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FW ^ =H FWTYhBTTBZ9OY+=
W21 (Q)
F 4 grad
C O ^ Y\BDH9=A@9=?Z \H BqBDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$H9=W ^ E$bGBDH BTKROW ^ E @ OAFM$E$cC BZ E$H BTK=?c-fH$E FWT=?]
H BDYTIVW\F
IC BD@$WTEBD@ OYTEV> H KLEp%FAKfH9=C ^ E KRO ^ "?%dXVOAFdZ E[@ OAFWT X@$W\BjMVZ=DFAF;C Od]
^ E BA> E$@ OAFM$EVc [H$M<$E$SH9=M$[VTOQKRB?PQH B ^ =DFAFAK=W ^ E$Y+=DWTM$=MMVZ=DFAF' [H$M<$E$S
H9=W\B ^ OqpH9=NKLH B?PjOAFWTY\OJTOb ^ =H$<
E dfR B>$Z9IC BZ H BDWT E$Z9B?PjOH$E$I>9BDMV=?=?]
W\OdZ \FWTY+=_AWTEVcZ9OAKRKC ^ E$Y\Od>9OH$ Y ^ =>9OdZ9OApYQY+= ^ E9=H$W\OTX$C ^ Od>$Z9B?PjOH$H BTKmC B
KRBTOSJC ^ BTF\TO f9a=?> TOMVBDYTKdf
E FW\OAKL[ pTf??=C$E$_OAKYBA> H BDSUE$_BTD_OC ^ E$H$IVWTacU`B ^ K ]aYY\OM$W\B ^ H BDS
`B ^ KRO$*

u
t
4u + hu, i u + grad p = f,
div u = 0.
p f
u
t
p f \
=MM$=MKL E jOAK ^ O_OH$E O'?=?>=A@$EYNMVZ=DFAFAOFEVZ TH$ac ^ O_OH$E$S/X1W\BKL

"
KRBGP_OAKmC BD@VZ9OH$H B'C BA>9OS FWTY\BDY+=W\H9=_C O ^ Y\BTO[ ^ =YTH OH$E OFE FW\OAKL p f aBDC9O ^ =?]
W\B ^ BTK
f$"BDb
>=VX9F[@ OW\BTKZ9OAKRKL f i_EJFdZ9Od>9FWTYTE$IJE$Z9OAKRKL f XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
4u + F hu, i u = F f ;
div u = 0.
"=M$E K BT ^ =GBTKX$KL2E FMVZ ;@$EVZ E>=YDZ9OH$E O

E$ FE FW\OAKL`f9W\KROWTE KX$@$W\B
p(t, x)
WD=M$E OQBDC O ^ = $E$EC BE FMVZ ;@ OH$E$ >=YDZ9OH$E$I ^ =H OAOj[P_OjC ^ BA>9OdZ Y+=?Z E9Fp%FAKfX
H9=C ^ E KRO ^ X1 i$?X/ "?%df
g FEVZ [Z9OAKRKL f VXOFdZ E
f2 (Q) XW\B 4u L
f2 (Q) f"BmOAFWToC ^ B]
u L
FW ^ =H FWTY\B f
IVYDZ I$OW\F
IE$H$Y+= ^ E9=H$WTH$KmBDWTH BTFE$W\OdZ TH B)BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =j=CVZ=?]
L (Q)
f\L=M'MV=2M'C ^ =Y+=I)@9=DFWTjC O ^ Y\BDbGB`[ ^ =YTH OH$E$I)Yp f \LWD=M$P_OC ^ E$H9=?>$Z9OPQE$W
FG=
4
X$W\B)C BZ [@9=DOAKX9@$W\B)E FcBG> H9=IJ?=?>=A@9='`=YT\Od]W\BDMVFG=NpTf?a]pTf \M YTEV]
f
L2 (Q)
Y+=?Z9OH$WTH B ^ Od>
[ $E ^ BDY+=H9=QM?=?>=A@ O
p f
u
t
4u + F hu, i u = f, (t, x) ;
u|t=0 = 0, x Q,
^ =DFAFAK=W ^ E$Y+=DOAKRBTSYQC ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY+O L

f2 (Q) f
ghAW\BTKm[ ^ =YTH OH$E$ENF
>9OdZ=DOAKm?=DKROH$[E FMVBTKRBDSN
[ H$M<$E$E
f
u(x, t) = v(x, t)et
1BDbe>=_H BDY+=IE FMBTK=I [H$M<$E$I
IVYDZ I$OW\FeI ^ O_OdH E AO K ?=?>=A@$E
v
t
4v + v + et F hv, i v = et f, (t, x) ;
v|t=0 = 0, x Q,
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f T
m
gDE ^ =I
]C ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY\B f
X
L2 (Q)
Y)M$=A@ OAFWTY\O
]BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =CVZ=DFG=
F`BTZ=DFWTT
A
(4 + E)
T
X
2
f
YQM$=A@ OAFWTY\O
D (A) = W2 (Q)
L2 (Q)
]C ^ OABT ^ =GBDY+=H E O t

X
e F hu, i v
C BZ [@9=DOAK Y\BDGKRBGPQH BTFWT?=C$E FG=WThE F
c+BG> H$[ ?=?>=G@$[ `=YT\Od]W\BDMVFG= pTf?]
pTf \YYTEV>9O?=?>=G@$E pVf XLMBDW\B ^ [ KL H9=AY+=?Z E +>OI"JVML9-"
UR"QJ> s +;U9Af
I O
E ]
Y Z INC ^ E KROH OH$E$IW\OAB ^ OAKL i'H9=DK2BTFWD=DOW\FeIUC ^ BDY\O ^ E$WT[+FdZ9BDYTE$v
f
r`9B<9?"99?`MDB>;>
IVYDZ I$OW\FeI'BD@ OYTEV> H$Kf Y Z IQYT ^ =H$H BDbGBjH9=DKLE
BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =
fZ9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH B X
f # BDW\BTKL[JC ^ BDY\O ^ M$[[+FdZ9BDYTE$
S
0 = 1
A = A
]F_KLC ^ BDY\
Od>9OAK >$Z IBDC O ^ =W\B ^ =
f
A = A
OAKX-@$W\B'>$Z INY\FAOdc
YTC BZ$]
: B>;>? CE6'MDB>;>
> # BDM$=Pj
u, v D(A)
H OH B_H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
YQM$=A@ OAFWTY\O
BDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$E$I
B (u, v)

n
o

kB (u, v)kH ea K A+1/2 u kA vkH + A+1/2 v kA ukH
H
p f \
C ^ EH O MVBDW\B ^ BTK
f
0 < < 1/2
H OdZ E$H OS$H$S
B ^ BD_BoE$AY\OAFWTH B$X;@$W\BYhFEVZ [[\FdZ9BDYTE$I
div u = 0
KRBGP_OW'DWT)C ^ Od>9FWT=YDZ9OHY)FE KRKROW ^ E$@$H \
B KmYTEV>9O
@VZ9OH
hu, i v
hu, i v =
3
X
(uj v) .
xj
j=1
BTBDWTY\OW\FdWTY+OH$H B;EDEVZ E H OS$H$S_BDC O ^ =W\B ^

