Rope Brake Dynamometer

A
Mini Project Report

On
ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

Submitted to
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur

In Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering

Submitted By
Purvansh B. Vaikunthe (48/B) Saket P. Kolhe (50/B)
Pranav R. Padole (47/B) Neeraj K. Chaudhary (42/B)
Piyush C. Piprikar (46/B) Shaunak S. Kulkarni

Under the Guidance of
Prof. Milind P. Kshirsagar

Department of Mechanical Engineering
St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology,
Wardha Road, Nagpur
(2013-14)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering,
St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology,
Wardha Road, Nagpur

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project entitled ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER
has been successfully completed by Purvansh Vaikunthe, Saket Kolhe, Pranav Padole,
NeerajKumar Chaudhary, Piyush Piprikar, Shaunak Kulkarni students of 4
th
semester
B.E. for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelors degree in Mechanical
Engineering of the St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology during the
academic year 2013-14

Guide : Prof. Milind P Kshirsagar Prof. A. D. Pachchhao
Designation: Asst. Professor. Head of the Department
Mechanical Engineering. Dept of Mechanical Engineering
SVPCET, Nagpur SVPCET, Nagpur


Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my respected guide Prof. Milind P Kshirsagar for his kind, disciplined
and invaluable guidance which inspired me to solve all the difficulties that came across during
completion of the project.
I express my special thanks to Prof. A.D. Pachchhao, Head of the Department, for his
kind support, valuable suggestions and allowing me to use all facilities that are available in the
Department during this project. My sincere thanks are due to Pachchhao Sir, H.O.D., for
extending the all possible help and allowing me to use all resources that are available in the
Institute.
I would like to thanks all the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for
their support, for the successful completion of this project work. The acknowledgement shall
remain incomplete without expressing my warm gratitude to the almighty God.
I would also like to thanks all my Family members and Friends for their continues
support and standing with me in all difficult condition during this work.

Purvansh B. Vaikunthe (48/B)
Saket P. Kolhe (50/B)
Pranav R. Padole (47/B)
Neeraj K. Chaudhary (42/B)
Piyush C. Piprikar (46/B)
Shaunak S. Kulkarni


Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 ii

INDEX

CHAPTER
NO.
PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

Acknowledgement
List of figures
List of tables
Symbol used
ABSTRACT
i
iii
iv
v
vi
I 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Dynamometer
1.2 Types of Dynamometer
1.3 Absorption Dynamometer
1.4 Transmission Dynamometer
1.5 Theory of Dynamometer
1
2
2
2
3
3
II 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5
III 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.1 Parts of a Rope Brake Dynamometer
3.2 Construction of Rope Brake Dynamometer
3.3 Working of Rope Brake Dynamometer
6
7
7
8
IV 4. SURVEY OR COMPARISION
4.1 Difference between Brake and Dynamometer
4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake Dynamometer And
Prony Brake Dynamometer
11
12
12
V 5. APPLICATION
5.1 Applications of Rope Brake Dynamometer
13
14
VI 6. CONCLUSION 16
VII 8. REFERENCE 18

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 iii

LIST OF FIGURES
SR. NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
01
FIG. 1.1 Types of Dynamometer

02
02
Fig. 3.1 Rope

07
03
Fig. 3.2 Pulley

08
04
Fig. 3.3 Spring Balance

08
05
FIG. : 3.4 Rope Brake Dynamometer

09
06
FIG. : 3.5 ACTUAL VIEW OF ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

10


- Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 iv
LIST OF TABLE

SR. NO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.
01
TABLE 3.1 Parts of Rope Brake Dynamometer

07
02
TABLE 4.1 Difference Between Brakes And Dynamometer

12
03
TABLE 4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake And Prony Brake
Dynamometer

12

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 v

SYMBOLS USED
W =weight attached
S =Spring Balance
r =Effective radius =r
d
+r
1
r
d
=Radius of Brake drum
r
1
=Radius of rope
n = r.p.m. of the engine

