,

- , , ,

, , ,
, ,
, Glasgow Caledonian University,
, Barcelona Strategic Urban Systems,
, ,
-, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,
, , ,
- , , ,
, , ,
, ,
, Glasgow Caledonian University,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
- University College Dublin, School of Geography, Planning and
Environmental Policy,
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,

, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,

, -

11000 , 73/II
: 011/ 3370-091, 3370-185, faks 3370-203, e-mail: milap@iaus.ac.rs

33
, 2011.
. .


1 ....................................................................... .....................................................

3-15 1945-1961. .......................

16-21
................................................................................... ...........................
,

22-30 ................... ,

31-41
................................................................................. ..................................................

42-59
....................................... ,

60-65 :
...........................................................................................

67-74 -
23 ....................... , ,

:
75-80 .......................................................

81-86
.............................................................................................

87-101
..................................................................................................... ,

103
, ,
. ...........................................................
105
...................................................
107 1914-1989
..........................................................................................

III

Researching the courses of development of architecture in

the 20th century Serbia represents an endless challenge for
many architects, art historians, and architectural historians
who reveal new and so far unknown documents; or offer
new analyses of the existing sources, materials and
literature regarding the buildings constructed in the periods
they are dealing with. In her paper, the author PhD Dijana
Milainovi Mari reveals a multi-layered and impressive
image of a very rich and qualitatively varied activity, as well
as powerful buildings in the field of urban planning and
architecture, while examining the architectural creations in
Serbia during the period from 1945 to 1961.

Editorial
Two articles research some new postulates, very current in
the theory and practice of spatial planning nowadays. The
first work advocates the research approach that is based on
establishing typologies; which implies the systematization
of knowledge and multi-dimensional classification of
theoretical contributions to the scientific field of spatial
planning. The author states that such a complex approach is
necessary to organize a varied and sophisticated field such
as the spatial planning theory, shaped by different schools
of thought and influences from related scientific disciplines.
The second work deals with modern methods which the
geographic information systems (GIS) offer by using modern
technological/information possibilities of the visualization
of planning solutions.
Climate change and its impact on the urban development,
as well as the impact of built environments onto the
climate, nature, comfort, users of space and development in
general, is the topic of not only scientific but professional
works as well, published in this issue; which in a direct or
indirect way deal with these complex questions. The
environmental problems are closely linked to the problem of
social housing, because the negative effects of climate
change and rising energy prices greatly impact the energy
inefficient and inadaptable housing. Finding an available
and efficient solution that will satisfy the complex criteria of
sustainable and climate aware architecture is the subject of
most of the articles published in this issue of the journal.
Mila Pucar

20.

,
,
,
, ,
. ,


,
,

1945. 1961. e.
,
.




.


,

.
()
/
e .

, ,
,
,
,
.

,

.



.

UDK: 72(497.11)"1945/1961", ID BROJ: 189375244

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133003M

1945. 1961. e
*
2011, : 2011.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN SERBIAN

ARCHITECTURE FROM 1945 TO 1961

, ,
.



,

.
,

, , ,
,
,
. ,

,
,
, .


.
: ,
,
, ,

Abstract
The Serbian architecture of few first years after the
Second World War and in nineteen fifties has not
been more comprehensively analyzed to date
although there are enough sources, materials,
literature and buildings dating from that period.
The study, focused on architectural creativity in
the abovementioned period, shows a layered and
very vivid picture of a rich and qualitatively diverse
activity, as well as intensive production in the field
of urban planning and architecture. It may be
noticed that activities which began at that time
have laid down foundations, left an important
imprint and directed the development of cities,
towns, villages as well as regions in Serbia, thus
giving them a visible and recognizable
architectural layer towards which a value attitude
has not been built to date. This is also the time
when many well-known architects emerged who
created representative works both in the field of
housing and in the field of public buildings of
various contents, thus contributing to the
development of the so-called Belgrade school of
modern architecture which, to great extent,
determined and influenced directions of
development of Serbian architecture in the second
half of the twentieth century.
Key Words: nineteen fifties, architectural layer,
representative architectural works, Serbian Architecture, Belgrade school of modern architecture
3

* ,
-mail: dijanam.maric@gmail.com

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, , .1
, je
. , ,
, , ,
/
(Milainovi Mari, 2010, str. 8).
,
,
. -

,
(Markovi, 1996, str. 36).
,
: 1945. 1951. .,
,
1951. 1961. .,
,
(Proti, 1980, str. 19).
1945. 1951. (1947-1951 )

1947-1951. .,
,
(Macura, 1984, str. 163-167).
, .
, , ,

. 47

, ,
( , 1953). (. 1)

. 1.
; ,

1946-1951 (. . ),
1953.
Fig. 1.
Towns and settlements in Serbia;
Development, urban plans and
building construction 1946-1951
(M. Mitrovi, Town Planner), Belgrade

1 , : M. Macura, Problematika nae arhitekture u svetlosti konkursa za zgradu Predsednitva vlade FNRJ, Arhitektura 3, Zagreb 1946, str.
3-17; , ,
1948. , . , , - , 1948.;
. , 1946-1951, . , , 1953; . , 1944.
1954., , . I, 1954., 189-200; J. Kruni, O vrednostima u gradu, Knjievne novine, 29.11.1957. (isto u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 31-34); Isti,
Tri palate istaknutog ulinog panoa Beograda, NIN, 27.07.1958. (isto u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 42-45); Isti, Slika grada i nas samih, NIN, 23.2.1958. (isto
u: Beograd imajui biti, Beograd 1998., 38-41); B. Maksimovi, O idejno-estetskim problemima arhitekture i urbanizma Beograda, Tehnika 5, Beograd 1959, str. 717731; . , , , . VII, 1960., 441-470; . , , , CCLVI, 1963., 59-66; . ,
, , . XI-XII, 1964/65, . 87-98; . , , , .
XI-XII, 1964/65, . 5-26; . , 1944. 1964., , . XI-XII, 1964/65, . 99-132;
O. Mini, Pregled urbanistike i arhitektonske delatnosti u Jugoslaviji od 1945. do 1965., Tehnika, Beograd 1966., str. 49-66; Z. Manevi, Od socrealizma do autorske
arhitekture, Tehnika 3, Beograd 1970., str. 390-400; . , , , . XXVII, 1970., 2001-236;
. Denegri, Srpska arhitektura 1900-1970, Arhitektura urbanizam 67, Beograd 1971., 48-51; . , , 1975.; U.
Martinovi, Trideset godina arhitekture u Beogradu, Urbanizam Beograda 37, Beograd, 1975, 10-13; M. Mitrovi, Dometi arhitekture Beograda, Urbanizam Beograda
37, Beograd 1976., str. 14-19, A. Brki, Idejne osnove beogradske arhitektonske kole, Urbanizam Beograda 38-39, Beograd 1977., str. 36-40; I. Zdravkovi, Razvoj
savremene arhitekture u Beogradu i Srbiji, Urbanizam Beograda 42, Beograd 1977., str. 29-35; B. Stojanovi, U. Martinovi, Beograd 1945-1975, urbanizam,
arhitektura, Beograd 1978.; N. Saii, 1946-81, Osvrt na dela arhitektonske batine, Izgradnja 11, Beograd 1981., str. 12-29; K. Vujovi, Neka obeleja posleratne
izgradnje u Beogradu, Izgradnja 11, Beograd 1984., str. 117-122; U. Martinovi, Arhitektura Srbije jue i danas, u: 40 godina graevinsrstva socijalistike republike Srbije,
Izgradnja, Beograd 1987., str. 31-40; I. traus, Arhitektura Jugoslavije 1945-1990, Sarajevo 1991.; A. Kadijevi, Mihajlo Mitrovi, projekti, graditeljski ivot, ideje,
Beograd, 1999.; . , , 2002.; V. Kuli, zgradnja Beograda u periodu socijalizma, 19452000, u: 50 beogradskih arhitekata (roenih posle 1945), urednik Anamarija Kovenc Vuji, Beograd 2002.; M. R. Perovi, Srpska arhitektura XX veka, od istoricizma
do drugog modernizma, Beograd 2003.; . , . , , 2003.; . ,
, VIII, 2007., 95-118; . , ()
( 1947. 1967. ), VIII, 2007.,151-170; D.
Mecanov, Stambena arhitektura Beograda 1947-1967, Zadubina Andrejevi, Beograd 2008.

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 2.
. , 5,
-, 1948.
Fig. 2.
R. Tati, House of Cooperative of
type 5, Sandak-Uice, 1948

: .
(), . (, ), .
(), . (, ), .
(, ), . (
), . () . O
,


,
.
,
,
-
( , 1948).
. (. 2)

,

. ,
,
,
,
, ,
(A. Kadijevi,
2007, str. 76-88). ,
,
, ,

(Milainovi Mari, 2010, str. 386). (. 3)

. 3.

, ,
1956,1957.
Fig. 3.
Residential Pavilions in Zoran
Djindji street, Kragujevac,
1956, 1957

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

, ,

, (. . , .
, 1947-1955) - (. . ,
1951), ,
: (. . , 19481949), j (. .
, 1948-1949)
(. . , 1947),
, ,
.
,
, (. .
1947-1948), (. .
, . , 1951). (. 4)

. 4.
. ,
, 1947- 1948.
Fig. 4.
R. Tati, The Summer Theatre Stage in Topider
near Careva uprija (Czars Bridge), 1947-1948

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 5.
. , . , . , .
,
, 1947,

Fig. 5.
M. Macura, J. Kortus, P. Anagnosti, R.
Ili, Competition for the building of the
Presidency of Government, 1947,
Second Award

( ,
),
,
,

,
.

,

(1948-1951) (M. Jankovi, 1955-1956, str. 96-101).

.
,
,
,
,
(B. Stojanovi, 1947, str. 145). (l. 5)

1951. 1961.

. 6.
. , -
,
. 11, 1954.
Fig. 6.
M. Jankovi, Svetlost Mixed
Residential/Commercial Building,
Francuska Street 11, 1954

,
,
, 1950. (Prvo savetovanje
arhitekata i urbanista FNRJ u Dubrovniku, 1950, str. 4-28). ,
,
(Milainovi Mari 2010, str.
350-351). , ,
, .
(.
, . , . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . .) ,

. (. 6)
(. :
(1954), . ,
(1956),
(1956), (1955-1960) .)

. (. 7)

. 7.
. ,

. 41- 45, 1956.
Fig. 7.
. Grujii, Residential
Block in Njegoeva Street
41-45, 1956

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

.

,
,
.
. ,
-

. . (. 8)

. 8.

Fig. 8.
Typical Details of
Residential
Buildings of
Nineteen-Fifties

. 9.
. , . , . , -
, , 1953.
Fig. 9.
M. Marinkovi, . Grujii, LJ. Dragi, Mixed Residential/
Commercial Block, Corner of Kralja Aleksandra Bulevard and
Resavska street, 1953.

. 10.
. , -
, 1958.
Fig. 10.
K. Krpi, Mixed Residential/Commercial Building at the corner of
Hilandarska Street and George Washington Street, 1958

,
- .
,

,
.
,
:

. .
,
29.
-
( ) (
) 1953. . (. 9)

. ,

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

(. , . , . , .
, . , . , . , . .),
, ,
.
,
,
,
. (. 10)

. 11.
. ,
, 1953.
Fig. 11.
V. Maksimovi,
Bezistan, 1953

. 12.
. ,
,
1953.
Fig. 12.
B. Ignjatovi, Fresco
Gallery Building, 1953

,
.

,
,
(Manevi, 1972, str. 29). ,
. .
:
, (1953),
(1954-1957),
(1956),
(Le Corbusier) (. 11)

. . ,
(1955),
6-8 (1954-1958)
1 (1954)

. ,

(. , 19501953) (. 12), (.
, 1956-1960), ,

(Mies van der Rohe).

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 13.
. , . ,
, 27. , 1953-1962.
Fig. 13.
G. Samojlov, M. Radovanovi, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Corner of 27. marta
Street and Karnegijeva Street, 1953-1962

,
- (1954)
(1953-1962)
.
,
,

,

. (. 13)
,
, -, .
. , . , . , .
, . , . , . ,
, ,
. , . , . , . .,
,

10

.2

, , ,
, ,
(Marti
novi, 1978, str. 111; Brki, 1992, . 83).
. ,
- (1950-1956)

, . ,
, (1957)
,
.


, , ,
. (Macura, 1963, str. 7-12). (. 14)

, : . Mini, Ratomir Bogojevi, Arhitektura urbanizam 17, Beograd 1962, str. 47, 52; . Koji, Arh. Ratomir Bogojevi, profesor, Arhitektura
urbanizam 24, Beograd 1963, str. 5; , : Lj. Babi, Arhitekta Nikola Dobrovi, 12.II 1897 11.I 1967, Arhitektura urbanizam 43, Beograd
1967, 22-31; Z. Manevi, Graditelji 1, Beograd 1986; . , , , , 1990; , ,
, , . , , , , , . , , , , , ,
, 1991-1993; . , , 1, I, 1994, . 89-95; . ,
, 1996; A. Kadijevi, (1889-1961), , . XLIII, 1996, 123-152; A.
Kadijevi, , XIX XX , 1997; A. Kadijevi, Mihajlo Mitrovi, projekti, graditeljski ivot, ideje,
Beograd 1999; , 1953. , XXXIX, 1999; V. Mitrovi, Arhitekta
Sibin orevi, kat. izlobe, Novi Sad 2000; B. Kovaevi, Arhitektura zgrade Generaltaba, Monografska studija dela Nikole Dobrovia, Beograd 2001; . , Arhitektonska
i urbanistika delatnost N. Dobrovia u Beogradu (1945-1967), Beograd 2002; A. Kadijevi, ,, -
, 26, 2002, 217- 225; , (1947)
, 3, 2002, . 281-287; . , 1896- 1969, 12-13,
2003, .122-127; . , . , , 2003; . ,
, , 16-17, 2005, . 7-13; V. Mitrovi, Arhitekta ore Tabakovi (1897-1971), Novi Sad 2005; .
, , 18-19, , 2007, . 134-139; P. Miloevi, Mate Bajlon,
arhitekta, Zadubina Andrejevi, Beograd 2007; . , (1914-1989), , 2010.. , (19101972), , , 2011.

