Phdplenier PDF

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Num :
THESE
pour obtenir le grade de

DOCTEUR DE LUNIVERSITE MONTPELLIER II
`
Discipline : Structure et Evolution de la Terre et des Planetes
`
Formation doctorale : Structure et evolution
de la lithosphere
Ecole doctorale : Sciences de la Terre et de lEau
Fluctuations du champ paleomagn

etique
terrestre
par les laves de lArchipel des Kerguelen
enregistrees
(partie australe de lOcean

Indien) et determination
de leur
direction de mise en place.
e present
et soutenue publiquement
a et
ee
par
Guillaume Plenier
le 20 decembre
2002
Devant le Jury compose de :
MM.
Marc DAIGNIERES, Professeur, Universite Montpellier II

Annick CHAUVIN, Professeur, Universite Rennes I
Pierre ROCHETTE, Professeur, Universite Aix Marseille III
Pierre CAMPS, Charge de Recherche, Universite Montpellier II
Bernard HENRY, Charge de Recherche, IPG Paris
Mireille PERRIN, Directeur de Recherche, Universite Montpellier II
President
Rapporteur
Rapporteur
Examinateur
Examinateur
`
Directeur de these

`
detude
Ces trois dernieres

annees
nauraient pas pu aboutir au present
manuscrit sans le concours de
lensemble des personnes que je voudrais evoquer

ici. Chacune a` sa facon aura contribue a` ce que je
` et me sente a` laise dans mon travail.

mepanouisse
pleinement au cours de ma these
Je tiens a` remercier en premier lieu toute lequipe

de paleomagn
etisme
qui maura supporteau cours de
cette aventure : Lili pour les innombrables essais de reglage

du KT ; Thierry pour sa patience et son merecran
veilleux VTM-tel
de Patagonie ; Brigitte pour sa gentillesse et son soutien ; Michel pour ses conseils
`
avises, souvent destabilisants, qui mauront toujours amene a` apprehender
mes problemes
sous un
les diagrammes de
angle plus interessant
; Mireille pour mavoir montre une autre facon dinterpreter
paleointensit
e et son courage mis a` rude epreuve
au cours du periple
Val Travers-Val Studer ; et enfin
Pierre, parfois dur mais toujours juste, qui maura remarquablement encadre et guide durant ces trois
Nos experiences
`
annees.
communes a` Kerguelen, en particulier celles de la plaine Ampere,
resteront
dans ma memoire.
pour avoir
bien longtemps gravees
Je tiens aussi a` faire un petit clin doeil a` Joel,
ere
` a` echantillon
notamment solidifieletag
qui menacait de seffondrer, et Patrick, que jaurais finalement
epargn
e.
Je pense aussi aux personnes qui ont passe quelques temps au sein de notre equipe
alors que je my
e donne de rencontrer par la suite : Avto pour tout linter
et
quil temoigne
trouvais ou quil ma et
a` mes
travaux et sa presence
bienveillante ; Bernard Henry pour mavoir accueilli au laboratoire de Saint Maur
et initie a` lanalyse de la fabrique magnetique,

Charly Aubourg pour le temps quil maura accordea` Nice
suite a` mon expose de lEGS et pour ses conseils et commentaires qui mauront grandement servi lors
`
de la redaction
de mon troisieme
article ; Maxime le Goff pour ses petits programmes et les mesures de
cycles dhysteresis, il semblerait aussi quil soccupe de mon dossier a` lANPE (veridique
!) ; Andre Kos
terov pour son attention ; Lisa Schnepp pour avoir parfume le four a` paleointensit
e; Claire pour ces
de retrouver autour dune biere
` (ou plutot
entouree
de biere
` !) ; Mounombreux mails et que jai hate
loud toujours a` fond ; Stephanie

disparue depuis dans le monde impitoyable de linformatique et enfin
Edouard avec qui jaurais eu limmense plaisir de partager le bureau des etudiants
en paleomagn
etisme.
`
Ceci mamene
tout naturellement a` evoquer
Rob Coe que jaurais eu la chance daccompagner du
es
maura et
e particulierement
`
rant son sejour
a` Montpellier. Cette experience
quotidienne a` ses cot
efique,
`
ben
au niveau de langlais tout dabord, meme
si jai apparemment encore beaucoup de progres
a` faire, mais aussi et surtout du point de vue scientifique. Comme convenu, je garde precieusement
sa
bouteille de Cognac pour une grande occasion a` laquelle jaurais plaisir de lassocier.
eric
Bouchette pour son aide precieuse
eral,
et en particulier avec
Je tiens a` citer egalement
: Fred
en gen
`
les programmes TCL-TK, awk et latex, rien detonnant
a` ce que nos manuscrits se ressemblent apres
ereusement
quil mai gen

propose dutiliser ses fichiers types ; Henry de la Boisse pour mavoir donne
loccasion deffectuer de nombreuses vacations dont celle de tuteur lors de la mise en place du modules
de methodologie
; Jean-Patrick Respaut qui lors dun stage de terrain en License ma convaincu de faire
des etudes
plus longues ; Jean-Marie Dautria pour sa traduction exceptionnelle de flood basalts ; Anne
Delplanque, terroriste attachante a` la bombe a` colle, pour ses coups de mains sous Adobe illustrator et
Remerciements
e mes lames minces en

durant mes combats avec la Calcomp ; Christophe Nevado pour mavoir prepar
au dernier
toute urgence et les secretaires
Nathalie, Martine, et Celine,
elles aussi souvent sollicitees
moment que ce soit pour les ordres de mission, les bons de commande ou autres envois de courrier im des doctorants.
portants. Merci a` Marie-France pour sa participation lors de lorganisation de la journee
Jaimerais remercier aussi Benot Ildefonse auquel jai fait appel pour le traitement de mes lames minces,
` mon D.E.A. se sont montres
tres
`
et a` travers lui les membres du laboratoire de Tectonophysique qui des
sympathiques a` mon egard

et ce bien avant le rapprochement prochain avec notre equipe.
Je tiens egalement
a` remercier comme il se doit lInstitut Polaire Francais pour avoir finance le pro
gramme paleomagne
310 qui maura permis de me rendre par deux fois dans les Terres Australes et
Antarctiques francaises pour y prelever

mes echantillons.
Sans leur soutien financier et logistique, ce
e possible.
travail naurait bien evidemment
pas et
Ces deux voyages fantastiques a` destination des les Kerguelen mont permis de faire connaissance
au cours des transferts sur le Marion Dufresne II ou sur les bases militaires avec des personnes non
moins extraordinaires : Alain Lamalle, chef des operations

mais surtout roi de la BLU ; Roland Pagny et
`
ses paralleles
(halte au feu !) ; Roland Gauthier, commandant du Marion, qui a` deux reprises nous aura
ramenes a bon port avec son equipage

; Denis le chef des cuisines fou du Marion dont la lettre et les
saucissons me font encore chaud au coeur ; Tonton qui maura offert un merveilleux bapteme
de lair en
` ; Jean-Marc et ses equipages
helicopt
ere
de la Curieuse, qui a bien failli devenir un bateau a` bulle ; Ber
nard et ses bois de cerf ; Guillaume, lautre malchanceux ; Jessy ; Fabianna le miss Ker99 en competition
avec miss moule sur le Marion ; Johann le geophy

de Crozet qui maura fait beaucoup rire ; Florence
pour les chats et
de Lyon ; Serge ; Hubert le bout de bois alsacien ; David le gener ; Sylvestre dit Leon
les lapins ; Patrick lartiste de la Mortadelle ; Anne la botachoux ; John le bibou ; Testos ; Francois plus
connu sous le surnom de popy ; les militaires de la base de Port aux Francais aux cuisines, a` la cop, a`
lhopital,
au BCR (tchao Jacky) ou plus souvent a` Totoche ; les petits oiseaux Florence et Francesco ;
!) ;
les petits poissons Patrice, Philippe et Xavier (merci a` lensemble du banc pour les chocolats de Noel
les petits cailloux Bertrand, Christophe, Thomas et Jean-Yves ; les petits choux Jacques, Albert-Jean et
` ; Christophe et Laurent qui tranaient cette fois dans la boue et enfin Kirsten qui aura eu le merite
Irene
`
de nous supporter Pierre et moi durant un mois complet a` la pleine Ampere.
Autre lieu, mais une ambiance toute aussi chaleureuse, je tiens a` remercier mes compagnons du grand
`
voyage initiatique quest la these.
Tout dabord ceux qui mauront souvent attendu au resto U : Marc,
ome
ome
Florence, Laure, Eric, Xavier, Jer

V., Dirk, Jer
B., Benot, Maggy, Olivier, Aurelien,
Philippe et
e assez sages pour manger plus tot
ou ailleurs, Sebastien,
Florence. Mais aussi ceux qui auront et

Benot, Ghislain, Loic, Philippe, Aude, Youri, Gwladys, Julie et Marianne.
toute particuliere
` pour ma famille et mes proches qui mauront toujours soutenu meme
Jai une pensee

` pour la plupart dentre eux. Merci
si je sais que dans le fond, mon travail sera reste un grand mystere
`
`
a` Marie-Eve pour son soutien quotidien et son ecoute,

ma mere,
mon pere,
Nicolas et Geraldine
(et
...), Anne-Sophie, Olivier, Fabienne, mes grands parents paternels, Anne, Alain et ses enfants, Benot,
Thomas, mais aussi David de Paris, David et ses petits suisses, Dominique, Lilian, Stephane,
Chris ome,
tophe, Jer
Arnaud, Marc, Katia, Celine
et JP, Ben, Pierre, Jean, Celine,
Bertrand, Antoine et tous
detudes.
les autres... pour mavoir entoure durant ces annees

`
Je remercie enfin Annick Chauvin, Marc Daignieres,
Bernard Henry et Pierre Rochette qui mont fait
lhonneur de juger ce travail.

)
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v L!F^FXD g T B ]OL N?B{t 'J [KSRMLUTWVT|LUp
V!] !K VMLUJ GT qn VMLU] ]PD {F !]^K GF`J KLUJ F GF2nqJxw ] g BO!Nut ]D XB Jo GL ]^] G GF ]^B ]] 54 l w R \1V 6 g R B L F N? EB Jop L g V!gJ !] gF
N N B BON
N g N Bg N
=6Z B 2
JoLU]^p GT B ] g VML!D 4nXJxw R !] 4LUK B GJuJ GF Bt IK GJ N K N GF B B ] B VMLU] ID8\ MLUT L B
8K N?B g %T B^B L B 8_] JoL K _ GK BON D N D GFhD j ,] B %K !D!K BON _ N?B gzg J GK B ] Nut L
N _ LzD EJoL'K !KSR B G] J Nut N D XD k\L%D EJoL G]^]

B ] U},<,k<,< T D V!]
j ! D ! ]87 _ N ]9 ; : B 4 U<,<,<<6 V !] g B L B D GFK ML N F^FOL!K GF>= =PZ LT D g J N FOL BON D zK B^B
D8\ M LUT B G ]^] G F B ] GF B VMLU] BON K !J N?2 ] GT B LU]^D KLU]zJoL F ,J BON ] GKSR G]^KSR g D N?B FOL BON F j L N ]
F N T ! J B L g T B J G F g t ML BON !FWD zL GJuJ@4 j ,]^K GF GJ GK B ] ,T|LUp g BONut GF 6
:D 8A4L_ N G]9 B , GF
4 g K ! J G T B DG F N D GF 6
D N F^F B4 j ,]^K GF.p,]OL_ N?B L BON GJuJ GF 6 L N !F N6t 4Jxw g t ML BON 'p g g ]OL
J N F g DG F B ]OL! F j G ] B FD2 KSRMLUJ ! ] =Z G FD8\ M LUT , F ! T g ] Nut G F
! K , ] 2 J N T N?B g G FVMLU]CJ P KLUJuK ! J
F B
J N D' K , ]^] G F^V ! D!] nhJoLhD8\ M LUT B G ]^] G F B ] = LU] G TWV!J
' _ N F^K , F N?B g V!J ! F N TWV , ] B L B
t { K G JuJ c LUK B G JuJ G T B G F BON T g c V ! ]PJ k \LQ J Nut N D G F B`N B ] D N?B 4 DML! F2J G FPT D 2 J G FPDML! F
J X d B D w LUF^F ! ] G ]4J ! ]IF B LUd N J N?B g ! T g ] Nut =Z E VMLU]OLUT 2B ] X D w @ T|L
]OLUV!V , ] B DE JoL[_ N F^K , F N?B g
K N g T|L BONut { VMLU]I]OLUV!V , ] B L j , ]^K G FID l , ] N , J N F 8
F ] B ] 8 _q L N ! F N z T N JuJ N LU]^DD j N F`V!J ! F
N TWV , ] B L BPt E K G J N G F BON T g V ! ]2JoL G ]^] 4 , ]^T \ B LUJ =
U<,<,<<6=MZ L[D8\ M LUT Nut N B G ] X D
k \L N TWV , FOL B DG Fq_ULU] N L BON ! F
D N ] G K BON B N B ! F N?B g C
L KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut B G ]9
] G F B ]
Jxw , d!F G ]e_UL BON % D' K G F ! K B M L BON ! FXnhJoL|F ! ] j LUK ' D p,J , d V G ]^T B D' K B ]DC,J G ]
B D
K j L N?B K B ] N dE n'L! p,T B G ] M
JoL _ULUJ N D N?B g DG F`T D 2 J G F2DX D8\ M LUT G ]^] G F B ] =
-. ; .
/q
# /!79C-8790:+4143 5!4.
Z GF !K B ML BON !F#D l V 8_ BFEB ] PKGJoLUF^F g GFCF^KSR g T|L BONut GT B F GJ B ] N FKL B g p,] N GF =
! "

Z LQV!] GT ?N 2 ] GF B LUV!V GJ g '_ULU] N L BON F g K !JoL N ] =@ JuJ WF |T|L N?j GF B WVMLU] W_ULU] N L BON
N?j ,]^T {D l zF !] j LUK
L_ GK D GF4KSRML !p GT B Fcn'JoL j N F zD N ] GK BON B N B !F N?B g
V !]PD GF2V g ] N D GFPD {Jxw ,]^D!] 4D >k< n >k<[<,<,< L !F =Ml B^B {_ULU] N L BON |V!] !D B ] 2 F2V!] ,dMLUd!J GT B
ML N F^FOL !K {DML !F`JoLqVMLU] BON cF !V g ] N !] XD k\L QJ Nut N D B G] 4 Z HGGJ
>k},y 6= N !F N VMLU]
>,>
12
Introduction
GTWV!J
J GF#V C,J GF#p g ,T|LUp g BONut GF
V C,J GF#KLUJuK !J g F#V !] [D N V C,J .K B ] g t N K ,]^] GF^V !D!]OL N?B
L| T N |L l , d!F G ]e_ g n T , T B D g
g _, J B K BON G JuJ G T B L B !]D 4Jxw L
Dz ] B L BON D% JoL B G ]^] % L_G K LUTWV!J N?B ! D D% T 8 _G T B V 8 _UL B L B^B N !D!] B ] B n
t M LU]OL B P K N t DG p,] g F =l B^B P _ULU] N L BON G F B g J N T N g . F N J KSRMLUTWV G F B T k \ g F ! ] PV g ] N D
D B G TWV!F2DX Jxw , ]^D!] { D >k<'<,<,< L! F =
:' G '$&z " z ! &

Z L[F GK !D EKL B g p,] N {D !K B ML BON !F`D l GF B K !F BON?B g XVMLU]2J GF`] _ G]^F GT B FcD
V ,JoLU] N?B g T|LUp g BONut =!l K N
,d!F G]e_ g F B B D w LUd ,]^DVMLU] L_ N D 4 >k},< 6 B 9] !R GF 4 >k},<
<6
4F G] B K ,TWT g T B LUD!T N F t w LUV!] 2 F g B !D cT g 4VMLU] N JuF B4 >k}
6 F !]PD GFJoL B g
] N?B GFD !d!J GT B K N?B GF
kT B ]OL Bt .J !]] g L N T|L B L BON cDML !F .D N ] GK BON t MLUF N ,V!V ,F g
L |K B LUK B D w D8\ 4V B V!J !F EB ] 8V!J Nut g IVMLU]D GFV!R g ,T 2 GFD w L B N _ G]^F N L
T ,T B D :Jxw !] Gp N F B ] GT B D EKSRMLUTWVqLUTqd N L B=kZ w ,] N p N CD B GJuF&] _ G]^F GT B FD :V ,JoLU] N?B g
T|LUp g BONut c] GF B ET|LUJ K =Z {T D 2 J {D Xp g D8\ MLUT 'D v JoL B T|L N G] 4 >k},} 6 ] g _ 2 J t
K GF N _ G]^F N !F`D QKSRMLUTWVV 8_ B F !]e_ N ]`D j L KSRML BONut =6Z w N F B !K ED XJxw LUJ B G] ML !K
D 'V g ] N D GFXF B LUd!J GFED WV ,JoLU] N?B g T|LUp g BONut B D WF !F ,V!V ,F g FGw 8V!J Nut WT|L B R g T|L BONut
T B VMLU]qJoLzFe\T g B ] N D GF g t ML BON !Fqp 8_ G] ML B JoLzD8\ MLUT Nut D k\L 4 G]^] N JuJ B LUJ =
>k} <} 6=#l GF[KSRML !p GT B FqD V ,JoLU] N?B g FGw ": GK B B V !DML B D GF[V g ] N D GF D B ]OL !F N?BON t N
D!] B2t GJ t GF2T N JuJ N G]^FD w L g GF`D !]OL B J GF t GJuJ GF ,d!F G]e_ {KSR B {D cJxw N B !F N?B g D
KSRMLUTWV =l !T !J G]:J GF N j ,]^T|L BON !FCF !].J GF:] _ G]^F GT B F GF B V!] N T ,]^D N LUJ8V !] 8V!J Nut G]:J !]
T g KL N F^T 'T|L N FXV G]^T B L !F^F N D |T N K ,TWV!] !D!] |J GF V g ] N D GFED |F B LUd N J N?B g D KSRMLUTWV
t N V!] g K 2 D B B F N _ B K GF g _ g GT B F =
:' &&
Z L B ] N F ?N 2 T KL B g p ,] N D !K B ML BON !FncK !F N D g ] G] GF B:N B G]^T g D N L N ] B ] 2J GFCD [V!] g
K g D B GF B K ,TWV!] !DJ GF 8K !]^F N !F{D l {= b V B J GF N B G]^V!] g B G]cK ,TWT g B L B F N?B
Jxw 8V!] GF^F N QD w EF !V G]2_ULU] N L BON hF g K !JoL N ] 4L_ GKED GF g KLU] B FID GFIV C,J GF2p g ,T|LUp g BONut GF`D
V!J !F#D t MLU]OL B 2K N t D Gp,] g FVMLU]#]OLUV!V ,] B n4Jxw L PD 2] B L BON D PJoL G]^] 6
,F N?B D GF] _ G]^F
T B FL_ ,] B g FPD IV ,JoLU] N?B g T|LUp g BONut @4] B !].]OLUV N D 4nEJoLXV ,JoLU] N?B g N N?BON LUJ 6
= GJ v !d!d N !F
4 >k},},<} 6
8J GF 8K !]^F N !FIF G]OL N B D GF4L j L N?B`t XJ {KSRMLUTWVQKSRML !p G]OL N?B D j N F2D XV ,JoLU] N?B g
DML !F4JoLWVMLU] BON B G] qJ Nut N D ED k\L
L_UL Bct w N J w L N?B %J B GTWV!F4D FGw N _ G]^F G]Xn|F
B !]4VMLU]cD N : !F N %DML !F{JoL|p,]OL N 4V g ] N D g K GF^FOL N ] [D [Jxw ,]^D!] D ah<,<,< L !F 6=Z qKSRMLUTWV
w L !]OL N?B LUJ ,]^FPVMLUF`J B GTWV!F`D XKSRML !p G]`FOL'V ,JoLU] N?B g T|LUp g BONut N N?BON LUJ =
-. ; . /q c /8#C-8790:+4 143 5!4.
I D D g KG] N ] L T N K GF !K B ML BON !F
N J GF B[N TWV ,] B L B D D N F^V ,F G]qD w !] Gp N F B ]
T B FPD KSRMLUTWVhT|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ] {] g VMLU] BON FPJ cV!J !F N?j ,]^T g T B V ,F^F N d!J {nqJoL F !] j LUK

Introduction
13
D p,J ,d 'nD N : g ] B GF g V t GF = b BON J N F [V !]{K GJoLD GFET GF !] GFED N ] GK B GFED KSRMLUTWV
j
j GK B g GF4D GV N F >ky,a DML!FIJ GF ,d!F G]e_UL B N ] GF`T|LUp g BONut GF4L N !F Nt D GF4T GF !] GF N !D N ] GK B GF
V!] k_ ML B D w g B !D GF2LU]^KSR g ,T|LUp g BONut GF4 i !F t w n >k< <,<,< L!F _ N ] 6 B VMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut GF =
l GF[D G] ?N 2 ] GFqV!] k_ N B D ] KSR GF'L\L B !] Gp N F B ] g J |KSRMLUTWV T|LUp g BONut LUTqd N L B L
T ,T B D %J !] j ,]^T|L BON B V G]^T B^B B D w ,d!F G]e_ G]J GF !K B ML BON !FD KSRMLUTWVF !]hD
p,]OL !D GF V g ] N D GFED B GTWV!F = w T|L ?N 2 ] Wp g g ]OLUJ
&J GF ] KSR GFqF g D N T B L N ] GFEV ,F^F 2 D B
qL N T|L B L BON ] g T|L B D g B ] N?BONut qLUK t N F VMLU]4Jxw ,] N B L BON T g KL Nut D GFcT N g ]OL
T|LUp g BONut GFcF GJ JoLD N ] GK BON %D KSRMLUTWVLUTqd N L B L T ,T B D [J !]cD g V C B=@ JuJ GF j !]9
N F^F B d !] Gp N F B ] GT BXB GTWV ,] GJD KSRMLUTWV VMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut
K ,TWV B B D WJoL
K BON N?B g D GFPD g V C B FPF g D N T B L N ] GF =!l GJ N K N V B K GV !DML B EB ] cd N L N F g D j L N?B D cJoLEp,]OL
_ N?B g 4 G]^] !]`F !]`Jxw N !KGJ N ML N F 6 QD XJoLqV!] g F !K D XK !]OL B F`V G] B !]^dML B !]^F4L T ,T B D
D g V C B 4 G]^] !]{F !]{JoL|D g KGJ N ML N F 6
T|L N F !K ,] [VMLU]cJxw LUK t N F N?BON zD w 'L N T|L B L BON Q] g T|L
B 4V ,F B D g B ] N?BONut @4V!J !F N TWV ,] B L B `V !].J GF.p,]OL N !F: !F 6 L |T ,T B D 4JoLXK ,TWVMLUK BON =
Z GFI] KSR GFI_ ,JuKL Nut GF
t ML B n GJuJ GF
6LUK t ?N 2 ] B L N T|L B L BON B R G]^T ] g T|L B XD
]OL B J !][T N F V!JoLUK =CZ GF'T N g ]OL T|LUp g BONut GF !] Gp N F B ] B JoLzD N ] GK BON D KSRMLUTWV
LUTqd N L B L_ GK N B !F N?B g t N J N GF B V!] ,V ,] BON GJuJ {D 2 FcJxw N !F B L B N JuF4L B^B N p B J !]
B GTWV g ]OL B !] D N?B qD qd!J KLUp F [] j ] N D N F^FOL B=Z w !] Gp N F B ] GT B D KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut
GF B DML !F[K KLUF t MLUF NPN !F B L B L g nzJxw g KSR GJuJ |D GF B GTWV!Fqp g ,J ,p Nut GF
T|L N F d L !K !V V!J !F
6LUd!J B V G]^T B F !] B B
DML !F:D GF:K !D N?BON !F j L_ ,]OLUd!J GF
D `] B ] 8_ G]:Jxw N B !F N?B g D WKSRMLUTWV
L !K N = bc]`DML !F`J Xd B D XD g N ]`J c_ GK B !]4KSRMLUTWV B B LUJ
N J GF B g K GF^FOL N ] t EJ GF !] Gp N F9
B ] GT B FV N F^F B ] !F N p G]2nEJoL j N F.F !]JoLXD N ] GK BON B Jxw N B !F N?B g D KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut
F i B^B GF B B GFXD L !K B ML BON !F =& LU]{K !F g t B J GF{] KSR GFX_ ,JuKL Nut GF j !] N F^F B
D GF !] Gp N F B ] GT B F4D qT N JuJ !] t MLUJ N?B g D %KSRMLUTWV B F B V!J !F4LUV!V!] ,V!] N g GF4V !]IJxw g B !D
D GF !K B ML BON !F`D KSRMLUTWVQT|LUp g BONut =
c/-87-8790:+ 14 140:+4+4 1479 0:+47 c9 - 0 56-87 h79+47-879:
-. ; .
Z L|H N p !] > V!] g F B qJoL'D N F B ] N d BON Qp g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut ED GF4F N?B GF zD GF4D g GFcD N ] GK BON
GJuJ GF#D P] KSR GFC_ ,JuKL Nut GFCD w Up ,J N p K 2 4 Ua a,a zL 6 B g B g ,d B G1F 7 v J ,dMLUJ LUJ ,T|L
p BON K L B LUdMLUF c:_ G]^F N = a QK @ JuR N \L !D Z KSB 4 >k},
} <6 = = b \ ,d!F G]e_ D g F g t N J N d!]
N TWV ,] B L B D ,Tqd!] PD 2D g GF:D N F^V N d!J GF B ] 2Jxw R g T N F^V!R 2 ] A ,]^D B Jxw R g T N F^V!R 2 ] !D
B K %VMLU] BON K !J N G]2V !]IJ GF4JoL BON?B !D GF`] GJoL BON _ GT B g J _ g GF =Z L|H N p !] V!] g F B t ML B n
GJuJ JoLcD N F B ] N d BON B GTWV ,] GJuJ D GF:T ,T B FCD N V C,JoL N ] GF&_ N ] B GJu1F 4 P F 6
,_ULUJ !]CD 'T ,T B
D w D N V C,J t N:j !] N ]OL N?B Jxw N B !F N?B g D KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut ,d!F G]e_ g J N B n
g V t ID g
KLUJuK !J g FnEVMLU] BON ]:D ID g B G]^T N ML BON !F:D IVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D N F^V N d!J GFV !].D GF
Up GFXK ,TWV!] N F B ] Ua Bqa,a zL = b ] GT|LU] t |LUJ ,]^F t |J GFXD g GF \F B !K ,] WV!J !F
]OLU] GF
D j L N?B D 'JoLD N K !J B g n ,d B N ]{D GF GF BON T|L BON !FcD 'VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g
B 'K 8_] B
VMLUF N?j ,]^T g T B JoLXV g ] N D `D B GTWV!F ,d!F G]e_ g =Ml ,TWT `V !].J GF:D g GFPD N ] GK BON GJuJ GF
JoL[D N F B ] N d BON hp g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut GF B B ] E T GT B4N g pLUJ XL_ GK V!J !F`D y,< D GF4D g GF4V!]

14
Introduction
Nbre de coules
100
60
20
90
60
30
0
-90
-60
-30
-60
-120
60
120
180
KZL KSNu t >4 G>k Fq},}

4D <6Nw UF = Bp= ] N d, J BON pN |K 2 p g 5,p,7 v]OLUJ V!,RdMNuLUt J {LUDJ G F2,T|DLUpg GBONF`K D N ] L GBK LUBONdMLUF | G{JuJ G_F G]^V!F ] N k_ ML= a B QDK G@F2Ju] R N KSR G\ F2_L,!JD
-180
_ ML B D EJxw R g T N F^V!R 2 ] A ,]^D =

LU]#K !F g t B
,D GF !] Gp N F B ] GT B FCn4JoL j N FD D N ] GK BON B D VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D l
N F^F !FID ] KSR GFI_,JuKL Nut GFIJ KLUJ N F g GF`DML!FIJxw R g T N F^V!R 2 ] !D%nWD GF4JoL BON?B !D GF`] GJoL BON _ GT B
g J _ g GFIV !]`JoL[V g ] N D bcJ N p K 2 g B !D 4 U< < zL 6 T|L t ML N B !K ,] LQT ,T B
K B^B B R 2 F ED g d B L N?B=
Z w ,di GK BON?jMN N?BON LUJD T qD K B ,]OL B

t N F G]OLcD g _ GJ ,V!V g DML !FCJoLIV!] GT N?2 ] .VMLU] BON D PK T|L !F9
KG] N?B
K !F N F B L N?B D!K`n ": GK B G] g B !D 2VMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut K ,TWV!J 2B 4D N ] GK BON B VMLUJ g N
B !F N?B g 6 D qF g t !K GFX_ ,JuKL Nut GFcD w Up ,J N p K 2 EV!] k_ ML B D qJxw LU]^KSR N V GJ&D GFXr G]^p GJ
F N?B g n
} U< w&D |JoL BON?B !D !D B
< U< w&D |J !p N?B !D @ F B=l GJoLQTQw LQLUT g nzVMLU] BON K N V G]
nD KLUTWVMLUp GF'D V!] g J 2 _ GT B
ML !K g GFWDML !F'J hKLUD!] D V!] ,p,]OLUTWT VMLUJ g ,T|LUp
a8>k< VMLU]'Jxw !F BON?B BW ,JoL N ] hHM]OL L N F 4 9 H 6 D !]OL B J GF'R N _ G]^F >k},},} U<,<, U<,< 4K j9=
H N p !] <a 6=:Z GFWD g GF N F^F GFWD QK GF B ]OL_UL D _UL N B VMLU]'JoLF N?B K ,TWV!J g B G]'J GF'dMLUF GF
D hD g GF N B G] ML BON MLUJ GF N F B L B GF B K B ] N d G]'L N !F NN !D N ] GK B GT B n hT N JuJ !]
K ,TWV!] GR !F N D WJoLhD8\ MLUT Nut N B G] WD k\L B G]^] GF B ] =Cl B^B g B !D
DML !FEJoLhJ N p g
D GFcL MLUJ?\F GF B ] GV!] N F GFcF !]4D w L B ] GF4F GK BON !F4V!] g J _ g GFXL !VMLU]OL_UL B 4 l LUTWV!F B LUJ =
U<,<,<a 6
_ N FOL N?B DML !F2J 4T E T B GTWV!F2nqV!] ,F^V GK B G]2D w g _ B GJuF !] Gp N F B ] GT B F2D g B L N JuJ g F.D w N _ G]^F N !F
D l {=
Introduction
15
MDV (10Am)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
24
26
28
32
30
BODN w GMF BOLU N JT| hL DBO4 %N N F!VMB F{LU] J N Dg d W N BO VMN B LU J !g FB N? GN B TWg B V D!, %F ] N? GBJxJuwg J ,D vJ N GpFT K 2 ,T GF>k
}, },DB FC}8N F^=.D V NZ V L C,N Jod!JL N J Np G] FX G F&DM_ LN !] BFEV Jo G LJuN F dMBO4 LUN JuF J WgPF D | GF F^6 VMDKLULUKJug K F !g J G4g F ] F GN ncF^ F B VM G G]^LU] ] ]Mg BOLF N 6]
F !J N p cJoL _ULUJ !]2D P T k\ QD g B G]^T N g V !]2JoL[V g ] N D < <8= a zL54 <8= a a,<,< zL 6=
Age (Ma)

-. . ;
!$# "!$#

!*"! *" $ "#
79-80/!79P34
Jxw LU]^KSR GVV GJN F2D FO GLqFr D g GK ]^p8_ G GJ ] B X
UD J w > 2H F !g _V ] GN ]e GM] K > 2,D VMLU]PJ cKST R _U
,LUL J N G] :F _i G F`Dnc {Dr G]^,pTq Gd!J ] ! F G] F GT|LU!] D G GKF
gB
N
N > g B g B
p g ,J ,p Nut GF = LU]^T N F:J GF 8V!J ,]OL BON !F:J GF.V!J !F N TWV ,] B L B GF
|] BON !D!]OL B LUTWT B J GF
V g D N?BON !FD
B D
T g GF.VMLU]:J `KLUV N?B L N l ,4 > , <6
,D IJxw
B D
QT g GFqVMLU] N ] f ,F^F 4 >ky << 6
&D
T g VMLU] J |KLUV N?B L N A4LU] GF
4 >ky 6
B 8 J GF 8V g D N?BON !FXLUJuJ GT|L !D GF{D
84 >ky <6 B D
B4 >k},< 6=
l w GF BWt w nVMLU] BON ]qD >k},<,y%t JoLHM]OL !K ": GK B MLF GF'V!] GT N G]^Fq] GV g ]OLUp GF'F N?B n
N N?BON L BON _ V!] N _ g `D GF j ] 2 ] GF f LUJuJ N G]#D 9PL B \ t N F N JuJ 2 ] B J GF
K C B GF B ": GK B 2 ] B J GFV!]
T N G]^FC] GJ _ g F:R\D!] ,p,]OLUV!R Nut GF = !F t w L |T N J N D GF.L g GF_ N !p B
,JoLcp g ,J ,p N D Ir G]^p GJ
D GT !]OL N?BEB ] 2 F[F ,TWT|L N ] B KUw GF B !d G] B D JoL f 4 >k},a 6{t N V !d!J N L B JoLzV!] GT ?N 2 ]
KLU] B p g ,J ,p Nut .K B ] N d MLcn PT N JuJ !] :D GF^KG] N V BON qD PJxw !F GTqd!J D PJxw LU]^KSR N V GJ = VMLU] BON ]
D >k} >
JoL HM]OL !K 4D N F^V ,F 4D w {F B L BON |V G]^T|L B cn ,] B L HM]OL L N FV G]^T B^B L B L
] GKSR G]^KSR GFp g ,J ,p Nut GF
B ] PL B ] GF
D w EB ] V!J !F#V !F^F g GF B D V!] ,p,] GF^F G]#V!J !F#]OLUV N D GT B=
@ >k} <
LUK t GF A !p N G] GF B LUJ ,]^F |T GF !] 4D IV!] ,V ,F G] IKLU] B 4D I] GK ML N F^FOL !K cL
> U<,<{<,<,< D `JoL{p g ,J ,p N PD GF oJ GF:r G]^p GJ 84K j9= H N p !] 6= J !F:] g K GTWT B
D ML B F N?B
nIJxw g B !D PD w B GF B K B ] g 2F !]#J GF#V!] GF t w oJ GF L PD w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R 4 Z \] N?B B LUJ =
>k},},<< 6
V!] ,p,]OLUTWT 4F^K N BON t XV!J !] N 9L GJT g F !F`JoL ] GF^V !FOLUd N J N?B g D w !D!] g v{N ] B
4 N _ G]^F N?B g D L N B @CBON 6 L_UL N?B V !] ,di GK BON?j D 4D!] GF^F G] 4KLU] B 4p g ,J ,p Nut `D g B L N JuJ g
L > >k<,<[<,<,< D {Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ =8Z w g JoLUd ,]OL BON D {K B^B 8_ GJuJ {KLU] B {p g ,J ,p Nut 4V !d!J N KL BON

!#"%$&'
()$*+,.-/10
98:-/1//
!23/-5467
<;>=@?.A*-'#BC-/
DE?GF?HI-A*-
K
JF?.7
IL
N
M
%O
IL
16
Introduction
-48 30'
A)
B)
60
90
1
0
Kerguelen
Archipelago
7
-30
2
-49 00'
0 30 120
9
11
10
3
4
12
-49 30'
a
6 f`g KLUV N?B !JoL BON?j D GFF GK BON !F.V!] g J _ g GFF !].Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJMD GFPr G]^p GJ WDML!F.J `KLUD!]
DT|LUF V!] ,>p,]OLUKTWT!J 'g GVMF5LU4J g ,y8T|= LU p
,}8a8= >k< < O @M6 L
!K 6 g VMLU]E B Jxw 9 !!F BO] N? B L Bq ,>kJoy L N K ] W!HMJ g ]O GLF5 4 L N y8F= } > 6X
,}8,=] a B' Ol @R!6 ]
N F ak
,}y 8K = } ! OJ @g G6 F
4 y8= y
,y8= }8> O@ 6
6 B D GF GTWV EB G
F
K
!J g GF 4 y8= y,
y
,}8=?>,> O@ 6
<y 6 B D
U<
Jo4 L }8f = a,LU<
d
,}N 8JuJ =2 ] <
O@6 >k
} >k<<K 6 !J g G F B 4T4 }8= G<,]e} \
y ,}{8=y K @ !J6 g
GF<} 6 4 }8= U}
B D
<8= Jo<
L
O @6 !
]^>,T > 6 Z B G
F B ] a, aN F K g!J g G GF9F
BZ ] G GFJuF F GK BON !K F !> J g n GF 44K}8LU]^= ] g
a F
,}N8]^=?F > 6 O@ B 6 g B Bqg2>g KSRM6`L Z GBOF N JuJ BOg N GF GJuD J G!F ]OL >kB a JxwK g B !g J Lg ! GF F B 4]OLU}8J = >k},}
,}>k8},},=?>ky8
y = OZ @ G6F =
FD Gw K BON !g F B !D n 'D>k<N ] GK BOB N g B g GJuV!J ] g FJ _ !g J G GTFED !B ]OL4 ] B!JoLD!F KLUTW N VM]^F LU6 p [D K ,w g TqB g d N >k },g }, '} n U<,<,< g B B !D 'B{D j L 'N?B VMLUJxw J ,g d iN B
BD !!]OF LN?B gB Jo4LW] D! GD!] FP d!N?2 Jo] L !KGKFLU6TW=!@VMLU8p h J GDFP F V! G]K g BOJN 2_! GF T >, > B B{U<> ,<8> 4 B U<] N,L < !=p,J G9 F 6 J NK]^LUF J6 N FOL BOB N g hB gcDg qKSJxRMw LUL ]^ KSBOR N JuN J V GJ& Dg G GFF
r G]^p GJ DML !F`Jxw bcK g L !D N =
68 30'

69 00'
69 30'
70 00'
70 30'
Introduction
17
U
L
]
qp g ,J ,p Nut ED q] GK ML N F^FOL!K qD GF oJ GF4r G]^p GJ L > U<,<|<,<,< 4 A !p N G]
%
l
B
>k} < d 6=

IL
18
Introduction
O
]
U
L
!
V
R
j !K BON D
N JuJ !F B ]OL B J GF D N : g ] B F B \V GF[D
v
u
N
t
dM4 l LUFO] LU JGB N G] 6 8
2V!D] N T g F'V B !9 ][!J ] G F[LF GK 4 BO N J !HF[DKS R 6
2,D] B L B DD w 4]JoL ^K f 4 LU d B NRJu J 2 LU] F B 6
B DD B B 4TD G]eJo\L
!]^T B
MD w LUV!] 2 FIHM] \ B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6=
V!] g _ U<,<,<a 6 FGw GF B LUKGK ,TWVMLUp g D w g B !D GFQV g B ] ,p,]OLUV!R Nut GF B p g KSR N T Nut GF 4 v L BON G]
B LUJ =
>k},},< 8v{N ] B
>k},},< KSR!J N KSRhL !D v{N ] B
>k},} N F2L !D v{N ] B
>k},} N F B LUJ =
>k},},y
HM] \ B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6 L N !F Nt cD ,Tqd!] !F GF2DML B L BON !FPLUd!F ,J GF 4 L !p B LUJ =
>k},},y A N K ,JoL\
F B LUJ =
U<,<,< !K B B LUJ =
U<,< 6t N B V G]^T N F2D w ,] N B G] ,FID N : g ] B GFIKLUTWVMLUp GF
D w g KSRML BON JuJ MLUp VMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut = Z w !F GTqd!J 'D GF B ]OL_UL V !d!J N g F{nhK 4i !]{V G]^T B D
] B ]OLUK G]`D j L D g B L N JuJ g cJxw R N F B N ] 4p g ,J ,p Nut cD GF oJ GF2r G]^p GJ =
-. . 0:90::7914 /!5!47
Z w LU]^KSR N V GJ8D GFr G]^p GJ [] GV ,F 2F !]CJoLIVMLU] BON A ,]^D[D [V!JoL B L K g L Nut PD `r G]^p GJ
v L !F^F^d G]^p = J GF B K !F BON?B g n V!J !FPD },< D c] KSR GF_ ,JuKL Nut GFPK ,]^] GF^V !DML B nqJoLEK BON
ML BON EL g ] N ,J N p K 2 14 a,< zL 6 D .Jxw LUK BON _ N?B g D EV N B KSRML !D D .r G]^p GJ
n`JoL t GJuJ
FGw Lki B qV !K B GJuJ GT B D GF{LUV!V ,] B FcD qJoLW] N D K g L Nut !Deb GF B{N !D N = l q_ ,JuKL
N F^T MF^F !]OLUJID B \V B R ,J g N?BONut L g _ ,J g V!] ,p,] GF^F N _ GT B _ G]^F QF GK !D zV!RMLUF zD
_,JuKL N F^T
nQKLU]OLUK B 2 ] hLUJuKLUJ N K B^B j N F
t N V!] !D V!JoLUK nzVMLU] BON ]ED zL B i !F t w n
Jxw LUK B GJ 4HM] \ B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6 B H N p !] 6=l B^B EF GK !D V!RMLUF j L N?B F N?B En EV g ] N D XD
] g T N F^F N |_ ,JuKL Nut XL\L B B ]OL g {D XJxw g ] ,F N B JoL j ,]^T|L BON D N _ L K !p,J ,T g ]OL
BONut GF =Z GFID N : g ] B F g VML !KSR GT B F4_ ,JuKL Nut G@F 4 DQdMLUFOLUJ B F 6 B B ]OL g JoL j ,]^T|L BON
D V!JoL B L dMLUFOLUJ BONut GF ] GV!] g F B L B L i !]^D w R N D GF[] GJ N j F D ,<,< n },<,< T D w LUJ BON?B !D

N
N
N
Introduction
19
F N?B qn g ] ,F N %p,JoLUK N?2 ] E] GJoL BON _ GT B4N TWV ,] B L B = GF N B ] !F N !FI_,JuKL|V!J B Nut GF
LUJuKLUJ N GF4pLUd!d!] ,F
!p,]OL N?B GF B Fe\ N?B GF 6
6D B J cD N LUT 2B ] 4_ULU] N {D > n > T
B V G] j ,] g
V!J !F B LU]^D N _ GT B K GF{] GJ N j F
6V!] k_ t ML B D ,Tqd!] !F GF j ]OLUK B !] GF{D B J 2i %_ G] BON KLUJ GF B
] GF B g K GV !DML B J N T N?B g =
::+4-80:-/!C-879/!c479- S4/!79P34::+4-879P34
I D w LUV!V ,] B G] K B ] N d BON nzJoLQK ,TWV!] g R !F N p,J ,dMLUJ 'D JoLQp g ,J ,p N 'D hr G]9
p GJ
!F[L_ N !F[V!] g _ D 2 F[J D g d B D hK B^B B R 2 F D w BON J N F G]EJ GFq] g F !J B L B FqD hJxw g B !D
D N ] GK BON GJuJ `V !] g B LUd!J N ] cT|LUp g B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N 2D g B L N JuJ g ID |_ ,JuKL N F^T ,J N p K 2 ID
r G]^p GJ = !F.JoL B ] 8_ G] 8V ,F g 4DML !FJ `V!] GT N G]:KSRMLUV N?B ] ID IK 4T|L !F^KG] N?B=Z w ,di GK BON?j
g B L N?B D T N GF BON T G]4J GF N B G]e_ULUJuJ GF`D B GTWV!F4D T N F V!JoLUK D KSRMLUK [D GFcF GK BON !F
g B !D N g GF
nhJxw L N D D GFXDML B L BON !F{LUd!F ,J GF{D N F^V N d!J GF B D 'K ,]^] g JoL BON !F4p g KSR N T Nut GF =l
B ]OL_UL N J !F2LqV G]^T N FD {] g _ N F G]PK !F g K BON _ GT B J GF GF BON T|L BON !F.D GF B L hD w g ] !V BON hV!]
V ,F g GFIL !VMLU]OL_UL B 4 A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6=
9 N t w GJuJ GF w L N B VMLUF g B g V!] g _ GF N N?BON LUJ GT B
kJ GF g B !D GF.D 2JoL j LUd!] Nut 2T|LUp g BONut
D GFcF g t !K GFX_ ,JuKL Nut GFcF qF B L_ g ] g GFXVMLU] BON K !J ?N 2 ] GT B4N B g ] GF^FOL B GFXV !]4K B ] N d G]
D j L V!J !F N TWV ,] B L B !K ,] EL g B !D GFIp g ,J ,p Nut GFPT g GF4n'r G]^p GJ =6Z L[F GK !D
VMLU] BON D K B^B B R 2 F V!] g F B zJxw LUV!V ,] B D K B \V D w L MLUJ?\F GF t QK F N?B DML !F'J hKLUD!]
D w g B !D zJ KLUJ hDML !FWJ GF _ N ] !F|D ,] B L zD w 4]^K 4KSRMLUV N?B ] <a 6 D w V N B
D '_ WV!J !FEp,J ,dMLUJL D WT N J KLUJ N F G]{J GFXK B ] GF g ] !V BON?j FXD GF V!] k_ N !K GFE_ ,JuKL Nut GF
D 'r G]^p GJ 4 l RMLUV N?B ] 6= g B !D 'D 'Jxw L N F B ] ,V N ED 'F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g D 'JoLF GK BON D
B D {JoL !]^T B GF B g pLUJ GT B2N !KGJ !F cDML !F2J cV!] GT N G]KSRMLUV N?B ] {D cK B^B B R 2 F =M@ JuJ
_ N FOL N?B n{_ g ] N G].F N D GF.K ,]^] GK BON !F:D `V !DMLUp GF.D _UL N B EB ] ": GK B g GFPV !]K B^B IF g t !K
_,JuKL Nut
V!] g F B L B V !DMLUp [D > F GJ L GN T B D qV!J !Fcp,]OL !D qV B [D y,y
V !]2Jxw L MLUJ?\F {D XF GF`D N ] GK BON !F2T|LUp g BONut GF =

-. .

!d G] B D 4JoL f
@2=
>k},a =@CB !D cp g ,J ,p Nut B p g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut ID 4Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ6D cr G]^p GJ =
f _ =v g ,p,] =6v g ,J = \ =
Ua8> V!V =
9] ! RG F
9 =
>k},<
8= f GKSR G]^KSR GFqF !]EJoLhD N ] GK BON D w L N T|L B L BON D GFE] KSR GFE_,JuKL Nut GF = 8=
R\F =
< =
9 ; : B
9 =
U<,<,<8=M@ LU] B R w F`K , ] E L! D B R v D8\ M LUT = K N !K Uy,y
U<,< U<8> =
l LUTWV!F
=
s ! ]e\;
9 =
J N G ]
v[=
U<,<,a8= B L BON F BON KLUJ!V!] , V G ] BON G F j VMLUJ , T|LUp BON K2D N ] GK BON !F
N Q r G ]^pG J JoL_UL k `F =v KSRG T =6v , V!R\F =v , Fe\F B G TWF N V!] G VMLU]OL BON =
L _ N D
G F =
>k},<f = 2K !LU]D JoLEF KB LUd N J LUN?B ] g F Dc JoLX
D N ] G K BON | D w L N T|L B L BON ' DML! F t G J t G FP] KSRG F_, JuKL
Nut =l4= = = Nx=M N >ka,y > =
, F ]^G T ]e_U\L
@2=M
LU J LUK J !B
F 8]O=L
l F ! ] BON JuJ KSB R
G qT =
U<, <,, <8V!=R\A F ! T G ] , N KFe\LUFJ#T G TW DF G JuF 4 j.B R[ p D8\ M LUT L! D , d
BON
B N B =v
=6v =v B > U<,<,<vElP<,<,<,<
6=
! G KD B T|
L =
J K ,N F TW
V =
K L B G F r
G 8]^=p
A G J N K , JoL4]\^F KS R
V G r JoLU=
pHM] dM \LUC
FOLUH J = F
v{N ] B
] , p=
U<G F,< F =# RRh , J D G V!J K
B B
B|N
N
B B N jcB NuN?BON
B ]OL! F N?BON M LUJdMLUFOLUJ B F j ] , T B R Z , ]OL! KSR B4 N ! F ! JoL = 8=6 B ] , J = a 4 6
>ka > >ka
8=
HM] \
H =
N F
=
L! p
sE= 8=
A N K , JoL\F
r =
Z \] N?B
sE=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8=. G TWV , ]OLUJ
p KSRG T N KLUJ B ] ! D!F N % r G ]^pG J 4]^KSR N V G JoLUpW dMLUFOLUJ B F _ N D ! K j , ]IDG KG] LUF N ! pT|LUp,T|L
F ! V!V!J?\ j ] , T B RE r G ]^pG J Q V!J ! T =6l RG T =6v , J = >
8> 8y,<8=
HM] \M
H =
A N K , JoL\F 6
r = M
r ! d N?B
9 = r =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
U<,< = H#J DdMLUFOLUJ B2j ] , T B
! ]^T B N B R. K B ]OLUJr G ]^pG J 4]^KSR N V G JoLUp B R. KSRML! p j ] , T B ]OL! F N?BON M LUJ B c LUJuKLUJ N K
dMLUFOLUJ B L B z L = 8=6 B ] , J = a

>ka
>ka,y =
v L BON G ]
S=
N F
=
G F^F N G ]
8=
cN DMLUJ
=
v{N ] B
=
Z ! d B
=
>k},},<8=, B ] , J , pU\qL! D
p KSRG T N F B ]e\ jB RX r G ]^pG J 4]^KSR N V G JoLUpq dMLUFOLUJ B F4F B R ! D N L bcK L 6 _, J BON j
B R. T|L B J : F ! ]^K G F j ] , T] N D!p B N B ]OLUV!JoL B : V , F N?BON =k@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=Z B^B F >k<,<
U} 8=
v{N ] B
=
>k},},<8= \V , J , pU\
_, J BON
L! D , ] N p N jB R[ r G ]^pG J % V!J B N KEF G ] N G F
! D N L
K L ML'] _ N =v , J = 8=
Ua,} =
v JoL B T|L N G ]
v[=
f , d B F
= sE=
>k},} = B R!] D N T ! F N M LUJMF G J j K ! F N F B B K , TWV B G ].F N T ! JoL
BON j L[p , T|LUp BON K4 G JuD] _G ]^FOLUJ = A4L B ! ] a ,
U<,a U<,}8=
v ! d!d N ! F
=
>k},},}8= R[ D N F BON ! K BON d B p , T|LUp BON K 8K ! ]^F N ! FEL! D] _G ]^FOLUJuF =v
V!R\F = 8=M B=>ka 4 > 6 M
H > H a8=
K

U<
Introduction
21
Z HGGJ
8=
>k},y = b B G]cK ,] qp ,F B ] ,V!R N K kL!DF GK !JoLU]4_ULU] N L BON j.@ LU] B R w F{p ,T|L
p BON Kc GJuD = A4L B !] a8>,>
a a =
Z \] N?B
sE=
<9PLU]^D N B ":
8=
G]^D N G]
b =
v{N ] B
=
<9] !F^F
f =
>k},},<8=UZ GFV!] GF t w oJ GF L
D w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R B GF B V !] 'KLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N qp g ,J ,p Nut qL > >k<,<h<,<,< D GF oJ GF
r G]^p GJ =l ,TWV B= f !D = 2KLUD = K Nx=M LU] N F a8>,> 4 ^>6
8>
8=
QK @ JuR N \
=
Z KS
8=
>k},
} 8= v VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KqDML B LUdMLUF GFX N?B RLUKGK GF^F = !]e_ =#v
V!R\F =&> 4 6
U}8>,=
G]^] N JuJ
f =
QK @ JuR N \
=
B _ !F
=
>k} }8=@ _ N D !K j ,]IJ !p B G]^TLUFe\TWT B ] N GF N
B R @ LU] B R w F4T|LUp BON K{ GJuDzL !DzV ,F^F N d!J N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]ID8\ MLUT B R ,] N GF = R\F = @ LU] B R
JoL B=! B G] = U<
8y =
A N K ,JoL\F
r =
UHM] \
H =
s D!p GF
Ur =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8= 4] 4]#p KSR!] ,J ,pU\ j
DWdMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R 4r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp
,F B R G] !D N L bcK L N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]
l N K G] !V BON []OL B GF j6B R `r G]^p GJ 'V!J !T =U@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=,Z B^B F =M>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
A !p N G]
8=
>k} <8= G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF B B LU]^K BONut WHM]OL L N F GF 4 {= = = H = 6
r G]^p GJ F9
JoL !D!F2] GK ML N F^FOL !K ET|LUV
> U<,<'<,<,<8=! !F BON?B=6v ,p,]OLUV!R = A4L B w J =
LU] N F =
KSR!J gN KS,R J
fHM] =

v{N ] V B
=
K >k}, } ] =d v g ,J ,!p F N
p g KSR N T N B p g ,V!R\F Nut `D GF.r G]^p GJ = GT = K =
v = = >k<,y >,> B N BON =
N F
=
LUT|LUF^K
=
.HM] \
:H =
FA N K ,JoL\F
:r =
v{N ] B
=
>k},},y8= GTWV ,]OLUJ N F B ,V N K
_ULU] N L BON !F N B R 'r G]^p GJ V!J !T _ N D !K j ] ,T B R 'r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp = N G] =
zLUp =
> a > =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ V!J B N K K ,TWV!J GF ]
!D
V!d N F B ,V N KEF B !D8\L !D
N j G] !K GFELUd BcB R N ]cF !]^K GF
&LUp [L !Dp D8\ MLUT N K F B^BON !p = GT = K =v g ,J = HM] =#>

U}8=
N JuF
f =
>k
} = R 4VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T j dMLU GDhK B LUK B ] KSFPL !D|] _ G]^FOLUJuF jB R LU] B R w F
T|LUp BON K4 GJuD =v ,V!R\F = 8= f k\ = 4F B ] = K =
>k} U< =
L !p
sE= 8=
:HM] \
:H =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
\J
=
N KSR
v[=
>k},},y8= B ] ,p GF N F j
B R DdMLUFOLUJ B F j ,]^T N !p B R ,] B R G] r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R
r G]^p GJ QV!J !T = 8=6 B ] ,J =Ma,} 4 6
>,> y8=
N
IL
L
22
Introduction

Y

Ua

l B^B PV!] GT N?2 ] .VMLU] BON .FGw LU] BON K !J PL B !]D PD [LU] BON KGJ GF =Z V!] GT N G]#L g B g V !d!J N g B ] 2 F#] g
K GTWT B DML!F E_,J !T :F^V g K N LUJD

B ]OL N?B L B
DKSRMLUTWVVMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut EF GJ D N : g ] B F{LUF^V GK B F B GJuF t qJ GF ,d!F G]e_UL BON !F B T D 2 J GF
J GF&T g B R D GF B ] g F !J B L B F#LUV!V!J Nut g FnIJoL`D g B G]^T N ML BON XD .VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g
kJoL2_ULU] N L BON {VMLUJ g
F g K !JoL N ] B J GF 8_ L V!] ,p,] 2 F2] GJoL BON?j FPL g B !D GFID {T|LUp g B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N =8l {_,J !T
F^V g K N LUJ&] Gp,] !V D GFcK B ] N d BON !F t N D B F N?B qn t ML B ] F GF^F N !FcV!] g F B g GFXD !]OL B
J 2K !p,] 2 F:F^K N BON t IK ,TWT v ` 8:@Ct N FGw GF BB |n s L B U<,<8>,= A B ]
B ]OL_UL N JV!] g F B VMLU] BON K !J N G]IJ GFc] g F !J B L B F{D w g B !D [D N ] GK BON GJuJ ET g qF !]{J GFcK N t
F GK BON !F[D w Up ,J N p K 2 B4 [>k<,< K !J g GF 6 V!] g J _ g GFWD !]OL B JoLKLUTWVMLUp D w g B g >k},},} U<,<,<8=
GF BON T|L BON [D IJoL{_ULU] N L BON [F g K !JoL N ] 2\ GF B ] GV ,] B g B K j ] B g cL WT D 2 J v D @4 QK
H6LUD!D B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6=Z LT|LUp g B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N g B LUd!J N qV !]XKSRMLUK WD GFEF GK BON !F !FEL
V G]^T N FD w \ N !KGJ !] I] g _ N F N WD 4Jxw GF BON T|L BON qD 4J !]^F B L WD w g ] !V BON |] GF^V GK BON?j F =8l B LU]9
BON KGJ IK BON B g pLUJ GT B D GF g B !D GF2D {T|LUp g BON F^T ID GF2] KSR GF t N
!LUF^F K N g GF`L ] g F !J B L B F
D 'Jxw g B !D 'D N ] GK BON GJuJ
K !F BON?B ML N B J GF B ]OL_UL V!] g J N T N ML N ] GF g K GF^FOL N ] GFqnJxw g B !D 'D
VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g t N F N?B=
=#0$ 6 - 3"A= -2 ?./1"A=
?.'
3E?.' -" ?./10 1' " -/1$&/
MD g B L N JuJ
Z PF GK !DWT|L !F^KG] N?Bt N _ N B D w EB ] `F !T N FCL
Jxw g B !D ED EVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g T g F !] B ] N F`D GF4K N t F GK BON !F g B !D N g GF %D N ] GK BON =6Z GFIF GK
BON !F{D B D WJoL !]^T B B D B 4T G]e\
t !F w L!] B VMLUF J B GTWV!F
D B ]OL N?B G]'L K !]^FWD K B^B B R 2 F
:V !]^]OL N?B[j L N ] Jxw ,di B D w 8_ GJuJ g B !D QF N T N JoL N ]
nzK GJuJ K Nx=& B D w LUd ,]^D
#J |J GK B !] B ] 8_ G]OL%DML !FqK B ]OL_UL N J:JoLzV!] g F B L BON D ] g F !J B L B F
8V g ] N T B L ,d B !F2n VMLU] BON ].D w g KSRML BON JuJ !F.V N J B GF.] GV g ] g F2n VMLU] BON ].D GFPK N t KG] N?B 2 ] GFPD
F g J GK BON .F N _UL B F
g KLU] B L !p !JoL N ] B ] L N T|L B L BON {] g T|L B ML B !] GJuJ 14 f A << 6 B L N T|L B L BON c] g
T|L B PKLU]OLUK B g ] N F BONut > 4 PL N T|L B L BON XF GK !DML N ] P]OLUV N D GT B D g B ] N?B 6
D GFXK K N B F{D q_ N F^K ,F N?B g 4 >k< V !]cJ GF g KSRML BON JuJ !FcV!] k_ ML B D [K !J g GF
N B G]^T g D N L N ] GF 6
g _ ,J BON K !F B L B QD hJoLF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut T GF !] g KSRMLUTWV j L N d!J
n B GTWV g ]OL B !] %LUTqd N L B zLUV!] 2 FKSRML t %VMLUJ N G]WD zD g FOL N T|L B L BON B R G]^T Nut DML !F
F -
G? :/1$&/1$

=#0$&+?.
#/1':?. 1' " -/1':?."%$&':?.
26
Avant-propos
J KLUFD w g KSRML BON JuJ !F B ]OL N?B g FhVMLU]hKSRMLUTWV LUJ B G] ML BON?j
.Jxw g _,J BON D JoLF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g
T|LUp g BONut |D w L B ] g KSRML BON JuJ D |JoLQT E T WK !J g B ]OL N?B g B R G]^T Nut GT B L g B g
,d!F G]e_ g VMLU]2D g j L B
ED N F^V G]^F N N B ]OL K !J g j L N d!J cD XJxw f A <
8 K !]^d ., ] g _ G]^F N d!J B g T N pML B D .JoL`F B LUd N J N?B g B R G]^T Nut .D w g KSRML BON JuJ
KLU]OLUK B g ] N F BONut XD XKSRML t EK !J g =
@ !F N?B
> GF BON T|L BON !FT k\ GFCD VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g nIJxw g KSR GJuJ .D JoL`K !J g .F B ]OLUV!V ,] B g GF =
Z !] t MLUJ N?B g B GKSR Nut GF B LUF^F !] g EVMLU]2Jxw BON J N FOL BON |D KG] N?B 2 ] GF
t ML B ] 'V N B F{F !KGK GF^F N?j F K !F N D g ] g FEL T N N T !TV !]XD g N ] N B G]e_ULUJuJ D B GT[
V g ]OL B !] XD w N B G]^V!] g B L BON
|]OLUV!V ,]
B >
t N V G]^T B D IV!] !D!] |K ,TWV B `J GF:V!] ,d!J 2 T GF:D w L N T|L B L BON !F
] g T|L B GFIF GK !DML N ] GFILUK t N F GFIV !DML B J GF 8V g ] N !K GF4L JoLUd ,]OL B N ]
Q]OLUV!V ,] B f >k< V !]P_ g ] N G]`JoL[] GV!] D !K BON d N J N?B g D GF`T GF !] GF
j ]OLUK BON hD w f A <q
j 4<8= a V !] t XJxw N B G]^V!] B L BON hF N?B F N p N MKL BON _
qD g _ N L BON %L !p !JoL N ] XT|L N T !T 4 6 >k
< V !] g _ N?B G]4D V!] !D!] %K ,TWV B
V!J !F N !]^F`K ,TWV ,FOL B GF`DML !F`JoLqD g B G]^T N ML BON
L !p,J B ] hJoLQD N ] GK BON KLU]OLUK B g ] N F BONut B JoLQT k\ _ GK B ,] N GJuJ >k
< V !]
FGw LUF^F !] G] t [JoL|K ,TWV ,FOL B qF !]{JoL t GJuJ EV ,] B qJxw GF BON T|L BON GF B d N JoL|K ,TWV ,FOL B
V!] N T|L N ]
F D JoL t DML !F J GFEKLUF V!J !F N !]^FED g B G]^T N ML BON !F g B L N B
8 D GF B GF B D N?B
V ,F^F N d!J GF`V !]`L N D G]`n[D N F^KG] N T N G]J GF`D N : g ] B GF N B G]^V!] g B L BON !F =
l 'F GK !DLU] BON KGJ [V!] g F B 8 'K j ] B L BON D WK GF 8_ GJuJ GFXD g B G]^T N ML BON !FXL_ GK
J GF`D g GF ,J N p K 2 GF
!D N F^V N d!J GF2DML !FIJ GF`dMLUF GFID ED g GF N B G] ML BON MLUJ G*F 4 G]^] N zL !D
KSR GV!V
U<,<,<a 6
!] g V !DML B L hT E T GF`KG] N?B 2 ] GF`D t MLUJ N?B g =
?

" -/1$&/1$
Y
Y

Y

Y
G. Plenier, P. Camps, B. Henry & K. Nicolaysen

Publie dans Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 133 (2002) 127-146
We report palaeomagnetic determinations in order to estimate the palaeosecular variation of the geomagnetic field for the upper Oligocene period from a southern site. We measured the anisotropy of
magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of basalts from five sections to check the reliability of applying tectonic
correction and concluded that no stratigraphic corrections were needed. A positive reversal test implies
that secondary components were sufficiently removed from the characteristic remanent magnetization.
!
Also, the sampling was sufficiently random to accurately reflect upper Oligocene palaeosecular variation.
"
"
Calculations of the between-flow angular standard deviation (
) from the geographic pole show values
between 21.2 and 21.8 . This palaeosecular variation estimate agrees with Model G for palaeosecular
variation (McFadden et al., 1991), which is axisymmetric and assumes an equatorial symmetry of the
geomagnetic field. The virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from the Mont des Ruches section seem to
exhibit two polarity changes : reverse-normal (R-N) first, and in more detail a second normal-reverse
(N-R) one. Finally, assuming that no polarity chrons are missed by any of the sections, we compare the
magnetostratigraphy we defined to the global geomagnetic polarity scale of Huestis and Acton (1997)
using previously obtained radiometric dates to correlate the sections (Yang et al., 1998; Nicolaysen et al.,
2000; Doucet et al., 2002). The precise age constraints furnished by these correlations allow an estimation of eruption rates from 0.30 to at least 1.31 km/my, with wide variations from section to section and
an increase of eruption rate for younger sections. However, due to the non uniqueness of the correlations, the age limits of the sections and consequently the extrusion rate estimations can vary. Moreover,
assuming the Mont des Ruches section has probably recorded all the magnetic polarity intervals, the
28
Palaeomagnetic study of Oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen Archipelago
` and Mont de la Tourmente intermediate VGP directions may indicate unrecorded

Mont de la Rabouillere
polarity chrons. The eruption rates calculated can thus be overestimated.

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K ,TWV , F N?BON L!D D8\ MLUT N KGF jIB R @ LU] B R w F
K ,] D N ] G K B J?\
N !D N ] GK B T B RD N F B
F B ! D8\ B R @ LU] B R w FT|LUp BON Kz GJuD !K B ML
BON ! F ] G K , ]^DG D , ] , d!F G ]e_G D L B[B R @ LU] B R w F
F ! ] j LUK = RG F ! K B M L BON ! F &
`R N KSR N !KGJ !D
F G K ! JoLU]&_ULU] N L BON
] _G ]^FOLUJuF U
L! D 8K !]^F N !F
LU] % V!] N ! K N VMLUJuJ?\] G JoL B G D B B R N DD8\ M L

T N KGF j[B R B G ]%K , ] = LUKGK ! ]OL B
DG ]^F B L! D N ! p j K , ] 2 D8\ M LUT N KGFKL' d , d B L N
G Dzd\ B R ! F j p , T|LUp BON Kc G JuDQT D
J N ! p
4F , ]^T \ B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<<6Cj , ]L ] _ N 6=
s k _G ]
B RG F F N T ! JoL BON ! F%] t N ] T , ]
8V G ] N T B LUJ.K ! F B ]OL N B F B % D B R ]
d! F B KSRMLU]OLUK B G ] N F BON KGF j:B R @ LU] B R w F{T|LUp
BON KE G JuDLUpL N ! F B `R N KSR B R \%KL d B G F B G D =
R ! F
! T G ] ! F ] G K , ]^D!FqT , ] , ]EJ G F^F N
j , ]^T|LUJuJ?\'D N F B ] N d B G DL B2B R @ LU] B R w F2F ! ] j LUK
j , ] K ! F G K BON _ BON T W N ! Dk `F B R p
J , p N KLUJ BON T ' F^KLUJ LU] G DG D 4 G ]^] N JuJ:L! D
Q KH6LUD!D
>k},},}<6= j , ] B M L B G J?\
k N ! p B
B R N?j , ]^T D N F B ] N d BON jPB RW K BON
B F {
L FOLUTWV!J N ! p d N LUFzd B B R , ]9
B RG ] L! DF B RG ] RG T N F^V!RG ] {
VMLU] BON K
JoLU]^J?\L B R N p,RJoL BON?B ! DG F
L : G K B F B R VMLUJoL
T|LUp BON K DML B LK ! ]^] B J?\ L_UL N JoLUd!J = b ! J?\
j F B ! D N G FqV!] G F B _, JuKL N K|F t ! K G FWJ
KL B G D N B RX F B RG ] Q RG T N F^V!RG ] = t G F9
BON B RML B LU] N F G F N F`R B RG ] B R. T|L N E VMLUJoL
T|LUp BON K G JuD N F t M L B , ] N LUJuJ?\Fe\TWT B ] N K
LUF ! F G D j , ]WF , T T DG JuF j VMLUJoL , F G K ! JoLU]

_ULU] N L BON 4 Q KH6LUD!D B LUJ =
>k},}8>
= p = 6
, ]
9
`R B R G] N?BN F&T ,] :K ,TWV!J N KL B GDELUFK !]^] B J?\

,d!F G]e_ GD =
R N F ] GV ,] B V!] GF B F L VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K
F B !D8\EKLU]^] N GD B EFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T!_ .F B ]OL
BON p,]OLUV!R N KQF GK BON !F j bcJ N pK QJoL_UL k`F
j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4 }8=
}

< O@ 6= b !] ,di GK BON _ GF G] B LUD!D
T|LUp BON K DML B L N LV ,]^J?\D GD LU] L
B 'V!] ,F^V GK B`j ,] k`FI] GK ,]^D N !p B ]OL !F N?BON !F
L !D B KSR GKS B R Fe\TWT B ]e

\ jhB R p
T|LUp BON K% GJuDd B B R ,] B R G] L !D
F B R G] R GT N F^V!R G] = H N MLUJuJ?\
2d\K ,TWVML
] N !p B R T|LUp B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ j'B R !_
F B !D N GD|F GK BON !F N?B R'V!] _ N !F.p KSR GT N KLUJ
F B !D N GFcL !Dzp KSR!] ,J ,p N KLUJ DML BON !8p 4 v L
BON G] B LUJ =
>k},},< A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
U<,<,<
HM] \ B LUJ =
U<,<,< !K B B LUJ =
U<,< 6

D N F^K !F^F B R K ,]^] GJoL BON d B D N F^VMLU]OL B
F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N KF GK BON !F%L !DT ,] V!] GK N F GJ?\
K !F B ]OL N KLUJuK !JoL B GD G] !V BON ]OL B GF =
*
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#
R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp N FJ KL B GD

N B R F B R G] !D N L bcK L 4 }8= }

<
O@6 B R ,] B R G] VMLU] B j B R
r G]^p GJ v L !F^F^d G]^p JoL B L 4H N p =>,=?> 6=
R N FIJoLU]^p K L N KXV!JoL B L
! N?B R N?B F`K i
pL B 9] , f N D!p
N F#LIT|L N?j GF B L BON jMN
B !F N _ l ] B LUK !F 4 >,>k} } zL 6 _ ,JuKL N F^T
D B B R r G]^p GJ R B F^V B 4 !KL
4 U<,< 6 L !D] j G] !K GF B R G] N 6=` R r G]9
p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp ] GV!] GF B F B R K BON
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B D GF
GTWV EB GF U< k`F
B D [JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] >k} k`F
B D [JoL !]^T B a,a
bck K ` LF L= ! D B 4T G]e\ y k`F = 9 6Z KL BON jMB R 2r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp N B R !D N L
6830'

6900'
6930'
7000'
7030'
30
JoLUF Bca,< zL 4 L!p B LUJ =

>k},},y N F B LUJ =
>k},},y A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =

U<,<,<<6
Id B F ,T
T|LUp,T|L BON KPK B ] N d BON j ] ,T B R B R LUF B
!D N L f N D!p 4 8@ f 6 D!] N !p B R LU]^J?\ l
N K N F B 8KGJ !D GD 4 !K B B LUJ =
U<,< 6=
,] B RML y jB R qLU]^KSR N V GJoLUp N FIK ,T[
V ,F GD j dMLUFOLUJ B k`F`R N KSR j ,]^T _ULUJuJ \
PLUJuJu@F 4 <,<'B },<,< TR N p,R 6 8V ,F GDd\zp,JoL
K N LUJ G] ,F N =q B ] !F N !F 4pLUd!d!]
qp,]OL N?B
L !D'Fe\ N?B 6#j ] ,T >2B > TD N LUT B G]LUJuF

KGK !] =. F B ,V N KzKSR GT N F B ]e\ J N !F B R ,] N p N
j{B R %V!J B !F B r G]^p GJ V!J !T zT GJ B F
4 v{N ] B
>k},},< N F`L !D v{N ] B
>k},} 6=

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] GK B p KSR GT N KLUJqF B !D8\ j F _

_,JuKL N KcF GK BON !F2J KL B GDhV!] N !K N VMLUJuJ?\ N B R
,] B R G] VMLU] B jhB R r G]^p GJ LU]^KSR N V
JoLUp
A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<< 6 L !D
K B B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6 D B G]^T N GD 4] 4] N F
KSR!] LUp GF LUK N DJ LUKSR GDp,] !D!T|LUF^F =
zd B j ] ,T B R GF hL_UL N JoLUd!J qDML B GF
B R
F B ]OL B GpU\zPLUF B hFOLUTWV!J B R 'FOLUT [F GK BON !F =
R
P J , GD j ,] B R B R N KS GF B F B !D N GD
F GK BON !F
6] GK k_ G] N !p B R T|L N T !T !Tqd G]
j F !KGK GF^F N _ L !D T N N T|LUJuJ?\9LUJ B G] GDJoL_UL
k`F = ELUJuF 'F LU]^KSR GD j ,]2FOLUTWV!J N !p'LU] LUF
B L : GK B GDzd\QF N p N MKL B`B GK B N F^T ,]`d\
F !d!F t BN B ] !F N !F = 9PLUF GD p ,J ,p N K
p KSR GT N KLUJ
!L !DzJ ,p N F BON KLUJKG] N?B G] N L
8 ED
K N D GD B B LU]^p B B R !_ F GK BON !FV!] GF
B GD N H N p =>,=?>,=C LUD!D N?BON B LV!] _ N !F
VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K F B !D8\ 4 l LUTWV!F B LUJ =
N
V!] GVMLU]OL BON 6
B R N F LUJuJ k GD !F B K ,TWV!J
B GJ?\FOLUTWV!J B R [bcJ N p K XdMLUFOLUJ B F 8V ,F GD
B R LU]^KSR N V GJoLUp =P@ 8K GV Bj ,] B R B
L
D zJoL !]^T B zF GK BON

: Q G] MLUd!J
B FOLUTWV!J B R V!] _ N !F^J?\ DML B GDzF GK BON !F N
!LUK B J?\ B R FOLUT J KL BON !F = H ,] B R B
D GF f !KSR GFQF GK BON
2Fe\ N?B L !D D8\ N
B ] !F N !FhKGJ ,F B B R ,] N p N MLUJ`p KSR N T N KLUJ
F GK BON J GD !F B QFOLUTWV!J B R ,V!V ,F N?B '_ULUJ
J \ PLUJu$J 4 y,<,< T GF B PLU]^D 6
PLUF^F !T N !p B R
B F GK BON !FqLU] |K ,]^] GJoL B GD = H ,] B R B
D GF GTWV EB GFcF GK BON
M E G] B LUd!J B
KG] ,F^FXLT|Lki ,]4] N _ G] B ] LUKSR B R a T D N F9
B L B B H B L N F GK BON =Xs G] LUpL N
|FOLUTWV!J GD B R ,V!V ,F N?B [_ULUJuJ \%PLUJuJ:LUF^F

T N !p B R JoL_ULUFqK ,]^] GJoL B hd B B R B
F GK BON !F = H ,] B R B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK BON
V!] j G]^] GD B B LU L LU]^d\QF GK BON 4 <,<

T LPL\ 6 `R N KSRPLUF2J GF^F`LUJ B G] GDhL !D !D N F9
B !]^d GD d\D8\ GF = B R N F KLUF
B R G] N F
D !d B jB R `JoL B G]OLUJ8K BON N?B \[d B B R
B hF GK BON !F = H N MLUJuJ?\
j ,] B R B 4T G]e\
F GK BON
[KSR ,F B hK BON B R [V!] _ N !F
T|LUp BON K[FOLUTWV!J N !p j2s !]e\ L !D J GF^FOLU]^D
4 >k},} 6
CF B LU] BON !p L B[B R B k !VPLU]^D
]OL B R G] B RML B ] GFOLUTWV!J B R DML B GD B

l ] GN G]qF GK BON 4LUd B T LPL\ 6 `R N KSR
N F2T ,] {D N K !J B2B '] LUKSR =
LUJuJ
2LUJuT ,F B LR !D!] GDJoL_UL k`F N?B R
F _ FOLUTWV!J GF V G] k L_ G]OLUp G]
D!] N JuJ GD !F N !p LpLUF9 V k G] GD D!] N JuJ
L !D B R
FOLUTWV!J GF G] ,] N B GD N?B R d B RqF ,JoLU]F N p,R
BON !p,F[L !DT|LUp BON K|K ,TWVMLUF^F[V!J !F'L%KGJ N
T B G] = 9 GKL !F j.B R WVMLU] BON K !JoLU]4 GJuD B ] N V
K !D N?BON !F !K B G] GD r G]^p GJ
B R
V ,F^F N d N J N?B \ B ] B !] B B R QFOLUT QV!JoLUK N F
LUJ?PL\F !K G] B L N = H ,] B R N F'] LUF
QD
K N D GD B zFOLUTWV!J LUKSRF !KGK GF^F N _ JoL_UL k
N ,]^D G] B ] GK k_ G]|L \ N F BON !pT|LUp BON K

B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJD N ] GK BON !F =

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BON KhF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \_ G]^F !F B GTWV G]OL B !] 4r
K !]e_ GF 6 D !] N !pR L BON !pL !D K ,J N !pzK\KGJ GF
B KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N B R T|LUp BON K T N G]OLUJ ,pU\
j FOLUTWV!J GF|L !D B GF BON T|L B B R N ] B R G]^T|LUJ
F B LUd N J N?B \ = !F GD B R T B R D j' ] g _ B
B LUJ = 4 >k},y,<a 6 B GF BON T|L B B R QT L l !] N
B GTWV G]OL B !] j T|LUp BON K`T N G]OLUJuF] _ LUJ GD
d\L] _ G]^F N d!J j LUJuJ N B R Wr K !]e_ GF =& R
T LUF !] GT B F[ G] zV G] j ,]^T GD N _ULUK !T
4 'TqdMLU] 6 !F N !pL%T D N GD 9PLU] BON !p
B F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \'T B G] LUF^F K N L B GD B
L4R ,T PT|LUD j !] MLUK =, R 2] KSEFOLUTWV!J N FL
K\J N !D!] N KLUJK ,] j [> KGT = b `FOLUTWV!J PV G]
k j ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF
GTWV EB GF%L !D B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK BON !F
PLUF R L B GD B N?B F l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !] ' N?B R
LQR L BON !pL !DK ,J N !p]OL B j T =
j ,] B ML B GJ?\
4F ,T B GKSR N KLUJ[V!] ,d!J GTWF%D N D
B V G]^T N?B L MLUJ?\F N F j LUJuJ B R k`F
4d B
B R F^RMLUV j B R K !]e_ GFz ,d B L N GDLU]
N !D GV !D B j2B R |K ,]^] GF^V !D N !pzF GK BON =
R B B ] L B GD k`F j ] ,T B R B D
JoL !]^T B {F GK BON hT|LU !F2K 8MD B`B
8V GK BB RML BB R B E] GT|L N N !p4F GK BON !FC N JuJ
t MLUJ N?B L BON _ GJ?\WV!] k_ N D XF N T N JoLU].] GF !J B F =
" $k

R EV!] N T|LU]e\T|LUp BON K{KLU]^] N G] N F`V!] GF
T GD B 4d L BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B 14 6
N?B RL _ULUJ j.<8= <8= LUFcp G]OLUJuJ?\

L

31
V GK B GD j ,]dMLUFOLUJ BON KIJoL_UL k`F =! [D N F BON !K B

B \V GF j r d GRML_ N !]. G] ,d!F G]e_ GD =! R
M]^F B KLUF
PFOLUTWV!J > Ual N H N p = =
N JuJ !F9
B ]OL B GF B R N ]^] _ G]^F N d!J L!DK ,TWV!J B R G]9
T ,T|LUp BON K.d GRML_ N !] ,d!F G]e_ GD j ,]LUJuT ,F B
,< j.B R WFOLUTWV!J GF = R N FXFOLUTWV!J [V!] GF B F
B R!] F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j LUJuJuFL B [>k<,< > U
< Ol
LU] a U
< Sl L !D MLUJuJ?\LU] !D <,
< Sl4=
F !p,p GF BB RML BB R M]^F B F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \D
KG] LUF K ,]^] GF^V !D B B R ,] N p N MLUJ BON?B L
T|LUp BON?B GF =s k _ G]
BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B GFLU]
F !V!V ,F GD B F B L\|F B LUd!J ID !] N !p R L BON !p
D G]2_ULUK !T L !DF^R !JuDhd ,d!F G]e_ GD N B R
K ,J N !pXK !]e_ = R G] j ,]
N?B.N F B 8KGJ !D GD
B RML B`B R XM]^F BIj LUJuJ N !D N KL B {F^J N p,R B J?\ N D N GD
BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF
U] GF !J BON !p j ] ,T J k B GT[
V G]OL B !] \DML BON j`B R ,] N p N MLUJ BON?B L
T|LUp BON?B GF =2s L BON !p K ,J N !pK\KGJ GFQL B _UL
] N !F N B G]^T GD N L B B GTWV G]OL B !] GF#V G] j ,]^T GD
F ,T B R G]{F^V GK N T !FXJ LUD !F B N B G]9
V!] BIB R XF GK !D j LUJuJLUF`D B B R XV!] GF !K
j#BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF. N?B RR N p,R G]`D Gp,] j
N DML BON ,]PD N : G] B T N G]OLUJF N {d B LUJuF
L B{B R [FOLUT BON T B D N F^F K N L BON ": GK B F j
B R T B LUF B LUd!J BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF|V!] GF B
N B R FOLUTWV!J = 9 GKL !F N _ G]^F N j BON?B L
,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF N FEL N ]^] _ G]^F N d!J [V!R ,T