KRBGP_OW;DWT?=C$E FG=HjY> ^ [+]
B (u, v)
bABTK YTEV>9OTf # BDAW\BTKL[E KROAOK
"=MJMV=M

2
kB (u, v)k2H = et F h, ui v L2 (Q) ea kF h, ui vk2L2 (Q) .
F
e
]BDb ^ =H E$@ OH$H$SC ^ BTOM$W\B ^ X W\B

f9Z9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH9B$X
kF k = 1
kB (u, v)k2H
kh, ui vk2L2 (Q)
|h, u(x)i v (x)|2 dx =
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?

[+cVWT= ^ \=S
Z X
3
Q k=1
W\OdZ9\=DOY
2
3 X
3 Z
X

|h, u(x)i vk (x)| dx =
xj (uj (x) vk (x)) dx =
Q
2
k=1 j=1

3 Z
3 X
X
uj (x)
vk (x) 2

=
xj vk (x) + uj (x) xj dx.
Q
k=1 j=1
# ^ E KROH OH$E OAKmZ9OAKROH$WT= ^ H$acJH O ^ =Y\OH FWTYBDW\F>=jC BZ [@9=DOAK
ea kB (u, v)k2H
(

2 )

uj (x) 2

v
(x)
k

|vk (x)|2 + |uj (x)|2

2
xj dx
xj
k=1 j=1
!1/2 Z

1/2
3 Z
3 X
X
uj (x) 4
4

dx
2
+
|vk (x)| dx
Q xj
Q
k=1 j=1
4 !1/2
Z
1/2 Z

p f \
v
(x)
k

+
|uj (x)|4 dx
xj dx
Q
Q
( Z

Z
3 Z
3 X
X
Z
|u(x)|4 dx
4
|u(x)| dx
1/2
1/2 Z
1/2
|v (x)|4 dx
|v(x)| dx
1/2 )
BDb
Z=DFH BW\OAB ^ OAK=DKYDZ9B?PjOH$E$IN Tk?9>$Z IQY\FAOdc' [H$M<$E$S
E$C ^ BTFW ^
= H F WTY+=
u
pMBDW\B ^ BTO)EOAFWTJH9=FG=DKRBTK2>9OdZ9O)BDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$H BTO'H9=DKLEqC ^ T
B FW ^
= H F WTY\B
H22 (T 3 )
d
$
X
\
Y
O
H
Q
B
H
O

=
\
Y

O
H

F
T
W
\
Y
B
2
^
^
W2 (Q)
|u(x)| dx C
kuk2W 2 (Q)
2
=C
!"#&%'()
Z
|(4 + E) u(x)| dx
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
2


C ^ EY\FAOdc
f # BDAW\BTKL[E$p f \C BZ [@9=DOAK
2 > 3(1/2 1/4) = 3/4
ea kB (u, v)k2H

2 R

R

2
+1/2
|(4
+
E)
v
(x)|
dx
+
dx
(4
+
E)
u
(x)
C

Q
Q

Z
Z
2

+1/2
=
|(4 + E) u(x)|2 dx
+
v(x) dx
(4 + E)
Q
Q

2

k(4 + E) v (x)k2L2 (Q) +
=C (4 + E)+1/2 u (x)
L2 (Q)

2

+ (4 + E)+1/2 v (x)
k(4 + E) u (x)k2L2 (Q) ,
L2 (Q)
b
>9O
]RZ TBTO $
@ E FdZ9B$X$[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IV;_OAO H O ^ =Y\OH FWTYT[
f
> 3/8
"=M$E K BT ^ = GBTKX[\FdZ9BDYTE O YTC BZ H OH B C ^ E Y\FAOdc
E$ E$H$W\O ^ Y+=?Z=
f
(3/8, 1/2)
YTC BZ$]
: B>;>? CE6OMDB>;>
, # BDM$=PjOAKX9@$W\BQ>$Z IY\FAOdc
u, v D(A)
H OH B_H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B

A B (u, v)

n
o

ea K A1/2 u kvkH + A1/2 v kukH ,
H
b
>9O
f
3/2 < < 3/4
988* #.# ^%\
|}\
p fGk\
x>^ w} %^ \M^ w

a| | a j2w \| ] |}x a| ,
w ^
F o
cp
p
p c o e n
r
b o q
p
^ a
\ ^}"j4^%\>a|z}|Q| ^%\
M
|}\
x w
a

x
g
q
p i
cp
c
c c c (43 + E) , 0 c
n
^ | \>% a&]
o p
u(x) L2 (Q)

F (43 + E) u(x) = (43 + E) F ( u(x)) .
Y BDMV=?=W\OdZ \ FW\Y\BJ=H9=?Z9BDbAE$@$H B>9BDM$=?=W\OdZ \FWTYT[Z9OAKRKL f 'E>$Z INC BZ H BDWT

E$Z9BGP_OH$E$IC ^ $
E Y\Od>9OH B)Y ^ =>9OdZ9OAVf
K OAOAK
# BDAW\BTKL[E R

A B (u, v) =
H

= et F (43 + E) hu, i v
= et (43 + E) F hu, i v
L2 (Q)
L2 (Q)
"=M)M$=M
E
XTW\B C BZ TA[TI$FE$H$W\Ob ^ =?Z TH$K
kF k = 1 3 > 2 > 3(1 1/2) = 3/2
C ^ Od>9FWD=YDZ9OH$E OGK >9OS FWTYTE$I
XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
(43 + E)
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
iTk
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
2
2

2a
A B (u, v) e (43 + E) hu, i v
H
= e2a
L2 (Q)
Z
b
y)
m(x,
|hu, i | dy dx,
|x y|
Q
]LH OC ^ O ^ YTH9=I [H$M<$E$IQ> YT[+c= ^ bA[VKROH$W\BDY X$=

m(,
b )
= 3 + 2 (0, 3/2)
C ^ E
f
3/2 < < 3/4
W\Fa>=_E KROAOAK
b
>9O
2

A B (u, v)
H
Z
Z
Z m(x,
b
y)
|(u,
)
(y)|
m(x,
b
) |(u, ) ()|
e2a dx
dy
d .
|x y|
|x |
Q
1OC O ^ 'C BTKROH$I$OAK C B ^ I>9BDMJE$H$W\Ob ^ E ^ BDY+=H E$I