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 vi

ABSTRACT
An absorption dynamometer consisting of a rope encircling a brake drum or flywheel,
one end of the rope being loaded by weights and the other supported by a spring balance. The
effective torque absorbed is obtained by multiplying the drum radius by the difference of the
tensions.
A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, moment of force
(torque), or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime
mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM).
A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a
driven machine such as a pump. In that case, a motoring or driving dynamometer is used. A
dynamometer that is designed to be driven is called an absorption or passive dynamometer. A
dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called a universal or active dynamometer.
In addition to being used to determine the torque or power characteristics of a machine
under test (MUT), dynamometers are employed in a number of other roles. In standard emissions
testing cycles such as those defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US
EPA), dynamometers are used to provide simulated road loading of either the engine (using an
engine dynamometer) or full powertrain (using a chassis dynamometer). In fact, beyond simple
power and torque measurements, dynamometers can be used as part of a testbed for a variety of
engine development activities, such as the calibration of engine management controllers, detailed
investigations into combustion behavior, and tribology.
In the medical terminology, hand-held dynamometers are used for routine screening of
grip and hand strength, and the initial and ongoing evaluation of patients with hand trauma or
dysfunction. They are also used to measure grip strength in patients where compromise of the
cervical nerve roots or peripheral nerves is suspected.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of Dynamometer:
Dynamometer a device with a rotating shaft that is coupled to the shaft of a machine under
test to measure the output torque or the required driving torque of the machine. The torque
measured by the dynamometer is multiplied by the shaft angular velocity, measured by a
tachometer, to compute the horsepower of the machine under test. Dynamometers are used to
determine the torque and horsepower characteristics of electric motors, generators, internal
combustion engines, gas turbines, and pumps.
1.2 Types of Dynamometer

1.3 Absorption Dynamometer:
In this type, the work done is converted into heat by friction while being measured. They
can be used for measurement of moderate powers only.
Example: Prony Brake dynamometer and rope brake dynamometer.

FIG. 1.1 Types of Dynamometer

1.4 Transmission Dynamometer:
In this type, the work is not absorbed in the process, but is utilized after the measurement.
Example: Belt transmission dynamometer and Torsion dynamometer.
1.5 Theory of Dynamometer:

Dynamometers are used for measurement of brake power. To measure brake power, the engine
torque and angular speed have to measured. A typical dynamometer is shown.The rotor is driven
by the engine under test by mechanical, hydraulic or electromagnetic means. The rotor is coupled
to the stator. For each revolution of the shaft,

Work done =2RF
Now, external torque =SL, where S is the scale reading and L is the length of dynamometer
arm.
Therefore, SL =RF for balance of dynamometer.
The power is given by, Brake Power =2NT / 60
In the absorption dynamometers, the entire energy or power produced by the engine is absorbed
by the friction resistances of the brake and is transformed into heat, during the process of
measurement. But in the transmission dynamometer energy is not wasted in friction but is
utilized in doing work. The energy or power produced by engine is transmitted through the
dynamometers in some other machines where the power developed is suitably measured.


CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Guan and Huang (2003) proposed a method to measure disc brake squeal propensity. In the
past via the complex eigen value analysis, positive real parts always indicate the level of
instability. Instead of using this generic parameter to show degrees of instability, they
attempted to analyze the squeal problem from the viewpoint of energy. The total feed-in
energy was used to indicate the squeal tendency of the brake system, which was derived
using the magnitude and phase of the modal shape coefficient vector. They concluded the
proposed method would be able to predict disc brake tendency as similar as the positive real
parts of t he complex eigen value analysis. Furthermore, the method allows disclosing the
influence of structure design parameter on the squeal propensity and also helps analyzing
the effectiveness of various modifications to reduce/eliminate squeal.

2. Moirot et al (2000) proposed an analysis to deal with the squeal problems. The analysis had
three major aspects that differ from typical complex eigen value analysis. The proposed
analysis, first performed non-linear static calculation to determine the contact surface
between the disc and the pads. The second aspect was they considered the damping that due
to friction and the final aspect was the projection of the whole structure on a real modal basis.