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 14.
. ,
, , 1952.
Fig. 14.
R. Bogojevi, Faculty of Forestry in Topider,
Design, 1952

. 15.
. , , 1954-1963.
Fig. 15.
N. Dobrovi, The Complex of DSNO (Total
National Defense and Civil Self-Protection),
1954-1963

,
,
, ,
,
(1954-1957), .
. . .
,
. ,


(1954-1963).

. (. 15)
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
(. 16).

. 16.
. ,
, 1957.
Fig. 16.
A. Brki, Residential Building in
Mileevska Street, 1957

11

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 17.
. ,
, 1951.
Fig. 17.
B. Bogdanovi, The Memorial to Jewish Victims
of Fascism, 1951

. 18.
. ,

, , 1954.
Fig. 18.
M. Mitrovi, Mrgar
Residential Building,
Ni, 1954

. 19.
. , .
,
,
1960,
Fig. 19.
I. Anti, I. Raspopovi,
Museum of
Contemporary Art, 1960,
Competition design

12

, ,
,
. . (. 17)
, ,

. . ,

.
. .
,
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. (. 18)

,
, . ,
,
,
.
, ,
( . ),
,

. (. 19)
,
, ,
(. . , . , .
-, . , . ,
1959-1961),

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 20.
. ,
, 1957-61.
Fig. 20.
S. Mandi, Trg partizana (Partisan
Square) in Uice, 1957-61

. 21.
. . ,
, 1954, 1956-1964.
Fig. 21.
S. i M. orevi, Faculty of Agriculture of
Novi Sad, 1954, 1956-1964

,
(. . , 1957-1961) ,
, ,
, . (. 20)
. ,
, , , ,
, .
: . , .
, . . . . (. 21)
. (. 22) . ,
. . . (. 23)
. 22.
. , ,
, 1948-1949.
Fig. 22.
A. Medvedev, Technical High
School, Ni, 1948-1949

. 23.
. , - , .
, , 1959.
Fig. 23.
V. Slavkovi, Mixed Residential/Commercial Building,
Radoja Domanovia Street, Kragujevac, 1959

13

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

14

, 1923. .,
.

, ,
.
,
, ,
1948. .
, , ,
, 1950. .
,
,
(M.
Somborski, 1951, str. 5-10). (. 24)
,
,
.
, , :
(. . ,
1947-1950), 1 2 ,
(. .
, . . , 1958 1963) (.
25), (
. , .
, . . 1947. .,
1955. 1961. .
. ), 1948. .
,
, 1967. (. . , 1961-1967).

,

,
,

(Lj. Blagojevi, 2005).
,

,
,
(1921-2011),
,
, .
-- (CandilisJosic-Woods) 1955-1968. . (. 26)

,

, 1963. .
:



(Joedicke, 1978).

. 24.
,
. , 1950.
Fig. 24.
Master Plan of Belgrade 1950, under M.
Somborski

. 25.
. , . . ,
1 2, ,
1958-1963.
Fig. 25.
B. Petrii, T. Ivanovi, D. Milenkovi, Housing
block 1,2, New Belgrade, 1958-1963

 /33/2011/ 3-15/ 1945. 1961. e

. 26.
Candilis Josic Woods, , ,
1954-55.
Fig. 26.
Candilis Josic Woods, Settlement,
Algeria, 1954-55

:
Brki, A. (1992): Znakovi u kamenu, srpska moderna arhitektura
1930-1980, Beograd
Blagojevi, Lj. (2005): Novi Beograd, osporeni modernizam,
Beograd
Mitrovi, M. (ur.), (1953): Gradovi i naselja u Srbiji. Razvoj,
urbanistiki planovi i izgradnja 1946-1951, Beograd
Kruni, J. (ur.), (1948): Zadruni domovi, zbirka projekata masovne
izgradnje na teritoriji ue Srbije, autonomne pokrajine Vojvodine
i autonomne pokrajine Kosovsko Metohijske oblasti u 1948.
godini, NR Srbija, Zadruna knjiga i sekcija arhitekata DIT-a
Beograd, Beograd
Jankovi, M. (1955-56): Stadion Jugoslovenske narodne armije u
Beogradu, Pregled arhitekture 4-5, Beograd, str. 96-101.
Joedicke J. (1978): Candilis, Josic, Woods, A Decade of Architecture
and Urban Design, Stuttgart, Kramer
Kadijevi, A. (2007): O socrealizmu u beogradskoj arhitekturi i
njegovim oprenim tumaenjima, Naslee IX, Beograd, str. 7688.
Manevi, Z. (1972): Novija srpska arhitektura, u: Srpska arhitektura
1900-1970, katalog izlobe, Muzej savremene umetnosti,
Beograd
Markovi, P. J. (1996): Beograd izmeu istoka i zapada 191481965, Beograd

,
,
(

,
, ,
, ),

,

,
, .,
.
,
,
, , , ,

. ,
,
,
,
.

Martinovi, U. (1978): Arhitektura, autori i ostvarenja, u: B.

Stojanovi, U. Martinovi: Beograd 1945-1975, urbanizam
arhitektura, Beograd, str. 111.
Macura, M. (1963): Delo, ovek i vreme, Arhitektura i urbanizam
24, Beograd, str. 7-12.
Macura, M. (1984): Marginalije uz etrdesetogodinjicu, Izgradnja
11, Beograd, str. 163-167.
Milainovi Mari, D. (2010): Srpska arhitektura este decenije
dvadesetog veka, Beograd, doktorska disertacija odbranjena na
Filozofskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu
Milainovi Mari, D. (2010): Arhitektonski biroi, u: Srpska enciklopedija,
Novi Sad-Beograd, Zavod za udbenike, str. 350-351.
Prvo savetovanje arhitekata i urbanista FNRJ u Dubrovniku (1950),
Arhitektura i urbanizam 11-12, Zagreb, str. 4-28.
Proti, M. (1980): Slikarstvo este decenije u Srbiji u: Jugoslovensko
slikarstvo este decenije, Jugoslovenska umetnost veka, Muzej
savremene umetnosti, Beograd
Stojanovi, B. (1947): Konkursi za Dom Centralnog komiteta KPJ i
zgrade Predsednitva Vlade FNRJ, Tehnika 6, Beograd, str. 141148.
Somborski, M. (1951): Problemi urbanistikog planiranja
Beograda, Arhitektura 1-4, Zagreb, str. 5-10.

15

UDK:711, ID BROJ: 189376268

, , DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133016B

: 2011, : 2011.

Research pproach for forming a new

16

typology of spatial planning theory

Abstract

What is being suggested in this paper is the

research approach for the classification of


theoretical contributions in the scientific domain of

,
the spatial planning. Typology is a multidimensional

classification, actually it is the framework for the

e
. understanding of the subject area, theory and (Friedmann, 2008). . (P.
, practice, ideas and methodologies. The complex
Healey) (1997)
approach is needed to organize the complex and


, , diverse domain of spatial planning theory, which

has been shaped by different schools of thought
.
.
and the influences of the related scientific
, ,
disciplines. It has been suggested that the research

,
, approach becomes the bridge between two

cultures, in other words it should be the synthesis

,
of the qualitative and quantitative methods of the

.
. typology construction. With the analysis of the , ,
existing typologies, which are quantitatively

,
, derived, the chosen concepts will be improved and
completed due to the computerized statistical

.
analysis of the appropriate bibliometrical data.
.
, Moreover, the procedure in the opposite direction

will be used, which also connects empiric types
,

with their conceptual counterparts. With that
.
approach, the main aim is to achieve the

comprehensive classification scheme, which will


take part of the platform for integration of the
.
.
interdisciplinary approach in the spatial planning


, domain. That concept of the research belongs to ,
the wider approach that has got the aim that with

. the scientific innovations and imaginations bring ,
about the solving of the problems and challenges


, that the spatial planning faces with. The forming of

the new typology is the first step in that direction.

.
Key words: planning theory, research approach,


qualitative typologies, quantitative typologies
.
,
:

, ,
, ,
,

(Allmendinger, 2002).
* , , , , , e-mail: vladan.bulajic@gmail.com
III 47014
, , .

 /33/2011/ 16-21 /

,

.

( )
,
,

.


.


.

, .

.
, ,

(Allmendinger, 2002).


,

. je ,
,

.

(2008),
, ,
., .
,
, , je ,
, (Bailey, 2005). ,
.
.
,
.
:

;

;


(Yiftachel, 1989).
,
. , ,
.
(Allmendinger, 2002).
,
,
. . (A.
Faludi) (1973)
.
,
,
.
,
( , )
,
(Lapintie, 2010).
,

17

 /33/2011/ 16-21 /

(. 1). ,
(Vujoevi, 2002).
,

(Sager, 1994):

/
;

;
;

;
( ,
, ).

18

1.

(Lapintie, 2010)
Table 1.
Dimensions of Planning Theory
(Lapintie, 2010)

(, , .)

(
( , ,
)
, )

?
,
,
,
,
.

. . (C. P. Snow ) (1964) ,
,
, . . .

.


.
: (
XX ), (
XX ),
, ()
,

( XX ).
:
( XX ),
( ),
() (
XX ).
, ,

(Portugali, 2011).
,
,

.

,
.
,
,
. ,

,
.
,
. ,
(1974),
, . (T. Kun)

,
,

.
,
, (Portugali,
2011).
,

.

 /33/2011/ 16-21 /

,

.
,
,
.
, , ,
, ,

(Allmendinger, 2002).
,

,
.
. ,


, ,
.
(Bailey, 2005). T ,
,

.

.
,
, ,
, .


.
, XX ,

(1973)



(Yiftachel, 1989).

, (
) ().


. , (1987)
,

. ,

(Alexander, 1997).

.

a
(
) (
) (Taylor, 1980). ,

: ,
(Cooke, 1983).
. (.Yiftachel) (1989),

: (
?), (
?) (
?).

.

(1987).
XX ,


. ,
,
.
,
: ,
, .,
(Allmendinger, 2002).


. . (. Portugali) (2011)

, . (J. Friedmann)
(2003)
,
,
.
,
,
.

.

, .


,
(Healey, 2007).

.

,
.

19

 /33/2011/ 16-21 /

20

, ,

(Bailey, 2005).


, .

()
(Bailey, 2005).

()
.
,

.
40 .

.

,

(Price, 1965).

.
20 .
,
,
.
.

, ,
, .

(Shiffrin & Brner, 2004).



.

,

,
(Porter & Rafols, 2009).



(
, , ,
.)
.

,
. /


(Vujoevi, 2004).

,

.
.


(Allmendinger, 2002).
,
,
.
. ,
,

. ,
(Alexander, 1979).
,

.
,
, ,
. .
(F. Archibugi) (2004)
, ,
.

,


(Faludi, 1973). ,

, ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,


, ,
.

,
.
,

.

 /33/2011/ 16-21 /

Alexander, E. R. (1997): A mile or a millimetre? Measuring the

planning theorypractice gap, Environmental and Planning B:
Planning and Design 24.
Alexander, E. R. (1979): Planning Theory, Introduction to Urban
Planning, New York, Mc GrawHill
Archibugi, F. (2004): Planning Theory: Reconstruction or Requiem
for Planning?, European Planning Studies 12
Allmendinger, P. (2002): Planning Theory, London, Palgrave
Macmillan
Bailey, K. (2005): Typology Construction, Methods and Issues,
Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, Amsterdam, Elsevier
Vujoevi, . (2002): Novije promene u teoriji i praksi planiranja
na Zapadu i njihove pouke za planiranje u Srbiji/Jugoslaviji,
Beograd, Institut za arhitekturur i urbanizam Srbije
Vujoevi, . (2004): The search for a new development planning/
policy mode: problem of expertise in the transition period,
Spatium 10.
Klajn, I., . ipka, (2008): Veliki renik stranih rei i izraza, Novi
Sad, Prometej
Kun, T. (1974): Struktura naunih revolucija, Beograd, Nolit
Lapintie, K. (2010): Planning Theory, Encyclopedia of Urban Studies,
London, Sage
orter, A., I. Rafols, (2009): Is science becoming more
interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields
over time, Scientometrics 81.
Portugali, J. (2011): Complexity, Cognition and the City, Berlin,
Springer

Price, D. J. D. (1965): Networks of scientific papers, Science 149.

Sager, T. (1994): Communicative Planning Theory, Aldershot,
Avebury
Shiffrin, R. M., . Brner, (2004): Mapping knowledge domains,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 101.
Snow, C. P. (1964): The Two Cultures: And a Second Look, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press
Taylor, N. (1980): Planning Theory and the Philosophy of Planning,
Urban Studies 17.
Faludi, A. (1973): Planning Theory, Oxford, Pergamon Press
Faludi, A. (1987): A Decision-Centred View of Environmental
Planning, Oxford, Pergamon Press
Friedmann, J. (2003): Why Do Planning Theory, Planning Theory 2.
Friedmann, J. (2008): The Uses of Planning Theory: A Bibliographic
Essay, Journal of Planning Education and Research 28.
Healey, P. (1997) Collaborative Planning. Shaping Places in
Fragmented Societies, London, Palgrave Macmillan
Healey, P. (2007): Re-thinking Key Dimensions of Strategic Spatial
Planning: Sustainability and Complexity, Fuzzy Planning: The
Role of Actors in a Fuzzy Governance Environment, London,
Ashgate
Cooke, P. (1983): Theories of Planning and Spatial Development,
London, Hutchinson
Yiftachel, O. (1989): Towards a New Typology of Urban Planning
Theories, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16.

21

UDK:711:007, ID BROJ: 189377548

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133022B

*, **
: 2011, : 2011.

VISUALIZATION OF SPATIAL PLANS

IN GIS ENVIRONMENT

22

Abstract
This paper deals with some issues in the domain of


visualization of the planning solutions, with refer,
ence to presentation needed contents on thematic a.

and referral maps. A map is the text written by car-

.
tographical language, an unavoidable tool for pre ,
,
senting the plan and planning solutions. The start ,
ing point for making thematic maps are the basic
. postulates of traditional mapping, with use of ca- .


pacities of modern technology/IT solutions. In that
sense, the authors offer suggestions for improving ,
.
the development of maps which accompany the
,

/ . plan, by using new techniques based on Geograph ,
ic Information Systems (GIS). The issue is consid- .

ered in the context of planning practice develop- ,
,
ment, by formation and management of a unique

spatial database as a prerequisite for the further

().
implementation, updating and presentation of
.
plans at the intra and Internet. The experiences of

the Spatial Plan of the Special Purpose Area of the , ,

National Park erdap are used as a case study. ,

Since the development of the National park opens
,
,
a number of conflicting issues of sustainability and
.
having that defined solutions can be realized on
.
these principles and criteria, with the hard work of

,
all actors in the area, the complexity of conflicts


and planning requirements is reflected to the con
.
tents of cartographic solutions (referral maps). The

paper points out the importance of the visual ap-
pearance of cartographic representation and com
ments the changes in the mapping from the analog
.
to digital.
Ka a
Key words: visualization, cartography, thematic
,
, and referral maps, GIS, planning




.
( ).
*

, ..., , , ,
e-mail: olja@iaus.ac.rs
,
**
, ..., -, , ,
.
e-mail: jasmina@iaus.ac.rs
: , ,

36036
, ,
,
, 2011. 2014. .