B R B R N ]^DF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j LUJuJ T N p,R B B
N F B d j ,] [R L BON !p N B R [JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\ =2N
B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF&LU] : k B N _ G] B#N B
F B LUp GFD !] N !p`R L BON !p K ,J N !pPK\KGJ GF
k N?B REL
M]^F B !F B LUd!J N _ G]^F N V!] D !K B `R N KSRhV!]
D !K GF B R B R N ]^DqF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ED GKG] LUF LU]
<,< l
qL !D L MLUJ|F B LUd!J N _ G]^F N V!]
D !K B `R N KSR[D GV !D!F B R PD Gp,] j N DML
BON j:B R [F B LU] BON !p BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B 4
D GT N ]
>k},y 6=M R GF E MLUJ&V!] D !K B F !F MLUJuJ?\
K !F N F B j L BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B N JuT N?B LUF9

Susceptibility (arbitrary units)
32
300
Flow Ruc17
Sample 123C
200
100
Susceptibility (arbitrary units)
0
0
200
400
600
Temperature (C)
300
200
Flow Tem15
Sample 228D
100
0
0
200
400
600
Temperature (C)
,
>
=
Z kP GJuDF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \z_ G]^F !F B GTWV G]OL B !] 'K !]e_ GFED N F^V!JoL\ N !p B R B B \V N KLUJ
d4K G RM,LJ _ N !N p !6 ] V!,RMd!LUF F G G]eF _= GD j ,] B R r G]^p GJ QdMLUFOLUJ B F = 9 ,JuD 4DMLUF^R GD 6 J N GF`K ,]^] GF^V !D B WR L BON !p

F GTqd!JoLUp
,]RML GT|L BON?B L!DV!F !D,d!]
N?B j ,] B R 2T ,F B R N p,R!J?\ N D N GD BON?B L ,T|L
p,R GT N?B 4 D GT N ]
>k},y 6= A cT|L B^B G]`R N KSR
N F B R |D Gp,] j N DML BON d GKL !F hLUF N?B N F
j B ,d!F G]e_ GD
IRML GT|L BON?B N Fh] GD !K GD
D G]'_ULUK !T B \ N GJuD L 2N V ,] BON?B L ,T|L
p BON?B 54 <,
< Sl 6= KLUF jB B LUJ N DML
BON
B R :F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \cT LUF !] GDED !] N !pIK
,J N !phT N p,R B !J?\%] GK B B R N F BON?B L ,T|LUp
BON?B = R !F
:`RML B _ G] B R QD Gp,] j N DML
BON K !F N D G] GD
B R F^R !JuD G] N B R F !F9
K GV BON d N J N?B \K !]e_ ,d!F G]e_ GDD !] N !pK ,J N !p
T N p,R B ] GJoL B B R 'V!] GF !K j LF B LUd!J BON?B L
,T|LUp BON?B : N?B R'L ,< Sl l !] N B GT[
V G]OL B !] = 4JuJ,FOLUTWV!J GFF^R k N !p B R N F&K ,TWV!J
d GRML_ N !]\ N GJuD t MLUJ N?B L BON _ GJ?\ B R FOLUT 2r
K !]e_ h N?B R F ,T D N : G] !K GF'D hV!] ,dMLUd!J?\
B h_ULU]e\ N !phD Gp,] GF j N DML BON j.B R ,] N
p N MLUJ BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B =
H ,] B R F GK !DKLUF
FOLUTWV!J Uy
mN
H N p = =
B R ] _ G]^F N d N J N?B \ jIB R K !]e_ N
D N KL B GF B RML BEB R |V!] N T|LU]e\T N G]OLUJV!RMLUF N F
L T|LUp,R GT N?BON GD BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B { N?B R
LET L l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !] j ,< > l4=
R N FWJ kP 2NPBON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B t N?B QV!] ,dML
d!J?\ ] GF !J B F j ] ,TR N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] \ 8F
J BON D !] N !p B R k GTWV!JoLUK GT B jCB R
,] N p N MLUJ BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B =
j ,] B ML B GJ?\
B R B {d GRML_ N !]^F#D GF^KG] N d
LUd k_ KL B d ] GJoL B GD B T|LUKG] ,F^K ,V N K
k KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON KGFCLUF j ,] !LUTWV!J
B R k
B R N KS GF^F
B R K ,J ,] j2B R FOLUTWV!J GF ,] B R
V!] GF !K j V!R KG]e\F B F = R !F
L'K ,TWV!J B
F B !D8\ j LUKSR k N F GD GD B hD B GK BXB R
B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\F B LUd!J F GK !DKLUF Q`R N KSR K !JuD
K ,]^] GF^V !D B FOLUTWV!J GFq GJuJPF N?B GD j ,][VML
JoL N B !F N?B \4D B G]^T N ML BON !FF 4 J N G] B LUJ =
N hV!] GVMLU]OL BON 6=

33
; . . 7950:7- 079+414
M" ,$&
9 j ,] XT|LUp BON K{KGJ L N !p
B R X_ N F^K ,F N?B \
N !D 4 R GJuJ N G]EL !D R GJuJ N G]
>k} ] g
_ B
>k},y8> 6 PLUF4M]^F B D B G]^T N GD B R
BON ] IK ,JuJ GK BON N ,]^D G] B GF BON T|L B B R cN F9
K !F f GT|L B zLUp BON L BON 4 f 6 V ,F9
F N d!J?\WLUK t N ] GD|d\ B R 4FOLUTWV!J GF:F N !K B R Id
p N N !p j&B R 9] !R GF2V ,JoLU] N?B \ GV KSR =
T LUF !] GD B R %F^V GK N T !FL j B G] GF N
B R LUTqd N B T|LUp BON K[ GJuD ,] N B GDLUJ !p
B R K ,] 2L N FCL !D[LUpL N
L j B G] GFF B
]OLUp N |L G] GJuD = R 4D N : G] !K 4d B
B R N F B T LUF !] GT B F \ N GJuD!F B R f
LUK t N ] GDYD !] N !p > DML\F N B R V!] GF B
p ,T|LUp BON K GJuD 4 R GJuJ N G]L !D R GJuJ N G]
>k} 6= KLUJuK !JoL B B R h_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D

!F N !p

`R G] ] GV!] GF B F B R D N : G] !K N B R

T|LUp BON L BON N B !F N?B \[VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R IT|L
p BON GN !p GJuDd B B R B T LUF !]
T B F
8L !D
L !D ] GV!] GF BPB R 4KLU]9
B GF N L EK ,TWV B F N XK ,] :K ,]^D N ML B j8B R
T|LUp BON L BON L j B G] GFQF B ,]OLUp N L
GJuD j ] F^VMLUK = R _ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D

V!] GF^F GD LUFzLV G]^K B LUp
`K ,]^] GF^V !D!F%LUV
V!] N T|L B GJ?\ B j.B R f LUK t N ] GD
F N !K B R JoLUF B ] _ G]^FOLUJ j V ,JoLU] N?B \
4 y,< \] 6 4 ] g _ B
>k},y8> 6=
" $k

R T L p ,T B ] N K _ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D N K GF
4 6#j ,] LUKSR kLU] `] GV ,] B GD N LUd!J 9 =?>,=

$A'

$A"%
34
>,=?> l J L GDzL_ G]OLUp ED N ] GK BON !F j T|LUp BON L BON j#B R {JoL_UL k`F =

H#J k
ff !!KK >k> y
ff !!KK >>

ff !!KK >>ka

ff !!KK >>,>
ff !!KK }>k<
ff !!KK y
ff !!KK
ff !!KK a
ff !!KK >
G GTT U<>k}
G GTT >k> y
G GTT >>
G GTT >>ka
G GTT >>, >
G GTT }>k<
G GTT y
G GTT
G GTT a
G GTT >
>
a

A
L

L
L

>,y> Uy,> >
y Uy

y Uy
y Uy
Uy
y Uy

} U}
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
IL
7L
7L
7L
L
L
7L
L
7L
L
7L
7L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
7L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
7L
L
!K B GDK GF f !KSR GF4F GK BON Jo4L B y8= y J !

p,y8V = ,}8Jo> LU ^] @= 6
== >>k} == == a >k>,}> 8= = y,y8<8>,== a ,ya
8== y ff }8}8=?= y>ka
}8== } >k> y,Ua8}8== a 8=a8= } U<8>,== y ,y 8a8== >>k< == }a ff == y
8== < Ua> }8 == >,>,== > >ka,y,<8a8== y >,== y a>k< 8== ff a == y
y8 y8>,=== <aa > ,}} 8=== > 8=y8== <<a >k>k<Ua,y8<8=== a 8>=,== >>k>,<8y,>ka8}8>,=== yy ff <8>,=== y8Ua>
,<> 8== y >> == <} y8==?> a == 8=8= y >k},a <8== y AA a> ==?y,>,y>
,y8== < aa Uy8== > ==?}> >k>ky,y,y8<8== >
y y88== a ,y8>,== }< AA >=,=

U}88== > >k<8<8== > >ka8== > > U<=8= y8y,a8>,== <a > ,< 8>,== }a AA }8== a

,< <88== } a U8=y8= a8a8== }a aU<,U}a88== y,a8}8== > >,== <y AA == Uy>
= >k} D = G> F GTW= a V G>kFI<,y8F G= K <8= 4 U},<8= <
f
=?>,>
B
EB
O
B
N
8
y
=
,
y
y ,}8=?>,> ^@ 6
a8== >> == ay =?= > >ky,a,y8}8=?= }> y,
<88== >>,>k}8== a ff ==
,<8== < >>k
y,8= = << a8== < y8== y yy,a8== < UaUy8>,== ff a8== a
a
== >>ky, y8y8== >> == y >,a>k<,Uy8}8== y y
y 8== y<a8> == a ff == <
=?> >k},<8= a = } U}8= a 8= Uy
8= f
==
<},}
= >ky,<8= = < > 8= < , = U<8= } f
U}8= y > = < = >k
a 8= < y8>,= > Ua8= } f >k<8= y
,<UUy88y8=== >k>k>kyy,
y y88=== <> === a< >k}, <8}8=== y, }8<8}8=== y Uy, }8y8>,=== fff >,a8=>,== }8 >
y,,y8 == a >>k
<k8=}8= } =?= a> >k,}},8a8== ,a}88== a, a8a8==?}> ff == Uy>
y,, <8y8 =?== }a> Ua>=,>,== } a8=== }a,a
<,,< }8y88=== a ,aU8y8>,=== << a8a >,>,=== }< fff }8=== }},<,a<
== U<>,a8== > > == >k},>ky8a8== > ,}
88== >a == < ff >,>,== },}
= a B a D 8= XJoL =!]^y T B E= F GK BOy N = 4 a,}8<,= }8a,=
<
,}A 8= a,
} O@ 6 = y
,}8== } a Uy8a8== <y ==?}> > U<8== << y,}8== aa y8=?= }> AA >ka8== }>
,}}88== a U8=y8= a == }a >>ka8 =>,= y <8== y y,a8== AA Ua8== ,a<,y
8== > a,a a 8== < a8== } >> Ua8== }
y 8=?=?>> <8a8== y AA Ua8y8== y y

<8<8== aUa
<8>,==?U> <
<8<8>,=?== a,> a
>,>,== <, ay
<8<8>,=?== yU>k<}
a8>,== ,}y,<
== }a
>,>,== <,Uyy
<8<8=?= U<>
>k}8a8a8=== <
= y,<
> >,=?= >k<
><8,== Ua
<8<8==
<8<8=?= >
<8<8== a,Ua}
<8>,== a,a,ay
a8>,=?= U<>k<
<8y8>,=?== a,> a
<8>,==?>k<
>,=?>

4J B
Ua,U<<
>k> y,,<<
>> U<<
>>k<,U<<
},y <
y, <<
,<
U<
<
>k<
>> ,<
>>
>>ka,<<
>>,U<>k<
>k>k<<,<
},y,<<
,y,<
U<
a, <
Uy,<

U<
>k<
U<
}
H#J k y

}>k<
>,> >
>k> a
>>
>>ky
U<>k}
>
Ua
A
L
L
L
L
L

a

y Uy
Uy
a,U}<
a8a >
a,a
4T4T y
4T4T
4T4T a
4T4T >
ff LULUdd >k>k}y
ff LULUdd >> y Uy
ff LULUdd >>
ff LULUdd >k> a
ff LULUdd >,>k<>
ff LULUdd }y
ff LULUdd
ff LULUdd y Uy
7L
L
L
7L
L
L
7L
L
L
L
L
7L
L
L
L
7L
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7L
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7L
,a 8!== K }a aa U 8=}8 G= K >, 8=>,= y> ,}y, 8<8== < y,y
Jo<88=L = B<y a J !== } pV ,AA JoLU] = >,a>k<8 ==?},> a
8== < >ka8>,>,>,== <} a8== y a,>k<,<
y88== aa,y8<8>,== < > == A }8==
== > 8== == a ,a8== <} y8 >,>,== a > U<8== y AA U< 8==
, == y a,a< == < > 8=8= > },Uy8y8== y 8> ,== y Uy>
8== y AA 8== a

8=a8= a,Ua8a8== }a == y >,> == y> ,y 8== U<> ,<8 == y AA a 8= =?>kay
a,U}8}8== y aUyUa8== y == < y,y,a8a8== ,a8 == <aa,a == y A > 8== ,a
== < > 8== a8== > >,== }8==?> == AA >ky8== y, <
y 8== y8== >k<8 == < a, }8== y} , == y }88== a AA > }
y88== ,< }
,}8 == y >k<8== y == < >> >,== a y == >>k}, a8=?= > AA >,>k<8>,== a,},a}
}8== a >>k8=y8= 8= = <> y, 8=a8= << ,y,8 == Ua> ,Ua8a8== AA U>ky8}8=?= >,>>
== a 8== = = >,>,== << = = aa >> ,a 8== y AA 8== <
,= = < >k<,<8>,== y8== y8>,=?= >> ,a> 8 ==?}> >>ky,k}8a8== < A >ky8==
,<
88== <> a,8=y8= == a >,>k},> }8== y> y,<8== } > }, }8==?a> AA a,> <8== a,y>
U}8= a = B 4T a8 G= ]e} \hF GK BOa8N = } 4 }8== a U}
>
= <8= <
Â @6 = y,y
, == } aa U<88== y< a88== a y,a8== = = U} =?= <> AA a == a,<,a}
,< 8 == y aU}8 == > == > > U<8== < 8>,y8,=?= >>> U<8>,== y AA >>ka8== Uy>
== } }8}8== a8== a > U}8== aa 8==?> Ua}8>,== } AA >k>ky8}8==?> a
,<,<88== =>,= a 8== a >ky,} }8== y ==?> > }8>,== AA > == <
y8== > B ==f ,a,aLUd =N= yaJuJ 2 ] 4>k
}F G8=>,K = <<BON y8 >,>,4 =?= > }8= <,}
<88= = a
,}8= AA O@6 y8== y
,a 8a8== <> a>k<, }8== ,y<,< == < }>ky == << }8=?= y> U<,a8 == A }8}8== <a
,} 8y8=== < >>>ka a8a8=== a,U<aa a8=== a> ,}U<> 88=== <<< yU8=<8== >>>,> y>,==>,=?y<> fff >k>ka8<8=== yy
,y 88==?},>ka} >>k},<8a8== ,<Ua a8== U<
8= = << == y} U}>ka,y8== < ff =>,= y
,yy88>,=== < >>> , y88= ==
aU}>,> ==>,= y U<8}> 8=== <<< yy
<88=== a >,y8> =>,== y fff Ua>k8y8>,=== a
,}U8}8== y<,< >k>k},y y8== U<y >,== }> >k<8> a8 == << y,,<8 == < y8== a ff >,>,== }
== }
Ua >k>ky,y,<8y8== y,y a8>,== > >ka< a8== << y == } 8== < ff }8== }

8<<8 == y
U}
>,>,== U<
<8=>,=?= y,> <y
<8<8== } >
<8== a,} }
<8== U}>
<8<8>,==?= a,a,>kay<
a8<8== < a
<8<8>,=== ,<
==>,=??,y>>ka
<8<8== a
<8= }
<8===?> y
<8<8== ,}y
<8<8==?>
<8= ,a
a8>,== }
<8>,== a,},<}
<8<8== a,U<a
<8>,>,===
<yy
<8<8>,===?>ky
<8a8== U}>
>a8,== <
,a

35
4J},k<<<
aa
,< <
aa,a,<<
aa,<U<
U}Uy,,<<
U<
U<>k<<
U<>k,},<<
>k> y,,<<
>k> aU<
>,>k<
aa <
a,Uya,,<<
U<<
U<,<
Uy, <<
Ua>k,},U<<<
>> ,< <
>>ka,U<<
>>k<,U<<
y,,<<
a,U<<
36
H#f J LUkd a

ff LULUdd >

8yy8 >,>,!== K < >>> ,< 8= G= K},} 8a ==? <> a8Ua>k }8== <<
y8= a,y > = y = ,<,<8= <
A
y Uy
7L
L
L
Jo=L = B>
=
y J =! pV ,f JoLU] = 8< = }

y},}8== ff = = y

= 4J> B

8<>,== a}

!!"#"$%'&(*),+,-#.(/,),0"#+21 3*0-3 ,(465789"#*:-#;<&(+=%>?%;2.#@
-3$ "#A%%@ B367%%@C:-#;<&(+D%>%;2.#@ E0,@ @ 6F5HGI2%$JK%+<"#K;2%$ 0@ ,HLF.(M3 N,
:O%+FLP%Q"#/0@ ,R, *%>!#,+3"HLC+3.(6 N,@ B,5CSCTUVW"#YXMZM[\0,](0V:N,@ ,.(K>^,+<"#
_N,+%),` +6 ,H5,a*C"#O.#+03 ,<.%+%;20+C%>bC3"#+c + &#- ,H5dc@07_dc@ ,#)=C"#@ -7_@ ,#), -
"
%>cef=dg.(M3 ,HL+3.(6 N,@ B,5hO"#<.(,@%+ BV%>i"#Wj1^.(,@%+5 4O!#,+;K%@?1 8=4 >cdc@*kml:n

>Ddc@'prql:n
"
L(+N,+3K1 o4
L`%s M+;2R1 h!4*>^,+2"#'%"#+A,35`t[r*"#'),,;20+Y;2%sN:0M3 Bu 0v
1 hO"#@ @ +O%AhO"#@ @ +L(wX%x,x:465,yMz3{c"#=),,;20+O;2%A+;K%#0! M3 BK>+O0@ %# #)<|%}D;Kh~1>^,+

b;K%),#0 /%;2.#@ ?,#@ B#465
@ !O"#W%@ -D%>P"#E /;20+5
l LUJuK !JoL B GD j ,] B R I`R,J IK ,JuJ GK BON
N F2] GJoL BON _ GJ?\R N p,R 4 >k<8= a 6 K ,TWVMLU] GD B B R

T L _ULUJ j 8=?> j ,]EF !dML G] N LUJ:_,JuKL N K
] KSF j !DWd\ ] g _ B 4 >k},y8> 6= b !J?\ a,a j
B R IF^V GK N T !FRML_ {LX_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D
,] >k< j ,] N B G]^T GD N L B %V ,JoLU] N?B \ = !]9
V!] N F N !p,J?\
B R T L zp ,T B ] N K{_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N
D EKLUJuK !JoL B GD j ,] B R .] _ G]^F V ,JoLU] N?B \ N?B F
LUJ 4 6WN F|J k G] B RML j ,] ,]^T|LUJ GF
4 6
= y L !D > 8= ] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\
#`R N KSR
K B ]OLUD N K B F ,]^T|LUJ 8V GK B L BON !F 4 ] g _ B
>k},y8> 6=
s k _ G]
B R |R N p,R ,]^T|LUJ:V ,JoLU] N?B \ N
D N K GF.L !D B R `D N : G] !K N q_ULUJ GF j ,] ,]9
T|LUJL !D ] _ G]^F QV ,JoLU] N?B \ k`F'LU] hD B
B R B D 4JoL !]^T B 4F GK BON !J?\ = 4F
,d!F G]e_ GD N H N p =>,= a 6
B R j !] B R G]{J
KLUJ N?BON GF2V!] GF B T ,] 8V GK B GD%_ULUJ GF j
N?B RT ,] B RML U< j B R FOLUTWV!J GFhD N F9

V!JoL\ N !pQL_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D J k G] B RML >k< =
H ,] B R B D .JoL !]^T B .F GK BON
!J?\
U< jB R FOLUTWV!J GFD N F^V!JoL\LF N T N JoLU]
_ULUJ = ,] k_ G]
P KL ,d!F G]e_ B RML B LUJ
T ,F B > jWB R FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R N FF GK
BON V!] GF B _ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D N K GF{p,] L B G] B RML
>k<,< = H N p =>,= a 9 6 L !D l 6EN JuJ !F B ]OL B B RML B
B R GF PR !p P_ULUJ GFCLU] 2LUF^F K N L B GD B {FOLUTWV!J GF
V!] k_ N D N !p%J k T|LUp BON L BON N B !F N?B \
CL j
B G] B Q GFqF B ,]OLUp N LF^R N GJuD GD] ,T
#

K ,Tqd N GD N?B R JoLU]^p G]q_ N F^K !F|K ,TWV B
L j B G] > DML\F !D G] B R {V!] GF B p ,T|LUp

BON Kc GJuD =
R `VMLU] BON K !JoLU]#d GRML_ N !] jB R B D 2JoL
!]^T B FOLUTWV!J GF N F t N?B D N K !J BEB
V!JoL N = 2KGK ,]^D N !p B ] g _ B 4 >k},y8> 6
f QF
N dMLUFOLUJ B FzKL LU] N F N B PL\F =4 f QF
RMLU]^DX N?B RE] GF^V GK BB 4LUJ B G] ML BON !pP GJuD!F 4 cH 6
D GT|LUp BON L BON LU] KLU]^] N GDd\F N !p,J D
T|L N %T|LUp BON?B p,]OL N !FI N?B RF N GF LU] B R
F !V G]^VMLU]OLUT|LUp BON F^T B R!] GF^R ,JuD
%] GF !J BON !p
j ] ,T R N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] N DML BON j ,] N p N
MLUJuJ?\R ,T ,p !F BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B = cH&
F j B f QFLU] KLU]^] N GDd\T !J BON D ,T|L N
p,]OL N !F j J k l !] N V N B R ,T ,p !F BON
B L ,T|LUp BON?B = 9 GKL !F B R q]OL BON j f
B R B B LUJQ] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON N F
F !V!V ,F GD B N !KG] LUF c N?B R B R {p,]OL N F N j
T|LUp BON K2T N G]OLUJ
!]:] GF !J B F.T|L\ N !D N KL B
L`JoLU]^p G]T|LUp BON KCp,]OL N XF N j ,] B R B D
JoL !]^T B |JoL_UL k`F B RML j ,] KGJoLUF^F N KLUJ
F !dML G] N LUJIJoL_ULUF = 4FhLUJu] LUD8\D GD !K GD j ] ,T
B R qr L MLUJ?\F N F
6d B RzJ k l !] N B GTWV G]OL
B !] 4 M]^F B KLUF 6 L !DR N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] N
DML BON 4F GK !DKLUF 6 LU] ,d!F G]e_ GD N r G]9
p GJ FOLUTWV!J GF = q N JuJ#D GT !F B ]OL B B RML B
B R f KLU]^] N GD d\ B R FOLUTWV!J GF N F#F j B 4]
T k_ GDL B U< T 1 6
j L_ ,] N !p B R R\V B R GF N F
j JoLU]^p G]XT !J BON D ,T|L N %p,]OL N !F j J k l !] N

37
Cumulative distribution function
A)
1.0
(1)
(2)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.1
B)
10
100
Viscosity index (%)
NRM0 (Am-1)
10
0.1
10
100
Viscosity index (%)
100
10
Viscosity index (%)
delta Z 15 days (Am-1)
C)
0.1
0.01
>
,
=
a
6cl !T !JoL BON _ qD N F B ] N d BON j !K BON j:B R q_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D N K GF 4 6Ij ] ,T 4 > 6`B R
B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
B D IJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
,L!D B 4T G]e\'F GK BON !F
K ,j. Tq GB Rd FI 'N F _ GB N D,F^]OK
LU4 p! FE6cN KBQR,TW L[VF^R N G JuBD GB DD |LU]K Jot L , TN ] G!4DA ]^TDf ! ] N <<B! |6p LUF > GF` K L BODMN j L \!=F K 9 BON 6!Dz G ] LUj pB R = 'BOl Np 6 L ,zBOT|N LULU ppN BOB BON N !KqL F BON?N B G\JuD L N j 4B DB G G] !J B BF L N?B \
> DML\F 6 LUFIL j !K BON j =

38
V N BBON?B L,T|LUp BON?B GF B 8V!JoL N B R {R N p,R l L LUV N L B LUJ = 4 >k},} 6= N !p B R !F
a,a
,]^T|LUJV ,JoLU] N?B \W_ULUJ GF =
FOUL TWV!J GFz G] GJ N T N ML B GD =` R K 8MD !K
] Gp N !F j ,] B R XT LhD N ] GK BON j LUKSRzL N F
G] KLUJuK !JoL B GD !F N !p J N LU]|V G] B !]^dML BON
*

! "!$#

L MLUJ?\F N F 4 s B
>k
} ,a GJ N G
>k} yXZN
),
# "!$#
G] B
>k},}8> 6
d B F B ]OLUVT B RD 4 l !F B LUd!J
L !D L
>k},},<< 6 L !D B R d N _ULU] N L B
; . . ; q56-80:+479550/8/!56-8790:+4
B !F N j H N F^R G]Gw FF B L BON F BON KGF 4 s !]e\L !D
A 4F N p N MKL B D N V RMLUF#d ,d!F G]e_ GD j ,] Z v :
>k},} 6= D N K !J B \ N F B !D8\
j !] j !] F GK BON !F = b B R |K B ]OLU]e\
B R j _ ,JuKL N K k`F N F B R {V ,F^F N d!J KGK !]^] !K
`R,J B D JoL !]^T B F GK BON V!] j V G]^T B L BON j T|L N T !T[ N B G]^T GD N L B
F B F4L LUF B PLU]^DzD N V j> G= 2KGK ,]^D N !p B F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ L N F = !KSRV G]^T B L BON !F j
B R [p ,J ,p N KLUJT|LUV 4 A !p N G]
>k} < L 6
!J?\ B R |V!] N !K N VMLUJ:F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ L N F LU] |F ,T
LUF B GF B4B ] !D N !p j ]OLUK B !] GFcLU] EV!] GF B{N BON T GF ,d!F G]e_ GD N FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T LFOLUT
B R N p,Rd ,]^R D jB R N FCF GK BON
L!D B R G] k
[V ,F^F N d!J?\p N _ N !p`] !p T L D N ] GK
N F qD N ] GK B _ N D !K j ,]L BON J BON !p j B R BON !1F 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},
} <6= B R G]
BON ] cF GK BON zL j B G] k GTWV!JoLUK GT B=
j ,] XD B G]^T N GD B R XD !F N?B \hK B !] jB R
h^hGM k 6z6 ! & ,& " T|L!LD' NT T N ! TN T !4T r{T|4r{LT 6 N
6 N V!B ] GN ]^!T K N GVMD LUN JL F B ! F^K 4 Gr V BON N d B 6N
\

L
F
QJ , j ,]XV ,F^F N d!J [D N F^KG] GVML !K N GF
?
N
B
N
B
B:N FCV ,F^F N d!J B {D N F^KG] N T N ML B .VMLUJ B ,V d B ,] N B L BON j8B R L N FKGJ !F B G]^F#L !D
p,]OLUV!R\L!DLUF^F K N L B GD kD N ] GK BON j ] ,T T L D N ] GK BON !F =
V ,F B GTWV!JoLUK GT BPB GK B N K BON J BON !pqd\K ,T[ T LUF !] GT B jcj G] B RML >k< F^V
VMLU] N !p B R k N !pD N ] GK BON
XD B G]^T N GD K N T !FV G] k \ N GJuD!F t N?B JoLU]^p F B L BON F9
!F N !p L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K`F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ BON KLUJ !K G] B L N B \ jPB R |F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ B
4 H6 L!D B R V!] GF B D N VD N ] GK BON = F ,5
]
4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6= 4J B R !p,R
T LUF !] GD B R j'B R FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T LUJuJ !]FOLUTWV!J GF G] D!] N JuJ GD j ] ,T B R J
B R B D 4JoL !]^T B 4F GK BON B k G]|VMLU] B j LUKSR k
B R QFOLUTWV!J N !pF B ]OL
N?j%B R B GK B N KK ,]^] GK BON !F G] GD GD = B GpU\ PLUF B D GF N p GD j ,] L MLUJ?\F N F =
,]^D G] B ] GK k_ G] B R N N?BON LUJ k D N ] GK 9 GKL !F !J?\ F _ |FOLUTWV!J GFC G] B LU WV G]
BON 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},}
= p = 6
`LUJuJ k
T L QD N ] GK BON !F`V G] kLU] j
B R hFOLUTWV!J GF
N?B R] Gp!JoLU] F B L!DMLU]^D F^RMLUV LUqF N p N MKL !K
,F^R k N !pXJoLU]^p !K G] B L N
4 > j 6
. G] L MLUJ?\ GD !F N !p B R BON GF =Us k _ G]
B R 2L N T j !]#F B !D8\EPLUF B
r Z rXLUV!VMLUd!] N D!p N B R 9.vY LU] N FWVML B K !F B ]OL N B R k N !pD N ] GK BON j LUKSR
JoL ,T|LUp BON KIJoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\WL B L N B zL !] =! k
:d GKL !F N?B KL d ] GJoL B GD B B R QJ
,]^D G] B GJ N T N ML B F B L BON F BON KLUJuJ?\ N !D N F BON !K B KLUJ k N !p|D N F B !]^dML !K GF
d BIB |D B G]^T N
_ULUJ GF
:MJ B G] GD B R N !D N _ N D MLUJ,DML B L !F N !p B R ET L k N !pWD N ] GK BON =M R J kF N p N
d B RH F B L BON F BON KGFL!D B R B R!] F N p,T|LJ N MKL !K jB R XDML B L[V G] kD GF B LUJuJ k
T N?B B R L !D 9 j LUK B ,]^F.LUF:D GF^KG] N d GDWd\

1

Flows Tou21-33 (n=79)
39
>,= L V!] N !K N VMLUJ:F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ L N F j2B R!] K !F GK BON _ hVMLU] B F j ] ,T B R B
D JoL !]^T B F GK BON %L!D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF@4 l !F B LUd!J L!D L
>k},},<<6
F t MLU] Er
B ] N L!p,J {r L!DQK N ]^KGJ {r =

] Gp N !F`>,= LU] 4!D N ] GB KRBO GN T!Fj ,] jPB RB R T L B D XV! ] Jo GN L !K K N VM !LU!]^J:K T F ! F^ K B G XV F BO GN dK
BON JN N?BO N G= FE L !DF N GF
j2 B R |K 8MD !K
H#A J k`F Ua > >k< z BL <8<8== a,a,a
a <8<8== <,<,<,<,<< >> Uyk8}8==?> >=,= < > }8= = } U} a8= }= y ,yy 8 ==?> 8= = <}a,a
<,8=}8=?> >,==
H#A J k`F >,> U< z BNL <8<8<8=== a,a,a,a,
aa <<<88<8=== <,<,<,<,<,<,<
<<,aa 8U<>k<> === a} ,ya,> 88=<8== y< > y8}8=== aa> <88=== > ==,=?ya>>> =,== y< U<>kU,< <8y8= <== < aU<>,8== y= a
H#A J k`F } > a,a z BNL <8<8<8=== a,a,a,a,a
a <<<88<8=== <,<,<,<,<,<,<<,<,aa a>k>k<,
}Ua88=a8=?= <> > ,= }== <a >,}8 >,== a= a a>k<y8U}8= < == y ,yU> }88=?== >> = == U<>k>k,}< a8===?> a8U}=8>,y== aa
À R ,J X>ky,F y GK BON z BNL <8<8<8=== a,a,a,a,
aa <<<88<8=== <,<,<,<,<,<,<<,< a aU<>,,U>ka8a8}8=== ya >>k8=y8 =?= }> === aa y y8>,= <== < 8><8,= == } >,>> >,=== y<< >>>,k> <8==?= >> === y
N <8= a,a,<<8= <,<,<,aa = } = y = >k< = >ka8= } = U<,a8= < U<8=
A N F B R !Tqd G] j FOLUTWV!J qV G]cDML B L F B= N F B R N p _ULUJ j ,]^T|LUJ N GD%T L F !F^K GV
BOD N Gd KGN J J N N?MB \ L BOB N !%F ,L ]!= D B R K ,N ]^!] KG GJF^N V ML !BON D!F B jB B RR [}T L K F !8F^MK D G V !BOK N d hN J ] N? GB \zp N L N Fj ,
] ] G F^=V GK GBOKhN _ GLJ?!\ D = !L Kh!DLU] %BLUR]
BB RR c 'FD G GT KGJ N N L M!L p,BOJN GF j j T T N N ,,]] L
T|!DLki T|,]cLkiL, ]PN F{LD NN F] G K j&BON B R = } N KF B 8RM D N !!KGK J N M GL JuBOJ NN V!F
j] GT F^V N GK,BO] N
_ T| GJ?Lk\ i = ,
]cL NN FF
D N ] GK BON =

40
a) Kmax
b) Kint
c) Kmin
d) Kmax and Kint combined

N
e) Mean axis
Kmin
Kmax
Kint
>
,
=
L 6
d 6
UK 6 L !D[D 6 !F N?B \ D N LUp,]OLUTWF jMB R V!] N !K N VMLUJF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ L N FCr 4L 6
r >k y,y<4d 6=6

r LQ V!4]K N 6 !KLN!VMD%LUJ rL N F*94r 6L !4DD 6 B RK , TqN ] d } N GD K j ,8] MB DR !K G JuJB N V!DF GF JoL 4 l !!F ]^B T LUd! J EB EL!F GD K BO N L 4
>k},},<<6
8F t MLU] r
B ] N L!p,J {r L!DQK N ]^KGJ Xr =

D B G]^T N ML BON j`B R N F[T L k N !pD N ] GK

BON j ] ,T] N !pED N ] GK BON N B R `D N : G] B
k`F =c R JoLUKS j ,d!F G]e_ GDD N F^K ,]^DML!K GF
d B B R k`FF !p,p GF B F B RML B#B R k N !p
K !D N?BON !F` G] q] GJoL BON _ GJ?\K !F B L B4j ,] B R
`R ,J 4F GK BON
ML !D B R G] j ,] {T G]^p GDhLUJuJ
B R DML B L =
_ G] N?j \ B RML B F !KSR LT G]^p N !p N Fi !F BON GD
LhK ,TWVMLU] N F j.B R 'T L DML B LPLUFET|LUD

D N _ N D N !p B R |F GK BON N B R!] |F !d!F B F =# R
K ,R G] B ] GF !J B F ,d B L N GD N B R GF VMLU] B F
4H N p =>,= L !D LUd!J >,= 6 KGJ LU]^J?\F^R k B R
K !F B L B k N !pK !D N?BON !FcD !] N !p GTWV!JoL
K GT B j8B R :`R ,J :F GK BON =P R B R!] .F B L
BON F BON KLUJ2T B R D!F !F GD B D B R %T L
D N ] GK BON !FqL !D B R N ][LUF^F K N L B GD K 8MD !K
F !J GF F

kV!,] ] k_ LUN D KSR GD VMLULUV!] V!] LUF N T|,] L B GR J?\ [B`R R :,FOJ LU 'T DM :L ] L
B j
B j B
B=
H N p = >,= 6
9 6
l 6 L !D 6 D N F^V!JoL\F j ,]
LUJuJ B R FOLUTWV!J GF B R r{T|L
|r N B
Wr{T N
L !Dr{T|L9r N B D !F N?B \D N LUp,]OLUTWF
] GF^V GK
BON _ GJ?\ = r{T|L
Ir N B L !Dr{T|L9r N B D
F N?B \ K B !]^FV!] GF B d N V ,JoLU]D N LUp,]OLUTWF = H ,]
r{T|L
B R B T|L N T|L j D !F N?B \ LU]
@ 8@ L !D ,] N B GD = r N B k LK ,TWVML
]OLUd!J B ] !Dd BB R F GK !D T|L N T !T
N F @N B R N F KLUF = R hK ,Tqd N ML BON j`B R
r{T|LL !DQr N B J LUD!F B WD GKG] LUF B R XD
F N?B \K B ]OLUF B F
4 N?B R LT|L N T !T j @
B A @ 8@ T|L N D N ] GK BON L !D L
B R G]
M LU G]
j L GN T B R =M R r{T N
D !F N?B \ D N LUp,]OLUTD N F^V!JoL\FL GJuJzD GD
T L D N ] GK BON
N?B R LT|L N T !T j D
F N?B \F B ] !p,J?\D N V!V N !p ,] B R GF B PLU]^D =

R Qd N V ,JoLU] N?B \ j4B R Qr{T|LL !D r N B
D !F N?B \hD N LUp,]OLUTWFKGJ LU]^J?\|F^R k B RML B r{T|L
41
r N B L N F2V G]^T B L BON N F N TWV ,] B L BN B R N F

F GK BON =s k _ G]
jB R T|L N T !T D
F N?B \ j r{T|LhL!D B R {T|L N T !T D !F N?B \ j
r{T N [V G] j GK B J?\'LUp,] 2 N?B R B R `T L Wr{T|L
L !Dr{T N
UD B G]^T N GD !F N !p B R B R G]:F B L
BON F BON KLUJ,LUV!V!] LUKSR GF =k R N F N !D N KL B GF B RML B V G]9
T B L BON !FWD B F N p N MKL B J?\L : GK B F B R
T L B !F ,]PD N ] GK BON !F = R {K !F N F B !K\ j
B R qT L zD N ] GK BON !F j ,] B R qD N : G] B VMLU] B F
jB R cF GK BON L !D B R c] GJoL BON _ GJ?\'F^T|LUJuJ }
K 8MD !K 4LU] LUF j ,] B R P`R ,J PF GK BON [\ N GJuD
L2F B ] !p4L !DXK ,R G] B F N p MLUJLUT !p B R F GK
BON =` R T L B !F ,]zD N ] GK BON !FQKL d
B R G] j ,] !F GD j ,] B R 4D B G]^T N ML BON jB R
k N !pWD N ] GK BON =
R N B G]^V!] B L BON j%B R GF DML B L N F
j ,] B ML B GJ?\ t GF BON MLUd!J =: j LUK B
:d GKL !F
j L N FqV G]^T B L BON
r{T|L ,]qr N B K !JuD
] GV!] GF B[B R k N !p%D N ] GK BON = ,] k_ G]
d B RWT L 'r{T|L'L !DWT L Wr N B V!] GF B L

F N p N MKL B N !KGJ N ML BON = r{T N N F BqN B R
_ G] BON KLUJV!JoL N !KGJ !D N !p r{T|L ,]r N B= b
B R RML !D
cr{T|LK ,]^] GF^V !D!F B B R
F B ] !p GF B T|L N T !T D !F N?B \L !DF^R !JuDd
L'p DhKL !D N DML B =M B R N F`KLUF
B R k N !p
D N ] GK BON WLUp,] GF N?B R B R `V!] GF B D N VWD N ] GK
BON L !DV!] ,dMLUd!J?\ BON J BON !p KGK !]^] GDhL j B G]
JoL_UL GTWV!JoLUK GT B= b B R B R G]|RML !D
N?j
r N B ] GV!] GF B F B R k N !p D N ] GK BON
B R
k`F G] BON J B GDL j B G] GTWV!JoLUK GT B=
BON J BON !pJ LUD!F B R ,] N B LUJEr{T|L
`L !D B
r{T N L !Dr N BWN LFOLUT _ G] BON KLUJ`V!JoL =
A ID GK N F N _ .LU]^p !T B \ N GJuD!FKSR N K :d B
B R GF B V ,F^F N d N J N?BON GF = R 4vX F j ] ,T B R
!_ XF GK BON !*F 4F LUd!J 6 LU] {T ,] cL N LUJuJ?\
D N F B ] N d B GD[ N?B R BB GK B N K`K ,]^] GK BON !F
B R B D JoL !]^T B F GK BON =I R N F
LU]^p GF j ,]L LUF B PLU]^DD N V jXB ,V ,p,]OLUV!R N K
O

42
,] N p N d j ,] B R QJoL_UL k N !p = DML B L F GK !DMLU]e\K ,TWV B

,] N B GDLUJ !p B R
d N ! pIK , TWVML BON d!J C N?B R LIJoLUKS j8BON J BON !p`L j B G] V!] GF B GJuD
`R N KSR N F:] GT k_ GD BON ] GJ?\'d
JoL_UL G TWV!JoLUK G T B
! KSR,F B B LUV!V!J?\ J k U< T ,] a U<
Sl4=& R |F j B GF^F jB R N F
D N VK , ]^] G K BON B B R VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KQDML B L F GK !DMLU]e\K ,TWV BQN !D N KL B GFzL _ N F^K !F
j ] , T B R B DX JoL !]^T B XF GK BON = , ] N p N =, R I] GJoL BON _ GJ?\qR N p,R'_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D N K GF
j ! D
G F^V G K N LUJuJ?\ j , ] B R B D JoL
; . . :9:0.::+4-879559:+479+4 ! ]^T B Q F G K BON :
F ! V!V , ] BWB R N F N B G ]^V!]
]^T G D%DG T|LUp BON L BON ! F jB R BJoL L BOBON?N B ! D= l jE! F B N RD G ] N_ ! N ]p B MLXLUJ JcN T pN? B , T|j LUp BO N K%j , V ] , B J RG F
V G ] j ,
FOLUTWV!J GF N B YF B GV!F = H N ]^F B
B YV N J B 4 4vX F 6 D! ] N ! p{F B LUd!J 2 V , JoLU] N?B \
!LUTWV!J G F j
FOLUTWV!J G F'V G ] k G ] z F B G V N F z DG T|LUp , ] B R, pM LUJ_G K B , ]CV!J B F j , ] , ]^T|LUJ k
] _G ]^F
BON GD
N LUJ B G] ML BON !p GJuD!F4 cH 6 !F N !p L! D N B G ]^T G D N L B V , JoLU] N?B \ LU] V!] G F B G D
LJoLUd , ]OL B , ]e\ d N J B cHDG T|LUp BON G ] 4 ! V N H N p =C>,= 8= W D B G ]^T N G D B R N ! D N _ N DM LUJ
B > < T 16 L!D B R B R G] B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\ N L l R f D N ] G K BON ! FQd\ T L! F jqB R J LUF B
N ! D! K BON _ f b j ! ] M LUK h N?B RL%] F t M LU] G F%T B R D 4r N ]^F^KSR_ N !
>k},y,<<6 ! F N ! p
F N DMLUJIT|LUp BON KQ GJuD j J GF^F B RML U< {= L B J LUF B2B R!] { K ! F G K BON _X DG T|LUp BON L BON
f G T|L B T|LUp BON L BON ! F' G ] T LUF ! ] G D F B G V!F =j6B R N ! D N _ N DM LUJ l R f K ! JuD B d
!F N !pL f F^V N G]hT|LUp B ,T B G]L j N F , JoL B G D , ] N?jB RW FOLUTWV!J q PLUF V , F^F N d!J?\T N
B G ] LUKSRDG T|LUp BON L BON F B G V 4 B > <6= F , ] N B G D 4LUF N ! D N KL B G D d\ G JuD B G F'L! D
R [d GRML_ N !] j:B R 'V N J B F^V GK N T !FXp N d\LD N ] G K BON F N p N MKL B J?\D N : G ] B|B RML
DG D ! ]:KSR N K jB RI d G F B DG T|LUp BON L BON B R B RG ]`FOLUTWV!J G F j ] , T B RX FOLUT k 6PB R
V!] K GD!] j ,] B R [] GT|L N N !p|FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T FOLUTWV!J z PLUF 8KGJ ! DG D j ] , T j ! ] B RG ]hLM LUJ?\
B RP FOLUT k = R B R B X DG T|LUp BON L F N F = R N F N F B R[ KLUF j , ] >,> FOLUTWV!J G F B R
BON XT B RD!F\ N GJuD LUJuT ,F BB R :FOLUT .] GF !J B F
,y LM LUJ?\F G D =4 R D B G ]^T N M L BON ! FzLU] j
V!] j G ]^] G D B % V!] K G D N?B R B R B RG ]^T|LUJ F K N B J?\p D t M LUJ N?B \F N ! K B R T|L N
B ] L B T B d GKL!F B R F GVMLU]OL BON j K ,T[ T ! T L! p! JoLU]D _ N L BON % 4 6 N FJ k G ]
V B F N F ! F M LUJuJ?\hT , ] K N B4j , ]2_, JuKL B RML j , ] y,< j[B R FOLUTWV!J G F = , ]
N K2] KSF = ,] k_ G]
B R B R G]^T|LUJMD GT|LUp _G ]
! J?\F _ k `F|RML_ L
BON L BON ! F#] _ LUJ B R` F^V G K B ] ! T j ] G T|L ! K j ! ] jEB RG T d N ! p j N B G ]^T G D N L B % V , JoL
d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] GF

!F GDJoL B G] B [D ] N?B \ =# R D N ] G K BON M LUJ.] G F ! J B F[LU] h V!] G F B G D
B R DG T|LUp BON L BON F B G V!F j L V N J B N LUd!J = b j},y JoL_UL k `F
> LU] , ]9
VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B 4 J N G] B LUJ =
T|LUJUV , JoLU] N?B \
LU] ] _G ]^F G DqV , JoLU] N?B \G
L! D
N h V!] G VMLU]OL BON 6=
D N F^V!JoL\ N B G ]^T G D N L B P D N ] G K BON ! F =,@ 8K G V B
j , ] B R` T B DG F f ! KSRG F.F G K BON 8 4 >ky k `F 6
; . . 34-8
H , ]`LUJuT , F B LUJuJ jB RX FOLUTWV!J G F
B R N ! D N `LU] R G ] t MB RLU JuJ?\%, ] ]^G T|V!] LUG J,F L ! DXB G ] D
_G B R]^F W . V V G , ]^JoKLU ] N?B B \ LUp k ` F j
_ N DM LUJ l RMLU]OLUK B G ] N F BON K f G T|L B z LUp BON ] _G ]^F G D N?B F'_ULU] N G F|LJ B= H , ] B R B
LULJuJcBON FOLU TW4 V!l J R G FQf LU] 6 PK LUF KGJLU T LU]^J?M \ L N F G , D JoL dB G \ D =L A F^ T|LU]^LUJ?Ju\ J DG F G TWV EB G FL! D B R B f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B N B
W Up
a)
43
W Up
b)
NRM0
NRM0
300
Flow Ame8
Sample 543A
15 mT
Flow Tou19
Sample 395C
450
25 mT
530
NRM0
550
40 mT
Scale 0.82 A/m
NRM0
140
N
Scale 0.93 A/m
Down
c)
Down
d)
W Up
NRM0
W Up
Flow Rab17
Sample 669A
400
Flow Ruc12
Sample 092A
520
140 mT
S
N
600
Scale 0.51 A/m
30 mT
Scale 0.19 A/m
NRM0
300
15 mT
NRM0
E
e)
Down
NRM0
f)
W Up
W Up
NRM0
10 mT
NRM0
25 mT
N
Scale 0.18 A/m
N
Scale 0.08 A/m
560
Flow Tem6
Sample 161C
Flow Ruc13
Sample 098A
400
E
Down
Down
>,= bc] B R ,p MLUJ.V!J B F j ,] ,]^T|LUJ

&] _ G]^F GD L !D N B G]^T GD N L B k`F j ,] D N : G] B J?\
D GT|LUp BON GDFOLUTWV!J GF N p ,p,]OLUV!R N K4K ,]^D N ML B GF = R {d!JoLUKS84 `R N?B 6 V N B FPK ,]^] GF^V !D B
B R XR,] N B LUJ(4 _ G] BON KLUJ 6 V!JoL =
NRM0
15
44
F GK BON !F 4 U< L!D >k} k`F

] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\ 6
N?B
N F4p,] L B G] B RML
`R G] LUF N?B4N F G] j ,]
B R B D hJoL !]^T B L!D B R B
4T G]e\F GK BON !F4 a,a L!D y k`F
C] GF^V GK BON
_ GJ?\ 6=
FOLUJ B FhL!D B R %K i !K BON j{B R r G]^p

J J !T . N?B R B R B R LUF B !D N L[] N D!p
A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<<6 !F GDJoL_ULLUKGK

T !JoL BON ]OL B GF B _ULUJ ML B B R |J KL BON j
B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp `R N?B d GpL
B j ,]^T = R {T|LUp B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\'K ,]^] GJoL
B GD B B R p,J ,dMLUJp ,T|LUp BON K:V ,JoLU] N?B \ BON T
*

"!$#
F^KLUJ LUJuJ k B d B^B G][K !F B ]OL N B R hLUp J N
T N?B F j LUKSR F GK BON L !D B R ] GKLUJuK !JoL B
; . . ; ::+4-80:-/!C-879/!c 0
T ,] 4LUKGK !]OL B B ] !F N ]OL B GF j ,] LUKSRF GK
:+41 P-/!34790:+ /!C-8
= .KLUJuK !JoL B GD B R B ] !F N ]OL B 34 8] 6
O
B
N
R [V ,JoLU] N?B \ N B G]e_ULUJuFcT LUF !] GD N B R LUF j ,JuJ k
!_ r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp F GK BON !F LU]
F^Rk 'LUFL j !K BON j GJ _UL BON N [H N p =>,= =
2V!] ,V ,F B XD N F^K !F^F B R `K ,]^] GJoL BON !FCd B
B R GF T|LUp B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ N j ,]^T|L `R G] sN F B R .L MLUJ?\ GDEF B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N K B R N
BON !FIL!D B R ] j G] !K qV ,JoLU] N?B \ BON T XF^KLUJ KS GF^FL !D B B R D !]OL BON jB R
4 s GF BON FQL !D 2K B
>k},} 6 !F N !p B R LUd KSR!] !F B R XJoL_ULUF2K ,]^] GJoL B B =
F ,J B LUp D B G]^T N ML BON !F ,d B L N GD B R R hK ,]^] GJoL BON !F LU] |T|LUD !F N !p B R | ,]9
K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p V!] _ N !F^J?\ DML B GD F GK BON !F N !pcR\V B R GF N F B RML B LUJuJ B R PV ,JoLU] N?B \XKSR!] !F
4 L !p B LUJ =
U<,<,< F^VML N !p B R GTWV!JoLUK GT B j:B R q_ ,JuKL N K
T K!LUK JP B K , TWB V LU,J = F
U<,<MLU6 J
_UL LU!] DL LUJuF ! F B R 'dMp LU FOLUKSJR F FF t GTW FE!]K LUF GM] LU %d!]J [ GK d , G]^DKL G!D F = R R N [F_ LU,F^JuF K!L TW V K[BONLUK
N
N?BON N BON j B =
B
N
H ,] !LUTWV!J
B R p,] !V F N p ML B !] D 8 BON _ N?B \ j#B R qr G]^p GJ QR B F^V B4N FILUKS kP
GD'd\ L !p B LUJ = 4 >k},},<y 6N B R !V!V G]VMLU] B J GD!p GD B 'd c_ N p !] !F = XD N D B F j ,]
j:B R B D [JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] EF GK BON L !D !LUTWV!J G] ,F N %F !] j LUK GF{d B B R qJoL_UL
,d!F G]e_ GD|d\ !K B B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6&j ,] B R `J k`F
!J?\ B R N F GD N T B JoL\ G]^Fh G] F
G]VMLU] B j6B R B D GF f !KSR GFL !D B T BON T GF ,d!F G]e_ GD =cs k _ G]
B R _ ,JuKL N K
D GF GTWV EB GF`F GK BON !F`R GJuV!F B 'V!JoLUK B R GF LUK BON _ N?B \ j4B R zr G]^p GJ V!J !T hT|L\ D N?j
F GK BON !FzF B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N KLUJuJ?\ N?B R] GF^V GK BB j G] j ] ,TV!JoLUK B XV!JoLUK `L !D B R B R N KS GF^F j
LUKSR B R G] = H ,] B R B 4T G]e\ F GK BON
B R XF GD N T B LU]e\hJoL\ G]^F N F B D N ] GK B J?\] GJoL
FOLUTWV!J GD !VPLU]^D j ] ,T B R JoLUF B N?B F#F B B GD B B R BON T [F^VML d B B %F !KGK GF9
D N GDd\ s !]e\L !D J GF^FOLU]^D 4 >k},} 6= F N _ k`F
B R N ]LUd!F !K `D GF B GK GF^FOLU]e\
B R !F N !KGJ !D GD B R N ]VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KDML B L
_ N D !K L']OLUV N DF !KGK GF^F N = N?B R B ] N p
`R N KSR D GF^KG] N d B R [M]^F B U<,< T B G]^F jB R ] !FXLU]^p !T B F
B B L BON _ GJ?\%K !F N D G] GD
F GK BON
B j !] N F^R'LcT ,] K ,TWV!J B T|LUp B RML B [R N D!D hV ,JoLU] N?B \'KSR!] !F`LU] cT N F^F N !p
B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ =
j ] ,T B R {_ ,JuKL N KcF t !K GF =
,]^D G] B KSR GKS B R ] GJoL BON !F^R N V d B 9 GKL !F j'B R G]^] ,]^F LUp D B G]^T N ML
B R N N?BON L BON j r G]^p GJ DdML BON !F
#F _ G]OLUJ2K ,]^] GJoL BON !F ] GT|L N V ,F^F N d!J

45
Age (Ma)
Alt.
Mont de la
Tourmente
-24
300
200
Alt.
25.31
+-0.67 Ma
1)
500
-25
24.82
+-0.19 Ma
2)
Mont Amery
400
3)
100
300
200
-26
4)
26+-1 Ma
Mont des Ruches
-27
Alt.
500
28.3
+-0.9 Ma
400
Mont des Temptes

Alt.
28
+-1.1 Ma
300
200
300
28.2
+-0.69 Ma
-28
200
-29
Alt.
28.1+-1.5 Ma
200
100
-30
29+-0.34 Ma
Mont de la Rabouillre
^FFK G]eLU_UJ L BO>,4 N s = !F GF 4 BOzN F`LLU!Lp p !D BB ,2KLUF JB B= ]O
L >k BO},N
p,},>k]OyLU}, V!} A R N6.N K KqN, KJoBL, G\]^]^F] V! G]JoL BBO GNB DLU!J !Fc=
F N U<!,N?p'B <,R <]OLUB DR N ',!Tp,KJ , B dMB ] LUN KIJ#B pDMLU LJ ,= B
T| GU<FI,LUL<p!D6 = BOpN K[ `V KSLU,RF^Jo GLUF T !] N?T NB K\ LUJBOB N RM,T dL B
LKU,JuJ ]^] B GR Jo |L BOV N ,!JoLUF2] LUN?B Ju\J k KSR! G]D !j ,F[] LUB ]R | ] GK , ]^B D GD D XLJoL B LUKS!R]^T F G K BOB N X F G=.K > BO6N
= 6
a<6
#L!D 6
LU] B R |V ,F^F N d!J

46
j ,] LUKSRQF GK BON =M k_ G]^K ,T B R GF !K G]9

B L N BON GF
8 E GV BIB R LU] GF B F ,J BON j ] ,T
B R d GF B ]OLUD N ,T B ] N KDML B GF%L_UL N JoLUd!J = H ,]
N !F B L !K
B R [> zL DML B ,d B L N GDL B
B R zdMLUF jcB R zJ GF^F|K !F B ]OL N GD B D
JoL !]^T B 2F GK BON N F B D N ] GK B J?\ ] GJoL B GD
B LXV ,JoLU] N?B \qd !DMLU]e\'L !D B R IV!] GK N F N N F
B F K N B J?\ELUKGK !]OL B B 4LUJuJ kL2M]^T K ,]9
] GJoL BON = b B R hK B ]OLU]e\
B R = a8> X<8=
zLDML B L BB R B ,V jWB R F GK BON N F j
t N?B Wp D t MLUJ N?B \
d B K ,]^] GJoL BON !FXKL
d XT|LUD XK !F N D G] N !p B R G]^] ,]`dMLU]^@F 4 > N
H N p =!>,= 6= R 4K ,]^] GJoL BON 6 K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p
B %L ,]^T|LUJ:V ,JoLU] N?B \KSR!] d B = }
L !D = Uy zL N F B R LU] GF B'B = a8> zL
L !DPLUF[ GV B LUF !][V!] j G]^] GD N B G]^V!] B L
BON = b QKL LU]^p B RML B !F N !p DML B GFWD
B G]^T N GD F GK BON !F B FOLUTWV!J GD !LUK B J?\
L B`B R XFOLUT EV!JoLUK XKL %LUJuF N B ] D !K XF ,T
d N LUF
d B LUF 8V!JoL N GD N B R 'VMLUJ ,T|LUp
BON K2FOLUTWV!J N !pcD GF^KG] N V BON 54F GK BON <a 6
U 4LU]
t N?B XK 8MD B LUd B`B R EF B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N Kc]
JoL BON zd B B R [DML B GDF GK BON !FEL !D B R
VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K GF =
l !K G] N !p B R B ] !F N []OL B KLUJuK !JoL BON !F
D GV !D N !p B R N B G]^V!] B L BON T|LUD B

K ,]^] GJoL B B R {F GK BON !F B B R {p,J ,dMLUJp ,T|L
p BON K|V ,JoLU] N?B \ F^KLUJ
B R h] GF !J B F[KL _ULU]e\
F N p N MKL B J?\ = H ,] B R N F[] LUF
# N JuJ.p N _
d B RhLqJ k G]2L !D !V!V G] GF BON T|L B =8B2N FPLUJuF
N TWV ,] B L B{B BON K B RML B d GKL !F B R |F GK
BON !FQD B F^VML B R BON ] KSR!] !F
B R
BON T GJoLUV!F GD B V!] D !K LUKSRF GK BON N F
K GF^F G]OLUJ?\F^R ,] B G] B RML B R !F GD j ,] B R
KLUJuK !JoL BON = R G] j ,]
:d B R _ULUJ GF jIB R
B ] !F N W]OL B ILU] 4LUK B MLUJuJ?\ J k G].d !D!F j
B R B ] G] !V BON ]OL B GF =# R GF hJ N T N?B L BON !F
F^R !JuDd ' GV BEN T N !D B QLUV!V!] GK N L B [K ,]9
] GK B J?\ B R GF BON T|L B {V!] ,V ,F GD =

R N B G]^V!] B L BON
PdMLUF GD B R LU] GF B
F ,J BON j ] ,T B R zd GF B ]OLUD N ,T B ] N KhDML B GF
j !] N F^R B R j ,JuJ k N !pIK !F B ]OL N B F B R 2LUp

J N T N?B F = R B D XJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] IF GK BON
LUKGK !T !JoL B GDd B U}8= L !D Uy8= zL
B R B D GF f !KSR GFIF GK BON d B Uy8=

L !D Uy8=?> zL
B R B D GF GTWV EB GFcF GK
BON d B Uy8= L !D Uy8=?> zL
B R B
4T G]e\zF GK BON d B = } L !D = y zL
L !D B R B D `JoL !]^T B 2F GK BON 'd B

= a L !D = } zL = H ,] B R B D `JoL
f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B D GF f !KSR GF
L !D B
D GF GTWV EB GFF GK BON !F
{ KLUJuK !JoL B GDL
L_ G]OLUp B ] !F N []OL B j<8= a,a T T \ 4 <8= <
T T \ 6= 9 B{B R q GJuJ#K !F B ]OL N GD ,]^T|LUJ
V ,JoLU] N?B \ N B G]e_ULUJ N d B B ] _ G]^F GD
KSR!] !F ,d!F G]e_ GD B R B D GF f !KSR GF
F GK BON LUJuJ k`F GF BON T|L BON j LT ,] ] L
J N F BON K G] !V BON ]OL B jW<8= T T \ 4 <8= a,}
T T \ 6Xj ,] B R N FqF GK BON =# R !V!V G][J N T N?B
j4B R p KSR GT N KLUJPF N p ML B !] hK ,Tqd N GD
N?B R B R IT|LUp BON K2] GF !J B F N !D N KL B B RML B:B R
G] !V BON ]OL B j ,] B R B D GF GTWV EB GF
F GK BON N F{LUJuT ,F BIB BON T GF4J k G] B RML j ,]
B R B D GF f !KSR GF 4d B <8=?> L !D
<8= Ua T T \ 6= H ,] B R `\ !p GF B B D IJoL
!]^T B [L !D B 4T G]e\zF GK BON !F
!]
M]^F BN B G]^V!] B L BON \ N GJuD!F G] !V BON ]OL B GF
j >,= a8> T T \ 4 y8= T T \ 6 L !D 8=
T T \ 4 <8=
} T T \ 6
!] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\ =
s k _ G]
B R N F2JoLUF B G] !V BON ]OL B XF GTWF
J N GJ?\d GKL !F _ G]e\R N p,R =E R !F
F !p
p GF BPB RML B B D cJoL !]^T B {L !D B
4T G]e\F GK BON !F G] !V B GDD !] N !p B R FOLUT
,]^T|LUJV ,JoLU] N?B \zKSR!] l = =& R N FELUJ B G]9
ML BON _ N B G]^V!] B L BON F BON JuJ2LUp,] GF' N?B R B R
]OLUD N ,T B ] N KcDML B GF2 N?B R N G]^] ,] =M R LUp {J N
L
T ?N B F j!B R l = KSR!]

d B = a L!D
= } zL =
\ N GJuD|L T ,] ILUKGK GV B LUd!J G] !V BON
]OL B j{<8= }
T T \ j ,] B R B 4T G]e\
F GK BON =: R N FWF GK !D N B G]^V!] B L BON N F !]
V!] j G]^] GD = H N p =>,= F !TWT|LU] N GF B R 2] B L N GD
K ,]^] GJoL BON !F j LUKSRF GK BON N?B R] GF^V GK B
B B R h] j G] !K hV ,JoLU] N?B \ BON T GF^KLUJ B4 s GF9
BON F`L !D 2K B
>k},} 6=
R G] j ,]
B R B D [JoL !]^T B [L !D
B 4T G]e\F GK BON !F|V!] GF B F^T|LUJuJ G]q_UL
J GF
4d B N?B R N B R N !K G] BON?B !D N B G]e_ULUJ
B RML B R [T L |T T \zV!] ,V ,F GD

d\ A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<< 6Wj ,] B R FOLUT
F GK BON !F = R G] !V BON ]OL B GF{KLUJuK !JoL B GDd\
T L !F jQB R T|LUp BON K] GT|L !K F GT
_ G]e\D N : G] Bqj ] ,T F GK BON B %F GK BON L !D
K 8M]^TR N p,R G] B ] !F N ']OL B GF j ,]#\ !p GF B
F GK BON !FWLUFWF !V!V ,F GDd\ A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
4 U<,<,<< 6#j ] ,T p KSR!] ,J ,p N KLUJ6LUp GF.K !F N D
]OL BON !F =, R 4T|Lki ,]:LUF^F !TWV BON !F GD B ,d
B L N B R GF qK !KGJ !F N !F N F B RML B LUJuJ B R V ,JoL
] N?B \KSR!] !F4LU] X] GK ,]^D GDzL B LUKSRQF GK BON =Mj
B R N F N F BB R cKLUF
B R B ] !F N h]OL B GFPLU]
k_ G] GF BON T|L B GD =
; . . *,+.-8 /M1479C-8 147 /!56-8790:+4
B R V!] GF B F B !D8\
c D LU]^d N
B ]OLU]^J?\L'VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K{D N ] GK BON zLUF N B G]9
T GD N L B N?j N?B F.K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p 4vX RMLUFPLEJoL
BON?B !D %d B =P B G]^T GD N L B %D N ] GK
BON !FKL N !D N KL B 2V ,JoLU] N?B \q] _ G]^FOLUJuFLUF GJuJ
LUF 8K !]^F N !F j B R 4p ,T|LUp BON K2 GJuD =
j ,] B ML B GJ?\
:LUF^F !T N !p B RML BWB R QT|LUp B ,F9
B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ N FXK ,TWV!J B 'L B _ G]e\ FOLUTWV!J N !p
J KLUJ N?B \
B R V!] GF B GDr G]^p GJ dMLUFOLUJ B
F GK BON !FD N D B ] GK ,]^D] _ G]^FOLUJuFQd GKL !F
LUJuJ B R N B G]^T GD N L B .D N ] GK BON !F KGK !]^] GDq N
B R N F B LUd!J zV ,JoLU] N?B \ N B G]e_ULUJuF =Pl !K G] N !p
L

47
B R B D GF f !KSR GF#F GK BON

B R V!] GK GD N !p
L !D j ,JuJ k N !p 4vX F jB R N B G]^T GD N L B CV
JoLU] N?B \ k V ,F^F GF^FL`VMLUJoL ,V ,J JoL BON?B !D a,
<
,]ET ,] WLPL\ j ] ,T B R WKGJ ,F GF B p ,p,]OLUV!R N K
V ,J =, R !F N?BN FV ,F^F N d!J B XK !F N D G] B R N F N
B G]^T GD N L B 2D N ] GK BON WLUF.LX] Gd !DWD !] N !pEL
,]^T|LUJ B c] _ G]^F *4 A2 f 6 V ,JoLU] N?B \XKSRML !p =
F N T N JoLU]c] GT|LU]^KL d WT|LUD j ,] B R f !K
4vX J KL BON `R N KSR T N p,R B K ,]^] GF^V !D B
L N B G]^T GD N L B %V ,F N?BON d B B R ]
_ G]^F B ,]^T|LUJ 4 f A 6 V ,JoLU] N?B \4KSRML !p = R
F !KGK GF^F N _ 4vX F j ] ,T B R B D GF f !KSR GF
F GK BON
cK GK B GD B ,p B R G]z N?B RLp,] L B
K N ]^KGJ
MLU] {F^R k N H N p =>,= y8=! R j LUK B2B RML B
F ,T 4vX FKL D GF^KG] N d L ] _ G]^FOLUJXVML B R
J LUD !F B WK !F N D G]
6LUFIL'F N TWV!J GF B2N B G]^V!]
B L BON
B RML B LUJuJ B R .] _ G]^FOLUJuFCLU] :] GK ,]^D GDqL B
J LUF B`j ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF4F GK BON = H ,]
B R B D `JoL !]^T B IL !D f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
F GK BON !F
&d GKL !F L \V!] GK GD N !p%L !D j ,JuJ
N !p 4vX FPLU] B D _ N L B GD B kPLU]^D B R GF GF
V ,F N?BON !F
B R N B G]^T GD N L B 4vX F GT N F
JoL B GD =& R !F
B R \KL N?B R G] ] GV!] GF B F
V G] VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]{_ULU] N L BON
LUFX GJuJLUF
K !]^F N !F ,] B ] N B G]^T GD N L B D N ] GK BON !F&D
] N !pL] _ G]^FOLUJ B ] GK ,]^D GD = R 'LUF^F !TWV
BON zT|LUD j ,]IK ,]^] GJoL B B R GF qF GK BON !F B L
p,J ,dMLUJPp ,T|LUp BON KV ,JoLU] N?B \F^KLUJ hT|L\ d
!F N?B LUd!J =
; . . :9:0:5349/ #/!79C-8790:+
N !KGJ !D GD N B R V!] GF B F B L BON F BON
KLUJ2L MLUJ?\F N F B R hVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KW] GF !J B F j
s !]e\L !D J GF^FOLU]^%D 4 >k},} 6zj ,] B R ,] B
4T L G]e\ 4 D w LU4]J ^K
!D G,] ] B F Gl K 8_!] F ,L ]^!D D G] B
B 6 BON N B N
KG] LUF B R !Tqd G] j !V!V G]#bcJ N p K CDML B L =
LF GK !DF B GV
: z] GT k_ GD B R B ]OL !F N
48
Ruc9
Ruc2
^
Ruc12
Ruc1
Ruc13
>,= y hZ KL BON !F j4vX F j ] ,T B R B D GF f !KSR GFIF GK BON =
BON MLUJDML B L'V!] GF BON !p 4vX F` N?B RQJoL BON?B !D D GD B RML BzB R B T L!F%LU] F B L BON F BON KLUJuJ?\
J GF^F B RML 4 <} 6= R [VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K N D BON KLUJqL BB R } J _ GJ j K 8MD !K =
D N ] GK BON !F jqN !D N _ N D MLUJ k j ,] B R N Fp,J !KSR LV ,F N?BON _ ] _ G]^FOLUJ B GF BzN TWV!J N GF j !]9
dMLUJDML B LUF B LU] qD N F^V!JoL\ GD N H N p = =?> N?B R B R G]
M]^F B
B RML BcB R N !D N _ N D MLUJ l R f QFXLU]
B R N ]|d B F B ]OLUV!V GDT L !FhL !DLUF^F K N L B GD B D N F B !]^d GDd\F GK !DMLU]e\K ,TWV B F
} K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F G*F 4 L

>k},},<y 6= BB RML BB R GF l R f QF#LU] V!] N T|LU]e\ f QF
L !D% MLUJuJ?\ B RML B4B R qVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KED N ] GK

BON !F2] LUF MLUd!J?\hL_ G]OLUp B R XF GK !JoLU]P_ULU] N L
q Mk M" k
BON D !] N !p B R !V!V G]4bcJ N p K =
,]^D G] B zKSR GKS B R |] GJ N LUd N J N?B \ jPB R
DML B L j ,]XVMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]{_ULU] N L BON F B !D8\
& " &#
V!] K GF^F GD B R GTd\'F GVMLU]OL BON !p B R `T L'D N
] GK BON !F N B B V ,JoLU] N?B \QDML B LUF B FXL !Dd\
]OL !D ,TFOLUTWV!J N !p` N?B RqF K N BCBON T
N _ G] BON !p B R ,]^T|LUJ!V ,JoLU] N?B \EDML B LUF B:B N?B F GJoLUV!F GDhd B QF !KGK GF^F N _ { GJuD] GK ,]^D N !p,F
L BON V D = R %LUV!V!J N GD B R Qd B F B ]OLUV N F ] t N ] B GF BON T|L B B R _ULU] N LUd N J N?B \ j
B GF B2j ,]`LqK ,TWT hT L 4 L
>k},},<y 6:j ,] B R WVMLUJ U GJuDD B B R WF GK !JoLU]c_ULU] N L BON
B R B hDML B LUF B F N ,]^D G] B V G] j ,]^T L|] 4 6= 9 GKL !F B R 4V!] GF B VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K
_ G]^FOLUJ B GF B=8 R cF B L BON F BON KLUJL MLUJ?\F N F j kP FOLUTWV!J N !p K !F N F B F j F !KGK GF^F N _ JoL_UL k`F
L_ G]OLUp PD N ] GK BON !F j ,] B R GF B {DML B LUF B LU] N L_ G] BON KLUJ:F t !K
LQ] N F^ B N B ] D !K
V!] GF B GD N LUd!J >,= a8= 9 GKL !F B R {K 88 Ld N LUF N B R 'F B L BON F BON KLUJL MLUJ?\F N F{d\p N _ N !p
D !K N B G]e_ULUJuF j#B R Xd B F B ]OLUV!V GDT L !F LF^V !] N !F{ N p,R BEB zLhF N !p,J [D N ] GK BON ]
j ,] B R B D N F B ] N d BON !F k_ G]^JoLUV j ,] LUKSR K ,]^D GDd\F !KGK GF^F N _ JoL_UL k`F GTWV!JoLUK GD
KLU] B GF N L K ,]^D N ML B 34H N p =>,=?>k<< 6
k PK !KGJ N |L{F^R ,] B:BON T N F B F = EF^R GD|J N p,R B B R N F

49
a)
N
S
b)
N
>,= } L 6 LUJoL ,T|LUp BON KWD N ] GK BON !F j`N !D N _ N D MLUJ k 4 s !]e\ L !D J GF^FOLU]^D 4 >k},} 6
L !D B R N F.F B !D8\WK ,Tqd N GD 6
L!D|d 6
B R N ]:d B F B ]OLUV!V GDWT L!F: N?B R } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF
4 L
>k},},y<6
L j B G]&] GT k_ N !p j8B R B ]OL!F N?BON MLUJ,DML B L =k R D N V ,J # GJuD D N ] GK BON !F 4F t MLU] GF 6
KGLUJ] N XML p BON _N ! F =j ,]`K ,TWVMLU] N F =! 89JoLUKS 4 `R N?B 6 K N ]^KGJ GFIL!DQF t MLU] GFcLU] EV ,F N?BON _ 4 GpL BON _ 6PN
S

Fraction
50
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.30
-0.40
Fraction
X component
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Fraction
-0.10
0.00
Y component
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.92
0.96
Z component
] _ G]^F >, E=?>kV < ,JoLU] sIN?B N\|F B D ,N p,] ]O GLUK BOTWN F ! F`j LK!LUD ] B B GRF N LN ] } K ,]^KD N M8LMB D G F !K j2BN RB | G]eT _ULU JuLF*4 d L B F B
]OLU>kV!},},V y< G6D = ,]^T|LUJ.L!D

51
! Gp,K ] !>,V = ! Ga DQK D N ]B A GL K BOBON FN BON!KF LUJ Lf MLUJ?\F N F j kP9L_ G]OLUp ED N ] GK BON =
fLUJu ,J _]^K T| G,]^TqLUF J d N GD > >ky8<8=== ,y8 === } >k,<<,}} >k<Uy8=== <, y},Uy<,}ya,aa,<8<8=== yay a88===
v >,]=?>!V GDQ= a D N ] GUK a BON !F >,=?> },a Uy8=?> a8= y
A ,]^T|LUJ
,
>
fLUJu J _ K G,]^TqF d N GD > ,== ,y
88== } } > a,},}8<8== ,y< a8Uy8>,== == <y
k G K
! F ! GK[D LUN ] B RB R LMT LU J?\LF N F = f GKGJN NF MB L RBO :N _Q GK LB !,D]F N !!T KGJ N Mj L ABON
!N?]B G_F^ GV K GB K ,BO]^N F_= GJ?\ N= F A B RN .F V!B ]R G K N F !N TqEd VM GLU] ]OLU T j Jo LB _U GL ]
j H N F^R G]2D N F B ] N d BON = N F B R } K 8MD !K _ GJ ,V j ,] B R EL_ G]OLUp XD N ] GK BON =
O

V!] ,d!J GT

!F B R t ML BON?B L BON _ .d B F B ]OLUV
B GF B{j ,]cLK ,TWT %T L 4 L
>k},},<y 6`B
N D BON?j \ N !D GV !D B F !KGK GF^F N _ |D N ] GK
BON !F = R B ,]hT ,] %F !KGK GF N _ k`F
\ N GJuDD N ] GK BON !F{ N?B R LQK ,TWT T L

!F GD B R GJuD B GF B KSR GKS B R p ,J
p N KLUJ _ N D !K GF j ,] GJoLUV!F GD BON T d B
B R k`F 4K !p,J ,T G]OL B GF
{] GDF GD N T B F
K LUJ
=?=?= 6= R k`FP`R N KSRhKL B d cD N F BON
p N F^R GD !F N !p B R GF B KG] N?B G] N L LU] B R
p,] !V GD B ,p B R G]qLUF N !D N KL B GD N LUd!J =
A B R GJ GF^F
N?B N F N TWV ,] B L BB GV N
T N !D B RML BhB R VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KQ GJuD N?B F GJ j
KL [F B L\qF B LUd!J 2D !] N !p GTWV!JoLUK GT B j F !K
K GF^F N _ 2JoL_UL k N?B R BON T GJoLUV!F GD[d B
G] !V BON 'J !p !p,RWK ,TWVMLU] GD B B R `]OL B
j F GK !JoLU][_ULU] N L BON 4 Z k_
U<,<,<< 6=C F !KSR
LXKLUF
p,] !V N !p B R IDML B LX N JuJ k_ G] GF BON T|L B
B R _ULU] N LUd N J N?B \ jB R :VMLUJ U GJuD = t ML BON?j \
B R N FhV B BON LUJ4V!] ,d!J GT
GF BON T|L B GD B R
VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]c_ULU] N L BON !F N !p B B ] GT
KLUF GF N?B R 4 } 6 L !D N?B R B 4 >k<,<} 6
p,] !V N !p j F N T N JoLU].F !KGK GF^F N _ qD N ] GK BON !F =
{ |6 &E M" G " !

V!] K GF^F GD B R K ,Tqd N GDqDML B L
d\ ]
_ G]^F N !p B R 4vX F j ] _ G]^F GDhV ,JoLU] N?B \ =, R

B B LUJ{L!p!JoLU]F B L!DMLU]^D D _ N L BON 4 LUF^D 6N F

KLUJuK !JoL B GD !F N !p

`R G] N F B R !Tqd G] j DML B L|L!D B R

L !p,J d B B R N?B R 4vX L!D B R h ] j
] !K V ,F N?BON = R B B LUJPLUF^D N F B R K ,]9
] GK B GD j ,] 8V G] N T B LUJ G]^] ,]cd\%] GT k_ N !p
B R { N?B R N kLUF^D

`R G] N F B R PT L !Tqd G] j FOLUTWV!J GF#V G]

N?B
hN F B R X N?B R N kLUF^D
L !D B R hT L V!] GK N F N VMLU]OLUT B G] = f

F !J B F j2B R GF hKLUJuK !JoL BON !F LU] ] GV ,] B GD N
LUd!J >,= = 9 GKL !F j{B R %J k !Tqd G] j
p,] !V GD k`F
B R B D N : G] B DML B L F B F
K !F N D G] GD D B KSRML !p [F N p N MKL B J?\ B R
] GF !J B F = R ] LUJVMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]2_ULU] N L BON N F
GF BON T|L B GD N B R ]OL !p j >k}8= L !D =
a
`R N KSRK ,]^] GF^V !D!F B B R J k G]cL !D !V!V G]

d !D!F jB R B B ] GT XKLUF GF =
G| M" G " !
$& "
|H N p =8>,=?>,>
U I] GV ,] BB R 4vX F^KL B^B G]
L !D B R 4LUF^F K N L B GD } K 8MD !K N B G]e_ULUJ

52
>,= 4N F^4 V vX G]^ F N F F B L BON Fp,BO] N KG!F V GjD 44vXvX F
}

A
>
k
,
<
}
LLzzJoJ L BO!N?p B N?!B D! D
y == <
y } = y=
U<
k
>
V!] GK N F N VMLU]OLUT B G]`r
> a8= =
> = <=
N?B R N k 4LUN F^F^D V G4 ]^ F N 6 j ] ,T B R @ LU] = B <,R < w F`] B L BON L N F = },y
9 BB LUJ& LUF^D 4k 6 LUF^D 4 6
>>,,== a
>>,,== }y
} K 8MD !K EJ N T N?B F >k}8= Ua8=
>k}8= y = a
A !Tqd G] j k j ,]2KLUJuK !JoL BON !F =

6L !D LU] B R Xd B
B
BK LUJ8
6ML D! Dz!K XN?BJ NR T N N?B F k L !p LU!] Jo {LU]`KLUF BJuKL !!JoDML LUB ]^ GDD D! F N_ !N pL BOBN R! F B
6LU] d! GJ F^ V GKjCBO} N _ GJ?\ =K 8RM D } ! K
J N T N?B F j ,]`L !p !JoLU]PF B L ! DMLU]^DQD _ N L BON 4 l
>k
} ,}<6=

VGP scatter (deg.)