3. Chung et al (2001) presented an analysis approach by transferring the equations of motion
from transient domain to modal domain that the transformation could significantly reduce
the complexity of the complex eigenvalue analysis. The modal domain analysis could
provide mechanism underlying the mode-coupling phenomenon. The instability was
investigated based on the propensity of modes to couple and cause squeal. From the
analysis, even if modes were separated enough in frequency that there was no instability, it
was still possible to predict which mode might couple and create instability if the modes
were slightly shifted. Thus, it could provide the guidance needed to design squeal-free
system. The proposed analysis proved to be successful as good correlations were achieved
against experimental results.


CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.1 Parts of a Rope Brake Dynamometer:

The basic parts of a rope brake dynamometer are as follows:
1. Ropes
2. Pulley
3. Dead Weight
4. Spring Balance
5. Plywood frame
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION MATERIAL QUANTITY
01 Rope Synthetic Fibers 01
02 Pulley Wood 01
03 Dead Weight Cast Iron 01
04 Spring Balance Mild Steel 01
05 Plywood Frame Plywood 01

3.2 Construction of Rope Brake Dynamometer:

1. Rope: A rope is a linear collection of natural or artificial plies, yarns or strands which are
twisted or braided together in order to combine them into a larger and stronger form, but is
not a cable or wire. Ropes have tensile strength and so can
be used for dragging and lifting, but are far too flexible to
provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be
used for pushing or similar compressive applications.
Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed
cord, line, string, and twine. We have selected rope of
10mm Diameter.

TABLE 3.1 Parts of Rope Brake Dynamometer
Fig. 3.1 Rope

2. Pulley: A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is
designed to support movement and change of
direction of a cable or belt along its circumference.
Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads,
apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical
contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and
supporting shell is referred to as a "block." Pulley
that we have chosen is 90mm in diameter.

3. Dead Weight: Its a heavy weight or load. Dead weight we have selected is of
457gm.
4. Spring Balance: A spring balance apparatus is simply
a spring fixed at one end with a hook to attach an object
at the other. It works by Hooke's Law, which states that
the force needed to extend a spring is proportional to the
distance that spring is extended from its rest position.
Therefore the scale markings on the spring balance are
equally spaced.

3.3 Working of Rope Brake Dynamometer:
In a rope brake dynamometer a rope is wrapped over the rime of a pulley keyed to the
shaft of the engine. The diameter of the rope depends upon the power of the machine. The
spacing of the rope on the pulley is done by 3 to 4 U-shaped wooden blocks which also
prevent rope from slipping of the pulley. The upper end of a rope is attached to the spring
balance whereas the lower end supports the weight of suspended mass.
If the power is high, so will be the heat produced due to friction between the rope and the
wheel, and a cooling arrangement is necessary. For this, the channel of the flywheel usually
has flange turned inside in which water from a ripe is supplied. An outlet pipe with a
flattened end takes the water out.
Fig. 3.2 Pulley
Fig. 3.3 Spring Balance

A rope brake dynamometer is frequently used to test the power of the engines. It is easy
to manufacture, inexpensive, and requires no lubrication.
If the rope is wrapped several times over the wheel, the tension of the slack side of the
rope, i.e., the spring balance reading can be reduced to a negligible value as compared to the
tension of the tight side (as T
1/
T
2 =
c
0
onJ 0 is increased). Thus one can even do away
with the spring balance.

Let,
W =weight attached
S =Spring Balance
r =Effective radius =r
d
+r
1
Where,
r
d
=Radius of Brake drum
r
1
=Radius of rope
n = r.p.m. of the engine
Therefore, Braking Torque, T
b
=(W-s) * r
The power absorbed by the engine =
2nN (w-S )
601000
(KW)
ENGINE
SHAFT
SPRING
BALNCE
WOODEN
BLOCKS
FIG. : 3.4 ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

FIG. : 3.5 ACTUAL VIEW OF ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER


CHAPTER 4
SURVEY OR COMPARISION

CHAPTER 4
SURVEY OR COMPARISION
4.1 Difference between Brake and Dynamometer

Sr. No. Brakes Dynamometer
1
Principle object is to absorb
energy.
Works on principle of absorption.
2
It is used to retard or stop.
It is able to measure absorb K.E.
transmitted to prime mover.
3
No torque or power is measured
It measures, torque and hence
power.