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

,

.

() .

,
. ,
. GPS ,
.
,
(Sl. glasnik RS, br. 24/11),

, .
,
,

,
(Baki, urevi, 2011).

,
()
.
, - ,
.
,
,
,
,
,
, .


, ,

, , ,
.
,

,
,
, ,
.
, , , ,

, , ,

. ,
.

: , () (,
),

.
: 1)
, 2) , 3) , 4) ,
, : 1) , 2) , 3)
, 4) , 5) , 6) . .


: 1)

, (2) (),
(), (3) ,
.

. ,

(Vemi, 2009).

-
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
, , ,
(ivkovi, 2007).

()1

(, , , ,
.) ,
(Baki i dr., 2009).
- ,
: 1) , 2)
, 3)
.

-a
,

-. ,
, ,


,
.

(,

, , .),
1 ,
Geographic Information System

23

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

, ,

,
,
,
, .
: 1)
, 2) (,
, ), 3) () ,
4) ( , ,
), 5) ( ,
), 6)
( ), 7)
( , ,
, , .), 8)
(Vemi, 2009).
,

.

24

. 3 4

,
,
.

()
,
(Ikonovi, 2007).
,

.
(
)
, ,
.
, ,
.

.
/
:
;
/ ;
( );

;

,
;
;
;

;
.

() .
,
(JPG, TIFF
) CAD ,
.
,

(Kilibarda i dr., 2011).

TEMA
,
.

, ()

.

: 1) , 2)

, 3) , 4)

, (5)
, (6) ,
. ,
,
(Vemi, 2004).
(. 1)
,

, ,

.

,

.
,
,
,
, ,
(Uroev, 2008).

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

( )

, , ,
.

( )

. 1.


Tab. 1.
Basic graphic tools of expression for
thematic maps

,
,
(, , ) , ,
.
, :
( ,
);
( );
( /);
;
(, , web);
, .

, ,
, ,
(Vemi, 2004).

. 1.

Google Earth-u
Fig. 1.
Visualisation of the planning
solutions in Google Earth

,
.

( )
, , .
3, CAD ,
Google Earth- (Baki,
urevi, 2011).


,
,
.
( )
, ,
. 1.
Google Earth-.

25

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

, -,
, ,
().


, y z .

,
: 1) ,
GRID, 2)
TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network).
,
, :
, :
, ,

; ,
;
,
,
(Bonjai i dr., 2010). ,
/
(), , ,
,
. . (. 2)

, ,
.

, .
(. 3)

. 2.
()
Fig. 2.
Digital elevation models (DEM)

26

. 3.

Fig. 3.
Linking of the raster and vector

,

,
/ , ,
. .

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

,
,

. ,
2005. .:
(Sl. glasnik RS, br. 115/08,
2008),
(Sl. glasnik RS, br. 83/10, 2010)
(Sl. glasnik RS, br. 51/11,
2011), .
,
,
.
,
,
,
( Kruni et al, 2011).
(Nacrt plana, 2011)

.
.
, .
- ,
( ), ,
( , ),
,
- .

, 115 ,
, ,
35 . , ,
( )

I . 25.1, .
( ),

-
( ) X
.
,
-80, VII.

-80 ( VII),
,
,

,

,

. ,
,

.
,

,
,
, ,
(
, , ,
, .), (Nacrt
plana, 2011):

;

(, )
(,
)
;
(
,
)
;


;
(
1 3)
;

,
.



,
,
.
(Sl. glasnik RS, br. 24/11)
(Sl. glasnik
RS, br. 18/11) 35, 36 37

CAD
,
: *.shp, *.
mxd, *.dwg, *.dxf, *.mif, *.dgn, *.kml *.xml.

.
. (. 4,5,6,7)

27

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e
. 4.
1:
Fig. 4.
Referral map 1: Special purpose of the area

28

. 5.
2:

Fig. 5.
Referral map 2: Settlement network and
infrastructure systems

,
(, hill) ( 1:50 000)
(, ).
, ,
(, , ).

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e
. 6.
3: ,
Fig. 6.
Referral map 3: Natural resources, environmental, natural and cultural protection

. 7.
4:
Fig. 7.
Referral map 4: Spatial plan implementation

, .
, ,
.
-
, .
.

29

 , /33/2011/ 22-30; e

30

.

, :

Baki O., N. Kruni, . Samardi, (2009): GIS u izradi urbanistikog plana Primer
()
Vrnjake Banje, Arhitektura i urbanizam 26, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturu i
. ,
urbanizam Srbije, str. 56-65.
Baki O., J. urevi, (2011): Importance nd Role Of Digital Cartography for Managing
Spatial Plans, Nauni skup sa meunarodnim ueem: Problemi i izazovi savremene
,
geografske nauke i nastave, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Geografski fakultet, Kopaonik
Brus, u tampi
.
Baki O., J. urevi, (2011): Znaaj i uloga Google Earth- u izradi prostornih i


urbanistikih planova, Planska i normativna zatita prostora i ivotne sredine, esti

nauno-struni skup, Iskustva u izradi prostornih i urbanistikih planova, Asocijacija
.
prostornih planera Srbije, Pali-Subotica, str. 333-342.
- Bonjai, ., . Zelenovi Vasiljevi, V. Pihler, D. Duni, . Njegomir, (2010): Analiza
prostornih konflikata primenom GIS-a: Urbanistiki plan naselja Irig, Lokalna
, , ,
samouprava u planiranju i uredjenju prostora i naselja, Asocijacija prostornih
. , -
planera Srbije, str. 393-403.
,
Vemi,
M. (2006): Semiologija, semiografija, semiogradnja geografskih karata, http://

www.rastko.rs/cms/files/books/49dbaf075094a

Vemi, M. (2009): Geografske karte i virtuelni geoprikazi u savremenoj nastavi, Zbornik
. ,
Instituta za pedagoska istraivanja, ISSN 0579-6431, Godina 41, br. 1, Pregledni
Internet, Google WEB ,
lanak UDK 371.673:371.335;159.954/.956 DOI: 10.2298/ZIPI0901211V, Beograd,
Open-Access .
Geografski institut Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 211-224.
ivkovi, D. (2007): Mesto kartografije u sistemu geografskih disciplina na geografskom

fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu, Zbornik radova Geografskog instituta Jovan
Cviji SANU, br. 57, Beograd, Geografski institut Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 437442.
. -
Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji, Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 72/09, 81/09 i 24/11
, Ikonovi, V. (2007): Kartografsko modelovanje uloga i znaaj, Zbornik radova
Geografskog instituta Jovan Cviji SANU, br. 57, Beograd, Geografski institut

Jovan Cviji SANU, str. 443-450.
(Josimovi, Kruni, 2008).
Josimovi, B., N. Kruni, (2008): Implementation of GIS in Selection of Location for

Regional Landfill in the Kolubara Region, SPATIUM 17-18, Belgrade, Institute of

Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, pp. 72-77.
, Kilibarda, M., . Samardi, . Baki, . Stevanovi Stojanovi, N. Kruni, B. Bajat,
(2011): Primena Ajax i Google Maps Api tehnologija u Web kartografiji Primer
( )
Generalnog urbanistikog plana Vrnjake Banje, Tematski zbornik br. 64: Odrivi

razvoj banjskih i turistikih naselja u Srbiji, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturu i
.
urbanizam Srbije, str. 267-302.
,
Kruni N., S. Miliji, M. Nenkovi Rizni, (2011): GIS Application in Spatial Development
: , , ,
of Serbia, Proceedings International Conference on Innovationa as a Function of
, ,
Engineering Development, Faculty of Civil Enginering and Architecture Nis, Nis,
, .
Serbia, ISBN 978-86-80295-98-5, pp. 181-187.
Pravilnik o sadrini, nainu i postupku izrade planskih dokumenata, Slubeni glasnik RS,
br. 31/10, 69/10 18/11.
,
Prostorni
plan parka prirode i turistike regije Stara planina (2008), Slubeni glasnik RS.
,
br.
115/08.

Prostorni plan podruja posebne namene Nacionalnog parka erdap (2011), Nacrt
,
plana, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije
.
Regionalni prostorni plan optina Junog pomoravlja (2010), Slubeni glasnik RS, br.
83/10.
Regionalni prostorni plan Timoke krajine (2011), Slubeni glasnik RS, br. 51/11.
Uroev, N. (2008): Analiza faktora uticaja na grafiku optereenost tematskih karata,

Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drutva, Vol. 88, . 3, Beograd, Srpsko

geografsko drutvo, str. 25-36.

UDK: 697.94, ID BROJ: 189378316

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133031S

*
: 2011, : 2011.

THE ROLE OF OCCUPANT CONTROLS IN OFFICE

ENVIRONMENTS
Abstract

This
paper
aims
to
discuss
the
importance
of
a

occupant control systems, pointing out their


influence on comfort and productivity in office

a,
environments. Through examples from practice it


. gives advice on how to establish the right balance
.
e , between actions performed by the building ,
management system and users. Finally, it looks at

how
different
space
organisations
determine
the

.
choice of control systems and gives advice for the
.
(Pucar, Nenkovi
design of energy efficient and comfortable office
Rizni, 2007). ,
environments.
o- a
Key words: building control systems, Building

35%, o
Management System (BMS), office environments,
7%
comfort,
productivity

(CIRIA, 1993).
.1
e
e
: ,
e
,
e e.
, ,
,
,

,
,

. ,

, , a a. e
a :
,
,
, ,
* , ..., -, ,
, ,
e-mail: milenastojkovic@gmail.com
1

.
, ,


,
,
,

2011. 2014. .

31

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

(Building Management System,

BMS).
a, a
,

o .

o o je

/
(Humphreys, 1976,
McIntyre, 1980).
(
a, a, a .).
, (Bordass) a (Leaman) (1998)
, ,
,
. je

,
25%
(.1) (Bordass, Leaman, 1998).

. 1.
()
(: Leaman, 2005)

(
)
7 11 (Bordass,
Leaman, 1998). , e
e
( ,
, .),

.

(
, )
a
a (Wilsn, Hedge, 1987, Bordass et al., 1993). 2
e e
. Ko
(. 2 . 1),

.
(Bordass, Leaman, 1998)

(. 1).

4% .

. 2.

(: Bordass et al.,1993)

32

. 1.

(: Bordass, Leaman, 1998)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

Introduction
As part of the effort to reduce greenhouse gas production and
preserve the natural environment, office buildings ought to
consume less energy. Buildings now account for nearly half of all
delivered energy consumption across most of the developed
world. The situation is similar in Serbia (Pucar, Nenkovi-Rizni,
2007). The commercial buildings share in the UK energy
consumption was reported to be 35%, with 7% used by primarily
office buildings (CIRIA, 1993).
For long time conventional office buildings were usually designed
to be hermetically sealed, providing constant internal conditions.
In order to reduce energy requirements of buildings, new skins are
developed, aiming to allow users more choice in controlling the
quality of their working environments, and to achieve a gentle,
enjoyable, and environmentally friendly transition between
exterior and interior. In other words, the role of the building
envelope is to manipulate the passage of energy flows in the form
of light, heat, air and sound. Some of these manipulating
functions are: enhancement of daylight, maximization of
daylight, protection from the sun, insulation, ventilation,
attenuation of sound, rejection of heat, collection of heat etc.
The skin forms part of a building system, and is connected to
other parts of the building outside of the enveloping zone, such as
sensors and actuators, all controlled by a central building
management system. In order to inform faade design for office
buildings, this paper gives a literature review of the importance of
occupant controls, choice of controls for different work settings,
and relation between automated and occupant controlled
patterns.

Fig. 1.
Perceived (overall) comfort and perceived
productivity
(Source: Leaman, 2005)

USER CONTROLS: PERCEIVED COMFORT AND PERCEIVED

PRODUCTIVITY
Previous work on thermal comfort had shown that the range of
temperatures that building occupants reported as comfortable
was wider in field studies than in controlled conditions in the
laboratory (Humphreys, 1976, McIntyre, 1980). The conclusion is
that people seemed to be more tolerant of conditions the more
control opportunities (switches, blinds and opening windows)
were available to them. Furthermore, Bordass and Leaman (1998)
identified comfort including personal control, and effective
responsiveness to need (including comfort) as key variables
influencing perceived productivity in buildings. Though
productivity is difficult to define exactly in terms of space
conditions, they identified a perceived leave of productivity of up
to 25% between comfortable and uncomfortable staff. The more
comfortable people say they are, the more productive they say
they are (Fig. 1).
The relation between self-assessed productivity and perceptions
of control was found significant in 7 out of 11 studied UK buildings
(Bordass, Leaman, 1998). However, the strength of relationships
between perceived control and productivity declines as buildings
perform better (there is less need for means of discomfort
alleviation if the conditions are good).
Other studies reveal fewer symptoms of building-related illhealth and greater productivity as the perceived level of individual
control increases (Wilsn, Hedge, 1987, Bordass et al., 1993).

Fig. 2.
Productivity versus degree of control
(Source: Bordass et al.,1993)
33

Tab.1.
Perceived control
variables associated
with perceived
productivity
(Source: Bordass,
Leaman, 1998)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

e e
,
.

. ,
: a
(Bordass, Leaman, Cohen,
Standeven, 1999).
, , je o,
.
. 1 (1 Bridewell Street) ,
( e e e
a ),

(Bordass, Leaman, 1998; Eley, 1996).
(Bordass et al.,
1993). (e 1 5 . 3 4),
, , ,
o . , 1
je a 5. ,
a. a 5
, , j
. O , ,
(Building
Management System, BMS Building Energy Management System, BEMS). ,
1 a e e
, a o
(Bordass et al., 1993).