2

A B (u, v)
H
2a
Z Z
|hu, i (y)| |hu, i ()|
Q Q
W\Fa>=VX$WT=MJMV=M
]BDb
=H$E$@ OH9=VX=

m(x,
b
y)m(x,
b
)
dx dyd.
|x y| |x |
C BZ [@9=DOAKX$@$W\B
^
m(,
b )
(0, 3/2) ,

2

A
B
(u,
v)

K ((u, ) (dy))2 K kukL2 (Q) k, kL2 (Q) .
H
;AW\BDbGBH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=jYTW\OM$=DOW_YTC BZ H OH$E O;[+FdZ9BDYTE$IUpVf i\C ^ EY\FAOdc

3/2 <
f$"BQOAFWT)[\FdZ9BDYTE9O4
ijYTC BZ H OH B$f
< 3/4
YTC BZ H9OdH9B
: B>;>? CE60MDB>;>
È # BDM$=PjOAKX@$W\B`>$Z I'Y\FAOdc
u D(A)
[\FdZ9BDYTE O`B ^ W\BDbGBDH9=?Z TH9BTFWTE
p fT?
hB (u, u) , uiH = 0.
o[@ OW\BTKmFG=DKRBTFABDC ^ IVPjOH$H9BTFWTENBDC9O ^ =W\B ^ =

pZ9OAKRK=r f?E KROAOAK
F
hB (u, u) , uiH = et (F hu, i u, u)L2 (Q) = et (hu, i u, F u)L2 (Q) .

!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
;FdZ9Od>9FWTYTE$IZ9OAKRKL f )E KROAOAK
Fu = u
>$Z IY\FAOdc
iV
f2 (Q) f # BDAW\BTKL[
uL
et hB (u, u) , uiH = (hu, i u, u)L2 (Q) .
=DFM ^ Y+=IFM$=?Z I ^ H$O C ^ BDE$AY\Od>9OH$E I-X9D[?>9OAKE KROWT
et hB (u, u) , uiH =
=
hu (x) , hu, i u(x)i dx =
3
3 Z X
X
j=1
Q k=1
Z X
3
Q j=1
3
X
uj (x)
uj (x) uk (x)
dx =
xk
j=1
uj (x) (hu, i uj (x)) dx =

Z X
3
Q k=1
(uj (x))2
uk (x)
dx.
xk
2
;H W\Odb ^ E ^ [TIC BTFdZ9Od> H$E$SUE$H$W\Ob ^ =?ZC B)@9=DFWI$KXF`[@ OW\BTKoC O ^ E BG> E$@ OAFM$EVcNM ^ =?]
OdYTc[\FdZ9BDYTE SpTf \
dX$C BZ [@$E K
et hB (u, u) , uiH =
3 Z
X
j=1
3 Z X
3
X
(uj (x))2
uk (x) dx =
2
xk
Q
j=1
k=1
!
(uj (x))2
div u(x) dx.
2
"=MjMV=M>$Z IY\FAOdc
[ H$M<$E$S
K OAOWKROAFW\B
pZ9OAKRK=H f dX
f (Q) E R
uL
div u (x) = 0
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f1L=M$E K BT ^ =GBTKX
hB (u, u) , uiH = 0
[\FdZ9BDYTE O4FjYTC BZ H OH B$f
: B>;>? CE6vMDB>;>
(r
KROAOAK

cP (u) = (E P )B (E P )u, (E P )u B (u, u) =
B

= B (E P )u, P u +P B (E P )u, P u B(P u, u)P B(u, u)+P B(P u, u).
# BG>9FWT=YDZ IVIJF>=jY\KROAFW\B
C OABT ^ =GBDY+=H$E O t
XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
B (u, v) ^
e F hu, i v
cP (u) et = F h[E P ] u, i P u + P F h[E P ] u, i P u

B
F hP u, i u P F hu, i u + P F hP u, i u.
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
iTi
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
`=E KROH$T_OAOQFABTTFWTY\OH$H BTOQ@$E FdZ9BBDC O ^ =W\B ^ ==CVZ=DFG= ^ =YTH BH$[?Z _f/BTBDWTY\OWD]

FWTYT[;jE KLEFABTTFWTY\OH$H$KREY\OM$W\B ^ =DKLED[?> [WJW ^ OdcVMBTKLC BDH OH$WTH O'Y\OM$W\B ^ =JF
C BTFW\BGIVH$H$KLEpH O?=YTE F
IVjE KLEQBDW MVBTKLC BDH OH$WD=DKRE/fBD@ OYTEV> H B$X@$W\BC O ^ YTO
x
> Y+=QFdZ=b=DOAKLacBT ^ =Q=;W\F
IYQH$[?Z X$C BDAW\BTKL[
p fGi\
cP (u) et = (E P ) F hP u, i u P F hu, i u.
B
# BDMV=P_OAKX@$W\B
P F hu, i u
W\B
YTW\B ^ T
B O dF Z=b=DOAKRBTO >9OAF BT ^ =Q=DOW\FeI Y H$[?Z f"=M MV=M
]aY\OM$W\B ^
F C BTF W\BGIVH$H$KLEopH Oj?=YTE F
IVjE KLEBDW
MBTKLC BDH OH$WT=DKLE/X
P F hu, i u =
"=MJM$=M
3
X
hF hu, i u, ek iL2 (Q) ek .
3
X
hhu, i u, F ek iL2 (Q) ek .
k=1
]FG=DKRBTFABDC ^ IVP_OH$H$SC ^ BTOM$W\B ^ X W\B
P F hu, i u =
@$E$WTY+=I-X9@$W\B
Z [@9=DOAK
k=1
p%FAKfBDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$E OJp f \C ^ BTOM$W\B ^ =

dXBDW\F>=)C B]
F ek = ek
F
P F hu, i u =
+
* 3
3
3
X
X
X
(uj uk ) , ek
=
hhu, i u, ek iL2 (Q) ek =
xj
k=1
j=1
k=1
ek = 0.
L2 (Q)
# BTFdZ9Od> H OAO ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQZOdbAMVB)C BZ [@9=DOW\FeIJE$H$W\Ob ^ E ^ BDY+=H$E9OAKoC B)@9=DFW?I$KmY'FM$=?]
Z I ^ H BTKC ^ BDE$AY\Od>9OH$E$E/X$WT=MMV=M
]RY\OM$W\B ^ F;C9BTFdW\B?IVH$H$KLEpH O?=YTE F
IVjE KLE
ek
MVBTKLC BDH OH$WT=DKLE/f
BDW
x
"=M$E KoBT ^ =GBTKX
cP (u) et = (E P ) F hP u, i u.
B
# ^ E FWT[C9=DOAK MC BZ [@ OH$E$