30
Model G for paleosecular variation
(McFadden et al.1991)
25
20
Kerguelen data (N=94)
15
10
20
40
60
80
Site Latitude (deg.)
>
,
?
=
,
>
>
4vX F^KL B^B G]L!D } K 8MD !K N B G]e_ULUJ`LUd B F^V N L N F j DML B L 4 } 6
jp] , T BON Ks LUJu J?!\ ]eN \D L !BOD N KLU J J GF^kFO`LU]^F D6 K 4 ,>kTW},} VM LU6 ] GLD !BD B B RR q V!] GF D G J B vF B j !,D8]\zVMLUK Jo,LTq ,d F N GK G!DJoLU4] _UN?LUB ] R%N L p,BO]N !V 4 NQ!pKH6 LUj D!T|D L
B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6=

UL d BXB R WF^V N L N F 4 } 64B zK ,TWVMLU] N?B

N?B R B R D GJ v j ,]cVMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]I_ULU] N L
BON 84 QKH6LUD!D B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6= !F GD B R N F
T D GJMd GKL !F N?B.N F B R !J?\ ``R N KSRKL
d LUV!V!J N GD j ,] B R a,< zL BON T { N !D k =
bcd_ N !F^J?\
B R DML B L B N K GJ?\ B R T D GJ =
R N FPF !d!F B L BON L B GF B R {T D GJ v j QKH6LUD
D B LUJ = 4 >k},}8> 62j ,] B R [LUV!V!] N T|L BON j
B R :VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]_ULU] N L BON cD !] N !p B R =
zL BON T N B G]e_ULUJ = R t ML B ,] N LUJ:Fe\T[
T B ]e\ jB R qT|L N zp ,T|LUp BON KX GJuDLUF^F
T GD N T D GJ vN F B R WK ,R G] B N?B R
!]2F B R G] QR GT N F^V!R G] XDML B LUF B=

*
!$#
"!$#
V!] GF B L VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KLMLUJ?\F N F

j !_ JoL_ULF G K BON !F j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ
4]^KSR N V G JoLUp = !F B R B GKSR Nut
B | D B G ]^T N B R N N?BON LUJ kD N ] GK BON %L!D
K ! KGJ ! D B RML B B G K B N K K ,]^] GK BON !F B
FOLUTWV!J , ] N B L BON ! FLU] G DG D j , ] B R N F
F B ! D8\ =W R T|LUp BON KKLU]^] N G ]^FRML_ d
N D BON G D ! F N ! p{J k P G JuDqF ! F^K G V BON d N J N?B \ _
J BON W K ! ]e_G FIL! D N ! KGJ ! D > 6 , ] N p N M LUJ BON?B L
, T|LUp BON?B , ]F^J N p,R B J?\ N D N G D BON?B L, T|L
p,RG T N?B
6[BON?B L, T|LUp,RG T N?B N?B RR N p,RG ]
l ! ] N B G TWV G ]OL B ! ] 6
T , ] , ]IJ G F^F B RG ]^T|LUJuJ?\
F B LUd!J D B J k B G TWV G ]OL B ! ] N DML BON
L B L|D N : G ] B J _G J
L! D a<6 V , ]9 2NBON?B L
T|LUp BON?B Q V!] D! K G Dd\ R N p,R B G TWV G ]OL B ! ]
N DML BON = ! ]^V!] N F N ! p,J?\
B R KLUJuK ! JoL B G DQ_ N F9
K , F N?B \ N ! D j:B R B D[ JoL ! ]^T B
F G K BON N F&JoLU]^pG ] B RML 8V G K B G D j , ]&F ! dMLG ] N LUJ
JoL_ULUF = j B G ]IJoLUd , ]OL B , ]e\ B ] L B T B
B R V!] N
T|LU]e\ ] G T|L B T|LUp BON L BON N FC G JuJ N F , JoL
B G D
LUF{F^Rk d\J N?B^B J E N?B R N k D N F^V G ]9
F N L! DL V , F N?BON _I d B F B ]OLUV] _G ]^FOLUJ B G F B=
53
R N F B GF B LUJuF LUF^F !] GF B RML B|B R bcJ N pK

VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]P_ULU] N L BON N FP GJuJ&L_ G]OLUp GDQd\
B R 'FOLUTWV!J N !p =j WLUF^F !T B RML B ] _ G]9
FOLUJuFcLU] ET N F^F GD%d\ B R F GK BON !F
L!D%K !F N
D G] N !p !] N B G]^V!] B L BON j K ,]^] GJoL BON B
B R s GF BON F'L !D 2K B 4 >k},} 6 p,J ,dMLUJ.p
T|LUp BON KV ,JoLU] N?B \ F^KLUJ
B R T|LUp B ,F B ]OL
BON p,]OLUV!R\V G]^T N?B F !F B N TWV!] k_ B R hDML B GF
j LUKSR F GK BON d B U}8= L !D Uy8=
zL j ,] R B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] zF GK
BON
Uy8= L !D Uy8=?> zL j ,] B R B D GF
f !KSR GF'F GK BON
Uy8= L !D Uy8=?> zL j ,] B R
B D GF GTWV EB GFWF GK BON
:L !D d B
= a L !D = } zL j ,] B R B 4T G]e\|L !D
B D 'JoL !]^T B [F GK BON !F L !DKLUJ
K !JoL B T ,] V!] GK N F GJ?\ B R G] !V BON ]OL B GF =
R GF B ] !F N q]OL B GF <8= a T T \ j ,] B R
B D GF f !KSR GFXF GK BON
<8= a T T \ j ,]
B R B D GF GTWV EB GF
&L !D J k G]Xd !D
_ULUJ GF j<8= a T T \
<8=
} T T \'L !D >,= a8>
T T \ j ,] B R B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B 4T G]e\ L !D B R B D JoL !]9

T B I] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\ V!] GF BPN TWV ,] B L B _UL
] N L BON !F j ] ,T F GK BON B qF GK BON | N?B RL N
KG] LUF j ,] B R [\ !p G]EF GK BON !F =& R !F
B R
LUF^F !TWV BON d\ A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<< 6 j
LK !F B L B G] !V BON ]OL B j ,] B R @ K
bcJ N p K XLUK BON _ N?B \ j#B R r G]^p GJ zV!J !T
N F[L k_ G]^F N TWV!J N MKL BON = R N B G]^T GD N L B
DML B L j ] ,T B R B D GF f !KSR GFXF GK BON N F
K !F N D G] GD LUFWL] Gd !D D !] N !pL ,]^T|LUJ
B {] _ G]^F IV ,JoLU] N?B \XKSRML !p =, R 4vX D N ] GK
BON |V!] k_ N D GD|d\ B R f !K kKL hLUJuF Ed
K !F N D G] GDWLUFL N B G]^T GD N L B V ,F N?BON Ed B
B R :] _ G]^F B ,]^T|LUJUV ,JoLU] N?B \4KSRML !p =
R GF ,d!F G]e_UL BON !FqJ LUD!F B K !F N D G] B RML B
L B J LUF B|B R B D GF f !KSR GFhF GK BON ]
K ,]^D GDLUJuJ B R 4] _ G]^FOLUJuF = ,T 4D !d B F N F B
L
54
j ,] B R B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] WL !D B

D zJoL !]^T B %F GK BON !F = R N ] N B G]^T
D N L B 4vX D N ] GK BON !F.K !JuD|F N pMLUJ !] GK ,]9
D GD ] _ G]^FOLUJuF
&L !D B R !F B R G] !V BON ]OL B GF
KLUJuK !JoL B GD B R GF 'F GK BON !FXT|L\%d !LUp
p G]OL B GD = H N MLUJuJ?\
B R GF BON T|L B GDWVMLUJoL ,F GK
JoLU]P_ULU] N L BON F !d!F B L BON L B GFcL L N LUJuJ?\Fe\T[
T B ] N KVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON Kz GJuD N?B R t ML B
] N LUJ!Fe\TWT B ]e\[F N !K B R \WLU] `K ,R G] B N?B R
B R .T D GJ v j VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]_ULU] N L BON XV!]
V ,F GD j ,] B R {bcJ N p K `V G] N 8D 4 QKH6LUD!D
B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6=
*
#! " $),#
cLU] Ip,]OL B j !J B B R !F BON?B BP ,JoL N ]

L!J @ T N J cN K B , ] j ,].V!] k_ N D N !pqLUJuJ B ]OL!F9
V ,] B[j LUK N J N?BON G FqL! D j , ] B R QF !V!V ,] B j4B R N F
V!] i G K B= V G K N LUJ B RML! F B 4JoL N Z LUT|LUJuJ
f ,JoL! D LUp \hL! DhLUJuJ ! ]. G JuD j ] N !D!F =

B RML! N ] N JuJ G ]^] N j , ]WRG ]|RG JuV D! ] N ! p
FOLUTWV!J N ! p
N KSRG J ] g _ Bqj , ] F^K N BON MK|D N F9
K ! F^F N ! F !
L! D f , d l j , ]] LUD N ! p B Rc T|L
! F^KG] N V B L! D j , ]&RG JuV j ! JK , TWT B F = RP L
B R, ]^FLUJuF E PL BB B RML! F K B^B 9 , p4 L! D
B c L \T ! F] _ N G ] j , ] B R N ]&K ! F B ] ! K
BON _X ] G T|LU]^F =6 R \QRG JuV B | KGJoLU] N?j \hL! D N T[
V!] k _ B R t M LUJ N?B \ j&B R N F2LU] BON KGJ =8 R N F , ]^
PLUF VMLU] BON LUJuJ?\ F ! V!V , ] B G D d\ l A f A
V!] , p,]OLUTWT N B g ] N ! ] G ]^] =

l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KQL!D
k D N ] GK BON N dMLUFOLUJ BON K[VMLUR GR [JoL_UL
j N?B J _ ,JuKL
N K = 8=X ,JuKL ,J =
v B R G]^T = f GF =
} ,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},
} 8= R N B G] MLUJ8F B ] !K B !]
j JoL_UL k`F %N !F N p,R B F j ] ,T T L
F !] GT B F HA LU]9_ B L8w L = 8= ,JuKL ,J =
v B R G]^T = f GF = <
> 8
a 8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = R N B G] MLUJ8F B ] !K B !]
F !] GT B F ^ s LPL NuN L VMLUR GR
B
B R!VMLUF B 2JoL_UL{L !Dhw L8w = 8= j6 ,JuKL ,J = L !D
v B R G] = f GF = 4 > 6
>k} 8=
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
L
Z=
>k},},<8= R 4d B F9
B ]OLUV j ,]4T|LUp BON K F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ B !F ,]^F =
8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =6} 4 <y 6
a,y,a
a,} =
l
=
>k
} ,}8=cl 8MD !K J N T N?B F j ,] B R
V!] GK N F N VMLU]OLUT B G]z =Xv ,V!R\F = 8= f =
LUF B ] = K = >ky
}8=
,]^T \
A @2!=
T G ] LUKJLU J B
T 8D =
GJuF l !] BOR N Ju J pB
D8q\=
U<,<,<8= N
j'B
MLUT L !D ,d!F G]e_UL BON MLUJ K !F B ]OL N B F =
v KSR GT = v ,V!R\F = v ,Fe\F B GTWF
> 4 U<,<,<vElP<,<,<,
< 6=
F ! K
2B
r
2=
HM] \ N
PF
H
=
K ] L
B GF

8=
A N K ,JoLR \
=
= v{N B = U<,< =.

.

D GV!J B GDT|L B J QK ,TWV B|N r G]^p

J 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp dMLUFOLUJ B F B ] ,p GF N F
jB R ,J NuN?BON K B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJ,dMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R
Z ,]OL !KSR BQ N !F !JoL = 8=P B ] ,J = a 4 6
>ka > >k

a
8=
K !K!L F ]
!K f =
U< ,< =R r GBO]^N p T GJ j ]OLUT Jo L j L , ]
B BON j|B
B
L !D 9] , f N D!p = 8=C B ] ,J = a
>,>k<,}
>,>,>k}8=
HM] \
H =
N F
=
L !p
sE= 8=
<A N K ,JoL\F
r =
Z \] N?B
sE=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8=& GTWV
]OLUJp KSR GT N KLUJ B ] !D!F N zr G]^p GJ 4]9
KSR N V GJoLUp dMLUFOLUJ B F _ N D !K j ,][D GKG] L
F N !pQT|LUp,T|LF !V!V!J?\ j ] ,T B R |r G]^p GJ
V!J !T =6l R GT =6v ,J = >
8> 8y,<8=
v L BON G]
S=
N F
=
GF^F N G]
8=
cN
DMLUJ
=
v{N ] B
=
Z !d B
=
>k},},<8=M
B ] ,J ,pU\ L !D p KSR GT N F B ]e\ jzB R r G]9
p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp `dMLUFOLUJ B F 4F B R !D N L
bcK L 6 _ ,J BON j B R cT|L B J IF !]^K GF
j ] ,T ] N D!p B N B ]OLUV!JoL B qV ,F N?BON = @ LU] B R
JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B F >k<,<
U} 8=
v{N ] B
=
>k},},<8=C \V ,J ,pU\
_ ,J BON
L !D
,] N p N jcB R zr G]^p GJ V!J B N KF G] N GF
!D N L K L UL4] _ N =,v ,J = 8=

Ua,}
=
s !]e\
9 =
Z v :
=
>k},} = 4V!V!J N KL BON
j6B R 2d N _ULU] N L B B !F N j H N F^R G]Gw FCF B L
BON F BON KGF B B R 2T|LUp BON K.F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \qL N
F B ] ,V\[DML B L N B Gp,]OL BON jB R `T LUF !]9
T B !K G] B L N BON GF B R ,] N B L BON j
B R EV!] N !K N VMLUJD N ] GK BON !F =l4= f = 2KLUD = K Nx=
LU] N F a U< 4 ^ L 6
>k<,a >k< =
s !]e\
9 =
J GF^FOLU]^D
l4=
>k},} = A VMLUJoL
T|LUp BON K ] GF !J B F j ] ,T B R [r G]^p GJ F9
JoL !D!F =6v ,V!R\F = 8=M B=> Uy 4 > 6
a 8y,a8=
s B
v[=
>k
} ,a8= R GF BON T|L BON j F GK !D

56
,]^D G] B !F ,]^F

! N?B RQ] GJoL B GD B GF B F4L!DD j{B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T =@ LU] B R JoL B=
F N p! F = 9 N ,T B ] N L U<
a Ua 8a a8=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
s G F BON F
=
2K B
v[=
>k},} = b B R A !p N G]
8=
>k} <8=2l B ] N d BON L Jxw g B !D
K ! F B ] ! K BON j p ,T|LUp BON K BON T GF^KLUJ GF p g , J ,p Nut B p g ,T ,]^V!R,J ,p Nut ED GF N J GF
j ] , T V!] i ! D N K N LUJ B ] L B T B j T|L r G]^p GJ = 9 !JuJ =l ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR =
p BON K L, T|LUJ?\DML B L j ] , T T !J BON V!J B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F
,}
V!V =
] N D!pG F =Uv , V!R\F = 8= B=> U} 4 > 6
> >ky = D GT N ]
b =
>k},y = _ G]^F N j:BON?B L,T|L
GJ N G T|
LUpq =
K >k} F ! y8F^=K G V B L d BON JF BON \ KLUTJ V!LU] F ! K ] G G F^D F N ! p p,>kRy GT >kN?}
B G 8=F =I R\F =c@ LU] B R JoL B=` B=
j BON BON N N?B

N
p,] ! V!F j F^V G K N T ! F = B ! D =v , V!R\F = ] g _ B
=
>k},y8>,= ,T LUF^V GK B F j T|LUp
v D =
U< =
BON K4_ N F^K ,F N?B \ F !dML G] N LUJ L!DQF !d!T|LU] N
r N ]^F^KSR_ N !
8=
>k},y,<8=, R` J LUF B F t M LU] G F.J N _,JuKL N KP] KSF =8v ,V!R\F = 8= f = 4F B ] = K =
L! DV!JoL| L! D B R LM LUJ?\F N F j VMLUJ , T|L

> ,} >k} =
p BON K%DML B L =`v , V!R\F = 8= f = 4F B ] = K = ] g _ B
=
zL! N
@2=
v ] ,TWT g
l4=
,},} >ky8=
Z GKL N JuJ
=
>k},y,a8=sIN p,RVMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF
ZN G ] B
9 =
>k},}8>,= B l LU]^J h F N T ! JoL BON pjMB R PKpF !,T|D LU GFp EBO]N K: G _UJuLUD JuJ j ] \c,TV JuB J kR G]^dMT LU,FOT|LUJ LF
BON B N N?j B N
B
j G ]^] , ]^F N B R L N F B ] , V\ j T|LUp
BON KF ! F^K G V BON d N J N?B \ ,LcF G K ! D ]OL! Fe\TWT j ] , GFT B R P
T N D B JoL BON K] N D!p =
8=v ,V!R\F =
B ] N K B ! F , ] = 8=!v , V!R\F = f G F =!}

>k}
Ua,} f =6y,y Ua8> Ua 8=
>k}
=
L
Z=
>k},},y8= LUJ ,T|LUp BON K ] N !K N V!J GF
Z k _
8=
U<,<,<8= B L BON F BON KLUJLUF^F G F^F^T B j L!D ]OLUK BON K = r{J G]
,]^D!] G KSR B=
V!] j G ]^] G D B ]OL! F N?BON M LUJ8_p,V|J ! p N?B ! DG F:dML R GJuJ N G]
@2=
R GJuJ N G]
8b =
>k} = f G KSR G]^KSR GF
F G D
VMLUJ , T|LUp BON K_, JuKL N K DML B L = p g ,T|LUp g BONut GFF !] D GF K !J g G F_,JuKL
v , V!R\F = 8=M B=> <
>,> >,=
Nut GF D w 8_ G]^p = =zv ,V!R\F =>
Q KH6LUD!D
=
G ]^] N JuJ
f =
Q K @ JuR N \
=
a =
R w ! F[RT| LU
pZ =
>kK|},}8>,G Ju= Df L ! _DG ]^FOLUG JuTWF V , j`]OBLURJ: _ULU@ ] LUL]9 N F
=
LUT|LUF^K
=
HM] \
H =
A N K ,JoL\
B
BON
B
N F
8r =
v{N ] B
=
>k},},y8= GTWV ,]OLUJ N F B
BON ! F jB R D8\ M LUT j LUT N J N G F = 8=v , V!R\F = V N K'_ULU] N L BON !F N B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T
f G F =6}
4 9 a<6
a,} Ua 8a,},a,a8=
_ N D !K j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V
G ]^] N JuJ
f =
Q KH6LUD!D
=
>k},},}8=Pv , T|L JoLUp = N G] = zLUp =
> a > =
p BON K V , JoLU] N?B \ B ]OL! F N?BON ! F = f _ =Qv N F
=
v{N ] B
=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ V!J
V!R\F =a 4 6
U<8> 8=
B N KK ,TWV!J GF ]
!D
'V!d N F B ,V N K
F B !D8\ L!D N j G] !K GFLUd BB R N ]&F !]^K GF
A N K , JoL\F
r = 8
HM] \
H =
s D!pG F 8
r =
N F
, = J
, v{pU\ N ] B
=
D|U<dM,LU<,FO<8LU= J F 4]] , T 4]Rqc pr G ]^KSpR!] LUv pg q,JL= !HMD%] = p>
D8
\ MLU T UN }8KE= F B^BON !p = GT = K =
j
B j B
J 4]^KSR N V G JoLUp
F B RG ] ! D N Lq bcK L L!p
sE= 8=
&HM] \
H =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
N TWV!J N KL BON ! F j , ] l N K G ] ! V BON Q ]OL B G F \J

=
N KSR
v[=
>k},},y8= B ] ,p GF N F

j6B R D[dMLUFOLUJ B F j ,]^T N ! p B R ,] B R G]

r G ]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]
57
B R hr G]^p GJ V!J !T =8=C B ] ,J =Ca,} 4 6
>,> y8=
58
Y

Y
G. Plenier, P. Camps, R.S. Coe & M. Perrin
Soumis au Geophys. J. Int.
We report palaeointensity estimates obtained from three Oligocene volcanic sections from the Kerguelen
`
Archipelago (Mont des Ruches, Mont des Tempetes,
and Mont Rabouillere).
Of 402 available samples,
102 were suitable for a palaeofield strength determination after a preliminary selection, among which
49 provide a reliable estimate. Application of strict a posteriori criteria make us confident about the
quality of the 12 new mean-flow determinations, which are the first reliable data available for the Kergue-

len Archipelago. The zVDMs

calculated for these flows vary from 2.78 to 9.47 with an arithmetic mean
z
/z
value of 6.15 2.1 10

. Compilation of these results

with
a selection of the 2002 updated IAGA
zz
z
palaeointensity database lead to a higher (5.4 2.3 10

) Oligocene mean VDM

than
previously
zz
/z
reported (Goguitchaichvili et al., 2001; Riisager, 1999), identical to the 5.5 2.4 10
mean VDM
obtained for the 0.3-5 Ma time window. However, these Kerguelen palaeointensity estimates represent
half of the reliable Oligocene determinations and thus a bias toward higher values. Nonetheless, the
new estimates reported here strengthen the conclusion that the recent geomagnetic field strength is

) !! '" "3'4
! '" "3'4
# 7!7'" ,'

9 # ! "!$#

anomalously high compared to that older than 0.3 Ma.
!T G] !FF B !D N GFhRML_ d T|LUD B

N !KG] LUF !]: k`J GD!p j p D8\ MLUT EV!R\
F N KGF
'd B _ F F BON JuJhD B k
B Rh D B L N J GDT GKSRML N F^T j`B R hp G]OL BON
A
U}
Qj B R @ LU] B R w FT|LUp BON K GJuD

[L!D _
J GF^F|LUd B[B R V!] K GF^F GF B RML B V!] D!K QF
K !JoLU] _ULU] N L BON
8K !]^F N !FL!D ] _ G]^FOLUJuF
4 = p = LUK ,d!F 4 >k},} 6
G]^] N JuJ'L !D QKH6LUD
D B4 >k},},<} 6D6=U Xd B^B G] !D G]^F B L !D B R `p
T|LUp BON K GJuD GD B d LUd!J B p
60
Absolute palaeointensity of Oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen Archipelago
dMLUKS N BON T N ,]^D G] B ,d!F G]e_ N?B F#KSRML!p GF

L !D B ,d B L N J !p B G]^T p,J ,dMLUJ4KSRMLU]OLUK B
] N F BON KGF =c R N F N FV ,F^F N d!J N?B RF ,T ] KSF
`R N KSR ] GK ,]^D GD B R @ LU] B R w FWVMLUJoL ,T|LUp
BON K| GJuDD !] N !p B R N ] j ,]^T|L BON ,] GTWV!JoL
K GT B= ,JuKL N K'] KSF
N VMLU] BON K !JoLU]
j !]9
N F^R[L4p,J ,dMLUJ k`J GD!p jMB R Pp ,T|LUp BON K
GJuDd GKL !F B R \K B L N N j ,]^T|L BON
d B R B R %D N ] GK BON 4 N !KGJ N ML BON L !DD GKGJ N
ML BON 6 L !D B R `F B ] !p B R j6B R 2VMLUJoL U GJuD =
s k _ G]
B R PT ,F B ] GJ N LUd!J .T B R D!F j ,]LUd
F ,J B VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \{D B G]^T N ML BON
R GJ
J N G]hL !D R GJuJ N G] 4 >k} U<} 6 L !D N?B FT D N GD
_ G]^F N hV!] ,V ,F GDhd\ l 4 >k
} d 6
8LU] BON T
K !F !T N !pqd GKL !F j&B R {F B ] N K B K !D N?BON !F
`R N KSR RML_ B d KSR GKS GD B _ULUJ N DML B B R
D B G]^T N ML BON !F = ,] k_ G]
4T|L \_ ,JuKL N K
] KSF B !] BB d !F N?B LUd!J j ,] VML
JoL N B !F N?B \|D B G]^T N ML BON = H ,] B R GF X] L
F !F
&] GJ N LUd!J qVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \%DML B LQLU] 'D N?j
MK !J B[B ,d B L N L !D LU] hVMLU] BON K !JoLU]^J?\ ]OLU] =
b !J?\ >,= D B G]^T N ML BON !F{V G]XT N JuJ N Q\ LU]^F
d B < L !D a,<,< z5L 4 GJu N zL !D L
U<,<,<< 6 LU] .L_UL N JoLUd!J #`R qK ,Tqd N N !p B R !V

DML B GD v >k},},} DML B L F B L !D B R KG] N V!V!F
F !d!T|LU] N zdMLUFOLUJ BON Kzp,JoLUF^FDML B LUdMLUF GF =2 R !F
T ,] IVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \'DML B LqLU] GD GD j ,]L
p,J ,dMLUJ !D G]^F B L !D N !p jB R B R 4p ,T|LUp
BON K4 GJuD =
R N F`F B !D8\ B R!] dMLUFOLUJ BON K{F GK BON !FIFOLUT[
V!J GD N B R cr G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4 }8=
}

< ^@ 6 L N TWF B GF BON T|L B :T ,] .LUKGK !]OL B GJ?\ B R
VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KcF B ] !p B R j#B R p ,T|LUp
BON K GJuD N B R L !D a,< zL BON T N B G]9
_ULUJ] GK ,]^D GDWd\ B R GF 2JoL_ULUF =BB R !FK ,TWV!J
T B F B R WVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KqD N ] GK BON F B !D8\
] GK B J?\K ,TWV!J B GD B R FOLUT F GK BON !F
4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6=c B Gp,]OL BON jWB R
D B G]^T N ML BON !F jB R N F4F B !D8\% N?B R%F GJ GK B GD

] GK ,]^D!F N F^F GD j ] ,T V!] N F BON !pQVMLUJoL ,T|L
p BON K`DML B LUdMLUF GF 4 LMLUL B LUJ = 4 >k},} 6
!V
DML B GDd\ G]^] N L !D R!KSR G]^dMLU k_ 4 >k},} 6
L !D G]^] N B LUJ = 4 >k},},<y 6D6 N JuJLUJuJ kLhd B
B G] GF BON T|L BON j#B R bcJ N p K cVMLUJoL U GJuD
F B ] !p B R L !DD N F^K !F^F N j J !p B G]^TKSRML
]OLUK B G] N F BON KGF j#B R {p D8\ MLUT =

: !*"!
*#
+"
#
*)
R 'r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp J N GF B R

,] B R G] VMLU] B jB R [r G]^p GJ v L!F^F^d G]^p
JoL B L 4F B R G] !D N LQbcK L 6=M R N F`LU]9
KSR N V GJoLUp N F B R QF !dML G] N LUJ`K BON ML BON j
r G]^p GJ ER B F^V B _ ,JuKL N F^T j ,] B R .JoLUF Ba,<
zL 4 L !p B LUJ =
>k},},y N F B LUJ =
>k},},y
A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6= R JoL_UL k`F
j ,]^T B R B LUd !JoLU]&] GJ N j F 4 <,<`B },<,< TR N p,R 6
,d!F G]e_ GD B DML\{L j B G]p,JoLUK N LUJ G] ,F N
L !DX]
V!] GF B T ,] B RML y j:B R 'LU]^KSR N V GJoLUp
F !] j LUK *4 v{N ] B
>k},},<< 6= R 2] GF B jMB R `LU]^KSR N
V GJoLUp N F K ,TWV ,F GD j`N B ] !F N !F 4pLUd!d!]
p,]OL N?B
kL !DXFe\ N?B 6N F^F GD j ] ,Tr G]^p GJ
V!J !T %T GJ B F 4 N FL !D v{N ] B
>k},} 6 L !D
t ML B G] MLU]e\p,JoLUK N LUJ2F GD N T B F = %F B !D N GD
FOLUTWV!J GF B LU j ] ,T B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
L !D B f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
F GK BON !F 4H N p = =?> 6= H ,] B R %] LUF !FD _
J ,V GD N J N G] B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6
6 'FOLUTWV!J GD
L F^R ,] B D N F B L !K {LPL\ j ] ,T B R cV!] _ N !F^J?\
DML B GD dMLUFOLUJ B F GK BON !F 4 L !p B LUJ =
>k},},y A N
K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
U<,<,< !K B B LUJ =
U<,< 6
d B4B R \%LUV!V LU] B d K ,]^] GJoL B GD = IF MLUJuJ?\
D!] N JuJ GD F _ FOLUTWV!J GF N LUKSR F !KGK GF9

F N _ `JoL_UL k !F N !pEL{pLUF9 V k G] GDWD!] N JuJ!L !D
,] N B GD B R GT N?B R d B R F ,JoLU]F N p,R BON !p,F

6830'
6900'
6930'
7000'
61
7030'
-4830'
-4830'
a)
b)
-4900'
-4900'
c)
-4930'
-4930'

k`F
=
?
>
Z KL BON jB R F B !D N GD F GK BON !F L 6 B D GF f !KSR GF
>
k
y
d4 y8 = Ny JuJ 2 ]
,y8>k= }8} > Ok@`6
2F@d 4 6 }8= <,}
B
D,} G8F = O G@TW6V= EB GF U< k`F 4 y8= y,y

,}8=?>,> ^@6
`K 6 B f L
6830'

6900'
6930'
7000'
7030'
62
L!DT|LUp BON KWK ,TWVMLUF^F N?B R LzKGJ N ,T B G] =

B ,qKLU] B EFOLUTWV!J B R `d B^B ,TVMLU] B j
B R qJ LUF B LUJ B G] GD k`F
L !DLUF j LU]{LPL\LUF
V ,F^F N d!J j ] ,T N B ] !F N !F =

! ) ) $#
)
* ),+" " "!$#
*#
H ,] GJuD N B !F N?BON GF&K ,TWVMLU]OLUd!J B B R,F

j B R @ LU] B R
B R G] N F L V!] ,V ,] BON ML
J N?B \ d B B R G]^T ,] GT|L B T|LUp BON L
BON 4 f 6N B !F N?B \T LUF !] GDL B U<
Sl
L!D B R F B ] !p B R j[B R LUTqd N B T|LUp
BON K GJuDWLUV!V!J N GD[D !] N !p{K ,J N !p B R!] !p,R B R
d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] GF j ,]`LUJuT ,F B LUJuJ ML B
]OLUJI] KSF =2 R !F
j ,]|F ,T %VMLU] BON K !JoLU]|] KS
FOLUTWV!J GFzK ,J N !p N B R p ,T|LUp BON K GJuD
D !] N !p B R N ] j ,]^T|L BON
N?B2N FPV ,F^F N d!J B GF9
BON T|L B B R VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K GJuDF B ] !p B R
] GK ,]^D GDd\K ,TWVMLU] N !p B R N ] ML B !]OLUJ']
T|L B T|LUp BON L BON 4 A f 6 N?B RzL zLU]9
BON MK N LUJ f LUK t N ] GD N B R JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\
!D G]L k LUTqd N B GJuD =s k _ G]
B R K K N B j V!] ,V ,] BON MLUJ N?B \ 4 6 D

V !D!F Ep,]OL N {F N
kF^RMLUV :D N F B ] N d BON
L !D
d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] GF LUF% GJuJ[LUF B R
LUT B L !D B \V jEj G]^] ,T|LUp BON KzT|L B
] N LUJ B R P] KSXK B L N !F = R !F
B R N F#K K N B
T|L\RML_ QKSRML !p GD F N !K B R j ,]^T|L BON j
B R h] KS ,][D !] N !pR L BON !p N B R JoLUd ,]OL
B ,]e\ = H ,] B R N FJoLUF B ] LUF
LIV!] K GD !] !F N !p
!T G] !F{F !KGK GF^F N _ |R L BON !p,Fc N?B R N !KG] L
F N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] F B GV!FRMLUFd D _ GJ
V G D 4 R GJuJ N G]XL !D R GJuJ N G]
>k} U<} 6cN ,]^D G]
B WJ N T N?B.B R X GJuDzF B ] !p B R GF BON T|L B GF B B R
B GTWV G]OL B !] ]OL !p V!] GK GD N !pKSRML !p j =
R :F B ] N K B K !D N?BON !F B `d :] GF^V GK B GD d\ B R
FOLUTWV!J GF j ,]WK ,]^] GK B VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \D B G]9

T N ML BON hLU] B R j ,JuJ k N !p

4 N 6h R V!] N T|LU]e\] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON
] GK ,]^D GD'd\ B R PF B !D N GD[F^V GK N T qRMLUF B {d
L B R G]^T ,] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON 4 f 6
LUK t N ] GDL B L k GV KSR N B R Wp ,T|L

p BON Kc GJuD =
4 NuN 6E R QV!] N T|LU]e\] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON
F^R !JuD B d PD N F B !]^d GD[d\qJoLU]^p F GK !DMLU]e\
T|LUp BON L BON !F =
4 NuNuN 64 R |V!R\F N KLUJ
&KSR GT N KLUJ.L !DKG]e\F B LUJuJ
p,]OLUV!R N KLUJV!] ,V G] BON GF jB R cT|LUp BON K4T N
]OLUJuF T !F B B RML_ hKSRML !p GDF N !K B R N N
BON LUJ f PLUF.LUK t N ] GD ,]CKSRML !p GDWD !] N !p
B R PF !KGK GF^F N _ IR L BON !p,F N TWV ,F GDqd\ B R PT
B R D =
4 N _ 6 R N !D GV !D !K L !DQLUD!D N?BON _ N?B \WJoL`F
j VMLU] BON LUJ B R G]^T ,] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON
4V f 6 !K N L B GDd\ R GJuJ N G] 4 >k},a,<y 6
RML_ B d ] GF^V GK B GD =z RML B N F
B R B
B LUJ f T !F B d t N _ULUJ B B LF !T
j V f QF
LUKSR LUF^F K N L B GD N?B R N?B F k
d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ#L !D B D
V !D B B R 4] GT|L !K cKLU]^] N GD N _ G]e\
B R G] N B G]e_ULUJ = R N FWp G]OLUJuJ?\ T L !F B RML B
B R {T|LUp BON K4KLU]^] N G]^FPRML_ B [d cF N !p,J cD
T|L N 4 6 ,] N j L_ ,]OLUd!J KLUF GF V!F !D
F N !p,J {D ,T|L N 4 6 p,]OL N !F =
A !T G] !FFOLUTWV!J GFKL B j !J?MJuJ B R GF
K !D N?BON !F
B R !F#V!] GJ N T N MLU]e\4F B !D N GFCLU]
K GF^FOLU]e\ B |KSR GKS B R F N?B LUd N J N?B \ j#B R F^V
K N T !F j ,] B R N F2T B R D =
. . ; 7950:7- 079+414795:+4114
::+4-87 C-8790:+4
,]^D G] B LUF^F GF^F B R N TWV ,] B L !K j
B R F GK !DMLU]e\K ,TWV B KLU]^] N GDd\ LUKSR
FOLUTWV!J
L MLUJ?\F GD B R z] GF !J B F j ] ,T D
T|LUp BON L BON 8V G] N T B FPV G] j ,]^T GDV!]

_ N !F^J?\ zF N F B G]4F^V GK N T !F 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6= H N ]^F B
B R,F FOLUTWV!J GF N?B R LL!p,J
d B B R A f L!D B R KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON K
] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON 54 l R f 6 jC> ,]
T ,] ,] N?B R L] GF N F B L B F GK !DMLU]e\K ,T[
V B 4 !V B U< T ,] a,<,
< Sl 6 G] 8KGJ
D GD =!ZN N F
8 { GV B !J?\ B R ,F k`F j ,]
`R N KSR B R ML B !]OLUJ6] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON
4 A f 6 j LUJuJqFOLUTWV!J GFPLUF GJuJ[p,] !V GD
4 ,< j8B R k`F 6= H ,] B R GF k`F
!J?\ B R
FOLUTWV!J GF' N?B RL D GT|LUp BON L BON K !]e_ LUF
!D N F B !]^d GD|LUF:V ,F^F N d!J 2L !DWV!] GF BON !p
d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] GF4LUFIR N p,R%LUFIV ,F^F N d!J
,]T GD N L D GT|LUp BON L BON GJuD j L B J LUF B

U< T
k G] P] B L N GD
= GK !D!J?\
GF BON T|L
B GD B R |KLUVMLUK N?B \ jPB R |F^V GK N T !F B %pL N
LF GK !DMLU]e\_ N F^K !F'] GT|L B T|LUp BON L
BON 4 f 6 d\zT LUF !] N !p B R GT M]^F B L j B G]
L B J LUF B`B GzF B ,]OLUp N G] W GJuD%L !D
B R WL j B G]:L B G[F B ,]OLUp P N?B R B R ILUT[
d N B GJuD'VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R `K\J N !D!] N KLUJ!L N F j
B R cF^V GK N T !F =8 R N F MLUd!J GFPD B G]^T N ML BON
j2B R _ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D 4 R GJuJ N G] L !D R GJ
J N G]
>k} 6j ,] LUKSRFOLUTWV!J
`R N KSR N FP] GV ,]9
B GD N LUd!J =?>,=

R h_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D K ,]^] GF^V !D!F B LUd B

jXB R f LUK t N ] GDF N !K B R JoLUF B
] _ G]^FOLUJ y,< \LUp 4 ] g _ B
>k},y8> 6= ,]9
D G] B F GJ GK BB R FOLUTWV!J GF
I LU]^d N?B ]OLU] N J?\
KSR ,F PL`_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D j>k< LUF#L !V!V G]
J N T N?BXj ,] N B G]^T GD N L B V ,JoLU] N?B \ k F^V GK N
T !F`L !D j ,] B R B R G]^$F 4 ] g _ B B LUJ =
>k},y 6=

63
. . 2345 I-87 c7997- 0 C- /!020.

-8& /!C-83I/! :+41
53I/8:
d QF !] j4B R B R G]^T|LUJ2F B LUd N J N?B \ j
B R FOLUTWV!J GFQD !] N !p F !KGK GF^F N _ R L BON !p N
B R JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\
' T LUF !] GD B R ] ,T[
B GTWV G]OL B !] J kP GJuD T|LUp BON KF !F^K GV BON
d N J N?B \ 4 6 !D G] !K B ] ,JuJ GDL B T ,F^V!R G]
L j B G] LUKSR B R G]^T|LUJWD GT|LUp BON L BON F B GV
j B R F N F B G]F^V GK N T V!] _ N !F^J?\F B !D N GD
j ,]VMLUJoL D N ] GK BON qD B G]^T N ML BON 4 J N G]
B LUJ =
U<,< 6= j L_ ,]OLUd!J FOLUTWV!J j ,]hVML
JoL N B !F N?B \D B G]^T N ML BON F B !D8\F^R !JuD
RML_ L] GJoL BON _ GJ?\ K !F B L B _ULUJ D
] N !pT ,F B j{B R %D GT|LUp BON L BON =.s k
_ G]
B R N F N F B LF K N B KG] N?B G] N d
KL !F B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\ !F B LUd!J XFOLUTWV!J GF`T|L\
B R GJ GF^F`D N F^V!JoL\|J k_ULU] N L BON !F N B R cF !F9
K GV BON d N J N?B \'T LUF !] GDhL B ] ,T B GTWV G]OL B !] =
R !F B %K ,TWV!J B B R N FqLUV!V!] LUKSR
& |T L
F !] GD'K BON !F^J?\ B R 2J kP GJuD F !F^K GV BON d N
J N?B \ !D G]_ULUK !T j `FOLUTWV!J j ] ,T LUKSR
k !F MLUJuJ?\[D !] N !p B F !KGK GF^F N _ cR L BON !p
K ,J N !pK\KGJ GF
B R zM]^F B !V B a U
< Sl L !D
B R F GK !D !V B B R l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !] =
H N p = = V!] GF B F B ] GV!] GF B L BON _ ,
K !]e_ G$F 4F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \|LUF2L j !K BON jB GT[
V G]OL B !] 6 !K B G] GDD !] N !p B R N FF B !D8\ =
R M]^F B KLUF 4H N p = = L 6N JuJ !F B ]OL B GF B R
N ]^] _ G]^F N d!J L !DK ,TWV!J B R G]^T ,T|LUp BON K
d GRML_ N !] ,d!F G]e_ GD j ,]XLUJuT ,F B ,< jB R
FOLUTWV!J GF =: R zT|LUp BON KKLU]^] N G]^F|LU] N B G]9
V!] B GDQLUF ,] N p N MLUJ BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B ILUF^F K N L
B GD N?B R BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B
cLV!] D !K B j
B R N ]J k B GTWV G]OL B !] N DML BON = c] i GK
B GD B R k`Fh\ N GJuD N !p B R N Fhd GRML_ N !]hd
KL !F j2B R N ] B R G]^T|LUJ N !F B LUd N J N?B \ = R F
K !D KLUF 4H N p = = d 6N JuJ !F B ]OL B GF B R ]

64
Rejected flow (Tem8)

3000
400
350
2500
300
2000
250
1500
200
150
1000
100
500
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
700
Susceptibility at room temperature (SI units, sample 176D)
Susceptibility in temperature (arbitrary units, sample 172D)
A)
Temperature C
Susceptibility in temperature (arbitrary units, sample 187B)
Selected flow (Tem10)
200
2000
150
1500
100
1000
50
500
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
=
, 4F ,J N DhJ N 6 L!D 4 DMLUF^R GDzJ N 6 K !]e_ GF j L[] i GK B GD
4 9 6 k =
Temperature C

Susceptibility at room temperature (SI units, sample 187A)
B)
600
4 6
700
L!DzL[F GJ GK B GD
65
=
a
f GK B GD'J N p,R B T N KG] ,V!R B ,p,]OLUV!R!F !F N !pXL N J N TWT G]^F N ,di GK BON _ =, R `KG] ,F^F GD
N K ,JuF`LU] L Bc},<
G= L 6
d 6 MFOLUTWV!J ,} d 4 6PN ML B !]OLUJJ N p,R B N?B RQD N : G] B ,] N B L BON !F
K 6
D 6 B WKSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON KXT N G]OLUJuF j ] ,T FOLUTWV!J Ua K 4 GTWV > <6N V ,JoLU] N F GDhJ N p,R B=

66
=?>l J L GDQL_ G]OLUp {D N ] GK BON !F j T|LUp BON L BON j&B R XJoL_UL k`F$4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6 =
H#J k l R!] A !B K D GF f ! GKSK R GFI F GK BON 4 y8= y Jo
L B,y8= }8 > J @!6 pmV ,JoLU] = 4J B
ff !!KK >>

lPlP}} ]] 8== >> U}8}8== ma8== } >ky,a8== yy a8 == >m>k>k<< == a ff == y,,<< >> ,<U<
f !K > lP} ] B }8D = G} F >k Gy,TWa8V = a EB G8=FIF GK BON U< 8>,4 = y8= y,y ,y 8 =
,}8=?>,> = @ } 6 f = y >ky,<
G GTT > l4l4>k>k<< =?=?>> , =?= am
a >8=,= == y } }8== y,a8== <a,<,a8}8>,== } Af == y}
>
G GTT >k>k<a lPlP}} ]] ,< 8== >k>ky,y,y8<8== < == << > 8== < y,,<8 == y Uy,U}8<8== } ff == }, } >k>k<a,<
G GTT >> lPlP}} ]] == >k> y, y8y8== >> == y >,a>k<,Uy}88== y y
y 8== <m
a8> == a ff == < >>
y
G GTT >>ky lPlP}} ]] y Uy ,<8== < >k>
y,8= = <<a8== < y8== y y,y a8== < UyUa8>,== ff a8==
a a >> ,<
f LUd > l4>k< ] ,yB 8=f LUd > <8N Ju= J 2 ] 4F = GK BON U< 4 =}8< = <,
}
= y,}8= >ka, Oy8@ = 6 f >,= y,< > U<

L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
7L
L
I
`"#+,0,++3.(,#!V"#2.(,@%+ B
!="#"$%&(2),+,-#.(/,),0"#+5
9;2.#@,0$,= M+.#+0'&:B
dc@ # +D0D%@ 5 LP|%},}M|5(78
"#+,$-#+ #)V"#""#
="#2:-#;<&(+E%>?%;2.#@ E%%@ B3(7%%@C:-#;<&(+E%>
%;2.#@ 0,@ @ 6F5GID%YJD%+"#D;2%Y 0@ ,HL#.(M3 N,D:O%+FL:%A"#W0@ ,Y, %>C#,+3"HL
+3.(6 N,@ B,5MSCTU!c"#=XMZM[90,](0!:N,@ ,.(O>^,+`"#=_N,+%),O +6 ,H5:aA
"#.#+03 ,K.%+%;20+c%>PbC3"#+
+ &#- ,H5dc@07_dc@ ,#)=C"#O@ -7_@ ,#), -?%>ef=dQ.(M3 ,HL_+3.(6 N,@ B,5hO"#?.(,@%+ BD%>"#?g1^.(,@%+5 4
D#,+;K%@1 8=4= >Odc@Ak~l:n
"
LF+N,+3Y1 o4E >?dc@Ap
ql:n
"
LH% M+;2
),,;20+=;2%YN:0M3 BK 0vQ1 hO"#@ @ +!%/hO"#@ @ +LFwX%x,x:465
_ G]^F N d!J d GRML_ N !] ,d!F G]e_ GD j ,] B R ] GF B

jB R |FOLUTWV!J GF = R |T|LUp BON K'KLU]^] N G]^F LU]
J kP 2NEBON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B GFzV!] ,dMLUd!J?\V!] D
K GDd\R N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] \ 8F ,J BON j
B R ,] N p N MLUJ BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B GF = XK !F N D
] GD k`FXV!] GF BON !p B R N F{F GK !D ] _ G]^F N d!J
d GRML_ N !] LUF F N?B LUd!J j ,]VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
D B G]^T N ML BON 8V G] N T B F =
,]^D G] B cK ,TWV!J GT BB R N F B R G]^T ,T|LUp
BON K LUV!V!] LUKSR
X ,d!F G]e_ GD B R N F GK
BON j ] ,T LUKSR, K !]e_ B \V !F N !pL
N J N TWT G]^F N ,di GK BON _ = H N p = = a L 6 L !DQd 6
F^R kV!R B ,T N KG] ,p,]OLUV!R!F N ML B !]OLUJ&J N p,R B j
FOLUTWV!J ,} d 4 k 6
`R N KSR D N F^V!JoL\ GD
N ]^] _ G]^F N d!J Pd GRML_ N !] = 2FOLL N F B ] ,V N K
V!RMLUF F ,T BON T GFzLUF^F K N L B GD N?B R L V!J
KSR!] N K N JuT N?B
2LUFzF^R k GDR G] = 9 GKL !F
BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B 'L !D BON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B 'LU]
D N K !J BB D N F BON !p N F^R !D G] B R T N KG]
F^K ,V
N?BPN FPRMLU]^D B [K !KGJ !D XLUd BPB R ML

1 h!4>^,+E"#K%"#+D,35Pt[
@ !O"#W%@ -D%>P"#E /;20+5
B !] jB R N F B ] ,V N KEV!RMLUF = R GF B hT N

G]OLUJuFqLU] K G] B L N !J?\ d B RV!] GF B
Cd BqB R
N F B !K j KG]OLUKSF'LUJuT ,F B ,T N V!] GF B[N
B R N F2V!RMLUF {F !p,p GF B L[JoLU]^p G]PLUT B jBON?B L
,T|LUp,R GT N?B =U R N F ,d!F G]e_UL BON WLUp,] GF GJuJ
N?B R B R X, K !]e_ N B G]^V!] B L BON = H N p = = a
K 6 L !D D 6 F^R k B zT N G]OLUJuF j ] ,TYL B R G]9
T|LUJuJ?\[F B LUd!J 4FOLUTWV!J @4 Ua K
GTWV > <6= R \
N JuJ !F B ]OL B B %D N : G] B LUD8_UL !K GDF B LUp GF j
D B G] N K N DML BON N?B R N JuT N?B ,] BON?B L
,R GT|L BON?B WJoLUT GJuJoL 8F ,J?_ GD j ] ,T Lz] GF N
D MLUJ BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B [LUJuT ,F B BON ] GJ?\LUJ B
] GD = 4pL N B R N F ,d!F G]e_UL BON EK 8M]^TWF B R N
B G]^V!] B L BON jB R X, K !]e_ GF =
. . 7990C- :+4: 0279
. GV B !J?\ k`FCRML_ N !pcL B J LUF B&B R!]
FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T D N : G] B K ,] GF|`R N KSR B LUJuJ
B R 'V!] _ N !F^J?\ !T G]OL B GD KG] N?B G] N L j ,] B R
VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B @F 4 a B j#B R
="#
N N?BON LUJ 6= hV G] j ,]^T GDL%V N J B LMLUJ?\F N F

N?B R ,] B EFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T LUKSR jB R GF
k`F N ,]^D G] B N D BON?j \ B R k`FLUd!J
B Qp N _ |] GJ N LUd!J [D B G]^T N ML BON !FXL!D B zD
B R 4T ,] ILUV!V!] ,V!] N L B `D GT|LUp BON L BON
F B GV!F j ,] B R B F G] N GF = j B G]XLUV!V!J?\ N !p

`KG] N?B G] N L|`R N KSR N JuJ#d 'V!] GF B GD
JoL B G]
k`F j ] ,T B R B D GF f !KSR GF
F GK BON
}Ij ] ,T B R B D GF GTWV EB GFCF GK
BON [L !D >Pj ] ,T B R B D 2JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
F GK BON zF GT GDzF N?B LUd!J = 9 GKL !F [L'FOLUTWV!J
`R N KSRqD N D B VMLUF^FCLUJuJ B R F GJ GK BON
KG] N?B G] N L T|L\ F ,T BON T GF j !] N F^R L] GJ N LUd!J
D B G]^T N ML BON 4 G]^] N
>k},},y #l
>k
} L 6
B R \qF^R !JuD'd 2] GpLU]^D GDWLUFF G]e_ N !p !J?\ j ,]

F GJ GK BON !p B R T ,F B LUV!V!] ,V!] N L B k`F j ,]VML
JoL N B !F N?B \ D B G]^T N ML BON = H ,] B R N Fh] L
F
B R Q] GT|L N N !pFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R QF N
B LUd!J k`F !D G]^F^K ,] GDd\ B R 4V N J B L MLUJ?\
F N F.RML_ cd N !K ,]^V ,]OL B GD N B R j ,JuJ k N !p
B D B G]^T N ML BON F G] N GF 4 ,y F^V GK N T !F 6
N !KGJ !D N !p B R FOLUTWV!J GF `R N KSRD N D B VMLUF^F

LUJuJ B R .KG] N?B G] N L M]^F B=
G?
" -/1$&/1$
? :/1$&/1$
? :/1$&/1$

*!
# #
),#
+B
. . ; 2 /!7e+.-8:[4/!025143I/!
!F GD B R T B RD jW R GJuJ N G]%L!D
R GJuJ N G]4 >k} U}<6{N N?B FEKGJoLUF^F N KLUJ j ,]^T B GF9
BON T|L B B R VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ jEB R p ,T|L
p BON K GJuD = LUJuF j ,JuJ k GD L F^J N D N !p
V f KSR GKSFV!] K GD !] 4 ] g _ B B LUJ =
>k},y 6 _ G]e\ B D GT|LUp BON L BON F B GV!F N

,]^D G] B %_ G] N?j \ B R hK ,R G] !K N B R T L
F !] jMB R VMLU] BON LUJ B R G]^T ,] GT|L B T|LUp
BON L BON 4V f 6 pL N GD = 9 GKL !F jWB R
!J N LU] N?B \ j LUK t N F N?BON j f N |T !J
67
BON D,T|L N p,]OL N !F 4 Z _ N

>k} , 6
ILUV!V!J?\ N !p L
JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\Q GJuD j LU] j ] ,T B R '] GK ,]^D GD
T|L\qJ LUD B !D G] GF BON T|L BON j6B R `L!K N B
GJuD 4 L MLULcL !Dqr
>k},y Ul
>k}
L 6=
R !F
B N !KG] LUF B R t MLUJ N?B \ j2B R |DML B L
B ,KLU] B LUV!V!J?\
.LUJ !p B R Q_ G] BON KLUJ
L N F jB R 'FOLUTWV!J GF
&LhK !F B L B GJuD j U<
4 N?B RzLWV!] GK N F N j:<8=?> 1 6
6`R N KSRQ
F !V!V ,F GD B K ,]^] GF^V !DLUV!V!] N T|L B GJ?\ B
B R F B ] !p B R j!B R .T L [bcJ N p K C GJuD j ,]
r G]^p GJ [JoL BON?B !D = 2LUJuF cKLU]^] N GD BCB R
R L BON !p K ,J N !p2K\KGJ GF !D G]CL`_ULUK !Td B
B G] B RML >k< TqdMLU] B EJ N T N?B V ,F^F N d!J N DML
BON D !] N !p 8V G] N T B F = V G] j ,]^T GD D
T|LUp BON L BON !F !V B Uy,
< Sl
8 N?B R >ka F B GV!F
]OL !p N !p j ] ,T Uk
< Sl
!F N !pLR ,T
T|LUD j !] MLUK 4 B GTWV G]OL B !] ] GV!] D !K GD[ N
B R N l 6%N B R VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON KJoLUd ,]OL
B ,]e\ j2B R N _ G]^F N?B \ j B V GJuJ N G] = 9
j ,] B R B ] L B T B
8L !DL j B G] LUKSRR L BON !p
K ,J N !pWK\KGJ
6 T LUF !] GD B R ] GT|L !K
N?B RL f YF^V N G]T|LUp B ,T B G] =
!F !] B R `] GV!] D !K N d N J N?B \ jB R `V!] K GD !]
L BcB R qFOLUT qD GT|LUp BON L BON zF B GV 4VML N ] j
R L BON !p K ,J N !p%K\KGJ GFL !D V f KSR GKS 6
[LUJ?PL\F4 GV BcB R F^V GK N T !F N B R FOLUT

V!JoLUK N B R k_ =
. . %/!97e79+4;/ 0 956-8790:+ 0
c:9:0:79+.-8+47- 014C-8
9 GKL !F VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \XD B G]^T N ML BON !F
LU] QF !di GK BON _
PLUF'T|L \ B R G]WDML B L N B G]9
V!] B L BON !F
:KG] N?B G] N LER GJuV B
F !] B R B GKSR N KLUJ t MLUJ N?B \ L !D ,di GK BON _ N?B \
jXB R ] GF !J B FhL !D B R N ]|K ,TWVMLU] N F j ] ,T
F B !D8\ B F B !D8\ =.BWN F B ,] B R\ B V N B
B&B RML B 8K GV BB R !Tqd G] j DML B L !F GD j ,]
LUKSR N !D N _ N D MLUJ`D B G]^T N ML BON
`R N KSRRMLUF

?
" -/1$&/1$
68
A)
B)
163B
150
400
150
163E
590
480
580
-1
Ticks: 10 A/m
510
550
400
150
150
E, V
E, V
C)
Tmin: 300 C
Tmax: 540 C
Slope: -0.310
Blab: 50 T
Banc: 15 T
q: 19.5
MAD: 4.9
: 8.6
DRAT: 3 %
150
NRM (A/m)
O.4O
350
O.3O
450
O.2O
495
525
O.1O
555
O.O
O.4
O.8
1.2
1.6
pTRM (A/m)
Sample rejected (flow Tem6, 163E)
D)
90
75
z ratio
60
45
30
15
Suitable sample (flow Tem13, 213E)
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
F N F B G ].F^V G K N T | DG T|LUp BON L BON

<9 6 bc] B R,p
= 6 bc] B R, pM LUJMV!] i G K BON jB RI
MLUJ!V!] i GK BON jB R `F B !D N GD|FOLUTWV!J PD GT|LUp BON L BON
UKLUJuK !JoL B GD j ] ,T B R `VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
8V G ] N T B
l 6 A f h f D N LUp,]OLUT jB R 2FOLUT 2F^V GK N T
L!D 6C@ _,J BON jN?B F ]OL BON
K , TWVMLU] G D B B R _,J BON jB R XF N?B LUd!J cFOLUTWV!J >ka,@2=
Temperature (C)
d 8 GD B j !]qK !F GK BON _ hV N B F

B R
B R G]
KG] N?B G] N L G] B !F GD
D N ] GK B J?\ B ] i GK B LD B G]^T N ML BON = R
!J?\ ,] B
KG] N?B G] N L j L N J GD
GV B B R D B G]^T N ML BON KSR ,F N !p B R

LU] GF B`B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ j ,]P`R N KSR B R
K ,]^] GF^V !D N !pqKG] N?B G] N LEF B L\LUFPKGJ ,F {LUFPV ,F9
F N d!J j ] ,T B R 8KGJ !F N d !D!FP8 GD =M R
DML B L N?B R T ,] B RML B R!] N !D GV !D B
KG] N?B G] N L j !J?MJuJ GDRML_ {d K !F N D G] GDQLUF
MLUd!J B j !] N F^RL ] GJ N LUd!J 2VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B {L !D B R !F`RML_ Ed 8KGJ !D GD =
4 N 6 ]OL BON
R R L BON !pA] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON !F
4 s f 6 4 l LUJ?_ B LUJ =
U<,< 6
kLUK t N ] GD !D G]
LK !F B L B LU GJuD D !] N !pVMLUJoL N B
F N?B \ 8V G] N T B FJ LUD B G]^] !FDML B L =
s ,V j !JuJ?\
B R GJuD LUV!V!J N GDD !] N !p B R
B ] L B T BN F N L N LUJILUJ !p B R L N F j
!]|F^V GK N T !F = R !FLUK t N F N?BON jEs f
LUV!V LU]^FLUFLXD _ N L BON j B R ID GT|LUp BON L
BON qK !]e_ N B R P_ G] BON KLUJ!V!JoL B kPLU]^D!F B R
_ G] BON KLUJML N F:D N ] GK BON = !KSRL{V!R ,T
N F ,d!F G]e_ GD N H N p = = K ,TWVMLU] N !p B R ,]9
B R ,p MLUJPV!] i GK BON !F j L] i GK B GD FOLUTWV!J
L !D N?B F2F N F B G]`F^V GK N T =
s f KSR GKS N FXLUJuJ k GD !F N !p B R []OL
BON 4 v ,p N?B KSRML N KSR_ N J N B LUJ =
>k},},} d 6
?
" -/1$&/1$
" -/1$&/1$

`R G] L!D LU] B R s f

KG] L B GD N B R cFOLUTWV!J 4L!D B R A f J j BN
B R l R f D N ] GK BON
#L B Lzp N _ B GTWV G]OL
B !] = N T N JoLU] ]OL BON ,F N F B F 4 = p = f ,] f w
l
B LUJ = 4 >k},y 6D6 d BPB R ]OL BON qLUJuJ k`F B qT
N?B ,] B R _ ,J BON j LUJ B G]OL BON !FD !] N !p
B ] L B T B= l LUJuK !JoL BON !p B R N F4]OL BON |F !V!V ,F GF

69
B RML B k`F B R l R f D N ] GK BON

`R N KSR
] t N ] GFXD GT|LUp BON L BON j LF N F B G]cF^V GK N
T d j ,] B R .VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B=
H ,] B R N B G]^V!] B L BON
'D GD B R !V
V G][J N T N?B j`B R LUKGK GV B GD B GTWV G]OL B !] N
B G]e_ULUJLUF B R {V!] GK GD N !p|L U< =Ms
_ G]
: B !D GD B R N B G]e_ULUJ k_ G] B R N F
J N T N?B `R B R ]OL BON 5A f J j B f pL N
GD%D N D B KSRML !p N B R N B G]e_ULUJ =M
B R N FPKLUF XF ,T B ]OL !F j ,]^T|L BON !FLU] cV!] GF B
d B D B KSRML !p B R GF BON T|L B = J N T N?B L
BON jB R ]OL BON N F B RML B.N?B D GV !D!F B R
L !p,J qd B B R l R f L !D B R [LUV!V!J N GD
GJuD'D N ] GK BON 4D N ] GK BON jB R s f 6=, R
T ,] B R N FL !p,J B !D!F B },
<
B R Pd N p,p G] B R
D _ N L BON = j ,] B ML B GJ?\
B R B ]OL\| !F GD
B 'V!JoLUK B R {F^V GK N T !F N B R k_ zD N D B
V G]^T N?B !F B ,] N B{B R N ] l R f L B B
B R LUV!V!J N GD GJuD =Ps k _ G]
B R KLUJ
K !JoL B GD N F[L%T N N T !T
B R !F B R GF F B GV!F
RMLUD B d ] i GK B GD = B R G]WJ N T N?B L BON j
B R N F:KG] N?B G] N N F B RML B F ,T 8V GK B GD !K
B ML BON !FET|L\ LUV!V LU]qL B R N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !]
`R B R A f J j B%N F B J k = H ,] B R N F
] LUF
h K ,TWV!J B GD B R N F LUV!V!] LUKSR d\
,d!F G]e_ N !p B R _ ,J BON j'B R D GT|LUp
BON L BON L t MLUJ|LU] L V!] i GK BON =X
H N p = =
B R K !]e_ j L{] i GK B GD|FOLUTWV!J
> ,a,@ 4 GTWV
< <6PN FIK ,TWVMLU] GD B qLUKGK GV
B GDQFOLUTWV!J >ka,@ 4 GTWV >k<a 6=
4 NuN 64N : G] !K X]OL BON
R F^J N D N !pV f KSR GKSFQ V G] j ,]^T GD
LUJuJ k !FhD B G]^T N B R ] GV!] D !K N d N J N?B \ j

B R T LUF !] GT B F = l ,TWT !J?\
B R D N?j
j G] !K d B ] GV L B GD V f F B GV!F
F^R !JuD d J k G] B RML =qs k _ G]
B R
_ULU] N L BON j V f N Fp,] L B G] j ,]J kP

1L

70
B GTWV G]OL B !] F B GV!F

j ,] `R N KSR B R :V f LUK
t N ] GD N F{]OL B R G]XF^T|LUJuJ = R G] j ,]
!F GD
B R D N : G] !K ]OL BON 4 f 1 6 4 GJu N L!D
L
U<,<,<< 6
#`R N KSR ,]^T|LUJ N GF B R D N :
] !K hd B ] GV L B GDV f F B GV!F'V G]9
j ,]^T GD B R B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ !F GD
j ,] B R D B G]^T N ML BON Qd\ B R J !p B R jCB R
K ,]^] GF^V !D N ! p A f h V f F Gp,T B=
8 GDL|T|L N T !TLUKGK GV B LUd!J E_ULUJ j2>k<
j ,] B R N FKG] N?B G] N =2s k _ G]
B R N F]OL BON ]
_ LUJuFWV ,F^F N d!J QLUJ B G]OL BON !F B R GF BON T|L B
N B G]e_ULUJ !J?\
!`R G] LUFcV!R\F N KLUJCL !DzKSR GT N
KLUJILUJ B G]OL BON !F j4B R zR L B GD FOLUTWV!J GFWKL
LUV!V LU]#LUFF [LUF B R .M]^F B D GT|LUp BON L BON
F B GV!F 4r ,F B G] k_zL !D ] g _ B
>k},},<y 6=6 R G]
j ,]
C zLUJuF T N?B ,] GD B R QJ k G] B GTWV
]OL B !] V f KSR GKSFd\ D B G]^T N N !p B R
]OL f !] j ] ,T R LUTq d GN]e _U LUBcJ B!hF GT|D L N T GF !T T|LB GTW V R
B jCB N B
B BON B B
VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ =CB|N F B ,] B R\ B RML BWB R
FOLUTWV!J > ,a,@ 4H N p = = 6
`] i GK B GDd GKL !F
j'N?B F ]OL BON
IRMLUFL f j !J?\ a =
4JuF !_ %FOLUTWV!J GF'`R N KSRp N _ zL GF BON T|L B
N LUd!J = V ,F^F GF^FqL f X>kk
} ,a A4LUpL B L B LUJ =
>k
} ,a<6= B R N F A f J j B
_ G]^F !F2V f pL N GD|D N LUp,]OLUT
B R cF^J ,V j
B R [J LUF B F t MLU] GFX B J N B R!] !p,R B R 'DML B L
K !F N D G] GD p N _ GF L GF BON T|L B jQB R VML
JoL U GJuD|F B ] !p B R =8 R !F2KG] N?B G] N LERML_ B qd
D GD B K !F B ]OL N B R D B G]^T N ML BON j
B R N FId GF B B J N L !D B t ML BON?j \ B R q] GJ N L
d N J N?B \ jB R XVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF =
' LUJu] LUD8\8 GD B R qT N N T !T !Tqd G] j

F !KGK GF^F N _ V N B F !F GD j ,] B R zD B G]^T N ML
BON ! F B j !] =c R B R G]KG] N?B G] N L !F GD N F
B R A f j ]OLUK BON p N _ d\ B R W]OL BON j
B R A f N B R B G TWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ !F GD
B G F BON T|L B B Rq VMLUJ N B ! F N?B \ B B R B B LUJ
A f 4 l B LUJ =
>k} y<6= . K ! F N DG ] B RML B L
_ULUJ j<8= aqN F B Rc T N N T ! T A f j ]OLUK BON
j , ]ELUKGK G V B LUd!J W D B G ]^T N M L BON = A B B RML B L
t M LUJ N?B \ j LUK B , ] 4 l B LUJ =
>k} y ] g _ B
B LUJ =
>k},y 62N j G ] N , ] B KL LUJuF N ! D N KL B
LED B G ]^T N M L BON j B RI VMLUJoL U G JuDWF B ] ! p B R
j J k G ] t M LUJ N?B \ =!s k _G ] 6
d G KL! F N F B
N ! DG V ! D B j
B R N FhJ LUD B ] i G K BQB R
FOLUT Q FOLUTWV!J G F N B R N FWF B ! D8\ =. R ! F| z D N D
B ! F N?B LUF`L'] i G K BON KG] N?B G ] N =
4 N _ 62l B ] , J
N i^DG ]e_G JuDhV!J B F
9 G KL! F LF B ]OL N p,R B J N N B R 4]OL N V!J B
KL N _, J?_ T , ] B RML K , TWV B 6

KSRG KSG D B R N ] N F B ! K N B R , ] B R, pM LUJ
D N LUp,]OLUT jCB R A f DG T|LUp BON L BON =M
K , TWV!J B B R N F , d!F G ]e_UL BON M LUJ4LUV!V!] LUKSR .

t M L BON G D B RW D N F^V G ]^F N jB R| V N B FX]
pLU]^D N ! p B B R% d G F B B J N Q d\ B R% T|L N
T ! T L! p! JoLU] D _ N L BON % 4 6 4r N ]^F^KSR
_ N !
>k},y,<<6 L! DKSR, F { L T|L N T ! T_ULUJ j
>k<
2j , ] B R N F2KG] N?B G ] N =
B RG ] t M LUJ N?B \ KG] N?B G ] N N Fp N _ d\ B R
L! p,J d B B RI d G F B B J N * 4L! KSR, ] G D
B B Rq K B G ] j T|LUF^F 6 L! D B RE _G K B , ]{L_
]OLUp3 4L! KSR, ] G D B B R , ] N p N 6 jB R: F G J G K B G D
DML B L N B R , ] B R, pM LUJV!J B=kjMB R DML B LIK , ]9
] G F^V ! D B B R N N?BON LUJ A f
F^R! JuD d
N j G ] N , ] B FOL\ >k<

N B R , V!V , F N?B
B R \
LU] z K G ] B L N ! J?\ d N LUF G Dd\ B Rz V!] G F ! K j L
F G K ! DMLU]e\ ! k z K , TWV B=
B GTWV G]OL B !] {V f B L N J B GF B

j ,] B ML B GJ?\
j&B R {FOLUTWV!J GF2V!] GF B
LT ,] ,]J GF^FV!] !K GD K !]e_UL B !] N
B R N ]A f h f D N LUp,]OLUTWFcL !DF ,T qF^V
K N T !FV!] k_ N D B LUKGK GV B LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF
] GpLU]^D N !p B R F GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L = 9 GKL !F N
D GV !D !K L !DLUD!D N?BON _ N?B \JoL`F j VMLU] BON LUJ
B R G]^T ,] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON !$F 4 R GJuJ N G]
>k},a,<y 6 LU] X_ N ,JoL B GD j ,] d B T|L\d LUJuF

j ,] p,]OL N !F
:D B G]^T N ML BON jcB R zD
T|L N F B ] !K B !] KL %d !F GD B |KSR ,F d B
B R B LUKGK GV B LUd!J VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B GF =
YKLUF jB R G]^T|LUJuJ?\F B LUd!J FOLUTWV!J GF
L
B R G]^T ,T|LUp BON K KG] N?B G] N N F B B D B G]9
T N B R D ,T|L N F B ] !K B !] j2j G]^] N T|LUp
BON KGF 4 9 ,Jxw F^RMLU k_ L !D KSR G]^dMLU k_UL
>k} }
R!KSLUR J G
]^dMLU k_UL B LUJ =
U<,<,< R!KSR G]^dMLU k_
B = U<,<8> 6
O
4 _ 6PsIN p,R

`R G]
N F B R V f mpL N
GD d B {> L!D D!] N !p K ,J N !p
j ] ,T B R l !] N GTWV G]OL B !] 4 K 6N L
>k<,< GJuD

N F B R
VMLU] B j#B R
B D GT|LUp BON

L G DR L ,B ]^F
4 G]^] GD RML
,] B L N J 6=6 R 'LU d k_
B N j B BQj

B R .] GT|L B KLU]^] N G]#LU] .V!] GD ,T N ML B J?\
p,]OL N !F
j ,]
$4 > U<<6

B R \
d GRML_ LUFV!F !D F N !p,J D ,T|L N 4 6
p,]OL N !F
L !D j ,]
U< B R \|LU]
V!] GD ,T N ML B J?\ p,]OL N !F =
B R !FhD GK N D GD B D B G]^T N B R %K
K N B F
4L BXN !KG] LUF N !p B GTWV G]OL B !]

