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1) Protein Synthesis Practice Packet 2) OUTLINE: 13.1 3) bozeman notes: GENE REGULATION
Copy the following KEY WORDS:
2. Codons are redundant. <one codon can code for more than one amino acid.> True or False
how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA
DNA
AP Biology
proteins
cells
bodies
DNA
RNA
protein
DNA gets all the glory, but proteins do all the work!
trait
replication
AP Biology
metabolic pathway
AP Biology enzyme 1
enzyme 2
disease
enzyme 3
disease
enzyme 4
disease
1941 | 1958
one gene : one enzyme hypothesis
George Beadle
Edward Tatum
AP Biology
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Minimal medium
spores
asexual spores
Select one of the spores Test on minimal medium to confirm presence of mutation negative control Grow on complete medium
a a
transcription
translation
a a
a a
a a a a a a
DNA
mRNA
ribosome
a protein
a a a a a
a a
a a
trait
AP Biology
Transcription
from DNA nucleic acid language to RNA nucleic acid language
AP Biology
2007-2008
RNA
DNA
AP Biology
RNA
Transcription
Making mRNA
transcribed DNA strand = template strand untranscribed DNA strand = coding strand
enzyme
RNA polymerase
coding strand
A T C G T
5
C
DNA
A G T A T C T A
G C
A G C T
T A
C A G C T G
A T
A T
3 5
3
G C A U C G U C G T A G C A T
3
AP Biology build RNA
unwinding
rewinding
53
mRNA
RNA polymerase
template strand
RNA polymerases
RNA polymerase 1
only transcribes rRNA genes makes ribosomes transcribes genes into mRNA only transcribes tRNA genes
RNA polymerase 2
RNA polymerase 3
AP Biology
Promoter region
binding site before beginning of gene TATA box binding site binding site for RNA polymerase & transcription factors
Enhancer region
Transcription Factors
Initiation complex
AP Biology
A G U G U C G G A U A
C A
U C
C
A AG C U
5'
RNA A C C polymerase G
3'
T GG T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
AP Biology
eukaryotic DNA
exon = coding (expressed) sequence
AP Biology
mRNA splicing
Post-transcriptional processing
eukaryotic mRNA needs work after transcription primary transcript = pre-mRNA mRNA splicing edit out introns make mature mRNA transcript
intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence
~10,000 base
eukaryotic DNA
exon = coding (expressed) sequence
pre-mRNA
~1,000 base
spliced mRNA
Discovery of exons/introns
1977 | 1993
Richard Roberts
CSHL
beta-thalassemia
AP Biology
snRNPs
snRNA intron
Spliceosome
snurps
AP Biology
mature mRNA
exon 5'
Alternative splicing
AP Biology
protect the ends of the molecule add 5 GTP cap add poly-A tail
longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein
3' A
mRNA P G P P
5'
AP Biology
a a
transcription
translation
a a
a a
a a a a a a
DNA
mRNA
ribosome
a protein
a a a a a
a a
a a
trait
AP Biology
Translation
from nucleic acid language to amino acid language
AP Biology
2007-2008
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
4 AUCG
?
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Ala
How can you code for 20 amino acids with only 4 nucleotide bases (A,U,G,C)?
protein
20
AP Biology
DNA
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
codon
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
?
AP Biology
protein
1960 | 1968
Nirenberg & Khorana
Crick
WHYDIDTHEREDBATEATTHEFATRAT
created artificial UUUUU mRNA found that UUU coded for phenylalanine
AP Biology
Marshall Nirenberg
1960 | 1968
Har Khorana
AP Biology
The code
strongest support for a common origin for all life several codons for each amino acid 3rd base wobble
Code is redundant
Start codon
AUG methionine
AP Biology
Stop codons
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG
5 3
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
3 5
codon
UAC
tRNA amino acid
AP Biology
Val
a a
transcription
translation
a a
a a
a a a a a a
DNA
mRNA
ribosome
aa
a protein
a a a a a
a a
a a
trait
AP Biology
AP Biology
Loading tRNA
ATP AMP bond is unstable so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily
Trp C=O
OH OH
Trp C=O
O
Trp H2O
O
AP Biology
AC C UGG
mRNA
Ribosomes
organelle or enzyme?
Structure
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & proteins 2 subunits
large small
E P A
AP Biology
Ribosomes
holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit site
Met
5'
U A C A U G
3'
AP Biology
Building a polypeptide
Initiation
brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA adding amino acids based on codon sequence end codon
Met Met
Elongation
Termination
Leu
3 2 1
Val Ser release factor Trp
Leu
Leu
Met tRNA
Met Leu
Ala
5'
UAC GAC A U G C U GA A U
5'
3'
U A C GA C A U G C U G AAU
5' 3'
U AC G A C AA U AU G C UG
3'
A CC U GG U A A
3'
AP Biology
Destinations:
Protein targeting
Signal peptide
address label
start of a secretory pathway
AP Biology
amino acids
exon intron
tRNA
5' GTP cap
mature mRNA
poly-A tail large ribosomal subunit
polypeptide
3'
5'
small ribosomal subunit
tRNA E P A
AP Biology
ribosome
exons
UTR
introns
UTR
promoter
transcription start
5' pre-mRNA
transcription stop
3'
AP Biology
3'
AAAAAAAA
Bacterial chromosome
Transcription mRNA
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
DNA in nucleus linear chromosomes DNA wound on histone proteins introns vs. exons
introns come out!
intron = noncoding (inbetween) sequence eukaryotic DNA exon = coding (expressed) sequence
AP Biology
Translation in Prokaryotes
AP Biology
no RNA processing
AP Biology
Any Questions??
What color would a smurf turn if he held his breath?
AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
introns
5'
3'
5'
AP Biology
3'