C BZ [@9=DOAK
Za
0
dt
B OH$M$EpiVf i\df "=MM$=M
k(E P ) F hP u, i uk dx
!"#&%'()
Za
0
dt
p f\
]RC ^ BTOM$W\B ^ `X$W\B
khP u, i uk2 dx.
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
i$
"=MMV=M
]Y\OM$W\B ^ F C BTFW\BGIVH$H$KLE pH O`G=YTE9F
IVjE KLENBDW
MBTKLC BDH OH$WT=DKLE/X
Pu
x
W\B
Pu =
3
X
k=1
Ck (t)ek
3
X
k=1
hu, ek iL2 (Q) ek ,
b >9O
]\=AE FY_C O ^ Y\BTK FABTTFWTY\OH$H BTKmC BA> C ^ BTFW ^ =H FAWTY\O
f$<-=jWD=?]
e
{u : 4u = 0}
E
f
MBDS\k=AE F`KRBGPQH B)YTAIVWT)Y\OM$W\B ^
(1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0) (0, 0, 1)
# BDAW\BTKL[E KROAOAK
Za
0
max max
0ta 1k3
dt
khP u, i uk2 dx
kP uk (t, )k2L2 (Q)
max max
0ta 1k3
kuk (t, )k2L2 (Q)
(Z
(Z
3
aX
0 k=1
3
aX
0 k=1
kgrad
uk (, )k2L2 (Q) d
kgrad
uk (, )k2L2 (Q) d
W\Fa>=_EE `B OH$M$EV)f BDC =piVf?C BZ [@9=DOAK
Za
0
dt
k(E P ) F hP u, i uk2 dx
3 Z
X
k=1
a
0
kfk (, )k2L2 (Q) d
)2
W\Fa>=_EE 'p f\

FdZ9Od> [\OW)YTC BZ H OH$E O`[+FdZ9BDYTE$I0 f
WD=M/X?Y\FAO[+FdZ9BDYTE$I`W\OAB ^ OAKL`XW\B;OAFWT;[\FdZ9BDYTE$IE]YTC BZ H9OdH `f # B]
W\BTKL[JE$jW\OB ^ OKL iQC BZ [@9=DOAKF[_OAFWTY\BDY+=H$E O ^ O_OH$E$I
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+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
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c A : Ae = 1 e prc
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j = 1, 2, . . . , k
|m
^%x w
|& = GKRO ^ H BTFWT AF BTTFWTY\OH$H BDb?B C AB >9C ^ BTFW ^ = H FWTY+=$XJFABTBDWTY\OWD]
cmbcp
q pò
]H OmKROH OAOiTkVf FdZ9BDYTE$I
FdWTYT[jObGB FABTTFWTY\OH$H BTKL[ @$E FdZ [
1
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j = 1, 2, . . . , k,
k
H OE$AY\OAFWTH BDb?BFABTTFWTY\OH$H BDbGBY\OM$W\B ^ =VXMBDW\B ^
ShKL E$_OAK YYTEV>9O
c1 , . . . , c20
X\b
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e = c1 e1 + c2 e2 + + c20 e20
e1 , e2 , . . . , e20
f&MVZ=DFAFE$@ OAFMBDSW\OAB ^ E$E)Z E$H OS$H$ac=?Z bGOA ^ =E$@ OAFM EVc'[ ^ =YTH OH$E$S'E$AY\OAFWD]
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H OE$AY\OFWTH$cJTBZ T_O MVBZ E$@ OAFWTY+=Q[ ^ =YTH OH$E$S/f # D
B AW\BTKL[Z9OAKRK=j>9BDM$=G=H=Vf

Y Z IH9=DF`D[?>9OW)Y+=PQH BDSFdZ9Od> [;Q=IE$H$W\O ^ C BZ I$E9BDH$H9=I
u | xx g |z}|
988
* -.# -# wkx]
b o n |xa>^ a|4a>^%\ c$o ^ aw pò |
<<0 p
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2
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2
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u

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cmbcp
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=
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n ,
n=1
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>=
2
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2 X
kun k2 ,
un =
A u =

n=1
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kuk2 =
M
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n=1
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kun k2 2
n ,
M
X
un ()
.
n
n=1
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
Ti
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
E KROAOAK
# BDAW\BTKL[>$Z IC ^ BDE$AY\BZ TH BTbGB e
1
M

X
X
2 X
kun k2 n2() =
kun k2 n2() +
kun k2 n2()
=
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u

n=0
e n
e n
<
2

X
2
2()
e
kun k2 2
A u +
n n
e n
<

2
2()
e
e2 kuk2 .
A u +
gDE ^ =DOAK W\OC O ^ e E$ [+FdZ9BDYTE$I
B_E$`[\FdZ9BDYTE$I
0 = 1

2

e2 = kuk2
A u .
Z9ObAMVBQYTEV>9OWT X$@$W\B e
f # BDAW\BTKL[
1

2
e2 kuk2 .
A u 2
Z9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH B X C BZ [@9=DOAK

2
2
A u 2 kuk
ÒAKRK=j>9BDM$=?=H9=Vf
988'
* -T# S-# wkx]
kuk
kA uk
2
2
= 2 kuk2
2

A u .
u |
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|}\
pò
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pò pprc
e
e< o n
A2 p
ep
A u = u
a>^%\ ^ aw
|
c$o
pò
u 6= 0 R (u) = 0 p
kuk ku + L(u, u)k kf (u)k .
Yp f i\F ^ =A[qE KROAOAKX"@$W\B

] FABT]
^%x w
|& BDC ^ dO >9OdZ9OH$E$I
R(u)
u
cmb cp
q pò

F WTY\OH$H$SY\OM$W\B ^ BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =
T
X
C
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a
g
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F
C

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Z
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[
\
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b = A u 2 kuk2
A2 ^
[\FdZ9BDYTE OAK p f i\*
f "BDb
>=QC BZ [@$E K
$
hu, L (u, u)i = 0
kuk2 kuk2 + kL (u, u)k2 = kuk2 + kL (u, u)k2 + 2 hL (u, u) , ui =

= ku + L (u, u)k2 kf (u)k2 .
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?