N B G]e_ULUJuF j ,] B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\ F B LUd!J %FOLUTWV!J
V G] k N ,]^D G] B `D B G]^T N B R d GF B&B GT[
V G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ B GF BON T|L B B R hVMLUJ N

71
B !F N?B \ = 9 GKL!F B R WR L BON !p,F{ G] |V G] j ,]9

T GD N QL N ]
8 E] GV L B GD B R XD B G]^T N ML BON
j`B R K K N B 4 a,<,<
6XB BON T GF
#L B
B R d Gp N N !p|L !D%L BIB R !D jCB R B ] L B
T B
N ,]^D G] B T N?B ,]qLUJ B G]OL BON !F[LUV
V LU] N !pD !] N !p B R 8V G] N T B F = j ,] B
ML B GJ?\
B R [_ N d!]OL BON !p B R G]^T|LUJCT|LUp B ,T
B G] 4 c 6 !F GDd!] , qd j ,] E [K !JuD
T LUF !] zLUJuJ B R Q] GV!] GF B L BON _ %FOLUTWV!J GF j
LUKSR|F B !D N GD k = R I] GF !J B FL_UL N JoLUd!J PLU]
] GV ,] B GD N LUd!J = =

@ _ B R !p,RLUJuJ B R k`FRML_ B d

F B !D N GD
B R Pp,J ,dMLUJ B ] !D ,d!F G]e_ GD'K 8M]^TWF
B RML B N?B R N !KG] LUF N !p B GTWV G]OL B !]
B R
T|LUp BON KKLU]^] N G] d GRML_ N !] N F T ,]
J N 4 l LU]e_ULUJuJ B LUJ =
U<,< R!KSR G]^dMLUk_UL
B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6=6 R !F
N QKLUF GF4`R G] B hK
N F BON !p'VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF`LU] ELUJuJ
GD 4 6
B R WV f B L N J B GF BEj L_ ,]^F LUK
K GV B L !K j8B R .R N p,R G] B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ
D B G]^T N ML BON
6LUF j ,]`FOLUTWV!J >ky @ F^R k GD
N QH N p = = =
4 _ 62Z k B GTWV G]OL B !] XV f B L N J B GF B
2KGK ,]^D N !p B AH6LUd N L 4 U<,<8> 6
B R V f
B L N J N F B LD N ] GK B T LUF !] j ,] LFOLUT[
V!J Uw F B !D !K\ B '\ N GJuDQL'K !]e_ GD 4]OL N V!J B=
R K ,TWT K !KL_ !V F^RMLUV j
4]OL N D N LUp,]OLUTWF N F]OL B R G] GJuJ LUKGK B GD
j ,] d\ B R J k B GTWV G]OL B !] B L N J 4 Z kP
B L N J 6 j LUKSRV f F Gp,T B LUK t N ] GDD
] N !p K ,J N !p j ] ,T B R l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !]
4
6=W R N F Z kP B L N J N F D
B B R {p,]OL N !F N?B R d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !]
J GF^F B RML 'd!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] =, ,]^D G] B
K ,TWVMLU] B R c] GF !J B F ,d B L N GD j ] ,T B R B
B L N J B GF B F#L !D{_ULUJ N DML B B R :KSR N K jB R B GT[
V G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJuF j ,] B R N B G]^V!] B L BON

72
Sample 187E (Temp10)

A)
Tmin: 150 C
Tmax: 510 C
Slope: -0.865
Blab: 50 T
Banc: 43 T
q: 6.7
MAD: 5.0
: 11.1
DRAT: 4 %
150
NRM (A/m)
350
450
3
495
525
555
580
0
pTRM (A/m)
B)
Tmin: 480 C
Tmax: 540 C
Slope: -0.496
Blab: 50 T
Banc: 25 T
q: 6.3
MAD: 2.2
: 5.4
DRAT: 5.5 %
150
NRM (A/m)
350
450
3
495
525
555
580
0
=
6 ] i GK B GD GF BON T|L B I] GpLU]^D N !p B R 4V f h B L N J B GF B
H9 6:sIN p,R G] B GTWV G]OL B !] ID
B 4 G]^ T B N !MF L GBOD N 6 j ,j ] ,] B RB XR cVMFOLULUJoLT cN FO LUB TW !V!F JN? B \ >k Gy F BO@ N T|4 L B G TW
BV R>k <<6B = ] N 9LJo!LUp,KSJ 8 GFP4 ] GV!R ] N? GB F 6 K BIN ]^B KGRJ G XFPV LU ] f B R {KSFRB G GKSV F != F GD
pTRM (A/m)

= hsIN p,R GTWV G]OL B !] XV f

H#J k 4FOLUTWV!J 6 4 a,<,< V
f 6 4 <,< V
a, <,f<<6 4 U<,< V
<,f<<6
fff !!!KKK >>>k< 444 <>k>,<8>,>>9ll 666 U<8y8=== yy 8=y8 == a} a,U}a88y8=?==?y>> >k=<8=?y=> a aa,>ka8<8=== a U<>k=y88<== y}
f ! GTK > > 4 4 U<>,8> > 9 9 6A6 >> == < U<8= = a> == a8a8=?= > > 8= =
G G GTT T >k>k<< 4 44 > >k>k,<yy,} 9 99 666 aUaU}88=== y}y >, >,== a}= a> ===?> >,>,== y= } Uy>>,8>,,=== a> = y== }
f GLUT d >k>k<a 4 4 >U<
l66Y>> == >ky8y8= <= a,a <8=?= <> 8= = } >,}8>,= = a,y8==
73
B L N J B GF B F
V f
8=4= y< U<
Ua <,<<= = 6
>ka8= } }8=
>,a8>,== <= ,y> 8=== <
>k <8== a= a a }8===

V f
8=y8= }
> 8=
=
>,y8>,== <<=
> y88==
4 a,<,<
6
U<> 8 == aa
U<8=
a,>y8<8,= y== a
>> 8=8=,=?y>
""#+&!,N
L L % %+2"#V0:A0 MW0]#Q&:B:
$&%
L'" $&% L("
$&% LO%)" $&% %+A"#/0,++3.(, #)
z
.ho+*
M3 K1^
465 -,. / /10324576 %8"
5;
$&%9,. / /10324576 %+ 1:,},}#L h 4=%.ho+*u1:,},}#L h 4+.(<;
mK"#'s%>="#
+;2MKu0,M+,@?"# "#+;K%@ %&# @ B%>="#'%;2.#@ ,5`b#,+
,=2'>032 z 5@? x[AL "#
+;K%#M%++ +!%+D.#+,;2 %M@ BA
J9),+% L:>^,+!x[ ?
,=2'>032 z 5B? 1 w_Z ; |%}M4[ALM"#BY.#+3MK.3-A3 #),@
,;K% /&("_N: ,-#+D1^d
JE46L(%V>^,+
* J~),+% 5
,=2'>032 z 5&C |%}:[9"#BY%+=.#+,;2 %M@ BD'

0A%@ 5O1 |%},}#w_465#"
D GK N D GD B _ULUJ ML B B R Z kP B L N J j F ,T R K K N B F j ,] B R 4 U<

a U<<6 L!D
KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON KEFOLUTWV!J GF !F GDD!] N !p B R VML 4 U<
U<<62B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJuFcLU] q] GV ,]9
JoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B= H ,] B R N FcL N T
! B GD N LUd!J = a8=
D B R XK K N B

R {T|L N W] GF !J B2N F B RML B 4 U<
U<<6N FPLUJ

`R G]
N F B R [V f pL N GD PL\FEF^T|LUJuJ G] B RML 4 U<

a U<< 6 B R !F B R
d B
L !D N L U< GJuDD !] N !p Z kP B L N J B GF B LUpL N j L_ ,]^F B R R N p,R G]
K ,J N !p j ] ,T B R l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !] 4 Uy,
< Sl B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ N KLUF j%B LUK
N |V!]OLUK BON K 6 L !D
B R Z kP K GV B LUd!J QD B G]^T N ML BON !F =# ,]^D G] B GF BON
B L N J j
=P R N FhK K N B T|L B B R LUJ B G]OL BON `R N KSRT|L\ KGK !][D

N FWL MLUJ ,p !F B B R hK K N B D GD ] N !p B R ] t N ] GDV!] GJ N T N MLU]e\ R L BON !p !V
d\ R!KSR G]^dMLU k_ B LUJ = 4 U<,<8> 6 d B|B R ] B B R l !] N B GTWV G]OL B !]
B R B ] L B GD
JoL BON d B B R zT|LUp N?B !D j{B R B FOLUTWV!J GF >ky L !D U<8>l RML_ d N
B L N JuF N F B KGJ LU] = `KL 8V GK B.j ] ,T K ,]^V ,]OL B GD N B R 8V G] N T B=Cl ,TWVMLU] N !p
J ,VL !D D GT N ] 4 U<,<8> 62B RML B N F t MLUJ B R N ]|] GF !J B F| N?B R B R %DML B L j ] ,T B R %K ,]9
B 4d GKL !F B R d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] ] GF^V !D N !phF N F B G]cFOLUTWV!J GF >ky @ L !D U<8>k@
D N F B ] N d BON !F&LU] .LUJuT ,F B Fe\TWT B ] N K j ,]L`p N KL ,d!F G]e_ B RML B

_ B R !p,R B R GF
_ d!J KS N !p B GTWV G]OL B !]
d B.B R N F.T|L\[d FOLUTWV!J GF&LUV!V LU] B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\IF B LUd!J 14] _ G]^F N d!J
t N?B D N : G] Bj ,]R !D!] GD D Gp,] B GTWV G]OL , K !]e_ GF 6
4 U<
a U<< 6N Fp,] L B G] j ,] B R
B !] N B G]e_ULUJuF = B R |LUd!F !K j L t ML BON FOLUTWV!J !F GD N B R :VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B
B L BON _ cF B !D8\
!J?\ B R _ ,J BON jB R L !D B R qK B ]OLU]e\ 4 U<
U<< 6`N Fcp,] L
]OL BON j ,] N !KG] LUF N !p B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJuF B G] j ,] B R _ N ]^p N zFOLUTWV!J = A B R GJ GF^F
N JuJd XK !F N D G] GD =
j ,] B R :!_ FOLUTWV!J GF B RML B LUJuJ k GD B {LUKGK GV

Y
@E
E
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
74
H# J GkT > 4FO4 LUU<TW8>kV!@J 6 6

G GTT > 44 U<> 88>>lH 66
G G GTTT >k>k>k<<< 444 >k>k>kyyy,}, @@666
G G GTTT >k>k>kaaa 444 >>>ka, @H 666
G GTT >k> a 44 >U}l 66
G GTT >> 44 UaUa,
< @66
GT >ky 4 >l 6

= a hZ k GTWV G]OL B !] XV f B L N J B GF B F

4 U<
a U<<6
q a8f = a (4 = U><
U<<6
>k>ky8<8== a,< <
=>,= a
a> 8== y }
>,8=8=>,a8},= ,}y>
== a8a,y>
=?= <>
y> 8== y8} >
== a8a >
== U ya
8=Ua8
y= }
a8a8== y
a
a8==
y88==?>,>
== y
<
> == a a
}8y8== a>
a8== <<,<
y> 8= >=
}8y8== }Uy
= }

@E
1+ % 1+

1 |%},}#w_465 $&
%
F"#c.(+0M%),
%+K0:A0 MD%%@ ,),,-
Y
:/1$&/1$
" -/1$&/1$
R t MLUJ N?B \ j LUK B ,] t _ULU] N GF j ] ,T >,= {B = a

N?B R LT L _ULUJ j> =?>j ,] GF BON T|L B GF
T|LUD L`T L j V N B F =s k _ G]
F ,T
L !p,J GF&LU] ] GJoL BON _ GJ?\IJoLU]^p
`R N KSREK !JuD{d
q =f <, a
a8== y,y,yy
=?>ka
== y},a
a8>ky8>,== y8 >
aU8}8=== ,<
a8=?=?= ,<>k>k}a

@E

0]#$&:B):""#+&!,N
%>"#`0,++3.(, #)O.ho+*j,E"#c%%@Mho+*
B LUd!J N B G]^V!] B L BON !F

{KSR ,F B R cR N p,R G]
B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ
`R N KSRD B G]^T N ML BON
N FT ,] K ,R G] B N?B R B R B R G]QFOLUTWV!J GF
j ] ,T B R |FOLUT k =#BqN FqLUJuF B ,] B R\
B RML BhB R ]OL BON LU] Fe\F B GT|L BON KLUJuJ?\LUJ
T ,F B&B BON T GF&F^T|LUJuJ G] B RML B R .K ,]^] GF^V
D N !p K K N B F
`R N KSRhLU] IF !V!V ,F GD B
d B BON T GFF^T|LUJuJ G]LUpL N B RML B R 2K
K N B $F 4 R!KSR G]^dMLU k_ B LUJ =
U<,<8> 6=
. . :9:0:79+.-8+47- 0 /!34-8
b B jCB R < FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R B
D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
L !D B
f LUd N JuJ 2 ] PF GK BON !F
>k< RML_ cd KSR ,F
!F N !p 4KG] N?B G] N L = j B G]XF GJ GK BON j ,J
J k N !p KG] N?B G] N L
} FOLUTWV!J GF
j !] N F^RL B GKSR N KLUJuJ?\LUKGK GV B LUd!J D B G]^T N
ML BON 4 LUd!J = 6=
G?
1^.ho+*u1 Z ,}#L
0<%@ 5
24
43465
D B L k_ G]^V!] N B j _ N F^K !F ,] N p N

_
B R !p,R B R FOLUTWV!J GFhLU] B F B ] !p,J?\_ N F9
K !F
,] B zLF GK !DMLU]e\ K ,TWV B LUK t N
] GDQD !] N !p B R B ] L B T B
MLUF2F^R k zd\ B R
L !p,J d B B R l R f QF jB R cFOLUTWV!J
L !D N?B F:F N F B G].F^V GK N T = 4J B !p,RWF GK !DMLU]e\
s f N F B F
2 K !F N D G] N?B F ": GK B Gp,J N
p N d!J B R PD B G]^T N ML BON
K !F N D G] N !p B R
KG] N?B G] N
B R %J N LU] N?B \ j{B R 4]OL N D N L
p,]OLUT L !D B R _ ,J BON j:B R 'D GT|LUp BON
,L ] BO N
. LUF N _ L D !t K M GLUDJ:LUd]\ LR V! ] i GK BON
: `=R R KSR G] F
j
N
B N N
B R T ,F B N D GJ?\ FOL BON Fe GD {KG] N
B G] N
M [LU] K 8MD B LUd BIB R GF N B G]9
V!] B L BON !F = ,] k_ G]
LUF N F:K ,TWT !J?\ D
N VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \{F B !D N GF
PD N F BON !p N F^R GD
B B \V GF j D B G]^T N ML BON UKGJoLUF^F j ,] B R
FOLUTWV!J GFW`R N KSRVMLUF^F GDF !KGK GF^F j !JuJ?\LUJuJ B R
KG] N?B G] N L'L !DzKGJoLUF^1F 9 j ,] B R ,F N `R N KSR
B B R!] EKG] N?B G] N Lq G] j !J?MJuJ GD =Ms k _ G]
LUF ,d!F G]e_ GD N?B R k`F f LUd > ,] GTWV
B R G] N F F N !p,J 2] GJoL BON 'd B B R ` GJuD

GF BON T|L B :L !D N?B F KGJoLUF^F N MKL BON =G R !F
B R N
B G]^V!] B L BON !F T|LUD ' N?B RL j !FOL BON Fe GD

" -/1$&/1$
H#f J !kK > k> <8V!>J H

k>k> <<,a

f !K > k>,> <,>ky<,@l
,>,> >,> > H
f !K > A>,>,>> l,l
>,>,>k> y HH
GTWV > U<U<8,a,>k@@
GTWV >U<> ,<8>,U@@H
GTWV >k>k>kyy,y,U@ @@
GTWV >ka >>>ky,k},a,@@
>> HH
>>ky l
GTWV > UyU}
l
GTWV > UaUaUa,,
<al
UaUa @@
GTWV > UaUa,,
y}

<,> @
a,@@
GTWV >ky l
y
}
>l
f LUd > UyU} 99
,a,a,8<>ll

= h LUJoL N B !F N?B \hD B G]^T N ML BON !F

v ]O9 LUD a,H y8 = [>,H =? > U< y,<y<8= ja <8= p y8>>k<8t = y =?> 4 > = 6> = } f= a H = F ==D = =?>k y
9 a,}8= [>,= <4> U< } <8= a,}<8= y, = = 4 > = 6>k<8= =
9 a,a8= [>,= yPa,<,< } <8= a,a<8= = = 4 > =?> 6 = } y8=?>
9 a8= < = } U< <,< 4 <8= 6<8= a = = y8= y = y <8= <8= < = a = ,}
9 a = y [>,=?>a U< <y<8= a <8= y8>>k<8= = 4 >k}8= y<6> 8= =?>
9 = < [>,=?> U< <,< 4 <8= Ua<6<8= } = } = >,>,= >k<8= y >,=
9 a = X<8= }4> U< y,< <8= Ua<8= }I> = } >,= y 4 > 8= 6>,>,= < =
9 a = < [>,= U< <,< <8= a <8= = 8= 4 >,>,= 6 = } <8= a = y X<8= } = ,}
9 a = = 4> U< <,< 4 <8= 6<8= Uy>,= a8= = } = <8=
9 a = y = I> U< <,< 4 <8= Ua<6<8= = = = a8= < =?>
9
a 8= a [>,= a U< <,< <8= a <8= ,y 8= >,= 4 > 8= <6> = ya8=
9 = } = }4> U< y,< <8= a8><8= y = } 8=?> 4 > 8= <} 6>ka8= >,=
y 8>,= < Xa8= }8=
9 = } = U< } y<8= <8= y y8= a8= y 4 >,>,= << 6'}8= y = a
9
=?> Xa8= I> U< >k<y<8= a <8= y = = }8= } 8= 4 >ka8=?> 6
9 >,= X<8= U< U<,<}<8= <8= y,a >,= }8= 4 > = }<6 8= 8= < U<8=?> [>,= = y
>,= X<8= }4> U< }<8= Ua<8= y `>k<8= a8= 8= < = y = <
9 > = y X<8= U< 2>k<<8= <8= y, 8= 4 >k<8= <6 4 > = << 6 8=?> =
Ua8=== y< [[X<8>,>,=== < y,>k<< << <8<8<8=== a
<8<8<8=== Ua`>> 8= = ay= a8==?= > >,===?> a88=== a 8===??>> = < [>,= = Ua
aa == y [[>,>,== < U <8<8== y><8<8== y }8y8==?y> a8== <8== }y 8== y == <
a,}8= = =?>ky

a
8=<8= < [[>,>,== } U<U< U<, <2> }<8<8== U y<<88== yy `> }8==?> =?= y> y8== == < ==
ya 8=== }aa XXXa8a8<8==?= ay> y,U<U<< Uy, <22>> y<8<8<8=== U <<<8<88=== yy 8=y8= a= a a8a8>,===?}> a88=>,== ay === a a8 === a
8= [>,= = y,}
9 a,y8= [>,= > U< } <8= a,<<8= y = = 4 > = 6>ka8= =?>
aa =?= > XX<8<8== y y,U<,<> 8<8== y<8<8== y > U<8== ay =>,= y <8y8== a< >,=?= <> == y a,<8= Xa8= y = }
9 a,<8= X<8= a U< <y<8= ,}<8= y <8= = a = >,= } 4 >k<8= 6
9
== XX<8<8== Paa,<,U<< << }
<88== a<8<8== y
I>aky8==?a> a8== >,>,== a a8== <a 4 > =a=?> 6
8
a
,
>
<
9 y8= = I> U< } 4 <8= Uy<6<8= y = a8= 4 > = 6>,>,= = >,= y 8= yy8=
9 Uy8= y =?>P> U< y,< 4 <8= 6<8= y = =?> 4 >k}8= 6> = < 4 >k<8=?> 6
9 a,}8= X<8= }4> U< U<,<y<8= <<8= }I>ka8=?> =?> 4 >,>,=?> 6 = = a
9 8= [>,=?>P> U< } <8=
a <8= y `> =?> a8= a 4 > = 6 = 8= a
9 = a Xa8= I> U< U< 4 <8= Ua<6<8= a = = } 4 8= a<6 = 8=
9 U<8= a X<8= }4> U< >k<y<8= a <8= y > 8= < = < 4 >k<8=?> 6 = =
= =?> U< >k<}<8= <8=
y I>,>,= y = y8= = = = < 8= }}8= a,<
9 a8= } X<8= yPa,<,< } 4 <8= 6<8= yI>,>,= = 4 >ky8= 6>k<8=?> =
9 >,= [>,= y4> U< U<,<y 4 <8= U}<6<8= y = = 4 >ka8= <<6>k<8= < =
U a8== <y [>,== I> U<U< <,<}
<8<8==
a<
8<8== y `>z> a8= = y a8== == a} a8>,== }} <8=?=?>>
>
9 8>,= [>,= U< } y<8= <8= y8>> 8= < a8= < 4 >k<8=?> 6 8= 4 >ka8= <y 6
aa,y8== < X<8== <4> U< U<,y,<< <8<8== U a<8<8== , = = a8==?a> y8==?> == a ==?> a = = =
>,= [>,=?>P> U< 2>,> <8= <8= = y = = y 8= >,=
9 a = y [>,= 4> U< U< <8= a,<<8= ,y = = a 4 > 8=?> 6>,>,= }a8= a

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Grade A
a)
b)
16
NRM (A/m)
NRM (A/m)
150
350
12
450
495
525
8
555
580
4
8
pTRM (A/m)
10
20
495
525
d)
150
Sample 102D (Ruc14)
0.8
10
pTRM (A/m)
450
1.2
580
0
Grade B
150
350
555
NRM (A/m)
NRM (A/m)
525
14
12
c)
1.6
Sample 630C (Rab12)
4
0
150
450
18
Sample 213E (Temp13)
Sample 203E (Temp1)
350
4
450
495
525
0.4
1
580
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
pTRM (A/m)
12
150
350
Sample 103D (Ruc14)

NRM (A/m)
NRM (A/m)
f)
450
1.5
495
525
1.0
580
0
3
4
pTRM (A/m)
300
400
10
Sample 248D (Temp18)

480
8
6
540
555
0.5
0.0
pTRM (A/m)
e)
2.0
570
0
8
12
pTRM (A/m)
16
dKN 6 ]^KGK J , G]^F#=] LU GF^] V B !Rl D RMFLUB B q]O GLUV p,K ]OB !LU GF ]D GN FDBON 4 K G F B!BOLUN!T|TWF GL V!D B J 6& G GF Fj
,]K j6 B
8RVMD LU6 JoVM
LLU Jo6 LN L !B N D !B j F 6CN?!B B\ F qN?B G\p,F ]OBO GLUN FT|DBO N L T|B 9 GL F B G Fj
BO] ,NB T|RT L BBB G]R NF N L=FX!9Fp,BJoJ LU! GKSF&D8\] G= 4 V!L ] 6 GR F LN? B ! D B6
B R {V f KSR GKSF =
&KG] N?B G] N L` `KL'LUJuF cK !F N D G] B

d W] GJ N LUd!J = H N p = = F^Rk`F F ,T WKSRMLU]OLUK B
] N F BON K !LUTWV!J GF j VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \hD B G]^T N
ML BON !F =
2D!D N?BON MLUJuJ?\
N LUd!J =
B R T L VML
JoL U GJuD'F B ] !p B R
N?B R N?B F.LUF^F K N L B GDWF B L
DMLU]^DD _ N L BON N F{p N _ j ,] LUKSR k = R
B R!] K !F GK BON _ B D GF f !KSR GF k`F
4 f !K >
>
6L !D > <6 V!] GF B L[ GJuJ&D GD
VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ B R ,]^D G] jIa < {=
R N FP_ULUJ N F2K ,TWVMLU]OLUd!J I N?B R B R !J?\]
J N LUd!J k j ] ,T B R B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] {F GK
BON 4 f LUd > 6 L !D N?B R B R k`F GTWV >ka
L !D GTWV > j[B R B D GF GTWV EB GF =
H ,] B R |JoLUF B F GK BON LUJuF ,d!F G]e_ B R!]
VMLU] BON K !JoLU]^J?\ R N p,R _ULUJ GFWLU] !D U< ,<
4 GTWV >
> L !D >k<y 6 L !D B GJuJ D 8
GDJ k G]X GJuDF B ] !p B R!F j !J?\ U<8=?> L !D
= < [>,= 4 GTWV L !D >k<< 6=: R GF ,d
F G]e_UL BON !FL !D B R > ,]%J GF^F%F B L !DMLU]^D
D _ N L BON j2B R GF BON T|L B GF
#T|LU !F t N?B
K 8MD B LUd BcB R [] GJ N LUd N J N?B \ j:B R GF GF9
BON T|L BON !F =
LV!] _ N !FEF B !D8\ 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6
V G] j ,]^T GD L t ML BON?B L BON _ d B F B ]OLUV

B GF Bj ,]L K ,TWT T L F !KGK GF^F N _
T|LUp BON KD N ] GK BON !F N ,]^D G] B N D BON?j \
N !D GV !D B ] GK ,]^D!F = K !KGJ !D GD
B RML BCB R f !K > f !K > L !D B GTWV > B GTWV >
k`FcT|L\Q] GV!] GF BXB hK B GTWV ,]OL !F
] GK ,]^D!F jB R WVMLUJoL U GJuD 4 LUd!J =?> 6= 9
KL !F B R `VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K. GJuD'T|L\[] GT|L N
K !F B L B'j ,]'L] GJoL BON _ GJ?\J !p BON T 4 Z k_
U<,<,<< 6
8R k _ G]
M X N JuJ _ G] B R GJ GF^F4K !F N
D G] LUKSR j.B R > ] GJ N LUd!J VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B GF`LUF2D N F BON !K B ] GK ,]^D!F =
l !K G] N !p B R IFOLUTWV!J GF >k<8> H
>,>,> H
U<8>k@
> ,<,@
> 8> HQL !D U}l
j ,]&`R N KSR V f B L N J
?
" -/1$&/1$

77
B GF B F[ G] V G] j ,]^T GD
# D GK N D GD B GV
B R qJ k G]4]OL B R G] B RML B R R N p,R G] B GTWV G]OL
B !] N B G]e_ULUJ GF BON T|L B GF'd GKL!F B R QJoL B^B G]
PLUFEF ,T BON T GF N TWV ,F^F N d!J B D k N !p
B zLUJ B G]OL BON jB R 'V f F^V GK B ]OL 4 >k<8> H
> ,<,@
U<8>k@ L !D U}l 6 ,]T L N !p,J GF^F&K ,T[
VMLU] GD B B R B R G]CD B G]^T N ML BON !F j ] ,T B R
FOLUT k 4 >,>,> H
> 8> H 6=

"!$#
. . ; q0 /!1 :+ 7e4/!0&:&+.0 Qc:9:0:79+.-8+47- 0Y14-8 /

79+4C-8790:+
9 GKL !F jB R F B ] N K B K !D N?BON !F N T[
V ,F GD d\ B R K ,TWT !J?\ !F GD VMLUJoL N
B !F N?B \D B G]^T N ML BON T B R D j R GJuJ N G]
L !D R GJuJ N G] 4 >k} U<} 6
!T G] !F'KSR GKSFLU]
GD GD B !F !] ] GJ N LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF = H ,]
B R N F ] LUF
%VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F
LU] BON T 'K !F !T N !pzL !DL BEB R !DT|L \
FOLUTWV!J GF`D B`j !] N F^Rz] GJ N LUd!J cD B G]^T N ML
BON !F =l !F t B J?\
B R !Tqd G] j ] GJ N LUd!J
GF BON T|L B GF N F'_ G]e\ J k L !DF B !D N GF|D LUJ N !p
N?B RqVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ED B G]^T N ML BON !F#LU] ]
JoL BON _ GJ?\E]OLU] =U R
": GK BON _ 2F GJ GK BON j ,JuJ
GD d\ KLU] j !J:VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \D B G]^T N ML
BON T B R DLU] hD GF N ]OLUd!J B N !KG] LUF B R
V!] D !K BON _ N?B \ jB R 8V G] N T B FL !DEJoLU]^p GJ?\
N TWV!J GT B|B R !Tqd G] j VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B GF N B R XDML B LUdMLUF GF =
s k _ G]
N D LUJEF GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L N F B
B F GJ GK B F N?B LUd!J F^V GK N T !F L !D k`F
j ,] VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F = H ,]
!LUTWV!J
R!KSR G]^dMLU k_ B LUJ = 4 U<,<8> 6 V!]
V ,F GD B !F L V f B L N J%KSR GKS LUFL
Fe\F B GT|L BON KV!] K GD !] d j ,] B R 8V G] N
T B F B D N F^KG] N T N ML B B R FOLUTWV!J GF N?B R

78
VMLU]OLUd!p,J ]OL N ! F = N !K

. ] GD NFLUK V!,V!T[J?\ K LU G] D !dJ|\VMLLUJoD LN ] GK BON !MFLUJI\LM GLUF J?\FT|N F L
GF GLD! GDD j p ,]
B B N B
j
N B N?B BON B
N
B R N F'F GJ GK BON V!] K GD!] B B R QF^V GK N T !F _ N !p !p,R N j ,]^T|L BON B D N F^KLU]^D V ,F9
j ,]W`R N KSR V G] j ,]^T GDV f B L N J B GF B F F N d!J?\V!] ,d!J GT|L BON K k`F d GKL!F j JoLU]^p
B KSR GKS N?B F] GJ N LUd N J N?B \ =Xs k _ G]
'LUJuJ B R A f F^KL B^B G]
V ,]D GT|LUp BON L BON XK !]e_ GF
FOLUTWV!J GF !] F^R !pF LUd!J GF T|L GF L!DQF

j N N N?B BON B N
B R N FF B !D8\ N JuJ B RML_ d F GJ GK B GD N?j
B R N F%F GJ GK BON PLUFT|LUD 4K = j9={ LUd!J = 6=
R !F
D B ] GK ,TWT !D B !F B R
B R G]^T ,T|LUp BON KcKG] N?B G] N j ,]`F GJ GK BON Qd B
]OL B R G] N L KLUF B KLUF dMLUF N F B D
B R d GF BCB GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]e_ULUJ j ,] B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\
F B LUd!J F^V GK N T !F 8R N d N?BON !p B F^J ,V GF N
B R 1A f f D N LUp,]OLUT = H ,] B R IF GJ GK BON
dMLUF GD , K !]e_ zF^RMLUV GF
B R B GTWV G]OL
B !] N B G]e_ULUJuF !F GD j ,] B R GF BON T|L B GBF 4K = j9=
LUd!J = 6 KL KSRML !p L B B R k F^KLUJ
4 k GTWV >ka ,] GTWV > 6 N?B R B{N TWV ,]9
B L B D _ N L BON N B R 'VMLUJoL U GJuDF B ] !p B R =
R G] j ,]
B R B R G]^T|LUJ'd GRML_ N !] jB R
FOLUTWV!J GF:_ULU] N GF: N?B R N |L k L !D B R N F.KG] N?B
] N [LUV!V!J N GD B XL{F !V!V ,F GD!J?\q] GV!] GF B L BON _
FOLUTWV!J N F B`B B LUJuJ?\ ": GK BON _ =
F B !D8\ j LUKSR F !KGK GF^F j !JPFOLUTWV!J
L B B R
!D jB R qVMLUJoL U GJuDzF B ] !p B RD B G]^T N ML
BON V!] K GD !]
!V B B R T|L N T !T B GT[
V G]OL B !] ] LUKSR GD j ,] B R VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B X !JuD%d T ,] N B G] GF BON !p = RML
B _ G] B R !T G] !F V!] GKL BON !F&
B , N B R N FF B !D8\
!J?\ y jB R 2F GJ GK B GD
FOLUTWV!J GFqpL_ L] GJ N LUd!J GF BON T|L B =# R !F N
B R %LUd!F !K j L LUFe\ B D B G]^T N %L !D
K _ N B #KG] N?B G] N L
N?B.N F:V!] j G]OLUd!J
B ] GD !K B R QV!] GJ N T N MLU]e\ 8V G] N T B F B
B R D B G]^T N ML BON j B R _ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D
`R N KSR N F`L zLUJu] LUD8\]OLUV N DL !DQ] GJ N LUd!J IPL\

B D N F^KG] N T N ML B B R F^V GK N T !F D N F B !]^d GD
d\L_ N F^K !FF GK !DMLU]e\K ,TWV B
j ,JuJ
L
? :/1$&/1$
? :/1$&/1$
=
l !K G] N !p B R D B G]^T N ML BON V!] K GD!]
N?B F GJ j
F ,T T D N MKL BON !F jB R R GJ
J N G]Gw FIT B R D%RML_ qd V!] ,V ,F GD%] GK B J?\
4 l LUJ?_ B LUJ =
U<,< f NuN FOLUp G]cL!D f NuN FOLUp G]
U<,<8> 6= R \ N !KGJ !D L LUD!D N?BON MLUJzR L

BON !p L B LUKSRD GT|LUp BON L BON F B GV N ,]9
D G] B K B ] ,J B R s f KG] L BON L !D ,]
L 9V f B L N JqKSR GKS = s k _ G]
B R JoLUKS

j F N?B LUd!J hF GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L%J LUD B T ,]
j L N J !] j|B R VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B
L !D B R GF PT ,] BON T :K !F !T N !p4V!] K GD !] GF
LU] `K !F t B J?\ B R GJuV j !J j ,]Fe\F B GT|L BON K
F B !D N GF = bc] N BON !p B R PFOLUTWV!J GFF B RML B#B R N ]
l R f N F2V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R XD N ] GK BON j
B R LUV!V!J N GD GJuD N F J GF^F BON T K !F !T N !p
L !DF K N BB KSR GKS j ,]WV ,F^F N d!J s f
KG] L BON =MZN N F
6L B2B R !D jB R B ] L B
T B
UK ,TWV!J GT B LU]e\ 8V G] N T B FCJ N ,
K !]e_ `F^RMLUV 2D B G]^T N ML BON
B !D GD R GJ
J N G]Gw FIT B R D 4H6LUd N L
U<,<8> 6j ,] B R G]^T|LUJuJ?\
F B LUd!J XFOLUTWV!J GF ,] V f B L N J KSR GKSF KL
d XD B !F !] B R t MLUJ N?B \hL !DF^RMLU]^V
B R ] GJ N LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF
d B F !KSR[F !V!V!J GT
B LU]e\ V!] K GF^F GFT !F B K !K G] B R 2LUKGK GV B LUd!J
FOLUTWV!J GF !J?\ =2 R !F
Ip DD B G]^T N ML BON !F
D B GK GF^FOLU] N J?\ GDEF !V!V!J GT B LU]e\{R L
BON !p,F ,] d !]^D !F ,T V!] K GD !] GF B d
V G] j ,]^T GD .B R N F|F^R !JuDd %J N T N?B GD B B R
V!] ,d!J GT|L BON K:FOLUTWV!J GF !J?\ = f GD !K N !p B R PF
J GK BON %L !D%V!JoLUK N !p B R K B ] ,J#V!] K GD !] GF
L B#B R !D jMB R B ] L B T BCN F B R !FLIPL\ B
V G] j ,]^T ] GJ N LUd!J VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF
L

T , ] t N KSJ?\
8 N?B R B J k G] N !p B R t MLUJ N?B \
jB R XD B G]^T N ML BON !F =
. . 0.c/!790:+ 7-8 4/!
2790:34 c:9:0:79+.-8+47- 0 /!
34-8
H N _ `bcJ N p K k`F j ] ,T B R J s L B
F GK BON 4 }8=
,}8= }
O@6 RML_ d V!]
K GF^F GD j ,]|VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \F B !D8\ 4 G]^D G]
B LUJ =
>k},},<< 6= b jPB R FOLUTWV!J GFEL MLUJ?\F GD
>,> \ N GJuD GD L D B G]^T N ML BON

Cd B !J?\
kV!] k_ N D GDT ,] B RML B R!] GF BON T|L B GF
j2B R hVMLUJoL U GJuDF B ] !p B R = ,] k_ G]
B R
!K G] B L N B \ jB R qT L %VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ N F
t MLUJ B
a L !DK !F t B J?\
B R GF XDML B L
KL B d K !F N D G] GDLUF] GJ N LUd!J =. R >
D N F BON !K B T L k GF BON T|L B GFqV!] GF B GD N
B R N FPVMLUV G]2LU] B R !F B R !J?\|] GJ N LUd!J ID B G]9
T N ML BON !FXL_UL N JoLUd!J j ,] B R |r G]^p GJ 4]9
KSR N V GJoLUp =
s k _ G]
8DML B LX GJuJ6D N F B ] N d B GD B R @ LU]9
B R w FF !] j LUK ILU] GD GD B XV!] k_ N D `L{K ,]^] GK B
N D L jB R `VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K. GJuD'd GRML_ N !] =
B`N F B R N TWV ,] B L BPB WV ,J B R bcJ N p K
r G]^p GJ [] GF !J B FC N?B R B R G]C] GJ N LUd!J .D B G]9
T N ML BON !F LUJu] LUD8\LUKSR N _ GD = H ,] B R N F[L N T
!F GD B R !VDML B GD v U<,< VMLUJoL N

B !F N?B \QDML B LUdMLUF [L_UL N JoLUd!J XL B4B R j ,JuJ k N !p
LUD!] GF^F
j B V 22 = N F B GT V !d VMLUJ N B D!d
R N F`DML B LUdMLUF XV!] GF B F GF BON T|L B GF ,d B L N GD
N?B R D N : G] BEt MLUJ N?B \D B G]^T N ML BON !F =s
_ G]
N !KGJ !F N j J k G] t MLUJ N?B \qDML B L{J LUD!F
B R N p,R G]{L_ G]OLUp q_ULUJ GF jB R [p ,T|LUp
BON KX GJuD 4 MLU] L !D L
U<,<,< v ,p N?B
KSRML N KSR_ N J N B LUJ =
>k},},} L 6
B R !FL F GJ GK BON
!F N !p N D BON KLUJ|KG] N?B G] N L B B R ,F !F GD N
B R N FhF B !D8\ N F GD GDd j ,] % KL K ,T[

L L
79
d N B R GT T L N !p j !JuJ?\% N?B R B R hr G]^p

J ] GF !J B F = H ,] B R N F] LUF D N F^KLU]^D GD
GF BON T|L B GFzdMLUF GD N B G]^T GD N L B V ,JoLU] N?B \
k`F
,d B L N GD N?B R B R G]QD B G]^T N ML BON
T B R D!F B RML B R R GJuJ N G]QL!D R GJuJ N G]
4 >k} U<} 6 LUF^F K N L B GD N?B RQV f YKSR GKSF
V!]
F BON !pXJ GF^F B RML acN !D N _ N D MLUJFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T
B R 'FOLUT N?B 4 8K GV BXj ,]{dMLUFOLUJ BON KqF !d!T|L
] N zp,JoLUF^F GF 6 L !DLF B L !DMLU]^DD _ N L BON j
B R 2T L U< = 4V!V!J N KL BON j6B R GF 2D!]OLUF9
BON KF GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N LJ GD B B R ] i GK BON
j
,< D B G]^T N ML BON !F B jEB R }8>k< GF9
BON T|L B GF.K B L N GD N B R 4DML B LUdMLUF 4d B
<8= a L !D U< zL 4H N p = = L 6= R 'F^RMLU]9
V GD B R F GJ GK BON B L BON T c N !D k d B
U< L !D < zL
&`R N KSR] GF !J B GD N >,>
F N?B LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF2LUT !p B R N N?BON LUJ
B !D GDbcJ N p K E] GK ,]^D!F jB R qDML B L|dMLUF
4H N p = = L 6D6=
,]^D G] B K ,TWVMLU] B R r G]^p GJ D
B G]^T N ML BON !F N?B R B R F GJ GK B GD GF BON T|L B GF
N F^F GD j ] ,T _ULU] N !F J KL BON !F L !D] GK ,]9
D N !pQD N : G] BXBON T
WKLUJuK !JoL B GD B R '_ N ]9
B MLUJ8D N V ,J .T ,T B 4 6 4F = p =U L
4 >k},},<y 6D6
`R N KSRK ,]^] GF^V !D!F B B R {T ,T B
j LD N V ,J h GJuDV!] D !K N !p B R GF BON T|L B GD
VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \|L BPB R cK !F N D G] GDVMLUJoL ,JoL
BON?B !D = f GF !J B F jIB R QKLUJuK !JoL BON !FqLU] ]
V ,] B GD N LUd!J = L !D B R > F N?B LUd!J `D
B G]^T N ML BON !F2LU] {V!J B^B GD N QH N p = = =
@ _ B R !p,R V G] j ,]^T GD KLU] j !J GF BON
T|L B GF N ,]^D G] B L_ N D L \V ,F^F N d!J
": GK B F N B R N B G]^V!] B L BON !F
`R N KSR K !JuD
J LUD B Fe\F B GT|L BON KR N p,R G]'D B G]^T N ML BON !F
B R LU] N?B R!T BON KT L ,d B L N GD N?B R B R

r G]^p GJ WDML B L
8=?> =?>X>k<
N F:D 8
N?B GJ?\ER N p,R G] B RML B R B R G]:bcJ N p K GF BON
T|L B GFqLUJu] LUD8\ LUKSR N _ GD 4 v ,p N?B KSRML N KSR_ N J N

80
a)
30
VDM (10Am)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0,3
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
32
34
36
38
40
Age (Ma)
b)
12
VDM (10Am)
10
8
6
4
2
0
20
22
24
26
28
30
Age (Ma)
Nbr of estimates
10 20 30 40
c)
0 -9 0
- 3 0 -6
30 0
90 60
-60
60
120
180
FF GBJ GKd BO =N B KG]L N?6 B <8 G,=] Va N L L=:!4Z d!D JoLU!UKSp < 6 z4F^K RLN ]^,=CKG] JvB G6 F.]OLDMLU\ LU] @F^F Rt 4 GFMD GLUJ G] J GK N F[B G LUD ] N6C ! D B NRK L QB DM GF FL j B ] B L ,RT j ] ,B< TR <8 = Ba R N zvFEL F B !4U<<8D8,=\ <a à,!<,R V< N KSDMRzL B LVM G6D|LUF^TDMF L B B LRL
K 6X Z KL_UBOLUN J = djP6 B R FO WLUT VMLU JoL LU Fh N L 6 B d ! F BhN?B \j ,] ] GK B ,R]^ D!F d B B! D G D bcU<J N pL!K D < 4 zU< L =< ZN zp,R L B 6'4DMBOLUN T]^ Q6 p,]ON L!\DkK =
JK !T !F |N D LU G] ] GD 4F= GJ GK B GD 6 GF BON T|L B GF j ] ,T B R v U<,< !VDML B GDDML B L F Bj ,] B R BON T ` N !Dk
-180
-120
B LUJ =
U<,<8> f NuN FOLUp G]
>k},},} MLU] B LUJ =
>k},},y<6=, !KGJ !D N !p r G]^p GJ |D B G]^T N ML BON !F
J LUD!F B [L N !KG] LUF jB R XbcJ N pK IT L
j ] , T =?> X<8= B = = a>k< =
R bcJ N p K 2 T L N F:KGJ ,F G] B
B R[ T L G F BON T|L B G D j , ] B R <8= a L! D
z L N B G ]e_ULUJ4 M LU] L! D L
U<,<,<<6
L! DR N p,RG ] B RML B R T L D G D
d B <8= a L! D a,<,< z L4H N p = = 6=# R ! F
B RG F F G J G K B G DbcJ N p K G F BON T|L B G F j L_, ]
L] G JoL BON _G J?\F B LUd!J G JuDd B <8= a L! D
< z LL! D] N j , ]^K B R N D L j L
K G V BON M LUJuJ?\R N p,R] G K B p , T|LUp BON K G JuD
F B ] ! p B R =Xs k _G ]
B R JoLUKS j p DVML
JoL N B ! F N?B \XDML B L4D N D w B LUJuJ k ! F B c p j ! ]9
B RG ] N ! ] N B G ]^V!] B L BON = 4F N JuJ ! F B ]OL B G D
N H N p = = K 6
B Rz bcJ N p K DML B LD B
N?j , ]^TWJ?\ K k _G ] B R @ LU] B R w FQF ! ] j LUK _
B R! p,R B RQ r G ]^pG J ] G F ! J B F t N J N B R
! Tqd G ] j G F BON T|L B G F4L_UL N JoLUd!J j , ] LUKSR%R
T N F^V!RG ] = , ] 2 ] G J N LUd!J D B G ]^T N M L BON ! FCLU]
G DG D B d B^B G ]K ! F B ]OL N B R _, J BON j
B RQ VMLUJoL U G JuD N?B R p , J , p N KLUJ BON T =B|N F
N TWV , ] B L B B B B RML B[B RQ r G ]^pG J ]
F ! J B FC] G V!] G F B RMLUJ j j6B RP ] G J N LUd!J . VMLUJoL N
B ! F N?B \ G F BON T|L B G FQL_UL N JoLUd!J j , ] B R bcJ N p
K .
`R N KSRK ! JuD J LUD B L d N LUF B k PLU]^D!F
R N p,RG ][_ULUJ G F = , ] k _G ]
! J?\ a B ! DG D
bcJ N p K c D B G ]^T N M L BON ! F`LU] j ] , T , ]^T|LUJ
V , JoLU] N?B \ k `F =U R ! F _ N?j!B R > G F BON
T|L B G F.LU] ` F ! V!V , F G D B E d N ! DG V ! D B
B R
bcJ N p K P VMLUJoL , T|LUp BON K. G JuD'T|L\ B d
F K N B J?\ BON T 9L_G ]OLUpG D =
81
pK 4 a,< zL 6 _,JuKL N KhF GK BON !F j ] ,T

B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4F B R G]
D N L bcK L 6=PB K ,TWV!J GT B F B R VMLUJoL
F GK !JoLU]I_ULU] N L BON QD N ] GK BON MLUJF B !D8\LUJu] LUD8\
LUKSR N _ GD B R GF B D GF f !KSR GF
B
D GF GTWV EB GF
:L !D B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] 'F GK
BON !F 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6= b B jB R
F B !D N GD N?B F
`K !F N D G] GD a F N?B LUd!J j ,]
VMLUJoL U GJuD F B ] !p B RD B G]^T N ML BON 8V G] N
T B F2`R zL B J LUF BPB R!] j&B R N ]2FOLUTWV!J GF
VMLUF^F B R j ,JuJ k N !pqF GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L 6L!p,J
d B A f L !D l R f 4 ,]CF GK
DMLU]e\ K ,TWV Bt N KSJ?\ D GT|LUp BON GD 6
A f D N F^V G]^F N BCB {JoLU]^p

_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N
D 4 >k< j ,] B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJ{V ,JoLU] N?B \
k`F 6
UF B LUd!J .F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \EL B ] ,T B GTWV
]OL B !] `L j B G] LUKSRWD GT|LUp BON L BON qF B GV j L
F N F B G]WFOLUTWV!J L !D ] _ G]^F N d!J QF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \
N B GTWV G]OL B !] K !]e_ GF = j B G]zV!] GJ N T N MLU]e\
8V G] N T B F
QF B !D N GD LUJuJPFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T
> j L_ ,]OLUd!J k`F = XK !F N D G] GD !J?\ B R
D B G]^T N ML BON !FqT|LUD h N?B R L B J LUF B F !K
K GF^F N _ F B GV!F
XL ]OL BON 4 v ,p N?B KSRML N KSR_ N J N
B LUJ =
>k},},} d 6
qL f 4 GJu N
L !D L
U<,<,<< 6
jXj LUK B ,]^F 4 l
B LUJ =
>k} <y 6
PL 4r N ]9
F^KSR_ N !
>k},y,<< 6 L !DL hL !p,J d B B R
d GF B B J N 'L !D B R [_ GK B ,] L_ G]OLUp
B Wd j p D B GKSR N KLUJ t MLUJ N?B \ =M QKLUF GF j
B LUKGK GV B LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF
MV f B L N J B GF B F
G] !F GD B KSR ,F B R B GTWV G]OL B !] N B G]9
_ULUJ#K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p B B R qT ,] J N d
RML_ N !] = R N F{KLU] j !J N B G]^V!] B L BON j.B R
DML B LJ LUD!F B } ] GJ N LUd!J GF BON T|L B GF ={ R
QF#KLUJuK !JoL B GD j ,] B R > k`F&_ULU]e\ j ] ,T

!$#
"!$#
= yzB }8= N?B R L LU] N?B R!T BON KWT L _UL
J j 8=?> =?>'>k< =M R N F`F B !D8\Qp N _ GF
KLU]^] N GD B B R ] GF !J B F j LVML B R |M]^F B ] GJ N LUd!J 'VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF
JoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B 'F B !D8\ B !R ] hbcJ N

82
j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp L !D F N

p N MKL B J?\ N !KG] LUF GF B R !Tqd G] j bcJ N p
K [DML B L j K ,TWVMLU]OLUd!J t MLUJ N?B \ = R
bcJ N p K ET L KLUJuK !JoL B GD
= = a
>k<
N F2_ G]e\QKGJ ,F B B R <8= a zL'_UL
J j MLU] L !D L 4 U<,<,<< 6 4 = =
>k< 6
L !DF !p,p GF B F J N?B^B J _ ,J BON j
B R hp ,T|LUp BON K| GJuD d B <8= a L !D L B
J LUF B < zL = R !F B R qV!] GF BXN B !F N?B \ j
B R % GJuD 4 y>k< 6|N FK 8M]^T GD B d
8K GV BON MLUJuJ?\XR N p,R =Us k _ G]
B R 2JoLUKS j ]
J N LUd!J .DML B LcJ N T N?B F B R N B G]^V!] B L BON 'L !Dq
D N F^K !F^F`V!]OLUK BON KLUJF ,J BON !F B WF^V GD B R XF
J GK BON j F N?B LUd!J FOLUTWV!J GF j ,][KLU] j !JPD
B G]^T N ML BON V!] K GD !] GF N ,]^D G] B j LUK N J N
B L B hFe\F B GT|L BON KhF B !D N GFWL !D N !KG] LUF N F9
BON !pVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ DML B LUdMLUF GF| N?B RR N p,R
t MLUJ N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF =

#! " $),#
LU] p,]OL B j !J B B R !F BON?B B

JoL N ] L! J @ T N J cN K B ,] j ,] V!] k_ N D N !pLUJuJ
B ]OL!F^V , ] Bj LUK N J N?BON GFL!D j ,] B R F !V!V ,] B
jB R N FV!] i G K B= V G K N LUJ B RML!F B 4JoL N
Z LUT|LUJuJ
f , JoL! D LUp \L!DLUJuJ !]h GJuD
j ] N ! D!F = B RML! F N KSRG J ] g _ Bj ,]#F^K N
BON MK%D N F^K ! F^F N ! F
R N G ]^]e\ N D!]OLUFhL!D ZN
J N L% H6L\ Bj , ] B G KSR N KLUJ{RG JuVD! ] N ! p ,

c L! DVMLUJoL N B ! F N?B \ 8V G ] N T B F =
R N F , ]^ PLUF VMLU] BON LUJuJ?\ F ! V!V , ] B G D d\
l A f A V!] , p,]OLUTWT N B g ] N ! ] G ]^] =

4]OL N
=
>k}
,a8= GK !JoLU]_ULU] N L BON N B R
N B !F N?B \ j4B R QVMLUF B p ,T|LUp BON K GJuD =
zLUF B G]Gw F B R GF N F
N _ = j2 ,\
,\
LUVML =
9 ,Jxw F^RMLU k_
=
KSR G]^dMLUk_UL
q=
>k} }8=
R G]^T ,T|LUp BON KKG] N?B G] N j ,]D B G]^T N
N !p B R D ,T|L N F B ] !K B !] j!j G]^] N T|LUp
BON KGF =M _ GF B=@ LU] B R R\F =&>
>,>,> >,> 8=
l LUJ?_
=
] g _ B
=
G]^] N
=
f NuN FOL
p G]
8=
U<,< =. _ GF BON pL BON !p B R ] LUF !F
j ,] B R j L N J !] j VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N
T B F F B !D8\ %R N F B ,] N KLUJJoL_UL k`F
j ] ,T B=&@CB ML 4 B LUJ?\ 6=&v ,V!R\F = 8= B=
> } 4 > 6
,a8=
l LU]e_ULUJuJ
l4=
l LUTWV!F
=
f ;: B
v[=
s !]e\
9 =
N D!]OLUF
{=
U<,< = JoLU ,]
Z LUF^KSRMLUTWV p ,T|LUp BON K _ B ] GK ,]^D GD
j ] ,T JoL_UL k`F N 4TWF B G]^DMLUT F^JoL !D
4F B R LUF B G] !D N L bcK L 6=`v ,V!R\F =
8=M B= F !d!T N?B^B GD =
l
f =
>k
} L = R D B G]^T N ML BON j
VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j B R LU] B R w F T|LUp
BON K% GJuD N?B R GTWV!RMLUF N F T GKSRML N F^TWF
`R N KSR K !JuDEKL !F N D LUJ,d GRML_ N !] N
B R GJuJ N G]Gw FcT B R D = 8=v ,T|LUp =v GJ GK B=
>k}
> > }8=
l
f =
>k
} d = LUJ N B !F N?BON GF j B R LU]9
B R w F`T|LUp BON K4 GJuDD B G]^T N GD j ] ,T B G]9
BON LU]e\L !D t ML B G] MLU]e\Q] KSF = 8=v ,V!R\F =
f GF =
a 8a =

>O
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
=
zL ! N
@2=
>k} y8=v ,T|LUp BON K`VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j ] ,T

]OLUD N KLU]^d DML B GD JoL_UL k`F s LPL NuN
L !D B R t GF BON jMB R LUK N MK !D N V ,J
J k = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =6y,a
> < > 8=
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
=
zL ! N
@2=
>k},y =
v ,T|LUp BON K VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j ] ,T
K !]^F N F t !K GF N JoL_ULUF LUR
RML
PL NuNx= 8= v ,V!R\F = f GF =y,}
>k< U} >k
< ,}8=
G ]^D GF ]
=
_ J D GF^ FO!LUK ]^ D
D l4w =
LU]OJ?\L
!F Z=
>k },},D <8 =
N gN
B N?BON
V ,JoLU] N?B g D KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ]
DML !FXJ GF{dMLUFOLUJ B GF{T N K 2 GF{D GF oJ GFXr G]9
p GJ =Cl4= f = 2KLUD = K Nx=# LU] N F a8>k< 4 ^> 6
> <8> > < =

F ! K
2B
r
2=
HM] \ N
PF
H
=
K ] L
B GF

8=
A N K ,JoLR \
=
= v{N B = U<,< =.
Z ,]OL !KSR BQ N !F !JoL = 8=P B ] ,J = a 4 6
>ka > >k

a
8=
A !J , GJxV w F
R =
,] GD F GT N ]
qR Gb ]^T|=
LUU<J,<8D >, G= T|9 LU p \ !D
g B N B
BON
] GL T|BON L j MT|LULU]^p] kP dML L !D!VMF LU] BON RLU\J F B R G]^LUT ] R
B BON BON ={ =[@ B
JoL B=! B=>
a =
H6LUd N L
Cr =
U<,<8>,= B R ,] N?BON KLUJ B ] L B T B
j VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ D B G]^T N ML BON 8V G] N
T B F ] KSF`K B L N N !p[V!F !D F N !p,J
,]T !J BON D ,T|L N T|LUp BON KYVMLU] BON KGJ GF =
@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B F =>ky,y
Uy8=
v{N ] B
=
>k},},<8=C \V ,J ,pU\
_ ,J BON
L !D
!D N L K L UL4] _ N =,v ,J = 8=

Ua,}
=
N
y,a
84
v ,p N?B KSRML N KSR_ N J N

=
4J?_UL LUJuD N _ N L
Z=
I]^] BON L9H !K !pL!KSR N

8=
GFOL BON
l4=
l L
dMLUJuJ G]
l4=
U<,<8>,= LUJ ,T|LUp BON K2L!DWVML
J N B !F N?B \F B !D8\ j bcJ N p K q_ ,JuKL N K
] KSF j ] ,T l R N R MLUR M@L 4 ,] B R G] N K =
R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=&>
Ua Ua
8=
=
] g _ B
=
l LUTWV!F
=
>k},},} L = A _ N D !K j ,] F B ] !p% GJuD!F
D !] N !p B R f a A a N K GJoL !D N Kp ,T|LUp
BON K2] _ G]^FOLUJ =@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=Z B^B=M>
> 8a =
=
] g _ B
=
R ,TWV
F
8=
f ,d G] B F
A =
>k},},} d = %L B^B GTWV B
B D B G]^T N B R LUd!F ,J B p ,T|LUp
BON K GJuD N B !F N?B \ N B R GF B G] K
JoL !DD !] N !p B R v L !F^F9 zL B 8\LUT|L ] _ G]9
FOLUJ =! R\F =6@ LU] B R JoL B=8 B= >,>
Ua
8=
LUK R ,d!w FF
T|8LU=p
>k},}K = GfJuD
_ G]^LUFOTqLUJud!F ] D!jp B R @ _ LU G]9]9
B
BON l N N
F N?B \ ] GF^F @ D N?BON =#B R ] GF^F \ !D N KL B
jB R N _ G]^F N?B \ jl LUTqd!] N D!p =
MLU] R
= T
9L L_ G ]O
LUp Z G= Dz
U
> ,} >ky,<8=
MLU]
R =
L ! F
Z\ =
v R
8=
LU] R N KSw F|
T|{L=
>k},},y8= N B N?B jcB @ B

p BON K GJuD k_ G] B R VMLUF B > ,< T N JuJ N
\ LU]^F = A4L B !] a,}
y y 8y,y8>,=
r N ]^F^KSR_ N !
8=
>k},y,<8=, R `J LUF B F t MLU] GF.J N
L !DV!JoL |L !D B R L MLUJ?\F N F j VMLUJ ,T|L
p BON K%DML B L =`v ,V!R\F = 8= f = 4F B ] = K =
,},} >ky8=
r ,F B G] k_
=
] g _ B
=
>k},},y8= ,F9
F N d!J T GKSRML N F^T KL !F N !p j L N J !] j[B R
R GJuJ N G]VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F N
F ,T cdMLUFOLUJ B F =Mv ,V!R\F = 8=8 B= >ka

=
O
Z _ N
=
>k} , =| R ": GK B j T|LUp BON?B
VMLU] BON KGJ %F N VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ D B G]^T N
ML BON !F jcB R Qp ,T|LUp BON K GJuD =. R\F =
@ LU] B R JoL B=M B=>ka
U}8=
Z k_
8=
U<,<,<8= B L BON F BON KLUJLUF^F GF^F^T B j
V!] j G]^] GD B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJ8_p,V|J !p N?B !D GF:dML
F GD VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K _ ,JuKL N K DML B L =
v ,V!R\F = 8=! B=&> <
>,> >,=
G]^] N JuJ
f =
QKH6LUD!D
=
>k},},}8=Pv ,T|L
p BON K V ,JoLU] N?B \ B ]OL !F N?BON !F = f _ =Qv
V!R\F =a 4 6
U<8> 8=
A4LUpL B L
{=
4]OL N
=
,T ,F
Pr =
>k
} ,a8=
LU GJ K !,JoLU]^K]2 _ULUD ] !N L] BO!N p R j# B JoR LU XF p ,
T|LUp \ LUBO]^N K F B
B j N B B <,<,< = 8=
v ,V!R\F = f GF = ,y
, Uy =
A N K ,JoL\F
8r =
HM] \
8H =
s D!p GF
8r =
N F
,= J
,v{pU\ N ] B
=
DWU<dM,LU<,FO<8LU= J F 4]] ,T 4]R cp r G]^KSpR!]
j
B j B
J 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp
GF B R G] !D N L bcK L
N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] l N K G] !V BON z]OL B GF
j{B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T =@ LU] B R JoL B=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
G]^] N
=
>k},},y8=` LUJ N B !F N?B \D B G]^T N
ML BON
T|LUp BON KED ,T|L N zF B ] !K B !]
L !D
F GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L = 8=#v ,V!R\F = f GF =.>k<,a
a,< U}8> 8a,

< ,<,<8=
G]^] N
=
KSR GV!V
@2=
R!KSR G]^dMLU k_
q=
>k},},y8= LUJ N B !F N?B \ DML B LUdMLUF !VDML B GD =

@ b } 4 > <6
>k},y8=
G]^] N
=
R!KSR G]^dMLU k_
q=
>k},} = LUJ N
B !F N?B \ jB R PLU] B R w FcT|LUp BON KX GJuD j ,]
B R VMLUF B <,< T|L @ _ N D !K j ,] LD N
V ,J [F B ] !K B !] |D !] N !p B R WT GF N K[J k =
8=v ,T|LUp =Mv GJ GK B= }
,<8> 8> =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
9 =
A N K ,JoL\
F
.r =
U<,< = LUJoL ,T|LUp BON K|F B !D8\ j

L
bcJ N pK 14 a,< zL 6 JoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B R

r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp4F B R G] !D N L
bcK L 6 UD N ] GK BON MLUJ8LMLUJ?\F N FCL!D[T|LUp
B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ = R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B= B=
>ka,a
> > 8=
] g _ B
=
>k},y8>,= ,T LUF^V GK B F j T|LUp
BON Kc_ N F^K ,F N?B \ F !dML G] N LUJL !DF !d!T|LU] N
_ ,JuKL N K2] KSF =v ,V!R\F = 8= f = 4F B ] = K =

> ,} >k} =
] g _ B
=
zL ! N
@2=
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
l4=
>k},y = R B !F B L N
4xbc] Gp 6 p ,T|LUp BON KV ,JoLU] N?B \ B ]OL !F N
BON = = GJuD N B !F N?B \[_ULU] N L BON !FL !DWD N F9
K !F^F N j ] _ G]^FOLUJ2T D GJuF = 8=:v ,V!R\F =
f GF =6},<
>k< > >k< y8=
f NuN FOLUp G]
8=
>k},},}8= LU] N L BON 'D N ] GK BON B
N B !F N?B g D KSRMLUTWV T|LUp g BONut B G]9
] GF B ] `LcJoL` 'D GF Nut B L l
V GNuJutJ G ]
=U R = V!=V B R GF N F
N _ G]^F N?B \ j B
N > ,y =
f NuN FOLUp G]
=
f NuN FOLUp G]
8=
U<,<8>,= B GK BON !p
T !J BON D ,T|L N T|LUp BON K p,]OL N !F N R GJ
J N G]VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F =E R\F =
@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>
>,>,> >,> =
GJu] L N
!F=
L VM LU JoL
Z =
U< ,!<,F <8=\ Z !Rp JB G]^T ]OL _U!LF
N BON N
N B N?B = N =: =
f = K =6Z !D =6a Uy 4 6
>k
< >k<,y,y8=
R!p,KS]OR LU GD ]^dMk_LU
k_

q=
D R! GKS] R
{ GH]^dM
LU k_UL
q=
R Gc]^NT|LUJ
= s N = U<,<8>,=4
F B LUd N J N?B \ j V f QFKG] L B GD j ] ,TD N?j
j G] B T|LUp BON KIF B L B GF =M R\F =6@ LU] B R JoL
B=M B=>
U} a8=
R!D KSR G] G
]^dMH LU
k_UL
q=
] , V R! GKS] R G G]^F dMLU kVM_ LU
] qLU= J
sR G ]9N
= U<,<,<8=6 BON j BON B
T ,] GT|L B T|LUp BON L BON N V!F !D
F N !p,J [D ,T|L N L !D T !J BON D ,T|L N zT|LUp
BON?B p,]OL N !F = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =I>k< 4 9 > 6
y8>,=
85
LMLUL
sE=
kr
=
>k},y = MLUJ?\F N F jB R
B R GJuJ N G]^FGwT B R D j VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ D B G]9
T N ML BON
= LUV!V!J N KLUd N J N?B \ B R N p,RL!D
J k T|LUp BON Kz GJuD!F = 8=Iv ,T|LUp =2v
J GK B=M
a
Uy U} =
L MLUL
sE=
r
=
IKSR N T !]OL
sE=
>k},} =
p ,,T J , `p p,KJ ,LUdMJ LUJ T j L B ! ] G,F V!R \j F VMLUJ N B !F N?B
\ N
N BON =v
= 8= B=> U< }
>k< =
L
Z=
>k},},y8= LUJ ,T|LUp BON K ] N !K N V!J GF
L !D ]OLUK BON K = r{J G]
,]^D!] GKSR B=
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
>k},a,y8= !]Jxw L N T|L B L BON D GF
B G]^] GFXK N?B GF B F GFELUV!V!J N KL BON !F4p g ,V!R\
F Nut GF = =c !F B={ R\F Nut D v J ,d
N _ =M LU] N F >
> 8a,< =
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
R GJuJ N G]
8b =
>k} = f GKSR G]^KSR GF
p g ,T|LUp g BONut GFF !] D GF K !J g GF_ ,JuKL
Nut GF D w 8_ G]^p = =zv ,V!R\F =>
a =
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
R GJuJ N G]
b =
>k} U}8= !].Jxw N B
F N?B g D [KSRMLUTWV'T|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ] `DML !F
J VMLUF^F g R N F B ,] Nut B p g ,J ,p Nut = =
v ,V!R\F =&>
Uy 8a 8=
N F
=
LUT|LUF^K
=
HM] \
H =
A N K ,JoL\
F
8r =
v{N ] B
=
V N K'_ULU] N L BON !F N B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T
_ N D !K j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V
JoLUp = N G] = zLUp =
> a > =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ V!J
B N KK ,TWV!J GF ]
!D
'V!d N F B ,V N K
F B !D8\qL !D N j G] !K GFLUd BB R N ]F !]^K GF
LUp qL !D%p D8\ MLUT N KEF B^BON !p = GT = K =

v g ,J = HM] = >

U}8=
L !p
sE= 8=
&HM] \
H =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
\J
=
N KSR
v[=
>k},},y8= B ] ,p GF N F
j6B R D[dMLUFOLUJ B F j ,]^T N !p B R ,] B R G]
7O
.O
86
r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]

B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T = 8=C B ] ,J =Ca,} 4 6
>,> y8=

Y

!]J GF.] KSR GF_,JuKL Nut GF

JoL j LUd!] Nut IT|LUp g BONut
Jxw L N F B ] ,V N 2D 4F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g
T|LUp g BONut 4 6
GF B ] GJoL BON _ GT BIj L N d!J
MV!] GF t [K ,TWVMLU]OLUd!J EnWK GJuJ ,d B qV !]IJ GF
F g D N T B F
CT|LUJup,] g F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut g J _ g =.@ JuJ GF B K GV !DML B|N BON T GT B
J N g 2L j ,]^K GF:FGw G] L B D !]OL B J !] GTWV!JoLUK GT B 4 LU]^J N !pXL !D s ] !DML
>k},},a 9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
L !D s !]e\
>k},} G]^J
>k},},y 9 !KSR
U<,<,<< 6
t IK `F N?B D j L 'D N ] GK B $4L N F B ] ,V N PD
j ,]^T 6
8L_ GKEJxw L cD w LUJuJ !p GT B D GF`T N g ]OL |T|LUp g BONut GF2DML !F2JoLqD N ] GK BON D {Jxw g K !J
T B 4 s ] !DML
>k},y ,l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} ,]^] N F
U<,<,<< 6
[D j L N !D N ] GK B 4L N F
B ] ,V N ED qD N F B ] N d BON B V!R g ,T 2 GFcD w N B G]OLUK BON 6
L_ GK qKG] N F B LUJuJ N FOL BON N B G]^F BON K N GJuJ
B LU]^D N _ [L B !]cD qV!RMLUF GFXV!] g N F B L B GF ,] N B g GF{DML !F{JoL|D N ] GK BON %D qJxw g K !J GT B 4 s LU]9
p,]OL_ GF B LUJ =
>k},}8> f KSR B^B B LUJ =
>k},}
>k},},} H G]^] g B LUJ =
U<,< 6= LU]cK !F g t B
d N
t w GJuJ g K GF^F N?B hD GF'LUV!VMLU] N JuF B ] 2 F[F !F N d!J GF B V!] g K N F
#JoLQT GF !] hD Jxw V BqB R g ,] N
t GT B V G]^T B^B ] [D [] B ] 8_ G]XJoLD N ] GK BON B T E T qJ qF !FED [T N F V!JoLUK qD K ,]^V!F
g B !D N g 4r N p,R B L !D LUJu G]
>k},y,y l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} M L B LUJ =
>k},},y v :] k\
B LUJ =
U<,< 6=
Z V!] GT N G]`KSRMLUV N?B ] D K B^B VMLU] BON E]OLUV!V ,] B EJ GF4] g F !J B L B F4D w g B !D 4F !T N F L
6 D XJoL j LUd!] Nut {T|LUp g BONut {D w EF GK BON F N?B g En'V!] N T N?B g D
,] B L |D w 4]^K
L !D @ F B D WJxw LU]^KSR N V GJD r G]^p GJ 4K j9= H N p !] = <y 6=l B^B g B !D
$ -

*+?.' F -"A= -/ -
6930' E
Ice
Quaternary deposits
Strato-volcans-plioquaternary
Plutonic complexes
Port Jeanne
d'Arc
Tertiary flood basalts
Jeanne d'Arc Peninsula

49
30' S
20 km

Gaby
Island
= y Z KLUJ N FOL BON |D XJoLqF GK BON QD ,] B L XD w 4]^K =
y,}
90
Avant-propos
,] N p N MLUJ {_ N FOL N?B n|_ g ] N G]{F N D GF N?B g F4_,JuKL Nut GF
F g VMLU] g GFXVMLU] [K !KSR [K !p,J ,T g ]OL
BONut g VML N F^F
g B L N B
6T|LUJup,] g EV g ] N D N TWV ,] B L B {F g VMLU]OL B J !]`T N F zV!JoLUK
N F^F GF
D w | T E T I K B ] g ] !V BON?j L|K B ]OL N ] IV!] k_ ML N B D GFD w g T N F^F N Wd N |D N F BON !K B GF =
Z G F`] g F ! J B L B F`VMLU] BON G JuF ! K ! ]OLUp L B F`DX K B^B g B ! D !F B V !F^F g F4n[T GF !] G]`VMLU]2JoL
F N?B q Jxw D' JoL|F G K BON D B D' JoL ! ]^T B =l B ]OL N ] GT B LL B ] GF{F GK BON !F
g KSRML BON JuJ g G FD! ]OL B JoLPT E T KLUTWVMLUp D: V!] g J 2 _G T B B&t N V!] g F B L N B DG F&V ! DMLUpG F
F ! d R, ] N B L !
K B^B X F g t ! K X _, JuKL Nut { V!] g F B L N?B V ! DMLUpX D > L_G K Q L GN T B
Dq V!J ! Fcp,]OL! Dq V B [ D y,y
G= A ! FXL_! F{D! K _! J D g B G ]^T N G ]cJoL j LUd!] Nut q T|LUp g BONut
D` K B^B I F G K BON W V ! ]_ g ] N G ]:F N J 2 dMLUF^K ! J G T B g B L N?B D w , ] N p N B G K B Nut
g K G F^F N?B L B LUJ , ]^F
Q K , ]^] G K BON Dz V ! DMLUp
d N V!] g LUJoLUd!J Q n Jxw g VML! KSRG T B DG FK ! J g G F
N TWV!J Nut M L B
LUJ , ]^F 4 D N ] G K BON ' D w g K ! J G T B V!] KSR4 DI JoLXD N ] G K BON ' D| V ! DMLUp =8Z G F.] g F ! J B L B F.DI K B^B
LM LUJ?\F N B g ] G F^FOL B D N ] G K B G T B Jxw g B ! D4 DG FPD N ] G K BON ! FVMLUJ g , T|LUp g BONut G F B g B g V!] g F B g F
DML! FJ . V!] G T N G ]&KSRMLUV N?B ] . D. K B^B B R 2 F =,Z . J G K B ! ] G F B D! K N _ N?B g n`] G J N ] : JoL`F G K BON B ]OL N?B L B
DG F`K , ]^] G K BON ! F B G K B Nut G FIL_UL B D w B LUT G ]`J { D N?2 T { KSRMLUV N?B ] X DX K B^B X VMLU] BON =
! Fq LN?_B c ! LF _N ! BJ G ]^] L, M pLUL J?BO\N F G ! ] F.J FW !] G J F _ g G DF2G VMF LUK ]PJx! w gJ B G ! FqD4 V!] Dc J Jo_ L G F G FqK FBO!N ]q JxDw LU]^KSR V G BJ Dc | JoL V!] !!K ]^VMT LU J , B d
g g g
B
N =&Z N N
i G K BON?j D4 K B^B g B ! D g B L N?B Dc K B ]DC,J G ].J G FD N ] G K BON ! F.D w g K ! J G T B D g D N?B G FPD w , d!F G ]e_UL BON ! F
p g , T , ]^V!R, J , p Nut G F 4 A ! p N G ]
>k} < L 6 K , Tqd N M L B Jxw LUV!V!] KSRW VMLUJ g , T|LUp g BONut W nQJxw LM L
J?\F 2 D` Jxw , ] N B L BON q V!] g j g ] BON G JuJ P D j , ]^T 4xb H 6 D` V!RMLUF G F.T N g ]OLUJ G F , d!F G ]e_ g G F W JoLUT G F
T N ! K G FWV ! ]WK B ]DC,J G ] , F N B G ]^V!] g B L BON ! F =l z D N?2 T z KSRMLUV N?B ] Q V!] g F B J G FW] g F ! J B L B F
, d B ! FPV ! ]J G FF G K BON ! F g KSRML BON JuJ g G FPV ! DML B JoLEKLUTWVMLUp4 D w g B g >k},},} U<,<,<
L t G JuF
FGw Lki B B K DX D F G K BON ! F`V!] g J _ g G FID! ]OL B JoLqKLUTWVMLUp{ D >k},} },y8=Ml X T|L ! F^KG] N?B
L g B g F ! T N F B ] 2 F`] g K G TWT B L
=
F -
=#0$&+?.
#/1':?. 1' " -/1':?."%$&':?.

,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} = GK B N K'LUV!V!J N KL BON !F j T|LUp BON K F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \%L!D N?B F
L N F B ] , V\ =M@ LU] B R K N !K f _ N `F
} 8},a8=
9 ! KSR
8=
U<,<,<8= z
LUp BON K{F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \L N F B ] ,V\hL!D j LUd!] N KGF N hp,]OL N?B GF =6l4= f = 2KLUD =
K Nx=M LU] N F a,a,<
> > =
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJuG ]
v[=
s G ]^] G ] 9 G ]e_G ]OL
@2=
>k},} = z LUp BON K j LUd!] N K:L!D kD N ] GK BON
N dMLUFOLUJ BON K.VMLUR G R JoL_UL j N?B J : _, JuKL
N K = 8= , JuKL, J =v B RG ]^T = f GF =

}
9

,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = R N B G] MLUJ.F B ] !K B !] j JoL_UL
k`F N !F N p,R B F j ] ,T T LUF !] GT B F ^ s LPL NuN LhVMLUR GR
B B R!VMLUF B {JoL_UL[L!D
w L8w = 8= j ,JuKL ,J = L!D v B R G] = f GF = 4 > 6
>k} 8=
H G]^] g
@2=l4=
9 ,]^DMLU] N G]
l4=
zLU]^F^R
8=
U<,< = zLUp,T|L k N j G]^] GD j ] ,T hj LUd!] N KGF N QL
JoL\ G] GDQT|LMK{F N JuJ
!F N PL
B R j ] N KL =8 GK B ,V!R\F =a
> Ua8=
v :] k\
Z=
l LUJuJ B
8=
!d !]^p
l4=
,] N ]OL
=
U<,< = zLUp BON KXL !DQV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF cJ N LU]
j LUd!] N KCD N F^KG] GVML !K\ N {D8\ GF kL PL\ B `D B R k_ GK B ,] !F N !p`T|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON =
G]^]OL A k_UL >
>ky,a >k},<8=
s LU]^p,]OL_ GF
f =
,R !F
=
l RML
l4=
>k},}8>,= 4N F B ] N d BON hL N F B ] ,V\ R XKL !F j
N N p !F2] KSF v ,V!R\F = f GF =6Z B^B=>ky
>k},a >k
} 8=
s ] !DML
&H =
>k},y = zLUp BON KWL N F B ] ,V\ j ] KSF L !D N?B FELUV!V!J N KL BON N p ,J ,pU\L !Dp
V!R\F N KGF =v ,V!R\F = !]e_ =
a 8y =
r N p,R B
=
LUJu G]
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp,T|L k D N ] GK BON !F N k`F j2B R r ,JoL l ,TWV!J
b{LUR
MD B G]^T N GD j ] ,T T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N KcF B !D N GF = 8=6v ,V!R\F = f GF =6},a
a,<,y a8>k}8=
G]^J
b =
>k},},y8= B G] MLUJ6F B ]OL N ' N?B R N WJoL_UL k`F j ] ,T L MLUJ ,p `T D GJuJ N !p
= 8= j ,JuKL ,J =
L !D v B R G] = f GF =y8>
>ky,} U<
8=
,]^] N F
=
U<,<,<8= zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KhL !DVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K|L MLUJ?\F GF jIB R J N ML B G] MLU]e\
KLUJuK9LUJuLUJ N IF G] N GF j Gp N ML F^JoL !D
B R Gp L h_ ,JuKL N KXLU]^K
v ] GK =6@ LU] B R JoL B=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =&>
}8> >k< =
A !p N G]
8=
>k} <8=l B ] N d BON WLXJxw g B !D `p g ,J ,p Nut B p g ,T ,]^V!R ,J ,p Nut PD GF N J GF:r G]^p
J = 9 !JuJ =Ml ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR = B LU]^K B= LU] N F
,}
V!V =
}8>

92
Avant-propos
f KSR B^B
=
!d !]^p
l4=
G]^] N
=
>k},},}8= F B R N FET|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K ,]^T|LUJ ] _ N
L !DQKLUF XF B !D N GF N h_,JuKL N K j ,]^T|L BON !F = GK B ,V!R\F =a,<
>k} Ua =
f KSR B^B
=
LUKSF
=
!d !]^p
l4=
>k},} = f KS|T|LUp BON F^T L!D B R N B G]^V!] B L BON j
L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K{F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ = f _ =v ,V!R\F =a,< 4 <a 6
U<,} 8=
LU]^J N !p
=
s ] !DML
6H =
>k},},a8=! R zLUp BON K N F B ] ,V\ j f KSF =l RMLUV!T|L s LUJuJ
Z
D
> V!V =
L
Z=
v
8=
B L !D N p GJ
sE=
>k},},y8= H#J k D N ] GK BON !F N D N GF j ] ,T DML B L R
d B F B ]OLUVhPL\ = 8=6v ,V!R\F = f GF =>k<,a
>
, >
},<8=
Y

Y
B. Henry, G. Plenier & P. Camps
Soumis au J. Volcano. Geotherm. Res.
Statistical analysis of the magnetic fabric of samples from several successive lava flows emplaced in
the same conditions can allow determination of the mean flowing direction when data from individual
flows does not lead to reliable results. For 22 flows of the Jeanne dArc peninsula, the difference of the
obtained flowing direction with that of the present dip points out a weak tilting after lava emplacement.
Paleomagnetic data from this area can therefore be corrected for this weak tilting. The magnetic fabric
data allow here the reconstitution of the different conditions of the emplacement of two series of lava

sE= >k},} N K ,JoL\F B LUJ = U<,<,< HM] \
B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<<6D6= R N FEK !p,J ,T G]OL B N !KGJ !D GF
LUF4 GJuJ] GJoL BON _ GJ?\hJoLU]^p X_ ,JuKL N KEV Gd!d!J GF{LUF
K LUJ#J _ GJuF = RML B F !p,p GF B F{]OL B R G]cLD GV ,F N
BON N LD GJ B LLU] L
,]cL LUJuJ 8_ N LUJD GV!] GF9
F N
.] GJoL BON _ GJ?\KGJ ,F B B R zF !]^K j{B R
V Gd!d!J GF 4 A !p N G]
>k
} 6=& ] GF !K j F !KSR
N F ,JoL B GD[K !p,J ,T G]OL B PLUF^F.LUd BCB R _ B
L B.B R ,] N p N jN?B F:D GV ,F N?BON =B K !JuD|K ,]9
] GF^V !D!F
N?B R G] B LJ !pV G] N D j G]
F N d B B z_ ,JuKL N KWV!RMLUF GF
,] B %L
B GK B N K _ B= B R j& ,] B L ID w 4]^K
4H N p > 6
B R 'JoL_UL k`FEV!] GF B Lh LUD N V
j LUd B B kPLU]^D!F B R A3A 4 A !p N G]

) %! 1
/ !'"& "# "'"32 3'4
! "
',

+ #-*8 3!