34

. 3.

(: Bordass et al.,1993)

. 4.
e
(: Bordass et al.,1993)

a
, ,
a.

a.

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

Figure 2 shows that the most critical factor for control was
temperature, followed by ventilation. The least important is light,
which affects the overall rating of comfort only when it is either
too good or too bad, or if glare is present. The perceived control
variable (which was not part of this graph), but is influencing
productivity the most is noise (Tab. 1). People who perceive that
noise is poor or very poor have an average productivity score of
minus 4.0% across the Probe buildings (Bordass, Leaman, 1998).

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND OCCUPANT CONTROLS: FINDING THE

RIGHT FORMULA
Individual occupants require systems not only to provide comfortable conditions but also
to respond rapidly to alleviate discomfort when it is experienced.
The tendency to take users out of the system may have developed in an attempt to make
things easier for the building manager. However, the opposite seems to happen: less local
control, more discomfort, and more management time to respond to complaints (Bordass,
B., A. Leaman, R. Cohen, M. Standeven, 1999).
On the other hand, there are numerous examples where if the building management is
efficient, people are not complaining about the lack of controls. One such example is One
Bridewell Street, in Bristol, where personal control available to occupants was not high
(with just infra-red zappers for the lights and limited ability to change workstation
position), but the occupant satisfaction was unusually high due to the excellent facility
management (Bordass, Leaman, 1998).
Bordass (1993) points out the importance of building management on the example of
two buildings (buildings 1 and 5 in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4), both with multiple tenants,
completed at the same time, with similar specification and occupancy, fitted out by the
same designers, etc (Bordass et al., 1993). The building services energy costs in building 1
are nearly three times as high as in building 5.
The main differences seem to be in procurement, management and control. Building 5
was developed as a pre-let for a tenant who runs the whole building, and who insisted on

Fig. 3.
Perceived comfort
(Source: Bordass et al.,1993)

Fig. 4.
Perceived control
(Source: Bordass et al.,1993)

quality, simplicity and low running costs. He appointed a good facilities manager with an
engineering background. On the other hand, building 1 had no energy or control brief,
plus has a third party management who have no incentive to operate the building
economically (Bordass et al., 1993).
To make any conclusions one must look into the relationships between building design,
building management, control systems and energy performance.
The importance of these relationships is further presented on the example of lighting
controls.

35

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

K

( 15%)
a

.
e
e
(Mahdavi, 2007, Mahdavi, Proglhof 2008).

, o

a, a
.
,
je
a 100 lux
(. 5),
300-500 lux. je
,
,
, a
, (Baker, Steemers,

. 5.



(: Mohdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

2002). , e je

,
(. 6).
(Mahdavi) (2007) je
: 1) 10
; 2) e
,
500 lux; 3)
, o o
500 lux.
,

70% (. 2).
(Baker Steemers)(2002)
o
a
30-40%.
,
o ,
a (Slater,
1995). O

, .

. 6.

( )
(: Mohdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

36

. 2.

(
)

(:
ahdavi, 2007)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

Lighting Controls
Lighting represents a major energy-user in buildings (around
15%), and large amounts of energy can be saved by using welldesigned lighting controls to correct occupants behavior and take
advantage of the available natural light.
Recent studies identified certain patterns of user control behavior
as a function of indoor and outdoor environmental parameters
(Mahdavi, 2007, Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008). Data collected in a
long-term study of five office buildings in Vienna, Austria seems
to reveal certain behavioural patterns, some of which will be
discussed in this study to show energy saving potential due to
consideration of occupancy and behavioural patterns in office
buildings and the implementation of automated systems.
According to the findings, office users are more likely to switch on
the light upon arrival in their offices only if the prevailing ambient
illuminance is less than 100 lux (Fig. 5). The recommended
illuminance levels for office work are 300-500 lux. It is important
to point out that human occupants are rather poor control
detectors since although good at detecting too little light, the
feedback of too much light, or rather more light than necessary,

Fig. 5.
Probability of switching the lights on upon arrival in the office
as a function of the prevailing task illuminance level prior to an
action (Source: Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

is very weak (Baker, Steemers, 2002). Also, studies revealed that

office users are less likely to switch off the lights upon leaving
their offices unless they remain absent for one hour or more (Fig.
6).
Finally, Mahdavi (2007) considered three energy saving scenarios:
1) lights are automatically switched off after 10 minutes if the
office is not occupied; 2) lights are switched off, if the daylightbased task illuminance level equals or exceeds 500 lux; 3) an
automated dimming regime is applied, whereby luminaires are
dimmed down so as to maintain a task illuminance level of 500
lux. The potential for reduction of electrical energy use for lighting
in studied offices if all three strategies are applied could exceeds
70% (Tab. 2).
Baker and Steemers (2002) report that other case studies have
shown that in a conventionally daylit commercial building the
choice of control can make 30-40% difference to the resulting
lighting use. However, in a study of lighting control systems in UK
offices, over half the systems did not work effectively (Slater,
1995). This fact should be of interest for future research.

Fig. 6
Probability of switching the lights off as a function of
the duration of absence (in minutes) from the offices
(Source: Mahdavi, Proglhof, 2008)

37

Tab. 2.
Saving potential
(electrical energy
for lighting) for
various buildings
and scenarios
(Source: Mahdavi,
2007)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

,

e e
,

.
,

: e
(BREs Environmental Building),
(GSW) e (Commerzbank) (. 7).
Ko ,
, .
300 lux .
e,
( 100% 0%)
e . ,
.

, ,
a.

(Wigginton, 2002, N Riain et al., 2000).

. K ,

. o
, e 300 lux
a .

38

. 7.
,
1) BREs Environmental Building, , ;
2) GSW, , ; 3)
Commerzbank ,
(: 1) http://www.fcbstudios.com/projects.asp?s=3&ss=&proj=808
2) http://www.photoschule.de/images/architekturfotografie/fotokurs_
architekturfotografie_berlin_gsw_1.jpg
3) http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0626/Default.aspx)
The Environmental Building, ,

.
.
K
.


e .

,
,
.
oa
a .
o e ,
.

.

.
,
.

2.

. ,
,
.

Fig. 7.
Controls for intelligent skins, case studies
1) BREs Environmental Building, Garston, UK; 2) GSW Headquarters,
Berlin, Germany; 3) Commerzbank Headquarters
(Source: 1) http://www.fcbstudios.com/projects.asp?s=3&ss=&proj=808
2) http://www.photoschule.de/images/architekturfotografie/fotokurs_
architekturfotografie_berlin_gsw_1.jpg
3) http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0626/Default.aspx)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

Controls for intelligent skin, case studies

In buildings with sophisticated building automation systems a
balance must be achieved between centrally controlled
environmental systems operation and occupant interventions,
which can affect both buildings energy performance and indoor
climate. In order to establish to which extend occupants should be
able to change their environment, the study looks at three
energy-efficient buildings with intelligent skins and BMS: the
Environmental Building, GSW headquarters and Commerzbank
headquarters (Fig. 7).
Occupants can control ventilation levels (windows), temperature,
shading and lighting.
Lighting controls daylight sensors automatically regulate the
lighting according to daylight levels. Integral sensors measure
internal light levels and movement, dimming the lamps (100% to
0%) if there is sufficient daylighting, or switching them off if a
room is unoccupied.
Sophisticated building management system is coordinating users
requirement, and controlling the heating, ventilation and cooling
systems for optimum comfort. At midnight, the system resets all
occupants inputs (Wigginton, 2002, N Riain et al., 2000).
User control is a key feature of the building, incorporating both
provision to override (all the systems) and the giving of advice.
Lighting controls - offices are predominantly daylit, but are
illuminated to 300 lux by artificial lighting. The row of light
fittings adjacent to the windows is automatically switched off by
photocells within the faade to encourage the use of daylight. The
remaining lighting is manually switched in groups. Occupant can
override the automated daylight-linked switching.
BMS controls airflow and makes recommendations to the users
about the selection of natural or mechanical ventilation.
Full occupant override is possible only when the external climate
is appropriate, which is decided by the BMS in consultation with
data describing the external weather conditions.
Lighting controls in the office area controlled automatically
according to daylight penetration and occupancy. High efficiency

lighting can be dimmed in response to variations in daylight

levels. Light in corridors activated automatically by movement
sensors.
The BMS monitors numerous sensors and has full control over the
internal climate system. It is operated according to the number of
people in the building, the usage of the system and the outdoor
climate.
The importance of controls available to users and their impact on
comfort and productivity has already been discussed in chapter 2.
Examples given in this chapter emphasize the importance of
management systems. For a building to be energy-efficient, the
system should provide advice and correct users actions, if they are
energy wise not rational.

CONTROLS AND SPACE LAYOUT: OPEN PLAN VERSUS

CELLULAR
Open plan office is more space efficient, flexible, allowing more
efficient flow of work and communication. However, in the open
plan the one-to-one relationship between the occupant and the
various control devices tends to vanish, making effective
individual control difficult.
Figure 8 shows that the perceived level of control is significantly
reduced with the increase in the number of occupants of a space.
The open plan also tends to be more energy-intensive, not only
because it tends to be deeper and require more artificial lighting
and air conditioning, but also with less well-defined control
interfaces systems are more likely to operate inefficiently, be left
on unnecessarily, or have to be on when only a few people are
there.
Probe studies concluded that it is easier to achieve occupant
satisfaction in shallower plan forms and through cellularisation of
the work space (Bordass, Leaman, Ruyssevelt, 1999, Bordass,
Leaman, Cohen, Standeven, 1999). In a cellular office space, the
individual has higher level of perceived control over their
environmental parameters and hence comfort.

39

Fig. 8.
Perceived control versus room size
(Source: Bordass et al., 1993)

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

E : /

K ,
, j
. ,

.
8 o
.

,
a .
T

.

a

(Bordass, Leaman, Ruyssevelt, 1999, Bordass, Leaman, Cohen,
Standeven, 1999). ,
e e
, a .

K
. ,
a.

.

, .


,
.



,
.



,
.

. 8.
e

(: Bordass et al., 1993)
40

 /33/2011/ 31-41,

Conclusions
Lighting controls are reported to have least influence on the
perceived productivity and perceived comfort. However, their role
in preserving energy is significant. Future research must focus on
increasing the efficiency of lighting systems.
The amount of control, available to a user changes the perceived
comfort and productivity, but only to a certain point. If an office
environment is comfortable, and has a building management
system which responds efficiently to occupant needs, the amount
of control available to an occupant becomes unimportant.
Most examples of intelligent facades from practice, trying to
achieve good energy consumption norms, give occupants the
controls, but only as far as it does not interfere with the good
building performance.
These are some of the lessons that should inform faade design,
because in order to create an efficient building skin one has to
think of the buildings passive, active and human interface
features as one complete system, not as unconnected entities.

/ References
Baker, N., K. Steemers, (2002): Daylight Design of Buildings,
James & James Science Publishers
Bell, P., T. Greene, J. Fisher, A. Baum, (2001): Environmental
Psychology, Hartcourt College Publishers, Orlando, Florida
Bordass, B., A. Leaman, R. Cohen, M. Standeven, (1999): Probe
Strategic Review 1999, Report 3: Occupant Survey
http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/Probe/ProbePDFs/SR3.pdf,
accessed on 27/12/2011.
Bordass, B., A. Leaman, (1998): Probe 15: Productivity the Killer
Variables, Building Services Journal, June 1998, pp. 41-43.
http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/Probe/ProbePDFs/
Probe15.pdf, accessed on 27/12/2011.
Bordass, B., A. Leaman, P. Ruyssevelt, (1999): Probe Review Final
Report 4: Strategic conclusions, Building Services Journal,
August 1999, pp. 16-21.
http://www.breeam.nl/images/uploads/Bordass_Leaman_SR4.
pdf, accessed on 27/12/2011
Boradass, B., A. Leaman, (1999): The Probe Occupant Survey and
its Implications, CIBSE National Conference
http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/Probe/ProbePDFs/BRI4.pdf,
accessed on 27/12/2011
Bordass, B., K. Bromley, A. Leaman, (1993): User and Occupant
Controls in Office Buildings, BRE Research Report, Building
Services Journal, April 1993.
http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/Pages/Unprotected/Brussels.
pdf, accessed on 27/12/2011.
Construction Industry Research and Information Association
(CIRIA), (1993): Environmental issues in construction, A review
of issues and initiatives relevant to the building, construction
and related industries, Volume 1
Eley, J. (1996): Proving an FM Point: One Bridewell Street, Facilities
Management World, September 1996.

Humphreys, M. A. (1976): Comfortable indoor temperatures

related to the outdoor air temperature, Building Research
Establishment (Note PD117/76), U.K. Dept. of Environment
Laing, A. (1998): New environments for working: the re-design of
offices and environmental systems for new ways of working,
London, BRE/DEGW
Leaman, A. (2005): Productivity in Buildings: the Killer Variables
Updated, presentation
http://www.usablebuildings.co.uk/Pages/Unprotected/
KVChicagoApr05.pdf, accessed on 27/12/2011.
McIntyre, D.A. (1980): Indoor climate, London, Applied Science
Publishers Ltd.
Mahdavi, A. (2007): People, Systems, Environment: Exploring the
patterns and impact of control-oriented occupant actions in
buildings, (Keynote) Proc. PLEA 2007, Singapore
Mahdavi, A., C. Proglhof, (2008): Observation-based models of
user control actions in buildings, Proc. PLEA 2008, Dublin
N Riain, C., J. Fisher, F. MacKEnzie, J. Littler, (2000): BREs
Environmental Building: Energy Performance in Use
http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/BRE%20environmental%20building.
pdf, accessed on 27/12/2011.
Pucar M., M. Nenkovi-Rizni, (2007): Legislative and policy in
energy efficient designing and renewable energy sources:
Applications in Serbia, Spatium 15-16, pp. 66-71.
Slater, A. I. (1995): Occupant use of lighting controls: a review of
current practice and problems, and how to avoid them,
Proceedings CIBSE National Conference, Eastbourne
Wigginton, M. (2002): Intelligent Skins, Architectural Press, London
Wilson, S., A. Hedge, (1987): The Office Environment Survey: A
Study of Building Sickness, Building Use Studies, May 1987,
London

41

UDK: 697.922, ID BROJ: 189383436

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133042B

1
*, **
: 2011, : 2011.

42

,
,

.
, ,
.
,


.


,

.

,
.