OAKRK=_>9BDMV=?=H9=Vf
988
* -# # [ i w
a|mw
\
a w
|
c pò
&|
(j = 1, 2, ...) prc o
]
b
prq uj H
prqh
kuj k = kuk ,
|rw i& ^ w
p
pò
i ^
p
\>| w
$

b
&| a>^ e a|j4^%\>a|& w~x] | w~x>^ d | o cp %^ x q
H
ep
lim kuj + L (uj , uj )k = f , lim kR (uj )k = 0,
b prc &| u ep |

u0 H
ku0 k = kuk f = ku0 + L (u0 , u0 )k .
^ w
F| a
^
a]<a] \M^ ^kx
d q lim b cec p
d
X
X9W\B'YFEVZ [JMVBDH O@V]
|m
^%x w
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lim kR (uj )k = 0 kuj k = kuk
cmbcp
q pò
j
H BTKRO ^ H BTFWTE b R
K BGPQH BYT ^ =WT_C BA> C BTFdZ9Od>9BDY+=W+OdZ TH B\FWT
FcBA> IVj[FeI
H
{uj,k } ,
MH OMBDW\B ^ BTKL[
X WD=M$[_X$@$W\B
V
u0
lim kR (uj,k )k = 0,
j,k
b
H
uj,k u0 .
W\F>=_EE$`H OC ^ O ^ YTH BTFWTEUDEVZ E$H OS$H BDbGB'BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =

E KROAOAK
L (, )
b
H
L (uj,k , uj,k ) L (u0 , u0 ) .
f Vf

[ ;j[ BD@ O YTEV> $
H [ 9
Z OAKRKL[\f
2@9=DFW\B)D[?>9OAK E FC BZ TGBDY+=WTFdZ9Od>
988
* -.#
# [ i w
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x >
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# BDAW\BTKL[ ^ OA[?Z ?WT=WQ>9BDM$=AY+=DOAKRBDSJZ9OAKRKLYTW\OM$=DOW'E$Z9OAKRKL
p f \
b
R (u) 6= 0, K (u) C,
b S(u) 6= 0, kS(u)k kR(u)k2 101 ,

R (u) 6= 0, K (u) > C,
b kS(u)k < 101 kR (u)k2 ,
R (u) 6= 0, K (u) > C,
R (u) = 0,
p f
p f \
p f
g \ a| wkx>^ i ^
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a
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d K (u) , R (u) S (u) b
cb ce
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:E<>=-7?

[+cVWT= ^ \=S
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H OS$_OAKmB OH$M$E/f
i
988
* -#T-# \
^ x]
^%\
W\OdZ9\=DOY
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u ]O
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p o
d
u
x
e g = Lg f Lu Lu g, hLu f, ui kuk2 w \ c$o ^ d x] o n
c d
f (u), Lu g, Lu g, L
f
| >^ a&]
2

kf (u)k kuk + 2C A u kuk2(1/) ,

2
2
2(1/)
2
,
|
| khDu f, uik kuk 16 1 + C A u kuk
/

kLu gk 4C kuk1/ A u kgk ,
/

kLu gk 4C kuk1/ A u kgk ,
kLu Lu gk
^ w
16C2

2

A u kgk ,
2(1/)
kuk

2

e
2(1/)

,
Lf g = Lg f 4C kgk kuk +2C A u kuk
q C
[ i w

Lg f C kgk kf k .
i w~x| ] ( E
o
^ |}\M^kj
F]
p`q u
b`p
n
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wkx]
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K(u)
= (1 +
(u) + (1 )K(u))

2
7/8 1/
/

2
4
b
,
C = 2 4000 (1 + C ) 1 + u + u
A u

1
kuk = u , A u A u u , u 1,
2
1/4 E
b
K(u) C,
kf k kuk
|
w w~x]
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|xa>^ a
n
K(u) < K(u)

< 2K(u).
2
i wkx|
u
] i a
|
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prc
p
2/7 (u).
kR(u)k < 2K
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+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
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cmbcp
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w
| f # BZ TA[\I$F)[+FdZ9BDYTE OAK
q `
p o
p f?EZ9OAKRKRBDS f iVXVE KROAOAK
2

kf (u)k = ku + L (u, u)k kuk + kL (u, u)k kuk +C A u
2

kuk + 2C A u kuk2(1/) .
# O ^ Y\BTO H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQ>9BDM$=?=H B$f
Y =?Z9OAO E KROAOAK

|hDu f, ui|
|hf + Lu f, ui| hf, 2u + 2L(u, u) ui hf, 2f ui
=
=
=

kuk2
kuk2
kuk2
kuk2
2 kf k2 2 kf k
+
2
kuk
kuk2
kf k 1
+
kuk 2
FC BZ9T[+OAKm>9OAF)C ^ Od> a> [jE$S ^ OA[?Z WD=WDX$W\BDbe>=
2

2

2
|hDu f, ui|

1 2
2 2 + 2C A u kuk
kuk2
16
1+C2

4

2 4
A u kuk .
1OC O ^ X [@$E$WTY+=IJBDb ^ =H$E$@ OH$H BTFWTBDC O ^ =W\B ^ =

*
C BZ [@$E K
A A 1,

2
4

2 4
2(1/)
kuk
.
A
u
A
u

kuk

W\F>=_YTW\OM$=DOW'FC ^ =Y\Od>$Z $
E Y\BTFAWT'YTW\B ^ BDbGB)H O ^
= Y\OH F WTY+=Vf
# O ^ Odc+BG> E K Mq>9BDM$=?=W\OdZ \ FWTY\[W ^ OWT\ObGBNH O ^ = Y\OH F WTY+=Vf FC BZ TA[\OAK
YTE O)p f?EZ9OAKRKL[ f
i *
kLu gk kL(u, g)k + kL(g, u)k
/

2C A u A g 4C kuk(1/) A u kgk .
^ OWT\O H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQ>9BDM$=?=H B$f
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[+FdZ9B]
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
Y =?Z9OAOTX+>$Z IB OH$M$E
Lu g
W\OdZ9\=DOY
X+C BZ TA[\I$Fj[P_OC BZ [@ OH$H$KLEB OH$M$=DKLE/XE KROAOAK
kLu gk = sup hLu g, vi = sup hg, Lu vi

kvk=1
kvk=1

/

sup kgk kLu vk kgk 4C kuk(1/) A u .
kvk=1
X OWTY\O ^ W\BTO`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQ>9BDM$=?=H B$f
H9=?Z9BDbAE$@$H BQ>$Z IC$IVW\BDbGBQH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=)E KROAOK
kLu Lu gk = sup hLu Lu g, vi = sup hLu g, Lu vi =

|v|=1
|v|=1
= kLu gk sup kLu vk .

kvk=1
1OC O ^ 'C ^ E KROH$E K
^ =H OAO>9BDMV=?=H$H BTO`W ^ OWT\O`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B$X W\BDbe>=

/
/

kLu Lu gk 4C kuk1/ A u kgk sup 4C kuk1/ A u kgk =
kvk=1
= 16 C2 kuk2
# IVW\BTO H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQ>9BDM$=?=H B$f

Y Z I
E KROAOAK
Lf g = L g f
2

A u kgk .

