover of the Exchange during the year 2000-2001
(April-March), was Rs.3984.19 crores and average number of daily trades was 5.69
lakhs. However, the average daily turnover of the Exchange during the year 2001-
2002 has declined to Rs. 1244.10 crores and number of average daily trades during
the period to 5.17 lakhs. The ban on all deferral products like BLESS and ALBM in
the Indian capital Markets by SEBI w.e.f. July 2, 2001, abolition of account period
settlements, introduction of Compulsory Rolling Settlements in all scrips traded on
the Exchanges w.e.f. December 31, 2001, etc. have adversely impacted the liquidity
and consequently there is a considerable decline in the daily turnover at the
Exchange.
What is a share?
A share represents the smallest recognized fraction of ownership in a publicly held
business. Each such fraction of ownership is represented in the form of a certificate
known as a share certificate. The breaking up of total ownership of a business into
small fragments, each fragment represented by a share certificate, enables them to
be easily bought and sold.
The stock exchanges are the exclusive centers for the trading of
securities. The regulatory framework encourages this by virtually banning trading
of securities outside exchanges. Until recently, the area of operation/ jurisdiction of
exchange was specified at the time of its recognition, which in effect precluded
competition among the exchanges. These are called regional exchanges. In order to
provide an opportunity to investors to invest/ trade in the securities of local
companies, it is mandatory foe the companies, wishing to list their securities, to list
on the regional stock exchange nearest to their registered office.
A stock exchange in India operates with due recognition from the government
under the
Securities and Contracts (Regulations) Act, 1956. the member brokers are
essentially the middlemen who carry out the desired transactions in securities on
behalf of the public(for a commission) or on their own behalf. New membership to a
Stock Exchange is through election by the governing board of that stock exchange.
At present, there are 23 stock exchanges in India, the largest among them being
the
Bombay Stock Exchange. BSE alone accounts for over 80% of the total volume of
transactions in shares.
The overall development and regulation of the securities market has been
entrusted to the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) by an act of
parliament in 1992. All companies wishing to raise capital from the public are
required to list their securities on at least one stock exchange. Thus, all ordinary
shares, preference shares and debentures of the publicly held companies are listed
in the stock exchange.
Exchange management
Made some attempts in this direction, but this did not materially alter
the situation. In view of the less than satisfactory quality, of administration of
broker-managed exchanges, the finance minister in march 2001 proposed
demutualisation of exchanges by which ownership, management and trading
membership would be segregated from each other. The regulators are working
towards implementing this. Of the 23 stock exchanges in India, two stock exchanges
viz., OTCEI and NSE are already demutualised. Board of directors, which do not
include trading members, manages these. Theses are purest form of demutualised
exchanges, where ownership, management and trading are in the hands of three sets
of people. The concept of demutualisation completely eliminates any conflict of
interest and helps the exchange to pursue market efficiency and investors interest
aggressively.
Role of SEBI
The SEBI, that is, the Securities and the Exchange Board of India, is the
national regulatory body for the securities market, set up under the securities and
Exchange Board of India act, 1992, to “protect the interest of investors in securities
and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for
matters connected therewith and incidental too.”
SEBI has its head office in Mumbai and it has now set up regional offices
in the metropolitan cities of Kolkata, Delhi, and Chennai. The Board of SEBI
comprises a Chairman, two members from the central government representing the
ministries of finance and law, one member from the Reserve Bank of India and two
other members appointed by the central government.
As per the SEBI act, 1992, the power and functions of the
Board encompass the regulation of Stock Exchanges and other securities markets;
registration and regulation of the working stock brokers, sub-brokers, bankers to
an issue (a public offer of capital), trustees of trust deeds, registrars to an issues,
merchant bankers, under writers, portfolio managers, investment advisors and such
other intermediaries who may be associated with the stock market in any way;
registration and regulations of mutual funds; promotion and regulation of self-
regulatory organizations; prohibiting Fraudulent and unfair trade practices and
insider trading in securities markets; regulating substantial acquisition of shares
and takeover of companies; calling for information from,undertking inspection,
conducting inquiries and audits of stock exchanges, intermediaries and self-
regulatory organizations of the securities market; performing such functions and
exercising such powers as contained in the provisions of the Capital Issues (Control)
Act,1947 and the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, levying various fees
and other charges, conducting necessary research for above purposes and
performing such other functions as may be prescribes from time to time.