9 # ! " !$#
4 6
A
4 <6

flows and of formation of the local thick conglomerate interbedded between these series.
r G]^p GJ F^JoL!D!F 4 G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF B

B LU]^K BONut GFHM]OL L N F GF N B R F B R G]
!D N L bcK L }
a,< w
,}
a,< w @6 LU]
T|L N !J?\EK !F BON?B B GD j _ ,JuKL N K2] KSF.L !D j
F ,T V!J B N K.K ,TWV!J GF = L PD w 4]^K2V
N !F !JoL N FJ KL B GD B R 4F B R LUF B G] hd ,]9
D G] jB R WT|L N N F^JoL !D 4H N p =a8=?> 6= B ,] B
L R F[ qVD w 4] ^!K F
!JoL
B R KG] ,,] V!B RFW L GF K B G!] p,J ,d T ,]^ GD ]O GL]
jIB N N
B
BON K N?B 4 !d G] B D JoL f
>k},a 6
B R N KS
d B N?B R B _ G]e\ JoLU]^p JoL B G]OLUJ B !F N
N B G]^d GD!D GD N zbcJ N p K cdMLUFOLUJ B *F 4 zL

K
},a
94
AMS of Oligocene lavas in the Jeanne dArc peninsula
6930' E
Ice
Quaternary deposits
Plutonic complexes
Port Jeanne
d'Arc
Jeanne d'Arc Peninsula

49
30' S
Gaby
Island
20 km
Vegetation
Unit 3
Trachyte dome
Conglomerate
Unit 5
Unit2
Unit 4
Unit 1
n
arbo
Ravin du Ch
General dip of flow

Horizontal trapp
Dip
Ra
Ja vin
un
e
Port Jeanne d'Arc
Mt du Refuge
Fracture
lRMLU]^d a8=?>zF GZ K BON KL !BOF N 6P%N LB !RD% Epr G,]^J ,ppN GKJ LU J T|N F^LUJoLV !D!jF*B 4R T qF D B N! D GN D GDj ] LU,]T LBHM4] f \ L_ NB LU J =L4 U<, q<,<<L6!= D f L_ N %D
2,5 km
k> } < L 6=E R!p,R dMLUD B KG] ,V K !D N?BON !F
B R N F|D N VLUV!V LU]^FhK ,TWVMLU] N !pD N : G] B F GK

BON !F = H ,] !LUTWV!J
XV B ] ,p,]OLUV!R N K 4 Z \] N?B
B LUJ =
>k},},< CsE=
>k},} 6 L !DVMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K
4 s !]e\L !D J GF^FOLU]^D
>k},} Cl LUTWV!F B LUJ =
>k},},<} 6 F B !D N GFV N B GD B

N B VMLU]OLUJ
J GJ4F GK BON !F 4 T j LU] B B R B R G]|
H N p =Ca8=?> 6 KGJ ,F B ,] B L QD w 4]^K
:D N?j
j G] !K N GJ _UL BON 4 jPB R ,]^D G] j ,<B
y,< T 6 j:B R qK !p,J ,T G]OL B L !D j dMLUFOLUJ BON K
k`F 4HM] \ B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6
N VMLU] BON K !JoLU] j ,]
B k`F`KGJ LU]^J?\ N D BON GDhd GKL !F GTWV!JoL
K GD] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\|d j ,] 4L !DhL j B G]L ] _ G]^FOLUJ
jcB R LU] B RT|LUp BON K GJuD = A ,] B R j{B R
V N !F !JoL
B R 4KGJ ,F GF B JoL_UL B KG] ,V!FK ,]^] GF9
V !D B L B R G] k 4 N?B[azN H N p =a8=?> 6
N?B R
B R `K B ]OLU]e\
U LUqF B RPLU]^D|D N V =
4pL N
L4V ,F^F N d!J B GK B N K _ B
,RML_ N !p K
K !]^] GDd j ,] ,]L j B G] B R k GTWV!JoLUK
T B
N F t GF BON GD = 4N V _ULU] N L BON ] GJoL B GD
B WV ,F B GTWV!JoLUK GT B2BON J BON !p,FPF^R !JuD N TWV!J?\
F N p N MKL B D j ,]^T|L BON L B J LUF B2N B R {F
B R G] VMLU] B jqB R r G]^p GJ F^JoL !D!F = H ,]
B R N B G]^V!] B L BON j VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KQDML B L
N?BN FLUJuF N TWV ,] B L B|B k N?jXB R k`F

G] XL : GK B GDQd\F ,T BON J BON !p,FL j B G] GTWV!JoL
K GT B ,] N?jCB R qV!] GF B D N V N F jB ,V ,p,]OL
V!R N K ,] N p N = R N F N j ,]^T|L BON N F j KLUV N?B LUJ
N TWV ,] B L !K [d B j ,] B ML B GJ?\]OLU] GJ?\L_UL N
JoLUd!J
N VMLU] BON K !JoLU] N B R WKLUF j _ ,JuKL N K
N F^JoL !D!F = 2KGK ,]^D N !p B B R |V!] GF B D N V
B R
JoL_ULV!] GF B J?\ !D G]qL !D k_ G] B R |K !p,J
T G]OL B k GD F B R j ,] B L 'D w 4]^K
j ] ,T B R 8@B B R A3A =& R WV!] ,dMLUd!J
G] !V BON K B G]'PLUF N B R ,] B R 6L ! j
B R v LUd\ N F^JoL !D 4 Z \] N?B B LUJ =
>k},},<< 6
:J
KL B GD jqB R F B !D N GD k`F
Nx= =`N T[
V!J?\ N !p N ]^] Gp !JoLU] B ,V ,p,]OLUV!R\ N?j2B R k N !p
%O
95
D N ] GK BON N F 8@ A3A = R T|L N L N T j

B R N Fh ,]^ N F B D B G]^T N B R LUK B MLUJ
N !pD N ] GK BON d\ T L!F jcB R QT|LUp BON K
j LUd!] N KDML B L = LUp,] GT B j`B R N F k N !p
D N ] GK BON N?B R B R hL GN T B R j2B R V!] GF B
D N V F^R !JuD d LF B ] !pLU]^p!T Bj ,] L
JoLUKS j F N p N MKL B.BON J BON !p L j B G] B R cJoL_UL GT[
V!JoLUK GT B= F GK !DMLU]e\L N T N F B F LU]^KSR
V ,F^F N d!J KSRML !p j k N !pK !D N?BON !Fd
j ,] 2L !D'L j B G] B R PK !p,J ,T G]OL B .D GV ,F N?BON =
RML B F^R !JuD%p N _ [LUJuF N B G] GF BON !p N j ,]^T|L
BON LUd BWB R _ B L BWB R ,] N p N jcB R
K !p,J ,T G]OL BON K j ,]^T|L BON =

: !*"! *

#
!p N G]4 >k}

>k} < L 6 F B !D N GD N hD B L N J
B EKG] ,F^F9 F GK BON !F N B R N F:LU] L = B:B R f L
_ N D l RMLU]^d
.R zD GF^KG] N d GD B R zJ k G]
VMLU] B j&B Rc F G K BON 8
N?B RT|L N ! J?\'K !p,J ,T
]OL B P L! D _, JuKL N K B ; :FCL! D j N B G]^d GD!D GD
L! D k _G ]^J?\ N ! phJoL_ULUF k `F = Rq F G K ! DF G K
BON | L B.B R C,T f ! p N F.T ! KSR|T , ] ` J N
T N?B G D
N?B REK ! p,J , T G ]OL B L! DqL`F N ! p,J k =
sE= 4 >k},} 6 D B L N J G D B RW V B ] , p,]OLUV!R\ jPB R
`R, J F G K BON jqB R f L_ N D l RMLU]^d =
s c LUJuF F B ! D N G DhL B R N ]^DWF G K BON h L B.B R f L
_ N L `RG ] E LUD!D N?BON M LUJ k `F2KG] , V B
! DG ] B Rc K ! p,J , T G ]OL B = Fe\ B RG F N F$4HM] \
B LUJ =
U<,<,<<6 jXB RG F V!] _ N ! F , ]^FRMLUF
D N F BON ! p N F^RG D N B R N FLU] L T|L N N?B F
! Tqd G ] G D j ] , T B RP d B^B , T B B R B , V =U R

B R N KS 4 BON JPL B J LUF Bh>,>k< T 6 K ! p,J , T G ]OL B
4 N?B 6 L! D B ]OLUKSR\ BON Kd!] G KGK N L B ; : 4 N?B
4LUd BEy
6 RML_ ! J?\LJ N T N?B G D B ! F N
T 6= BB R f L_ N D l RMLU]^d L! D f L
_ N L
B RP K ! p,J , T G ]OL B N F N B G ]^d G D!DG D
d B JoL_ULUF k `F`L B f L_ N L
N?B
A
96
k_ G]^J N GF[L%F G] N GF j L B J LUF B'y _ N F N d!J k`F

4 N?BQ> 6 :
L! D N?B'N F k_ G]^JoL N d\ T ,] B RML
> B KG] , V!V N ! p k`F$4 N?B 6 L BPB R f L_ N
D l RMLU]^d = RG ] LU] LUJuF ,] a k`F
4 N?B4a<62N B G ]^d G D!DG Dz N?B R N B R EK !p,J ,T
]OL B &
d B &
d G KL! F B RW T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K']
F ! J B FCLU] P LUK B M LUJuJ?\ 8V!J N?B LUd!J ! J?\ j , ]CL4F j
MK N B ! Tqd G ] j k `F G TWV!JoLUK G D N B R
FOLUT % K ! D N?BON ! F
B R \LU] B K ! F N DG ] G D
RG ] = b ! J?\ N?B F > L! D WN ! KGJ ! DE F K N B
! Tqd G ] j k `F'L! D N JuJ.d | F B ! D N G D =# R
, JuDG F B JoL_ULUF4 N?Bc> 6 K , ]^] G F^V ! D B k `F j
LUV!R\] N KqLUJuLUJ N KXdMLUFOLUJ B F = R \! pG F B G F
4 N?B 6 ]OL! p j ] , T LUV!R\] N K B ]OLUKSR\L! D
F N?B G F B 4 LUJuLUJ N K#dMLUFOLUJ B F 4 sE=
>k},} HM] \ B LUJ =
U<,<,<<6= _G ]OLUJ k `FRML_: _G F N KGJ G F&MJuJ G D{ N?B R

KGJoL\F
KLUJuK N?B ` L! D , J N?B G F = R` `R, J ` F G ] N G F
G TWV!JoLUK G DELU] ! D z L@4 sE=
>k},} A N K , JoL\
F B LUJ =
U<,<,< HM] \ B LUJ =
U<,<,<<6
N?B F >
L! D a D! ] N ! pL|V G ] N D j ] _G ]^F G DV , JoLU] N?B \
j`B R @ LU] B R T|LUp BON K| G JuD C
L! D B R N?B
D! ] N ! pWV G ] N D j , ]^T|LUJV , JoLU] N?B \ 4 s ! ]e\
L! D J G F^FOLU]^D
>k},} 6l LUTWV!F B LUJ =
>k},},}<6=

$#
)
*#
)
!*
*#
!
zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KWDML B L j _,JuKL N K'] KSF

4 cN ,JoL B
>k} r ,J UMk_UL
>k} `@ JuJ? D
>k} y r N p,R B L!D LUJu G]

>k},y,yl L L
V N L B LUJ =
>k},}
>k},}

>k},} ]OLUp N B LUJ =
>k},} 6 T , F B J?\ V!] GF B FW] GJoL BON _ GJ?\ F^KL B^B G] GD

,] N B L BON jqB R V!] N ! K N VMLUJ{F ! F^K GV BON d N J N?B \
L G FQL! DJ k L N F B ] , V\V G ]^K B LUp =
] N ! p k N ! p
B Rh T|L N F B ] G F^F G F ! DG ]^p
d\{JoL_UL*4 G ]^J
>k},},y<6 LU] : ] G JoL B G D B B R: p,]OL
_ N?B \ 4 N ! KGJ ! D N ! p j ] , T B R k _G ]^J?\ N ! pzVMLU] B j
B R k
" : G K B jB R{ K B LUK B N?B R B R

D G]^J?\ N !p%F !] j LUK

=?=?= 6= 4JuJ B R GF hF B ] GF^F GFWLU]
N X] GJoL BON 4 N?B R B R ,] N B L BON jB R F^J ,V
L !D B R G] j ,] j#B R k N !p|D N ] GK BON =6s

_ G]
Id GKL !F j R N p,R_ N F^K ,F N?B \ 4 !]OLUF
L !D Q8K 9 N ] \
>k} <a 6
k N !pK !D N?BON !F
N JoL_UL k`F LU] LUK B MLUJuJ?\K ,TWV!J =c R N F
p N _ GFWJ KLUJ2D N F B !]^dML !K GF j k N !p
`R N KSR
RML_ LT|Lki ,] ": GK B B R j LUd!] N KL BQB R
F^KLUJ j LFOLUTWV!J = ,] k_ G]D N ] GK BON j
k N !p j L k KL d %J KLUJuJ?\ T D N GD
d GKL !F jCB R N ]^] Gp !JoLU] B ,V ,p,]OLUV!R\ jCB R
!D G]^J?\ N !p F !] j LUK =. R zF N !p,J hT|L G] B
LUK B MLUJuJ?\%V N B B L ": GK B jB R 'p,]OL_ N?B \
4 Nx= =B R k N !pD N ] GK BON 6qN F B R G] j ,] B
L MLUJ?\ qLWJoLU]^p !Tqd G] j F^V GK N T !F4FOLUT[
V!J GD N F _ G]OLUJD N : G] B k`F GTWV!JoLUK GD N
B R FOLUT K !D N?BON !F =2 R ": GK B F j J KLUJ
D N F B !]^dML !K GF 4 GF^F BON LUJuJ?\WL N !KG] LUF jB R
K 8MD !K GF j LUJuJ B R V!] N !K N VMLUJ4F !F9
K GV BON d N J N?B \[L GF 6 LU] B R L_ G]OLUp GD B L !D
D B L : GK BcB R [T L D N ] GK BON = zLUV
V!] LUKSR GF%LU] V ,F^F N d!J =2 R k N !p D N ] GK
BON K !JuD d 'D B G]^T N GD N?B R G]Xd\L_ G]OL
p N !p B R k N !pQD N ] GK BON ,d B L N GD L BXB R
J _ GJ j LQF N !p,J k
,]Xd\ F B !D8\ N !pQDML B L
pL B R G] GD j ] ,TF _ G]OLUJMF !KGK GF^F N _ k`F =, R
M]^F B LUV!V!] LUKSR N F j B D N K !J B ,] N TWV ,F9
F N d!J B N TWV!J GT B d GKL !F j _ G]e\JoLU]^p
!K G] B L N B \ T L T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j
LUKSR k = ,] k_ G]
N?B GD!F|T ,F B J?\ K ,J
J GK BON j FOLUTWV!J GFPT !KSRJoLU]^p G] 4 l L L
V N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6EB RML B RML B p G]OLUJuJ?\KSR
F j ,]IVMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KXF B !D N GF = R qF GK !D
N F !J?\ !FOLUd!J j ,]qLzF K N B !Tqd G]
j k`F GTWV!JoLUK GD N B R WFOLUT WK !D N?BON !F =
B KL d hLUV!V!J N GD N?B R L%] GD !K GD !Tqd G]
j FOLUTWV!J GFV G] kL !DhK !JuDd !F GDQLUF2L
] BON N |VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K2 ,]^F = H ,]L ,]9

T|LUJ j LUd!] N K
#T LT|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON 4V G]9
V !D N K !JoLU] B B R cT N N T !TL N F 6:N F.T ,F B J?\
KGJ ,F B B R k V!JoL @4 9] k B LUJ =
>k}

F^T|\T LUJuJ!!D F :
G>k]
} !K 6 = B ,] V! ] GF L B F F 4 ,TTqd! BO] N T KL GF L
N N N B BON N N BON
L !p,J 6 ] GJoL BON _ B B R k V!JoL 4r N p,R B
L !D LUJu G]
>k},y,<y 6
CL !D
LUKGK ,]^D N !p B B R
VMLU] B jPB R k
K !JuDd |D N V!V N !p B kPLU]^D
!V!F B ] LUT 4J k G]WVMLU] B 6 ,]WD k !F B ] LUT D N
] GK BON 4 !V!V G]VMLU] B 6 j!B R k 4 l L L
V N L B LUJ =
>k},
}
>k},} 6 ] GJoL BON _ GJ?\ B B R k
V!JoL = L qT|L N T !T L N F#RMLUF#d j !D
4r{RML
>k
} Z !pqL !D B LUK \
>k
}
s LUJ
_,]^F
>k} l L LUV N L'L !D N ! G] B
U<,<,<< 6 T|L N !J?\ N?B R G]VMLU]OLUJuJ G@J 4 k GTWV!JoL

K GD F N p N MKL B F^J ,V 6 ,] V G]^V !D N K
JoLU] 4 k GTWV!JoLUK GD _ G]e\z LU%F^J ,V 6`B
B R k N !pQD N ] GK BON 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6= R G] 'LU] j !]4T|L N zF B L BON F BON KLUJT

B R D!FK !K G] N !p B R V!] N !K N VMLUJcD N ] GK BON !F
j4B R QT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K = R s B 4 >k
} ,a<6
T G J N R G8 D 4 >k4 } <y!6 F F LUB d!L JBO QN F BOL N !KGF2D L !LD B R {
d B F B ]OLULU] V
B l B
>k},},<< 6
d B RdMLUF GD B R [_ULU] N LUd N J N?B \ j:B R 'T L
,]^T|LUJ N GD B !F ,]
L !D B R GJuJ N V BON KLUJK 88
D !K GF ,d B L N GDd\ B R GF WLUV!V!] LUKSR GF
LU] T ,] ,]J GF^FF N T N JoLU] ={ R ] GF !J B F j
B R d B F B ]OLUVT B R D N JuJPd R G] B R G]
j ,] V!] GF B GD N?B R BzB ]OL !F j ,]^T|L BON j
B R GTWV N ] N KLUJ.K 8MD !K LUF'L GJuJ N V
BON KLUJ8K 8MD !K $4 s !]e\
>k},} L 6B ,d
B L N K ,TWV!J GT B LU]e\ N j ,]^T|L BON ] GJoL BON _
B R s B GJ N G F B L BON F BON KGF =W R T B R D
4 s !]e\L !D Z v :
>k},} 6 dMLUF GD d N
_ULU] N L B B !F N jCB R [H N F^R G] 4 >k} U<a 6 F B L
BON F BON KGFWK !F N D G]^F N !D GV !D B J?\ B R %D N F B ] N
d BON jB R T|L N T !T
N B G]^T GD N L B L !D
T N N T !TL GF = R N F[T B R D B !J?\LUJ

97
J k`F N B Gp,]OL BON !p B R T LUF !] GT B !K G]9

B L N B \ B R [D N ] GK BON !F
d B LUJuF V G]^T N?B F
LUF !F GD%R G]

B !D G]^J N B R ": GK B j#B R
d GF B F^V GK N GDXDML B L2d\c N p,R BON !p B R GT !F N !p
B R V!] GK N F N VMLU]OLUT B G]| ] GJoL B GD B B R N F
!K G] B L N B \ = 9 GKL !F j V ,F^F N d!J {R N p,RF^KL B
B G] N !p j`B R hF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \L GF
B R N F _ GK
B ,] N LUJLUV!V!] LUKSRRMLUF B Qd 'K !F N D G] GD N?B R
KLU] zL !D N?B F'] GF !J B FWRML_ B d K ,TWVMLU] GD
N?B R B R ,F j6B R B R G]CF B L BON F BON KLUJT B R D!F =
@ !D N !p
B R 4D B G]^T N ML BON jB R IT|LUp BON K
q d L N F`F' T|N?BLUR D QN?B dF`\ K L 8MMLUD J?\ !K ! p R _U4 s LU] !LU]ed \
>k},} 6qN
GN B N N

J N?B \ j|B R T|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON L !D\ N GJuD!F
B R d GF B D N ] GK BON jQN B G]^F GK BON jB R
T|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON jB R 4T N G]OLUJuF.KLU]^]e\ N !p
B R `T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K =l !K G] N !p B R !K G]9
B L N B \ j8B R N B !F N?B \ wUL !DEF^RMLUV VMLU]OL
T B G]^F 4 GJ N G
>k},y8> 6
d B F B ]OLUV[LUV!V!] LUKSR
RMLUFqd LUV!V!J N G D 4 s !]e\
>k},} L 64j ,] w
D N LUp,]OLUT B R DML B L j ] ,T B R h`R ,J K ,J
J GK BON j FOLUTWV!J GF =! R X] GF !J B F2 N JuJd ELUJuF
V!] GF B GD !F N !p'D !F N?B \K B !]^F`D N LUp,]OLUTWF
`R N KSR'LUJuJ k d B^B G]#_ N F MLUJ N L BON jMB R 2L GF
D N F B ] N d BON =

) $#

)
!
!) *##

!*
*#
!
G]^DF G!] D 4 >k GD},y,}<R6 XLT|!D LUps !]eK4\zT L!D G]O LUJJ G,F^pUFO\ LU]^ D
4 >k},} 6
B N B
BON N
j
B R bcJ N pK JoL_ULUF j B R r G]^p GJ LU]9
KSR N V GJoLUp = R T|L N T|LUp BON K%T N G]OLUJ N F
L BON?B L ,T|LUp BON?B N?B R J k 2N K B B F
j V!F !D F N !p,J D ,T|L N F N 4 6=. R N F

T N G]OLUJ N F B R KLU]^] N G] j B R V!] N T|LU]e\]
T|L B T|LUp BON L BON
L !D B R G] j ,] cKG]e\F9
98
Maximum
axes
Minimum
axes
1
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P'
0
1.1
!VR w N K` V!a8D ] =N LUi p, G]OK LUBO TN > 4 NFO GLUJ TWN B RV! G IJ GJ
Fk>k L}, Gy8].6> R6z= GT L N F^N V!T R! GT ] 64= F td M6.LUl ] G,F]^6] GLF^!V Dz!T D N N ! p N T D! T!F N?4B K \WN ]^K KGJ G F B 6 !L]^ F GFD N 4LUF p,B G]OLU] TW,Fp,= ]OLK 6
O
-1
99
Maximum
axes
Minimum
axes
P'
1.09
-1

a8= a OF LUTWV!J GF*4F H N p =!a8= 6=

O
100
Minimum
axis
Maximum
axis
1
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P'
1.1
8
a
=
> FOLUTWV!J GFL 6Xl 8MD !K 84F B G] ,p,]OLUV!R N KWV!] i GK BON N B R 'J k G]ER
T4K N F^ V!BORN G] 6!jFP,J]`N T| 6L
d N T !B T F B ]OLLU!V DQ4 Tl N !N F T B LU!d!T J {LL ! GD F !FLN ! p
s >k }, },B <4 8>ks }
,a !<6]e\
>k G},J } N GL 6 T 4 >k } B Ry<6 D F B 4LDMBOLUN F^F RBON GKGD F
J4 N s !6 ]eL \ !
D>k},d }N _U LUL ] 6 N L B @ 4 s w !]eD \hN LULp,!]OD LUT Z 4 v GJ N :
G >k},
} >k},6y8> F B6L= BON F BON KGF4D B^B GDJ N 6= d 6Pl 8MD !K
-1

101
Minimum
axis
Maximum
axis
1
T
P'
1.09
-1

a8= OF LUTWV!J GF*4F H N p =!a8= 6=

O
102
B LUJuJ N GD _ G]e\ LU]^J?\ N B R T|LUp,T|L _,J

BON =I G]e\ j JoLU]^p p,]OL N !F jWBON?B L,T|L
p BON?B
`R N KSR j ,]^T GD L j B G] GTWV!JoLUK GT B
4 v L BON G]
>k},y sE=
>k},} 6
RML_ [R N p,R G] 2N
K B B FL !D'LU] VMLU]OLUT|LUp BON K.L B#B R P] ,T
B GTWV G]OL B !] = zLUp BON K|T N G]OLUJ ,pU\ N F B R
] j ,] F B ] !p,J?\ED ,T N ML B GDqd\ B R BON?B L
,T|LUp BON?B c N?B RzJ k 2N K B B F
L !DQ
KL 8V GK B ,]^T|LUJ!T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K2D N ] GK B J?\
] GJoL B GD B B R zJoL_UL GTWV!JoLUK GT B= zLUp
BON K j LUd!] N K`PLUF2T LUF !] GD !F N !p[r Z 4 a rXLUV
VMLUd!] N D!p GF 4 4p N K
9] 64N BA 9 f 4 ,\ 6
L !D 9.vX 4 L N B zL !] 6 JoLUd ,]OL B ,] N GF = R
F B !D N GD[FOLUTWV!J GF#RML_ 2d 'K ,JuJ GK B GD j ,]CVML
J ,T|LUp BON KcL MLUJ?\F N $F 4 s !]e\L !D J GF^FOLU]^D
>k},} kl LUTWV!F B LUJ =

>k},},<} 6N JoL_UL k`F 4
B y FOLUTWV!J GF`V G] k
T ,F B J?\ B LU N B R
J k G]:VMLU] B jB R k`F 6N B R f L_ N L
L !D f L_ N D l RMLU]^d QF GK BON !$F 4H N p =!a8=?> 6=
bcd B L N GDDML B L j ,] LUKSR k LU] B LUK
B MLUJuJ?\WR G] !FOLUd!J B [D B G]^T N k N !p[D N
] GK BON
d GKL !F jB JoLU]^p !K G] B L N BON GF
B R 4T L L GF ,] N B L BON =, R 4F B L BON F BON
KLUJ8L MLUJ?\F GFC G] B R !FLUV!V!J N GD B cDML B L j ] ,T
p,] !V j k`F = 4F^F !T N !pXV ,F^F N d!J?\qD N : G] B
K !D N?BON !F j k N !pd j ,] hL !D L j B G]qD
V ,F N?BON j!B R PK !p,J ,T G]OL B
B R JoL_UL k`F
B KG] ,V!V N !p N B R ,] B L cD w 4]^K{LU] L
G] F GVMLU]OL B GD N B F G] N GF > DML B L
K ,]^] GF^V !D!F B y k`F 4 U< FOLUTWV!J GF 6 jCB R
N?B> L !D ] GF !J B F B > k`F 4 >k<
FOLUTWV!J GF 6 jPB R N?B =& d B R B R |KLUF GF
L N F B ] ,V\XV G]^K B LUp GF:LU] T ,F B J?\XJ k

UL !D
B R EV!] N !K N VMLUJD N ] GK BON !FIF^KL B^B G] GD 4H N p =6a8=
L !D a8= <a 6= !KSR] GF !J B F'LU] B F !]^V!] N F N !p
N _ ,JuKL N K{] KSF
L !D !J?\F B L BON F BON KLUJ DML B L
KL h\ N GJuDQLUK B MLUJuJ?\ !FOLUd!J N j ,]^T|L BON = R
K 8MD !K GF ,d B L N GD !F N !p B R hd N _UL

] N L B .F B L BON F BON KGF 4H N p =a8= L!D 6 LU] K ,R G] B

N?B R B R QK 8MD !K GF j ] ,T B R B R G]
F B L BON F BON KLUJcT B R D!F 4 8K GV BQj ,] B R N B G]9
T GD N L B L N F j|B R k`F 6
Xd B LU]
T !KSRF^T|LUJuJ G] =6 R N FcF^R k`F B RML BcB R qF^KL B^B
] N !p jEB R V!] N !K N VMLUJ4D N ] GK BON !F N FhT|L N !J?\
D B FOLUTWV!J GFq N?B R_ G]e\ J k L N F B ] ,V\ =
R T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K] GF !J B F
B R !p,R B R N F
D N F^V G]^F N
`LU] B R G] j ,] F N?B LUd!J j ,]hF B L
BON F BON KLUJML MLUJ?\F GF = H ,] B R ID N : G] B L GF
B R
K 8MD !K GF j ,] B R I`R ,J IDML B L j >
k`F 4H N p =Xa8= 6 LU] ] GJoL BON _ GJ?\JoLU]^p
Xd B
B k_ G]^JoLUV!V N !p j ,] B R s B GJ N G L !D
d B F B ]OLUV T B R D!F = R \ LU] j N p,Rd
] N !phF N [L !DF^RMLUV
V!] GF BON !pQL GJ !pL
BON KGJ ,F B B R k V!JoL j ,] B R T|L N
T !T L !D N B G]^T GD N L B zL GF = H ,] B R %T N
N T !T L N F
B R N F[J !p B R N !p N F'LU] !D L
V!JoL F B ] !p,J?\QD N V!V N !p B kPLU]^D!F A3A @2= R
K 8MD !K GF LU] [T !KSRF^T|LUJuJ G] j ,] B R
d N _ULU] N L B LUV!V!] LUKSR = L T|L N T !T L N F
N FLUJ !pL LUJ?\ D N V!V N !pD N ] GK BON
4 >,> h >k
< j ] ,T s B GJ N G L !D
d B F B ]OLUVET B R D!F
>k
y
j ] ,Td N
_ULU] N L B qF B L BON F BON KGF 6= R 'T L N B G]^T GD N L B
L N 1F 4 > U<
, Cj ] ,T s B GJ N GqL !D
d B F B ]OLUVT B R D!F
>ka,a . > j ] ,T
d N _ULU] N L B F B L BON F BON KGF 6 N F F^J N p,R B J?\ 8@ D N V
V N !p =X R T|LUp BON K L N F 4 Uy

6.N FP] GJoL BON _ GJ?\WKGJ ,F B B R {T L hT|L N
T !T L N F
d B RMLUF|LJ k F N p N MKL !K d
KL !F j L4_ G]e\[JoLU]^p K 8MD !K ILU] L = L
T N N T !TL N F V!] GF B LF B ] !pD N V B
PLU]^D!F B R A3A B A @ 4 a 2 y
j ] ,T s B GJ N G'L !Dd B F B ]OLUVWT B R D!F
H ,] a R 'ET L y, < j !] F,,T ]

d R N _U 'LUF^] RMN L LUB V F B F{L BOF^NJ F p,BONR KGF J?6\ =
B
B B
N N B
,d!JoL B 4 <8=?>k<< 6 L !D B R L N F B ] ,V\V G]9
O
K B LUp _ G]e\J k 4 w >,= <8> 6=X R K 88

D !K w D N LUp,]OLUT4H N p =!a8= 6 LUV
V LU]^F._ G]e\|JoLU]^p
N !KGJ !D N !p LUJuF E_ULUJ GFKSRML
]OLUK B G] N F BON K j LWV!] ,JoL B XF^RMLUV = H ,] B R
k`$F 4H N p = 6
B R XK 8MD !K GF j ,] B R
T|L N T !T L !D N B G]^T GD N L B L GF{LU] GJ
pL B GD j ,] s B GJ N GL !Dd B F B ]OLUV T
B R D!F 4 B R GF K 8MD !K GFd N !pJoLU]9
p G]'L !DVMLU] B J?\ k_ G]^JoLUV!V N !p j ,] B R hd B F9
B ]OLUV 6=6 R \zV!] GF B L GJ !pL BON KGJ ,F B
B R k V!JoL = H ,] B R ET N N T !T L N F
B R
K 8MD !K N F4F^T|LUJuJL !DLUJuT ,F B K N ]^K
JoLU] j ,] B R GF B IF B L BON F BON KLUJULUV!V!] LUKSR GF =k R
K 8MD !K N FT !KSREF^T|LUJuJ GF] 4d GKL !F j
B R PJoLU]^p G]& N p,R B jMB R 2d GF B F^V GK N GD'L GF 6
j ,] B R d N _ULU] N L B WF B L BON F BON KGF
& N?B R B R FOLUT
,] N B L BON = L T|L N T !TL N F N FKGJ ,F B
B R R ,] N B LUJ.V!JoL B4 U} # > j ] ,T
s B GJ N GL !Dd B F B ]OLUVT B R D!F
L !D
R |>ka,T|
a LU p > K qj ] ,T L d F N _U4 LU] N L B F B L BON F BON KGF 6=
BON N >k
y & >k
a 6
N FPLUJuT ,F B V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R cT L T|L N
T !T L N F
L !D
K B ]OLU]e\ B B RML B ,d B L N GD
N B R > k`F
P N?B RL ] GJoL BON _ GJ?\ F^T|LUJuJ
K 8MD !K |LU] L 4] !p,R!J?\%K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p B
L GJuJ N V!F ' N?B RRMLUJ j 9L N F j > VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B
B R kV!JoL [L !D } N L|_ G] BON KLUJCV!JoL 6=
L N B G]^T GD N L B L N F 4 U< 4 >,>
j ] ,T s B GJ N G L !D'd B F B ]OLUV[T B R D!F 6
LUV!V LU]^F4VMLU] B J?\Qd N LUF GD !F N !pd N _ULU] N L B EL ML
J?\F N *F 4 >k
} M 6 d GKL !F j#B R {_ G]e\
F B ] !pWF^KL B^B G] N !p = !KSRL'd N LUF`D GF B L j
j GK B T L qT|L N T !TL N FCd GKL !F j L4F^KL B
B G] N !p T|L N !J?\ N L VMLU] B j p N ]^D!J = L T N
N T !T L N F{V!] GF B FELhF B ] !phD N V B kPLU]^D!F
B R @A B A3A @ 4 } j ] ,T s B
GJ N G ] L,!T D d d _U LU ] B F L B ]O LUVF L T F B R KGF D!F
H ,] R

a j N N B B BON BON 6= B

103
T L B !F ,]
B R XF^RMLUV N F ,d!JoL B 4 <8= ,}<6
L !D B R hL N F B ] ,V\V G]^K B LUp LUpL N _ G]e\
J k 4 w >,= <8> 6=k R K 8MD !K w
D N LUp,]OLUT 4H N p = 6 LUV!V LU]^F2J GF^F`JoLU]^p B RML
j ,] > k`F
N !KGJ !D N !p !J?\q_ULUJ GF:K ,]^] GF9
V !D N !p B WL ,d!JoL B cF^RMLUV =

"!$#
H ,] > LUF j ,] k`F

T N N T !TL N F
V!] GF B F LF B ] !phD N V = R [T|LUp BON K j ,J N L
BON N F B R G] j ,] .KGJ ,F B B R k V!JoL = 4V
V!J N KL BON j LcD N V[K ,]^] GK BON 4T L [D N V N F j
B R ,]^D G] j B kPLU]^D A3A 6CN !KG] LUF GF B R
L !p,J 2d B |_ G] BON KLUJ6L !D'T L 'T N N T !T
L N F =@ _ LUF^F !T N !p B RML BCB R `V!] GF B D N V N F
D B qV ,F B GTWV!JoLUK GT BBON J BON !p
B R cT N N
T !T L N F N FID _ N L B GD j ] ,T B R qV ,J jB R
k V!JoL 4 N Tqd!] N KL BON 6= 9 GKL !F j V ,F9
F N d!J |T|L N T !T L GF[VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ ,]qV G]^V !D N
K !JoLU] B B R k N !p D N ] GK BON
B V ,F^F N
d N J N?BON GF4RML_ B Qd 'K !F N D G] GD j ,]XD B G]^T N
ML BON j B R k N !pD N ] GK BON j ] ,T T|L
p BON K j LUd!] N K[DML B L = cH ,] > k`F

A3A @ L !D @ 8@ A k N !pD N ] GK BON !F
LU] B R V ,F^F N d!J =2s k _ G]
4LUFhF^R k d\
B R %d N _ULU] N L B F B L BON F BON KGF
B R %d GF B F^V GK N GD
T N N T !T L GF|RML_ %L N Tqd!] N KL BON L !p,J
B kPLU]^D!F B R A3A @2=! R XK 8MD !K j ,]
B R %T N N T !TL N F ,d B L N GDd\ B R B R G]
F B L BON F BON KGF N F LU] !DLp N ]^D!J 'V G]^V !D N K !JoLU]
B B R T L T|L N T !T L N Fh`R N KSR RMLUFL
V!Jo L L GN T R |B R L= GFR 4D d F GF] B d _ G] BON KLUJ6F Fe\R TW T BR ]e\ F
jB
N B N BON N B B N
D A3!F A @ \D V!JoLUL p,]O LU=4TWFB 4LUH JuF p KGJ LUd ]^J?\LU V!V LU D!LUD ]^F
N?B N
N =Ca8= 6=: N
BON
B R N FFe\TWT B ]e\ N F !D G]^J N GDd\ B R
,] N B L BON jcB R %T|LUp BON K L N F B
O
104
PLU]^D!F = !KSR'LI_ G] BON KLUJ8V!JoL j Fe\TWT

B ]e\T ,F B J?\ N !KGJ !D GF N D j ,]^T GD JoL_UL
k`F B R k N !p%D N ] GK BON 4 s !]e\
>k},y,<<6=
R k N !pD N ] GK BON PLUF B R G] j ,] LUJ !p
LD N ] GK BON LUd B A3A @2= QH ,]
k`F
PLUpL N A3A @ 4V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B
T L qT|L N T !TL N F 6 L !D @ 8@ A 4VML
]OLUJuJ GJ B %T L T|L N T !TL N F 6 k N !pzD N
] GK BON !F&LU] V ,F^F N d!J =G B R N F KLUF
T N N T !T
L GF4LU] XF B ] !p,J?\hD N V!V N !p B kPLU]^D!F A3A @ B
A =& R WKG] N?B G] N jB R |d GF B _ G] BON KLUJ.Fe\T[
T B ]e\V!JoL jCB R L GFcD N F B ] N d BON QLUpL N
LU]^p GF j ,]|KSR N K j{B R k N !pD N ] GK BON
D !F A3\ A D @2LU=p, ]OLUR TWN F8F V!Jo4LH p 4LUJuF qd LUV!V LUR ]^ %F K !B KR
N?B N
N =:a8= 6=. N N
D !K j8B R N F A3A @ D N ] GK BON !F N?B R B R
k N !p D N ] GK BON D B G]^T N GD N B R >
k`F N F !J N GJ?\QL|T G] KSRML !K = ,] k_ G]
B R ,] N B L BON j6B R `T|LUp BON K IL N F N F

LUpL N B kPLU]^D!F = LUD!D N?BON
B R |T L
N B G]^T GD N L B XL N F j ] ,T d N _ULU] N L B {F B L BON F BON KGF
B R !p,RVMLU] B J?\ d N LUF GDd\ B R F B ] !p F^KL B

B G] N !p
N FEL N !D N KL B ,] jB R 'Fe\TWT B ]e\ j
B R D N F B ] N d BON jMB R GF 2L GF =UB RMLUFCL [L GN
T B R%KGJ ,F B B R
LU]^p N !p B R LUJuF
j ,][Ld GF B _ G] BON KLUJ2Fe\TWT B ]e\V!JoL LUd B
,] A LU@2J =#!p R L D k] GK N !pD N LU] Gd K BO N PLUF B A3R A G]
j
N BON B @2=
R ET L QT|L N T !T L N F N F B R G] j ,] ER G]
V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R k N !pD N ] GK BON =:B
N F`LUJuF 'V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R XT|LUp BON K
L N F
N !D N KL BON !p B RML BEN?BXN F B |L N F j
V!JoL MLU]p,]OL N !F
{d B ] GJoL B GD B J !p B R GD
p,]OL N !F =
R k N !p D N ] GK BON WRMLUFLEFOLUT
A3A @ L GN T B R N > L !D k`F = 2K
K ,]^D N !p B l L LUV N L B LUJ = 4 >k},
}
>k},} 6
B R ,] N B L BON jCB R N Tqd!] N KL BON QL !p,J j

!]4FOLUTWV!J GF
6K ,JuJ GK B GD N B R J k G]4VMLU] B j
B R k `F
F^R! JuD N ! D N KL B :L k N !p B kPLU]^D!F
B R A3A @2= ! KSRL k N !p D N ] GK BON B kPLU]^D!F
B R1 A3A @ V G ] j G K B J?\[LUp,] G F N?B R B R 2J KL BON
j[B R G ] ! V BON K B G ] I
`R N KSR F^R!JuDd
R jB RLU: d\F B ! F^D JoN LG ! D D k 4 ` F \

N] B R LU, J ]
B R 6L!
jqB v N Z N?B B = >k},},<<6=
R k N ! pD N ] G K BON B R D G F B K , ]9
] G F^V ! D B B RML B F ! p,pG F B G D d\ B R V!] G F B
D N V = RG ] PLUF B RG ] j , ] z LF N p N MKL B[BON J
BON ! p F N ! K B R G TWV!JoLUK G T B j B R k `F =
R{ F N ! p,J c L_UL N JoLUd!J N j , ]^T|L BON W LUd BPB R
, ] N B L BON jEB R N F BON J BON ! p N F B RML BB R D N V
PLUF B k PLU]^D!F A3A @ D! ] N ! pJoL_UL G TWV!JoLUK
T B 4 k N ! p B k PLU]^D!F B R A3A @6= R N F N T[
V!J N G F B RML BXB R BON J BON ! pPLUF B k PLU]^D!F LQD N ] G K
BON d B L! D A3A = b4 N ! p B
B R j LUd!] N K j.B R k `F{ N?B RF^KL B^B G ] G D
T|L N T ! TL G F N T L V G ]^V ! D N K ! JoLU] B
B R k N ! p[D N ] G K BON
B R{ F^J , V c D! ] N ! p G T[
V!JoLUK G T B PLUF:V!] , dMLUd!J?\ _G ]e\[ LU4 l L
LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6= 4F^F ! T N ! pzLQF^J , V W D
] N ! p|JoL_UL k N ! pJ k G ] B RML
B R BON J BON ! p
F^R! JuDd j2B R , ]^DG ] j B EB k PLU]^D!F
A3A B = Rc T|L N B G K B N K4J KLUJ _ B
F N ! K B R2 bcJ N p K PLUFCT|L N ! J?\cJ N T N?B G D B c L
LU BON J BON ! p =6 LUJ , T|LUp BON KED N ] G K BON ! F , d
B L N G D N B R , ] B L D w 4]^K%F G K BON ! F
RML_ B R ! F B [ d X F^J N p,R B J?\WK , ]^] G K B G D j , ]`L BON J
BON ! p =
B2N FPLUJuF N B G ] G F BON ! p B [ K , TWVMLU] B Rc ]
F ! J B F j > L! D k `F =2v G ]OLUJID N F9
B ] N d BON jIB Rz L G F N F[] G JoL BON _G J?\F N T N JoLU]
LUF[KGJ LU]^J?\F^Rk d\ B Rh D ! F N?B \ D N LUp,]OLUTWF

4H N p =Ea8= L! D a8= a<6= s k _G ] [
F , T D N?j
j G ] ! K G F%LUV!V LU]J , N ! p L BB R F B L BON F BON KLUJ
] G F ! J B F = R T|L N T ! T L N F RMLUFL T ! KSR
F^T|LUJuJ G ]EK 8 MD ! K h L! D B R T L j L
O

d!] N K N F J GF^F ,d!JoL B N > k`F B RML N

GF k,`]PF T = H ,T] ! T > L kF `]F ,
T B R % K 8 M GDJ ! GK
L !DWd j F ]ONLUV'N F L F KGN F j F.LU] s !D|B LX VMLU]N LUJ
B B B BON BON N
BON
p N ]^D!J #V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R :T LXT|L N T !T
L N F =6 R qT N N T !T L N F j ,] B R k`F
RMLUF#T !KSR[F^T|LUJuJ G]&K ,]^] GF^V !D N !pcK 8MD !K
G F = R R 2 [_ T| G]eLU\'p JoLU ]^p PK F N W jLB R F{ 2KV 8 MD F !K
] GJoL _ Gj.J?B\ !K ,R G] BON _U LU] L !N F N R B [T|LB
BON N
B N BON j:B
p BON K j ,J N L BON N B R > k`F = b B R
K B ]OLU]e\
k`F
B R !p,R] GD !K GDQK 88
D !K j ,] B R 4T N N T !T L N F
RML_ {K
R G] B _ULU] N L BON !FQp N _ N !pF^T|LUJuJXK 8MD !K
,d!F G ]e_Uj ,L ] BR ! [FqT|F^R LUkp BORMN K L R [ hLD ,N TF = 4JML uJ B R G GJ F
BON
B B[B N B
T B jIB R hT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K N Fq]OL B R G] B R
T|L N T !T L N F N > k`FL !D B R %T N
N T !T L N F N k`F =& R !p,RLhFOLUT
k N !pQD N ] GK BON
B R GTWV!JoLUK GT B K !D N
BON !F' G] B R G] j ,] zD N : G] BN > L !D
GD RM L N?B FF^=KL l L G] G D T|LULV N L T !B TLUJL= 4 G>kF },
} _ 6 qF^R F
B B B^B
N
T BON T GF{V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R k N !p
&p
G]OLUJuJ?\K ,]^] GF^V !D!F B L _ G]e\ LU F^J ,V
D !] N !p GTWV!JoLUK GT B `R N J B R \ LU] J GF^F
F^KL B^B G] GD L !D ]OL B R G]VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R
N !p j ,]LF B ] !p G]F^J ,V =c R N FF !p,p GF B F
B RML BB R > k`FzJ N GJ?\ GTWV!JoLUK GD L
F N p N MKL B F^J ,V hL !D k`F Lz_ G]e\
LU F^J ,V =. R %T|L N _ B d B B R
k N !p jEB R GF B F G] N GF j JoL_UL N F B R
GTWV!JoLUK GT B j K !p,J ,T G]OL B 'L !D B ]OLUKSR\
BON KWd!] GKGK N L B ;: =# R j ,JuJ k N !pQR N F B ,]e\ KL
B R G] j ,] Id IF !p,p GF B GD j ,] B R N FLU] L , @ T[
V!JoLUK GT B j > k`F
D GV ,F N?BON j
B R WK !p,J ,T G]OL B 'L !D d!] GKGK N L B ;:
T|L N !J?\
B R hd B^B ,T VMLU] B jIB R N F BON !pF^J ,V

105
B R !FXp N _ N !pLF !] j LUK q N?B RLW LU G]XF^J ,V
GTWV!JoLUK GT B j4B R k`F

BON J BON !p
j`B R F GK BON =C R k N !pD N ] GK BON
#L !D
B R B R %F^J ,V zD N ] GK BON
N F B R FOLUT zd
j ,] [L !DL j B G] B R qD GV ,F N?BON j K !p,J ,T
]OL B zL !D d!] GKGK N L B ;: =: GK B N K _ B d B
GTWV!JoLUK GT B j > L !D k`F
N?j N F BON !p

F^R !JuD d WJ N T N?B GD B %Lh_ G] BON KLUJ
D N F^V!JoLUK GT B=
O

!$#
"!$#
B R L XD w 4]^KEV N !F !JoL

B R ED N?j
j G] !K j8B R k N !p4D N ] GK BON E] GJoL BON _ GJ?\ B
B R V!] GF B D N VV N B F B B R KGK !]^] !K
j L LU BON J BON !pL j B G]'JoL_UL GTWV!JoLUK GT B=
R VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KDML B LRML_ B R B d
F^J N p,R B J?\K ,]^] GK B GDd j ,] !F j ,]LUV!V!J N KL
BON !FJ N :F GK !JoLU]&_ULU] N L BON XL MLUJ?\F N F 4 l LUTWV!F
B LUJ =
>k},},<} 6=M %LUD!D N?BON
B R ET|LUp BON K j L
d!] N KhDML B LLUJuJ k B ] GK !F BON?B B B R _ ,J
BON jIB R N FWLU] LD !] N !p B R GTWV!JoLUK GT B
j.B R 'JoL_UL k`F k N !p j M]^F B F G] N GF j
JoL_UL L F N p N MKL B F^J ,V
`D GV ,F N?BON j
K !p,J ,T G]OL B XL !Dzd!] GKGK N L B ;:J LUD N !p B |L
D GKG] LUF jCB R F^J ,V
L !D GTWV!JoLUK GT B j
B R F GK !D F G] N GF j k`F
LU BON J BON !p j
B R XF GK BON

#! " $),#
LU] _ G]e\p,]OL B j !J B B R !F BON?B B

HM]OL L N FV !]JoL f GKSR G]^KSR B J GF GKSR,J
p N GF , JoL N ] GF j ,]#V!] k_ N D N !p{LUJuJ B ]OL!F^V ,] BCj L
K N J N?BON G F2L! D j , ] B RE F ! V!V , ] B j#B R N F`V!] i G K B=
VG Ju GD K N LU] J B! RMD!LF ! F B LU ] . p,=]OLZ LU T|! LUJ JuJ L! D ! LUd JuJ !!]^p ]
jN =
B j B l4=
j , ]QK ! F B ] ! K BON _ K , TWT B F = z L N VMLU] B j
B R N F. , ]^'PLUFP] LUJ N G D|D! ] N ! pqL F B L\ j
106
j !F 4 9 = sE= 6 L B A4L BON MLUJ !F BON?B B jE

JoLU][] G F LU]^KSR 4 ,\ 6=. RML!F B B R QF B L :
j.B R N F ! F BON?B B
L!D GF^V GK N LUJuJ?\ B = H
MLU N
j , ]2 N !D N _ N?B L BON hL!D B @ 8K GJuJ !K
l , TWT N?B^B j LUVML j , ]E M L! K N LUJ:F !V!V ,] B
jB R N F2F B L\ =

!d G] B D JoL f
@2=
>k},a =#@CB !D hp g ,J
p Nut B p g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut D Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ D
r G ]^p GJ = f _ =qv g ,p,] = v g ,J = \ =
K
Ua8> V!V =
9] k
sE=
&r{RML
=
B LUK \
&H =
>k}
=
F LU]^KSR j ,] k F B ] !K B !] N [K ,J !T MLU]CdML
FOLUJ B F !F N !pET|LUp BON K`L N F B ] ,V\ j ] KSF =
!] 4V!V!J =v ,V!R\F =
8> =
l L LUV N L
@2=
N ! G] B
sE=
U<,<,<8= R
L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K|F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j
JoL_UL k`F L 8V G] N T B LUJMLUV!V!] LUKSR = 8=
,JuKL ,J =Mv B R G]^T = f GF =6},y
>k} Ua,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KQL !D
k D N ] GK BON N dMLUFOLUJ BON K[VMLUR GR [JoL_UL
j N?B J _ ,JuKL
N K = 8=X ,JuKL ,J =
v B R G]^T = f GF =
} ,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},
} 8= R N B G] MLUJ8F B ] !K B !]
F !] GT B F HA LU]9_ B L8w L = 8= ,JuKL ,J =
v B R G]^T = f GF = <
> 8
a 8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G]
9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = R N B G] MLUJ8F B ] !K B !]
F !] GT B F ^ s LPL NuN L VMLUR GR
B
B R!VMLUF B 2JoL_UL{L !Dhw L8w = 8= j6 ,JuKL ,J = L !D
v B R G] = f GF = 4 > 6
>k} 8=
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
39 =
] g _ B
=
>k},},}8=
LUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T j _ ,JuKL N KQ] KSF j ] ,T

r G]^p GJ LU]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4 a,< zL 6 T[

V!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R `VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]C_ULU] N L BON
N B R {F B R G] !D N L QbcK L =! ^
vEv{Pv G] = 4F^F GTqd = 9 N ]^T N !p,RMLUT =
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
L
Z=
>k},},<8= R 4d B F9
8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =} 4 <y 6
a,y,a
a,} =
GJ ]^D G]
!F =
>k},D y,}8=XKSRMl LUTW BV] N dT| LUBOp N nJo LVM GL]9
g N B N?B g
g BONut B
] GF B ] qD w LUV!] 2 FcJxw g B !D D ] KSR GFcT|LUp,T|L
BONut GF t ML B G] ML N ] GF
IT N K 2 GF B i !]OLUF9
F Nut GF = R = =!B R GF N F
bc]^FOL\
HM]OL !K =
]OLUp N
zLUp =
Z K|L L L
F f ] ,=
V\ LUV!Ju] JoLUD] N!K K G
Dd\=
>k},} = BON N B
T|LUp,T|L k B R ,] N?BON KLUJCT D GJL !D
V G] N T B LUJ8DML B L j ] ,TH G]^] G]D ,J G] N?B F N JuJuF
4 B LU]^K BON KL 6=v ,V!R\F = 8=6 B=&> Uy
Ua,<
<8=
@ JuJ? D
9 =
>k} y8= H#J k L !D GTWV!JoLUK GT B
D N ] GK BON D B G]^T N GD j ,]F GJ GK B GD dML
FOLUJ BON KWd D N GF !F N !pT|LUp BON K|L N F B ] ,V\
T LUF !] GT B=X@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=XZ B^B=
>
=
H N F^R G]
f =
>k} Ua8= 4N F^V G]^F N LF^V!R G] =
] K = f = K =6Z !D G] 4 > 6
U}
a,< =
HM] \
H =
N F
=
L !p
sE= 8=
<A N K ,JoL\F
r =
Z \] N?B
sE=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8=& GTWV
V!J !T =6l R GT =6v ,J = >
8> 8y,<8=
v L BON G]
S=
>k},y =Z GF.dMLUFOLUJ B GF.D GF oJ GF.r G]9
p GJ 4 G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF B B LU]^K BONut GF
HM]OL L N F GF =M R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F
6HM]OL !K =
sE=
Z=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ KLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N
B T|LUp,T|L B ,J ,p N [D GF[V!] GF t w oJ GF L
.
>k<
108
D w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R = R = =&B R GF N F

Cbc]^FOL\
HM]OL!K =
s LUJ?_,]^F
@2=
>k} =k R T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j
F ,T D ,J G] N?B N B ] !F N !F
,] B R LUF B V N?B F9
d G]^p N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R GTWV!JoLUK
T B=#@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=Z B^B= >
>
>ka,a8=
s !]e\
9 =
>k},y,<8=|l B ] N d BON nJxw g B !D
D GFV!] ,V!] N g B g FT|LUp g BONut GF D ] KSR GF
T|LUp,T|L BONut GFED GF 4JuV GF l !F t !K GF
F B ] !K B !]OLUJ GF
] g p N MLUJ GF B p g g ]OLUJ GF =
R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F
Uy V!V =
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} L = 9 B F B ]OLUVzL !DzT|LUp BON K
j LUd!] N K =6 @ v } T BON !p = B ]OLUF^d !]^p
HM]OL !K =
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} d =, R `T|LUp BON K IL N F
L GJ GT B j T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j ,] B R
N B G]^V!] B L BON j&B R {T|LUp BON KcJ N L BON =
GK B ,V!R\F = >
a 8a U}8=
s !]e\
9 =
Z v :
=
>k},} = 4V!V!J N KL BON
j6B R 2d N _ULU] N L B B !F N j H N F^R G]Gw FF B L
BON F BON KGF B B R 2T|LUp BON K.F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \qL N
F B ] ,V\[DML B L N B Gp,]OL BON jB R `T LUF !]9
T B !K G] B L N BON GF B R ,] N B L BON j
B R EV!] N !K N VMLUJD N ] GK BON !F =l4= f = 2KLUD = K Nx=
LU] N F a U< 4 ^ L 6
>k<,a >k< =
s !]e\
H9 =
J GF^FOLU]^D
l4=
>k},} = A VMLUJoL
JoL !D!F =6v ,V!R\F = 8=M B=> Uy 4 > 6
a 8y,a8=
s B
v[=
>k
,]^D G] B !F ,]^F
! N?B RQ] GJoL B GD B GF B F4L !DD
F N p !F = 9 N ,T B ] N L U<
a Ua 8a a8=
GJ N GT|
LUp q =
K >k} F !y8F^=K G V B L d BON JF BON \ KLUTJ V!LU] F !K ] G GF^D F N !p
j BON BON N N?B
N
p,] !V!F j F^V GK N T !F = B !D =v ,V!R\F =
v D =
U< =
O
GJT|N LU Gp

qK=
>kLU},d!y8] >,K=l RMLU] ]OLUKSK B F G] N L GBOK N , V!jIRB \RF
OB N j N j =I B =
}
,a =
r{RML
=
>k}
=X R L N F B ] ,V\ j T|L
p BON KPF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j F ,T N p !F:L!D
T B LUT ,]^V!R N K.] KSF = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF
=
Uy a Uy,y =
r N p,R B
=
LUJu G]
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp,T|L k
D N ] GK BON !F N k`F jIB R Qr ,JoL l ,T[
V!J
b{LUR
%D B G]^T N GD j ] ,TT|LUp
BON K j LUd!] N KQF B !D N GF = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =.},a
a,<,y a8>k}8=
r ,J UM k_UL
b =
>k} 8=v ,J ,p N KLUJ N B G]^V!] B L
BON j T LUF !] GT B j T|LUp BON K.V!] ,V G]9
BON GF j dMLUFOLUJ B F !LUTWV!J j8B R KSR!] N d!F^\
J GFhJoL_UL k j B R GJ ie\ f !D \_ ,J
KL 4 A N \ GF N B F = 6 4 N l GKSR = 6=
l LUF = N G]OLUJ =Mv ,J = >
a,y 8a,
} 8=
Z !p
=
B LUK \
!H =
>k
}
8= zLUp BON K4L N
F B ] ,V\ j JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\'T|L B G] N LUJuF N |`R N KSR
T|LUp,T|L k N FF N T !JoL B GD =[ !] 4V!V!J =
v ,V!R\F =
y 8y,<8=
Z \] N?B
sE=
9PLU]^D N B ":
8=
G]^D N G]
Mb =
v{N
] B
=
9] !F^F
f =
>k},},<8=hZ GFV!] GF9
t w oJ GF L WD w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R
B GF B V !] PKLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N .p g ,J ,p Nut L
> >k<,< <,<,< D GF oJ GFr G]^p GJ = l ,TWV B=
f !D = 2KLUD = K Nx=, LU] N F a8>,> 4 ^> 6
8>
8=
G]^J
b =
>k},},y8=, B G] MLUJ6F B ]OL N [ N?B R N 'JoL_UL
k`F j ] ,TL MLUJ ,p T D GJuJ N !p = 8= j6 ,J
KL ,J = L !D v B R G] = f GF =6y8>
>ky,} U<
8=
!]OLUF
{=
QK 9 N ] \
=
>k} a8=& ] ,V G]9
BON GF j F ,T [K ,TWT N p !F{] KSFEL !D
B R N ]ET GJ B F L B R N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] GF =Cv ,J =
K = 4T G] = 9 !JuJ =!y
a ,a 8} =
A N K ,JoL\F
8r =
HM] \
8H =
s D!p GF
8r =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8= 4] 4] p KSR!]
IL
L
,J ,pU\ j D|dMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R cr G]^p

J 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp
F B R G] !D N LqbcK L
N TWV!J N KL BON ! F j , ] l N K G] !V BON Q]OL B GF
jXB R r G ]^pG J V!J ! T =@ LU] B R JoL B=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =&>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
A ! p N G ]
8=
>k}
=P@CB ! DG FQDG F j , ]^T|L BON ! F
D , ] B L D w 4]^K4 4]^KSR N V G JDG FCr G ]9
pG J = 9 ! JuJ =l , T = A4L BON = HM] = f G KSR =
B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F >,>
U} =
A ! p N G ]
8=
>k} <8=2l B ] N d BON
LJxw g B ! D
109
p g ,J ,p Nut B p g ,T ,]^V!R,J ,p Nut ED GF N J GF

r G]^p GJ = 9 !JuJ =l ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR =
B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F
,}
V!V =
\JT ,p !KPF V!
] ,=V
G>k]
} G F =G R LX :dMT|LULUFOpLUJ BOK N,KJ !LT!DE V B ]
N BON j B =v
V!R\F = 8= f k\ = 4F B ] = K = >
a },<8=
cN ,JoL B
l4=
>k} =!l B ] N d BON hnqJxw g B !D {D
Jxw L N F B ] ,V N {T|LUp g BONut ED GFc] KSR GF4_ ,J
KL Nut GF =6 R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F =
110
Y

F

Y

G. Plenier, P. Camps, B. Henry & B.Ildefonse
Soumis au Geophys. J. Int.
We report AMS study carried out on six Oligocene volcanic sections from the Kerguelen Archipelago in
order to infer their direction of emplacement and possibly precise the corresponding location of the eruptive centers. Because of permutation axis frequently observed for lava flows, the results at flow scale and
at section scale are checked with density diagrams and thin section analysis. Imbrication, also pointed
out by discrepancy of the strongly dipping principal axis relative to the vertical, and axes distribution allowed to determine the flowing direction of each lava pile. Therefore, specifying the observations made

%! * /1!'" "# "'"32 3'4
7! "
',

# *8 6
!

9 # ! "!$#
6
by Nougier (1970a), it helps to sharpen the location of the different eruptive centers.
R 4T|LUp BON K`F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j LE] KS N F

j !K BON j#B R !Tqd G] j T N G]OLUJuF N V!]
F !K L !D jXB R N ] N !D N _ N D MLUJ`KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F9
BON KGF =B p G]OLUJuJ?\QD N F^V!JoL\F{L|D N ] GK BON MLUJ&_UL
] N LUd N J N?B \ ] j G]^] GDhLUFPL N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K
F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ 4 H6= N F| GJuJ4] GV!]
F B GD d\LF GK !D]OL ! B !F ,] j N p
_ GK B ,]^F
L !D 4F s ] !DML
4 >k},y 6
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J 84 >k},y,<y 6
f KSR B^B B LUJ =
4 >k},} 6
P LU]^J N !p L !D s ] !DML 4 >k},},<a 6
9 ,]9
]OLUDML N J L !D s !]e\ 4 >k},} 6
9 !KSR 4 U<,<,<< 6
LUT !p B R G]^F = H ,] !D j ,]^T GD_ ,JuKL N K

] KSF
B R p,J ,dMLUJ N F !F MLUJuJ?\K B ] ,J
J GDQd\ BON?B L,T|LUp BON?B GFPL!DQ] GK B F N?B R G]
B R N ]D N F B ] N d BON |L N F B ] ,V\
8L j B G] B R \|JoL
B GJ?\QKG]e\F B LUJuJ N GD N N B G]^F BON?BON LUJ GF ,] N
B GD N B R FOLUT PL\ B RML LV!] N F BON !p
F N J N KL B V!RMLUF D !] N !pJoL_UL k N !%p 4 s LU]9
p,]OL_ GF B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6
,] T ,] D N ] GK B J?\
B R N ] ,] N B L BON LUK t N ] GDzD !] N !p GTWV!JoLUK
T B 4 s ] !DML
>k},y :l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} ,]^] N F
U<,<,<< 6=hBN FT ,F B J?\ LU
F !p,p GF BON !p V ,F^F N d N J N?B \ j B _ G]e\ ": GK
BON _ ,] N B L BON ET GKSRML N F^T = R N FF^R !JuDqd

>,>,>
112
Flowing direction determination of volcanic sections from the Kerguelen Archipalago
MV LU] BON K !JoLU]^J?\ B ] j ,].JoL_UL k`R G] 4K !D N

BON !F j T|LUp,T|L GTWV!JoLUK GT B LU] T !KSR
J GF^FWK !F B ]OL N GD B RML j ,]'D8\ N B ] !F N !F =
R .T|LUp BON KCJ N L BON 4 6 N F N?B R G]&VML
]OLUJuJ GJ ,]V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R kD N ] GK
BON 84 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} v J B LUJ =
>k},} ,]^] N F
U<,<,< Ms G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL B LUJ =
U<,< s !]e\ B LUJ =

U<,<,<a 6 L !D B R 4T|LUp BON K
j ,J N L BON 4V ,J Ep N _ zd\ 6 KGJ ,F B B R
kV!JoL 4r ,J UM k_UL
>k} Ml L LUV N L
B LUJ =
>k},
} <6= 9.\ L MLUJ ,pU\ N?B R B R !F j
N Tqd!] N KL BON B {D B G]^T N B R k D N ] GK BON
N?B R N LD8\ 4r N p,R B L !D LUJu G]
>k},y,y
L B LUJ =
>k},},y Cv :] k\ B LUJ =
U<,< 6
PLUFLUJuF 4V!] ,V ,F GD B N j G] B R k N !p

D N ] GK BON z N?B R N LhJoL_UL k 4 l L LUV N L
B LUJ =
>k},} 6=
R WM]^F B L N T jPB R N FEF B !D8\ N F B zKSR GKS
B R E] GJ N LUd N J N?B \ j#B R k N !p|D N ] GK BON !F ,d
B L N GDzd\ F B !D N GF4 N?B R B R q] GF !J B F j
B R N F GK BON !FWL MLUJ?\F = R QF GK !D VMLU] B j
B R PVMLUV G]# N JuJF !TWT|LU] N GD B R PJoL_UL k D N
] GK BON !F j GTWV!JoLUK GT B2j ,] B R Er G]^p GJ
N F^JoL !D!F =6 VMLU] BON K !JoLU]
B R GF [D N ] GK BON !FI N JuJ
d K ,TWVMLU] GD B B RML B V!] ,V ,F GDd8\ A !p N G]
4 >k} < L 6Wj ] ,T ,d!F G]e_UL BON !F j B R V!] GF B
D N V!F
jCB R B R N KS GF^F jCB R JoL_UL'V N J GF4L !D
j8B R ,] N B L BON !F j8B R j ]OLUK B !] GFCL : GK BON !p
B R GT =
=

: !*"!
+"
#
*#
*)
R r G]^p GJ LU]^KSR N V GJoLUp%4 A !p N G]
>k} < L 6v{N ] B

>k},y
<6PN F`J KL B GDQL B <
O@ L!D
}
%N B R qF B R G] !D N L bcK L = B J N GF
B R ,] B R G] VMLU] B jzB R r G]^p GJ
v L !F^F^d G]^pV!JoL B L L !D] GV!] GF B F B R qJoLUF B
a,< zL L G] N LUJPK BON ML BON j4B R Qr G]^p
J V!J !T T|LUp,T|L BON KELUK BON _ N?B \ 4 L!p B LUJ =
>k},},y N F B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6= ,T T|LUp,T|L BON KXK B ] N d BON !F j ] ,T
B R B R LUF B !D N L f N D!p D!] N !p B R
LU]^J?\ l N K N FQLUJuF F !F^V GK B GD 4 !K B
B LUJ =
U<,< 6= l !F t B J?\
_ ,JuKL N Kq] KSF
LU] XV!] GV !D G]OL BIN B R ELU]^KSR N V GJoLUp =8 R \
B KG] ,V L B T ,] B RML y j4B R F !] j LUK
L !D j ,]^T <,4B > T
N zD N LUT B G]ILU] qLUJuF WV!] GF B J KLUJuJ?\ =! R GF
V!J B !F
N F^F GD j ] ,TJoL B G]#r G]^p GJ [V!J !T
T GJ B $F 4 v{N ] B
>k},},< N FIL !D v{N ] B
>k},} 6
K ,TWV ,F
N?B R t ML B G] MLU]e\F GD N T B F
B R
] GF B j`B R ] KSF ,d!F G]e_ GD N B R LU]^KSR N V
JoLUp =
b !]FOLUTWV!J GF 4LUd B F _ V G] k
,] N B GD !F N !pT|LUp BON KL !D F ,JoLU] K ,T[

VMLUF^F 6
qD _ B GD j ,]VMLUJ ,F GK !JoLU] _ULU] N L BON
L !D|VMLUJ N B !F N?B \qV !]^V ,F GF 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,<
U<,<,<a 6 G] D!] N JuJ GD N B R d B^B ,T
VMLU] B jB R {J LUF B LUJ B G] GD k`F = H ,] B ML B GJ?\
B R [J k G]cVMLU] B j:B R k`FXLU] q] GK ,TWT
D GD j ,] F B !D N GF 4 v J B LUJ =
>k},}
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL B LUJ =
U<,< 6= R cFOLUTWV!J GF
G] K ,JuJ GK B GD
zLUF j LU] LUFV ,F^F N d!J j ] ,T
D8\ GFL !DKGJ ,F B V!] _ N !F^J?\ DML B GDF GK
BON !F 4 L !p B LUJ =
U<,<,< !K B B LUJ =

U<,< 6 LUKG] ,F^F B D GF
f !KSR G$F 4 >ky k`F 6
B D GF GTWV EB G$F 4 U<
k`F 6
B D QJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] 4 >k} k`F 6
B 4T G]e\ 4 y B ,V k`F 6
,] Bl R!] N F B
T|LUF 4 > k`F 6 L !D ,] B f L\T !DQF GK BON !F
4H N p = =?> 6= H ,] B R B 4T G]e\ F GK BON
LUd B U< FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R y d B^B ,T k`F
V!] _ N !F^J?\ K ,JuJ GK B GD[d\ s !]e\[L !D J GF^FOLU]^D

6930' E
113
Ice
Quaternary deposits
Plutonic complexes
4930' S
20 km
=
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>
'v ,J ,p N KLUJ8T|LUV jB R Ir G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUpXL j B G].HM] \ B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<<6= A !Tqd G]^F
N ! GD TWN KV L EB B GFB R |U< J KkL `BON F
! F j FO LUB TWDV! `J GJoL Df F GLUK d BON !N JuFJ 2 ] >k} kB `DF G
F f !KSR GB F4T >k Gy ]e\ k`> F
k`F
B D, G] FB
l R!] N F B T|LUF > k`F
,] B f L\T !D } k`F =

114

G] LUJuF %LMLUJ?\ GD = A %F N p N MKL B
D N VzRMLUF4d , d!F G ]e_G D j , ]cLUJuJ jB R GF qJoL_UL
F t !K GF
8K G V Bj , ] B R ,] B f L\T !D F !] GD ! F N ! pIj r U}Z F B LL!!DMDELU]^r D[Z FOLUaTWrXV!J LU GV!FVMPLULUd!FC] NT D!p GLF
F GK BON h N?B RQL'D N V j PB k PLU]^D B R @ 8@2= L Bz9.vX 4 B zL!] 6 L!D B V GJuJ N G]VML
J , T|LUp BON K[JoLUd ,]OL B ,] N GFc] GF^V GK BON _ GJ?\ =& R
K 8 MD ! K j , ] B Rh T L D N ] G K BON j
LUKSR L N FIPLUFcKLUJuK ! JoL B G D ! F N ! phd B R%J N LU]
V G ] B ! ]^dML BON LM LUJ?\F N F34 s B
>k}
,a G J N G

! ) $#
)
>k} y'ZN G ] B
>k},}8> 6 L! D d B F B ]OLUV T
B R D 4 l ! F B LUd!J | L! D L
>k},},<<6= RG F
H , ]{VMLUJ N B ! F N?B \F B ! D8\V! ]^V , F 8 4 J B | F B L BON F BON KGF`V!] k _ N D N ! p|LUV!V!] N T|L B G J?\ B R
N G ] B LUJ =
U<,<,a<6
B R[ T|LUp BON KqKLU]^] N G ]^F j FOLUT ] G F ! J B F
! J?\ B R: d B F B ]OLUV G JuJ N V!F G FLU]
B R B DG F f ! KSRG F
B DG F G TWV EB G F D N F^V!JoL\G D B R j , JuJ k N ! pEMp! ] G F =
L! D B D| JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] [ F G K BON ! F RML_ 9 G KL! F W F^T|LUJuJ ! Tqd G ] j F B ] ! p,J?\L N
d N D BON G D ! F N ! pJ k P G JuDF ! F^K G V BON d N F B ] , V N K:FOLUTWV!J G F&KL D G K B#B R , ] N B L BON
J N?B \ B RG ]^T|LUJ _, J BON [ K ! ]e_G F34r4 K ! ]e_G F 6= jB RI T LW V!] N ! K N VMLUJ!D N ] G K BON ! F.LPL\ j ] , T
D N F BON ! K B d G RML_ N , ]^Fq G ] , d!F G ]e_G D =: ]9 B RML B jB R T|Lki , ] N?B \ j FOLUTWV!J G FF4 9 , ]^]OLUDML N J
] _G ]^F N d!J L! D%K , TWV!J zr4 K ! ]e_G FcK , ]^] G F9 U<,<8> 6
B R DML B LP G ] : MJ B G ] G D ! F N ! p B R a J N
V ! D B L LUF^F G Tqd!J?\ j , ] N p N M LUJ BON?B L, T|L T N?B
p BON?B G F , ][F^J N p,R B J?\ N D N G D BON?B L, T|LUp,R L! D
T N?B G F N?B RR N p,RG ] l ! ] N B G TWV G ]OL B ! ] BON VMLU]OLUT B G ]^F4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6{B
B L, T|LUp,RG T N?B G FzD B J k B G TWV G ]OL B ! ] D N F^KLU]^D B Rz FOLUTWV!J G F'V!] G F BON ! p L LUd, ]9
N DML BON L B LF B ] ! pG ]WJ _G J = Rz F G K ! D T|LUJ j LUd!] N K K , TWVMLU] G D B B R B RG ]^F j ] , T
d G RML_ N , ]EV!] G F BON ! p%] _G ]^F N d!J r4 K ! ]e_G F B R FOLUT F G K BON =2 R N FF G J G K BON J LUD!F B
K , TWV!] N F G FV , ]9 2NUBON?B L, T|LUp BON?B G F V!] D BON K LUd!J?\zDG KG] LUF B R[ K 8 MD ! K G JuJ N V!F G F
K G DWd\[R N p,R B G TWV G ]OL B ! ] \ 8F , J BON W D LU] ! D B R T L N p _G K B , ]^F N LV!]
] N ! p B R k G TWV!JoLUK G T B jQB R , ] N p N _ N ! F#F B ! D8\ 4 J N G ] B LUJ =
U<,< 6= G K ! D!J?\
M LUJ BON?B L, T|LUp BON?B = R B R N F G K BON ! F , d B R[ H N F^RG ]IF B L BON F BON KGF`PLUF ! F G D B G J N T N M L B
F G ]e_UL BON N?B R L N J N TWT G ]^F N , di G K BON _ FOLUTWV!J G F%D N F^V!JoL\ N ! pF B L BON F BON KLUJuJ?\ N ! D N F BON ! K B
K 8 M]^T G D B RG F N B G ]^V!] B L BON ! F = j ! D V!] N ! K N VMLUJcD N ] G K BON ! F =P RG F MJ B G ]^FQLUJuJ k G D
L N F B ] , V N KqV!RMLUF | LUF^F K N L B G D N?B R LhV!J ] G T k _ N ! p j'>k} FOLUTWV!J G F B R B B LUJIK , J
KSR!] N K N JuT N?B B RML B V!] j G ]OLUd!J?\ N B G ]9 J G K BON = b4 N ! p B B R KGK ! ]^] ! K j K ! p,J
V!] B G D LUFhL BON?B L, T|LUp,RG T N?B j , ]FOLUTWV!J G F T G ]OL B | L BEB R| dMLUF jB R B R N ]^D k j ] , T
D N F^V!JoL\ N ! p N ]^] _G ]^F N d!J { r4 K ! ]e_G F 6
L! D B R B DG F f ! KSRG F2F G K BON h L! D B RI LU
F , J?_G D N JuT N?B , ] BON?B L, RG T|L BON?B X JoLUT G JuJoL ! Tqd G ] j FOLUTWV!J G F N B R ! DG ]^J?\ N ! p N?B F
] G F ! J BON ! p j ] , TD B G ] N K N DML BON j L] B RG F z d B^B , T k `FWRML_z d ] i G K B G DLUF
F N DM LUJ BON?B L, T|LUp BON?B j , ]2FOLUTWV!J G FPV!] G F B R \qKL[ ] G F ! J BCj ] , TD N : G ] B G TWV!JoLUK G T B
K ! D N?BON ! F#LUFV!] _ N ! F^J?\ , d!F G ]e_G D N L4F N T N
BON ! p[] _G ]^F N d!J E r4 K ! ]e_G F =
4 >k},} 6

115
JoLU]XKLUF j ,] L B R G]EF GK BON 4 s !]e\ B LUJ =

>k< F^V GK N T !FV G] k j B \ N GJuD!F%JoLU]^p
F B L BON F BON KLUJ !K G] B L N B \ jCB R EF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \
U<,<,<a 6=
V!] N !K N VMLUJED N ] GK BON !F 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6= b !]'FOLUTWV!J N !pPLUF N N?BON LUJuJ?\ ] GF B ] N K

. . ; ~|90 5:9:+4: 0279
B GD B !J?\LUd B FOLUTWV!J GFd\ k d
R k`FID N F^V!JoL\ N !p k_ G]^JoLUV!V N !p'K 88 KL!F N?B PLUFD _ B GD j ,]CVMLUJ ,F GK !JoLU]_ULU] N L
D !K E] Gp N !F j ,] B R ED N : G] B L GF ,]`K ,]9 BON L!DVMLUJ N B !F N?B \ V!]^V ,F GF 4 J N G]
] GF^V !D N !p B J GF^F B RML B R!] T LUF !] GD B LUJ =
U<,<
U<,<,a<6= R !F
J GF^F B RMLRMLUJ j j
FOLUTWV!J GF` G] qD N F^KLU]^D GD j ,] B R [L MLUJ?\F N F4L B B R k`FpL_ %] GJ N LUd!J ] GF !J B F 4 LUd!J 59 =?>
B R k F^KLUJ = LUF !] GT B j J GF^F B RML L!DQJ j B VMLU] B j H N p = = L!DzH N p = = a<6=
=?> 4N ] GK BON !F jPB R T L V!] N !K N VMLUJ:F !F^K GV BON d N J N?BON GFEL!DF N GF j2B R |K 8MD !K
] Gp N !F`LU] !D B R GT j ,] B R XF N?B LUd!J k`F =

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118
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l ,Tqd N ML BON jB R ,d B L N GD V!] N !K N VMLUJ H N p = = a<6=
D N ] GK BON !F|LUJuJ k GD D B G]^T N N !pT LT|L R B R!] ,] B R G] F GK BON !F
,] B
p BON K j LUd!] N K j ,] LUKSR jqB R F N F GK BON !F l R!] N F B T|LUF
B D GF f !KSR GFL!D B
4 LUd!J 9 =?> L !D] N p,R B VMLU] B j H N p = = L!D D GF GTWV EB GF
PL!D B R B 4T G]e\L!D
a)
Mont des Ruches section
b)
Mont des Temptes section
Mont de la Rabouillre section
c)
119
#
H
J
kF^KLUJ cL MLUJ?\F N F J j B
T L |V!] N !K N VMLUJ6L N F jB R 4F N?B LUd!J k`F
] N p,R B
] GF !J
=
BO N L!p T
L>k},},V!<< ] 6N = !9K N JoVMLULUKSJLF t N MF LU ] j GF{ LUr KSRhF G
6K BOp,N ]OLh\ LB !] ND L !B Rp, J GN ]F`}r KL!8DM`D R !N?B K E K GN Ju]^J KGN V!J GF FI GFr4 l !=6F B LURd! J c t LM!LUD J

LU] L[V!] i GK BON !FILU] {J k G]`R GT N F^V!R G] GF N p ,p,]OLUV!R N K{ K ,]^D N ML B GF =

120
d)
e)
f)
Mont Amery section
Port Christmas section
Port Raymond section
=
a
H#J kF^KLUJ 4L MLUJ?\F N F J j B
T L |V!] N !K N VMLUJ6L N F jB R 4F N?B LUd!J k`F
] N p,R B
] GF !J
BO N L!p T
L>k},},V!<< ] 6N = !9K N JoVMLULUKSJLF t N MF LU ] j GF{ LUr KSRF G
6K BOp,N ]OLh\ LB !] ND L !B Rp, J GN ]F`}r KL!8DQM`D R !N?B K E K GN Ju]^J KGN V!J GF FI GFr4 l !=6F B LURd! J c t LM!LUD J

LU] L[V!] i GK BON !FILU] {J k G]`R GT N F^V!R G] GF N p ,p,]OLUV!R N Kc K ,]^D N ML B GF =

,] B f L\T !DF GK BON V!] GF B _ G]e\ F N T N

JoLU]T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K LU] !DER,] N B LUJ
A3A 8@ D N ] GK BON L!D LUJuT ,F B _ G]9
BON KLUJ =l 8MD !K 'LU] j _ULU] N LUd!J F N
j ] ,TF^T|LUJuJ j ,] ,] B f L\T !DqF GK BON B {]

JoL BON _ GJ?\ JoLU]^p j ,] B 4T G]e\ k`F = R
K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F j ,] N F GJ !pL B GD N
L{V!JoL 2V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B L !DWF^J N p,R B J?\
GJ !pL B GD N B R 2R ,] N B LUJ8V!JoL j ,] =
H ,] B R B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK BON
4H N p = = K 6
B R j LUd!] N K N F%_ G]e\D N : G] B
N F j LU] j ] ,T B R cR ,] N B LUJV!JoL
D N V

V N !p j
eB kPLU]^D!F @ 8@ L !D RMLUFL
T D G]OL B WV!J !p ,] B RPLU]^D!F = K 88
D !K GJuJ N V!F N F GJ !pL B GD N L V!JoL QV G]9
V !D N K !JoLU] B L !D B R j N
L[V!JoL {V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B =
. . /q3cc79+4 0 W-84
c0
R IV!] GK GD N !p kF^KLUJ IL MLUJ?\F N F:J GD B
] i GK B T ,] B RML %RMLUJ j jCB R qF B !D N GD k`F =
s k _ G]
] GK ,]^D!F B R !D jB R k
GTWV!JoLUK GT B 4 B !]OL
U<,<8> 6 L !DQT|L\h]
JoL B GFJ KLUJD N F B !]^dML !K GFC] GJoL B GD j ,] !LUTWV!J
B N ]^] Gp !JoLU] N?BON GF jIB R !D G]^J?\ N !p k N !p
F !] j LUK = F !KSRhLXKLUF
B R 4T ,] B R IK !F N
D G] GD k`F2LU] !T G] !F
B R cT ,] B R j
j GK B F j D N F B !]^d GD k`F B R T L LU]
J N T N?B GDd\ F B LUKS N !p =` R !F
B R K !D N
BON B RML B:B R 4D N V j ] ,T k B k] GT|L N !F
N D BON KLUJIL !DL j B G]W_ G] N MKL BON jcB R LUd
F !K j F N p N MKL B _ ,J BON j2B R T L
L GF j ,].p,] !V!F jaXB JoL_UL k`F
J N G]
B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6 L !D s !]e\ B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<a 6 T G]9
=

121
p GD|LUJuJ B R DML B L j ] ,TF !KGK GF^F N _ k`F

j L|FOLUT _,JuKL N K F t !K =& R N FcT B RD
LUJuJ k`F L N !KG] LUF jB R |] GJ N LUd N J N?B \ jPB R
T L QL GF4L !D jB R N ]2K 8MD !K GF =
H ,] B R D N : G] B F GK BON !FL MLUJ?\F GD N
B R EV!] GF B F B !D8\
WF N p N MKL B D N V_ULU] N L
BON !F4RML_ [d ,d!F G]e_ GD = R qT L %V!] N
K N VMLUJL GFEL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GF
VMLU]OLUT B G]^F[RML_ Qd B R KLUJuK !JoL B GD j ,]
LUKSR JoL_ULp,] !V!F 4H N p = = L !D H N p = = 6=
H ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GT[
V EB GFXL !D ,] B f L\T !D%F GK BON !F
B R !p,R
N B R B JoL B^B G] B R T L D N ] GK BON !F j
B R |JoLUF B JoL_ULp,] !V LU] |LQJ N?B^B J [T ,] WF^KL B
B G] GD
B R WF !KGK GF^F N _ hp,] !V!F j k ] GK ,]9
D GDL LUJuT ,F BWN D BON KLUJ`T L F N p MLUJ = H ,]
B R B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B 4T G]e\
F GK BON !F
B R IF N p MLUJM] GK ,]^D GD|d\ LUKSR|p,] !V
F GTWF'J GF^F[K !F N F B B L BqB R hF GK BON F^KLUJ
d BPB R 4T L L GF2LU] B F B L BON F BON KLUJuJ?\[D N?j

j G] B{j ] ,T F !d!F BXB F !d!F B= H ,] B R ,] B
l R!] N F B T|LUFqF GK BON
k N !p%V G]^T B L BON !F j
L !D
B R } > JoL_UL p,] !V D N F9

V!JoL\F T ,] 'F^KL B^B G] GD T L D N ] GK BON !F L !D
B R GF B cL GF#LU] 8KSRML !p GD =s k _ G]
B R
] GF !J BON !pqT L D N ] GK BON !F.D N F^V!JoL\ B R cFOLUT
F N p MLUJLUF B R B R G] JoL_ULQp,] !V N?jPB R N ]E_UL
J cLU] BB LU N B qLUKGK B=8 R 4K !F N F9
B !K\ j`B R hT L D N ] GK BON !F _ G] N GD
B R
FOLUTWV!J GFWDML B L j LUKSR`R ,J QF GK BON
G] ET G]^p GD =
R T L L GF ,] N B L BON ,d B L N GD
j ,] LUKSRF GK BON 4 LUd!J 89 =
H N p = = L !D
H N p = = 6CN F_ G]e\WF N T N JoLU] B B RML B D B G]^T N GD
d\ kF^KLUJ EL MLUJ?\F N F =

] Gp N !F`= LU] 4!D N ] GB KRBO GN T!Fj ,] jPB RB R X T T G]^ pL GDV! ] kN !`K F N = VMLUJ:F !F^K GV BON d N J N?BON GFEL!DF N GF j2B R |K 8MD !K
122

N
3-7
8-12
13-18
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20

N
1-6
7-12
13-19
= !KGK GF^F N _ hT L V!] N !K N VMLUJ:L N FqL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J
L !D L
>k},},<<6Pj ,] B R D N : G] B kp,] !V!F4K !F N D G] GDL B LUKSRF GK BON = 9JoLUKSF t MLU] GF
rR GT N F^
#V!p,R ]O GL] \ GF B N] N Lp! p,,J Gp,Fq]OLUr V!R N KcLK ! D,]^`D N R MN?L B B GFK =N ]^KGJ GF[r =# R t MLUJ2LU] L%V!] i GK BON !F[LU] J k G]

VA-VD
Mont Amery section
VE-VH
123
1-4
5-8

N
5-8
1-4
9-12
13-16

N
1-3
4-6
7-9
= !KGK GF^F N _ hT L V!] N !K N VMLUJ:L N FqL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J
L !D L
>k},},<<6Pj ,] B R qD N : G] B kp,] !V!F4K !F N D G] GDL B LUKSRF GK BON = 9JoLUKSF t MLU] GF
rR GT N F^
#V!p,R ]O GL] \ GF B N] N Lp! p,,J Gp,Fq]OLUr V!R N KcLK ! D,]^`D N R MN?L B B GFK =N ]^KGJ GF[r =# R t MLUJ2LU] L%V!] i GK BON !F[LU] J k G]

124
A
> >ky z BL

N
U< U< z BL
N
> >k} z BL
N
> > z BL
N
> > z BL
N
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N
L
7L
7L
7L
7L
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,y8>>k= a8=}8= > a @a 6 }8== < >8=,a=
<8= <,<8> = = 8= a> Ua8= > = >,>,= =?> = a
<8<8== <,<,<8<,<,> }>B D G8>F <8, ==?a> GTWV E== }>B GFIk8=F <8 G= K a BON > ,}8=84 = y8= y,>,y
}8>, == <
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<8= <,<8> = yy,<8= 8= >
8= a = > = =?> y8= <
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<8<8== <,<,<,<,<
ka,
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= = } <8= <
>
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== ya ,}8},},= < <8<8== << @6 a UyU<88== > 8= <=
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<8<8>,=== <,},},<},}
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<8<8>,=== <8},},},},>,}<>
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<8= },y,y
<8<8>,=== <8},},},y,>kya} 8<8< == <,<,<8<8>k>kyy U<> = y= y ,yU<88== y == a>,>,>> 8== 8==
a >,>,>,>,== a U<8=,y8 = ,yU<88== a
O"#<:-#;<&(+!%>i

3-0. &# @ BA3,+5
-3(7%%@H:-#;<&(+!%>i!!0,@ @ 6F5
0,++3.(,#c*"#WXMZM[

0,](0K@ @ .3,LH+3.(6 N,@ B,5
W?"#D 0@ ,/%>C;2 #,+L;K ,+!vO +6 ,H5
R N ]#LUF^F K N L B GDqK 8MD !K GFCd N !p

F^T|LUJuJ G]
B R GF .T LEL GFLU] B R !F&T ,] V!]
K N F GJ?\D GD = B R G]zD N : G] !K N F B RML B
B R K 8MD !K GF j ,] L !D
LU] j N p,Rd ,] N !p F N =4 R !J?\ 8K GV
BON N F j ,] B R ,] B[l R!] N F B T|LUFXF GK BON d
KL !F jB R L GFV G]^T B L BON !F d B
L !D _ , GD d j ,] = 9 B F B ]OLUV

j ,] GJ N G 4 >k},y8> 6 D N LUp,]OLUT 4 s !]e\
>k},} L 6
F^R k`F 4H N p = = <6 F N T N JoLU]XT L VMLU]OLUT B G]^F
j ,] R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GT[
V EB GF
B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B 4T G]e\
L !D ,] B f L\T !D%F GK BON !F
N?B RLF^RMLUV
N B G]^T GD N L B d B V!] ,JoL B L !D ,d!JoL B
KLUF GFQL !D wPd B >,= <8> L !D >,= < = H ,]
B R ,] B2l R!] N F B T|LUFF GK BON
B R 4d B F B ]OLUV
+6 ,H5
"#W ),:N%@ -#D%>