,
, ,
,
.
,
,


.
: , ,

Abstract
Alignment with the sustainable development paradigm is a
major challenge to the contemporary practice of social housing,
especially in economically underdeveloped areas, because of the
gap between the limited financing conditions and the
demanding criteria of sustainable design and construction.
Environmental problems such as climate change are creating
further pressure on this housing sector. Higher vulnerability of
social tenants to the negative effects of changing climate and
rising energy prices, besides marginalization and the lack of
resources, is being greatly affected by the energy inefficient and
non adaptive housing. An important task for directing future
practice of social housing is searching for innovative housing
solutions, which will meet the complex criteria of sustainable
and climate aware architecture, in affordable and efficient way.
The authors found that one of the possible answers to these
challenges is reaffirmation of modular design and construction,
through more creative and more efficient use of their adaptive
capacity. The potential role of modularity in creating sustainable
and climate aware social housing models is analyzed through the
aspects of prefabrication, transformability, flexibility and
diversity, and according to the form and the degree of their
fulfillment, modular systems are defined as dynamic or static.
The authors view is that the dynamic systems, based on new
methods of light prefabricated construction, have a great
potential of sustainability and climate adaptability, and that
they deserve more attention of professional public, as well as
wider and more intensive practical use.
Key words: social housing, modularity, s ustainable and climate
aware design

, . .., -, , , e-mail: tanja@iaus.ac.rs

, ..., , , e-mail: ksenija.pantovic@arh.bg.ac.rs

**

, ,
,
2011. 2014. .

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

2
,
,

.


.
, ,

,
,

.
, ,


,
.


,
,
.

,
,
,
. ,


,
.
,

,

.

,
.

CECHODAS- (. Comit europen de coordinatin de

lhabitat social) , 2006. .,


,
. bg.ac.rs
(2009)

,
, ,
.

,
,

, ,
.
, . ,
, . ,
,
,
,

(Daly, 1996, UNECE, 2006).
O
, ,
,


.
,

, ,
, ,
.

, ,

, ,

,
(Baker, 2006: 8).
(Reeves), :
,
,

,
,
. (Reeves, 2005: 220)

,


,
.

,
,
, ,
,
, :
, ,
.

43

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

44

,

,

3.
,

.

,
, - (Karlik-Neale),

(Karlik-Neale, 2008). ,
(mitigation)
(adaptation)
, ,
.

,

,
(IOM, 2011).

,
10%
.

,
,
.
( ,
, .)
,
.

:
( ,
, ,

, .), ,


( ,
,
.)
(
, ),

(Karlik-Neale, 2008).
CO2,
:
,
.

CO2 4,
,
, ,
.

(
35%, 25%, 21%, 20%
18%) (Whitehead & Scanlon, 2007),

(, , )5,
.
,

CO2, a
,
75%
2050. . .
, CO2

. ,

,
,
(CASH, 2010).

,

.
, : ,
,
,
.,
,
,
,
.

,
,
, ,
.

3 , ,
, (Ferster, 2010: 109).
4 , ,
, 7,9% , 1971. 2004. . C02 1,7%
( 56,1%) (IPCC, 2007b). C02 ,
.
5
,
90- ( 17% 16% ).

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

-,

( ,
) ,
,

(Karlik-Neale, 2008).

,


(Karlik-Neale,
2008: 6).

, ,

.
,
,
, , ,
.
,
, . ,
,

.6 , ,
,

.
,
,
. 7

, :

, ,
, , .

, ;
6 90- , :
(Compact City BUSarchitektur), , -- (Frauen-Werk-Stadt Ullmann, Prochazka, Peretti,
Podreka), , (Autofreie Mustersiedlung Schindler, Szedenik),
, (Integratives Wohnen Schluder, Kastner).
(Sargfabrik Bauknstlerkollektiv 2), ,
, , , ,
. ( Housing in Vienna Innovative, Social and Ecological, 2008, http://www.urbel.
com/document/becki%20tan_katalolg.e.pdf, 2011.
7 (BSHF),
, .
,
(World Habitat Awards). ,
. : http://www.worldhabitataward.org/?lang=00

45

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

46

,

,
, ,
, .;



,
,
.
(. climate aware, climate-conscious, climate-responsive, .)
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
, , , , ,
- . ( . Pucar,
2006).
,
CO2
.

:
(, ;
, , , ;
: , , , ),
(
), (
) (
,
,
.) (Pitt, 2007).
,


,
. ,
,

,
.

,
,
,
.
o
(resilience),
,
(Walker&Salt, 2006). ,



, ,
,
.

, ,

,
(open building), (universal design)
(inclusive design),


.
, ,
. (Beisi)


( ) ,

(Beisi, 1995: 140).
,
,

,
(IPCC, 2007a).
(Russell) (Moffatt),

,

,
,
, . (Russell&Moffatt, 2001).

,
,
,
(Russell&Moffatt,
2001: 2).


,
.

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

0 :

(, ),
.
(1919-1933) a (Baukasten)

, ,
. (. 1)8

. 1.

(: . . )
Fig. 1.
Baukasten housing assemblies
(authors: W. Gropius & A. Meyer)

(Walter Gropius)
(Adolf Meyer) 1922.
1923. .
9

,


.

,
,

. (Miller)
:

, ,

;
.

()
.
.
,
(Miller, 1998: 16).
,
,
,
.
(open
plan)9. ,
,
. (Bernard Leupen)
:
, .
(.
, , .).
, ,

(Heikkinen et al., 2008).

47

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

10,
,
.
-
.
, ,

(Brewis, 2003).
,
. , ,
, ,
.
11 ,
.

. (shipping containers). (. 2)
, , ,
,

. (. 3)

.
, ,
,
,
, .

(Murray Grove)
(Raines Court) . (. 4. . 5)

. 2.

Fig. 2.
Shipping containers

48

10

.
11


.

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /
. 3.

-
1000 , 2006.
(: (Tempohousing))
Fig. 3.
The largest complex composed of containers- student housing in Amsterdam
with 1000 units, 2006. (authors: Tempohousing)

. 4.
a , , 2000. (:
(Cartwright Pickard Architects))
Fig. 4.
Murray Grove, London, 2000. (authors: Cartwright
Pickard Architects)

. 5.
j o, , 2003. (:
(AHMM))
Fig. 5.
Raines Court, London, 2003. (authors: AHMM)

,
(mass customization).
, ,
,
,
(Miller, 1998).

49

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

a.

,
.
(Herbers),

,
(Herbers, 2004).
,
,

,
,

(Senaratne et al., 2010: 35).

, (),
() () ,
,
,
,
.

50

,

, :

,
,
,
;

,
, ,
,
,
;
,

(Senaratne et al., 2010: 41).

. 6.
67 , 1967. (: . )
Fig. 6.
Habitat 67 in Montreal, 1967. (author: . Safdie)

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

(Quale)

(Quale, 2006).
, .
, , .
.

,

,
.


.
,
,
67 (Habitat 67)
(Moshe Safdie) 1967. . Eo 6.
(. 6)

.

. 7.
, 1972. (: . )
Fig. 7.
Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1972. (author: . Kurokawa)

,



,
. (Maas)

, :
,
, , ,
? (Maas, 2007).

,

,
. ,


,

(Durmisevic, 2006: 51).
,
,
.
,
,
.

,
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,

.
(Habraken),
:
;
;
(Durmisevic, 2006: 84).
60-
,
, - .,
,

.
(Kurokawa) (Nakagin
Capsule Tower) 1972. .,

, ,
. (. 7)

51

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

. 8.
-, 2009.
(: . (. Azhiyev) . (I. Kudryavtsev))
Fig. 8.
T-trees social housing project, 2009.
(authors: . Azhiyev & I. Kudryavtsev)

, - (T-trees)
12,

.
,
, ,
, , .

. (. 8)

52

12

T -trees
ReBurbia 2009. ,
.

,
,
(Schneider&Till,
2005). (Schneider) (Till)
,

, , .
,
(Schneider&Till, 2005: 164).
, .
, ,
, .


.
,

.

(support level) (infill level),

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

. 9.


-
Fig. 9.
Flexible use of modules in T-trees
social housing project

,
, .

,
, .
(. 9)
.

, .
.

, ,
(Reeves, 2005: 218).
-
, ,
.
, ,
,
(UNECE, 2006: 86).


.

53

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

,
,
,
. ,
,
.



.

,
,

,
, .

,
,
,
(mily Talen) -
(Talen, 2008).

. 10.
, 2003.
(: (De Vijf Architects))
Fig. 10.
Student housing in Utrecht, 2003.
(authors: De Vijf Architects)

54

,
,
.

,
,
,

. ,

,
,
, ,
.



,
.
,

,
, .
(. 10)

. 11.
, 2011. (:
+ (Buensalido+Architects))
Fig. 11.
Social housing in Cabuyao, 2011. (authors:
Buensalido+Architects)

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

,
,
. (. 11)
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

1.

Scheme 1.
Model of sustainable modularity

, , ,

.
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
- .
, ,
. off-site ,
. ,
.
, .
, , .

,
.

- . ( 1)

55

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /
2.

Scheme 2.
Model of static and dynamic
modularity

,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,

.
( 2)
,
.
, ,


.
,
, ,
. 12. . 13.
, , 2003. (: )

Fig.12. and Fig.13.
Raines Court, London, 2003. (authors: AHMM) - street and
courtyard elevation

56

,
,
, .
,
( , -)

,
,
.
1.
(),
,

,
,
,
. (. 12. . 13)

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

.14.
, , 2006.
(: )
Fig.14.
Social Housing Block, Izola, 2006.
(authors: Ofis Architects)

. 15. . 16.
, , 2004.
(: )
Fig.15. and Fig.16.
Quinta Monroy, Iquique, 2004.
(authors: Elemental) - basic and extended model

2.
( ) (Social
Housing Block Ofis Architects),
(
), .
, .
,
,
. (. 14)
3. () (Quinta Monroy
lemental) ,
,
, (
on site ),
, . ,
, .


,
. (.
15 . 16)

57

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

58

,
, ,
, ,

. ,

,
,
.
,

.
, ,

, ,
, ,
.
, ,

.

,
, , -
.
,
, : ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
,
, .


. ,
,
,
( . Rogan et al, 2000).
a
,
, .
,
,
, ,
, ,
.

. , . /33/2011/ 42-59 /

Baker, S. (2006): Sustainable Development, London, Taylor&Francis

Beisi, . (1995): Adaptable Housing or Adaptable People?, rchi
tecture et Comportement /Architecture and Behaviour 11, pt. 2,
pp. 139162.
Brewis, D. (2003): Links between indigenous knowledge, low income
housing and modular building systems: a case study of sustainable
wall building materials and technologies, CSIR, p. 14-23.
CASH (2010): Energy efficiency for social housing - Baseline study,
http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/CASH/documents_media/cash_
brochure_Baseline_Study_web-1.pdf, ristupljeno 20. 03. 2011.

Daly, H.E. (1996): Beyond Growth : The Economics of Sustainable

Development, Boston, Beacon Press
Durmisevic, . (2006): Transformable Building Structures. Design
for dissasembly as a way to introduce sustainable engenieering
to building design & construction, Delft, Cedris M&CC
Ferster, V. (2010): Pouke osamdesetogodinje uspene prie, u
Damjanovi, D., . Gligorijevi (ur.): Socijalno stanovanje. Prikaz
stambenih politika Srbije i odabranih zemalja Evrope, Beograd,
PALGO centar, str. 99-113.
Heikkinen, T. et. al. (2008): Design Research and Housing, u T. Keinonen (ed.) Design connections knowledge, value and involment through design, Helsinki, University of Art and Design Helsinki, pp. 64-78.
Herbers, J. (2004): Prefab Modern, New York, Harper Design International
IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2011): Climate Change, the Indoor
Environment, and Health, Washington, DC, The National Academies Press. http://tinyurl.com/4xn4rhj, ristupljeno 10. 11. 2011.
IPCC (2007a): Climate change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)
IPCC (2007b): Climate change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change,
Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)
Karlik-Neale, M. (2008): Future of social housing in the context of
climate change and rising energy prices, Proceedings from SB 10
Wellington - Innovation and Transformation, May 2010, Wellington, New Zealand
Maas, W. (2007): Five Minutes City, Architecture and (Im)mobility
Forum & Workshop Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Ram Distribution
Miller, T.D. & P. Elgrd, (1998): Defining Modules, Modularity and
Modularization. Evolution of the Concept in a Historical Perspective. Design for Integration in Manufacturing, Proceedings of the
13th IPS Research Seminar, Fuglsoe
Reeves, P. (2005): An introduction to social housing, Oxford, Elsevier
Rogan, A.L. et al. (2000): Better Value in Steel Value and Benefits
Assessment of Modular Construction, Berkshire, The Steel Construction Institute
Russell, P. & S. Moffatt, (2001): Assessing Buildings for Adaptability, IEA Annex 31 Energy-Related Environmental Impact of
Buildings.
Pitt, M. (2007): Linking Social Housing and Energy Efficiency, CRPN
Research Report, Toronto, Social Houses Services Corporation

Pucar, M. (2006): Bioklimatska arhitektura - zastakljeni prostori i

pasivni solarni sistemi, Beograd, Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije
Schneider, T. & J. Till, (2005): Flexible housing: opportunities and
limits, Arq 9/2, pp. 157-166.
Senaratne, S. E. (2010): Lean Prefabrication: A Sustainable Approach, 18th CIB World Building Congress, Salford, United Kingdom, CIB, pp. 33-44.
Talen, E. (2008): Design for Diversity. Exploring Socially Mixed
Neighborhoods, Oxford, Elsevier
UNECE (2006): Guidelines on Social Housing. Principles and Examples, New York and Geneva, United Nations http://www.unece.
org/hlm/prgm/hmm/social%20housing/ECE_HBP_137%20Social%20Housing%20final.pdf, ristupljeno 10. 7. 2010.

Zakon o socijalnom stanovanju (2009), Slubeni glasnik RS, br.