4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake Dynamometer And Prony Brake Dynamometer:

Sr. No. Rope Brake Dynamometer Prony Brake Dynamometer
01
Cooling arrangement is required, since
friction is developed
No cooling arrangement is required.
02 Its accuracy is comparatively more. Its accuracy is comparatively less.
03 Its Construction is Simple. Its construction is complex.
04 It is comparatively cheaper. It is comparatively expensive.
05 It consists of less no. of parts. It consists of more no. of parts.
06
Powcr =

2n N(w-S)
/60 Powcr =

wL2nN
/60
TABLE 4.1 DIFFERNCE BETWEEN BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETER
TABLE 4.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROPE BRAKE AND PRONY BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATION
5.1 Applications of Rope Brake Dynamometer:

1. The main application of a rope brake dynamometer is to test IC Engine.
Dynamometers are useful in the development and refinement of modern engine
technology. The concept is to use a dyno to measure and compare power transfer at
different points on a vehicle, thus allowing the engine or drivetrain to be modified to get
more efficient power transfer. For example, if an engine dyno shows that a particular
engine achieves 400 Nm (295 lbfft) of torque, and a chassis dynamo shows only
350 Nm (258 lbfft), one would know to look to the drive train for the major
improvements. Dynamometers are typically very expensive pieces of equipment, and so
are normally only used in certain fields that rely on them for a particular purpose.

2. It is also used in Pelton Wheel Turbine to measure the torque, then power.
The turbine whose torque is to be measured, its shaft is connected to the shaft of rape
brake dynamometer on which drum or pulley is mounted. Rope is wrapped on the
periphery of drum. Tension is provided from the both ends by attaching one end of rope
with spring balance and other with dead weight. This restricts the motion pulley which
gives reading in spring balance. Ultimately torque can be calculated.

3. It is used for measuring the torque in Francis Turbine.
4. It can be used for measuring torque of any rotary member, simply by
coupling it with shaft of dynamometer.


CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
A brake is an appliance used to apply frictional resistance to a moving body to stop or
retard it by absorbing its kinetic energy. In general, in all types of motion, there is always some
amount of resistance which retards the motion and is sufficient to bring the body to rest.
However, the time taken and the distance covered in this process is usually too large. By
providing brakes, the external resistance is considerably increased and the period retardation
shortened.
A dynamometer is a brake incorporating a device to measure the frictional resistance
applied. This is used to determine the power developed by the machine, while maintaining its
speed at the rated value.
The functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that a clutch connects two
moving members of a machine whereas a brake connects a moving member to a stationary
member.
The determination of power delivered to rotating machinery simultaneous measurement
of torque and shaft speed. Machines used for torque measurement under test bed condition are
called dynamometer. The type of dynamometer to be used depends on the nature of machine to
be tested.
Absorption dynamometers working principle is that the power measured is converted into
heat by friction or by other means. The power absorbed is lost as heat and is dissipated to the
surrounding where it have no use.
These are used for measurement of power of generator, electric motor, turbines and
engines. Dynamometers are capable only of power absorption include various forms of
mechanical brakes working on dry friction, fluid friction and eddy current brake.


CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
1. Prabhu, T.J., Fundamentals of Machine Design.
2. Khurmi, R.S. and J.K. Gupta, Theory of Machines.
3. Sundararajamoorthy, T.V. and N. Shanmugam, Machine Design.
4. Thipse, S.S., Internal Combustion Engines.
5. Mathur, M.L. and R.P. Sharma, Internal Combustion
6. SS Rattan, Theory of machines (TATA McGraw Hill Publication).
7. V. Ganeshan, Internal Combustion Engine (TATA McGraw Hill Publication).
8. Winther, J. B. (1975). Dynamometer Handbook of Basic Theory and Applications.
Cleveland, Ohio: Eaton Corporation.
9. Martyr, A.; Plint, M. (2007). Engine Testing - Theory and Practice (Fourth ed.). Oxford.
10. www.rugusavay.com
11. www.dynamometers.org
12. www.dyno-dynamometer.com
13. www.idosi.org

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