Lf g = sup Lg f, v = sup hf, Lg vi kf (u)k sup kLg vk
kvk=1
kvk=1
kvk=1

2

2(1 )
kuk +2C A u kuk
4C kgk .
gaFAOH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=)C$[H$M$WD=)=\Z9OAKRKL>9BDMV=?=H$`f

Y BDMV=P_OAKmC$[H$M$W df KROAOAK
K(u)
= (1 ) K(u) + 1 hDu f, ui kuk2 ,
hDu f, ui = hf, u + 2L(u, u)i = 2 kf k2 hf, ui .
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
Y BDMV=P_OAK B OH$M$[h>$Z I fL=M MV=M

XVK(u)

W\BQC BZ [@9=DOAK
A u
A u 1/2 u
= (u) =
kuk 1
2
A u
kuk
&
X= E$q[+FdZ9BDYTE$I2Z9OAKRKL
1
< .
4
FC BZ9T[+OAK >9BDMV=?=H$H BTO`YTW\B ^ BTO`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B)C$[H$M$WT=Qt\dX$W\BDbe>=

2

khDu f, uik kuk2 16 1 + C2 A u kuk2(1/)

16 1 +
16 (1 + C )
16(1 + C )
C2

2
2(1/)
A u u

2
2(1/)
1 + A u u
2
7 1/
b
C
K(u)
/
8
=
.
1 + u + u
A u
250
250
W\F>=jZ9ObAMVBQYTW\OMV=DOW'[WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E O`C$[H$M$WT= Z9OAKRKL`f

f FC BZ TA[TI[+FdZ9BDYTE$IC$[H$M$WD= Z9OAKRKLE>9BDMV=?=H$H$O
Y BDMV=P_OAK C$[H$M$W)F?d<
YQC$[H$M$W\O=\H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=VX9C BZ [@9=DOAK

/
kf k (1 + 4C kuk1/ A u )
kDu f k
hDu f, R(u)i
b
C K(u) =
kR(u)k
kR(u)k
kR(u)k2

/

kuk1/4 (1 + 4C kuk1/ A u ) kR(u)k1

1/4 5/4/
/

A
u
kR(u)k1
4 (1 + C ) 1 + u + u

1/4 5/4

4 (1 + C ) 1 + u + u
kR(u)k1 C 5/7 kR(u)k1

W\Fa>=_EE C$[H$M$WT= Z9ObAMB)C BZ [@9=DOAK
b 5/7 K 1 (u) K 2/7 (u) < 22/7 K

2/7 (u) 2K
2/7 (u).
kR(u)k C
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
$
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
ÒAKRK= f >9BDMV=?=H9=Vf
988
* -# #h[ i w
a>^ &|

|}\
W\OdZ9\=DOY
u x&| |}\>|z}|

p
ku1 k = u d
|}\
prq u1
p
n
o p
|}xa>^ a| p f \ }u z ^ b ] x>^kjj
u
^ |}\M^kj
]
o n
d C
b
n
c u
bp
n
u \M^ _`^ a]>^
] 4| _r]
b cd ce
u () c
&
\M^ %^ x]j
d
p f T
u = R (u) , 1 < < 2 ;

u |=1 = u1 ,
z ^
w j x>^
| u & | |}\>|
|}xa>^ w}<| g | a|h] i w~x|
d 2 c c
oc p e c o
p
o n
p
p
n d
b
]
o
b EVZ E R(u()) = 0.
K(u()) 2C
<|z
x0x g |
| &] u
&| u
|
|xa>^ a \ ^ aw
d c,d
p e
ep 1 2 o n
n $c o
p o c
`
prc
2

2
u() = ku1 k ,
]a>^%\
c$o
^ aw
pò
Z

2 2
A u() = A u1 2
Z

2

2

b
f u()
kf (u1 )k + 4C
z ^ b ] x>^%jj
d C
b
n
x
kR (u ())k2 d,
kR (u ())k2 d,
]
^ |}\M^%j
&
b,p
n
u z ^
|xa>^ a
| >^ a
c
c 2 1 (r0 )
d
2 1 o n )
r0 =
(
u
a>^ \M^%\
a
a
i a$] u

c ()
no c
c [0, )
p c c
r
min 1, inf kR()k
(1 ,2 )
u
|
\>]
ep (0) = 0 (t) 6= 0

t>0
|
^%x w
|& KROAOAK
cmb cp
q pò

ku()k2 = 2 hu () , u ()i ,

2
E
E
D
D

= 2 A u, A u = 2 A2 u(), u ,
A u()
kf (u)k2
= 2 f (u) , u + Lu() u = 2 hDu f (u) , u i .
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f \
$
1OC O ^ X E FC BZ TA[\IBDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$E$I

u u1=QWD=M$P_O ^ = Y\OH FWTY+=
R S
hR, ui = hs, ui =
X$Y)FEVZ [[ ^ =YTH OH$E$I>$Z I
E p f \C BZ [@9=DOAK
$
hR, si = 0
u ()
kf (u ())k2
= 2
ku ()k2
= 2 hu, Ri = 0,

2

= 2 kRk2 ,
A u ()
= 2 hDu f (u) , u i = 2 hDu f (u) , Ri =
hDu f (u) , Ri
b kRk2 .
kRk2 = 2K (u) kRk2 4C
2
kRk
YTC BZ9H OH B

# ^ EjYTY\BG>9OC BTFdZ9Od> H ObGB H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=;[@$W\OH B$X@$W\B;C ^ E
(1 , 2 )

H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
f
K(u()) < 2C u
C BZ [@9=DOAK
H$W\Ob ^ E ^ [TIJAWTE ^ = Y\OH FWTY+=VX$>$Z I
E
kuk A u
2>$Z I
Z

2

2

ku()k = ku1 k , A u() = A u1 2
kf (u ())k
^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
kRu ()k2 d.
C BZ [@9=DOAKmH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
b
kf (u ())k2 kf (u1 )k2 + 4C
kR (u ())k2 d.
H9OdH E K ^ =AH BTFWT

f # E
H OABTGcBA> E KRBTO`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B'BD@ O YTEV> H B$f
2 1 ^ r0 = 0
)FdZ E
X$W\BQWD=MJM$=M
C E
X$W\BQY'FEVZ [H OC ^ O ^
YD]
r0 6= 0
R () r0 ^ [1 , 2 ]
H BTFWTE
E
YTC BZ H O H B ^ =Y\
OH FWTY\B
f
B
b
u ()
K (u ())
K (u (2 )) = 2C
Z 2
Z 2
|[K ()] | d
[K ()] d K (1 ) +
K (u (2 )) K (2 ) = K (1 ) +
K (1 ) +

kR k

1
d.
(Du f ) kRk + 3 kDu f k
kRk2
1OC O ^ X ^ =DFM ^ Y+=I

E
XVH9=?cBA> E K
(Du f ) R
(Du f ) = (f ) + (Lu f ) = u + Lu u + (Lu u + Lu L(u, u)) =