SEBI as the watchdog of the industry has an important and crucial role in the
market in ensuring that the market participants perform their duties in accordance
with the regulatory norms. The Stock Exchange as a responsible Self Regulatory
Organization (SRO) function to regulate the market and its prices as per the
prevalent regulations. SEBI and the Exchange play complimentary roles to enhance
the investor protection and the overall quality of the market.
Membership
Listing
Index services
Stock index uses a set of stocks that are representative of the whole
market, or a specified sector to measure the change in overall behavior of the
markets or sector over a period of time. India Index Services & Products Limited
(IISL), promoted by NSE and CRISIL, is the only specialized organization in the
country to provide stock index services.
Trading Mechanism
Internet trading is available on NSE and BSE, as of now. SEBI has approved the use
of Internet as an order routing system, for communicating clients’ orders to the
exchanges through brokers. SEBI- registered brokers can introduce internet-based
trading after obtaining permission from the respective Stock Exchanges. SEBI has
stipulated the minimum conditions to be fulfilled by trading members to start
internet-based trading and services.
BSE /NSE
Bottom of Form
Mutual Funds Commodity
NSE was the first exchange in the country to provide web-based access to investors
to trade directly on the exchange. It launched Internet trading in February 2000. It
was followed by the launch of Internet trading by BSE in March 2001. The orders
originating from the personal computers (PCs) of investors are routed through the
Internet tot eh trading terminals of the designated brokers with whom they have
relations and further to the exchange of trade execution. Soon after these orders get
matched and result into trades, the investors get confirmation about them on their
PCs through the same Internet routes.
SEBI approved trading through wireless medium or WAP platform. NSE is the only
exchange to provide access to its order book through the hand held devices, which
use WAP technology. This serves primarily retail investors who are mobile and
want to trade from any place when the market prices for st0ocks of their choice are
attractive.
Demat Trading
The Stock Exchange, Bombay (BSE) is the premier Stock Exchange in India. The
BSE accounted for 46 per cent of listed companies on an all India basis as on 31st
March 1994. It ranked first in terms of the number of listed companies and stock
issues listed. The capital listed in the BSE as on 31st March 1994 accounted for 50%
of the overall capital listed on all the stock exchanges. Its share of the market
capitalization was around 74% as on the same date. The paidup capital of equity,
debentures/bonds and preference were 73%, 31%, 44% respectively of the overall
capital listed on all the Stock Exchanges as on the same date.
On the BSE, the Steel Authority of India had the largest market capitalization of
Rs.19, 908 crores as on the 31st March, 1994 followed by the State Bank of India
with the market capitalization of Rs.16, 702 crores and Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Limited with the market capitalization of Rs.11, 700 crores.
BSE SENSEX
The BSE SENSEX is the benchmark index of the Indian capital market and one,
which has the longest social memory. In fact the SENSEX is considered to be the
pulse of the Indian stock markets. It is the oldest index in India and has acquired a
unique place in collective consciousness of the investors. Further, as the oldest index
of the Indian Stock Market, it provides time series data over a fairly long period of
time. Small wonder that the SENSEX has over the years has become one of the most
prominent brands of the Country.
Objectives of SENSEX
The BSE SENSEX is the benchmark index with wide acceptance among individual
investors, institutional investors, foreign investors, foreign investors and fund
managers. The objectives of the index are:
To measure market movements Given its long history and its wide acceptance,
no other index matches the BSE SENESX in the reflecting market movements and
sentiments. SENSEXis widely used to describe the mood in the Indian stock
markets.
Benchmark for funds performance The inclusion of blue chip companies and the
wide and balanced industry Representation in the SENSEX makes it the ideal
benchmark for fund managers to compare the performance of their funds.
Trading System
Till Now, buyers and sellers used to negotiate face-to-face on the
trading floor over a security until agreement was reached and a deal was struck in
the open outcry system of trading, that used to take place in the trading ring. The
transaction details of the account period (called settlement period) were submitted
for settlement by members after each trading session.
TRADING
The Exchange, which had an open outcry trading system, had
switched over to a fully automated computerized mode of trading known as BOLT
(BSE on Line Trading) System. Through the BOLT system the members now enter
orders from Trader Work Stations (TWSs) installed in their offices instead of
assembling in the trading ring. This system, which was initially both order and
quote driven, was commissioned on March 14, 1995. However, the facility of placing
of quotes has been removed w.e.f., August 13, 2001 in view of lack of market interest
and to improve system-matching efficiency. The system, which is now only order
driven, facilitates more efficient processing, automatic order matching and faster
execution of orders in a transparent manner.