$

#,+;K%@ V;2%

$% %+A"#/3;2%#),@ <%>=;2 #,+
VE"#V0@ ,Q%>O;2 #,+LH;K ,+Wv
%R"#/ 0@ ,%>!"#/;2%s3-0. &# @ BuvLi+3.(6 N,@ B,5

%$;K ,+WvD%>?"#VXMZM[

0,](0E+), ,A>^,+
%
%+"#D0@ ,
V GD'DML B L j L_,]^F:L ,d!JoL B F^RMLUV P`R N KSR[T|L\

8V!JoL N B R L GF4V G]^T B L BON !F ,d!F G]e_ GD N
B R XR ,] N B LUJ V!JoL =
. . +47- 0 1479:/!.
D N K !J B \ N F B !D8\ j _ ,JuKL N K
k`F N F B R 'V ,F^F N d!J KGK !]^] !K j V G]^T
B L BON jB R :V!] N !K N VMLUJ,F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \{L GFL B
B R FOLUTWV!J :F^KLUJ LUF& GJuJ8LUF#L BB R kF^KLUJ =
LUF^!KGKS] RQd V G GD ]^T 5 B4 L BONJ !KLUF
JF j B]O L h,KSd!RMF L G!]e_ p G GD $F
M4 KL G]^dJ
N B N6 B N
>k},},<y 6 k N !p B B R 4VMLUJ B ,V ,p,]OLUV!R\ ,] B R
V ,F N?BON jB R FOLUTWV!J GF N B R k
4 NuN 6
K ,TWV ,F N?BON EL !DqF N j!B R T|LUp BON K.T N
]OLUJuF 4 f KSR B^B B LUJ =
>k},} 6
(4 NuNuN 6 T|LUp BON K
N B G]OLUK BON !F j.B R Wp,]OL N !F 4 v ] g p N ] B LUJ =

125

N
0.8
0.4
T 0
-0.4
-0.8
1.00
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
1.12
1.16
1.20
P'
N
0.8
0.4
T 0
-0.4
-0.8
1.00
1.04
1.08
P'
0.8
0.4
T 0
-0.4
-0.8
1.00
1.04
1.08
F
L V!] N !K N VMLUJXL N FzL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
=
GK BON F^KLUJ L MLUJ?\F N
JF N GV!K F BO GN F |4 l L jB ! GF]B TLUd! GJ ]^ [p NL!!p D j LLUJuJ B R
I>kDM},L},B<<L 6 B LU,F^pF B K RN L GB] G=D% R N?B R t M LU GJJN LU] G LXV!V!J ] B i G4 K BO GN J N ! GF. LU
] >k `},J y8k> 62 G]:j ,R] G T LUNKSF9R
V`!RR GN?B] G 4F K NN ]^KGJ p G FP,rp,]OLUV!R = N H K[,K] B ,R]^ D N M GL J NB G GF W
d!V!JoJ LU KSB %F
F ,t V M LU ] GB FE] N ] L G!V!p,] J G GF F. K ,B ]^r] GF^V
!p,D ]OBL[\ T B ] N LLU!F !p,] J G GF{T r B F2 LL!!DD
d!JoLUKS|K N ]^KGJ GF`LU] Xd B F B ]OLUV!V GDDML B L =
P'

126
Mont Amery section

N
0.8
0.4
T 0
-0.4
-0.8
1.00
1.04
1.08
P'
0.8
0.4
T 0
-0.4
-0.8
1.00
1.08
1.16
P'
N
0.8
0.4
T0
-0.4
-0.8
F
L V!] N !K N VMLUJXL N FQL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
=
GK BON F^KLUJ L MLUJ?\F N
JF N GV!K F BO GN F |4 l L jB ! GF]B TLUd! GJ ]^ [p NL!!p D j LLUJuJ B R
`>kDM},L},B<<L 6 B LU,F^pF B K RN L GB] G=D% R N?B R t M LU GJJN LU] G LXV!V!J ] B i G4 K BO GN J N ! GF. LU
] >k `},J y8k> 62 G]:j ,R] G T LUNKSF9R
V`!RR GN?]B G 4F K NN ]^KGJ p G FP,rp,]OLUV!R = N H K[,K] B ,R]^ D N M GL J NB G GF W
d!V!JoJ LU KSB %F
F ,t V M LU ] GB FE] N ] L G!V!p,] J G GF F. K ,B ]^r] GF^V
!p,D ]OBLq\ T B ] N LLU!F !p,] J G GF{T r B F` LL!!DD
d!JoLUKS|K N ]^KGJ GF`LU] Xd B F B ]OLUV!V GDDML B L =
1.00
1.04
1.08
P'

k> },} 6
@4 N? 6 ] ,JuJ N !p j[B R GJ !pL B GDVMLU]9
BON KGJ GF N F B ] !pz_ GJ K N?B \p,]OLUD N B F d\LML
J ,pU\ N?B R F GD N T B F 4 ": G]e\
>k} LU]9
J N !pWL !D s ] !DML
>k},},<a 6 L !D 4 6 p,]OL N QF B
B J N !*p 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},
} <6= R GF PV G]9
T B L BON !FJ LUD B V G]^V !D N K !JoLU]KGJ !F B G]^F
j ,]{LhFOLUT qV!] N !K N VMLUJCL N F = R N F{KGJ LU]^J?\%LUV
V LU]^F !F N !p{D !F N?B \qK B !]^F 'LcF B G] B
j ,]4LWJoLU]^p XF B j FOLUTWV!J GF 4 f KSR B^B B LUJ =
>k},} 6= !KSRD N LUp,]OLUTWF|LUJuF j B LUJuJ k B

d B^B G] GF BON T|L B B R D N F B ] N d BON Fe\TWT
B ]e\] GJoL BON _ B Q_ G] BON KLUJ:V!JoL jPB R N p
_ GK B ,]^F = !F N?B \V!J B F j
L !D
j ,]WLUJuJ B R DML B L j LUKSR
F GK BON RML_ Ed QKLUJuK !JoL B GD =
R %D N F B ] N d BON j{B R zV!] N !K N VMLUJ`L GF
4H N p = = y L !D H N p = = <} 6 LU] _ G]e\ F N T N JoLU]
j ,]E!_ j2B R hF B !D N GD F GK BON !F 4 B D GF
f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
B 4T G]e\
,] BXl R!] N F B T|LUFcL !D ,] B f L\T !D 6

6 N?B R
T ,F B J?\ j R N p,R N !KGJ N ML BON QL !D
T ,] ,] J GF^F F^KL B^B G] GD LU] !D B R R ,] N
JoL f B LULUJqd V! JoL JuJ ] ={ z F R GK L GF V!] j G,F ] B R !LUK J?\B LD
N 2 BON
B B
,V!V ,F N?B D N F B ] N d BON
P N?B R j R N p,R
N !KGJ N ML BON L !D T ,] ,][J GF^F'F^KL B^B
] GDLU] !D B R qR ,] N B LUJV!JoL
L !D B R
KGJ LU]^J?\XK ,]^] GF^V !D B {L N _ G]^F j LUd!] N K 4 f
KSR B^B
>k},y,<y 6=I@ 8K GV Bj ,] B R N FzJoL B^B G]QF GK
BON D N F^V!JoL\ N !pL a,
< KGJ KS N F h] B L BON N
B R IR ,] N B LUJMV!JoL
B R B R!] 4T L WD N ] GK
BON !F N F ,JoL B GD B R [D !F N?B \%D N LUp,]OLUTWF4LU]
_ G]e\EF N T N JoLU] B B R B R!] p,J ,dMLUJT L N p
_ GK B ,]^F j`B R F GK BON F^KLUJ hL MLUJ?\F N F =# R N F
N !D N KL B GF B RML B V G]^T B L BON !F2D B F N p N 8
KL B J?\hL : GK B F B R XT L B !F ,]ID N ] GK BON !F =
R |T N N T !T L GF 4T|L N T !T j ,] B R
B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] 2F GK BON 6 LU] 4R k _ G] B

127
] Gp!JoLU]^J?\ F^KL B^B G] GD LU] !D B R N ]qT LD N

] GK BON
Md B T ,F B J?\hLU] !DQL'F B ] !p,J?\D N V
V N !pV!JoL
B kPLU]^D!F A3A j ,] B R B
D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GFEL !D ,] B
f L\T !DF GK BON !F
B R 8@j ,] B R B
4T G]e\L !D ,] Bl R!] N F B T|LUFzF GK BON !FL !D
B R j ,] B R B f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK
BON = R 'd GF B _ G] BON KLUJCFe\TWT B ]e\V!JoL j
B R D N F B ] N d BON jCB R N FIL N F N F B R 8A3A
R 8 '@ F j ,]zR !_ 'F L G!K DBON V!!] F,dML LU!d!D J?\%A3] GA V!@ ] G F F j R , ]
B NB
B B
k N !p|D N ] GK BON 4 s !]e\
>k},y,< M R ,TWV!F
B LUJ =
>k},
y <6=
R ET|L N T !T L GFIFe\F B GT|L BON KLUJuJ?\D N F9
V!JoL\ L d N T DMLUJD N F B ] N d BON N !D N KL BON !p
B RML B V G]^V !D N K !JoLU]CV G]^T B L BON !F KGK !] j ]
t B J?\ N B R WR ,] N B LUJCV!JoL j ,]ELUJuJ B R
F GK BON !F =EB N F B ,] B R\ B RML BB R KGJ L
] GF B D GDR ,] N B LUJT L hL N F N FPLUJ?PL\F
LU] j ] ,T B R N B G]^F GK BON jCB R qd GF B _ G]9
BON KLUJFe\TWT B ]e\WV!JoL jB R cD N F B ] N d BON j
N?B R B R R ,] N B LUJPV!JoL
L !D V!]
dMLUd!J?\WLUJuF E] GV!] GF B F B R k N !pED N ] GK BON =

'
# "!$# *#

R ET|L N T !T L N F j 4T N N T !T

L N F N hKLUF jN _ G]^F j LUd!] N K 6 d N !p[T ,F B J?\
N?B R G]{VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ ,]cV G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R
N !pED N ] GK BON
B R IJoL B^B G]:KL B d 4LUJ?PL\F
D B G]^T N GD j ] ,T B R T|LUp BON KJ N L BON =
B RML B KLUF
B R zKSR N K zd B B R B
V ,F^F N d!J 'D N ] GK BON !F{KL d 'T|LUD !F N !p B R
N Tqd!] N KL BON qL !p,J = j ,] B ML B GJ?\
N?B F ,] N
B L BON
B LU N !p N B QLUKGK BEB R 'K 8MD !K
R
E ED V G,F F^F d! JB ,\ ]N G JuD L B R !KSF R 4 H N K p d B

B B N N B BON N = = <6
K GV B T|L\d j ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF4F GK
O
kmax-kmin
N
kmax
N
kmin
n=104
N
N
kmin
N
kmax
n=128
N
N
kmax-kmin
n=256
N
kmax-kmin
N
kmin
N
N
kmax
N
n=106
n=208
n=212
128
KFN?B \B D !N LU]^= p,Fy ]OLU4F TWB GsF ] , ,]jCNp,B ]ORLU EV!B R T|LUN J KL 4V!JN T] jB !i 6 GT K L BO!NL!D Dz_ N T G] N BOB N RKN T hLUJ5!J kT 4 K GL][ B GR GF4] G6 T K ,LN TqF^ V! Gd RFN G] LU G DF^6XF 4j J,K N] j L B B 6 GLUDLUKS]R F LUN? GB JuK RF BOWN B D R N F^=#V!N ] JoLRD\ G!D DF jN?B,\ ]
LUKSR_ ,JuKL N K{F t !K =
kmax-kmin
n=126
129
n=63
N
kmax
N
kmin
kmax-kmin
kmin
N
kmax
N
n=105
N
kmax
kmin
N
N
N
n=93
Mont Amery section
kmax-kmin
n=186
n=210
=
}
s ,] N B LUJ4J j B 6 L !D_ G] BON KLUJ54K B G] 6 L GFLUF^F K N L B GD N?B R B R N ]D !F N?B \
KF N?B \B D !N LU]^p,F]OLU4F TWB GF ] ,jCp,B ]ORLU EV!R T|N KL V!N T] !i GT K BONL! DzN T N B RN T h!J kT GL][ GRFc GT K ,N TqF^V!d RN G] G D 6X4j J, ] j B 6 LULUKS]R F LU GJuK F BOWN D N F^=#V! JoLR\ GD D j ,]
LUKSR_,JuKL N K{F t !K =

130
BON
`R G] T|L N T !TYL!DT N N T !T L GF
LU] N LFOLUT A3A 8@ _ G] BON KLUJ[V!JoL =
R !F B R KSR N K RMLUF B |d ET|LUD Ed\QT L!F
j L N !D GV !D B k N !p D N ] GK BON N !D N KL
B ,] 4 s !]e\
>k},y,< ,l LUJuJ B B LUJ =
U<,<8> 6 ] GV!]
F B GDWd\ N T|LUp L MLUJ?\F N F jB R N [F GK BON !F N
B R N F2F B !D8\ =
V!] GVMLU] GD V ,J N F^R GD B R N F GK BON !F
VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R T|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON V!JoL
4 6j ,] B IFOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R B
D GF GTWV EB GFzF GK BON 4H N p = =?>k< L L !Dd 6
L !D B B R G]^F j ] ,T B R B 4T G]e\F GK
BON 4H N p = =?>k< DQL !DzH N p = =?>,> 6= N !KGJ
D GD N LUD!D N?BON B R!] B R G]FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T L
V!] _ N !FF B !D8\ 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6 L BB R
B D WJoL !]^T B WF GK BON 4H N p = =?>k< K
L !D'H N p = =?>,>Gj L !D'p 6= b jMB R GF `FOLUTWV!J GF
4H N p = =?>,>Gj 6 RMLUF2T|LUp BON K4J N L BON B4 6
V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R N B G]^V!] B GD k N !p`D N
] GK BON =
R GF GV K !D N !p !B R ] qp, ]O,L T N z GD F N !
T G] qK%T|T L N
B N BON B j
N N
KG] ,V!R B ,p,]OLUV!R!F G] B LU j ,] LUKSR B R N
F GK BON = j B G]#] GD!]OL N !p LUKSR j GJuD!F^VMLU]#JoL B R
B R [K ,F N 'D N ] GK B ,]{T B R D jPs LU]e_ \ L !D

Z L B 4 >k},y,<< 6 PLUF%M]^F B J?\ !F GD B D B G]9
T N B R QV!] j G]^] GD GJ !pL BON L N F jcB R
V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF GF =8 B R qLUd!F !K jCN Tqd!] N KL BON
L !D j ,]PLqJ k_ GJ K N?B \|p,]OLUD N B
B R N F2L N F N F
LUF^F !T GD B %] GK BqB R k D N ] GK BON =s
_ G]
!J?\ B B R N F GK BON !F V ,F^F GF^F N !p
V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF qV!R KG]e\F B Fq G] |F N?B LUd!J =
V G] j ,]^T GD Fe\F B GT|L BON K L MLUJ?\F N F !F N !p B R
N B G]^K GV B T B R D 4 Z L L L !D 9 !KSR
>k},} 6
&`R N KSR LUJuJ k`Fq]OL !D ,T F^RMLUV GF B d
B ] L B GD 4F l LUJuJ B B LUJ = 4 U<,<8> 6D6= j B G]
N T|LUp #MJ B G] N !p B `F^RMLU]^V B R N ]d !D!F
B R
V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF 2L !D ,VML t 4V!RMLUF GF G] N !D N _ N
DMLUJ N GD N B d!JoLUKSL!D`R N?B 4 9 6

V N K B !] GF j ,] LUKSRT N KG] ,V!R B ,p,]OLUV!R =W R
N B G]^K GV B F j B PLU] 4 Z L L L!D f ,d N
>k},
} <6 \ N GJuD GD B R D N ] GK BON j T|L N T !T
,] N B L BON jCB R qp,]OL N zd !DMLU] N GF
6`R N KSR
K ,]^] GF^V !D!F B B R V!] j G]^] GD GJ !pL BON
L N F jB R :K !F N D G] GD V!RMLUF = R :K ,R G] !K
d B B R B T B R D!FRMLUFd _ G] N
GDz N?B R B R B B R N QF GK BON !F 4H N p = =?>k< D
L !D j 6 `R G] B R \RML_ Xd !F GD = f GF !J B F
LU] hV!J B^B GDLUF[L] ,F hD N LUp,]OLUTY N?B RL%J N
N !D N KL BON !p B R [V!] j G]^] GD GJ !pL B GDL N Fc]
F LU]^KSR GDL !D Ld ,JuDJ N qK ,]^] GF^V !D N !p B
B R [J !phL N F j LT L GJuJ N V!F =6 R [T L
T|L N T !T ,] N B L BON qD GDW N?B R B R `T
B R D js LU]e_ \[L !D Z L B 4 >k},y,<< 6
`R N?B
PLUF !FOLUd!J
N F] GV!] GF B GDWd\qL4DMLUF^R GD[d ,JuD
J N =
R B R N XF GK BON !F&V!] GF B GD N XH N p = =?>k<
D N F^V!JoL\'LXV ,]^J?\[L N F B ] ,V N K2D N F B ] N d BON j

B R qV!] j G]^] GD GJ !pL B GD%L N F j LUKSRV!RMLUF
4F^RMLUV X]OL BON f B R ,]^D G] j>,= < 6=8 R
T|L N T !TD N ] GK BON LU] GF BB B R T L
,] N B L BON N F B R !F N B G]^V!] B GDqLUF N !D N KL BON !p
B R k N !pD N ] GK BON =. R G] j ,]
`L] GJoL BON
_ GJ?\p D LUp,] GT B d B B R ,] N B L
BON j4B R QT N G]OLUJuF[L !D B R T|LUp BON KhJ N
L BON 4LU]^] k`F 6PN F ,d!F G]e_ GD =
H ,] B R FOLUTWV!J ,4H N p = =?>,> 6
B R
K B ]OLUF B j K ,J ,]hd B B R V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF
JoL B R!FPLUF B !p,RV!] !K GD B d
LUd!J B N !D N _ N D MLUJ N B R GT N?B R N T|LUp :MJ B
] N !p =8 R A2 T|L N T !T ,] N B L BON j !D
L j B G]hL MLUJ?\ GN !p B R zMJ B G] GD 9 V N K B !]
F !V!V ,F GD B K ,]^] GF^V !D B B R 'V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF
V!RMLUF B R K ,]^] GF^V !D!F B L LU] B j LUK B j
B R D N p N?B LUJ B ] L B T B j[B R T N KG] ,V!R B
p,]OLUV!R =B KL d WD B N F N !KGJ !D GD d\
Plagioclases
a)
SR : 1.05
131
Opaques
0
SR : 1.12
mode : 15.76%
mode : 2.49%
b)
SR : 1.02
0
SR : 1.05
mode : 19.52%
mode : 30.40%
c)
SR : 1.12
0
SR : 1.01
mode : 37.02%
mode : 17.60%
d)
SR : 1.05
SR : 1.04
mode : 29.60%
mode : 36.68%
!VJoL RMLU F G!F]^=?T >kCL< 6 B L [ !JoRMDLLU_UdV LW6 V FOV!N LUJ ] qTW jLV! G!J] GD F D BOj N]6`LU,Jj T ] ,,T] B N R B RB L BON B D4B 8 G4TF b G6 GTW]eL\zV MFELU GB J?K G\BOFqF N N FF GK= BOj HMN ]V!,JoTLU
#p K N 6{J KGjj B4]JoLU,B FT h z] LB N R!p, DR B ,pVM,L J t ,B dMD GLU F J
MjV ,JN ]BK GB B !] RN ] ! Gp`F ,LVM!j L D Bt RB R q B V!NR ]&RMN K|LU,F F ]^ G] = K GHBOF^NV,]IB!D D4 6 N !LBpI!D ,] ,] j NF 6P B B R j GN DD z6N ]
F G G K K BOBOB N N ]OLU !K FB
Gj8DhBB RRd! .JoLUV!] KS GJo'LUD!p ]OLLN ! KGD|%JoLU`FV! CR JoLUN?d B p IN V !KGN JoKDMLUB LUF !] {] N G GJoLFFP
kB L R!FOj LUFIB T GV ] N KN BT|B R !LUN ] !p Gp F
LNU!] D qN Kp LN _ B W r N B R [4D d N ] GB^K B BO,N T L N?!B D R PB R L [\ 6K = ,]^H ] , G] F^V B R ! WD ] N ,!F p |] D ,NF LU p,]OLUj TWD NF ]
GJK N BON GFX%K D ,N ]^LU] p, G]OF^LUV T != D 9JoB LU KS%B R LU W]^] J k`!p F
L N F jB R XT L GJuJ N V!F {L!DQd ,JuDhJ N GF`LU] B R XT|L N T !T D N ] GK BON jB R XD N F B ] N d BON =
2 cm
132
Plagioclases
SR : 1.15
Opaques
0
e)
SR : 1.18
mode : 7.82%
SR : 3.58
0
mode : 5.00%
mode : 1.27%
f)
SR : 1.06
0
SR : 1.03
mode : 38.59%
mode : 5.10%
SR : 1.65
g)
SR : 2.59
mode : 3.22%
SR : 3.18
0
mode : 2.52%
mode : 1.26%
=
?
,
>
>
RMLUV V!] j G] BON LUJ ,] N B L BON 4 8 b 6 L MLUJ?\F N F j V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF zL !D ,VML t GF
V!JoL RM LUF G!F ]^T 6. jB ] P,F T GK BBORN = HM] ,B T4TJ j B# G]eB \Wc_] N,p,JuRKLB UpN ,K4J ,F dMt LUJ V !N KK B !
] j G6 F L !j6DhB Rp 6 B FOR LUN TWqV!F GJ GK F BON j ] ,T 4 B RB ,]N B B GD D6
B ]OLUK B GDd!JoLUKSL!D`R N?B 'V N K B !] GF L j B G] N T|LUp MJ B G] N !pL!D B R N ]{K ,]^] GF^V !D N !pQ] ,F j
BDK R,N ] N]^ G] K GBOF^F NV GK BO!N D !j.N !F B pE
RB [] R,V!F Q JoLU] p Gj D!N D]OKGLN Jo] LU GFK BON V!dJo'LUp D !N N DMLUKGp,LUJo]O]LULUN F GT |F
=JoL FO9BLUR!JoT LUF'KS 'V B N LURK ]^BN ]!!kp] ` GjF|F ,N]LU!] BD RN K p L N ,B_ IVM L r t N 'B V!R 4RMD QLUN ] Fd G K = B^BOBHN ,,|T ] L !6 DWN?LB !RPDLB \ R p 6 6 =
HLU], ] B B R R E |T|] ,LF |N T D N!LUT p,]OLUD TWN ] GF K
BOJ N N GFE jK ,B ]^R ] X GF^D V N F B !] D N d B BON B R |L J!DQ!pzDMLULF^ R N GF Dz djP,B JuRD |J TN GF2L ] G GV!Ju] J N GV!F F
BId B ,R Ju XDT J N L G F
,] N B L BON p N _ Qd\ B R XT B R D j s LU]e_ \QL !D Z L B 4 >k},y,<< 6=
2 cm

B R V N K B !] B ] L B T B LUF GJuJ|LUFF _ G]OLUJ

p,] !V N !p,F j V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF JoL B R!F B ,p B R G] N?B R
p,J ,dMLUJMF^RMLUV GF B Fe\F B GT|L BON KLUJuJ?\[] GJoL B GD B
B R k GTWV!JoLUK GT B= B RML B KLUF QLUpL N
N B G]^V!] B GD B R 'V!] j G]^] GD GJ !pL B GD D N
] GK BON j`B R hV!RMLUF GFWL MLUJ?\ GD LUF[VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ
B B R XT|LUp BON KcJ N L BON =
b B R K B ]OLU]e\
B R B R N F GK BON j
4H N p = =?>,> 6
j !] N F^R LT|L N T !T GJ !pL
B GDL N F{V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R 'T|LUp BON K[J N
L BON 4LU]^] k`F 6%j ,]d B RV!RMLUF GF = ] GK N
F GJ?\
B R N FEFOLUTWV!J 'PLUF N !D N KL B GD B %V!] GF B
LQT|LUp BON K'J N L BON V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R
N B G]^V!] B GD k N !p D N ] GK BON = l ,Tqd N GD
N?B R B R L MLUJ?\F N F jB R B R N F GK BON
K 4H N p = =?>k<< 6
B R N F ,d!F G]e_UL BON YF B ] !p,J?\
%
F B ] !p B R B R GTWV!JoLUK GT B D N ] GK BON _
GD j ,] B R B D JoL !]^T B F GK
BON 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6=
R B R N ]^DFOLUTWV!J p 4H N p = =?>,> 6%j ] ,T
B R B D JoL !]^T B F GK BON N FIT ,]
V!] ,d!J GT|L BON K = H ,] B R N F B R N F GK BON

N FVMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R N B G]^V!] B GD k N !pD N
] GK BON d BB R GJ !pL B GD L GFzLU] LUpL N
V G]^V !D N K !JoLU] B B R T|LUp BON K J N L BON =
R N F ,d!F G]e_UL BON F^R !JuD] j B B R %V ,F^F N
d N J N?B \ jXB R B R N F GK BON L MLUJ?\F N F B j !]9
N F^RLFe\F B GT|L BON KL !Fe G] j ,]hLp N _
N !p D N ] GK BON ={s k _ G]
B R ] ,F j D N
] GK BON j.B R ,VML t [V!RMLUF 'KGJ LU]^J?\zT N T N K
B R 'F N p MLUJ j.B R '] GD!]OL V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF V!R
KG]e\F B F'V N K B !] 4d B^B ,T 6= L N F B ] ,V\
j D N F B ] N d BON jB R j G]^] ,T|LUp BON KEp,]OL N !F
KG]e\F B LUJuJ N GDLUJ !p B R V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF V!R
KG]e\F B FEd !DMLU] N GF N F B R F B ] !p,J?\%F !F^V GK
B GD 4 s LU]^p,]OL_ GF B LUJ =
>k},}8> .l LUJuJ B B LUJ =
U<,<8> H G]^] g B LUJ =

U<,< 6=
KL LUJuF ,d!F G]e_ B RML BhB R 9 V N K
B !] jcB R zV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF hV!RMLUF N F^F GD j ] ,T

N T|LUp XMJ B G] N !p j !] N F^RL|d N T DMLUJD N F B ] N d
BON = R N FEd N T DMLUJ N?B \] GF !J B F j ] ,T B R 'F
V G] N TWV ,F N?BON N B R cL MLUJ?\ GD|T N KG] ,V!R B
p,]OLUV!R j V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF GF N?B RQV G]^V !D N K !JoLU]^J?\
,] N B GD JoL B R!F j ,] B R QV!R KG]e\F B FL !D N
B R p,] !D!T|LUF^F
B FOLUTWV!J GD N B R ]
D!]OL V N K B !] = ] ,JuJ N !p ": GK B 4 ": G]e\
>k} 6 LU]^J N !pWL !D s ] !DML

>k},},<a 6
!`R N KSR N F
k B N !K WV!] j G] BON LUJuJ?\ B R 'V!R
KG]e\F B F
CKL d 8V GK B GD j ,] L > D N V LUF
D B G]^T N GD j ,] B R B D [JoL !]^T B
F GK BON =6s !K
6 N B G]^V!] B`B R EF GK !DMLU]e\
T|L N T !T K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p B B R p,] !D
T|LUF^FLUFL d B^B G] N !D N KL B ,] jcB R k N !p
D N ] GK BON =M R N FIF GK !DMLU]e\QT|L N T !T D N ] GK
BON N F B R N p D LUp,] GT B N?B R B R
T|LUp BON K{J N L BON jB R XFOLUTWV!J =

"!$# *#
#
+ "!$#
H !]:D N : G] B LUV!V!] LUKSR GF. G] cL B^B GTWV

B GD B ,d B L N B R k N !pD N ] GK BON N B R
D N : G] B F B !D N GD F GK BON !F = H ,] B R kF^KLUJ
L MLUJ?\F N F
B R !Tqd G] j F N?B LUd!J k`F
6J GF^F
B RML WL{RMLUJ j6j ,]LUJuT ,F B LUJuJ B R 2F GK BON !F
, G]
B J k B F K N B J?\F^RMLU]^V B R !K G]9
B L N B \ GFqL !D V N B B LKGJ LU] N !D N KL
BON d B B R B [V ,F^F N d!J 4D N ] GK BON !F j
k N !p =
N?B R B K !F N D G] N !p B R ,] Bl R!] N F B T|LUF
F GK BON L : GK B GD d\EL GFV G]^T B L BON !F
J !T[
V N !pELUJuJ B R `DML B L B ,p B R G].LUJuJ k GD B XF B ]
p,J?\] GD !K B R K 8MD !K GFL !D
cd\
K !F N D G] N !pLUJuJ B R k`F
B T ,] K 88
D B J?\] GV!] GF BB R k N !p D N ] GK BON j
B R {JoL_UL V N J GF =!s k _ G]
!J?\ B R B D GF
133
134
f !KSR GF#F GK BON qD N F^V!JoL\ GDqL4T|L N T !T ,] N

B G]^T GD N L B WL N FEF N p N MKL B J?\D N F BON !K BXj ] ,T
B R [R ,] N B LUJ#V!JoL B N !D N KL B [L MLUT[
d N p !F A3A 8@ k N !p'D N ] GK BON =
R L MLUJ?\F N F j D !F N?B \D N LUp,]OLUTWF|\ N GJuD GD
Fe\TWT B ]e\ j.B R |L GFED N F B ] N d BON LU] !D
Lh_ G] BON KLUJ.V!JoL N B R |F N F GK BON !F
B R G]
j ,] cLUJuJ k N !p k N !p[D N ] GK BON B [d cD B G]9
T N GD = H ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B R N FED N
] GK BON K N !K N D GFc N?B R B R 'D N ] GK BON D B G]9
T N GDWd\WL MLUJ?\F N F jB R 4J !TWV N !p j LUJuJ B R
DML B L =2 R D !F N?B \ D N LUp,]OLUTWF j B R B
D 'JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK BON LUJuF V N B GD B
L N _ G]^F j LUd!] N K j ,] B R N F#_ ,JuKL N KF t !K =
R XV!] GD ,T N ML BIN ]^] _ G]^F N d!J {d GRML_ N ,] ,d
F G]e_ GD N B R r4 K !]e_ GF j{B R N FF GK BON
8V!JoL N B RML B !J?\ kpL_ WLF N?B LUd!J

VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B :L !DEJ LUD GD B N B G]9
V!] BB R N F N _ G]^F {T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K4LUFP] GJoL B GD
B T|LUp BON KT N G]OLUJ ,pU\ 4 f KSR B^B B LUJ =
4 >k},}
>k},},<} 6
8L !Dh] j G] !K GF B R G] N 6=Ms \F9
B G] GF N F J ,V!F G] !F GD B K !F B ]OL N B R
p,]OL N F N j FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R N F_ ,JuKL
N K[F t !K = R \ G] |K ,TWV!] N F GD N B R
V!F !D F N !p,J ID ,T|L N 84 6 ]OL !p N hLE]
T|L !K I_ G]^F !F2K G]^K N _ N?B \']OL BON ,F.V!J B 4 L\
B LUJ =
>k} , 6=Ws k _ G]
B R N F d GRML
_ N ,][V!] ,dMLUd!J?\] GF !J B F j ] ,TLK ,Tqd N ML BON
j T !J BON D ,T|L N L !DF N !p,J 'D ,T|L N p,]OL N !F
B R QJoL B^B G][V!] D !K N !p B R ,d!F G]e_ GD N _ G]^F
T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K =
R B R N F GK BON !F F B !D8\
j !] N F^R GD L
F^RMLUV 2V!] j G] BON LUJ ,] N B L BON 4 8 b 6 j6B R
,VML t QL !DV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF |V!RMLUF GFWVMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B
B R WT|LUp BON K[J N L BON j ,]ELUJuJ B R WFOLUTWV!J GF
j ] ,T B R B D GF GTWV EB GFL !D B
4T G]e\ JoL_ULzV N J GF = R B R!] B R N F GK BON !F
j ] ,T B R B D zJoL !]^T B z_ ,JuKL N K
F t !K N !K ,]^V ,]OL B GD N B R N FPLMLUJ?\F N F.KSR

KS GD B RML B:B R 8 b N F.LUJ?PL\F.VMLU]OLUJuJ GJ B B R
k N !pED N ] GK BON
LUF N?B PLUF N B G]^V!] B GD N WL
V!] _ N !F`F B !D8\ 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6=
R LUJuJ B R 'DML B LLU] N F^F GD j ] ,T B R
FOLUT VMLU] B jB R k 4d B^B ,TVMLU] BcN !]
KLUF 6
k N !p B R qD N V jB R F GK BON
N?B4N F
B R ,] BON KLUJuJ?\ V ,F^F N d!J B D GD !K N?B FWD N ] GK
BON j k N !pd\ N Tqd!] N KL BON 4 l L L
V N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6=k R
B R D GVMLU] B !] D N ] GK
BON j!B R F B ] !p,J?\XD N V!V N !pIT L L N F j ] ,T
B R {_ G] BON KLUJ
8] GJoL B GD B N Tqd!] N KL BON
KL Qd
!F GD LUJ B G] ML BON _ GJ?\ B F GJ GK BcB R PL\ j
N !pd B B R B zV ,F^F N d!J N B G]^V!] B L
BON !F j ,] LUKSRF GK BON = R k N !pQF^R !JuD
RML_ Ed B kPLU]^D!F B R A3A j ,] B R B
D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GFEL !D ,] B
f L\T !Dh_ ,JuKL N KcF t !K GF
j ,] B R
B D WJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] qJoL_ULhV N J 'L !D 8@
j ,] B R B 4T G]e\L !D ,] Bl R!] N F B T|LUF
F GK BON !F =8s k _ G]
8K ,TWV B GD k N !p 8V
] N !K 4 ]OLUp N B LUJ =
>k},} 6 N?B Rz] B L BON !p
] N p N D GJuJ N V!F N DMLUJ8T|LUp BON?B N |L{_ N F^K !F.T|L
B G] N LUJF !di GK B GD B L|_ GJ K N?B \Qp,]OLUD N B D N F9
V!JoL\F ,]^T|LUJ ,].] _ G]^F N Tqd!] N KL BON [D GV
D N !p B R IF B ]OL N '_ULUJ j ,].LEp N _ GJ !pL
BON ]OL BON = R G] j ,]
B R WT|LUp BON K N Tqd!] N
KL BON KL B d !F GDK 8MD B J?\ B zR GJuV
N B R N B G]^V!] B L BON = ELU] B R !FI] GD !K GD
B !F Ip ,J ,p N KLUJ!L !D|p ,T ,]^V!R ,J ,p N KLUJ ,d
F G]e_UL BON !F B KSR ,F [d B B R B hV ,F9
F N d!J hPL\F j k N !p j ,] LUKSR N B G]^V!] B GD
D N ] GK BON =
H ,] B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF
GTWV EB GFL !D ,] Bl R!] N F B T|LUF F GK BON !F
F _ G]OLUJ ,d!F G]e_UL BON !F LU]^p j ,] L N !D

V !D B _ ,JuKL N KV!] k_ N !K N?B R L G] !V
BON _ K B G]zJ KL B GD GF B G]^J?\ ,] ,] B R GF9

B G]^J?\ B B R Z ,]OL!KSR B` N !F !JoL4 A !p N G]
>k} < L 6 q GF B G] T B L N L N F

'LUd!] !V B
GF B G] K LUF B L : GK B GDd\ N B !F ] Gp,] GF9
F N _ QT|LU] N G] ,F N
F^RMLUJuJ k GF B G] F !d
T|LU] N %V!JoL B L _ N D !K GDd\ B R N F ,dML B R
U<,< T L !DzF !]^] !D N !p B R @A MLUp !F GF N F9
JoL !D!F
&p,J ,dMLUJCF^RMLUJuJ k D N V B kPLU]^D B R @ LUF B
,] B R LUF B L !D[L4T|L N ET ,]^V!R ,J ,pU\ j
D N !p k L B`B R LUF B G] zK LUF B= H#J k N !p'D N
] GK BON N 3F A3A 8@N !]IF GK BON !F
B R !F
N B R LUd!F !K j p ,J ,p N KLUJ _ N D !K j ,]

L_ ,JuKL N KK B G] 8@ jB R GF B _ ,J
KL N KhF t !K GF
B R N ] k N !pD N ] GK BON N F
N B G]^V!] B GD j ] ,T A3A B 8@
K B ]OL
] N J?\ B @ A @ LUF.V!] ,V ,F GDhd\ A !p N G]
4 >k} < L 6= R N F k N !p N B G]^V!] B L BON N FPLUJuF
N ,V!V ,F N?B {D N ] GK BON jB RML B D GD !K GD j ] ,T
N Tqd!] N KL BON 4 l L LUV N L B LUJ =
>k},} 6j ,]
B R B D GF f !KSR GFqL !D B D GF GT[
V EB GF{F GK BON !FXL !DK 8M]^T B RML B{B R N FcKG] N?B
] N N F B LUJ?PL\F] GJ N LUd!J j ,]CD GD !K N !pcPL\
j k N !p =C R G] !V BON _ hK B G]'F^R !JuDd
B R 8V GK B GD !D G] B R |F L%J _ GJL !DJ
KL B GDqKGJ ,F B B R A MLUp !F GF N F^JoL !D!F
A3A
jB R Z ,]OL !KSR B4 N !F !JoL =
R 'T|L N G] !V BON _ 'K B G] j.B R 'LU]^KSR N
V GJoLUp N FCJ KL B GD !D G] B R l , p,JoLUK N G] =B
MLUTqd N p !F^J?\[V!] D !K GF B R 4JoL_ULUF j ,]^T N !p
B R B D `JoL !]^T B IF GK BON |L !D|LUJuF
V!] ,dMLUd!J?\ B R B D |JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] [JoL_UL
V N J =6 R k N !pD N ] GK BON jCB R B D
JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] F GK BON N F B R B *A3A @
N B G]^V!] B GD
,LUpL N N B R ,V!V ,F N?B .PL\ B RML
V!] ,V ,F GD N?B R N Tqd!] N KL BON =
H ,] B R B 4T G]e\F GK BON
L B R G]
N !D GV !D B G] !V BON _ K B G] N FD GD N
B R 2 GF B G] T B L N !FCVMLU] B jB R l !]9
d B N !F !JoL N?B RKGJ LU] p ,T ,]^V!R ,J ,p N

135
KLUJILU]^p!T B F84 B R N KS GF^F j4B R QJoL_ULV N J
K B ]OLUF B N?B R B R LUF B G] 6L B VMLU] B

=?=?= 6=
@ _ B R !p,R N?B N F B _ G]e\V!] !K GD
#L
D N _ G]^p !K jB R 4D N V j ] ,T LEK B G]J KL B GD
L B B LUp GF G] B GF N F'D GF^KG] N d GD = A !T
] !FqD8\ GFWLUJuF LU] ,d!F G]e_ GD N B R N FqLU] L =
GJuJXD GD k N !p D N ] GK BON ,] N B GD
B kPLU]^D B R B LUp GF G] B GFqF B ] !p B R !F
B R N B G]^V!] B L BON j k N !p j ] ,%T A3A @B
R XF ! V!VN?B ,RF GL%D F G G] K !BOV N _ EJ K K L B G GD] _ G]e\ KGJ ,F B
B
BON B =
R ,] B f L\T !DF GK BON N FJ KL B GD
L BB R J N T N?B d B B R l !]^d B V N
F !JoLL !D l , p,JoLUK N G]q_ ,JuKL N KV!] k_ N !K GF =
R k N !pD N ] GK BON D B G]^T N GD j ,] B R N F
F GK BON j L_ ,]^F B 'K !F N D G] B R l ,p,JoLUK N G]
LUFd N !p B R G] !V BON _ %K B G]hL !D B R B
N B G]^V!] B L k N !p j ] ,T A3A B 8@j ,]
B R N F`F GK BON =
H N p !] =?> D N F^V!JoL\F B R 2F !V!V ,F GD G] !V
BON _ K B G]L !D _ ,JuKL N K V!] k_ N !K J N T N?B F
L !DQF !TWT|LU] N GF B R k N !p N B G]^V!] B L BON
j LUKSRF GK BON N !KGJ !D N !p B R h] GF !J B F j ] ,T
B R B D 'JoL !]^T B 54 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6 L !D B R ,] B L zD w 4]^K 4 s !]e\

B LUJ =
U<,<,<a 6 F GK BON !F = 4J B R !p,R B R zJoL_ULUF
D N D Bj ,JuJ k L{F B ]OL N p,R B J N PD !] N !p GTWV!JoL
K GT B
B R k N !p%D N ] GK BON !F N B G]^V!] B GD
L B LUKSRF GK BON LUJuJ k] N !p B R 'J KL BON
jB R qK ,]^] GF^V !D N !p G] !V BON _ qK B G] = R N F
N FQVMLU] BON K !JoLU]^J?\ B ] j ,] B R ,] B R G] F GK
BON !F
`R N KSR T|L\ N !D N KL B :L`T ,] ,] B R GF9
B G] G] !V BON _ K B G] B RML 8V GK B GD'd@\ A
p N G3] 4 >k} < L 6=, R IK ,Tqd N ML BON jB R B
D QJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
B D QJoL !]^T B
L !D ,] B f L\T !D F GK BON !F ] GF !J B F j L_ ,]^F
L G] !V BON _ XK B G] !D G] B R l ,p,JoLUK N G] =
R B 4T G]e\cF GK BON EF B ] !p,J?\ N !D N KL B GF
136
6930' E
Ice
Quaternary deposits
Supposed eruption
center
Supposed limits of the
volcanic units
4930' S
20 km
?
=
>
!TWT|LU]e\ j{B R N B G]^V!] B GD k N !p D N ] GK BON !F j LUJuJ B R F GK BON !FhF B !D N GD
FD w 4]j ^LUK ]
4 N s !KG J!!]eD \ N ! p B B LURJ =
U<,<, ak}!< D L N !6 pL!F D !V!Z V ,\F ] GN?DB GB ] !LUVJ = BON4 _>k %},},K << 6 = B G]J KL BON 4 N d!JoLUKS 6 LU] %LUJuF D N F^V!JoL\ GD

LQF !]^K |J KL B GDL BEB R B LUp GF G] B GF

L!DW MLUJuJ?\
B R k N !p _, GD j ,] B R ,] B
K L G] D w 4]R ^KF LU GdK \BON F^JoL D! Dh D G] F GK L G] !,V] BON R_
B N B v N BON j B
F N B Rh_ ,JuKL N K N?B=

!$#
"!$#
137
B R XT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K = 2D!D N?BON MLUJuJ?\

p ,T ,]9
V!R ,J ,p N KLUJ2L !D p ,J ,p N KLUJ2LU]^p !T B F' G]
!F GDL BIB R E_ G]e\ !D jCB R N FIF B !D8\ B N j G]
B R ED N ] GK BON j k N !p A3A B 8@ j ,]
B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
B 4T G]e\
,] B l R!] N F B T|LUFL !D ,] B
f L\T !D F GK BON !FQL !D B A3A @ j ,]
B R B D {JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] 4JoL_ULqV N J =8@ _
B R !p,R B R hJoL_ULUF[T|L\ B k GD F B ]OL N p,R B
j ] ,T B R N ] G] !V BON _ {K B G]2D !] N !p GTWV!JoLUK
T B
B R \qLUJuJ k GD B 4T ,] .V!] GK N F GJ?\EJ KL B
B R N ]2F !]^K =
zLUp BON K j LUd!] N K`KL|d 4L !F j !J B ,J j ,]

F B !D8\ N ! p G TWV!JoLUK GT B K !D N?BON !F j JoL_UL
k`F = 9 G KL! F k N !p N F B K !F B ]OL N GD
d\ B PLUJuJuF
N?B F N B G]^V!] B L BON N F B LUF
F N TWV!J h LUF j , ]'D8\G F =.B|N TWV!J N GF B R !F j #! " $),#
D N : G ] B F B L BON F BON KLUJPLUV!V!] LUKSRG F'L! D B RG ]
j , ] RMLUF B h d dMLUF G D L|JoLU]^p ! Tqd G ] j c LU] Ip,]OL B j !J B B R !F BON?B BP ,JoL N ]
FOLUTWV!J G F = b4 N ! p B q J KLUJ k N ! p[D _ N L BON ! F L!J @ T N J cN K B ,] j ,].V!] k_ N D N !pqLUJuJ B ]OL!F9
] G JoL BON _ B B Rh T L F^J , V
B RG F Q FOLUTWV!J G F V ,] B'j LUK N J N?BON G FqL!D j ,] B R F !V!V ,] B jIB R N F
RML_ B d B LU N F _G ]OLUJ:D N : G ] B k `F V!] i GK B= V GK N LUJ B RML!F B 4JoL N Z LUT|LUJuJ
B c L_G ]OLUp B R " : G K B F j!B RG F P D N F B ! ]^dML! K G F = f ,JoL!D LUp\L!DLUJuJ !]. GJuD j ] N !D!F =
G ]^p N ! p jPB RW FOLUTWV!J G F j ] , T LUKSRF G K BON B RML! N ] N JuJ G ]^] N j ,]WR G]|R GJuV D!] N !p
RG JuV!F B D B G ]^T N B R k N ! p D N ] G K BON FOLUTWV!J N !p
N KSR GJ ] g _ Bqj ,] F^K N BON MK|D N F9
_ j , ]qLzJ N T N?B G D ! Tqd G ] j FOLUTWV!J G F V G ] K !F^F N !F
ML!D l RMLU]^J GF ! d !]^p j ,]P] LUD N !p
k LUF ! F M LUJuJ?\ KSR, F j , ]#VMLUJ , T|LUp BON K , ] B R cM]^F B _ G]^F N j&B R N FPT|L !F^KG] N V B L!D j ,]
VMLUJ N B ! F N?B \ V! ]^V , F G F =2 R D ! F N?B \D N L R GJuV j !JqK ,TWT B F = LUJuF B RML! l R!] N F9
p,]OLUTWF
d G KL! F jj ] t B L G F V G ]^T B L B ,V!R 8A _ULUD j ,]WV!] GVMLU] N !p B R B R N F GK
BON ! F 6
LU] ! F j ! J B , d!F G ]e_ B R j B z K , T[ BON !F = R N F ,]^cPLUF&VMLU] BON LUJuJ?\`F !V!V , ] B GDEd\
V!J N KL B G D LUK B M LUJhD N F B ] N d BON jQB R L G F = l A f A V!] ,p,]OLUTWT N B g ] N !] G ]^] =
R N Tqd!] N KL BON
! DG ]^J N G D N VMLU] BON K ! JoLU]
d\ LD N : G ] ! K Q d B B RQ F B ] ! p,J?\D N V
V N ! pQL N FEL! D B R' _G ] BON KLUJ
PLUFEFe\F B G T|L BON
KLUJuJ?\ , d!F G ]e_G D j , ]QLUJuJ B R F G K BON ! F =`B ]
V!] G F B F
N?B R B R4 Fe\TWT B ]e\|LU] ! DhLX_G ]9
BON KLUJ'V!JoL jhB R L G FD N F B ] N d BON {
\
N j , ]^T|L BON B N B G ]^V!] BWB Rz T|LUp BON K j L
d!] N KDML B L N JoL_UL k `F =: R B R N F G K BON ! F
F B ! D8\ LUJuJ k `F L N ! DG V ! D B PL\ B N j G ]
k N ! p%D N ] G K BON &
d BqB R \LU] | F , T BON T G F
L : G K B G Dd\ B R FOLUT N ! D B G ]^T N M L BON LUF

,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp BON K F !F^K GV BON
d N J N?B \`
V B ] j LUd!] N KL!D F B ]OL N L ] _ N =
G K B , V!R\F =>
> U<8=
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
U<,<8>,= z
LUp BON K j LUd!] N KGFPL!D
V B ] j LUd!] N KGF B R N ] , ] N B L BON D N F B ] N d
BON ! F|L! DL N F B ] , V N G F = 8= B ] ! K B=v , J =
Ua
> Uy8> > U}
8=
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
s ! ]e\
9 =
>k},} = G K B
N KLUV!V!J N KL BON ! F j T|LUp BON K'F ! F^K G V BON d N
J N?B \cL! D N?B FL N F B ] , V\ =k@ LU] B R K N ! K f
_ N `F
} 8},a8=
9 ! KSR
8=
U<,<,<8= z
LUp BON K[F ! F^K G V BON d N J N?B \
L N F B ] , V\L! D j LUd!] N KGF N p,]OL N?B G F =&l4= f =
2KLUD = K Nx=6 LU] N F a,a,<
> > =
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJuG ]
v[=
s G ]^] G ]
9 G ]e_G ]OL
@2=
>k},} = z
LUp BON K j LUd!] N KQL! D
k D N ] G K BON N dMLUFOLUJ BON K[VMLUR G R [ JoL_UL
j N?B J _, JuKL
N K = 8=E , JuKL, J =
v B RG ]^T = f G F =
} ,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJuG ]
v[=
s G ]^] G ]
9 G ]e_G ]OL
@2=
>k},}
8= R N B G ] M LUJ8F B ] ! K B ! ]
j JoL_UL k `F %N ! F N p,R B F j ] , T T L
F ! ] G T B F HA LU]9_ B L8w L = 8= , JuKL, J =
v B RG ]^T = f G F = <
> 8a
8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJuG ]
v[=
s G ]^] G ]
9 G ]e_G ]OL
@2=
>k},} = R N B G ] M LUJ8F B ] ! K B ! ]
j JoL_UL k `F %N ! F N p,R B F j ] , T T L
F ! ] G T B F ^ s LPL NuN L VMLUR G R
B
B R!VMLUF B 2 JoL_UL{L! Dhw L8w = 8= j6 , JuKL, J = L! D
v B RG ] = f G F = 4 > 6
>k} 8=
9
l LUJuJ B
8=
v :] k\
Z=
!d !]^p
l4=
GN
8=
!F G p
F^RM LU= Ju
J kU< ,<8>,D8= \z GFLUp,T|] ,L T k R D N ] LU GFK
BON j
j B B
p,] !JoL !D_ ,JuKL N K{T|LU]^p N N j G]^] GD j ] ,T
T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N KF B !D N GF = GK B ,V!R\F =
a,a
a8>ka 8a U}8=
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
L
Z=
>k},},<8= R 4d B F9
8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =} 4 <y 6
a,y,a
a,} =
L\ G
] f GF =
kFQH V!!]JuJ, GV ] G
] = G
F KS R!T N D L B
q,T|=
LU>kp } , =Gs G\F F9
B N
BON j BON?B
BON?B
v ]OL N F N {L !DK ,TWV ,F N?BON |D GV !D !K =
R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>ka
,< =
F ! K
2B
r
P=
HM] \ N
2F
H
=
K ] L
B GF

8=
A N K ,JoLR \
=
= v{N B = U<,< =.
Z ,]OL !KSR BQ N !F !JoL = 8=2 B ] ,J = a 4 6
>ka > >k

a
8=
]OLUp N
zLUp =
Z K|L L L
F f ] ,=
V\ LUV!Ju] JoLUD] N!K K G
Dd\=
>k},} = BON N B
T|LUp,T|L k B R ,] N?BON KLUJ#T D GJ:L !D
V G] N T B LUJ8DML B L j ] ,TH G]^] G]D ,J G] N?B F N JuJuF
4 B LU]^K BON KL 6=v ,V!R\F = 8=6 B=&> Uy
Ua,<
<8=
H G]^] g
@2=Ul4=
9 ,]^DMLU] N G]
l4=
zLU]^F^R
8=
U<,< =
zLUp,T|L k N j G]^] GD j ] ,T j LUd!] N KGF
N LJoL\ G] GDT|LMK F N JuJ
!F N PL
B R
j ] N KL =8 GK B ,V!R\F =a
> Ua8=
HM] \
H =
N F
=
L !p
sE= 8=
<A N K ,JoL\F
r =
Z \] N?B
sE=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8=& GTWV
V!J !T =Ml R GT =v ,J = >
8> 8y,<8=

>ka,y
v :] k\
Z=
l LUJuJ B
8=
!d !]^p
l4=

] N ]OL
=
U<,< = zLUp BON K:L!DEV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF
J N LU] j LUd!] N K.D N F^KG] GVML !K\ N D8\ GF UL
PL\ B hD B R k_ GK B ,] !F N !pT|L
p BON K j ,J N L BON = G]^]O*L A k_UL >
>ky,a >k},<8=
v{N ] B
=
>k},
y 8=#v g ,J ,p N [D GF G]^] GF !F9
B ]OLUJ GF.HM]OL L N F GF = 9 !JuJ =l ,T = A4L BON = HM] =
f GKSR = B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F Uy
> >,=
v{N ] B
=
>k},},<8=C \V ,J ,pU\
_ ,J BON
L !D
!D N L K L UL4] _ N =,v ,J = 8=

Ua,}
=
v J
8=
f
=
N J G]
=
l
f =
>k},} = zLUp,T|L k N j G]^] GD j ] ,T L N F

B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON KF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ N B R
K LUF B LUJ LU]OL Mn @CB !D GL N p !FV!]
_ N !K @ _ N D !K j ,]X] N?j BON !phd j ,] D
_ ,JuKL N F^T =Mv ,J ,pU\ 4 > 6
>,>ka8> >,>ka =
v ] g p N ]
q=
:D L N B 9JoL t ML B
=
A g
D g J GK
=
9 !KSR
8=
>k},} = RMLUV 'L N
F B ] ,V\ _ G]^F !FT|LUp BON K N B G]OLUK BON !F j
T|LUp BON?B Wp,]OL N !F 8V G] N T B FqL !D LUV
V!J N KL BON B |N p,]OL N?BON KI] KSF =Mv
V!R\F = f GF =Z B^B= 4 U<<6
,y8=
s LU]^p,]OL_ GF
f =
,R !F
=
l RML
l4=
>k},}8>,= 4N F B ] N d BON L N F B ] ,V\ R

KL !F j N N p !F%] KSF v
V!R\F = f GF =Z B^B= >ky
>k},a >k
} 8=
s LU]e_ \
=
Z L B
=
>k},y,<8= R GF BON T|L
BON j N?B EF B ]OL N j ] ,T B R ,] N B L BON
D N F B ] N d BON j VMLUF^F N _ GJ?\|D j ,]^T GDhJ N LU]
T|LU]^ G]^F N p _ULUJ ] GJoL BON !F^R N V!F = GK
B ,V!R\F = <
Uy 8a,< =
s !]e\
9 =
>k},y,<8=|l B ] N d BON nJxw g B !D
D GFV!] ,V!] N g B g F T|LUp g BONut GF D ] KSR GF
T|LUp,T|L BONut GFED GF 4JuV GF l !F t !K GF
F B ] !K B !]OLUJ GF
] g p N MLUJ GF B p g g ]OLUJ GF =
R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F
Uy V!V =
139
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} = 9 B F B ]OLUV L !D T|LUp BON K
j LUd!] N K =M @ v } T BON !p = B ]OLUF^d !]^p
HM]OL !K =
s !]e\
39 =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
U<,<,a8=
zLUp BON K j LUd!] N K j bcJ N p K JoL_ULUF N B R
JoL !L D!F D w 4]^K,V JuK L N !,JF !L JoL!D 4r G ]^ p R G GJ] G F9F
6= 8= j
= v B =f =
F !d!T N?B^B GD =
s !]e\
9 =
J GF^FOLU]^D
l4=
>k},} = A VMLUJoL
JoL !D!F =6v ,V!R\F = 8=M B=> Uy 4 > 6
a 8y,a8=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJ
G]
v[=
L MLUL
sE=
U<,< = zLUp BON K j L
d!] N KGFqF B !D8\ L !D N j G]^] GD k D N ] GK BON !F
j JoL_ULUF j!B R 2bcJuD LUJ N f LUD
Ubqw LUR
s L
PL NuNx= 8= j# ,JuKL ,J = L !D v B R G] = f GF =
N V!] GF^F =
s B
v[=
>k
,]^D G] B !F ,]^F
! N?B RQ] GJoL B GD B GF B FIL !DQD
F N p !F = 9 N ,T B ] N L U<
a Ua 8a a8=
s ] !DML
H =
>k},y = zLUp BON KhL N F B ] ,V\ j
] KSFcL !D N?B FILUV!V!J N KL BON N Qp ,J ,pU\L !D
p ,V!R\F N KGF =v ,V!R\F = !]e_ =
a 8y =
":DM GLU]eJM\ VM
LUv[] =
KGJ >k G}F TW=T GR ]^F GD T WBONLc_ F^ K j ! GJuF J N V! F D N
BON N
N N N=
] K = f = K =6Z !D >k<
> 8> > }8=
GJ N GT|
LUp q =
K>k} F !y8F^=K G V B L d BON FJ BON \ KLUTJ V!LU] F !K ] G GF^D F N !p
j BON BON N N?B
N
p,] !V!F j F^V GK N T !F = B !D =v ,V!R\F =
v D =
U< =
GJT|N LU Gp
qK=
>kLU},d!y8] >,K=l RMLU] ]OLUKSK B F G] N L GBOK N , V!jIRB \R F
BON j N j =I B =
}
,a =
r N p,R B
=
LUJu G]
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp,T|L k
D N ] GK BON !F N k`F jIB R Qr ,JoL l ,T[
V!J
b{LUR
%D B G]^T N GD j ] ,TT|LUp
O

140
OB N K j LUd!] N KF B !D N GF = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =},a
a,<,y a8>k}8=
r ,J UMk_UL
b =
>k} 8=v ,J ,p N KLUJ N B G]^V!] B L
BON j T LUF !] GT B j T|LUp BON K.V!] ,V G]9
BON GF j dMLUFOLUJ B F !LUTWV!J j8B R KSR!] N d!F^\
J GFJoL_UL k jEB R GJ ie\ f !D \_ ,J
KL 4 A N \ GF N B F = 6 4 N l GKSR = 6=
l LUF = N G]OLUJ =6v ,J = >
a,y 8a,
} 8=
Z L L
=
9 !KSR
8=
>k},} = D B
,] N B L BON V!] g j g ] BON GJuJ D j ,]^T D GF
p,]OL N?B GF VMLU] L MLUJ?\F D w N T|LUp GF !T g
] Nut GF = 9 !JuJ = K = p g ,J = HM]OL !K > ,a 4 <6
> a =
Z L L
=
f ,d N
=
>k},
} 8= H6LUd!] N KWL ML
J?\F N F !F N !p B R N B G]^K GV B T B R D =6 GK B
,V!R\F =
}8> >,>k}8=
Z \] N?B
sE=
9PLU]^D N B ":
8=
G]^D N G]
Mb =
v{N
] B
=
9] !F^F
f =
>k},},<8=Z GF V!] GF9
t w oJ GF L 'D w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R
B GF B V !] PKLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N .p g ,J ,p Nut L
> >k<,< <,<,< D GF oJ GF r G]^p GJ =ql ,TWV B=
f !D = 2KLUD = K Nx=U LU] N F a8>,> 4 ^> 6
8>
8=
ZN G] B
9 =
>k},}8>,= B l LU]^J hF N T !JoL BON
j G]^] ,]^F N B R L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp
BON KF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ ,LcF GK !D ]OL ! Fe\TWT
B ] N K B !F ,] = 8=!v ,V!R\F = f GF =!
}
>k}
Ua,}
>k}
=
G]^J
b =
>k},},y8=, B G] MLUJ6F B ]OL N ' N?B R N [JoL_UL
k`F j ] ,TL MLUJ ,p T D GJuJ N !p = 8= j6 ,J
KL ,J = L !D v B R G] = f GF =6y8>
>ky,} U<
8=
,]^] N F
=
U<,<,<8= zLUp BON K j LUd!] N K L !D
VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K L MLUJ?\F GF jB R J N
ML B G] MLU]e\ KLUJuK9LUJuLUJ N F G] N GF j
p N ML F^JoL !D
B R Gp L _ ,JuKL N K'LU]^K
v ] GK =q@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=EZ B^B F =|>
}8> >k< =

A N K ,JoL\F
r =
8HM] \
H =
s D!p GF
8r =
N F
IL
GN
,= J
,v{pU\ N ] B
=
DWU<dM,LU<,FO<8LU= J F 4]] ,T 4]R cpr G]^KSpR!]
j
B j B
J 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp
GF B R G] !D N L bcK L
N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] l N K G] !V BON z]OL B GF
j{B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T =@ LU] B R JoL B=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
A !p N G]
8 =
>k} <8=2l B ] N d BON L Jxw g B !D
p g ,J ,p p g ,T ,]^V!R,J ,p ED GF J GF
L
uN t B
Nut N
r G]^p GJ = 9 !JuJ =l ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR =
B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F
,}
V!V =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
l
f =
G]^] N
=
U<,<,a8= 4d!F ,J B VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ j bcJ N

p K 4 a,< zL 6 JoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B R
r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4F B R G] !D N L
bcK L 6=v ,V!R\F = 8=! B=
!F !d!T N?B^B GD =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
9 =
A N K ,JoL\
F
.r =
U<,< = LUJoL ,T|LUp BON K|F B !D8\ j
bcJ N p K 14 a,< zL 6 JoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B R
r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4F B R G] !D N L
bcK L 6 UD N ] GK BON MLUJL MLUJ?\F N FCL !D[T|LUp
B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ = R\F =&@ LU] B R JoL B= B=
>ka,a
> > 8=
f KSR B^B
=
>k},y,y8= _ G]^F 4T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K
N KLU]^d ML B zd LU] N !p ] KSF =P@ LU] B R JoL
B= K Nx=MZ B^B=6},<
U} Ua =
f KSR B^B
=
!d !]^p
l4=
G]^] N
=
>k},},}8=! F B R N F`T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K ,]^T|LUJ

] _ N L !DKLUF F B !D N GF N _ ,JuKL N K j ,]9
T|L BON !F =8 GK B ,V!R\F =a,<
>k} Ua =
f KSR B^B
=
LUKSF
=
!d !]^p
l4=
>k},} = f KSWT|LUp BON F^T L !D B R N B G]^V!]

B L BON j L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K{F !F^K GV
BON d N J N?B \ = f _ =v ,V!R\F =6a,< 4 <a 6
U<,} 8=
LU]^J N !p
=
s ] !DML
XH =
>k},},a8={ R zL
p BON K N F B ] ,V\ j f KSF =l RMLUV
T|L s LUJuJ
Z !D
> V!V =
141
L
Z=
v
8=
B L !D N p GJ
sE=
>k},},y8= F
8r =
v{N ] B
=
H#J kD N ] GK BON !F N ED N GF j ] ,T DML B L V N K'_ULU] N L BON !F N B R r G]^p GJ V!J !T
R d B F B ]OLUV PL\ = 8=|v ,V!R\F = f GF = _ N D !K j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V
JoLUp = N G] = zLUp =
> a > =
>k<,a
>
, >
},<8=
R ,TWV!F
8=
v N JuJoL !T
=
LUJ?\
Z=
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ V!J
>k},
y 8= LUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T jB R G]^T N L B N KK ,TWV!J GF ]
!D
'V!d N F B ,V N K
_ ,JuKL N K.] KSF j N F^F \ 4H#] !KSR !]OL 6
N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R zVMLUJ U GJuDL !D B GK FLUB p! qD8L\q!LD%!Dp N D8j G\ ] M LU!T K GN FKELUF d B^BO N B!pB R= N ] GF T != ]^ K GKF
=
B N K _ ,J BON =v ,V!R\F = 8= f k\ = 4F B ] = v g ,J = HM] = >

U}8=
K =6
y
>k<,a >,> =
B !]OL
v[=
U<,<8>,=k R .F B ]OL N EVML B RqL !D GT[ L!p
sE= 8=
&HM] \
H =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
V!JoLUK GT B T GKSRML N F^T j JoL_UL k`F L \J

=
N KSR
v[=
>k},},y8= B ] ,p GF N F
!LUTWV!J j ] ,T LUJ N ML 4F B R G] \]^]^R 6j B R D[dMLUFOLUJ B F j ,]^T N !p B R ,] B R G]
N L L
B LUJ?\ 6=@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=Z B^B F = r G ]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]
>ky,y
U} <8=
B Rh r G]^p GJ V!J !T =8=C B ] ,J =Ca,} 4 6
N F
=
LUT|LUF^K
=
HM] \
H =
A N K ,JoL\ >,> y8=
142

>a

erale
Conclusion gen
145
l GF B ] N F.L g GF.D w g B !D ITQw B V G]^T N FD I] g V !D!] `D j L WFOL BON F j L N FOL B `L ,di GK BON?j F
8 g F |D g d B D B R 2 F =8@ |K t N K !K G] 4Jxw g B !D ID GF !K B ML BON !F:D|KSRMLUTWV|T|LUp g BONut
B G]^] GF B ]
JoL2D g FOL N T|L B L BON {T N BON !F 34 GF^F BON GJuJ GT B VMLU] B ]OL N?B GT BB R G]^T Nut 6 D .KSRML
K D GF g KSRML BON JuJ !F N F^F !FED GF F GK BON !F ,J N p K 2 GFXD GF B F D GF f !KSR GF
D GF GTWV EB GF
D IJoL !]^T B
4T G]e\ B D 4JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] !FPLXV G]^T N F:D 4D g N ].K _ MLUd!J GT B J GF
D N ] GK BON !F:D w L N T|L B L BON qV!] N T|L N ] GFD IKSRMLUK cD GF.K !J g GF.V!] g J _ g GF =Ml w GF B K t w L B^B GF B B
JoLED N F^V G]^F N N B ]OL K !J g 4] GJoL BON _ GT Bj L N d!J B JoLE] g V !F {V ,F N?BON _ cL B GF B D w N _ G]^F N
V ,F g F2DML !FPJ cV!] GT N G]KSRMLUV N?B ] =6l {] g F !J B L B V ,F N?BON?j D B GF B D w N _ G]^F N N !D Nut cVMLU]2L N JuJ !]^F
t cV !]Jxw N B G]e_ULUJuJ 2D B GTWV!FD cT N F hV!JoLUK 4D GFPF GK BON !F
,FPD g GF2T k\ B d N
JoL'_ULU] N L BON F g K !JoL N ] =Z w GF BON T|L BON t !F L_ !F j L N?B GF B LUKGK ,]^DL_ GK[J ET D 2 J
v D Q_ULU] N L BON F g K !JoL N ] B ] = B zL V!] ,V ,F g VMLU] QKH6LUD!D B LUJ = 4 >k},}8> 6
J
t GJK !F N D 2 ] KSRMLUTWV VMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut WD Fe\T g B ] N L N LUJ B g t ML B ,] N LUJ =Z w LU]^KSR N V GJ
D GFcr G]^p GJ g B L B J KLUJ N F g DML !F4Jxw R g T N F^V!R 2 ] !D
K B^B qK !K ,]^DML !K [L_ GKqJ ET D 2 J v
K 8M]^T {Jxw R\V B R 2 F XD XFe\T g B ] N g t ML B ,] N LUJ {LUF^F !T g EVMLU]2K GJ N K Nx=!l GV !DML B
6K XD G] N G]
T D 2 J g B L N?B J IF !Jn B ] 4D N F^V ,F N?BON WV !]D GF Up GF ,J N p K 2 GF = JT|L t VMLU] BON K !J N G]
V !]CK B^B g V t 2D GF j LUT N JuJ GFD 2T D 2 J GF#D P_ULU] N L BON VMLUJ g ,F g K !JoL N ] PL N F B ] ,V GF
B GJuF t
K V!] g F B g FEVMLU] l !F B LUd!J 'L !D ,R !F 4 >k},},<} 6 V !]{J GF D G] N G]^F zL = JCF G]OL N?B{N B g
] GF^FOL B n Jxw L_ N ].D cD g _ GJ ,V!V G]PK cp !] 4D cT D 2 J GFL D B GF B G]PJ !].K ,TWVML BON d N J N?B g L_ GK
J GF !K B ML BON !FD 4D N ] GK BON WT|L N FL !F^F N D w N B !F N?B g !] Gp N F B ] g GFPVMLU].J GFJoL_ GFD cr G]^p GJ =
zLUJuR !] !F GT B
kJoLV!] ,F^V GK BON XD w !] Gp N F B ] GT B F&D g B L N JuJ g FD ] _ G]^F GT B F#D XKSRMLUTWV
T|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ] w LVMLUF g B g L !F^F Nj ] !K B !F t !FEJxw L !] N !F{F !RML N?B g = 9 N t
D GF{F !KGK GF^F N !FED 'V ,JoLU] N?B g T|LUp g BONut qD N : g ] B GFXF N B ,d!F G]e_ g GF
&F !J GF t GJ t GFXK
J g GF N B G]^T g D N L N ] GF
D g N GFEVMLU] V C,J [p g ,T|LUp g BONut [_ N ] B G1J 4 .vc 6 L_ GK g KLU] B D
V!J !F2D L_ GK Jxw L {D E] B L BON hD XJoL B G]^]
B g B g ,d B GF B`B i !]^F B ] ED GF`K
J g GFcV!] g F B L B [T E T V ,JoLU] N?B g D KSRMLUTWV =l GJuJ D g KG] N?B qV !]cJoL|F GK BON D B D GF
f !KSR GF
B ] !d!JoL B PD 2VMLU] B JoL4V ,F N?BON qD 2F 'V C,J Pp g ,T|LUp g BONut ._ N ] B GJMncJxw LUV!J ,Tqd D w
PF
! GV!F V ,F g ` G]^D V! P] gJ gK XLUJ KN FO,L TWBON T X V!] g j ] g G] d BO!N DQ GJuJJ ,]^D FP GDF .vcVMLU F^FFOLUD p ! X]OLD w B D X GFV ], JoLU]_ G]^g F GT ,]^ T| B LUF J {4 s n :_T| GL]^F
>k},
} <6 BIN B B
N?B
N
D l {=6l B^B ,d!F G]e_UL BON B !Dn N !D Nut G] t {JoL F GK BON hD B D GF f !KSR GFIL T N !F
L !]OL N?B !] Gp N F B ] g Jxw !KSRML N GT B D PJxw !F GTqd!J D GFCV g ] N D GF#D PV ,JoLU] N?B g 8 2FGw g B L B V!] D N?B
D !]OL B FOLhT N F V!JoLUK = Z ,Tqd!] N TWV ,] B L B D [K !J g GF N B G]^T g D N L N ] GF ,d!F G]e_ g GFEV !]
J GF`F GK BON !FID GF B F4D EJoL !]^T B B D EJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] 4V !]^]OL N?B K GV !DML B4B ]OLUD N ]
Jxw N F B !K XD XR N L B !F2DML !F`Jxw !] Gp N F B ] GT B D XJoL[V ,JoLU] N?B g V !]2K GFID G] ?N 2 ] GF`F GK BON !F =
@ V!] g _ N F N |D 4Jxw g B !D ID 4VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g t N D _UL N?B F N _]
cL MLUJ?\F ID 4JoLX_ULU] N L BON
D 4F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut B GTWV g ]OL B !] 4, 1 6 T GF !] g cF !FP_ N D !F2L V G]^T N FD w GF9
BON T G]:JoLXT N g ]OLUJ ,p N PT|LUp g BONut ID GFJoL_ GF g KSRML BON JuJ g GF = B \V GFD 4K ,TWV ,] B GT B F
D N F BON !K B F B g B g N D BON g F 6F N?B Jxw LUF^F GTqd!JoLUp zF B LUd!J B R G]^T Nut GT B D w BON?B L ,T|L
p g BON?B ,] N p N MLUJ 4L_ GKED GF BON?B L ,T|LUp,R g T N?B GF N F^F GF`D {F \DML BON Qn[dMLUF^F B GTWV g ]OL B !]

erale
Conclusion gen
146
4T|LUp,R
g T N?BON FOL BON 6

F N?B D GF BON?B L ,T|LUp g BON?B GF j L N d!J GT B !] N KSR N GF 2N?B L
F B LUd!J GF B R G]9
T Nut GT B LK B ]OL N ] B V!] D N?B GFcVMLU] \ ,J BON n|RML B B GTWV g ]OL B !] D qJxw
F GTqd!J D GF BON?B L,T|LUp g BON?B GF ,] N p N MLUJ GF = GF BON T|L BON ED PJoLIVMLU] B D w L N T|L B L BON {_ N F t !F
V 8_UL B EB ] 4V ,] B g IVMLU]KSRMLUK D GF g KSRML BON JuJ !F.L L !F^F N g B g ] g LUJ N F g = J ] GF^F ,] BPt cJxw
F GTqd!J XD GF4F GK BON !FIV!] g F B qL N T|L B L BON _ N F t !F D %T E T ,]^D!] ED Ep,]OL !D !] t
K GJuJ `L B^B !D 4V !]:J GF.] KSR GF._ ,JuKL Nut GF.D IF !] j LUK 4 8=?> D w LUV!] 2 F ] g _ B 4 >k},y8> 6D6
nEJxw
K GV BON D EJoL[F GK BON QD B D EJoL !]^T B EV !]`JoL t GJuJ cD GFIK K N B FID X_ N F^K ,F N?B g
L ,]^T|LUJ GT B g J _ g F
B !K ,] XT|LUJ 8V!J Nut g F
B g B g B ] 8_ g F =
O
Z w g B !D {D XVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g V!] ,V!] GT B D N?B {L !F N?B g B g T g {F !]`J GF2F GK BON !F2D GF B F
D GF f !KSR GF
,D GF GTWV EB GF B D PJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] =k@ JuJ .FGw GF B D g ] !J g qD g B LUV GFL_ GK B B
D w LUd ,]^DXJoL`F g J GK BON
kn`Jxw L N D D .D N : g ] B FKG] N?B 2 ] GF
kD GFK !J g GFV 8_UL B V B BON GJuJ
T Bj !] N ]D GFC] g F !J B L B F6LUd!J GF
DML !F#J d B D K !F BON?B G] PF g ] N D w g KSRML BON JuJ !FV N J B GF =
[nID g KSRML BON JuJ !FD GF a K !J g GFL N !F N F g J GK BON g GF 4VMLU]^T N J GF N N?BON LUJ GF 6 B K !F BON
B g .V!] GT ?N 2 ] .F g ] N .D .D g B G]^T N ML BON XD JoL2VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D l {
= N?B .nIK B^B PL MLUJ?\F
V N J B
D PK !J g GF B !F N?B g B g L MLUJ?\F g GF N B g p,]OLUJ N?B g B MLUJ GT B
>k< g KSRML BON JuJ !F
L !] B g B g B ]OL N?B g F{L B B LUJ = w LUV!V 8\L B F !]{D GF{KG] N?B 2 ] GF
`] GJoL BON _ GT B F B ] N K B F
} D w B ] Bj !] N?B D GF GF BON T|L BON !F:F !V!V ,F g GFP6LUd!J GF Bc> GF BON T|L BON !F:T k\ GF2n
Jxw g KSR GJuJ PD 2JoL4K !J g B g B g D g N GF =l GF:D g GF.K !F BON?B B J GFV!] GT ?N 2 ] GF GF BON T|L BON !FCD
d t MLUJ N?B g B GKSR Nut ,d B GFV !]Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJD GFr G]^p GJ =UZ LIT k\ `LU] N?B R!T g BONut
D 2J !]^F:T ,T B FD N V C,JoL N ] GF_ N ] B GJuF 4 6
FGw g J 2 _ In 8=?> =?>{>k< = 4V!] 2 F:F g J GK BON
K GF 8_ GJuJ GF GF BON T|L BON !F#D !d!J B J ,Tqd!] PD 2D g GF ,J N p K 2 GFCD t MLUJ N?B g K ,TWVMLU]OLUd!J
D N F^V N d!J GF.DML !FPJoL dMLUF N B G] ML BON MLUJ ID cVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D {Jxw v 4 G]^] N hL !D KSR GV!V
U<,<,<a 6 B K B ] N d B nhL !p,T B G]4D j L F !F N d!J qJoLWT k\ 'LU] N?B R!T g BONut D GF QF
V !]4K B^B [V g ] N D 4D =?> X<8= n = = a%>k< 6= Z GF GF BON T|L BON !F4D qVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g n
VMLU] BON ]&D w PL N T|L B L BON {] g T|L B D B \V KG] N F B LUJuJ N g B L B#B R g ,] Nut GT B d L !K !VqV!J !F
j L N d!J GF t XV !] EL N T|L B L BON B R G]^T ] g T|L B
MJ GF2D g B G]^T N ML BON !F g J _ g GF ,d B GF
DML !FPK B^B g B !D {V !]^]OL N?BN !D Nut G] t cJxw L N T|L B L BON 'V!] N T|L N ] !] Gp N F B ] g cVMLU]PJ GFJoL_ GF2D
r G]^p GJ GF B d N cL N T|L B L BON [D B \V B R G]^T ] g T|L B
V |VMLUF.V G] B !]^d g 4VMLU]
|L N T|L B L BON F GK !DML N ] WKG] N F B LUJuJ N = N:t w N J F N?B
Jxw GF BON T|L BON D WVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g
D l ncJxw ,J N p K 2 ] GF B `DML !FJ PT E T ,]^D!] 2D `p,]OL !D !] t `K GJuJ PD g B G]^T N g PV !]D GF
Up GF{K ,TWV!] N F B ] <8= a BEa,<,< zL 4 GJu N L !D L
U<,<,<< 6 B ] j ,]^K [Jxw N D g [D q_ULUJ !]^F
L ,]^T|LUJ GT B g J _ g GF ,d B GF4V !]2J {KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut {] g K B 4 yh>k< 6=
3? :/1$&/1$
?
" -/1$&/1$

Z w LUV!V ,] B D GF 8_ GJuJ GF{D N ] GK BON !F BXN B !F N?B g FcD l !] Gp N F B ] g GFXD GV N FcJxw ,J N p K 2 n
r G]^p GJ B V!] g F B g GF.DML !FK B ]OL_UL N J GF B:N TWV ,] B L B T|L N F#d N [J N qD 2K ,Tqd!J G]CJ PT|L t
D |D g GF 8V g ] N T B LUJ GF D B !F j L N F N !FEVMLU] B DML!FqJxw N B ] D!K BON = GF g B !D GF[Fe\F9
erale
Conclusion gen
147
B g T|L BONut GF{F N T N JoL N ] GF