72/2009
Quale, J. (2006): Ecological, modular and affordable housing, u G.
B. Brebbia (ed.): Eco-Architecture Harmonisation between architecture and nature, Southampton, WIT Press, pp. 53-62
Walker B. & D. Salt (2006): Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world, Washington DC, Island
Press
Whitehead, C. & K. Scanlon, (eds.) (2007): Social housing in Europe, London, LSE
:
. 1 : http://www.projetoblog.com.br/2011/fabricacao-industrial-no-movimento-moderno/

. 2 : http://garyob.files.wordpress.com/
2010/02/800px-line3174_-_shipping_containers_at_the_terminal_
at_port_elizabeth_new_jersey_-_noaa.jpg
. 3 : http://amazingdata.com/mediadata6/Image/amazing_fun_featured_2114204260104237032S600x60
0Q85_2009072321460110687.jpg
. 4 : http://www.cartwrightpickard.com/uploads/projects/default_murray-grove1.jpg
. 5 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stoke_
newington_raines_court_1.jpg
. 6 : http://www.flickr.com/photos/rezendi/152860690/
. 7 : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/f7/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_2007-02-26.jpg
. 8, 9 : http://www.re-burbia.com/2009/08/05/ttrees-social-housing/
. 10 : http://www.flickr.com/photos/thom_mckenzie/3255247255/in/photostream/lightbox/
. 11 - : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.
php?p=78490084
. 12, 13 - : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/10.1002/ad.116/pdf
. 14 : http://www.archdaily.com/3245/izola-social-housing-ofis-arhitekti/
. 15, 16 : http://www.archdaily.com/10775/
quinta-monroy-elemental/

1, 2

59

UDK: 551.583:71/.72]:004.738, ID BROJ: 189383948

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133060M

:

*
: 2011, : 2011.

60

,
.
,
,

. ,
, (,
- , ),
(

). ,

,
, .
,

. ,


,
(, , )

.

,
,
.
: , ,
,

* , ...,
, e-mail: mihajlovvladimir@yahoo.com

,
(43007), M
,
2011 - 2014. .

BETWEEN INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND PHYSICAL

STRUCTURE OF THE CITY: NEW CAUSES OF CLIMATE
CHANGES
Abstract
Because of the frequent and significant spatial transformations,
an increasing climate change regime in urban areas occurs. In
this paper a comprehensive reflection on these changes is
analysed, concerning one of the major causes the social
transformation and the growing use of information, networks
and technology, used by city dwellers in everyday life. Advanced
communications and the Internet provide urban concentration
and decentralization, creating new spatial and geographic
network, with a new allocation of space, for manufacturing and
services. The consequence may be recognized in increasing
individualization and social habits of city dwellers, as well as in
modified way of households use, changing neighbourhoods and
public spaces, transport systems, as the final outcome is the
climate change. In this paper, the interdependence between
information networks is emphasised between virtual and
physical environment, as well as changes in the way of life of the
city, which ultimately lead to a new trigger for climate change.
Users have never been more mobile in the physical space
(commuting and tourist travel), while in the virtual space they
are associated with the fixed points everybody can be located,
by using email or social network. Unexpectedly, the cause of the
problem which is considered in this paper, is inceased mobility in
the real space, while city dwellers remain in one place, by using
their virtual electronic connections. Thus, the role of city dwellers
in creating climate change depends upon their spatial
distribution and relationship towards informations and network
activity. As a result, the drivers in city development are
recoznized on network nodes. Current crises in the global
environment (economic, climate and social) indicate the need to
develop multi-functional environment and a greater
appreciation of natural factors. Therefore, as a decisive factor for
the adaptation of urban structure on climate change is the
integration of urban and spatial planning, urban design and
architecture, through the public intervention of the state.
Keywords: information networks, urban structure, climate
change, public intervention

 /33/2011/ 60-65 / :

,
.

( ),
. , , ,

( Harvey, 2009). ,

,
, .

, ? ,
,
, .1
,
, , 75% 21. .2

( ).

,
(
Harvey, 2009).
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,

.
3,
,
(. 1. 2).
. 1.


y,
2010. ; :
(Paul Butler)
Fig. 1.
A global social network of
friends as of 2010, by
Paul Butler

61

1 A. Scott, (2001): Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, New York, Oxford University Press
2 R. Streen, M. Freire, (2001): The Chalenges of Urban Government: Policies and Practices, Washington DC, The World Bank Initiative
3 J. Wheler, Y. Aryann, (2000): Cities in the Communication Age: The Fracturing of Geographies, London, Rotlege

 /33/2011/ 60-65 / :

. 2.


2010. ; :
(Richard Bisgrove)
Fig. 2.
Climate Change World Map by
Richard Bisgrove, University of
Reading

,
, (Castells, 2006).
,
,
(.,
).


4,
, ,
. , ,
, 5.
,
.

,

62

() ,
, , .
,
( , ,
, ,
.
).
, (
, ,
.).
, , .,
(
, ,
4 . : ,
4. 2011.
5 M. Castells, J. Borja, (2000): Local and Global: The Management of the Cities
in the Information Age

 /33/2011/ 60-65 / :

)
(
, , .).
, , ,
, ,

.
, ,
,

.

, ,
(Stern, 2008, Gidens, 2010). ,
,
.
i ,
,

. ,
,
, ,

. (Castells),

, ,
(Castells, 2008). ,
(Gidens),


(Gidens, 2010). ,

,
, ,
(Sassen, 1999).

, .

.
, ,

( Castells, 2008).
,

( ,
, ,
, ).

, , ,
,

,


. , ,

,
,
,
( , ) ( Gidens, 2010).
,
,
,
,
. ,

,
,
(Castells, M. & Borja J., 2000).

, ,
,
,

(Castells, 2008).
,

,
(
, ).
,
, ,
(
Gidens, 2010).
, ,
,
. ,

.
,
,
, . 6

6 Kopomaa: The City in Your Pocket: Birth of Mobile Information Society, str. 211.
7 , , 1999.
8 Fritjof, C. (1996): The Web of Life, New York, Doubleday
9 : ,
, http://instifdt.bg.ac.rs/43007.html
10 ,
, .

63

 /33/2011/ 60-65 / :

, ,
, , , ,
.
, ,


7. ,

.
,
( ).
, ,
.8
, ,

( ) .
,
, , , ,
, (
, Bojani, 2011). 9

64

XXI
,

10.
,
, ,
.
,
().

. , ,

,
,
.


.
,

, .

,

11 Borja, M., M. Castells: Local and Global the Management Cities in the
Information Age, op.cit. J. Verwijnen and P. Leftovuori, ed. Creative Cities,
Helsinki, University of Art ang Design

(
,
).

.
,
,

.

, ,

.
,
,
.
,
,

, .
-
,
.11

 /33/2011/ 60-65 / :

, ,
.
a, ,

.
.

:
Bojani, P. (2011): Etika i politike ivotne sredine: institucije, tehnike i norme pred
izazovom promena prirodnog okruenja, Podprojekat Ministarstva nauke
http://instifdt.bg.ac.rs/43007.html
Borja, M., M. Castells (2000): Local and Global the Management Cities in the
Information Age, Creative Cities, Helsinki, University of Art ang Design
Gidens, A. (2008): Klimatske promene i politika, Beograd, Clio
Harvey, D. (2009): Social Justice and the City, Georgia, University of Georgia
Press
Kopomaa: The City in Your Pocket: Birth of Mobile Information Society
Lazarevi Bajec, N.: Predavanja na kursu Istorija i teorija urbanizma, k.
2011/12. godine
Sassen, S. (1999): Cities : Between Global Actors and Local Conditions, University
of Maryland
Scott, A. (2001): Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, New York, Oxford
University Press
Stern, N. (2008): Key Elements of a Global Deal on Climate Change, London,
London School of Economy
Streen, R., M. Freire, (2001): The Chalenges of Urban Government: Policies and
Practices, Washington DC, The World Bank Initiative
Fritjof, C. (1996): The Web of Life, New York, Doubleday
Castells, M. (2006): Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective,
Cambridge, MA, MIT Press
Castells, M., J. Borja, (2000): Local and Global: The Management of the Cities in
the Information Age
Wheler, J., Y. Aryann, (2000): Cities in the Communication Age: The Fracturing of
Geographies, London, Rotlege

65

UDK: 712.252(497.113) ; 711.435(407.113), ID BROJ: 189385484

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133067M

23
1
*, **, ***
: 2011, : 2011.

ROLE OF GREEN SPACES IN SPATIAL AND

FUNCTIONAL CONCEPTION OF BLOCK 23 IN
BELA CRKVA

Abstract


In this paper we examine the possibilities of

,
improving urban settlement structure by

interpolation of passive protection concepts

against global climate changes, as a measure of
, bioclimatic design and town planning. As a kind of
,

passive protection concept described in this paper,

. the way of applying green areas in urban fabric

planning is pointed out. The research applies the

method of analyses of subject matter existing

.
. legislation, planning documents, professional

literature, the available foreign practice, as well as
:
scanning in situ. The case study shows the concept ,
70%
, ,
of planning solution to the block 23 in Bela Crkva,

2,
,
with special emphasis on the role of green areas. It

, points to the specific position of the block in the

.
urban fabric, where the planned use housing is
,

located in proximity to the existing use industry.

23 ,
Then we analyze the possibility to affirm the
.
,
. existing, spontaneously developed agriculture

activity in the block, through some planning
,
guidelines, based on the presentd comparative ,

examples of urban agriculture in foreign countries. ,

key words: urban structure, urban block, passive
. ,
.
concept, green spaces, urban agriculture

,
,

,
. a
.

: , ,
2011.
, ,
* , . . ., -, , , e-mail: bozam@iaus.ac.rs
** , . . . ., , , , e-mail: tijana@iaus.ac.rs
*** A , . . ., -, , , e-mail: anan@iaus.ac.rs
1
, ,
,
2011. 2014. .
2
Global Report on Human Settlements 2011, Cities and Climate Change, United Nations Urban Settlements Programme (UN Habitat), Earthscan, 2011, London/
Washington, http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2011_Full.pdf

67

 , . , . , 33/2011/ 67-74/ - 23

a
,3
4 .
,
,

.

5,
,

2011. . 10 000 .
, ,

,
.

,

23 ,
.
.
,
, .
,
, .

,
.

68

,
.
1981-2009. .6

11,7 C, 643,1
. 2126,6
, 5,3 .
8,3 / ( ),
60 .



,
,
(oki, 2007).

,

.
,

.
,
,
.

, ,
, ,
, .
(, 1995, , 1995).
,
, ,

.

,
,
(Cveji i dr., 2011).

,
, , ,
.

.
(Sl. glasnik RS br. 135/04) 20




.
,

. ,
,

.
,
, ,

. ,
(Sl. glasnik RS br. 72/09,81/09, 64/10 i
24/11) .
,
,
, ,
( 24, 3),

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), http://www.ipcc.ch/
5
soft infrastructure
( )
6
(.92-II -163 28.07.2011) ..
3

 , . , . , 33/2011/a 67-74/ - 23

...( 30, 2)
,
.
,
,

(Crnevi, Baki, 2008).

,
,
. ,
,
, ,
,
23 7,
.

. 1.
23
( 2) ;

Fig. 1.
Urban plan of the part of Block 23 (Rasadnik 2)
in Bela Crkva; Planned land use

23 , 2,

, ,
8 (Nikovi,
Mani, 2011). , 23
( ) ,

+4 +5 +1+. (. 1)

,
, . ,

, --

69

23 ( 2) , .

7
8

2, . 06-126/76-02.

 , . , . , 33/2011/ 67-74/ - 23

70

, -

.
,
,
(
, ,
),
,
(- ,
,
) (
).
,
. ,
,

,

.
,

,
50-80%,

.
(Sl. list SRJ
Meunarodni ugovori, br. 11/01),
,
,
() (. 8),
,

,
. 9
: (Asclepias syriaca),
(Acer negundo), (Ailanthus
glandulosa), (Amorpha fruticosa),
(Celtis occidentalis), (Eleagnus angustifolia),
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),
(Gledichia triachantos), (Parthe
nocissus inserta), (Prunus serotina),
(Reynouria syn. Fallopia japonica), (Robinia
pseudoacacia), (Ulmus pumila). ,
,
: Acer campestre L., Cerasus serrulata (Lindl.) Sokotov.,
Koelreuteria paniculata, Fraxinus ornus L., Ginko biloba L., Acer
palmatum Atrpurpureum, Acer platanoides L. Globosum, Rhus
typhina L., Fraxinus excelsior L. Globosa, Cercis siliquastrum L.,

Carpinus betulus L. Fastigiata, Morus alba L. Pendula,

: Cedrus atlantica Manetti Glauca Can., Chamaeciparis
lawsoniana Keleris gold, Chamaeciparis lawsoniana Globosa,
Thuja orinetalis L. Aurea, Cryptomeria japonica, Juniperus
chinensis L., : Magnolia x soulangeana, Cotinus
coggygria Seop., Buddleia variabilis Hemst., Forsythia x intermedia,
Spirea x vanhouttei, Simphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake, Lonicera
pileata Oliv., Viburnum rhytidophillum Hemst.



( ).
-

,
,
.
.
-
,
,
1:3, 2-2,5%
.


. ,
, 5
, 15-30
() ,
,
,
,
.

, ,
,

30%.


,

. ,10
(, ,
, ...) .
,
.
9

10

,
. (. 155/2011 16. 02. 2011. )
,
(. 155/2011 16.02.2011. ).

 , . , . , 33/2011/a 67-74/ - 23

:
,
, ,

,
, .
,
,

.

, XVIII ,
,
, . (. 2)
23

. (. 3) ,
,

.
-7/1,
.

,

,
23,

50
.
,
(
)
.

. 2.

XVIII ;
(1769-1772)
Fig. 2.
18th century Bela Crkva housing and
industry distribution display; Josephinian
cadastre (1769-1772)

. 3.
23 ;

Fig. 3.
Position of Block 23 in Bela Crkva;
Aerophoto snapshot

71

 , . , . , 33/2011/ 67-74/ - 23

23

,
.

.
,
(
, .),
,
,
(
)
(www.ruaf.org).

,
,
(www.urbanagriculture.wordpress.com).
.
, ,

, , ,

(www.city.milwaukee.gov/Urban-Agriculture.htm).

,
A ,
,
(www.ruaf.org).
(5 000
) 250 a (. 4 5).
,
, , ,
,
,
,
.
:
( ), 25 ;
, 3,5 a
, 2,5 a ,
; , , 61 a

.


2011. .
.

. 4.

Fig. 4.
Example City of Almere
(Netherlands)

. 5.


Fig. 5.
Urban agriculture in
Almere (Netherlands)

23

72

,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
.
23
.
, 23
,
(. 6).
, ,
.