The Exchange has also the facility to trade in "C" group which covers the
odd lot securities in 'A', 'B1', 'B2' and 'Z' groups and Rights renunciations in all the
groups of scrips in the equity segment. The Exchange, thus, provides a facility to
market participants of on-line trading in odd lots of securities and Rights
renunciations. The facility of trading in odd lots of securities not only offers an exit
route to investors to dispose of their odd lots of securities but also provides them an
opportunity to consolidate their securities into market lots.
The 'C' group can also be used by investors for selling upto 500 shares
in physical form in respect of scrips of companies where trades are to be
compulsorily settled by all investors in demat mode. This scheme of selling physical
shares in compulsory demat scrips is called as Exit Route Scheme.
With effect from December 31, 2001, trading in all securities listed in
equity segment of the Exchange takes place in one market segment, viz.,
Compulsory Rolling Settlement Segment.
The following tables summarizes the steps in the trading and settlement cycle for
scrips under CRS:
DAY ACTIVITY
T+1
Confirmation of 6A/7A data by the Custodians. Downloading of securities and funds
obligation statement by members.
T+3 Pay-in of funds and securities by 11:00 a.m. and pay-out of funds and securities
by 2:00 p.m
Thus, the pay-in and pay-out of funds and securities takes places on the 3rd
working day of the execution of the trade.
Statements giving details of the daily transactions entered into by the members.
The settlement of the trades (money and securities) done by a member on his own
account or on behalf of his individual, corporate or institutional clients may be
either through the member himself or through a SEBI registered Custodian
appointed by him or the respective client. In case the delivery/payment is to be given
or taken by a registered Custodian, he has to confirm the trade done by a member
on the BOLT System through 6A-7A entry. For this purpose, the Custodians have
been given connectivity to BOLT System and have also been admitted as members
of the Clearing House. In case a transaction is not confirmed by a registered
Custodian, the liability for pay-in of funds or securities in respect of the same
devolves on the concerned member.
Settlement
Pay-in and Pay-out for 'A', 'B1', 'B2', 'C', "F" & 'Z' group of securities
The Delivery Orders provide information like scrip, quantity and the
name of the receiving member to whom the securities are to be delivered through
the Clearing House. The Money Statement provides scrip wise/item wise details of
payments/receipts for the settlement. The Delivery/Receive Orders and money
statements can be downloaded by the members in their back offices
The securities, as per the Delivery Orders issued by the Exchange, are
required to be delivered by the members in the Clearing House on the day
designated for securities pay-in, i.e., on T+3 day. In case of the physical securities,
the members have to deliver the securities in special closed pouches (supplied by the
Exchange) along with the relevant details (distinctive numbers, scrip code, quantity,
and receiving member) on a floppy. The data submitted by the members on floppies
is matched against the master file data on the Clearing House computer systems. If
there are no discrepancies, then a scroll number is generated by the Clearing House
and a scroll slip is issued. The members can then submit the securities at the
receiving counter in the Clearing House.
Demat pay-in:
In auction, the highest offer price is allowed upto the close-out rate and
the lowest offer price can be 20% below the closing price on a day prior to day of
auction. A member who has failed to deliver the securities of a particular company
on the pay-in day is not allowed to offer the same in auction. He can, however,
participate in auction of other scrips.
In case no offers are received in auction for a particular scrip, the sale
transaction is closed-out at a close-out price, determined by higher of the following:-
- Highest price recorded in the scrip from the settlement in which the transaction
took place upto a day prior to the day of the auction.
OR
- 20% above the closing price on a day prior to the day of auction.
