Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges

M F

M F

a G G

Remarks 1. This method is a gasket load calculation. 2. This paper counts the gasket load in terms of force per unit length of circumference, as this approach is usual in the circular plate theory. 3. For calculation of the reaction on free-to-rotate edge, the circular plate theory gives results that are quite insensitive vs. variations of plate rigidity.

The theory assumes that the flange is a circular plate.

bolts

HG0

a G

HG0

2 a external loads.

H G0 =

Fbolts

is the gasket load for the case no pressure, no

No pressure, no external loads

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HG (p)

F pressure

HG (p)

2 a is the gasket load for the case internal pressure, no external loads. Fpressure = a 2 p and
ap 2 Remark: A pressure load is decreasing the gasket reaction. H G ( p) = H G 0

H G ( p) = H G0

Fpressure

G=2a Internal pressure, no external loads

F F

bolts

HG (F)

HG(F)

G=2a No pressure, external tensile force

2 a is the gasket load for the case no pressure, external tensile force. Remarks: - A tensile force F > 0 is decreasing the gasket load. - A compressive force F < 0 is increasing the gasket load.

H G ( F) = H G0

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Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges

M F
bolts

A bending moment is changing the gasket load, but H G ( M ) is variable along the gasket circumference. The gasket load can be described by the following model, based on the theory of circular plates.
minH G(M)

maxHG (M)

G=2a No pressure, external bending moment

a G M p -p

V (Vmax)

-V (Vmin)

ds=ad

a cos

G=2a

pa cos is the evaluation of the edge reaction 4 following the circular plate theory (see Theory of Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko and S. V=
Woinowsky-Krieger, Second edition, 1959, paragraph 63 Circular Plates under Linearly Varying Loads)

and
a 3 p pa M=4 cos (a cos ) ad = 4 4 0

is the moment equation. It results: 4M p= 3 a pa 4 M a M Vmax = = = 4 a 3 4 a 2

H G ( M ) = H G0 + Vmax cos = H G 0 + min H G ( M ) = H G0 M cos a 2

M a 2 is the minimum gasket load for the case no pressure, external bending moment.

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Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges

THE FOLLOWING EQUIVALENCES CAN BE WRITTEN:

F M F
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The minimum gasket load is M F min H G (M , F ) = H G 0 2 2a a The maximum gasket load is M F max H G (M , F ) = H G 0 + 2 2a a

max HG(M,F)

min H G (M,F)

G=2a No pressure, external bending moment and external tensile force

IS EQUIVALENT WITH
Feq F
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The equivalence is considered in terms of tensile force that gives the reaction on gasket equal to the minimum gasket load given by the external loads:
HG (F eq )

HG (F eq )

min H G ( M , F ) = H G ( Feq ) or

G=2a No pressure, equivalent tensile force

IS EQUIVALENT WITH
Feq pressure F
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Feq F M H G0 2 + = H G0 2a 2a a That means: Feq M F = 2+ , i.e. 2 a a 2 a 2M 4M Feq = F + =F+ a G Remark: This equivalence is conservative made and is really true just for a point, not for the entire gasket circumference.

The equivalence is considered in terms of pressure that gives the same effect as Feq , i.e.
HG (p ) eq

HG (p ) eq

p eq a 2 = Feq

or p eq =
G=2a Equivalent pressure, no external loads

1 2M F 2M F+ = 2 + 3 2 a a a a

=
G a= 2

4 F 16M + G 2 G 3

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Understanding the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method for piping flanges GASKET LOAD LIMITS

Fpressure Feq pressure F

bolts

For the tensile loaded part of the flange, the minimum gasket load is: Fpressure + Feq pressure a 2 (p + peq ) H G (peq ,p) = H G 0 = HG0 2 a 2 a
HG (p ,p) eq

HG (p ,p) eq

G=2a Internal pressure, equivalent pressure

This load must be limited to the value corresponding to the rating pressure.

versus the limit given by the rating pressure

FRATING pressure F
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H G ( p RATING ) = H G0
HG (p ) RATING HG (p ) RATING

a 2 p RATING 2 a

G=2a

The gasket tightness condition means to accept for the gasket load only values that are greater than the value corresponding to the rating pressure. The condition H G ( p eq , p) H G ( p RATING ) means p + p eq p RATING .

For the compressed loaded part of the flange, the maximum gasket load is: M F max H G ( M , F ) = H G0 + 2 , where F > 0 is a tensile force, F < 0 is a compressive force. 2 a a 1 M F This load gives a compressive stress for the gasket: H G0 + 2 that may be limited to a b 2 a a maximum stress on the gasket. This condition is not covered by limiting p + p eq p RATING .

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