,

 , . , . , 33/2011/a 67-74/ - 23

. 6.
23 ;

Fig. 6.
Block 23 in Bela Crkva.
Agricultural areas of the
block

,
.
,
.


, ,
.

.

,

.
,
- ,


.

, -
. ,
.

, .
,
, (Maksimovi, 1957).
, ,
,

.
, ,
, ,
(Nikovi i dr., 2011).
,
.
,

, .
,

. ,

73

 , . , . , 33/2011/ 67-74/ - 23

,

.
, 23,
,

,
,
.

50-80%, 30%
,
.
23 ,
, ,

74

Adlei, . (2009): Odrivost koncepta ideje Vrtni grad u procesu

revitalizacije sela primer naselja Kulpin u Vojvodini, Arhitektura
i urbanizam 27, str. 70 77.
Anastasijevi, N. (1995): Zelenilo banjskih i klimatskih mesta
Jugoslavije, Zbornik radova: Banjska i klimatska mesta
Jugoslavije, Beograd: Savez inenjera i tehniara Srbije, str. 233244.
oki, V. (2007): Morfoloka istraivanja u urbanizmu, Arhitektura
i urbanizam 20/21, str. 61 72.
Koli, B. (1995): Uticaj uma i vegetacije na klimu i mikroklimu
banja i klimatskih mesta, Zbornik radova: Banjska i klimatska
mesta Jugoslavije, Beogad: Savez inenjera i tehniara Srbije, str.
172-181.
Maksimovi, B. (1957): Urbanizam, Beograd, SANU, Graevinska
knjiga
Nikovi, ., B. Mani, (2011): Principi izgradnje novog urbanog
bloka na primeru naselja Bela Crkva, Savremeno graditeljstvo 7,
str. 38-48.
Nikovi, ., B. Mani, I. Mari, (2011): Urbomorfoloka analiza
naselja Bela Crkva u cilju unapreenja urbane i fizike strukture,
Arhitektura i urbanizam 32, str. 65-75.
Cveji, J., . Bobi, . Tutundi, S. Radulovi, (2011): Adaptacija
gradova na klimatske promene uloga zelene infrastrukture,
Zbornik radova: Budunost razvoja naselja u svetlu klimatskih
promena, Beograd: Drutvo urbanista Beograda, str. 27-44.
Crnevi, ., . Baki, (2008): The system of green surfaces in spas
with special reference to the case studies: Vrnjaka, Kanjia and
Pribojska spa, Spatium 17/18, pp. 92-97.

,
, ( )
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,

.
,
,
,
(Adlei, 2009).

www.ruaf.org (Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food
Security)
www.ruaf.org, (2011), Agromere: Integrating urban agriculture in
the development of the city of Almere; Urban agriculture
magazine, 25.
www.urbanagriculture.wordpress.com;
www.city.milwaukee.gov/Urban-Agriculture.htm;
www.agromere.wur.nl/UK/Urban_agriculture

Generalni plan Bele Crkve (2004), Zavod za urbanizam Vojvodine

Novi Sad
Plan detaljne regulacije za deo bloka 23 (Rasadnik 2) u Beloj Crkvi
(2011), Institut za arhitekturu i urbanizam Srbije

.1. 23 ( 2)
(2011), ;

.2. Josephinische Landesaufnahme 1769.1772. http://hu.

wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A1jl:Banat_
Josephinische_Landaufnahme_pg167.jpg&filetimesta
mp=20100105065542
.3. www.geosrbija.rs
.4. www.agromere.wur.nl/UK/Urban_agriculture
.5. www.ruaf.org
.6.

UDK: 725.4.025(497.113), ID BROJ: 189385740

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133075C

:

*
: 2011, : 2011.

RE-USE OF DERELICT INDUSTRIAL SITES:

OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGENERATION OF

INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN PANCEVO, SERBIA

.



,
.

.
,
:
1)

, 2)

, 3)
,
4)
.
: ,
,

Abstract
Subject of the paper is industrial heritage and its
regeneration. Emphasis has been put on industrial
objects that have lost their primary function and
now have historical, social and architectural value.
Condition and problems of industrial heritage were
discussed through the example of Pancevo, one of
the first and biggest industrial cities in Serbia. Aim
was to examine the current policy and practice in
redevelopment and investigate in which way and
to what extent can good examples from the
international practice be applied to Pancevo.
Findings of the research are given through set of
recommendations, discussed through four themes:
1) culture-led regeneration development of
cultural activities in former industrial buildings, 2)
industrial heritage as a tool for improving the
ecological image of the city, 3) industrial heritage
as a potential for development of tourism, 4)
heritage as a potential for economic development.
Value of paper lies in drawing attention on
significance of the industrial heritage and problem
of its dereliction, and investigation of application
of international models on Serbian situation. As
one of the biggest industrial cities in the region,
Pancevo can serve as a model not only for Serbia,
but also for cities in other countries that are in
similar situation.
Key words: industrial heritage, re-use, urban
regeneration.

* , ,

e-mail: cizlerj@gmail.com

,
, ,
.


,
, , ,

(TICCIH, 2003).

,



(Castello, 2006).


,

.







(English Heritage, 2004, 2009).
,
,

75

 /33/2011/ 75-80 / :

(Pui,
2004). , .



, , ,
(Edensor, 2005).

,
.
. ,
,
.

.

.
,
.
,
,
.

.
. , , 1722. .,

.
, 2005. . (. 1 2) ,
1900. ., ,
, .
,
. ,

.
: -
.

76

. 1.
(: , )
Fig. 1.
Fire in Brewery (Sourc: Institute for protection of cultural monuments, Panevo)

. 2.
(:
, )
Fig. 2.
Brewery before the fire (Sourc: Institute
for protection of cultural monuments,

 /33/2011/ 75-80 / :

, ,
,
:

;
e,
;

;
- ;

;
a oeja, eoa
ja ;
ae oae ajee ;
aeo a a eoo (aajo

).

, ,
,
, .


,

:

,

(Hall, 2000: 640).

,
,
.

aje eje
a .

,
. ,
,
,
(Douet, 2011). , ,

,
. ,
.

, ,
.

.

.
(Custard Factory) ,

,

. (. 3)
,

. o ee, oo je e oje
ooe o oe, oj
e, eee e, o
j .
,
,
(, , , ),
(
), ,

.3.

(: http://amylouisehickman.
blogspot.com/)
Fig. 3.
Former workshop in Birmingham,
now space with five shops (Source:
http://amylouisehickman.blogspot.com/)

77

 /33/2011/ 75-80 / :

, , ,
.

,
.


.
,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, oe o o 116 o- 67 ee-j,
53 .

.


,
.
,
, ( ,
, , ) (Baji-Brkovi,
2009). , e eej
oo oj j j oj. (. 4 5)

: , ,
,
.

78

jo aee oo eaa aaja oeja aoj
a,
. , ,
, :
, ,
, ,

. 4. 5.
,
(: www.landezine.com)
Fig. 4. and 5.
Park in a former steel works, Germany (Source:
www.landezine.com)

 /33/2011/ 75-80 / :

(Schupp, Kulturklammer,
2008: 36).


, ,
ERIH ( ).
, ,
. ,
, .
,
(. 6 7).


,

. :
, , , ,
. ,

, . (. 8)

.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.

.

. 6.
(: http://
edsphotoblog.com/wp-content/
photos/800px/0608_castlefield_
foot_bridge.jpg)
Fig. 6.
Castlefield (Source: http://
edsphotoblog.com/wp-content/

. 7.

(: www.cabe.org.uk/)
Fig. 7.
Museum of Science and Industry in Castlefield
(Source: www.cabe.org.uk/)

79

 /33/2011/ 75-80 / :

,
.
.
. ,

.
,
. ,
, ,

. ,

.
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
.

Baji-Brkovi, M. (2009): Mogu li kreativne ekonomije da proizvode

odriva reenja? Neka evropska iskustva, Beograd, IAUS, Arhitektura i
urbanizam, 24-25, str. 47-60.
Castello, L. (2006): City & Time and Places: Bridging the Concept of Place to
Urban Conservation Planning, City & Time, 2, . 1-11.
Douet, J. (2011): Prezentacija na: The International Conference Vestiges of
Industry, Oktobar, 2011, Prague, Czech Technical University.
Edensor, T. (2005): Industrial ruins: spaces, aesthetics and materiality,
Oxford, Berg Publishers
Hall, P. (2000): Creative Cities and Economic Development, Urban Studies,
Vol. 37, No. 4. . 639-649.
Kulturklammer (2008): Mogunosti (re)aktivacije naputenih
industrijskih objekat: raskra i putokazi, Beograd, Kulturklammer,
str. 36.
Pui, Lj. (2004): Sustainable Development and Urban Identity: A Social
Context, Beograd, IAUS, SPATIUM, 11, str. 1-6.

80

Internet izvori
English Heritage (2004): People and Places: A Response to Government
and the Value of Culture, London, English Heritage, Korieno sa
www.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/7982.pdf
English Heritage (2009): Heritage-Based Regeneration, Korieno sa
www.rtpi.org.uk/download/12441/Heritage-led-RegenerationJuly-2011-redraft.pdf
TICCIH (2003): The Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage,
Korieno sa www.mnactec.cat/ticcih/industrial_heritage.htm

UDK: 711.8:628.4(497.16) ; 351.777.41(497.16), ID BROJ: 189386252

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133081S

*
: 2011, : 2011.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE REGIONAL

:

LEVEL - EXAMPLE OF MUNICIPALITIES

PLJEVLJA AND ABLJAK

Abstract :

The problem of proper disposal of all types of solid

- waste and its inadequate treatment is one of the

,
most dominant spatial-ecological problems of
()


modern society, and as such seriously threatens the

quality of basic environmental media and public

.
health.

The aim is to point out opportunities for sustainable ,

development of Pljevlja and Zabljak Municipalities

through the development of waste management

, system that will control waste generation, educe
the impact of waste on the environment, improve
.
,
resource efficiency, ensure the proper disposal,

,
stimulate investment in public-private sector and

,
maximize the economic opportunities arising from

- waste.
The subject of this paper is to find an effective ,

.
model of sustainable waste management in the

,

municipalities of Zabljak and Pljevlja, with the

o
main objective of rational use of space, as a limited

resource, and reduce overall costs of waste

, treatment. The studied area that includes the

administrative boundaries of these municipalities

(Ili, 2004).
, in the north of Montenegro, among to traffic

, geographical and functional correlation, present

. , an area that is in the official republic documents

,
(Spatial lan of Montenegro until 2020, 2008)

,
recognized as a region in which envisages the
-
construction of regional sanitary landfills and ,
, transfer stations network. In this sense, the work
.

will represent the implementation of policies on

( waste management in Montenegro, in accordance

2020 ., 2008)
with the recommendations, directives and EU


guidelines.
,

Keywords: solid waste, Pljevlja and Zabljak region,

the Spatial Plan of Montenegro, sanitary landfills,

. ,
the EU legislation




,
, ,

.
: , , * , ,
,
, ,
e-mail: dusan.s@juginus.rs

81

 /33/2011/ 81-86 /

,
, .
2008-2012. .
(2008)
,
,

.
,

:
,
,
. 8
,
, .
,
,

. ,
,
.

.

, .
,
.

.
,

.
2007. . (
, , 2008),
80-100 / 25000-31200
. 2
.


60 1,1 ,
,
20 . 90% (19567
) 21741 (
) . ,
90%
, 3%
.

56,03% (20061) 35806 .
,
, 5
.

-

82

.1.

(
2020. .)
Fig.1.
Regions for waste management in
Montenegro (Spatial lan of
Montenegro until 2020)

 /33/2011/ 81-86 /

, ,

.
(2005),
,
, 8500 /
.,
0,6 / . 100%
(
1937 ), ( 2267
) .

46,08% 4204 ,
. 31
5
/ ,
80% .

,
.
( ), 3
,
,
.

.
571.000 280.000
( )
,
. , ,
, .

( -
. .. (Karapidis Bross C.O.)
).

M
(2005)
2012. . (2008),
,



. ,

.
,
,
.

:

- ;
-
( )
,
(

);
-
( - );
-
;
-
;
-
: ,
,
, .


,
.

.


,
.

,
,

, ,
,
(Plan upravljanja otpadom za
optinu Pljevlja od 2008-2012. god., 2008).

.
( ,
.).
,

.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .

, ,
.

83

 /33/2011/ 81-86 /

,
.
.
.


.
,
,
.


,
.

( ,
)
,

(.
),
.

,
, , , .

, .
,
1,1 5 .

, ,
.

.
, /,
, ,

.

84

,

.
,

, ,
. ,
,
,

.

,
.
, :
-
,
;
-
, .,
(

);
- ;
-

;
-
(

);
-
;
-


;
- , ,
.


.
,
, .


- ( 2020. ., 2011).
,
3,8 ,
. , ,
, ,
.

, , ,
- ,
.

,

, :
- -

 /33/2011/ 81-86 /

.2.


(-
2020. .,
2011)
Fig.2.
Location of the regional sanitary
landfill Repetitor of Pljevlja
municipality (Spatial-urban lan of
Pljevlja unicipality Until 2020, 2011)

;
- ;
- ,
,
, ,
,
.

14 a,
. ,
.

,
(
, 2008):
- - ;
- ;
- .


(, ,
),
,
.

( - ,
)
( , ,
), ,
:

- , ,
,
,
;
-

200 40
, ;
-

,
;
-
,
;
-

,
;
-

, ;
-

, ,

,

;
-
,
,
,


, , ;

85

 /33/2011/ 81-87 /

86

-

,
.

: ,

,
,

(
) ,

,
, ,

.

-
,


.

,
-
.
,




( ,
, )
.

.

,
,
.