B) Objections
When receiving members collect the physical securities from the Clearing House on
the Payout day, the same are required to be checked by them for good delivery as
per the norms prescribed by the SEBI in this regard. If the receiving member does
not consider the securities good delivery, he has to obtain an arbitration award from
the arbitrators and submit the securities in the Clearing House on the following day
of the Pay-Out (T+4). The Clearing House returns these securities to the delivering
members on the same day, i.e., (T+4). If a delivering members feels that arbitration
awards obtained against him is incorrect, he is required to obtain arbitration award
for invalid objection from the members of the Arbitration Review Committee. The
delivering members are required to rectify/replace the objections and return the
shares to the Clearing House on next day (T+5) to have the entry against them
removed. The rectified securities are delivered by the Clearing House to the buyer
members on the same day (T+5). The buyer members, if they are not satisfied with
the rectification, are required to obtain arbitration awards for invalid rectification
from the Bad Delivery Cell on T+6 day and submit the shares to the Clearing House
on the same day.
If a member fails to rectify/replace the objections then the same are closed-out. This
is known as "Objection Cycle" and the entire process takes 3 days.
The following table summarizes the activities involved in the Patawat Objection
Cycle of CRS.
T+5 Members and institutions to submit rectified securities, confirmation forms and
invalid objections in the clearing house
T+6 Arbitration Awards for invalid rectification to be obtained from officials of the
Bad Delivery Cell
The un-rectified and invalid rectification of securities are directly closed-out by the
Clearing House instead of first inviting the auction offers for the same.
The shares in physical form returned under objection to the Clearing House are
required to be accompanied by an arbitration award (Chukada) except in certain
cases where the receiving members are permitted to submit securities to the
Clearing House without "Chukada".
These cases are as follows: Transfer Deed is out of date. Cheques for the dividend
adjustment for new shares where distinctive numbers are given in the Exchange
Notice is not enclosed. Stamp of the Registrar of Companies is missing. Details like
Distinctive Numbers, Transferors' Names, etc. are not filled, in the Transfer Deeds.
Delivering broker's stamp on the reverse of the Transfer Deed is missing. Witness
stamp or signature on Transfer Deed is missing. Signature of the transferor is
missing. Death Certificate (in cases where one or more of the transferors are
deceased) is missing.
A penalty at the rate of Rs.100/- per Delivery Order is levied on the delivering
member for delivering shares, which are not in order. In the event a receiving
member misuses the facility of submitting shares under objection without
"Chukada", a penalty of Rs.500/- per case is charged and the penalty of Rs.100/- per
Delivery Order levied on the delivering member is refunded to him by debiting the
receiving member's account Close Out: There are cases when no offer for particular
scrip is received in an auction or when members who offer the scrips in auction, fail
to deliver the same. In the former case, the original seller member's account is
debited and the buyer member's account is credited at the closeout rate. In the
latter case, the offeror member's account is debited and the buyer member's
account is credited at the close-out rate. The closeout rates for closing the positions
in different segments are as under:
For 'A' + 'B1' + 'B2' + 'Z', 'Rolling demat' and 'F' group
➢ The highest rate of the scrip from the first day (trading day in case of Rolling
demat segment) to the day prior to the day on which the auction is conducted for the
respective settlement. ➢ 20% above the closing rate as on the day prior to the day of
auction of the respective settlement.
The close-out rate is higher of the following rates : ➢ The highest rate of the scrip
from the first day to the day prior to the day of auction of 'A', 'B1', 'B2, and 'Z'
group segment of the respective settlements; or ➢ 10% above the closing rate as on
the day prior to the day of auction of 'A', 'B1', 'B2, and 'Z' group; or ➢ Transaction
price.
In the 'C' group, i.e., Odd Lot Segment, no auction session is conducted.
The shortages are directly closed out.
How does one com of the draft offer document?e to know about the issues
on offer? And from where can I get copies
SEBI issues press releases every week regarding the draft offer documents
received and observations issued during the period. The draft offer
documents are put up on the website under Reports/Documents section.
The final offer documents that are filed with SEBI/ROC are also put up for
information under the same section. Copies of the draft offer documents in
hard copy form may be obtained from the office of SEBI
Who is eligible to be a BRLM?
CNBC-TV18 has learnt from sources that Sebi is likely to propose short
swing rule in India. The move restricts company insiders from making short-term
profit at the company’s expense.
Sources added that the move proposes insiders return profits from
buying and selling the company’s stock. It proposes a tenor of six months for the
short swing rule.It has circulated a paper on short swing profit regulations.
Sebi says that any officer who buys and sells shares of a company
within six-months will have to return those profits to the company, which means
that he cannot buy and sell shares within six months and make a profit on them.
If he makes, he will return the profit.
Who cannot do these transactions or who will be brought under the ambit of this
short swing rule?