V!J !F{p,]OL !D ,Tqd!] B ] GVMLU] BON GF{D j L N?j ,]^T [nJoLF !] j LUK
D hp,J ,d IV !]D GF N B G]e_ULUJuJ GF.D B GTWV!F2L!F^F N g B ] N?B F t {V ,F^F N d!J GFF B D!K !K ,] g K GF9
FOL N ] GF = !]4JoLWF !J ] g p N zD [r G]^p GJ
Jxw LMLUJ?\F ED GFcF GK BON !F g KSRML BON JuJ g GFcLzK !]^F
D 4JoLXD G] ?N 2 ] 4KLUTWVMLUp ID 4V!] g J 2 _ GT B DML !FJoLEVMLU] BON !DD 4Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ 4 JoL N 4TWV 2 ] 6
GF B nQ] g LUJ N F G]EL N !F Nt |Jxw g B !D WD |VMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D GF F GK BON !F D GF B F 4T G]e\ B D WJoL
!]^T B
t ci w L_UL N FXVMLUF J B GTWV!FXT|L B g ] N GJD B ]OL N?B G] N K Nx=Z GFE] g F !J B L B FED GFEF GK
BON !F g KSRML BON JuJ g GFcD !]OL B JoL|KLUTWVMLUp qD w g B g >k},} >k},},y
!K ,] 'V !d!J N g FcnK Ii !]
_ N !D!] B L !F^F N F |]OLki B G]qnK B^B T|LUF^F WD 8_ L !] Gp N F B ] GT B F ,J N p K 2 GFEn_
N ] 4 l LUTWV!F B LUJ =
U<,<,<a 6=
l !K G] ML B Jxw LUV!V ,] B D .K B ]OL_UL N JL K ML N F^FOL!K GF#D JoL`p g ,J ,p N D r G]^p GJ
JoL`T|LUp g
B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N g B LUd!J N IF N?B {nqJxw g B !D cD GF2D N ] GK BON !FT|LUp g BONut GF !F`LqV G]^T N F.D {T N
K B ]OL N !D!] 4J GF N B G]e_ULUJuJ GF.D B GTWV!FD {T N F hV!JoLUK 4D {KSRML t {F GK BON B VMLU]PK !F g t B
T N GF BON T G]J GF B L [D w B ] !F N !F:D `KSRMLUK ID w GJuJ GF =@ ": B
WK !F N D g ]OL B Jxw !F GTqd!J
D GF N B G]e_ULUJuJ GF.D {V ,JoLU] N?B g 4KSR!] !F 6 D l K ,TWT !] Gp N F B ] g D !]OL B JoLET N F hV!JoLUK cD
K GF4F GK BON !F
B ] N B G]^V!] g B L BON QD K ,]^] g JoL BON zL_ GK g KSR GJuJ ET|LUp g B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R Nut
p,J ,dMLUJ 4 s GF BON FEL !D 2K B
>k},} 6
nhJxw L N D qD 'DML B L BON !FXLUd!F ,J GF B D w ,d!F G]e_UL BON !FXp g
KSR N T Nut G*F 4 L !p B LUJ =
U<,<,< !K B B LUJ =
U<,< 6
!FIL[V G]^T N F
D qJ N T N?B G]2JoL|D !] g qD qT N F V!JoLUK qD GFcF GK BON !FcD B D GF f !KSR GF B ] Uy8= B Uy8=?>
zL
MD B D GF GTWV EB GF B ] Uy8= B Uy8=?> zL
MD GF B F 4T G]e\ B D XJoL !]^T B
B ] = a B = } zLL N !F NPt hD B D hJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] B ] U}8= B Uy8= zL =Z GF
B L D w g ] !V BON K ,]^] GF^V !DML B nQK B^B |T N JuJ !] GF BON T|L BON D GF B GTWV!FED |T N F V!JoLUK
D WKSRMLUK |D GFEF GK BON !FEF B ] GF^V GK BON _ GT B D <8= a
<8= a
<8=
}
>,= a8> Bq<8= a T zL = JuF
V!] g F B B D !KED GFI_ULU] N L BON !F g p,J N p LUd!J GFPD EF GK BON %n'F GK BON %L_ GKEJoL'K 8M]^T|L BON
D w B !DML !K {n Jxw L !p,T B L BON 'V !].J GFF GK BON !FJ GFV!J !F] g K B GF =6l B^B ,d!F G]e_UL BON GF B
D g FOLUKGK ,]^D L_ GKWJxw R\V B R 2 F |D B L D w B ] !F N !FEK !F B L B F D !]OL B JoLhV g ] N D g K 2
,J N p K 2 t N L_UL N?B g B g V!] ,V ,F g EL QV!] g LUJoLUd!J 4 A N K ,JoL\F B LUJ =
U<,<,<< 6=

Z IV!] N !K N VMLUJLUV!V ,] B nEK 4D G] N G] ,di GK BON?j V!] k_ N B K GV !DML B D 4Jxw g B !D 4D 4JoL j LUd!] Nut 4T|L
p g BONut ": GK B g 'V !]cKSRMLUK WD GF{F GK BON !F =&Z w g B !D [V!] g J N T N ML N ] XD [JoLF GK BON D ,] B
VM LL !KSR Q GD T w 4] ^K%D L V JoLW G]^V!T ] GN F'T D z] ] B ]OLUK G]W_ ,JxJuw RKL N F B ,] Nut D GV V! ] ,F4dMLUJ Ed!JK D Q] Jxw G] TW!VV!JoLUK GJ T K LU J B F DF Q!K]4 GJxJuwJ o J XK ND
g
B
?N 2
N?B g Nut N B g BON?j N g
v LUd\
] GT|L N GT B D WJoLVMLUJ g ,F !] j LUK B ,V ,p,]OLUV!R Nut B D g V C B dMLUFED WV B |D B ;:F
d!] g KSR N L BONut GF B D 'K !p,J ,T g ]OL B F
T N F V!JoLUK qD 'JoL|F GK !D N?B g _ ,JuKL Nut N F^F 'D
T E T K B ] g ] !V BON?j B J g p G]#dMLUF^K !J GT B D PJxw !F GTqd!J PD PJoLIF GK BON [D B ] 2 FV!] ,dMLUd!J GT B
n[Jxw LUK BON _ N?B g _ ,JuKL Nut {V!J !F B LU]^D N _ 8V!] N T g {DML !FIK B^B X] g p N D XJxw LU]^KSR N V GJ =
N
erale
Conclusion gen
148
l GFIV!] GT N G]^F`] g F !J B L B F`K !KGJ ML B F !F B LUJ ,]^F`V !F^F g F4n'T G]`V!J !FIL_UL B K GF4LML
J?\F GF`D w L N F B ] ,V N cD XF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut
!L_ GKEJxw g B !D XD {JoLqF GK BON QD B D XJoL
!]^T B B B D w LUd ,]^D = A !FcL_!FcV%T B ] G] t qJ EV !DMLUp ,d!F G]e_ g LUK B GJuJ GT B n
Jxw L !] GT B g B L N?B j L N?B{B ] 2 FXV!] ,dMLUd!J GT B V!] g N F B L B nhJoLhT N F V!JoLUK 'D GFXK !J g GF
D |K B^B |F GK BON =# LU] K !F g t B
:L !K K ,]^] GK BON B GK B Nut j B LUV!V!J Nut g |J ,]^FED
Jxw g B !D qD GF{D N ] GK BON !FcVMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BONut GF = l B^B [F GK !D g B !D
d N t w L\L B F !J _ g D GF
V!] ,d!J 2 T GF`V!] ,V!] GFcnWJxw BON J N FOL BON D EJxw L N F B ] ,V N {D F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut EF !J EV !]
] B ] 8_ G]'JoLzD N ] GK BON B J F !FWD hT N F V!JoLUK D w GTWV N J GT B FqD K !J g GF[D JoL_ GF
L
GJuJ L !F^F N K B ] N d g n%K t !F[K BON N !F[K GF g B !D GF'D j LUd!] Nut T|LUp g BONut V !]
J GF L B ] GFEF GK BON !F V!] g J _ g GFqDML !F Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ = J:FGw LUp N F^FOL N?B D |T N K B ]OL N !D!] WJoLJ KLUJ N
FOL BON D GF`D N : g ] B F2K B ] GF g ] !V BON?j F2F !V!V ,F g FIL !VMLU]OL_UL B VMLU]PD GF ,d!F G]e_UL BON !F2D B G]^]OL N
Nut GT B 4 A !p N G]
>k} < L 6= w QV N B D {_ XT g B R D ,J ,p Nut
Jxw BON J N FOL BON |D w XT g
B R D N !D g V !DML B 'D 'D g B G]^T N ML BON %D GF{D N ] GK BON !F{D w g K !J GT B
nhFOL_ N ]{Jxw ,] N B L BON
V!] g j g ] BON GJuJ ED j ,]^T 4xb H 6 D qK G] B L N GFcV!RMLUF GFcT N g ]OLUJ GF
!F{LV G]^T N FID qK j ,] B G]
J GF N B G]^V!] g B L BON !FID qT N F %V!JoLUK t !FcL_ N !F j L N?B GF4LUV!] 2 F{L MLUJ?\F D Jxw L N F B ] ,V N
D F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g =& JF GTqd!J G]OL N?B D w L B ] VMLU] B[t !F'L\ !F[T N F g _ N D !K KLU]OLUK
B g ] N F BONut Fe\F B g T|L BONut qD qJoLWV ,F N?BON zD qJxw L T N N T|LUJ D qF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut VMLU]
]OLUV!V ,] B nQJoLD N ] GK BON D w g K !J GT B=#l |D G] N G] L !]OL N?BXB !DML !K n EB ] |D N F^V G]^F g DML !FEJoL
D N ] GK BON V G]^V !D N K !JoL N ] Qn ,F N B G]^V!] g B L BON !F'D w g K !J GT B B K zV !]'Jxw !F GTqd!J QD GF
F GK BON !F g B !D N g GFIn[K i !] =
Z GFcV G]^F^V GK BON _ GF N TWV!J Nut g GF4VMLU]cK GF{D G] N?2 ] GF g B !D GFXF !]{D GF{JoL_ GF{F B D!K[V!J B C B LUJuJ g
KSRML B GF = NN JFGw L_ 2 ] t cJxw LMLUJ?\F 4D cJxw L N F B ] ,V N ID cF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|LUp g BONut
8]OLUV N D B
D GF B ] !K B ] N K
#V G]^T B n GJuJ WF !J |D |D g N ] K _ MLUd!J GT B JoLQD N ] GK BON D |T N F
V!JoLUK qD w WF GK BON
K GJuJ K N V !]^]OL N?B EB ] '] g LUJ N F g [D j L Fe\F B g T|L BONut 'V !]{J GF g B !D GF
D N ] GK BON GJuJ GF&D w GTWV N J GT B FD PJoL_ GF#dMLUF^K !J g Fn4K !D N?BON D w L_ N ]J N T N?B g Jxw g KSRML BON JuJ MLUp
n{JoLcVMLU] BON N j g ] N !] 2D GF:K !J g GF =l GJoL{V G]^T B^B ]OL N?B
UK ,TWT !F:Jxw L_ !F_ WV !]JoLcF GK BON
D B D JoL !]^T B
#D w N !D Nut G] F N D GF[K ,]^] GK BON !F D V !DMLUp GFqF B i !D N K N !F GF[n
": GK B G]EV!J B C BEt WD WJ GFELUV!V!J Nut G]EL B ,T|L BONut GT B J ,]^F t 'D B GJuFEKLUFXF |V!] g F B B
LUK B GJuJ GT B=l GF g B !D GFP] GJoL BON _ GT B:j LUK N J GF B ]OLUV N D GFPnET B^B ] 8_] 4V G]^T B^B ]OL N B
B ] N !D Nut ML B JoLhD N ] GK BON D K B ] g ] !V BON?j D 'T B^B ] g _ N D !K WV ,F^F N d!J
g _ ,J BON QD JoLWJ KLUJ N FOL BON hD GF4F !]^K GF
N j ,]^T|L BON BON J XDML !F4J EKLUD!] D w g B !D qp g
J ,p Nut qJ KLUJ
K ,TWT [K GJuJ [T g WV !]XJoLhF GK BON D ,] B L WD w 4]^K =#l GV !DML B
J
KLU]OLUK B 2 ] 4Fe\F B g T|L BONut cD cJoLXV ,F N?BON |D 4Jxw L 4D cF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T N N T !TVMLU]]OLUV!V ,] B n JoL
D N ] GK BON D w g K !J GT B D N?B EB ] '_ULUJ N D g L V!] g LUJoLUd!J 'L D WVMLUFEL_ N ] g K GF^FOL N ] GT B
] GK !]^FncD w L B ] GFT g B R D GFCV!J !FCJ !]^D GF B V!J !FCK B !F GF B GTWV!FV !] GF BON T G]CD j L
F !] `JoLcD N ] GK BON [D `T N F WV!JoLUK 2D w IF GK BON = !]:K GJoL
g B !D ID `] g j g ] !K t N V ,]9
B G]OL N?B F !]ID GF4K !J g GFID ED N : g ] BIB \V
V !]`K B D] C,J G]`JoL'] GJoL BON B ] K B^B ,d!F G]e_UL BON
erale
Conclusion gen
149
B J EKSRML!p GT B D T N g ]OLUJ ,p N cT|LUp g BONut zD D8\ MLUT Nut ED T N F %V!JoLUK
B D B
JoLcD N ] GK BON B J 2F !F.D w g K !J GT B F B K !F
GF B g K GF^FOL N ] =@ |L B^B !DML B
J GF] g F !J B L B F
D GFILMLUJ?\F GF`D j LUd!] Nut {T|LUp g BONut
!T g GF`F !]`D w L B ] GF`F GK BON !F`V!] g J _ g GF4LV!] g LUJoLUd!J
F ! ]Ir G ]^pG J BIt N F G] B g B !D N g GF`V!] KSRML N GT B
!D _]OL N B FGw Lki B G]4n[K QV!] g F B g F
DML! FEJ t M L B ] N?2 T 'KSRMLUV N?B ] WD |K B^B B R 2 F DML!FEJ Wd B D |J KLUJ N F G]cD j L V!J !FEV!] g K N F
! K , ] | J G FEK B ] g ] ! V BON?j F = JuFED _]OL N B L! F^F N V G ]^T B^B ] WD w N 8M]^T G] LK B ]OL N ] !F
Jxw G F^V g ] ! F`DX K 8 M]^T G ] , F`V!] G T N?2 ] G F N B G ]^V!] g B L BON ! F =
150
erale
Conclusion gen

4]OL N
=
>k}
,a8= GK !JoLU]I_ULU] N L BON N B R N B !F N?B \ j:B R VMLUF B p ,T|LUp BON KX GJuD = zLUF B G]Gw F
B R GF N F
N _ = j# ,\
,\
LUVML =
!d G] B D 4JoL f
@2=
>k},a =@CB !D 4p g ,J ,p Nut B p g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut ID 4Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ6D cr G]^p GJ =
f _ =v g ,p,] =6v g ,J = \ =
Ua8> V!V =
9 ,Jxw F^RMLU k_
=
KSR G]^dMLUk_UL
q=
>k} }8= R G]^T ,T|LUp BON K%KG] N?B G] N j ,]hD B G]^T N N !p B R
D ,T|L N hF B ] !K B !] jj G]^] N T|LUp BON KGF =8 _ GF B=@ LU] B R R\F =&>
>,>,> >,> 8=
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp BON K'F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \
V B ] j LUd!] N KWL !DF B ]OL N L] _ N =& GK B
V!R\F =&>
> U<8=
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
U<,<8>,= zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KGF L !DV B ] j LUd!] N KGF B R N ] ,] N B L BON D N F B ] N d BON !F
L !DzL N F B ] ,V N GF = 8= B ] !K B=v ,J = Ua
> Uy8> > U
} 8=
9 ,]^]OLUDML N J
v[=
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} = GK B N K'LUV!V!J N KL BON !F j T|LUp BON K F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \%L !D N?B F
L N F B ] ,V\ =M@ LU] B R K N !K f _ N `F
} 8},a8=
9 !KSR
8=
U<,<,<8= zLUp BON K{F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \L N F B ] ,V\hL !D j LUd!] N KGF N hp,]OL N?B GF =6l4= f = 2KLUD =
K Nx=M LU] N F a,a,<
> > =
9] k
sE=
&r{RML
=
B LUK \
&H =
>k
} = F LU]^KSR j ,] k F B ] !K B !] N K ,J !T MLU]cdMLUFOLUJ B F
!F N !p'T|LUp BON KXL N F B ] ,V\ j ] KSF = !] 4V!V!J =6v ,V!R\F =
8> =
9] !R GF
9 =
>k},
< 8= f GKSR G]^KSR GFqF !]EJoLhD N ] GK BON D w L N T|L B L BON D GF ] KSR GFX_ ,JuKL Nut GF = 8=
R\F =
< =
9 ;: B
9 =
U<,<,<8=M@ LU] B R w F`K ,] EL !D B R v D8\ MLUT = K N !K Uy,y
U<,< U<8> =
l L LUV N L
@2=
N ! G] B
sE=
U<,<,<8= R 'L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j JoL_UL
k`F ML 8V G] N T B LUJLUV!V!] LUKSR = 8=! ,JuKL ,J =Mv B R G]^T = f GF =},y
>k} Ua,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} = zLUp BON K j LUd!] N K:L !D kD N ] GK BON
N dMLUFOLUJ BON K.VMLUR GR JoL_UL j N?B J :_ ,JuKL
N K = 8= ,JuKL ,J =v B R G]^T = f GF
=
}
,a8=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},
} 8= R N B G] MLUJ.F B ] !K B !] j JoL_UL
k`F qN !F N p,R B F j ] ,T T LUF !] GT B F A LU]9_ B L8w L = 8=, ,JuKL ,J =v B R G]^T = f GF =
<
> 8
a 8=
> >
@
K

152
Bibliographie
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
>k},} =& R N B G] MLUJ.F B ] !K B !] j JoL_UL
k`F hN !F N p,R B F j ] ,T T LUF !] GT B F ^ s LPL NuN LhVMLUR GR
B B R!VMLUF B XJoL_UL[L!D
w L8w = 8= j# ,JuKL,J = L!D v B R G] = f GF = 4 > 6
>k} 8=
l LUJuJ B
8=
v :] k\
Z=
!d !]^p
l4=
GN
8=
Gp
=
U<,<8>,= zLUp,T|L kD N ] GK BON !F j
F^RMLUJuJ kD8\ GF j ] ,T B R LUF B p,] !JoL!D _,JuKL N KWT|LU]^p N N j G]^] GD j ] ,TYT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K
F B !D N GF =M GK B ,V!R\F =a,a
a8>ka 8a U}8=
l LUJ?_
=
] g _ B
=
G]^] N
=
f NuN FOLUp G]
8=
U<,< = _ GF BON pL BON !p B R h] LUF !F j ,] B R
j L N J !] j VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F F B !D8\ R N F B ,] N KLUJJoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B=6@CB ML
4 B LUJ?\ 6=6v ,V!R\F = 8=! B=&> } 4 > 6
,a8=
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
;9 =
J N G]
v[=
U<,<,a8= B L BON F BON KLUJ!V!] ,V G] BON GF j VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K2D N ] GK BON !F
N Qr G]^p GJ JoL_UL k`F =v KSR GT =6v ,V!R\F =v ,Fe\F B GTWF N V!] GVMLU]OL BON =
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
<9 =
] g _ B
=
>k},},}8=U LUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T j _ ,JuKL N KP] KSF j ] ,Tr G]^p GJ
LU]^KSR N V GJoLUp 4 a,< zL 6 TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R |VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]{_ULU] N L BON N B R WF B R G]
!D N L zbcK L =M ^ vEv{Pv G] = 4F^F GTqd = 9 N ]^T N !p,RMLUT =
l LU]e_ULUJuJ
l4=
l LUTWV!F
=
f ;: B
v[=
s !]e\
;9 =
N D!]OLUF
{=
U<,< = JoLU ,] Z LUF^KSRMLUTWV
p ,T|LUp BON K _ B ] GK ,]^D GD j ] ,T JoL_UL k`F N 4TWF B G]^DMLUT F^JoL !D 4F B R LUF B G] !D N L
bcK L 6=v ,V!R\F = 8=M B= F !d!T N?B^B GD =
l
f =
>k
} L = R 'D B G]^T N ML BON j VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j.B R LU] B R w FXT|LUp BON K GJuD% N?B R
GTWV!RMLUF N F T GKSRML N F^TWFc`R N KSRK !JuDKL !F N D LUJCd GRML_ N !] N B R GJuJ N G]Gw F{T B R D =
8=v ,T|LUp =Mv GJ GK B= >k}
> > }8=
l
f =
>k
} d = LUJ N B !F N?BON GF jIB R LU] B R w F'T|LUp BON K| GJuDD B G]^T N GD j ] ,T B G] BON LU]e\
L !D t ML B G] MLU]e\h] KSF = 8=6v ,V!R\F = f GF =
a 8a =
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
=
zL ! N
@2=
>k} y8=v ,T|LUp BON K#VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j ] ,T]OLUD N KLU]^d
DML B GDzJoL_UL k`F s LPL NuN L !D B R t GF BON j#B R LUK N MK !D N V ,J {J k = 8=v ,V!R\F =
f GF =6y,a
> < > 8=
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
=
zL ! N
@2=
>k},y =v ,T|LUp BON K VMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF j ] ,T 8K !]^F N
F t !K GF N hJoL_ULUF LUR
MRMLPL NuNx= 8= v ,V!R\F = f GF =y,}
>k< U} >k
< ,}8=
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
,R !F
l4=
>k},},}8= N F B ] ,V N K.VMLUJ ,F GK !JoLU]#_ULU] N L BON T D GJuF N TWV!J N KL BON !F
j ,]2p ,T|LUp BON K4 GJuD ,d!F G]e_ULUd!J GF = R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>,>
a >,=
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
L
Z=
>k},},<8=2 R d B F B ]OLUV j ,]QT|LUp BON KF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ B !F ,]^F = 8=
v ,V!R\F = f GF =6} 4 <y 6
a,y,a
a,} =
l
=
>k
} ,}8=6l 8MD !K J N T N?B F j ,] B R XV!] GK N F N VMLU]OLUT B G]2 =v ,V!R\F = 8= f = LUF B ] = K =
>ky
}8=
L _ N D
GF =
>k},<f = 2K !LU]D JoLEF KB LUd N J LUN?B ] g F D cJoLX
D N ] GK BON |D w L N T|L B L BON 'DML !F t GJ t GFP] KSR GF_ ,JuKL
Nut =l4= = = Nx=M N >ka,y > =

Bibliographie
153
LF \
Ef L=
6!HDQ!K Ju,J GTW]
V ,F =
KSR!TD GN V D B !
Dq = !
K >k } , R=M\s F \F B GLU] ] GF R N F4V!JoL] ,V G] BON GF j#BO
N?B L,T|LUp BON?B GF v ]OL N
N
N?BON
= =@ B B=! B=>ka ,< =
GJx]^w gD G!] D
c D=
c>k] },y,KS}8R= GlFPT| LUB p,] NT|d L BON ' Gn{F JoLcMVML LU GJ g ] MN L B ] G!F F
8N?T B g DK 'KSRM GFLUTW V'i !T|]OLULUpF^F g BONut GF B R G]^] GF B ]R ` GFD wF LU
MV!bc] 2 ]9F
B
BONut t B N N 2 B Nut =M = =8B N
FOL\
HM]OL!K =
GKS]^RMDLU GTW]
V T|=
LU pJ GF^FOLU]^D
l4 G=]^
] G F LU]J?\ c
DMZL= !
FP>k},J G},F<8dM= LU FOLUN F J G FP T g _ N KD ! GK F {DD Gw FoJ GFB ]Or L! G]^F pN?BON GJ| D 4V ,JoLU] N?2KB gLUDD
g BONut B B
B N 2
=!l4= f = =
K Nx=M LU] N F a8>k< 4 ^>6
> <8> > < =
,F ]^ GT ]e_U\L
@2=M
LU J LUK J !B
F 8 ]O=L
l F !] BON JuJ KSB R
GqT =
U<, <,,<8V!=R\A F !T G ] ,N KFe\LUFJCT GTWDF GJuF 4 j.B R [p D8\ MLUT QL!D ,d
BON
B N B =v
=6v =v B > U<,<,<vElP<,<,<,<
6=
! GKD B T|
L =
J K ,N F TW
V =
K L B GF r
G8 ]^=p
A GJ N K ,JoL4]\^F KS R
V Gr JoLU=
pHM] dM \LU
CFOLUH J =
F v{N ] B
] ,p=
U< GF,< F =# RR h,J D GV!J K
B B
BN
N
B B N jcB NuN?BON
B ]OL!F N?BON MLUJdMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R Z ,]OL!KSR B4 N !F !JoL = 8 =6 B ] ,J = a 4 6
>ka > >ka
8=
]O LUkp N
R =,
] Z LK LU J#L T
f D=
GJC LLU!JuJoD LU] N 8K V
G] T =
>k },}LUJ# = DMzL LLUp] ,BOT N KQH L G ]^N ] F G ]{B ] D,,VJ \ G] V!] qFD!JuJuK F GD4 d \ LUT|]^K LUp,KT|L L
B N?BON
N B B j
N?B N B BON 6=
v ,V!R\F = 8 =M B=> Uy
Ua,< <8=
!KD!Lp
f =
U< ,]< ,=J BO
N T j ]OLUT j ,]XK !F B ] !K BON jB R |r G]^p GJ JoL B LL!D 9] ,
f N =8 =6 B = a >,>k<,} >,>,>k}8=
M!LUJ ]^,] V k
P dM= L
!D DVM GLUT] N ]LU
`J b R= G
]Û<T ,,<8] >, G= T|9 L \ !D T|A LUgp GJx w F B LR ,] !N F GF RB \RF G]^T|LULU]J{RD GT|JoLULp BON L BON j
BON B
B BON BON =P =4@ B B=P B=X>
3N
a =
@ JuJ? D
9 =
>k} y8= H#J kL!D GTWV!JoLUK GT B D N ] GK BON {D B G]^T N GD j ,]F GJ GK B GD dMLUFOLUJ BON KCd D N GF
!F N !p'T|LUp BON KXL N F B ] ,V\T LUF !] GT B=6@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B= >
=
H6LUd N L
r =
U<,<8>,= B R ,] N?BON KLUJ B ] L B T B j VMLUJ N B !F N?B \WD B G]^T N ML BON 8V G] N T B F
] KSF{K B L N N !p|V!F !D F N !p,J ,]4T !J BON D,T|L N zT|LUp BON K VMLU] BON KGJ GF =@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=
Z B^B F =>ky,y
Uy8=
H G]^] g
@2=l4=
9 ,]^DMLU] N G]
l4=
zLU]^F^R
8=
U<,< = zLUp,T|L k N j G]^] GD j ] ,T hj LUd!] N KGF N QL
JoL\ G] GDQT|LMK{F N JuJ
!F N PL
B R j ] N KL =8 GK B ,V!R\F =a
> Ua8=
H N F^R G]
f =
>k} Ua8= 4N F^V G]^F N zL[F^V!R G] = ] K = f = K =6Z !D G] 4 > 6
U} 8a,< =
HM] \
H =
N F
=
L !p
sE= 8=
A N K ,JoL\F
r =
Z \] N?B
sE=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8=. GTWV ,]OLUJ
p KSR GT N KLUJ B ] !D!F N %r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp WdMLUFOLUJ B F _ N D !K j ,]ID GKG] LUF N !pT|LUp,T|L
F !V!V!J?\ j ] ,T B R Er G]^p GJ QV!J !T =6l R GT =6v ,J = >
8> 8y,<8=
HM] \
6H =
A N K ,JoL\F
6r =
Mr !d N?B
9 = r =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
U<,< = H#J DdMLUFOLUJ B2j ] ,T B
!]^T B N B R .K B ]OLUJr G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp B R .KSRML !p j ] ,T B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJ B cLUJuKLUJ N K
dMLUFOLUJ B L B zL = 8=6 B ] ,J = a

>k
a >ka,y =

154
Bibliographie
v L BON G]
S=
>k},y =8Z GFPdMLUFOLUJ B GFPD GF oJ GFPr G]^p GJ 4 G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF B B LU]^K BONut GF`HM]OL
L N F GF =6 R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F
MHM]OL !K =
v L BON G]
S=
N F
=
GF^F N G]
8=
cN DMLUJ
=
v{N ] B
=
Z !d B
=
>k},},<8=, B ] ,J ,pU\qL!D
p KSR GT N F B ]e\ jB R Xr G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp qdMLUFOLUJ B F 4F B R !D N L bcK L 6 _,J BON j
B R .T|L B J :F !]^K GF j ] ,T] N D!p B N B ]OLUV!JoL B :V ,F N?BON =k@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=Z B^B F >k<,<
U} 8=
v :] k\
Z=
l LUJuJ B
8=
!d !]^p
l4=
,] N ]OL
=
U<,< = zLUp BON KXL !DQV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF cJ N LU]
j LUd!] N KCD N F^KG] GVML !K\ N {D8\ GF L PL\ B `D B R k_ GK B ,] !F N !p`T|LUp BON K j ,J N L BON =
G]^]OL A k_UL >
>ky,a >k},<8=
v{N ] B
=
>k},
y 8= v g ,J ,p N ED GF G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF{H#]OL L N F GF = 9 !JuJ = l ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR =
B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F Uy
> >,=
v{N ] B
=
>k},},<8= \V ,J ,pU\
_ ,J BON
L !D ,] N p N jB R [r G]^p GJ %V!J B N KEF G] N GF
!D N L
K L ML'] _ N =v ,J = 8=
Ua,} =
v J
8=
f
=
N J G]
=
l
f =
>k},} = zLUp,T|L k N j G]^] GD j ] ,TL N F B ] ,V\ j
T|LUp BON K`F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ N B R cK LUF B LUJ LU]OL Mn @CB !D GL N p !F.V!] k_ N !K @ _ N D !K j ,]
] N?j BON !pqd j ,] Dh_ ,JuKL N F^T =Mv ,J ,pU\ 4 > 6
>,>ka8> >,>ka =
=
4J?_UL LUJuD N _ N L
Z=
I]^] BON L9H !K !pL !KSR N
8=
GFOL BON
l4=
l LUdMLUJuJ G]
l4=
U<,<8>,=, LUJ ,T|LUp BON K2L !D'VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ F B !D8\ j bcJ N p K _ ,JuKL N KP] KSF j ] ,T l R N R ML
R M5L 4 ,] B R G] N K =6 R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>
Ua Ua
8=
=
] g _ B
=
l LUTWV!F
=
>k},},} L = A _ N D !K j ,]IF B ] !p| GJuD!FcD !] N !p
B R f a A aqN K GJoL !D N Kcp ,T|LUp BON Kc] _ G]^FOLUJ =@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B=>
> 8a =
=
] g _ B
=
R ,TWV!F
8=
f ,d G] B F
A =
>k},},} d = L B^B GTWV B{B D
B G]^T N B R QLUd!F ,J B p ,T|LUp BON K GJuD N B !F N?B \ N B R GF B G] K GJoL !D D !] N !p B R
v L !F^F9 zL B 8\LUT|L[] _ G]^FOLUJ =6 R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>,>
Ua
8=
v ] g p N ]
q=
#D L N B 9JoL t ML B
=
A g D g J GK
=
9 !KSR
8=
>k},} = RMLUV hL N F B ] ,V\
_ G]^F !FPT|LUp BON K N B G]OLUK BON !F j T|LUp BON?B 2p,]OL N !F 8V G] N T B FL !DLUV!V!J N KL BON B
N p,]OL N?BON K4] KSF =v ,V!R\F = f GF =6Z B^B= 4 U<<6
,y8=
v !d!d N !F
=
>k},},}8= R [D N F BON !K BON d B p ,T|LUp BON K 8K !]^F N !FEL !D] _ G]^FOLUJuF =v
V!R\F = 8=M B=>ka 4 > 6
MH > H a8=
sE=
Z=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ &KLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N B T|LUp,T|L B ,J ,p N D GF V!] GF t w oJ GF L |D w 4]^K B
f MLU]^KUw R =6 R = =!B R GF N F
bc]^FOL\
HM]OL !K =
s LUJ?_ ,]^F
@2=
>k} =! R XT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j F ,T XD ,J G] N?B N B ] !F N !F
,] B R LUF B V N?B F^d G]9
p N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R GTWV!JoLUK GT B=M@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B= >
> >ka,a8=
s LU]^p,]OL_ GF
f =
,R !F
=
l RML
l4=
>k},}8>,= 4N F B ] N d BON hL N F B ] ,V\ R XKL !F j
N N p !F2] KSF v ,V!R\F = f GF =6Z B^B=>ky
>k},a >k
} 8=
s LU]e_ \
=
Z L B
=
>k},y,<8= R GF BON T|L BON j N?B `F B ]OL N j ] ,T B R ,] N B L BON [D N F B ] N d
BON j VMLUF^F N _ GJ?\D j ,]^T GD J N LU]cT|LU]^ G]^F N p _ULUJ '] GJoL BON !F^R N V!F = GK B ,V!R\F = <
Uy 8a,< =
N
Bibliographie
155
s !]e\
9 =
>k},y,<8=l B ] N d BON En`Jxw g B !D .D GFV!] ,V!] N g B g FT|LUp g BONut GF&D :] KSR GF#T|LUp,T|L BONut GF
D GF 4JuV GF l !F t !K GF4F B ] !K B !]OLUJ GF
M] g p N MLUJ GF B p g g ]OLUJ GF =6 R = =!B R GF N F
LU] N F
Uy
V!V =
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} L = 9 B F B ]OLUV[L !DqT|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K = @ v} T BON !p = B ]OLUF^d !]^p
UHM]OL !K =
s !]e\
9 =
>k},} d = R zT|LUp BON K %L N F .L GJ GT B j T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j ,] B R
N B G]^V!] B L BON jB R XT|LUp BON KcJ N L BON = GK B ,V!R\F = >
a 8a U}8=
s !]e\
9 =
Z v :
=
>k},} = 4V!V!J N KL BON j#B R Xd N _ULU] N L B B !F N j H N F^R G]Gw FIF B L BON F BON KGF
B B R qT|LUp BON KEF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \zL N F B ] ,V\zDML B L N B Gp,]OL BON j:B R qT LUF !]^T B !K G]9
B L N BON GF B R ,] N B L BON jB R qV!] N !K N VMLUJD N ] GK BON !F = l4= f = 2KLUD = K Nx= LU] N F a U< 4 ^ L 6
>k<,a >k< =
s !]e\
H9 =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
U<,<,a8= zLUp BON K j LUd!] N K j bcJ N p K IJoL_ULUF N B R L
D w 4]^KXV N !F !JoL 4r G]^p GJ F^JoL !D!F 6= 8= j ,JuKL ,J = L !D v B R G] = f GF = F !d!T N?B^B GD =
s !]e\
9 =
J GF^FOLU]^D
l4=
>k},} = A VMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K'] GF !J B F j ] ,T B R hr G]^p GJ F^JoL !D!F =
v ,V!R\F = 8=M B=> Uy 4 > 6
a 8y,a8=
s G]^] G] 9 G]e_ G]OL
@2=
l L LUV N L
@2=
LUJu G]
v[=
L MLUL
sE=
U<,< = zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KGF
F B !D8\L !D N j G]^] GD kD N ] GK BON !F j JoL_ULUF j:B R WbcJuD LUJ N f LUD
bqw LUR
s LPL NuNx= 8= j
,JuKL ,J = L !D v B R G] = f GF =
N V!] GF^F =
s B
v[=
>k
} ,a8= R GF BON T|L BON j F GK !D ,]^D G] B !F ,]^F
N?B R] GJoL B GD B GF B FqL !DD GF N p !F =
9 N ,T B ] N L U<
a Ua 8a a8=
s :T|L
kr =
>k},
} 8= ]OL !F N?BON MLUJUVMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K# GJuDEd GRML_ N ,] ] j G]^] GD VML B R!F ,]VML B KSR GF
!]e_ =v ,V!R\F =&> 4 6
U< >,>,=
s ] !DML
&H =
>k},y = zLUp BON KWL N F B ] ,V\ j ] KSF L !D N?B FELUV!V!J N KL BON N p ,J ,pU\L !Dp
V!R\F N KGF =v ,V!R\F = !]e_ =
a 8y =
s GF BON F
=
2K B
v[=
>k},} = b B R |K !F B ] !K BON j p ,T|LUp BON K BON T GF^KLUJ GF j ] ,T
V!] i !D N K N LUJ B ] L B T B j T|LUp BON K{L ,T|LUJ?\|DML B L j ] ,T T !J BON V!J 4] N D!p GF =6v ,V!R\F = 8=! B=
> U} 4 > 6
> >ky =
LUK ,D d!F
8 =
R>k}, } ]= Gf F^F _ G\ ]^!FODLUJuFKL jX B R R @ LU] B R w_ Fh G]^T|F LU\p BON KLU Tq Gd!JuD ]
D!l p LUTqd!] N D!p N _ G]^F N?B \ ] GF^F
@ N?BON =B N B jB N N?B jl N =
": G]eK \
v[=!
D >k} =
R cT BON j GJuJ N V!F N DMLUJ!VMLU] BON KGJ GF N TWT G]^F GD N LE_ N F^K !F N D = ] K = f =
=6Z >k< > 8> > }8=
GJF^N V G GK
T q !=
F >k} y8!= D B L BO N ,F V!BONRK\LUF JV!] K GD F^F N !p
j T|LUp BON KXF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \hT LUF !] GD N Qp,] !V!F j
N = B =v =v = U< =
GJ N G
q=
>k},y8>,=l RMLU]OLUK B G] N L BON jB R `T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K j ] KSF = GK B ,V!R\F = }
,a
=
MJoLULU] F
\=
] L LU] R
ZJo= L
U< ,<,<8= K R N B ! F N?B
\ jB R BON T 9L_ G]OLUp GDp ,T|LUp BON Kq GJuD B R
B =6@ B B= Nx=MZ B^B=> > ,} >ky,<8=
O

156
Bibliographie
MkLU_] G]
R X=
VM LULF
ZT =
vJuJ '
\8 =
LU]^F N KSA4
L {!=
] >k},},y8=
R N B !F N?B \ jB R @ LU] B R w FT|LUp BON K` GJuD
B BX> ,< N N = B a,} y y 8y,y8>,=
r{RML
=
>k}
=, R cL N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K2F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ j F ,T N p !F.L!D|T B LUT ,]9
V!R N K{] KSF = 8 =v ,V!R\F = f GF =
Uy a Uy,y =
r N ]^F^KSR_ N !
8 =
>k},y,<8=6 R J LUF B F t MLU] GF4J N L!DzV!JoL L!D B R qLMLUJ?\F N F j VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K
DML B L =6v ,V!R\F = 8 = f = 4F B ] = K =
,},} >ky8=
r N p,R B
=
LUJu G]
v[=
>k},y,y8= zLUp,T|L k D N ] GK BON !F N k`F j2B R r ,JoL l ,TWV!J
b{LUR
MD B G]^T N GD j ] ,T T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N KcF B !D N GF = 8 =6v ,V!R\F = f GF =6},a
a,<,y a8>k}8=
r ,J UMk_UL
6b =
>k} 8=Mv ,J ,p N KLUJ N B G]^V!] B L BON j T LUF !] GT B j T|LUp BON KcV!] ,V G] BON GF j
dMLUFOLUJ B F !LUTWV!J jB R WKSR!] N d!F^\J GFEJoL_UL k jB R GJ ie\ f !D\_,JuKL 4 A N \
GF N B F = 6 4 N l GKSR = 6= l LUF = N G]OLUJ =Mv ,J = >
a,y 8a,}
8=
r ,F B G] k_
=
] g _ B
=
>k},},y8=C ,F^F N d!J T GKSRML N F^T KL!F N !p j L N J !] j`B R R GJuJ N G]EVML
J N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F N F ,T {dMLUFOLUJ B F =6v ,V!R\F = 8 =M B=>ka
=
Z L L
=
9 !KSR
8 =
>k},} = D B ,] N B L BON zV!] g j g ] BON GJuJ D j ,]^T D GF{p,]OL N?B GF
VMLU]`LMLUJ?\F XD w N T|LUp GF !T g ] Nut GF = 9 !JuJ = K = p g ,J = HM]OL!K > ,a 4 <6
> a =
Z L L
=
f ,d N
=
>k},}
8= H6LUd!] N K[LMLUJ?\F N F !F N !p B R N B G]^K GV B T B RD = GK B ,V!R\F =

}8> >,>k}8=
Z HGGJ
8 =
>k},y = b B G]cK ,] qp ,F B ] ,V!R N K kL!DF GK !JoLU]4_ULU] N L BON j.@ LU] B R w F{p ,T|L
p BON Kc GJuD = A4L B !] a8>,>
a a =
Z !p
=
B LUK \
H =
>k}
8= zLUp BON K2L N F B ] ,V\ j JoLUd ,]OL B ,]e\ET|L B G] N LUJuF N `R N KSR'T|LUp,T|L

k N F2F N T !JoL B GD =! !] 4V!V!J =6v ,V!R\F =
y 8y,<8=
Z _ N
=
>k} , = R ": GK B j T|LUp BON?B [VMLU] BON KGJ 'F N VMLUJ N B !F N?B \D B G]^T N ML BON !F j
B R Xp ,T|LUp BON K4 GJuD =M R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>ka
U}8=
Z \] N?B
sE=
9PLU]^D N B ":
8 =
G]^D N G]
b =
v{N ] B
=
<9] !F^F
f =
>k},},<8=UZ GFV!] GF t w oJ GF L
D w 4]^K B f MLU]^KUw R B GF B V !] 'KLU] B ,p,]OLUV!R N qp g ,J ,p Nut qL > >k<,<h<,<,< D GF oJ GF
r G]^p GJ =l ,TWV B= f !D = 2KLUD = K Nx=M LU] N F a8>,> 4 ^>6
8>
8=
ZN G] B
;9 =
>k},}8>,= B l LU]^J qF N T !JoL BON j G]^] ,]^F N B R {L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K4F !F^K GV
BON d N J N?B \ ML'F GK !D ]OL!Fe\TWT B ] N K B !F ,] = 8 =v ,V!R\F = f GF =6}

>k}
Ua,} >k}
=
Z k_
8 =
U<,<,<8= B L BON F BON KLUJPLUF^F GF^F^T B j V!] j G]^] GD B ]OL!F N?BON MLUJ_p,V J !p N?B !D GF dMLUF GD
VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KI_,JuKL N K{DML B L =6v ,V!R\F = 8 =M B=> <
>,> >,=
QK @ JuR N \
=
Z KS
8 =
>k},}
8= v VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON K[DML B LUdMLUF GFX N?B RLUKGK GF^F = !]e_ =#v
V!R\F =&> 4 6
U}8>,=
QKH6LUD!D
=
G]^] N JuJ
f =
QK @ JuR N \
=
!R
Z=
>k},}8>,= f _ G]^FOLUJuF jcB R @ LU] B R w F
T|LUp BON K# GJuD L!D B GTWV ,]OLUJ_ULU] N L BON !F jB R :D8\ MLUT j LUT N J N GF = 8 =v ,V!R\F = f GF =}
4 9 a<6
IL
a,} Ua 8a,},a,a8=
Bibliographie
157
G]^J
b =
>k},},y8= B G] MLUJ6F B ]OL N ' N?B R N WJoL_UL k`F j ] ,T LMLUJ ,p `T D GJuJ N !p =
8= j ,JuKL,J =
L! D v B R G] = f GF =y8>
>ky,} U<
8=
G ]^] N JuJ
f =
QK @ JuR N \
=
B _ !F
=
>k} }8=@ _ N D !K j ,]IJ !p B G]^TLUFe\TWT B ] N GF N
B R @ LU] B R w F4T|LUp BON K{ GJuDzL!DzV ,F^F N d!J N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]ID8\ MLUT B R ,] N GF = R\F = @ LU] B R
JoL B=! B G] = U<
8y =
G ]^] N JuJ
f =
Q KH6LUD!D
=
>k},},}8=!v , T|LUp BON K`V ,JoLU] N?B \ B ]OL!F N?BON !F = f _ =Mv ,V!R\F =Ma 4 6
U<8> 8=
,]^] N F
=
U<,<,<8= zLUp BON K j LUd!] N KhL!DVMLUJoL ,T|LUp BON K|LMLUJ?\F GF jIB R J N ML B G] MLU]e\
KLUJuK9LUJuLUJ N IF G] N GF j Gp N ML F^JoL!D
B R Gp Lh_,JuKL N KXLU]^K
v ] GK =6@ LU] B R JoL B=
K Nx=MZ B^B F =&>
}8> >k< =
!]OLUF
{=
Q5K 9 N ] \
=
>k} a8= ] ,V G] BON GF j F ,T hK ,TWT N p !F[] KSF|L!D B R N ]
T GJ B F`L B R N p,R B GTWV G]OL B !] GF =v ,J = K = 4T G] = 9 !JuJ =!y
a ,a 8} =
A4LUpL B L
{=
4]OL N
=
,T ,F
Mr =
>k
} ,a8= GK !JoLU]2_ULU] N L BON jB R Xp ,T|LUp BON K B B LUJ j ,]^K
D !] N !p B R XJoLUF B
<,<,< \ LU]^F = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF = ,y
, Uy =
A N K ,JoL\F
r =
UHM] \
H =
s D!p GF
Ur =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
U<,<,<8= 4] 4]#p KSR!] ,J ,pU\ j
DWdMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R 4r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp
,F B R G] !D N L bcK L N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,]
l N K G] !V BON []OL B GF j6B R `r G]^p GJ 'V!J !T =U@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=,Z B^B F =M>
a8>ka 8a Uy8=
A !p N G]
8=
>k
} =8@CB !D GF2D GF j ,]^T|L BON !F.D ,] B L cD w 4]^K 4 4]^KSR N V GJD GF`r G]^p GJ =
9 !JuJ =Ml ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR = B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F >,>
U} =
A !p N G]
8=
>k} < L =l B ] N d BON LhJxw g B !D [p g ,J ,p Nut B p g ,T ,]^V!R ,J ,p Nut D GF N J GF{r G]9
p GJ = 9 !JuJ =Ml ,T = A4L BON = HM] = f GKSR = B LU]^K B=6 LU] N F
,}
V!V =
A !p N G]
8=
>k} < d = G]^] GF !F B ]OLUJ GF B B LU]^K BONut H#]OL L N F GF 4 {= = = H = 6
`r G]^p GJ
F^JoL !D!F`] GK ML N F^FOL !K ET|LUV
> U<,<'<,<,<8=! !F BON?B=6v ,p,]OLUV!R = A4L B w J =
LU] N F =
D GT N ]
Mb =
>k},y =8 _ G]^F N jBON?B L ,T|LUp,R GT N?B GF =8 R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=
>ky >k
} 8=
G]^] N
=
>k},},y8= LUJ N B !F N?B \WD B G]^T N ML BON
T|LUp BON KID ,T|L N WF B ] !K B !]
!L !DhF GJ GK BON
KG] N?B G] N L = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =>k<,a
a,< U}8> 8a,
< ,<,<8=
G]^] N
=
KSR GV!V
@2=
R!KSR G]^dMLU k_
q=
>k},},y8=& LUJ N B !F N?B \DML B LUdMLUF !VDML B GD =#@ b
} 4 > <6
>k},y8=
G]^] N
=
KSR GV!V
Z=
U<,<,a8=! v VMLUJ N B !F N?B \DML B LUdMLUF =MN V!] GVMLU]OL BON =
G]^] N
=
R!KSR G]^dMLU k_
q=
>k},} =# LUJ N B !F N?B \ j`B R PLU] B R w F[T|LUp BON K' GJuD j ,] B R
VMLUF B <,< T| L @ _ N D !K j ,]WLD N V ,J F B ] !K B !] QD !] N !p B R T GF N KhJ k = 8=.v ,T|LUp =
v GJ GK B= }
,<8> 8> =
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
l
f =
G]^] N
=
U<,<,a8= 4d!F ,J B EVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ j bcJ N p K
4 a,< zL 6 JoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B R qr G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp 84F B R G] !D N L bcK L 6= v
V!R\F = 8=M B=
MF !d!T N?B^B GD =
#
L
158
Bibliographie
J N G]
v[=
l LUTWV!F
=
s !]e\
9 =
A N K ,JoL\F
r =
U<,< = LUJoL ,T|LUp BON KXF B !D8\ j bcJ N p
K 4 a,< zL 6 JoL_UL k`F j ] ,T B R r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp54F B R G] !D N L%bcK L 6
D N ] GK BON MLUJ L MLUJ?\F N F`L !DQT|LUp B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R\ =! R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>ka,a
> > 8=
] g _ B
=
>k},y8>,= ,T `LUF^V GK B F j T|LUp BON K._ N F^K ,F N?B \ [F !dML G] N LUJML !D'F !d!T|LU] N P_,JuKL N K
] KSF =v ,V!R\F = 8= f = 4F B ] = K =

> ,} >k} =
] g _ B
=
zL ! N
@2=
l
f =
v ] ,TWT g
l4=
>k},y = R B !F B L N 4xbc] Gp 6
p ,T|LUp BON K V ,JoLU] N?B \ B ]OL !F N?BON = = GJuD N B !F N?B \z_ULU] N L BON !F4L !DD N F^K !F^F N j ] _ G]^FOLUJ
T D GJuF = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =6},<
>k< > >k< y8=
] g _ B
=
zL ! N
@2=
v ] ,TWT g
l4=
Z GKL N JuJ
=
>k},y,a8=&sIN p,RVMLUJ N B !F N?BON GF jPB R
p ,T|LUp BON K' GJuD j ] ,T B R G]^T ,T|LUp BON K'F B !D N GF ] N?j B _ULUJuJ \V N JuJ kdMLUFOLUJ B F j ] ,T B R
T N D B JoL BON KI] N D!p = 8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =6y,y
Ua8> Ua 8=
f NuN FOLUp G]
8=
>k},},}8= LU] N L BON hD N ] GK BON B N B !F N?B g D KSRMLUTWVhT|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ] {L
JoL{ |D GF Nut B L l Nut =8 R = =B R GF N F
N _ G]^F N?B \ j B V GJuJ N G]
> ,y V!V =
f NuN FOLUp G]
=
f NuN FOLUp G]
8=
U<,<8>,= B GK BON !pT !J BON D ,T|L N T|LUp BON Kp,]OL N !F N R GJuJ N G]qVML
JoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B F =6 R\F =@ LU] B R JoL B=! B=>
>,>,> >,> =
f KSR B^B
=
>k},y,y8= _ G]^F {T|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K N WKLU]^d ML B Id LU] N !pE] KSF =8@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=
Z B^B=6},<
U} Ua =
f KSR B^B
=
!d !]^p
l4=
G]^] N
=
>k},},}8= F B R N FET|LUp BON K j LUd!] N K ,]^T|LUJ ] _ N
L !DQKLUF XF B !D N GF N h_ ,JuKL N K j ,]^T|L BON !F = GK B ,V!R\F =a,<
>k} Ua =
f KSR B^B
=
LUKSF
=
!d !]^p
l4=
>k},} = f KS|T|LUp BON F^T L !D B R N B G]^V!] B L BON j
L N F B ] ,V\ j T|LUp BON K{F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ = f _ =v ,V!R\F =a,< 4 <a 6
U<,} 8=
KSR!J gN KS,R J
fHM] =

v{N ] V B
=
K >k}, } ] =d v g ,J ,!p F N
p g KSR N T N B p g ,V!R\F Nut `D GF.r G]^p GJ = GT = K =
v = = >k<,y >,> B N BON =
GJu N !D
=
L 4

Z=
U<,<,<8=Z !p B G]^T _ULU] N L BON !F N zVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ = R N J =M ]OL !F = f = K =
Z =6a Uy 6 >k
< >k<,y,y8=
R! KSR GV ]^dMLU Qk_ F`
KGq] = L
GR!D KSR ] G,]^T dMLUD k: _U GL ]
q=
T|cLUN p , p,]OLUKcD F k_ L
GF =
s R \N F D G]
LU]H =R
U<,Jo<8L >,= R G]^T|LUJ#F
B LUd N J N?B \
j f
B j N B BON B B =6 =6@ B B=8 B=> U} a8=
R!T|KSR L G]^ dM LU kT|_UL LU
p q =
L R!KSR G]^dMLUV! kF _ !
D q,F =
!s p,J |N D D G,] T|
4LH =
LU<!,<,D<8T=I!J] ,DV , G]T|BON L GF % T|j LUVMp LU] BON LUJ WB p,R ]O GL ]^T !F ,]
B BON BON N
N
N
BON N BON?B N = 8=
v ,V!R\F = f GF =>k< 4 9 > 6
y8>,=
\T f !kF \
4F=
>k]
} =M RK T|
LUp BON KXL !D%V B ] ,J ,p N KcV!] ,V G] BON GF j LWdMLUFOLUJ B K ,J !T =v ,V!R\F =
8= = B = => a },<8=
L MLUL
sE=
.r
=
>k},y = MLUJ?\F N F j4B R B R GJuJ N G]^FGwCT B R D j VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ D B G]9
T N ML BON
= LUV!V!J N KLUd N J N?B \ B R N p,R L !DJ k T|LUp BON K| GJuD!F = 8=:v ,T|LUp =v GJ GK B=C
a
Uy U} =

#O
Bibliographie
159
LMLUL
sE=
2r
=
IKSR N T !]OL
sE=
>k},} = ,T p,J ,dMLUJ j L B !] GF j VMLUJ N B !F N?B \ N
p ,J ,p N KLUJ BON T =6v ,V!R\F = 8=M B=> U<
} >k< =
LU]^J N !p
=
s ] !DML
6H =
>k},},a8=! R zLUp BON K N F B ] ,V\ j f KSF =l RMLUV!T|L s LUJuJ
Z
D
> V!V =
L
Z=
>k},},y8=M LUJ ,T|LUp BON K ] N !K N V!J GF`L !D ]OLUK BON K = r{J G]
,]^D!] GKSR B=
L
Z=
v
8=
B L !D N p GJ
sE=
>k},},y8= H#J k D N ] GK BON !F N D N GF j ] ,T DML B L R
d B F B ]OLUVhPL\ = 8=6v ,V!R\F = f GF =>k<,a
>
, >
},<8=
L
Z=
rc\JuF B ]OL
A =
l !F B LUd!J
l4=
>k},}8>,= 9 B F B ]OLUVQF B L BON F BON KGF j ,]`VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON KcDML B L =
8=v ,V!R\F = f GF =6
}
>,> Ua >,> <8=
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
>k},a,y8= !][Jxw L N T|L B L BON D GF B G]^] GF'K N?B GF B F GFWLUV!V!J N KL BON !FEp g ,V!R\F Nut GF =
=M !F B= R\F Nut ED v J ,d
N _ =M LU] N F >
> 8a,< =
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
R GJuJ N G]
#b =
>k} = f GKSR G]^KSR GF'p g ,T|LUp g BONut GF F !]qD GF[K !J g GF _ ,JuKL Nut GF
D w 8_ G]^p = =v ,V!R\F =&>
a =
R GJuJ N G]
@2=
R GJuJ N G]
:b =
>k} U}8= !]WJxw N B !F N?B g D KSRMLUTWVT|LUp g BONut B G]^] GF B ] zDML !F|J
VMLUF^F g R N F B ,] Nut B p g ,J ,p Nut = =v ,V!R\F =&>
Uy 8a 8=
R ,TWV!F
8=
v N JuJoL !T
=
LUJ?\
Z=
>k},
y 8=# LUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T j2B R G]^T N L _ ,JuKL N K
] KSF j N F^F \ 4H#] !KSR !]OL 6 N TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R {VMLUJ U GJuDhL !D B GK B N K _ ,J BON =
v ,V!R\F = 8= f k\ = 4F B ] = K =6
y
>k<,a >,> =
B !]OL
v[=
U<,<8>,=k R F B ]OL N VML B RqL !D GTWV!JoLUK GT B T GKSRML N F^T j JoL_UL k`F UL !LUTWV!J
j ] ,T LUJ N ML 4F B R G] \]^]^R N L L
B LUJ?\ 6=M@ LU] B R JoL B= K Nx=MZ B^B F =&>ky,y
U} <8=
cN ,JoL B
l4=
>k} =Pl B ] N d BON nJxw g B !D zD %Jxw L N F B ] ,V N T|LUp g BONut QD GFh] KSR GF|_ ,JuKL
Nut GF =6 R = =MB R GF N F
LU] N F =
N F
=
LUT|LUF^K
=
.HM] \
:H =
FA N K ,JoL\F
:r =
v{N ] B
=
>k},},y8= GTWV ,]OLUJ N F B ,V N K
_ULU] N L BON !F N B R 'r G]^p GJ V!J !T _ N D !K j ] ,T B R 'r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp = N G] =
zLUp =
> a > =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
>k},} = r G]^p GJ V!J B N K K ,TWV!J GF ]
!D
V!d N F B ,V N KEF B !D8\L !D
N j G] !K GFELUd BcB R N ]cF !]^K GF
&LUp [L !Dp D8\ MLUT N K F B^BON !p = GT = K =v g ,J = HM] =#>

U}8=
N JuF
f =
>k
} = R 4VMLUJ ,T|LUp BON F^T j dMLU GDhK B LUK B ] KSFPL !D|] _ G]^FOLUJuF jB R LU] B R w F
T|LUp BON K4 GJuD =v ,V!R\F = 8= f k\ = 4F B ] = K =
>k} U< =
L !p
sE= 8=
:HM] \
:H =
N F
=
v{N ] B
=
\J
=
N KSR
v[=
>k},},y8= B ] ,p GF N F j
B R DdMLUFOLUJ B F j ,]^T N !p B R ,] B R G] r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp TWV!J N KL BON !F j ,] B R
r G]^p GJ QV!J !T = 8=6 B ] ,J =Ma,} 4 6
>,> y8=
O
@O
160
Bibliographie

>,=?> l J L GDzL_ G]OLUp ED N ] GK BON !F j T|LUp BON L BON jB R XJoL_UL k`F = =E=X=E=E=E=E=a
>,= 4N ] GK BON !F j B R IT L|V!] N !K N VMLUJMF !F^K GV BON d N J N?BON GF.L!D|F N GF j B R 4K 8MD !K
] Gp N !F`LU] !D B R GT j ,] B R B D XJoL !]^T B XF GK BON ==E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=a,}
>,= a B L BON F BON KLUJ L MLUJ?\F N F j kP9L_ G]OLUp ED N ] GK BON = =X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E= >
>,= 4N F^V G]^F N F B L BON F BON KGF j4vX =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
=?> l J L GD[L_ G]OLUp PD N ] GK BON !F j T|LUp BON L BON j!B R JoL_UL k`F 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6= =E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
= sIN p,R GTWV G]OL B !] XV f B L N J B GF B F =E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E= a

= amZ k GTWV G]OL B !] XV f B L N J B GF B F =E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
= LUJoL N B !F N?B \D B G]^T N ML BON !F =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
=?> 4N ] GK BON !F j B R IT L |V!] N !K N VMLUJMF !F^K GV BON d N J N?BON GF.L !D|F N GF j B R 4K 8MD !K
] Gp N !F`LU] !D B R GT j ,] B R XF N?B LUd!J k`F =h=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>,>
= 4N ] GK BON !F j B R IT L |V!] N !K N VMLUJMF !F^K GV BON d N J N?BON GF.L !D|F N GF j B R 4K 8MD !K
] Gp N !F`LU] !D B R GT j ,] B R XT G]^p GD k`F ==E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`> >
9 =?> GK BON QD ,] B4l R!] N F B T|LUF =X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>
9 = GK BON QD B 9 !] L =E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>
9 = a GK BON QD ,] B f L\T !D =X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`> y
9 = GK BON !F`D XJxw J s L B =E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`> }
9 = GK BON !F`D ,] B L XD w 4]^K =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>ky8>
9 = GK BON QD B D GF f !KSR GF =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>ky
9 = GK BON QD B D GF GTWV EB GF =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>k
y
9 = y GK BON QD B D XJoL !]^T B =E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>ky,y
9 = } GK BON QD B 4T G]e\ =E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>k}8>
9 =?>k< GK BON QD B D XJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] =E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>k}
9 =?>,> GK BON QD GF ] N F g GF B ] GJuF =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>k},a
9 =?> GK BON QD GF BON GJuJ GF =E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>k},}
> 8>
162
Liste des tableaux

> 4 N F B ] N d BON p g ,p,]OLUV!R Nut .D GFD g GFCD N ] GK BON GJuJ GFV!] k_ ML B D GFC] KSR GF
_ ,JuKL Nut GFD w Up ,J N pK 2 7 v J ,dMLUJ LUJ ,T|LUp BON K L B LUdMLUF CM_ G]^F N = a QK @ J
R N \L!D Z KS 4 >k},}
<6 = = =E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=Y>
VM4LUN F] B ] ]cN d D w BO GN F T|B GL TWV !,F4] GD JuJ [ 2VMD LU GJFg T ,T ! F B F.g D ,N VJ pC,JoL K N ] GFC GF _
N ]D B F^V GJu3F 4 d!J P GF4 DMF L6 !KF{LUJuJoK L!JdMg LUFF n
BON BON BON
N B N?B N 2 N N
D ID g GF N B G] ML BON MLUJ PD IVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g D IJxw v >k},},}8=Z LXJ N p
V N BON JuJ g F GF^VMLUK g F 4] GF^F G]^] g F 6 F !J N p EJoL'_ULUJ !]ID P T k\ D g B G]^T N g
V !]2JoL[V g ] N D < <8= a z5L 4 <8= a a,<,< zL 6=Q=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=Y>
a 6 f`g KLUV N?B !JoL BON?j D GFPF GK BON !FPV!] g J _ g GF2F !]Jxw LU]^KSR N V GJ6D GF2r G]^p GJ DML !FPJ
KLUD!] |D V!] ,p,]OLUTWT 'VMLUJ g ,T|LUp a8>k< ML !K g VMLU] Jxw !F BON?B B ,JoL N ] |HM]OL
L N F > 6& ,] B:l R!] N F B T|LUF > K !J g GF 4 y8=
,}8= < O@ 6
6 B 9 !] L >ky
K !J g G$F 4 y8= }
,}8= a O@ 6
<a 6P ,] B f L\T !D } K !J g G$F 4 }8= a
,}8= y,
< O@ 6
6. J s L B U} K !J g GF 4 }8= a,
}
,}8= } O@ 6
6 ,] B L {D w 4]^K Ua K
J g G*F 4 }8=
,}8= y ^@ 6
<6 B D GF f !KSR GF >ky K !J g G*F 4 y8= y
,y8= }8> O@ 6
6 B D GF GTWV EB GF U< K !J g GF 4 y8= y,

y
,}8=?>,> ^@ 6
<y 6 B D |JoL f L
d N JuJ 2 ] >k} K !J g GF 4 }8= <,
}
,}8= O@ 6
<} 6 B D IJoL !]^T B a,a K
J g GF 4 }8= a,<
,}8= < @ 6
>k<< 6 B 4T G]e\ y {y K !J g GF 4 }8= U}
<8=
< @ 6
>,> 6qZ GF B ] N F g GF B ] GJuF K !J g G5F 4 }8=

a
,}8=?> O@ 6 BQ> 6 Z GF BON
GJuJ GF >ka K !J g GF 4 }8=
,}8=?>k
y O@ 6=Z GF{F GK BON !F > n 4KLU]^] g F N ]^F 6 B
g B gqg KSRML BON JuJ g GFID !]OL B Jxw g B g L !F B ]OLUJ >k},} >k},},y8=MZ GFcF GK BON !F n >kk},},} U<,<,,> BX> 4 B ] N L !p,J GF N ]^F 6 B
g B g2g KSRML BON JuJ g GFD !]OL B JoL4D G] ?N 2 ] 2KLUTWVMLUp PD 2V!] g J 2 _ GT B U<,<8> U<,< =
9 6 J KLUJ N FOL BON WD XJxw LU]^KSR N V GJ D GFIr G]^p GJ QDML !F`Jxw bcK g L !D N = =X=E=E=E=E=Y>
l LU] B Ip g ,J ,p Nut 2D I] GK ML N F^FOL !K ID GF oJ GF:r G]^p GJ |L > U<,<X<,<,< 4 A
p N G]
>k} < d 6=I=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=Y>
v ]OLUV!R Nut j !K BON D
N JuJ !F B ]OL B J GF`D N : g ] B F B \V GF
D hdMLUFOLUJ B 8V!] N T g FqV !]qJ GFqF GK BON !F[D ,] B L hD w 4]^K 4 B R LUF B 6
D B 4T G]e\ 4 l ] GN G] 6

D B 9 !] L 4 J H KSR 6
PD B D JoL
f LUd N JuJ 2 ] B D B D XJoL !]^T B
MD w LUV!] 2 F4HM] \ B LUJ = 4 U<,< 6==E=E=E=Y>ky
> ,a

IL

164
Table des figures
>,=?> 6IZ KL BON !F j FOLUTWV!J GDzF GK BON !F B D GF f !KSR GF >ky k`F
B
D GF GTWV EB GF U< k`F
B D WJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] >k} k`F
B D
JoL !]^T B a,a k`FEL!D B 4T G]e\ y k`F = 9 6cZ KL BON j.B R
r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp N B R !D N L %bcK L ==X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E= U}
>,= Z kP GJuD F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \_ G]^F !F B GTWV G]OL B !] K !]e_ GF'D N F^V!JoL\ N !p B R B B \
V N KLUJId GRML_ N !] ,d!F G]e_ GD j ,] B R r G]^p GJ dMLUFOLUJ B F = 9 ,JuD 4DMLUF^R GD 6 J N GF
K ,]^] GF^V !D B WR L BON !p 4K ,J N !p 6 V!RMLUF GF ==E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=a
>,= a 6 l !T !JoL BON _ 'D N F B ] N d BON j !K BON jPB R W_ N F^K ,F N?B \ N !D N K GF 4 6{j ] ,T 4 > 6
B R B D GF f !KSR GF
B D GF GTWV EB GF
B D JoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
L !D
B 4T G]e\|F GK BON !FPK ,Tqd N GD
4 6B R B D 4JoL !]^T B cF GK BON = 9 6
zLUp BON L BON N B !F N?B \EL j B G] B I GFCF B ,]OLUp N ELIF^R N GJuD GDE] ,T 4 A f << 6
LUF[L j !K BON j =:l 6 zLUp BON L BON N B !F N?B \ j`B R |_ N F^K !FqK ,TWV B
LUK t N ] GDhD !] N !p > DML\F !D G] B R cp ,T|LUp BON KI GJuD 4D GJ B L q> DML\F 6 LUF2L
j !K BON j ==E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=a
>,= L WV!] N !K N VMLUJ8F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \qL N F jB R!] `K !F GK BON _ `VMLU] B F j ] ,T B R B
D JoL !]^T B EF GK BON %L !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F G$F 4 l !F B LUd!J L !D
L
>k},},<< 6
8F t MLU] r
B ] N L !p,J {r L !DK N ]^KGJ Xr ==E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=a,}
>,= L 6
d 6
.K 6 L !DD 6 !F N?B \D N LUp,]OLUTWF j{B R %V!] N !K N VMLUJIF !F^K GV BON d N J N?B \ L N F
r
4L 6
r 4d 6
r 4K 6 L !Dr 9r 4D 6 K ,Tqd N GD j ,] B R B
D XJoL !]^T B XF GK BON 4 >ky,<y 6= L QV!] N !K N VMLUJL N *F 4 6 L !D B R N ] }
K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J `L !D L
>k},},<< 6
UF t MLU] `r
B ] N L !p,J Pr
L !DQK N ]^KGJ {r =E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E= <
>,= bc] B R ,p MLUJV!J B F j ,] ,]^T|LUJ
] _ G]^F GD|L !D N B G]^T GD N L B k`F j ,]CD N : G] B J?\
D GT|LUp BON GDFOLUTWV!J GF N |p ,p,]OLUV!R N KIK ,]^D N ML B GF = R cd!JoLUKS5 4 `R N?B 6 V N B F
K ,]^] GF^V !D B B R XR ,] N B LU(J 4 _ G] BON KLUJ 6 V!JoL =2=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E= a
>,= zLUp B ,F B ]OL BON p,]OLUV!R N KK ,]^] GJoL BON !Fz N?B R B R p,J ,dMLUJ p ,T|LUp BON KV ,JoLU] N?B \
BON T [F^KLUJ 84 s GF BON FEL !D 2K B
>k},} 64N B G]^V!] B GD !F N !pQ]OLUD N ,T B ] N KqDML B GF
L !Dp KSR GT N KLUJ ,d!F G]e_UL BON !F 4 L !p B LUJ =
U<,<,<
L !LUK KS RzB F GB K LUJ =
U<,<
6=
[
6LULF^F!!D T
6B RMLU]L B LUR JuJ XB V R , [F^FV ,d!JoJ LU X] KN?B ,\]^] KS GR!JoL] !FX!F`LU] LU JuJ ]k G K G,D ]^D G,D ]
B
BON => 6 6 <a 6 6 B N
BON
j
B R B D XJoL !]^T B XF GK BON = =E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=
>,= ymZ KL BON !F j4vX F j ] ,T B R B D GF f !KSR GFIF GK BON ==E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E= y
>,= } L 6C LUJoL ,T|LUp BON K.D N ] GK BON !F jN !D N _ N D MLUJ k 4 s !]e\'L !D J GF^FOLU]^5D 4 >k},} 6
L !D B R N FF B !D8\K ,Tqd N GD 6
PL !Dd 6
B R N ]|d B F B ]OLUV!V GDT L !F N?B R }
K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 L
>k},},<y 6
L j B G]{] GT k_ N !p j.B R B ]OL !F N?BON MLUJDML B L =
R %D N V ,J h GJuDD N ] GK BON !BF 4F t MLU] GF 6 LU] zp N _ j ,]|K ,TWVMLU] N F =: 9JoLUKS
4 `R N?B 6 K N ]^KGJ GFIL !DF t MLU] GF4LU] XV ,F N?BON _ 4 GpL BON _ 6N !KGJ N ML BON !F =Q=X=E=E=E=E=E= }

Table des figures
165
>,=?>k<sIN F B ,p,]OLUTWF j KLU] B GF N LK ,]^D N ML B GF j B R cT Ld B F B ]OLUV!V GD ,]^T|LUJL !D

] _ G]^F V ,JoLU] N?B \|D N ] GK BON !F2L !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K N B G]e_ULUJuF 4 L
>k},},y<6= U<
>,=?>,>4vX F^KL B^B G]EL !D } K 8MD !K N B G]e_ULUJLUd B F^V N L N F j DML B L 4 } 6
j ] ,T s !]e\L !D J GF^FOLU]^D 4 >k},} 6 L !D B R zV!] GF B F B !D8\K ,Tqd N GD 4 N?B R
p,] !V N !p j T|LUp BON KLUJuJ?\ N D BON KLUJ k`F 6 K ,TWVMLU] GD B B R D GJ vYj ,]
VMLUJoL ,F GK !JoLU]P_ULU] N L BON 4 QKH6LUD!D B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
=?>AZ KL BON jB R F B !D N GDXF GK BON !F kL 6 B D GF f !KSR GF >ky k`F 4 y8= y
,y8= }8> ^@ 6
d 6 B D GF GTWV EB GF U< k`*F 4 y8= y,

y
,}8=?>,> ^@ 6
8K 6 B f LUd N JuJ 2 ]
>k} k`@F 4 }8= <,
}
,}8= O@ 6= =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E= 8>
= , 4F ,J N DJ N 6 L !D 4DMLUF^R GDJ N 6 K !]e_ GF j L] i GK B GD 4 6 L !DL
F GJ GK B GD 4 9 6 k = =E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
= a f GK B GDJ N p,R B T N KG] ,V!R B ,p,]OLUV!R!F !F N !pL N J N TWT G]^F N ,di GK BON _ =P R
KG] ,F^F GD N K ,JuFILU] qL Bc},< = L 6
d 6 6FOLUTWV!J ,} d 4 62N ML B !]OLUJ&J N p,R B N?B R
D N : G] B ,] N B L BON !F K 6
D 6 B [KSRMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON KcT N G]OLUJuF j ] ,T FOLUTWV!J Ua K
4 GTWV > <6N V ,JoLU] N F GDhJ N p,R B==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E
=
= 6 bc] B R ,p MLUJ#V!] i GK BON j:B R 'F N F B G]{F^V GK N T D GT|LUp BON L BON
9 6 bc]9
B R ,p MLUJV!] i GK BON j8B R F B !D N GD FOLUTWV!J :D GT|LUp BON L BON
kKLUJuK !JoL B GD j ] ,T
B R 'VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ 8V G] N T B
l 6 A f h f D N LUp,]OLUT j.B R 'FOLUT [F^V
K N T
CL !D 6q@ _ ,J BON j`N?B F ]OL BON %K ,TWVMLU] GD B B R _ ,J BON j`B R
F N?B LUd!J {FOLUTWV!J >ka,@2==E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E= ,y
= 6 ] i GK B GD GF BON T|L B `] GpLU]^D N !p B R IV f h B L N J B GF B
;9 6:sIN p,R G] B GTWV G]OL B !]
D B G]^T N ML BON j ,] B R qFOLUT FOLUTWV!J >ky @ 4 GTWV >k<< 6= 9JoLUKS 4 R N?B 6 K N ]^KGJ GF
LU] B R {F B GV !F GD 4 B !F GD 6j ,] B R {VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B
B R B ] N L !p,J GF
] GV!] GF B4B R XV f YKSR GKSF ==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
= l RMLU]OLUK B G] N F BON K !LUTWV!J GF j VMLUJoL N B !F N?B \ GF BON T|L B GF j ] ,T B R N F&F B !D8\ = L 6 L !D
d 6 K ,]^] GF^V !D B [p,]OLUD GF BON T|L B GF
8K 6
8D 6
6 L !D j 6:B [p,]OLUD 9 GF BON T|L B GF =
9JoLUKS 4 R N?B 6 K N ]^KGJ GF{LU] B R [F B GV !F GD 4 B !F GD 6Ij ,] B R qVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
GF BON T|L B
B R B ] N L !p,J GFP] GV!] GF BIB R XV f KSR GKSF = =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=
= L 6 ,V 4d!JoLUKS 6 K N ]^KGJ GFXLU] 4F GJ GK B GD 64 QF j ] ,T B R v U<,< !VDML B GD
DML B L F B d B <8= a L !D U< zL =v ]OL\[F t MLU] GFLU] B R `DML B L j ] ,T B R N FF B !D8\
`R N KSRVMLUF^F B R zF GJ GK BON KG] N?B G] N L =:Z ! p 4F^R ,] B 6 DMLUF^R GDJ N N !D N KL B GF B R
< <8= a zL 4 <8= a a,<,< zL 6 T L Y_ULUJ = d 6 FOLUT XLUF`L 6 d B`j ,] B R B
D GDzbcJ N p K @4 U< < zL 6:BON T I N !D k = K 6Z KL BON jB R cVMLUJoL N B !F N?B \
] GK ,]^D!F:d B U< L !D < zL =,ZN p,R B 4DMLU]^ 6 p,]OL\qK ,J !T [LU] *4F GJ GK B GD 6 GF BON
T|L B GF j ] ,T B R v U<,< !VDML B GD'DML B L F Bj ,] B R BON T N !D k K !F N D G] GD = y,<
= ymZ KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD ,] B L ED w 4]^K = =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=y,}

166
Table des figures
a8=?>AZ KL BON %L!D%p ,J ,p N KLUJT|LUV jB R F B !D N GDLU] L84 f L_ N L [L !D f L_ N
D l RMLU]^d F GK BON !F 64N B R Wr G]^p GJ N F^JoL!D!F 4T D N GD j ] ,T HM] \ B LUJ =
4 U<,<,<< 6={=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=}
a8= > FOLUTWV!J GF L 6 zL N T !T 4F t MLU] GF 6 L !DT N N T !T 4K N ]^KGJ GF 6 L GF 4F B
] ,p,]OLUV!R N K V!] i GK BON N B R qJ k G]cR GT N F^V!R G] 6= d 6cl ,]^] GF^V !D N !pD !F N?B \
K B !]^F`D N LUp,]OLUTWF = K 62 w D N LUp,]OLUT 4 GJ N G
>k},y8> 6='=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=},y
a8= a FOLUTWV!J G*F 4F EH N p =!a8= 6=:=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=},}
a8= > FOLUTWV!J GF CL 6[l 8MD !K 4F B G] ,p,]OLUV!R N KhV!] i GK BON N B R hJ k G]
R GT N F^V!R G] 6Pj ,]`T|L N T !T L !DQT N N T !T L GF !F N !p s B 4 >k
} ,a<6 GJ N G
4 >k} <y 6 F B L BON F BON KG*F 4K BON !FIJ N 6
!d B F B ]OLUV 4 l !F B LUd!J EL !D L
>k},},<
s !]e\
>k},} L 6 T B R D 4DMLUF^R GDJ N 6 L !Dd N _ULU] N L B 4 s !]e\L !D Z v :
>k},} 6 F B L BON F BON KGF 4D B^B GDJ N 6= d 6{l 8MD !K 4 s !]e\
>k},} L 6 w
D N LUp,]OLUT 4 GJ N G
>k},y8> 6==X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k<,<
a8= FOLUTWV!J G*F 4F EH N p =!a8= 6=:=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k<8>
=?> v ,J ,p N KLUJT|LUV j!B R 2r G]^p GJ 4]^KSR N V GJoLUp cL j B G]CHM] \ B LUJ = 4 U<,<,<< 6= A !T[
d G]^F N !D N KL B B R WJ KL BON !F j FOLUTWV!J GD F GK BON !F B D GF f !KSR GF >ky
k`F
B D GF GTWV EB GF U< k`F
B D IJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] >k} k`F
B 4T G]e\ > k`F

,] B{l R!] N F B T|LUF > k`F
,] B f L\T !D
} k`F ==X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>,>ka
= H#J kF^KLUJ 'L MLUJ?\F N F J j B
T L V!] N !K N VMLUJCL N F j.B R [F N?B LUd!J k`F
] N p,R B
] GF !J BON !p|T L %V!] N !K N VMLUJL N F j LUKSRF GK BON L !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
J N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J PL !D L
>k},},<< 6= 9JoLUKSXF t MLU] GF:r
p,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GFr
L !D`R N?B qK N ]^KGJ GF{r = R t MLUJ:LU] LV!] i GK BON !F{LU] [J k G]{R GT N F^V!R G] GF
N p ,p,]OLUV!R N K{K ,]^D N ML B GF ==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>,>k}
= a H#J kF^KLUJ 'L MLUJ?\F N F J j B
T L V!] N !K N VMLUJCL N F j.B R [F N?B LUd!J k`F
] N p,R B
] GF !J BON !p|T L %V!] N !K N VMLUJL N F j LUKSRF GK BON L !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
J N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J PL !D L
>k},},<< 6= 9JoLUKSXF t MLU] GF:r
p,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GFr
L !D`R N?B qK N ]^KGJ GF{r = R t MLUJ:LU] LV!] i GK BON !F{LU] [J k G]{R GT N F^V!R G] GF
N p ,p,]OLUV!R N K{K ,]^D N ML B GF ==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`> U<
= !KGK GF^F N _ 2T L qV!] N !K N VMLUJL N FCL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J
L !D L
>k},},<< 6Pj ,] B R D N : G] B kp,] !V!F4K !F N D G] GDL B LUKSRF GK BON =
9JoLUKSF t MLU] GFcr
Mp,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GF`r L !D`R N?B XK N ]^KGJ GFIr =M R t MLUJ
LU] L[V!] i GK BON !FILU] XJ k G]2R GT N F^V!R G] GF N hp ,p,]OLUV!R N K{K ,]^D N ML B GF = =E=E=E=E=`>
= !KGK GF^F N _ 2T L qV!] N !K N VMLUJL N FCL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJuJ N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J
L !D L
>k},},<< 6Pj ,] B R D N : G] B kp,] !V!F4K !F N D G] GDL B LUKSRF GK BON =
9JoLUKSF t MLU] GFcr
Mp,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GF`r L !D`R N?B XK N ]^KGJ GFIr =M R t MLUJ
LU] L[V!] i GK BON !FILU] XJ k G]2R GT N F^V!R G] GF N hp ,p,]OLUV!R N K{K ,]^D N ML B GF = =E=E=E=E=`> Ua
O
O
O