!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
+k
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
= u + Lu u + Lu u + Lu Lu u + Lu f.

u 2
2 !
2

A
A u
A u
2
A2 u
u
=
A
u
u=
2
2 u
2
kuk
kuk
kuk
R =
2
A u
= A2 u
kuk2
u +
1OC O ^ X C BZ TA[TI$F'ÒKRKRBDS f X$C BZ [@9=DOAK
2 kRk2
u
kuk2
K (u (2 )) K (2 ) K (1 ) + (2 1 ) m(kuk)
b
>9O
]'H OC
YTH9=I
1
,
r02
[H$M<$E$I-fW\Fa>=VXWT=MMV=MY C ^ BTKROPQ[WTMVO
^ ^
m () > 0
[H$M<$E$I
]C BTFW\B?IVH$H9=VX$W\BQY)FEVZ [FABTBDWTH BD_OH$E$S
[1 , 2 ]
ku()k
b K(u(1 )) C
b
K (u (2 )) = 2C,
C BZ [@9=DOAKX$@$W\B
b
2 1 C
988*'-# -#<[ i w
a>^ &|
prq u1
&| |}\>|z}|
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r02
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m( u )
u ] x

d
ku1 k = u
u |=1 = u1 ,
o n
&
S
,
kSk2
u = R+ < Du f, R >
]x]
]x]
p
n o p
p c
r
e p

z ^ b ] x>^%jj
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d C
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p
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d
bp
b
K(u(2 )) 1/2C,
p fGk\
kS(2 )k kR(202 )k ,
R (u (2 )) R(2 ) = 0.
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+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
p f \
:E<>=-7?
<|z
d c,
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1 2 o n
|xa
w}\
p
Z

2

2
A u() = A u1 2
|m
cmbcp
^%x
inf
(1 ,2 )
pò c
kR()k2 d, ku()k = ku1 k2 ,
Ox>^
| u x&| }| \>|
|xa
o c p e c d
p
o
n
p fGk\
u z ^
^ aw
|
a>^ \M^
F
pò 2 1 1 (r0 ) d 1 ()
u
\>]
]
1 (0) = 0
1 (t) 6= 0
t > 0 c
j
kR()k
E
w
|& @$E$WTY+=I ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
hu, Ri = hu, si = hR, si = 0
q `
p o
Du f = hDu f, ui
C BZ TA[TI$FNp f \XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
^ aw
kf (u ())k2 = kf (u1 )k2 ,
z ^
]
^ |}\M^kj
u
w
d
bp
n
c 2
w}0<
| g | a|r] i wkx| ]
p
p
n d
b
o
x
|xa>^ a|à>^%\
c$o
2 1 o n
\
a i a&] u
u
|
no c
r
p
c
c

e
p
(
)
r0 = min 1,
c$o
ku ()k
= 0,
u
hDu f, Ri
R + S,
2 +
kuk
kRk2

2

= 2R,
A u ()
kf (u ())k2
= 0.
;H W\Odb ^ E ^ T[ IAWTE ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=VX C ^ EVcBA> E KmM ^ = Y\OH FWTY+=DKmAW\BDSZ9OAKRKL`f

OH$E K ^ =AH BTF WT
f # ^ E
H OABTA cBA> E KRBTOH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BBD@ OYTEV> H9B$f

r =0
)FdZ E
Xa\
W B E 2 KROAOA1KEVZ E 0
b EEVZ E
1
20
r0 6= 0
K (u (2 )) = 1/2C
kS (u (2 ))k =
f
kR (u (2 ))k2
g FdZ [@9=DO
M =>$Z I ^ =A H BTFWTE
>9BDM$=AY+=DOW\F
I
b B OH$V
K (u (2 )) = 1/2C
2 1
WD=MJPjOTX$M$=M>9BDM$=?=H9='=H9=?Z9BDbAE$@$H9=IB OH$MV=_YQZ9OAKRKRO f f

BTTBDAH9=A@$E K2@ O ^ O D
W =M$[W\BD@V]
g FdZ [@9=DO
1
kR (u ( ))k2
kS (u (2 ))k = 20
M$[oH9=BDW ^ OAMO
XaH9=A@$E$H9=IFUMBDW\2B ^ BDSY\Fa> [YTC BZ H O H B 1H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
[1 , 2 ]
f$1BDbe>=_E KROAOAK
2
1
kR (u (2 ))k , 1 < 2

R 2 kS(u())k
kS (u(1 ))k
kS(u(2 ))k

d
= kR(u( ))k2
2
2
1 kR(u())k
2
kR(u(1 ))k

R kS(u())k
1
d.
10
2 kR(u())k
2
1

kS (u ())k
1
20
10
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:E<>=-7?
p fT?
+i
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
g@$E dF Z E KEB O H$E

K C BA> E$H$W\Ob ^ =?Z \
H BTO YT ^ =PjOH$E O>$Z I
X+[@$EV]
1 < 2
EJ[ ^ =YTH OH$E O$
> Z I
X
WTY+=IJBDC ^ dO >9OdZ9OH$E O
S
u ()
kS (u ())k
kR (u ())k2
2 hR, R i
kR (u ())k
kS (u ())k +
OAFdZ9BGPQH B)[+FWD=H BDYTE$WT X @$W\B
(kS (u ())k) =
W\Fa>=_C BZ [@9=DOAK

kS (u ())k
1
2
(kS (u ())k)
kR (u ())k2
hS, S i
.
kS (u ())k

kS (u ())k 2 hR, R i

hS, S i

.

kS (u ())k +

2
4
2
kR (u ())k
kR (u ())k
kR (u ())k kS (u ())k
Y Z I
Y Z I
E KROAOAKoB OH$M$[

2 !

2

2
A
u,
u
A
u

u
u
kR k = A2
4 ku k .
2
2

kuk
kuk
|hS, S i|
E KROAOAKmB OH$M$[
D
E

|hS, S i| = S, (Du f ) +
e u +
eu + K R + KR =
@9=DOAK
D
E

eu + KR .
= S, u + Lu u + Lu u + Lu Lu u + Lu f +

# ^ E KROH$E K B OH$M$EE$;Z9OAKRKL f fV"BDb
>=VX[@$E$WTY+=I-XV@$W\B
A 1 XC BZ [+]
|hS, S i| kSk
h

i
1 + 4C kuk + 4C2 kuk2 + 2C kf k ku k +

i
h
+ kSk 16 1 + 4C2 kuk2 ku k + kKR k
FC BZ TA[\OAKX @$W\B
hDu f, Ri

kR k kDu f k 4 ku k
kKR k = K kR k =
kRk
kRk2
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+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
"
(1 + 4C kuk) (1 + 2C kuk)
(1 + 4C kuk) kf k
ku k 4
ku k .
kRk
kRk
1BDbe>=QD[?>9OAKE9KROdWTFE FC BZ TGBDY+=H$E OGKoB OH$M$E>$Z I
E$ Z9OAKRKL

|hS, S i| kSk ku k 1 + 4C kuk + 4C2 kuk2 + 2C kuk (1 + 2C kuk) +

(1 + 4C kuk) (1 + 2C kuk)
+ kSk ku k 16(1 + 4C2 kuk2 ) + 4
r0

kSk ku k
kSk ku k
21 + 30C kuk + 104C2 kuk2
30 (1 + 2C kuk)2 .
r0
r0
AWTEVcJB OH BDMJYTW\OM$=DOWQ>$Z IY\FAOdc