:
-

,

;
-
,
;
-
;
- -

;
-


;
-
( );
- (
)

;

Literatura
Josimovi, B. (2008): Prostorni aspekti u upravljanju komunalnim
otpadom u Kolubarskom regionu, Doktorska disertacija, Geografski
fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Ili, M. (2004): Regionalni plan upravljanja komunalnim otpadom,
Regionalni centar za ivotnu sredinu za centralnu i istonu Evropu,
Beograd
Prostorni Plan Crne Gore do 2020. god. (2008), Ministarstvo za ekonomski
razvoj, Podgorica
Prostorno-urbanistiki plan optine Pljevlja do 2020. god. (2011),
Jugoslovenski institut za urbanizam i stanovanje, Beograd
Prostorno-urbanistiki plan optine abljak do 2020 god. (2011),
Jugoslovenski institut za urbanizam i stanovanje, Beograd
Studija izvodljivosti za izgradnju i rad regionalne sanitarne deponije u
Pljevljima, (2008), Hidrozavod, Novi Sad
Plan upravljanja otpadom u Crnoj Gori za period 2008-2012. god. (2008),
Ministarstvo zatite ivotne sredine i turizma, Podgorica
Plan upravljanja otpadom za optinu abljak od 2009-2013. god. (Predlog
plana) (2009), abljak
Plan upravljanja otpadom za optinu Pljevlja od 2008-2012. god. (2008),
Pljevlja
Master plan upravljanja otpadom na republikom nivou (2005),
Ministarstvo ivotne sredine, Podgorica
Zakon o upravljanju otpadom, Sl. List RCG, br. 80/05
Zakon o komunalnim djelatnostima, Sl. List RCG, br. 12/95
Zakon o ivotnoj sredini, Sl. List RCG, br. 48/08
Zakon o integrisanom spreavanju i kontroli zagaivanja ivotne sredine,
Sl. List RCG, br. 80/05
Zakon o procjeni uticaja na ivotnu sredinu, Sl. List RCG, br. 80/05
Zakon o stratekoj procjeni uticaja na ivotnu sredinu, Sl. List RCG, br.
80/05
Pravilnik o bliim karakteristikama lokacije, uslovima izgradnje, sanitarnotehnikim uslovima, nainu rada i zatvaranja deponija za otpad,
strunoj spremi, kvalifikacijama rukovodioca deponije i vrstama otpada
i uslovima za prihvatanje otpada na deponiji, Sl. list RCG, br. 84/09

UDK:711.558:551.582(497.11) ; 725.7.011:551.582(497.11), ID BROJ: 189385996

, DOI: 10.5937/arhurb1133087M

*, **
: 2011, : 2011.

PRINCIPLES OF BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE

APPLIED AT THE PROJECT OF SPA CENTER AT STARA

PLANINA MOUNTAIN

.

,

.


.
.


.
-
.

,
,
.
,
,
.
: ,
, , ,

Abstract
Application of bioclimatic parameters in the design of tourist
objects is an important factor for reducing energy consumption
and preserving the environment. It represents the response to
constant changing of climate conditions. Given the fact that
development of tourism has negative consequences on the
environment, it is necessary to examine the way design process
can affect the reduction of energy and environmental pollution.
This paper analyzes the principles of bioclimatic planning and
design of the Spa Center at the Balkan Mountain that is one of
the most valuable ecosystems in Serbia. Adaptation to the
existing climate change was analyzed on two levels. The first
level was urban factors that include analysis of local climate and
environment that affect the positioning of the object and
preliminary form. The second level was architecture factors with
technical and technological solutions that can be achieved
through the application of climate and energy responsible
designing. Final analyses indicate that the bioclimatic approach
is necessary in the initial stage of setting preliminary design for
the building, because later it would take more effort to install
technology that requires time and the whole process makes
much more expensive. The work indicates that the energy needs
of optimized Spa center like represented, from the very
beginning of planning and designing, can be drastically reduced.
Key words: bioclimatic planning and designing, energy efficiency,
spa and wellness, tourism, Stara Planina

87

* , ..., , ,
-mail: igor@iaus.ac.rs
** , ..., , ,
-mail: branislavakovacevic@yahoo.com
,
,
,
2011. 2014. .

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

, .

,
. 20. , ,
e
. ,

(.
,
, , .,

+40).

, ,
. ,

,


.
,
,

.

.
,
.


.
, ,
.

.
( ,
, , .)
(Maksin, 2011).
70%
,
20%.
,
,
.

:

. 1.



(, 2011)
Fig. 1.
Comparison of energy consumption ratio of
coating and ventilation in residential
buildings and at tourist facilities (Maksin, 2011)

88

(Maksin, Pucar, Miliji, Kora, 2011).

,
.
-
.

.
, ,
- .

.
,
.

,
, .
: , ,
, , ,
(Pucar, 2006).

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

. 2.

Fig. 2.
View of the top Babin zub

(I )
.

(Slubeni glasnik, br.19/97).
1700 ..,
,
,
3,0-3,5 0C.
.
,
20 0C.

1200 1900-1950
.
1961-1990. .
1100 .
(124.1 ).
(53.9 ) ,

.
(
) , 1700 .., 4
,
110-150 .(Studija zatite, 2003)

.
.
, -
,
.
,
,

.
,
, -
. -
, -a,

.
, .

,
,
.

e ,
: , ( ),

. 3.



(
),
- 2011.,


Fig. 3.
Conceptual urban resort
Jabuko ravnite solutions
(with located Spa), made in
IAUS in 2011., responsible
planner Igor Maric

89

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

. 4.

Fig. 4.
Photo of Spa center locations

. 5.

Fig. 5.
Situation of Spa center

, .


.
12%
,
1490 ..,

,
.


,
, a ()
.
.


.

.

O
,

,
.

.
C
.


. , ,
,


.

.
,
.

90

. 6.


/
Fig. 6.
Way to protect the building from the
north wind with burial and reduction of
the surface layer that is heated / cooled

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

. 7.


Fig. 7 .
Interrelation of object shape
and course of wind flow

.

.
,
.

, (Studija zatite, 2003).


,

,
.
,
.
,


,
.

,
,
. ,

.
,

,
.
,
.
(
. 1)

.

1.

,
,.







,
.

* , , .

91

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

:
1. (, , ) ,
,
;
2. ( ,
.);
3. ,
;
4. / .
,
, , .
,
,
.
,
.
, , , ,
, , .


(Maksin, 2011).
, ,
.

. 8.

(,2011)
Fig. 8 .
Graph of total consumption in tourism
objects (Pucar,2011

92

. ,
.
, ,
. .
,
.

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

. 9.

Fig. 9 .
View of Spa center

- .
, ,
, .
, , . : ,
, ( ,
, ),
.
: , (
, , ,
, .) .
, .

, , .

93

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

.10.

Fig.10 .
Ground level

.11.

Fig.11.
Half-buried level

94

, : ,
, , .
. :
, , , ,
, () , , ,
, ,
. ,
.

, .
,
. , ,
.
,
.
, .
,
, .

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

12.

Fig 12.
Section

. 13.
3
Fig .13.
3D views of Spa center

, , .
, ,
. ,
, .
,
,

.

95

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

. 14.


Fig. 14.
Application of double glass facade on the south
side of the building

. 15.

Fig. 15.
Ventilation of double facades

. 16.


Fig. 16.
Longitudinal and transverse
cross-section of Spa Center

96

.
, ,
,
,
.
,

(Mari, 2007).

,

. ,
,
,
.
,

,
.
20-30%
.
.

.
,


. ,

.


. ,

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

. 17.


Fig. 17.
Details of green roof applied at
the Spa Centre

,
20
33,
( ,
).
,
.
, . :
,
;
, ,

20 ; UV ;
, ; ,
; ;
; 50-70%
.


, .

.

.
,
.

.

,
.

1. 70%
,
50% .

.
,
: ,
,
.
1,4 1,8 W/2,

0,8 1,1 W/2.
, ,


.

97

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

()

32%

()

55%

.19

Fig.19
Schemes of glass surfaces on the south-east

.18

Fig.18
Schemes of glass surfaces on the north-east

2.


:
,
,
:

98

,
.
600 kW
450 kW.

,
,
.

a
.

( COP=5)
( ).

( 20 100 ).



. ,

, (
), ,
free-cooling.

e .

4940m 2

800 KW

.
,

-
. ,
.
,

. ,


, ej

e. ,
e
e .
-

30% .


.
, ()/

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

()
.
(-)
,
. ,

. ,
,

() .


.
8
/,
.

(,
). ,

75%.

:
;
;

, ,
;
.


(
). ,
,
.
,
,
,

.


( ). ,
,
,

.

. 20


Fig. 20
Schemes of windmills in the
summer and winter

. 21.

Fig. 21.
Schematic positions of soleils on
the north-west

. 22.


Fig. 22.
Schematic positions of
soleils on the south-east

99

 , /33/2011/ 87-101 /

.
,
/
.

,
- .

( )
.

, ,

.
,

.

.


( ,
).


.

.
,
,
.
400
2,
.
200 2
260. ,

.
100 2

.


.
120 /,
.

.
,
, , ,
2.

-

100

-

,

,

( )
,
:
1.

,
2.
3.

.


, ,
; . (
, , .),

,
, , ,

 , /33/2011/ 87-101/

.
,

.
,

(
).
-
(
.2),
,
,
.
,
,
,


.
25%
,
,
.

.

, , ,
.


.
,

,


.
,

.

,
,
.


, , , ,
,
.

.

. ,
, ,
, 25%.
,

,
,

.

European Commission (2007): Agenda for a sustainable and competitive

European tourism, COM(2007) 621
Mari I., A. Bogdanov, B. Mani, (2007): Dvostruke fasade u funkciji
odrive arhitekture analiza projekta poslovnog kompleksa u
Beogradu, Arhitektura i urbanizam, 20/21, str. 25-36.
Maksin M., M. Pucar, M. Kora, S. Miliji, (2011): Odrivi razvoj turizma u
Evropskoj uniji i Srbiji, Monografija, posebno izdanje br. 67, IAUS,
Beograd
Miliji S., I. Mari, O. Baki (2010): Approach to Identification and
Development of Mountain Tourism Regions and Destinations in Serbia
With Special Reference to the Stara Planina Mountain, SPATIUM, 22,
pp. 19-28.
Popovi T., M. ivkovi, V. urevi, (2009): Promena klime u Srbiji
injenice i oekivani uticaji, Ministarstvo ivotne sredine i prostornog
planiranja, Agencija za zatitu ivotne sredine, Institut za
meteorologiju, FF UB www.sepa.gov.rs
Pucar M. (2006): Bioklimatska arhitektura zastakljeni prostori i pasivni
solarni sistemi, Monografija, IAUS, Beograd
Pucar M., M. Nenkovi-Rizni, B. Josimovi, (2010): Mogunost primene
obnovljivih izvora energije i principa energetske efikasnosti u turistikim
naseljima Srbije, u Pucar M., B. Josimovi (ur.): Odrivi razvoj banjskih
i turistikih naselja u Srbiji, posebno izdanje br. 64, IAUS, Beograd, str.
203-236.
Pucar M., M. Pajevi, M. Jovanovi-Popovi, (1994): Bioklimatsko
planiranje i projektovanje urbanistiki parametri, Zavet, Beograd
Pucar, M. (2002): Pregled stanja i metodoloki postupci za racionalizaciju
energije u planinaskim podrujima Srbije, Monografija 12:
Arhitektonika, Arhitektonski fakultet, Beograd, str. 110-128.
Spasojevi M., V. ui, (2011): Savremene tendencije u razvoju
zdravstvenog turizma u svetu i Srbiji, TEME asopis za drutevene
nauke 2011/1, Ekonomski fakultet, Ni.

Plan detaljne regulacije za turistiki rizort Jabuko ravnite na Staroj

planini (dr I. Mari, dr S. Miliji), 2009.
Urbanistiki projekt za turistiki rizort Jabuko ravnite na Staroj planini
(dr I. Mari), 2010.
Idejni projekat Spa centra na Staroj planini (autor dr Igor Mari, dia;
koautor Branislava Kovaevi, dia), 2011.
Studija zatite (2003): Park prirode Stara planina, Zavod za zatitu prirode
Srbije, Beograd
Weaver, D. (2006): Sustainable Tourism Theory and Practice, Elsevier
Ltd.
WTO, UNEP (2008): Climate Change and Tourism Responding to Global
Challenges
http://www.greeningthewssd.com/
www.seea.sr.gov.yu

101

 , -

: , ,

,
: ()
, . 67, 2011.

XX



.
,

.


,

.
, , , , , ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
, , , - ,
, ,
.

,
.

.
e

-
.
:
;
;
;
. ,
. 375
, , . .
-

.
, -

.
103

104

.
.
,
,
.


.

,
,
, .
,


,

.

,

, ,

.
,

- .
,
,

, ,
, ,
,

. -

,

. .


,
.
,

. ,
,
. ,
,

.



.



,
,
,
.
, , ,




.

.

, ,

, -
. ,
,

.
,

-,
-, , ,
-, , -
, ,
, ,
,


par exellence.
.

 -
:
: ,

- ,

, , ,


, .
-
,
, , , ,
,

.
,
,
.
, : ,
.... ,
, . 175
.

.
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,


: ,
: , : , ,
, , .
- :
, ,

, .... ,
, :
.

105


. ,

: , ,
.
: ;
;
;
.
,
,
, ,
.
, .

106

 1914-1989
: M
: , 2011.

(1914-1989), , ,

.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,

,
. ,
, :

, .
,
- ,
,

,
. ,
( ),
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,

.

( , ,
).

- ,
,
.

,
.
,
,
.

107

 .
8
1,5 2,5 cm ( 14 500 Characters with sapces),
.
-
. 75/II, e-mail milap@iaus.ac.rs
.
, ,
, . .
,
( )
.


.
:
:
:

,
.
. : ,
()
( ). ,
, , -mail .
*, ** ***.
.
:

200 .
,
.
. .
:
, .
.
:
.
.
.
, ,
.

. , .

, , .
.

(.: , , , , ...), Insert
- Symbol (Word)
.
,
, ( ) .

108

:

. 1, e-mail
.
:
, ,
.
. :
(. 1) (. 1). ..
Fig. . ,
,
.

:

, ,
, , .
:
:
; ;
( ); , (
italic), (bold), ( - ). ( :
), ( - ).
:
: . (1995.),
,
2, . 23 - 32;
: . (1992.), , ,
, 242 - 243;
, : (, 1992).
:

, , .
, ,
.
,
.
:
,
.
:
: Microsoft Word (*.doc);
Microsoft Word (*.doc);
, .: Adobe Illustrator; InDesign;
, .: TIFF ( 300 pixels/inch,
CMYK) ;

;
;
(
);
;
;

.
:
,

" "
"Spatium".

CIP
, 71/72
: ,
/ .
. 1, . 1
(1. 1994) - . ( 73/II) :
, 1994 ( :
). 30cm

ISSN 0354 6055 ( ) =

ISSN 2217-8074 (Online)
COBISS.SR-ID 8014860