Table des figures
167
= GK BON F^KLUJ |LMLUJ?\F N F LV!] N !K N VMLUJ:L N FqL!D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
J N V!F GF4 l !F B LUd!J |L!D L
>k},},<<6 LUF^F K N L B GD N?B R GJ N G%V!J B 4 GJ N G
>k},y8> 6j ,] LUKSR'F GK BON 'L j B G]#T G]^p N !p j LUJuJ B R PDML B L B ,p B R G] =U R t MLUJMLU] L
V!] i GK BON !FPLU] 4J k G]R GT N F^V!R G] GF N |p ,p,]OLUV!R N KIK ,]^D N ML B GF
d!JoLUKS'F t MLU] GF
] GV!] GF B r
Cp,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GFqr L !D `R N?B hK N ]^KGJ GF'r = H ,] B R GJ N
G'V!J B F
,V B ] N L !p,J GF:K ,]^] GF^V !D B ET LUF !] GT B FPL !D|d!JoLUKS'K N ]^KGJ GF.LU]
d B F B ]OLUV!V GDDML B L ==E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>
= GK BON F^KLUJ |L MLUJ?\F N F L V!] N !K N VMLUJ:L N FqL !D B R N ] } K 8MD !K GJ
J N V!F GF 4 l !F B LUd!J |L !D L
>k},},<< 6 LUF^F K N L B GD N?B R GJ N G%V!J B 4 GJ N G
>k},y8> 6j ,] LUKSR'F GK BON 'L j B G]#T G]^p N !p j LUJuJ B R PDML B L B ,p B R G] =U R t MLUJMLU] L
V!] i GK BON !FPLU] 4J k G]R GT N F^V!R G] GF N |p ,p,]OLUV!R N KIK ,]^D N ML B GF
d!JoLUKS'F t MLU] GF
] GV!] GF B r
Cp,]OL\ B ] N L !p,J GFqr L !D `R N?B hK N ]^KGJ GF'r = H ,] B R GJ N
G'V!J B F
,V B ] N L !p,J GF:K ,]^] GF^V !D B ET LUF !] GT B FPL !D|d!JoLUKS'K N ]^KGJ GF.LU]
d B F B ]OLUV!V GDDML B L ==E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>
= yms ,] N B LU*J 4J j B 6 L !D_ G] BON KLU$J 4K B G] 6 L GFLUF^F K N L B GD N?B R B R N ][D !F N?B \
K B !]^F 4F B G] ,p,]OLUV!R N KWV!] i GK BON N B R |J k G]ER GT N F^V!R G] 6cj ,] LUKSRF GK
BON =! R XD !F N?B \D N LUp,]OLUTWF jB R XT|L N T !T L !DQT N N T !T L GFIK ,Tqd N GD
4J j B 6 LU] XLUJuF 'D N F^V!JoL\ GD j ,] LUKSR_ ,JuKL N K{F t !K = =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`> Uy
= }ms ,] N B LU*J 4J j B 6 L !D_ G] BON KLU$J 4K B G] 6 L GFLUF^F K N L B GD N?B R B R N ][D !F N?B \
K B !]^F 4F B G] ,p,]OLUV!R N KWV!] i GK BON N B R |J k G]ER GT N F^V!R G] 6cj ,] LUKSRF GK
BON =! R XD !F N?B \D N LUp,]OLUTWF jB R XT|L N T !T L !DQT N N T !T L GFIK ,Tqd N GD
4J j B 6 LU] XLUJuF 'D N F^V!JoL\ GD j ,] LUKSR_ ,JuKL N K{F t !K = =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`> U}
=?>k< RMLUV |V!] j G] BON LUJ ,] N B L BON 4 8 b 6 L MLUJ?\F N F j V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF 'L !D ,VML t GF
V!RMLUF GF UL 6 L !Dqd 6 FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T B R B D GF GTWV EB GFCF GK BON
K 6j ] ,T B R
B D PJoL !]^T B 2JoL_UL4V N J L !D'D 6&j ] ,T B R B 4T G]e\ F GK BON = HM] ,T
J j B{B ] N p,R B p,J ,dMLUJ#V N K B !] GF j.B R B R N F GK BON 4 B ,] N B GD 6
B ]OLUK B GD
d!JoLUKSL !D`R N?B {V N K B !] GF`L j B G] N T|LUp `MJ B G] N !p[L !D B R N ]PK ,]^] GF^V !D N !p[] ,F
j D N ] GK BON j6B R 2V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF .d !DMLU] N GF
UFOLUT B R N !p j ,] B R ,VML t 2V!RMLUF =
H ,]D 6 L !D j 6B R N 'F GK BON !F
B R `] GD!]OL WV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF JoL B R!FV N K B !] GF.LU] 2p N _
N B R d B^B ,T N?B R B R K ,]^] GF^V !D N !p ] ,F j D N ] GK BON D N LUp,]OLUT = 9JoLUKS
LU]^] k`F N !D N KL B r 4D N ] GK BON L !DPL\ 6= H ,] B R ] ,F D N LUp,]OLUTWF
J N GF
K ,]^] GF^V !D B B R J !p L N F j B R T L GJuJ N V!F L !D d ,JuDJ N GFQLU] B R
T|L N T !T D N ] GK BON jB R XD N F B ] N d BON =%=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=`>ka8>

168
Table des figures
=?>,> RMLUV |V!] j G] BON LUJ ,] N B L BON 4 8 b 6 L MLUJ?\F N F j V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF 'L !D ,VML t GF
V!RMLUF GF 6&j ] ,T B R B 4T G]e\E_,JuKL N KF t !K
j 6 L!D[p 6 FOLUTWV!J GF j ] ,T
B R B D 2JoL !]^T B PF GK BON = HM] ,TJ j B#B {] N p,R B Up,J ,dMLUJV N K B !] GF jMB R
B R N hF GK BON 4 B ,] N B GD 6
B ]OLUK B GDQd!JoLUKS|L !D`R N?B cV N K B !] GF`L j B G] N T|LUp
MJ B G] N !pWL !D B R N ]IK ,]^] GF^V !D N !pW] ,F j D N ] GK BON j#B R V!JoLUp N KGJoLUF cd
DMLU] N GF
FOLUT B R N !p j ,] B R ,VML t 'V!RMLUF = H ,] 6 L !Dp 64B R N F GK BON !F
B R
] GD!]OL hV!JoLUp N KGJoLUF 2JoL B R!F.V N K B !] GFPLU] 4p N _ N B R 4d B^B ,T N?B R B R 4K ,]^] GF9
V !D N !p] ,F j D N ] GK BON D N LUp,]OLUT = 9JoLUKSLU]^] k`F N !D N KL B [r 4D N ] GK BON
L !DPL\ 6= H ,] B R '] ,F [D N LUp,]OLUTWF
J N GFcK ,]^] GF^V !D B B R [J !pL N F j.B R
T L GJuJ N V!F
d ,JuDJ N GFPLU] B R cT|L N T !T D N ] GK BON jB R cD N F B ] N d BON |L !D
DMLUF^R GDd ,JuDJ N GF{] GV!] GF B B R 'T L ,] N B L BON p N _ d\ B R 'T B R D j
s LU]e_ \QL !D Z L B 4 >k},y,<< 6==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>ka
=?> !TWT|LU]e\ jPB R N B G]^V!] B GD k N !pzD N ] GK BON !F j LUJuJ B R F GK BON !F F B !D N GD
F j LU]
N !KGJ !D N !p B R B D [JoL !]^T B 4 J N G] B LUJ =
U<,< 6 L !D B R
,] B L D w 4]^K 4 s !]e\ B LUJ =
U<,<,<a 6 F GK BON !F =` R _ ,JuKL N KV!] k_ N !K
J N T N?B F 4DMLUF^R GDzd ,JuDJ N GF 6 L !D B R XK ,]^] GF^V !D N !pWF !V!V ,F GD G] !V BON _ EK B G]
J KL BON 4 N qd!JoLUKS 6 LU] 2LUJuF 4D N F^V!JoL\ GD'L j B G] A !p N G] 4 >k} < L 6 L !D Z \] N?B B LUJ =
4 >k},},<< 6={=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k
a
9 =?> Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD ,] B4l R!] N F B T|LUF =:=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`> ,
9 = Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B 9 !] L =.=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`> ,
9 = a Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD ,] B f L\T !D ==X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`> y
9 = Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD XJxw J s L B = =E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>ky,a
9 = Z KLUJ N FOL BON D GF`F GK BON !F`D ,] B L XD w 4]^K = =E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>ky,a
9 = Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B D GF f !KSR GF ==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>ky
9 = Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B D GF GTWV EB GF ==E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>ky
9 = y Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B D XJoL !]^T B = =E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k},<
9 = } Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B 4T G]e\ = =E=X=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k},<
9 =?>k<qZ KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B D XJoL f LUd N JuJ 2 ] ==E=E=E=E=E=X=E=E=E=E=E=`>k}8>
9 =?>,>{Z KLUJ N FOL BON D GF`F GK BON !F`D GF ] N F g GF B ] GJuF B D GF BON GJuJ GF ==E=E=E=E=E=`>k},y
=
> ,}

Avant propos
171
*# + !*+B!$
Z LV!] GT N?2 ] VMLU] BON %D K GFQL GF_ N F n 8V!J Nut G] t GJ t GFJ N p GFJoLT g B RD
d B F B ]OLUV t !FhL_!F g B g LUT g Fhn BON J N F G]WD!]OL B J B G F B D w N _ G]^F N V!] g F B g
V!] GT ?N 2 ] {VMLU] BON B J GF g B !D GFID XJoL j LUd!] Nut {T|LUp g BONut =
@ F GK !D EVMLU] BON cD {K GF4L GF`F B ] Gp,] !V g GF`F !KGK N !K B GT B J GF N j ,]^T|L BON !F.p,JoL g GF
F !]4J B G]^]OL N QD!]OL B Jxw g KSRML BON JuJ MLUp {D GFcD N : g ] B GF4F GK BON !F4V!] g J _ g GF{DML!F4J EKLUD!] D
V!] ,p,]OLUTWT LUJ g ,T|LUp a8>k<8=

!F B ] 8_ G] !F N?B cJoL ] GV!] D !K BON !LUK B {D w QLU] BON KGJ IVMLU] hDML !F
=.l GJ N K N 8V ,F zJ GFW] g F !J B L B F ,d B !F|D !]OL B T F B LUp QD = @2= = !KLUD!] g
VMLU] N ] N JuJ G]^] N B N KSR GJ ] g _ B
N BON?B !J g LUJ g ,T|LUp g BON F^T |D JoL_ GF[D A ,]^D D
Jxw ,V!R N ,J N?B PD w bcT|L = GF2L MLUJ?\F GFPK ,TWV!J g T B L N ] GF:] g LUJ N F g GFD !]OL B J GF.V!] GT N G]^FT N F.D
T|L B R 2 F [L N !F Nt D GFc] g F !J B L B F4V!] k_ ML B D = @2= = D w @ TWT|L GJ l K ML !D !KLUD!] g J N
L !F^F N VMLU] N ] N JuJ :@ fIf AL !VMLU]OL_UL B
B g B g Lki B g F`V !]2K ,TWV!J g B G]2K B^B g B !D =
?./1$A' -
F -
=#0$&+?.
--?./+= -
Z w !F GTqd!J XD GF`D g GF4LUK t N F GFID!]OL B K B^B B R 2 F GF B D N F^V N d!J cF !]`J {F N?B

Z !]T N F znD N F^V ,F N?BON _ N F nV G]^T B^B ] L J GK B !]D 'i !p G]D %J !] t MLUJ N?B g B B
,di GK BON _ N?B g = JIFGw LUp N?B D GF|D g GF N B G]^V!] g B g GF t N V !]^]OL N B g _ B GJuJ GT B F G]e_ N ]
F N D GFc] GKSR G]^KSR GFEV ,F B g ] N !] GFcn|K GF B ]OL_UL z] GT B^B L N B4B B LUJ GT B %VMLU] BON GJuJ GT B ,F
] g F !J B L B F zKL !F =Z L'K ,TWV N JoL BON D XD g GFcL B g ] N !] GF t w N JTQw L g B g D g D E] g LUJ N F G]
D!]OL B Jxw g B !D XD EVMLUJ g N B !F N?B g TQw L'LUV!V!] N FIn t GJV N B ,F N B G]^V!] g B L BON !F`V 8_ B EB ]
] GJoL BON _ GF Bt zF !J QJoL t MLUJ N?B g D GF|T GF !] GF B JoLD N F^V N d N J N?B g D GF|] g F !J B L B FWK ,TWV B B
] g GJuJ GT B=
Z ,Tqd!] N TWV ,] B L B D `D g GFn B ]OL N?B G]D !]OL B K B^B g B !D `TQw L{VMLU]:L N JuJ !]^FLUT g n
D g _ GJ ,V!V G]
!L_ GKcJxw L N D ID N G]^] l LUTWV!F
N B G] j LUK 4p,]OLUV!R Nut 4D GFPV!] ,p,]OLUTWT GF j !] N F
VMLU] L B LUJ = 4 >k},},<y 6=!Z XK D XT !J BON V!JoL B j ,]^T IlPZ r
!K ,] EJ N D w EB ] ,V BON T N F g
GF B D N F^V N d!J cDML !F`J {T E T c] g V G] B N ] =

1"
*#' $A,
' "
1/
:@4
@?.*- ?B 8 = -- :*-' $&-/
172
Avant propos

Z LT g B R D [d B F B ]OLUV GF B BON J !T g ] Nut t N V G]^T B D [D g B G]^T N G]{JoL|T k\
B JoL{D N F^V G]^F N WD w !F GTqd!J ID 1AD g GFD B IK ML B VMLUF:JoL j !K BON WD ID !F N?B g
D zV!] ,dMLUd N J N?B g =:l B^B %T g B RD QK !F N F B %n F g J GK BON G]LUJ g L B N ] GT B A !] Gp N F B ] GT B F
VMLU]^T N K GFcD g GF
K G] B L N GF4V 8_UL B EB ] ] g BON J N F g GFIV!J !F N !]^F j N F B D w L B ] GF:iOLUT|L N F
B
D w [KLUJuK !J G]JoLIT k\ 2D N?B d B F B ]OLUV!V g 4J N?B^B g ]OLUJ GT B V!] ,p,]OLUTWT g 6=@ [] g V g B L B K B^B
,V g ]OL BON B ] 2 F.p,]OL !D ,Tqd!] `D j N 1F 4 >k<E<,<,< VMLU] GTWV!J 6 |D N F^V ,F `D w !F GTqd!J ID
T k\ GFcd B F B ]OLUV!V g GF t N
j N FIKGJoLUF^F g GF4VMLU] ,]^D!] EKG] N F^FOL B
V G]^T B D D g B G]^T N G]
N B G]e_ULUJ!D 2K 86L !K `n } L B !]CD 2JoL4T k\ `KLUJuK !J g PV !]CJ GFCD g GF N N?BON LUJ GF = N
Jxw !F GTqd!J CD :D g GF N N?BON LUJV ,F^F 2 D :D N F B ] N d BON cpL !F^F N
K B \V :D F B L BON F BONut w L
g _ N D GTWT B VMLUFqp,]OL !D N B g ] EB
T|L N F N J:V G]^T B DML !FqJ WKLUFqD D N F B ] N d BON !F t GJuK t GF
V !]|J GF t GJuJ GFJ GFKLUJuK !JuF|D w g KLU] BB \V w B V!J !FD %F !F
2D w GF BON T G]|JoLD N F^V G]^F N D GF
D g GFEVMLU]{]OLUV!V ,] B nJoLT k\ =& J GF B n B G] t 'K B^B GF BON T|L BON %D WJxw N B G]e_ULUJuJ D
K 86L !K 'n } L B !]cD [JoLT k\ GF B LUFe\TWV B BONut
t w GJuJ B !D_ G]^FXJoL|_ULUJ !]
!LUK B D Jxw N B G]e_ULUJuJ {D K 86L !K V!J !FIJ ,Tqd!] ED T k\ GFcd B F B ]OLUV!V g GF4KLUJuK !J g GF B
N TWV ,] B L B=
l GV !DML B JoLzT g B R D |d B F B ]OLUVF N TWV!J t N _ N B D w EB ] 8V ,F g hD g V !DJoLU]^p GT B
D ,Tqd!] ID 4D g GFPK B GFPDML !FJxw !F GTqd!J IK !F N D g ] g N N?BON LUJ GT B=, !] ,Tqd!]
D D g GF B ] ,V%V BON?B 4 U<<6
6J GF4J N T N?B GF2D qK 86L !K qF q] B ] 8_ B F !F GF BON T g GF 4 L
B LUJ =
>k},}8> 6= N J GFD g GF 8V g ] N T B LUJ GF N N?BON LUJ GFF B LUF^F ,] BON GFD w N !K G] BON?B !D
N J GF B
LUJ ,]^FcV ,F^F N d!J qD '] GT g D N G]XnhK 'V!] ,d!J 2 T BON J N FOL B JoLhT g B R D [d B F B ]OLUVVMLU]OLUT g B ] g =
VMLUL ] !FEK | WDKLUF
F !Md!K F BO_ N?B |V!KS] RMFL Wt DM |L !D F g | |D F g F J G] K dBON g |V LU,J F^g F L B DM L N ] GT Jo L TB K ,T TW 'T T Wk\L !VMLU ]OL _UL J B
g BON N
N B N BON g B E
B
T E T g KLU] BEB \V t |Jxw G]^] !]ELUF^F K N g |nQJoLhD g |K !F N D g ] g =#Z GFEF !F !F GTqd!J GF D A
D g GF'D hF !d!F BON?B BON ] 2B B T N LUJ ,]^FqJoL%D N F B ] N d BON N N?BON LUJ 'J N T N?B g |n t GJ t GF
D g GF B J GF N B G]e_ULUJuJ GF'D zK 86L !K zFGw B ] 8_ B T N D g N F t w L_ GK%JoLT g B R D
d B F B ]OLUVhF N TWV!J =
l B^B ET g B R D XD Ed B F B ]OLUVV B VMLU] GTWV!J EB ] BON J N F g zVMLUJ g ,T|LUp g BON F^T 4V !]
GF BON T G]PJoL T k\ B JoL D N F^V G]^F N hVMLU]2]OLUV!V ,] B nqK B^B {T k\ XD w !F GTqd!J XD {D N ] GK
>a
N

$ -

Methode
bootstrap
174
BON !F =M@ JuJ cV G]^T B L!F^F N D ED N F BON !p G]PD QD N ] GK BON !F2T k\ GF _ g ] N 6L B F N J GF`J N T N?B GF
D qK 86L !K Wn } D [JoLT k\ [D w LT N !F [D [J !]^FcK ,]^D g GFXKLU] B g F N GF
F X] GK 8_] B VMLUF =6Z B GF B d B F B ]OLUVD w N _ G]^F N
BON J N F g DML!F`J {V!] GT N G]2KSRMLUV N?B ] XD XK B^B
B R 2 F
K !F N F B ILUJ ,]^Fn{K ,TWVMLU] G]JoLcD N ] GK BON [T k\ ID GF:K !J g GF:D `V ,JoLU] N?B g ,]^T|LUJ 2L_ GK
K GJuJ :D GF#K !J g GFD V ,JoLU] N?B g N _ G]^F PdMLUF^K !J g GF#D >ky,
< G= N K GF#D qD N ] GK BON !F&T k\ GF#F B
D N F BON !K B GF
!J B GF B d B F B ]OLUVD w N _ G]^F N GF B g pL BON?j
B`N J GF B V ,F N?BON?j DML !F`J {KLUF`K B ]OL N ] =
!]4J GF g B !D GFcD EJoL j LUd!] Nut ET|LUp g BONut
MJoLWT g B R D Ed B F B ]OLUVzL|L !F^F N g B g LUDMLUV B g
V !]cD g N ]cD GF GJuJ N V!F GF4D [K 86L !K 'L B !]cD GF{_ GK B !]^FXV!] ,V!] GF{D B !F !]{D w L N F B ]
V N 4 l !F B LUd!J hL !D L
>k},},<< 6=#Z GF !F GTqd!J GF'D hD g GF'F g J GK BON g F'LUJ g L B N ] GT B
VMLU]^T N J GFcD g GF N N?BON LUJ GF`F G]e_ B n|D g B G]^T N G] B ] N FI_ GK B !]^FXV!] ,V!] GF{d B F B ]OLUV!V g F =@
] g V g B L B K B^B 4F g J GK BON |p,]OL !D ,Tqd!] ID j N F
J GF.J N p GF:D 4K B !].] Gp,] !VML B2} D
Jxw !F GTqd!J 'D |KSRMLUK D GFE_ GK B !]^F[V!] ,V!] GF d B F B ]OLUV!V g FEV G]^T B D |D g N ]EJ !]^F GJuJ N V!F GF
D XK 86L !K En } =
JuJ B \D V w GLUFPd ,D ]^ ID d
zB FLUB F^]OF LU!VWT|VML LU ]OLUT g EB ] J g GF.F F ! K B G] K B^!B D Gj F2N DF: XD NT F^V GF ! ]N d! {J GF F = Jx,w g ]^KST|R GLUJuJ J G `T D I Jxw g D KSRMF L ]
BON B B
B`t N BON?B
B
B NBN
d g GF = !]IKSRML t B !F !]cD F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g F GJ GK BON g LUJ g L B N ] GT B
!J GF g J g T B FIF B
F !d!F BON?B g F N !D N _ N D GJuJ GT B VMLU]2D w L B ] GF g J g T B F`V!] N F2DML !F XD N F B ] N d BON ,]^T|LUJ t N
L !]OL N?B J 'T E T g KLU] BEB \V t WK GJ N D WJxw g KSRML BON JuJ K !F N D g ] g =Z GF GJuJ N V!F GFXD WK 86L !K
n } F B LUJ ,]^FXD g N GF K ,TWT 'V!] g K g D GTWT B= Jxw g KSR GJuJ 'D w F N?B !F N?B
K !F N
D g ]OL B K B^B j N F t 'J GF{D g GFXV!] k_ ML B D w [T E T q] KSR 'D [K ,TWV ,F N?BON zF !V!V ,F g
R ,T ,p 2 .F B ,]^T|LUJ GT B D N F B ] N d g GF =U !]CKSRML t B !F !]CD F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g F g J GK BON g
LUJ g L B N ] GT B
J GF g J g T B F t N F |F !d!F BON?B B F B K B^B j N FEV!] N F DML !F D N F B ] N d BON
,]^T|LUJ t N L !]OL N?B J `T E T g KLU] B.B \V t 4K GJ N D g B G]^T N g VMLU] B B GFJ GF.D g GFPD |F N?B =
LU]`L MLUJ ,p N 4L_ GKXJoL K ,TWVMLU]OL N F D GF2D N ] GK BON !FPT|LUp g BONut GFPT k\ GF
MK GJuJ cD GFP_ GK
B !]^F4V!] ,V!] GFcT k\ !F{r
r B r
D g B G]^T N g F4VMLU]4JoLWT g B R D d B F B ]OLUV
6V G]^T B
VMLU] GTWV!J %D D g B G]^T N G]JoL j ,]^T %D Jxw GJuJ N V!F D D w L N F B ] ,V N zD F !F^K GV BON d N J N?B g T|L
p g BONut =l GJ N K N GF B F^V!R g ] Nut hF N J GF B ] N FqL GFqF B K j !D !F
,d!JoL B |F N r B r
F !J GT B F B K j !D !F
V!] ,JoL B EF N#N J&FGw LUp N?B D [r B r B 8 B ] N L N LUJ&F N J GF B ] N F
L GF`F B D N F BON !K B F =

Y
*),+) $#

=?> GK BON D ,] Bcl R!] N F B T|LUF

g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L =4lT 6 !J g A f GT|LU] t GF
l !J g X] GJoL BON _ GT B T|LUF^F N _ =
a
N?B g EL N _ LQDQJoLUK =
a
n[LUJoL[F4DdM LUF J XN T D N?w B j ]OL !KSR X qT|LLU_ F^ GF K N _l L= =@ KSRML BON JuJ g
9P]LUg F F X !D K X JoLqD K ! gJ g , J N?B, Gd!F F G ]eB _ g D = p g D GFzD MLU] B U=
>
BOBON?N?BB X XKK !!JJ gg X = L !]OL B D j L D N F^K BON =

ll !!JJ gg X T|g VMLUL F^N FF^NF _ = B T|LUF^F N _ =
>k <
l g ] !N J g D g VMVL N F^BOF N? B F B ] GT|F^FOLUL F^ F NB _F = K ,]^] GF^V !DML B n L

BB ]L N B F2D K .!V J g BO GN?F`B GJ F GF2K V!!J J!g F` GF T|=@LU] KSt RM L g GBOF N Ju= J MLUp DML !FJ GF

a y XU>k< < ll !!JJ gg X XT|T|LULUF^F^FF NN __
!t dM LUN F F X,F d! F N? GB ]e_DMg L != F`J {VML\FOLUp =

l !J g
ll LL >
ll LL a
l L
lL
ll LL y
ll LL }>k<
ll LL >,> >
ll LL >k> a
ll LL >>
>
4J B
4T 6
a
Uy
8>
y,<
>k>,},<,>k< <<
>k> a,<<
>
k>>ky,y <
Ua>k},<
176
Echantillonnage
= GK BON D B 9 !] L

g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L =4lT 6 !J g A f GT|LU] t GF

a

H6H6LULUKK ?NN?22 F2F2T|T|LULUF^F^FF N?N?jj9
8= D !] n[KLU] B^B G] =
>y
D H6LUw K N?2 F& NT|_ LUL F^F N?j _
k,p,Ju] K L
]KGN JoKSLURF BO Nu t = g ,J N?B GF = D GF^F !F
l B H6!L J g y8 =lB ] 2 !F:J LUg J .B g T|] g LU F^F N _
g B KS]ORMLUKL G F#BON D JuJ w g KSRM Lg BO N Ju J B] `MH6LULp
y
DH6 L }8=,l L KB, ]^!N] ! GJ gFF^ GV= F !D' L[g KSF RM,LTW T BON Ju J B D Pg Jo GL F j LU Jo L B N ]F h
H6K Ly!J g B
a
LUH6l F^LURMF K L?N !2 F`pLU GLUJ TB J gB ]g g] g B = D B :] Ng _, J N?= BOH6N F LUg K N?=2 FT|LUF^F N?j
GD!] .n2KLU] B
a
BH6H6 GLULU] KK
M?NN?22FOLF2F2!T|T|F`LULUK F^F^FF N?N?jj BO
8
8N DD !!N?]] B g n[n[D XKKLULUJx]]w L B^B^BBB G G] {]] ==
K C B g D XJoL _ULUJuJ g =
>ky <
a
< D _ BON?N B cg =K A !J,g Tq cd!T|] LU!F^FF N G_ F
8j dM]OLULUK F B !,] Gd!F F G]eV!_ ] g g F B B GF F,TWT|T L N BF
a
> yVM9PLU LUF`BOF N? BD ,d!K F g G,!]eJJ_ N?g B g G F T|= B2LUjF^LUF NK _ ?N 2 F`
2d LU!V!JuRJ \ ] Nut L F ,BhTWj ]OT LUK B B!= ] g =
D N BON?K B N J K 6 ]! GJ Vg ,FOT|L LUB F^F F N !_]
B ] 2 F N _j ]O LUL K QB !] ]g ! p 4K= LU] B^B LUp
>k<
U< U< a,< ]l !!pJ Xg n'B Jo] Lq2 F2dMT|LUF LU F^= F N _ BPj ]OLUK B !] g {L_ GK N _ L
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177

=?> Z KLUJ N FOL BON |D XJoLqF GK BON QD ,] Bcl R!] N F B T|LUF =
9
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178
Echantillonnage
= a hZ KLUJ N FOL BON |D XJoL[F GK BON D ,] B f L\T !D =
9 = a GK BON D ,] B f L\T !D
Z w !F GTqd!J XD XJoLqF GK BON QF B ] 8_ EF !]`JoLq] N _ XD!] N?B {D ] N F^F L =
l !J g g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L =4lT 6 !J g A f GT|LU] t GF
FH6!LU] K ?N 2 Fc T| LUF^F XN?j V!] J G!V F`,dFOL ! JuJB !FOLF !FX4 D NT F^K 6= BON N?B g B^B
f L>
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P2 ] L Wp,]D, GF^F^F F W!FhdMLUD ]^w ] ,d!NF _ G ]eL_ g ] U<,!< pT =
V!V!JJo!LUKF4 L = = l !F BON?B g D qd!J KGF t N F GTqd!J B
f L >
,< Jl g X!F J N?g B E g T| ELUn'F^F JoNL[_ EdMLUV F E8D_U EL JoBL[K F , G]^K ] BO GN F^VzD ! XD!] Jx qw J n' Jos L'L K B =
Jfl g { GV!!F ]J N?gNB F E Xg T| ED XLUn[F^JoF JoLqNL[_ K EdMLU!V F V X8 D _Ua, XL <, Jo< BLqT K F , GLK]^ ]BO GN 8F^VQ@2= D ! XD!]Jxw q J n' sJoL'L K B =
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179

l !J g g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L

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f GT|LU] t GF
l_,Ju!KLJ g KGg JoVMLUL F NBOF^NuFt = B T|LUF^F N _ F !F N _ L
l !J g g VML N F^F B T|LUF^F N _
B ] 2 F&MF^F !] g B LUJ B g ] g
D ML B D GFd GF.p,] N F GF = N?B g IL|D GF^F !FD w
NN?_B Lg QU<] ,< !pT V!B J ] ! Fn{Jxw @2= D s > B.s
,JoL4dMLUF
DH6 XLUK JoN?L[2 F K B ]!2 J F`g d G!F JuBJ dN
_g ,N F J NN?d!BON J F g = B LUJ B g ] g =
n \ T W] n| GK Jxw @2!VM= L D B s s 4 n },ys lP< L 6 B T N T !F n| B Jxw bF N?B D g
s@ KSRM L 4 BO},N yJuJ lPM<,a,LUa<p 6 2= F G]^] g KLU].K B^B IK !J g GF B.B ] 2 FPLUJ
B g ,] J g N 4 K 4d !J g { cT|T|LULU]^F^]F N _ 6 D B w V!] N F^T Qg K LU]t B^N B LUF Xp {F D N?N B DMK LN J! F =
J ] 2 VMF Lj \]OFOLULUK p B !] gF !
]% GV!JuJ J 4!DF N !]^F% K {B Ld N G cFp,D ] N F cT L 2hB ] K GLF =
]f GB^V B LU,pF I = F A!] N _ LQj LUDK ?N 2 F g LU,J JB N?g B ] Gg F2] V! G] V!g ] F g F B Bn[L Jo L[B dMJ `LUF F ,= T[
T g ,B J N?B D G F
s GJuJ 8=Pj ,l ]^T ! J g J LUV!J B Jog L ] B g L L_ t GKN V!K ] ,g ]^F ] G!F^K V !D D
FL z] g VB J V!_ N ]g g qB J DMK _ !Lg Ju!F4T Fcn N JoML' L KG _ ] BNNu=M]t Z G [F a,L< zTD GKG] L] 5N GA G]^FF = = g @KSRMt L N _UBONLJuJ B !n F
Jol L[K !J !g `J g T| LUs F^F N _>, = B g VML N F^F =@t N _ULUJ B In{JoLcK
JFOg LU ]^D s = B FOL!F4D B nWJoL[K !J g sE> D J GF9
l ,J !N J g EV LUBOJ N?B B g ] g K c_ !N J F g N d!J V!] B g ] F 2 FI JB LK LUB J GDT B,= Tqd!] !F GF
jF ]O GLU]eK_ B g ! ]= GF B D ML B D GFId GFIp,] N F GF = 9PLUF ,d
Fl ,TW! XTJ g ] B!g= VMp L N F^F B ] L_s GK 9 B4 s 9 8= V!J !FzLUJ B g ] g L
H6l LU KBO!N??N BJ2 g zF2 Xd K V!!] !JuN J F^J gT hg V
!J !K] g LUKSB J RM GLT B BO {N JuJoB J L[LUVMF^ FLU g ] QBON cd D NF !LUVj ]^L ]g N? G] B TN D ! z] BJo== L
V!l ] g !F J g ! WK T|D LUwF^F QN _ WD8\F N?B = g WF !F N _ L D w LU]^p N J GF
KD! ] N?B N? GB FF2=F g @ VMKSLURM] Lg FIBODN Ju J U< MT LUp = ] g VMLU] BON?B D
j ]O]LUg K F B !!] K g c
MD Lw _ G K{ V!N _] g F L |!KK E N?D B nX Jog L{,dMJ N?LUB GF FP=!VMl LU] ! J !g D! ] B ] N?2 BF =
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f GT|LU] t GF
]l !!pJ .g ] !T|d g LU F^gF N=U_@ KSRMF N?LB BOg N JuJ LMLUDp G :F^]F g!LUFJ N FD g w n T N _D w L
q>k<
KK !!JJ g XN ]'F !_ G] ] BON K_ LUN J ] 4 V!Joa L T },D < XJo_ LU G]^]^p F = ,<<6 K !VML B JoL
y Ml LUp ! XJ g ] Xg VMT|LULU] BOF^N?F B N _D X XDVM!LU] ] EB L QB KD LUw L] B^B B ] LU XpD w=M@ QKSRM]OLL_ N BO N Ju= J
B BO N?g B , J N?K BON !F g J g :=!_ N] F g N Fd! J B B ] 2 FC J j KLULUK JN? G2 TF2d !BJuJ
B ] 2 FC= LUJ B g ] g

< y l !J g g VML N F^F X] GJoL BON _ GT B D N K N J {n[KLU] B^B G] =
< l !J g T|LUF^F N _ F N?B g L D GF^F !FD w N _ L
D B w LU},]^pyNl4J G> FW K
N?V!B ] Gg F F = !@ K |B ] D %w J GF g j KS]OLURMK LB !BO] N Ju 'J D ! F a },yn l4> T
D qw L :JoLU G]^K p B q!VM] LUt FcJ [ GFIJxw K %!V J g G FcB F F N _UN _L] B G_ F G= ]^F{@ KSJxwRMb L= BO N B{JuJ t N
MLUp X] VMLU] F !]`D GF
l !J g g B ] 2 F#BON?LUB J B g ] g B g ,J N?BON F g = =@ KSRML BON JuJ MLUp
< ]]@ g KSVMN RMF^LUFL ] BOL BON?B N Ju=JF !]`MDLU p E ] g LUJN F Gg F = D qVMLU] B B D w L B ] D w
BOBON?N?BB X zK K !!J J g g E %LULUF^F^F F T|LULUJ B F^g F ] N g_ % = L_ GK j LUK ?N 2 FWd !J
Jl BO! N?BJ = g X K F,!TWJ g T = N?B LUJ t N D N?B K ,]^] GF^V !D!] qn|K GJuJ
j ,]^T|L B JoL B LUd!J {D GF !F =
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181


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H6 UL !K N?J2 L F`LU F^!F ] GT T| LU F^B F N?D j9N= F^V N d!J CJ J !p2D :JoLP] N _ N?2 ] =
Ll ! J!g ] 4 GT LUV! R \B] NuB t ] 2 F IV] g D g N?BVML N F^F JoLU ]^B p LU!J B ] g =P] g l ILUL] _ GB^KB LUp

a DFH6,NLUTWK N?KT2 N {F J cBdD!D XJu PJ VMJoLILU] K B K ! ,BJ ]^g ] D G=,wF^LV ] B g!] F XDM L!D K w B 2QV!D] P] , V!dMN RF^LUF g d! JL G T KG= ] N F B B LL
D H6H6LULUw ,KK J N?N?N 22 _ FF N BB ]] 22 PFFIB LULUDJJ BB Xgg ]V] gg \== ] l 2 !J g
g KSRML BON JuJ g IDML!F.J
]H6 LU N BOK F^N?N?F B2 F LzB K ] 2 n[!FIJ xJ gLUw 2@ J B = g UL ] J g B =g ] g n JoLdMLUF =c ,F^F N d N J N?B g D
dMV!H6]LULUg F^K KK?N 2g!FD J G B T ] B2 GF[ F B =LUJ DB g G`F] g d!=CJ lKGF2!JJ g |KLUV!J GJ !T Fq T|BLU= F^F N _ t hJ GF
l N _ ! JL g q cK ] G!JoL p,BOJ N ,_ T GT g ]O L BOB Nut LUJ B g =] @ g KS cRMF LN?B BONg Ju XJ LhMLUDp G .F^F ] !g F`VMLUD]9
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>
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B ! ] 2J g gF 'VMD L T|!N F^] LUF IF^ FL N '_B2 'KB LUT] ] 2 FN FB^ B LUg ,p J N?=,BOV!N FJoLUg] G K T '= NL G ] gDKS GRMF^LF !F
BON JuJ |V!] ,dMLUd!J GT B2j !D!] k\ g =
BOl N JuJ !J g g B P] 2L F T| LUN _ F^ F LN _ ' D WB D ] !N] F^ PF L L KjLU,] ]^ T|B^B L LU p B
J 2g KS]ORMLL_ N

DD GF^FKS!RMFILU]^D d XJoL[= K9PLU!F J g B F ,D TW T s B!]e,\ d!F GB4]e_ g J F G=F^FOU<LU]^D T = L
< D ,!J ] N E cLK !KJ LUg E] T|B^B LULUF^pF N _
t 4NdMLUF X VM LUB ]OLF ,N?B TWVMT LUFI B LU,J B d!g F] Gg ]e _ = g F 6
a D ,N ] J GN qK B V GT BO N?B [B K L !JK g BB LU] 2K FEB T|F !LU] F^F N 9 _ = B V g VML N F^F
> K@ !!F p, GJTq,T d!J g %]OL DBO Nut K !=8J l g G GFFPKT g!B J ] g Nu Gt FPF GF FBP!B ] ] 2 F2 LUJ B g N _] g GLF
V!g ] , GJT N?BON?N 2 F ]g GF BN?B g L_ G GF KzB g D KS GRMFLK BON JuJB ! ]^Fg = !F = !J QJoL
a,< nl ,L ]^!] p, GJF^ EV D!!] DN?BnW= Jol L'dM!LUJ g ]^ ] T|F !LUF^V F g N _] N
!V ] D ELUJ JoB L'g ] Kg LU F^KFOLUL D! F
B gg ],g J N?= B GF:_ N F N d!J GF
] GV ,F 4F !] !F GTqd!J B ] 2 FPLUJ
a,< Fl N d!!J GJ F g = T|LUF^F N _
V LUJ B g ] g FOL !F g ,J N?B GF _ N
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> V!@ J !!F F GN Tq !d!]^JF KB ] 2 !FJ g KS GRMF L B BO] Nu2 t F :g K ,J !N?BOF N BOF N?g B G F g = FOL!F D!] G T B : D B
Bp] G2 T F`F ], g TWBD T]OLUN?B D B N KQD LU {J!JoLUDJoL]^ p j LU!K ] N? X= 2 F V GT] |B !LU]^F^d F N?g j { BD V W9 d !
8KSJuJ RM L =
a,< ]l GT ! J g B j n ]OLUUK k<
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X>k<
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183

= h Z KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD XJxw J s L B =

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184
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Echantillonnage
185
*),+) $#

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l !J g g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L =4lT 6 !J g %A f GT|LU] t GF
f !K > a
>k< y F N N?K B ! J g G `F`DM] L GTW!F:V!J J 2N G] FP DN F^ F LM|LUL] B U = N 9P_ LULF W D `hJoL{_ T N F N Gd!] J =U = g
f !K a
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.K !J g g KSRML BON JuJ
f !K a >
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N _ L N _ D L KSKRMLU!]^dp,J, T g 4 ]O>kL< BONuKGt T
V!D ]w g J E_ g K6LU=F^Kl LUD ! J =g {T|LUF^F N _ B2j ]OLUK B !] g EL N _ L
ff !!KK
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f !K a
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f !K y
a,< D U< w T EL K LUF^ K= LUDD = f !K
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f !K y >k<

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ff !!KK >k>,<> >k<
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f !K > X>k<
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f !K >
f !K >ky n >k< a,< @ VML N F^F !]2_ULU] N LUd!J cD XJoL[K !J g =

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GT >ka a
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187

= hZ KLUJ N FOL BON D XJoLqF GK BON QD B D GF f !KSR GF =
= hZ KLUJ N FOL BON |D EJoLqF GK BON QD B D GF GTWV EB GF =
188
Echantillonnage


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C] GV!JoL B L_ GKQV!J !F N !]^F[V
BO N?N B _ G FL QK ] !J !g Gp FQ Xn[] GJoJoL[L BOdMN _LU GF T = B LUJ B g ] g GF =IZ n !K ,]
A N _ L Q] !p ,d!F G]e_ g n'JoLqdMLUF 4 U< KGT 6=

9 GJuJ hK !J g V LUJ B g ] g QL_ GK N _ L ] !p
4 U< KGT 6 n%JoL%dMLUF B N _ LR\LUJ KGJoLUF BONut
L ,J N F W,TWK T !J g B = T|LUF^F N _
j ]OLUK B !] g FOL !F[V!R g KG] N F9
B L,J N 4= K !J g {T|LUF^F N _
!FOL !F g ,J N?B GF N V!R g KG] N F9
B9PL LUF X= D XJoLqK !J g X] !p B ] =
l !J g X] GJoL BON _ GT B LUJ B g ] g =
l !J g `T|LUF^F N _ 2D w g VML N F^F !]:_ULU] N LUd!J
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l]4KLU!!]^p ]J Xg BOn'N GT|Jo]PLqLUKdMF^LUFLUF^N FF _ g =6= n p,]OL N !F !FL_ GK N _ L
l] !!pJ Xg n'T|JoLqLUdMF^FLUN F _ = n p,]OL N !F !FL_ GK N _ L
j]l ]OLU!K!pB J X!g ] n'g T|JoLqLUt dMF^LUF NF _ J =6 GFn] V!g p,]F ]Og L K!Ng K !D F D XB ! Gp F F g
[LdD_ G G KF`L !DK ! V MN LU_ V!] JB L !U F=
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@@ KSKSRMRMLL BOBONN JuJuJJ MMLULUpp c K ] g !LUKJ N F g B ] Dg n[VMJoLUL[] B dMLU F B = D w L B ] D
] ] N g F^F F !L K Q= D p,] ,F^F GF'p g D GF[D MLU] B U= A N _ L
]@ KS!RMpL BOB N ]JuJ ,d!MFLU Gp ]e _ g ] g n[LUJJoNLqF g dMLUD F = VMLU] B B D w L B ] D
]@ KSN RMF^FL L BO N Ju=J A N M_ LU pL Q]] gLU!J p N F Xg n[DJo L[dMVMLULUF] B = B D w L B ] D
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V!A J !8Fh_d L!JuJ D g KLUt JoLU pw L [_U_L G ]^BF = J 8@2,= TqH6LUd!K] N? 2 !FXF Gd FQ LV ! K BON?B ! GV F
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gl VML !N JF g 4 > ] GT V 6,FOF L N?B B g F !L ] D GF^F !N _F| DL F] ,TW!p T BB ] LUJ BB g] 2] gF
dK !B^JuB J X K [!DJ `g XJoLcK K,]^!] GJ gF^V `F !Dz!F9n?iOLUK ] B G V!=JoL Z B `= F ,TWT B D
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g VML 4NT F^F 6 !]L = 4lT 6 !J g A f GT|LU] t GF
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DDMl GL F!!F.jV LJo zLXK KLUV! F^JoKBOL NLUB DF 4B g ] %K2 LUF`LKSRJ g ! 8p,= @ F b = D zLUdMJoL L !] DN _ ?N 2 ] 4B JoL{,TqK dM!L V B
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202
Rotation of the Semail ophiolite : additional paleomagnetic data from the volcanic sequence
Marine Geophysical Researches 21: 181194, 2000.

2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
181
Rotation of the Semail ophiolite (Oman): Additional Paleomagnetic data

from the volcanic sequence
Mireille Perrin1 , Guillaume Plenier1 , Jean-Marie Dautria2 , Emmanuel Cocuaud1 &
Michel Prevot1
1 G
eophysique,
Tectonique et Sedimentologie, UMR CNRS 5573, Universite Montpellier II, CC 060,

34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; 2 Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, UMR CNRS 5568, Universite Montpellier
II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
Received 1 March 2000; accepted 31 July 2000
Key words: oman, ophiolite, paleomagnetism, volcanic sequence
Abstract
Thirty-two flows (247 cores) were sampled in the V1 (Geotimes) and V2 (Lasail) volcanic units of the Semail
ophiolite, Oman (Aswad, Fizh, Hilti, Sarami, Wuqbah, and Tayin massifs). Paleomagnetic analysis of the samples
was complicated by a large overlap of the two components of magnetization carried by the rocks: a crystalline
remanent magnetization (CRM) acquired in the present day field, probably during weathering, and an older CRM
probably produced by oxidation of the original titanomagnetites during hydrothermal event(s). If the magnetization
carried by the V1 samples was acquired during the hydrothermal event related to the emplacement of these lava,
e.g., during and/or shortly after cooling, the tectonic unity of the northern domain has to be questioned and a
differential rotation considered between the Aswad and Hilti-Sarami massifs but, by the time of emplacement of
the V2 series, this northern area seems to behave as one large unit. As only one set of data is available for the
southern Tayin-Sumail massif, it is premature but a possible relative rotation on the order of 90 can be suspected
between the Hilti-Sarami and Tayin-Sumail massifs, rotation which would have occurred after emplacement of the
V2 series.
Introduction
Many rock types of the Semail ophiolitic complex
have been studied paleomagnetically. These are :
gabbros (Luyendyk and Day, 1982; Shelton, 1984;
Thomas et al., 1988; Weiler, 2000), sheeted dikes
(Luyendyk et al., 1982; Shelton, 1984), sedimentary
rocks and a few lavas (Thomas et al., 1988). Although
large rotations during intraoceanic thrusting have been
proposed, due to uncertainties about the acquisition of
the different groups of magnetic directions and their
polarity, the sense of rotation of the nappe remained
questionable (Thomas et al., 1988).
An extensive study (Perrin et al., 1994) was then
conducted on the volcanic sequence of the ophiolite because lavas are usually better paleomagnetic
recorders than intrusive or sedimentary rocks. This
study concentrated on the Salahi area of the Hilti mas-
sif (Figure 1) because it is the only area where the

sequence of volcanic rocks is complete, going from
pillow basalt extruded at the oceanic ridge before the
detachment of the nappe, up to lava extruded before
the end of the obduction (e.g., Alabaster et al., 1982).
Moreover, the occurrence of sediments interbedded
with and overlying the lavas allowed a good control
of the paleohorizontal. The paleomagnetic Euler pole
analysis, which could luckily be conducted there, has
shown that the movement of the Salahi area could be
modeled by a single, large rotation of about 145150
around an Euler pole located close to the nappe (less
than 200 km away). Combining plate tectonic concepts, a mantle-anchored hotspot reference frame, and
paleomagnetic data the initial paleolatitude (around
10 N) and paleolongitude (around 45 E) as well as
the paleorientation (NNW/SSE to N/S) of the ridge in
hotspot coordinates was determined for Salahi, with
203
182
Figure 1. Geologic map showing sampling locations (full dots).
a linear velocity of the nappe between the period of

accretion at the ridge and the end of the obduction onto
the Arabian peninsula slightly less than 2 cm per year.
As the Semail nappe is divided into structural massifs (e.g., Nicolas et al., 2000b), each several tens of
kilometers long (Figure 1), the question is whether
the Salahi results are representative for the entire Hilti
Massif, for the northern part of the ophiolite nappe,

or for the entire ophiolite nappe. In order to test this,
additional volcanic rocks were sampled in various
massifs.
204
183
Volcanic units and sampling
Three episodes of submarine volcanism can be distinguished on petrologic and geochemical grounds
(Alabaster et al., 1980; Pearce et al., 1981; Lippard et al., 1986; Ernewein et al., 1988). The first
episode V1 (Geotimes), interpreted as ridge-axis volcanism, consists mainly of large pillow basalt with
some massive flows that directly overly the sheeted
dike complex. The second volcanic episode V2 (Lasail) consists of small pillows or sheet flows in the top
part and clearly post-dates the V1 episode but absence
of a continuous sedimentary layer between these two
episodes indicates no substantial interruption in volcanic activity. Biostratigraphic ages determined from
radiolarian faunas present in the pelagic sediments
interbedded with the volcanic sequence also indicate
that the two first volcanic episodes occurred within
a very short time interval. According to Ernewein
et al. (1988), the V1 episode took place from late
Albian to early Cenomanian (approximately 100 Ma
ago) at mid-ocean ridge and the V2 episode occurred
shortly afterwards at the start of oceanic thrusting during Cenomanian to Turonian times (possibly before
9596 Ma, e.g., Hacker et al., 1996). The third
volcanic episode V3 is characterized by thick flows
showing columnar jointing and doleritic texture. A
thick pelagic sedimentary layer (up to 15 m) of Campanian age is observed between the V2 and V3 units.
The age of the V3 episode remains unclear. Ernewein
et al. (1988) suggested formation as due to intraplate
seamount volcanism, produced some 1520 Ma after
the beginning of oceanic thrusting but preceding the
end of the obduction of the ophiolite onto the Arabian
continental margin. This last episode is now found
only in the Hilti massif. Hydrothermal circulations,
contemporaneous with the various phases of volcanic
activity, appear to have induced some recrystallization
in the lava and interbedded sediments (Karpoff et al.,
1988; Pflumio, 1988).
Results from two successive samplings will be
presented in this paper. A preliminary sampling was
kindly made in 1994 by Edwin Gnos, on the side of
his geologic work. One V1 flow (9 cores) and one V2
flow (11 cores) were sampled in the Sarami massif
(23.84 N, 56.87 E), three V1 flows (20 cores) in
the Wuqbah massif (23.66 N, 56.59 E) located on
the western front of the ophiolite, and one V1 flow
(11 cores) in the Tayin massif (22.76 N, 58.01 E).
To complete this sampling, a second field campaign
was organized in 1999 with the aim to cover as well
the northern than the southern parts of the ophiolite.

However, most of the sampling had to be done in the
northern part of the ophiolite because of the extreme
difficulty to find outcrops suitable for a paleomagnetic
sampling in the southern part of the nappe (high degree of alteration of the rocks and common absence
of sediments which precludes estimation of the paleohorizontal). Nine V2 flows (76 cores) were sampled
in the Aswad massif (between 24.82 and 24.83 N,
and between 56.32 and 56.33 E), six V2 flows (44
cores) in the Fizh massif (between 24.55 and 24.58 N,
and between 56.39 and 56.47 E), seven V1 flows (50
cores) in the Wadi Barghah area of the Hilti massif
(24.23 N, 56.52 E), and four V2 flows (26 cores) in
the Sarami massif (23.87 E, 56.82 E). All cores were
drilled directly in the field using a gasoline-powered
core drill and oriented using both magnetic and sun
compasses. In the laboratory, each core was cut in
one to eight half-standard size specimens (2.5 cm in
diameter and 1.1 cm in height). Location of the different sampling areas is shown in Figure 1. Distinction
between V1 and V2 units was made according to the
1:50 000 geological maps produced by the Ministry of
Petroleum and Minerals of Oman (1993).
Trace and major element analysis

In the field, the V1 and V2 volcanic units are hardly
distinguishable and to find discrimination criteria beyond all question is one of the challenges of the study
of the Semail volcanic unit. Field criteria such as sample colour (dark brown for V1, greenish for V2), flow
jointing (large pillow for V1, small pillow or sheet
for V2) and erosion resistance (relatively high for V1,
low for V2) have been successfully used in the location of massive sulfide deposits (Alabaster et al.,
1980). However application of these criteria is often
insufficient and even error bearing, as we will see in
this study. Even petrologic criteria used classically for
lava discrimination, such as texture and clinopyroxene
composition, are here inefficient because both V1 and
V2 basalts are hyalopilitic and contain identical low Ti
and Na endiopside. Furthermore their groundmasses
cannot be used because hydrothermal alteration have
cancelled their possible initial specificity : they are
in both cases identically altered to chlorite, quartz,
hematite, Fe hydroxyde, epidote, prehnite and zeolite.
The best approach to discriminate the two series is
a geochemical analysis, as shown by Albaster et al.
(1982), Pearce et al. (1981), Lippard et al. (1986),
205
184
Sarami and Fizh are typically V2, as shown on the
1:50 000 geological maps. Only the V2 unit has been
mapped in the Aswad massif whereas surprisingly our
geochemical analysis show that both V1 and V2 series
were sampled there: fl ows 1, 5, and 7 display unquestionable V1 geochemical characteristics, while fl ows
2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 have a V2 signature similar to those
of Sarami and Fizh. This geochemical stratigraphy is
always in agreement with the relative position of the
fl ows in the field when it can be estimated. This emphasizes the suitability of the geochemical method on
its own to discriminate the volcanic units of the Semail
ophiolite.
Paleomagnetic analysis
Figure 2. La/Yb versus Zr/Hf diagram. N-MORB from Sun and

McDonough (1989).
Ernewein et al. (1988) and recently confirmed by Godard et al. (submitted). Titanium, Rare Earth Element
(REE), Zirconium and Hafnium appear to be the most
discriminant elements. For example, the V1 lavas display TiO2 , La and Zr amounts systematically higher
than V2 lavas. The La/Yb ratio of V1 is systematically
nearly 1 (or slightly higher) while that of V2 is significantly lower (< 0.8); the Zr/Hf ratio of V1 is near 35
and that of V2 lower than 30. Moreover, the V1 lava
display N-MORB REE chondrite-normalized patterns
while the V2 are more depleted, particularly in light
REE.
On this base, we carried out major and trace element analysis on one specimen from each fl ow sampled in 1999. The La, Yb, Zr, Hf and TiO2 amounts
are listed in Table 1 and the La/Yb vs. Zr/Hf diagram is given in Figure 2. Clearly, all fl ows from the
Hilti massif belong to the V1 series while those from
Remanent magnetization of the rocks was measured

with commercial devices (JR5 spinner and CTF cryogenic magnetometers), while both the zero-field oven
and the AF demagnetizer are home-made. Most of the
samples (90%) were thermally demagnetized, however alternating fields (AF) demagnetization up to
140 mT was also performed with 5, 10, 15, 20 or
30 mT steps. Stepwise thermal treatments up to 655 C
were applied with 10 to 150 C steps. After each heating step, the magnetic susceptibility K was measured
at room temperature with a Bartington bridge to detect
possible mineralogic changes in the specimens. Components of magnetization were estimated through principal component analysis (Kirschvink, 1980). Characteristic directions were corrected for local tilt using the
attitude of the interbedded sediments.
Most samples showed two components of magnetization whose relative strength varies strongly depending on the samples (e.g., Figures 3a and 3b versus 3c
and 3d). The most difficult aspect of the paleomagnetic analysis was the extremely large overlapping of
the unblocking temperature spectra for the two components. Complete overlap was observed in the worse
cases. Thermal demagnetization (Figures 3a to 3c)
was generally found more efficient than AF demagnetization to isolate the characteristic components of
magnetization, as also noticed by Perrin et al (1994).
The only exception was the Tayin fl ow for which excellent results were obtained with AF demagnetization
(Figure 3d).
In a few cases, the lower temperature (LT) component could be estimated by principal component
analysis below 300 C but, most of the time, the
orthogonal diagrams are curved right from the start,
206
185
Figure 3. Representative orthogonal demagnetization diagrams (in situ coordinates) on the left side of the figure (open and full circles correspond respectively to the horizontal and vertical plane), with the corresponding variation of the intensity of magnetization J (stars) and the room
temperature susceptibility K (circles) on the right side of the figure.
186
Figure 3. Continued.
207
208
187
Table 1. TiO2 , La, Yb, Zr and Hf concentrations in the studied lavas from Oman.
Titanium was analyzed on the ICP-AES at C.R.P.G (Nancy), the other elements on
the ICP-MS at I.S.T.E.E.M (Montpellier). Complete analyses are available from dautria@dstu.univ-montp2.fr.
TiO2
(wt %)
La
(ppm)
Yb
(ppm)
Zr
(ppm)
Hf
(ppm)
La/Yb
Zr/Hf
ASWAD
Flow 1
Flow 1
Flow 2
Flow 3
Flow 4
Flow 5
Flow 6
Flow 7
Flow 8
Flow 9
0.73
0.74
1.83
0.47
0.66
1.73
0.60
1.41
0.47
0.51
1.34
1.32
4.30
0.64
1.97
4.57
1.61
3.15
1.17
1.45
2.04
2.09
4.12
1.32
2.12
4.05
2.13
3.37
1.67
1.86
39.50
39.43
113.47
21.36
36.82
110.27
30.67
75.97
22.55
24.72
1.30
1.32
3.17
0.73
1.21
3.10
1.02
2.31
0.78
0.86
0.7
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.9
1.1
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
30.4
29.9
35.8
29.3
30.4
35.6
30.1
32.9
28.9
28.7
V2
V2
V1
V2
V2
V1
V2
V1
V2
V2
FIZH
Flow 2
Flow 3
Flow 4
Flow 4
Flow 5
Flow 5
Flow 6
Flow 7
0.38
0.32
0.73
0.74
0.56
0.56
0.79
0.78
1.12
1.01
1.07
1.06
0.86
0.90
1.54
1.42
1.64
1.47
2.05
2.06
1.65
1.67
2.29
2.23
17.88
16.03
31.57
30.91
26.09
26.24
29.47
25.80
0.60
0.55
1.09
1.09
0.92
0.93
1.22
1.02
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
29.8
29.1
29.0
28.4
28.4
28.2
24.2
25.3
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
HILTI
Flow 1
Flow 2
Flow 3
Flow 4
Flow 5
Flow 6
Flow 7
1.15
1.20
1.23
1.16
1.30
1.21
1.30
6.46
7.94
7.09
6.29
5.23
4.61
6.80
5.57
5.09
5.29
5.49
4.37
3.56
5.11
164.20
151.58
155.98
160.96
127.39
105.33
150.85
4.78
4.38
4.54
4.75
3.83
3.18
4.40
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
34.4
34.6
34.4
33.9
33.3
33.1
34.3
V1
V1
V1
V1
V1
V1
V1
SARAMI
Flow 1
Flow 2
Flow 3
Flow 4
0.87
0.74
0.80
0.83
1.36
1.38
1.30
2.05
2.33
1.98
2.13
3.05
34.60
19.04
35.04
53.30
1.27
0.81
1.22
1.85
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
27.2
23.5
28.7
28.8
V2
V2
V2
V2
indicating an early overlapping of the two components. However, the few LT directions which could be
obtained (Figure 4), when plotted in situ (e.g., without
tilt correction), have declinations close to zero and a
mean inclination around 40 , the large dispersion being mainly due to imprecise determinations in many
cases. These LT directions are thus in good agreement
with the 41 inclination of the present dipole field
in the area. Even when the overlap precludes a prin-
cipal component analysis of the LT component, the

first steps of the thermal treatments usually followed a
great circle going through the dipole direction. These
observations clearly evidence the recent nature of this
remagnetization.
Because of the large overlapping of the unblocking
temperatures, the characteristic components of magnetization could only be estimated at high temperatures, above 400-550 C. Nevertheless, the determina-
209
188
Figure 6. Hilti V1 directions (stratigraphic coordinates): circles and

squares correspond respectively to the Barghah (this study) and the
Salahi (Perrin et al., 1994) areas. Polar equal-area projection.
Figure 4. Distribution of the recent remagnetization (in-situ coordinates) on a polar equal-area projection. The shaded area corresponds
to the confidence limit 95 around the mean direction.
Figure 5. Barghah mean directions of magnetization (stratigraphic

coordinates) per fl ow, Hilti massif. Polar equal-area projection.
tions are usually good (e.g., Figure 3), with maximum

angular deviations (Kirschvink, 1980) mainly below
1 and always less than 3. Half of all samples allowed definition of a final direction. As also noticed
by Perrin et al (1994), the V1 samples usually have
a better paleomagnetic behavior, mainly related to a
stronger resistance to alteration under present surface
conditions.
Hilti massif
In order to check if the Salahi results are representative
of the whole Hilti massif, a new V1 section (7 fl ows)
was sampled in a small canyon oriented ESEWNW
and located close from Wadi Barghah in the northern
part of the Hilti massif. Analysis of these samples was
usually straightforward and well-defined mean direc-
tions of magnetization per fl ow could be estimated in

all cases (Table 2; Figure 5).
These Barghah V1 results were compared with previous results from Salahi (Perrin et al., 1994). The two
data sets show good agreement, with a tighter distribution when the 84 individual directions are corrected
( = 36; 95 = 2.6) than uncorrected ( = 24;
95 = 3.2) for local tilt. Even though the difference between the respective statistical parameters is
not large enough for a robust fold test (passage of Ftest only at 95% confidence), it is a clear indication of
the ancient nature of this component of magnetization.
The Barghahs results tend to have a slightly steeper
inclination than the Salahis results (Figure 6). This
is likely due to uncertainties on the paleohorizontal
estimation and was not considered as significant. The
mean V1 direction from the Hilti massif was therefore
calculated using all available data (Table 3) and is only
a few degree away from the Salahi V1 mean direction.
Aswad massif
Analysis of these samples was not as straightforward
as the previous ones and it was not possible to estimate characteristic components for most samples of
fl ows 6 to 9. It was noticed in the field that the series tend to be steeper, almost vertical near the Wadi
Hatta suture zone (Figure 1), a WNWESE shear zone
and fault with borders the southern part of the Aswad
massif (Nicolas et al., 2000a). Magnetization of fl ows
6 to 9 may have been disturbed by hydrothermal alteration, thought to have affected the upper crustal
part (dikes and lava) in relation with the shear zone
(Reuber, 1988).
210
189
Table 2. Mean paleomagnetic directions per flow. N/N0 : number of samples used for calculation/total number of samples; (Inc, Dec): characteristic
mean inclination and declination corrected for tilt; (kappa, 95 ): Fisher statistic
parameters.
Massif
Unit
Site
N/N0
Aswad
V2
1999-1
1999-3
1999-4
7/9
4/5
10/10
Aswad
V1
1999-2
1999-5
Fizh
V2
Hilti
Dec.
95
53.1
17.5
11.6
69.1
101.9
119.4
14.7
11.8
8.5
18
62
33
6/9
5/7
8.4
30.2
88.3
86.7
10.1
11.7
45
44
1999-5
1999-7
3/9
5/7
25.5
36.4
131.2
108.3
9.4
459
67
V1
1999-1
1999-2
1999-3
1999-4
1999-5
1999-6
1999-7
7/7
6/7
5/6
6/6
5/8
7/8
6/8
22.4
28.8
28.8
31.7
30.1
36.2
26.5
153.6
148.2
148.0
144.6
166.7
169.3
158.1
5.0
10.6
6.4
6.0
15.0
6.8
5.5
147
41
142
126
27
79
150
Sarami
V2
1999-1
1999-2
1999-3
1999-4
6/7
3/7
4/5
3/7
2.0
14.9
2.3
9.8
88.3
71.9
71.4
77.4
14.9
16.9
21
36
31
49
Sarami
V2
1994
9/11
5.7
121.9
9.4
31
Sarami
V1
1994
3/9
9.2
166.7
162
Wuqbah
Tayin
V1
V1
1994-1&3
1994
15.0
9.6
104.8
48.8
7.2
4.3
88
129
6/8
10/11
Inc.
Table 3. Mean paleomagnetic directions per volcanic unit for each massif. N: number of specimens used in the calculation; (Inc, Dec): characteristic mean inclination, declination corrected for
tilt; (kappa, 95 ): Fisher statistic parameters; (V1-V2): angle between V1 and V2 directions, positive
(negative) if clockwise (counterclockwise) rotation.
Massif
Sampling
Unit
Aswad
1999
1999
V1
V2
11
14
Fizh
1999
V2
Hilti
1999
Perrin et al., 1994
V1
V2
Sarami
1994
1994
1999
V1
V2
V2
Wuqbah
1994
Tayin- Sumail
1994
Thomas, 1991
Inc
Dec
95
V1-V2
18.3
13.4
87.7
114.5
9.3
7.6
25
28
32.8
117.5
9.6
34
84
18
23.9
17.6
151.7
106.5
2.6
4.9
36
51
43
3
9
16
9.2
5.7
2.3
166.7
121.9
78.9
9.4
8.2
162
31
21
47
V1
15.0
104.8
7.2
88
V1
V2
10
6
9.6
7.4
48.8
17.2
4.3
7.7
129
77
26
36
211
190
Even though the directions defined for the V1 and V2
fl ows (Table 3) are not extremely different, the V1 directions have significantly lower declinations and the
absence of overlap between the 95 confidence limits
associated with the mean V1 and V2 directions (Figure 7) confirms the statistical difference between these
directions.
Figure 7. Aswad mean directions of magnetization (stratigraphic

coordinates) on a polar equal-area projection.
Flow 1 has a significantly different mean value

(Figure 7) compared to the other fl ows. The definition of fl ow 1 components was not as good as the
others, with larger maximum angular deviations (up to
2.1) and a larger dispersion at the fl ow level ( = 18
compared to 25 up to 62 for the others, Table 2). Finally the directions estimated for fl ow 1 are located
close to the great circle (Figure 7) which connects
the two components defined by the rest of the V2
samples. These observations indicate that fl ow 1 directions likely result from an unresolved overlapping
of components, impossible to detect if the conjugated
destruction of components occurs with a constant ratio for a certain temperature interval. For this reason,
fl ow 1 values were not used in the calculation of the
mean V2 direction for the Aswad massif.
Initially we thought that all fl ows sampled in the
Aswad massif belong to the V2 series. However, the
geochemical analysis revealed that three fl ows (2, 5,
and 7) are in fact V1 volcanics. Considering the limited number of determinations available as well for
V1 than for V2, individual directions were averaged
to define an Aswad mean direction for both series.
Fizh massif
Only the V2 series was sampled there and results were
very disappointing, with less than one-third of the
samples allowing definition of characteristic components of magnetization. For only one fl ow a significant
mean direction could be calculated (fl ow 7, Table 2).
The difficulty to define the components of magnetization does not seem to be related to a simple overlap
of two components but to a multi-component remanent magnetization. Furthermore the orientation of the
interbedded sediments is extremely variable and no regional tilt correction can be estimated. However, the
complex nature of the crustal sequence in the Fizh
massif (Reuber, 1988) may preclude a much better definition of the magnetization of the volcanic sequence.
Here again, because of the very limited number of
determinations, the mean V2 direction (Table 3) was
calculated at the sample level.
Sarami massif
Rocks from this massif were sampled during both field
trips: one fl ow in each V1 and V2 series in 1994, and
4 fl ows in the V2 series in 1999. During the second
campaign, a complete survey of the massif was made
to check the sediments for paleohorizontal estimates
and most of the areas had to be abandoned because of
the extreme variability of their attitudes maybe related
to paleotopography. Furthermore, the tectonic unity of
this massif can also be questioned. These various factors very likely explained the different results obtained
from both V2 samplings (Table 2). Even the V1 samples behave poorly and no more than a crude estimate
of the V1 mean direction could be obtained (Table 2).
Wuqbah massif
This is an important area because it is the only one
where relatively good volcanic outcrops are found
on the west side of the nappe. However, this massif is complicated by thrusting with a strong local tilt
(80 SE) for the sampled fl ows. Only two out of the
three fl ows sampled in the V1 unit of this massif gave
paleomagnetic results and the mean V1 direction was
again calculated at the sample level (Table 2). Because
212
191
of the limited number of determinations and the tectonic complexity, this direction has to be considered
with caution.
Tayin massif
This V1 fl ow also deserves special attention because
is the only one we have from the southern part of the
ophiolite. Luckily, the analysis was here very straightforward, with excellent determinations even with AF
treatment (e.g., Figure 3d) and a very good grouping of
the mean direction at the fl ow level (Table 2). During
the 1999 field trip, an extensive survey of the whole
southern area was made in order to locate more V1
fl ows. Unfortunately no additional outcrops suitable
for a paleomagnetic sampling were found, either because of the weathering of the rocks or because of the
absence of sediments to estimate the paleohorizontal.
Magnetic carriers and nature of the components

Prior to demagnetization, magnetic viscosity of some
samples was estimated by comparing the remanent
magnetization carried by the samples after a onemonth storage in zero-field with the remanent magnetization carried by the same samples after a two-week
stay with the present Earths magnetic field applied
along the Z-axis of the cores. The viscosity index thus
defined is very low, with an average value of 4%,
similar to values found by Perrin et al. (1994). Therefore viscous remanent magnetization, which may have
been acquired by these rocks, is expected to be fairly
low and easily removed in the early steps of the
thermal treatment. The intensity and the unblocking
temperature spectra of the actual field component defined in the study are thus much too large for the LT
component to be only of viscous origin and this remagnetization has to be a recent crystalline remanent
magnetization, likely acquired during weathering of
the rocks.
In order to characterize the magnetic carriers and
their Curie temperatures, the susceptibility of some
samples was continuously measured during heatingcooling cycles. A Bartington bridge coupled with a
furnace was used, with the samples placed in vacuum to minimize oxidation of the rocks during the
experiments. Two to four heating-cooling cycles have
been done to detect the onset of the transformation.
Three characteristic K/T curves were found, two of
them strongly irreversible. The first type of curves
(Figure 8a) is reversible during the 200 C cycle but al-
ready irreversible during the 400 C cycle. The change

in the magnetic parameter is afterwards progressive,
up to at least 600 C. This is in agreement with the
room temperature measurements of susceptibility K
made after each heating steps of the thermal demagnetization, which show a stable behavior of K up to
300400 C followed by a decrease of K. The second
type of curves (Figure 8b) shows an unusually large
and irreversible increase of susceptibility up to 250 C
(possibly related in part to some strain release), followed by a sharp decrease between 250350 C, and
an almost reversible phase for which a pseudo Curie
point of about 580 C was estimated using Prevot
et al. (1983) method. The last type of curves (Figure 8c) is almost entirely reversible, with a Curie point
around 580 C. The magnetic phase, stable up to about
300 C, is likely to be a titanomaghemite which is
typical in sub-marine basalt and well-known for its
thermal instability above 300400 C. The magnetic
phase with a 580 C Curie point corresponds to a pure
magnetite.
For the first two types of K/T curves, the classic question is whether the magnetite forms from
titanomaghemite during the laboratory experiments,
leading to the question of the reliability of the directions defined at high temperatures. The facts that
some samples contain only magnetite, that the type
of K/T curves and the number of components are not
related, and that similar characteristic directions are
obtained for all K/T curves, indicate that the high temperature components are chemical remanent magnetizations acquired during hydrothermalism which accompanied the emplacement of submarine lava fl ows.
It is expected that most of the breakdown of the titanomaghemite had occured during the first hydrothermal event, related to the emplacement of the lavas,
but it is possible that later hydrothermalism (V2 hydrothermal event on V1 rocks, for example) may still
transform the rocks leading to a later remagnetization.
Although newly formed magnetite commonly forms
rims on titanomagnetite grains, many tiny grains form
from the alteration of clinopyroxene (or olivine in V2),
and from volcanic glass.
Discussion
Mean V1 and V2 results per massif are summarized in
table 3 and plotted for each volcanic series in Figure 9.
In addition to results presented in this paper, the V2
result obtained from Salahi (Perrin et al., 1994) and
213
192
Figure 8. Characteristic K/T curves.
a result obtained by Thomas et al. (1988) on radiolarites (considered as equivalent of V2) from the southern
Sumail massif are included. No examples of antipodal
directions were found within either the V1 or the V2
units. Both V1 and V2 units were emplaced during
the Cretaceous Superchron (long normal polarity interval), which lasted from the early Aptian (around
114 Ma, Odin and Odin, 1990) to the late Santonian
(around 83 Ma, Odin and Odin, 1990). As discussed
above the magnetization of the lavas is thought to have
been acquired shortly after deposition of the lava, we
consider therefore their characteristic directions to be
of normal polarity.
Except for the Sarami direction found with the
1999 samples, all V2 directions are fairly coherent
for the northern part of the ophiolite. This indicates
that, prior to V2 magnetization, the northern part
of the ophiolite behaves as one tectonic unit. However, difference exists between the V1 directions of
the northern area, with the Hilti and Sarami values
in good agreement but different from the Aswad and
Wuqbah directions. Two hypothesis are possible to
explain this difference: (i) the directions found for
Aswad and Wuqbah are in fact later remagnetizations,
acquired during hydothermal activity related to the V2
emplacement, or (ii) differential rotations occurred between the extreme northern tip, and maybe the western
side, and the main center part, with unification of this
northern area by the time of emplacement of the V2
units. The large similarity between the magnetic properties of the sampled rocks and the characteristic of
the thermal events in the various massifs suggests a
comparable mechanism of remanence acquisition in
the whole domain. Because of the large difference between the V1 and V2 characteristic directions from
Hilti, the CRMs carried by these two sets of direc-
tions could not have been acquired during the same

hydrothermal event. Because of these two observations, we favored the tectonic hypothesis to explain the
directional difference between the various massifs. If
the V1 directions are considered to have been acquired
early at the ridge, then a clockwise rotation around
26 is necessary to fit the V1 to the V2 directions
obtained from the Aswad massif (counterclockwise
rotation of the massif) compared to a counterclockwise rotation to fit the V1 to the V2 directions from
the Hilti and Sarami massifs, respectively on the order
of 43 and 47 (clockwise rotation of the Hilti-Sarami
bloc), a movement occurring before the magnetization
of the V2 lava. Geologic evidence exist (Nicolas et al.,
2000a) for a counterclockwise rotation of the Aswad
massif north of the Wadi Hatta suture zone but not for a
clockwise rotation south of the suture zone but it could
well be that one massif is rotating counterclockwise
in a generally clockwise obduction. The absence of
V1 results for the Fizh massif may preclude further
testing of a model for differential rotations between
the Aswad and Hilti-Sarami massifs.
Directions obtained from the Tayin-Sumail massif are very different from those of the northern area,
with an angle of 106 between the V1-North and V1South and 95 between V2-North and V2-South. This
indicates a large rotation of the northern relative to
the southern parts of the ophiolite. But obviously the
only data set available is not enough to propose any
general evolution of this extremely complex southern
domain. However, it is worse noting that an counterclockwise rotation of about 36 is necessary to fit the
V1 to the V2 directions of the Tayin-Sumail massif,
on the same order as for Hilti and Sarami. Because
of the absence of additional volcanic outcrops suitable
for a paleomagnetic sampling in the southern massifs,
214
193
Figure 9. Mean directions of magnetization (stratigraphic coordinates) with confidence circles for V1 and V2 series grouped by massif (full
circles and solid lines indicate lower hemisphere, open circles and dashed lines upper hemisphere).
it is very unlikely that the understanding of the relation

between the northern and southern parts of the Semail
ophiolite will be gained from the volcanic sequence,
and a sampling of the gabbros of the southern area
(Weiler, 2000) was alternatively carried out during the
1999 campaign.
Conclusion
The interpretation of the paleomagnetic results obtained from the volcanic sequence of the Semail
ophiolite is not unambiguous, as the timing of the
magnetization of the series cannot be surely estimated.
However, if the paleomagnetic results are taken at
face value, they tend to question the tectonic unity
of the northern part of the Semail ophiolite (Aswad,
Fizh, Hilti, Sarami and Wuqbah massifs) at the time of
emplacement of the V1 lavas but, by the time of emplacement of the V2 series, this northern domain can
be considered as one tectonic unit. On the contrary,
the relative movement between this northern part and
the southern domain (Tayin-Sumail massif) seems to
have happened after emplacement of the two volcanic

series.
Acknowledgements
Facilities from the Oman Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, Directory of Minerals, extended through Dr
H. Al Azri are acknowledged. We thank Franoise
Boudier, Edwin Gnos and Peter Weiler for their help
in the field; and Jean-Pascal Cogn, Edwin Gnos, and
Carlo Laj for very helpful reviews. This work was
supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique partly through grant from Intrieur de la
Terre. Contribution CNRS-INSU-DBT 238.
References
Alabaster, T., Pearce, J. A., Mallivk, D. I. J., and Elboushi, I. M.,
1980, The volcanic stratigraphy and location of massive sulphide deposits in the Oman ophiolite, International Ophiolite
Symposium, Geological Survey Department, Nicosia, Cyprus,
751757.
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Alabaster, T., Pearce, J. A., and Malpas, J., 1982, The volcanic
stratigraphy and petrogenesis of the Oman ophiolite complex,
Contrib. Min. Petr. 81: 168183.
Ernewein, M., Pfl umio, C. and Whitechurch, H., 1988, The death
of an accretion zone as evidenced by the magmatic history of the
Sumail ophiolite (Oman), Tectonophysics 151: 247274.
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element and isotope study of the tholeiitic volcanic sequence of
the Salahi block: Implications for the origin and evolution of the
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emplacement of the Oman ophiolite, Tectonics 15: 12301247.
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(Oman): Mineralogical and geochemical characterization, origin
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Kirschvink, J. L., 1980, The least-squares line and plane and the
analysis of paleomagnetic data, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 62:
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Lippard, S. J., Shelton, A. W. and Gass, I. G., 1986, The ophiolite
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216

Resum
e
La comprehension
de la dynamique interne du noyau terrestre necessite
lobservation des
fluctuations du champ magnetique

en des sites repartis
uniformement
a` la surface du globe
` partie de cette these

`
pour differentes
periodes
de temps. La premiere
presente
les resultats
realis
sur des laves oligocenes

`
dune etude
paleomagn
etique,
en direction et en intensite,
ee

de larchipel des Kerguelen (49 20S, 70 20E) en vue de completer

les bases de donnees
entre 21.2 et
internationales. Celle-ci a permis devaluer
la dispersion angulaire inter-coulees

geographique.
eculaire
21.8 par rapport au pole

Cette estimation de la variation paleos
oli`
` G de McFadden et al. (1991) pour la periode
gocene
est en accord avec le Modele
22.5-45
sont les premieres

`
Ma. Les 12 determinations
de paleointensit
e reportees
dune bonne qualite
technique obtenues pour cette region.

Le moment dipolaire virtuel moyen leur etant
associe

e que la valeur prec
edemment
pour loligocene.
`
(
), est plus elev
estimee
Neanmoins,
il reste bien inferieur
a la valeur moyenne obtenue pour les periodes
recentes
ees.
( 0.3 Ma), qui semblent anormalement elev
Dautre part, le travail realis

e au cours de cette these
contribue aux recherches geologiques
menees
a` Kerguelen en apportant des contraintes propres au paleomagn
etisme.
A partir
detudes
de la fabrique magnetique,
une meilleure localisation des centres eruptifs
des dif
ferentes provinces volcaniques ainsi quune chronologie detaillee de la mise en place dune
section de la partie Sud-Est de larchipel, sont proposees.

Le report sur une echelle
magneto
stratigraphique globale des successions de polarite observees pour cinq sections a permis par
ailleurs de preciser
leurs intervalles de temps de mise en place et reviser
ainsi lestimation de
leurs taux deruption respectifs.
M " ! ! k k #! h X ! M " & ! " h E& M " Q k & " E
Mots clefs
Abstract
Numerous observations of the magnetic field variations, uniformly distributed on the Earths
surface for different time windows are needed to improve our knowledge on the inner-core dynamic. The first part of this work reports a paleomagnetic study, direction and intensity, carried

out on oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen archipelago (49 20S, 70 20E) in order to im
plement international databases. A between-flow angular standard deviation of 21.2 to 21.8
from the geographic pole has been computed. This estimation of the oligocene paleosecular
variation agrees with McFadden et al. (1991) Model G for paleosecular variation between 22.540 Ma. The 12 new paleointensity determinations reported are the first estimations obtained

for this archipelago with good technical quality. The mean VDM of
increases
the mean oligocene estimate but is still lower than recent value ( 0.3 Ma), which seems abnormaly high.
Moreover, this work brings additional constraints to the geological researches carried out on
Kerguelen. We proposed a better location of the eruptive center for the different magnetic provinces and a detailed chronology of emplacement for a southeastern site by means of magnetic
fabric studies. Correlation of the polarity successions for five sections with a global geomagnetic polarity scale allowed refinement of the emplacement time of these volcanic sequences and
consequently reevaluation of their extrusion rates.

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

pour obtenir le grade de

Fluctuations du champ paleomagn

(partie australe de lOcean

Marc DAIGNIERES, Professeur, Universite Montpellier II

Ces trois dernieres

lensemble des personnes que je voudrais evoquer

` et me sente a` laise dans mon travail.

Je tiens a` remercier en premier lieu toute lequipe

cette aventure : Lili pour les innombrables essais de reglage

et initie a` lanalyse de la fabrique magnetique,

loud toujours a` fond ; Stephanie

quil mai gen

e mes lames minces en

sympathiques a` mon egard

Antarctiques francaises pour y prelever

moins extraordinaires : Alain Lamalle, chef des operations

ramenes a bon port avec son equipage

` ; Jean-Marc et ses equipages

avec miss moule sur le Marion ; Johann le geophy

Florence, Laure, Eric, Xavier, Jer

Florence. Mais aussi ceux qui auront et

Jai une pensee

a` Marie-Eve pour son soutien quotidien et son ecoute,

les autres... pour mavoir entoure durant ces annees

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Calculations of the between-flow angular standard deviation (

) from the geographic pole show values

Palaeomagnetic study of Oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen Archipelago

` and Mont de la Tourmente intermediate VGP directions may indicate unrecorded

GKL !F B R G] N F 'PL\ B ,d!F G]e_ B R

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Palaeomagnetic study of Oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen Archipelago

Palaeomagnetic study of Oligocene lava flows from the Kerguelen Archipelago

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