1 < 2

kS (u ())k 4 ku k kS (u ())k 30 (1 + 2C kuk)2 ku k

3
2
kR (u ())k2
kR (u ())k
r0 kR (u ())k
4 ku k
30 (1 + 2C kuk)2 ku k
+
10 kR (u ())k
r0 kR (u ())k2

14
+ 30 (1 + 2C kuk)2 ku k .
3
r0 10
[ ^ =YTH OH$E$Ip f \?=DKROH$I$OAK

XVW\BDbe>=
u

kS (u ())k

14

2
+
30
(1
+
2C
kuk)
kR
(u
())k
+
kD
f
k
u
kR (u ())k2 r03 10

14
2
+
30
(1
+
2C
kuk)
ku
()k
+
kf
k
(1
+
C
kuk)
r03 10

m(
u )
1 4
ku ()k + kuk (1 + C kuk)2 =:
.
3
+ 30 (1 + 2C kuk)2
r0 10
r03
W\Fa>=_EE 'p fT?aE KROAOAK
1
1
2 1
20
10

m
u
r03
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:E<>=-7?
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[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
WTM$[?>=_EC BZ [@9=DOAKmB OH$M$[ ^ =AH BTFWTE

*
2 1 2 1
(2 1 )
1
r03
.

20 m(
u )

g2>=?Z TH OS$_OAK2KL [YTEV> E
K X@$W\BQ?CVZ9BAcBDSFdZ [@9=SE]AW\BW\BDWFdZ [@9=S/XMB]
b
>=
BT =Q=DOW\F
IY_H$[?Z f # BDAW\BTKL['H9=DKD[?>9OW_H$[PQH9=jFdZ9Od> [_=I'Z9OAKRK=VX
S () ^
?YTY\BA> IVQ=I
E$ H$[?Z
I Df

S ()
] x
a>^ &| |}\ ^ |}\
& | u
|

p q u1
r
p
n o p
p c
r
e p ku1 k = u d

&| |}\>|z}|
|xa>^ a| p f \}u z ^ b ] x>^%jj
u
^ |}\M^%j
&
]
p
o n
d C
b
n
c u
bvp
n
<|z u ^ wkx]
]
S (u1 ) = 0
d c
988*-# f [ i w

E
1
A u1 < ku1 k
2
g\
|jh|ma|
&| x>^kj4^ a
o n
c prqprc
p
\>]
]
1 b cd ce
(
p
u = e

A u1 A u ,
x\M^ _`^ a]

prc u ep | g
eH
u()
n d
he,ui
u
kuk2
he,Ri
R,
kRk2
u()|=1 = u1
a ^ w}
&|^ u
| \>]
|xa>^ a w| | a| _`^ a]
e > 0 prc
(1 , 1 + e) o n
c d p
ep
n
p
S (u ()) 6= 0,
ku()k = ku1 k ,

A u() = A u1 ,
kf (u())k2 kf (u1 )k2 + C1 ( 1 )2 ,
1b
kS ()k|= C.
1
2
^ w
F]
^ |}\M^%j
u
d q
b,p
n
c C < .

C BZ [@9=;W\FeIQH9=Y\FAOAKBDWD]
|
^%x w
| f =Y\OH FWTY+= >$Z 1 I
ku ()k , A u()
cmb cp
q pò
^ OAMOTX"be>9O'E KROAOWFKLFeZ [ ^ =YTH OH$E O'>$Z I u () f9;cBTTBTFH BDY+=H$E O=H9=?Z9BDbAE$@$H9B
>9BDMV=?=W\OdZ \FW\YT[WD=M$EVcPjO ^ =Y\OH FWTY'Y_Z9OAKRK=?c f jE f Vf

Y =?Z9OAOTX$E KROAOAK
S () = Du f
hDu f, ui
hDu f, Ri
u
R,
kuk2
kRk2
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
+
S ()
= (Du f )
hDu f, Ri
hDu f, ui
u
+
R
kuk2
kRk2
=u + Lu u + Lu u + Lu f + Lu Lu u
hD f, ui
u 2 u
gTO ^ OAK
kuk
hDu f,
kRk
Ri
2
hDu f,
kRk
hDu f, ui
kuk2
Ri
p f Gi\
R .
WD=M/X$@$W\BTDYTC BZ H$IZ E F'[+FdZ9BDYTE$I
kek = 1, Ae = e, hu1 , ei = hR(u1 ), ei = 0,

hDu f (u), Ri kRk1 |=1 = 0,

hDu f (u), ui kuk2
W\B_Y\BDGKRB?PQH B)Y)FEVZ ['Z9OAKRKL

1OC O ^ X [@$E$WTY+=IYTTB ^
|=1 = 0 .
f Tf
p f\X ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=p fGi\E
u |=1 = e,
R |=1 = A2 u
Y)FEVZ [[+FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f >$Z I
p f\
2
A u
kuk2
S () |=1
2 !
A u
kuk2
C BZ [@9=DOAK
= (1 ) e,
=1
S () |=1 =
= e + Lu1 e + Lu1 e + Lu1 Lu1 e + Le f (u1 )
(u1 )e + K(u1 )(1 )e =
= [1
(u1 ) + K(u1 )(1 )] e = Ke.
p f
"=MUM$=MNC B[\FdZ9BDYTE$I$KoZOKRKL
X9W\B$XE FC BZ TGBDY+=YJB OH$M$EN>$Z I
0 < 1/2
E E$Z9OAKRKL f XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
(u1 )
1
1
kS () |=1 k K (u) C.
2
2
W\Bj>9BDM$=AY+=DOW'C BTFdZ9Od> H OAO`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQZ9OAKRKL`f
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
C BZ9[@ OH$H BDbGB_>$Z I
S (1 )
W\OdZ9\=DOY
H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=)E ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=

p fG\
S () = ( 1 ) S (1 ) + ( 1 )2 O(1)
YTW\OMV=DOW F[_OAFWTY\BDY+=H$E OWT=MVBDbAB

H$[?Z I-X$OAFdZ E
f
( , + e]
Y Z IB 9OdH M$E 1 1 E KROAOK
X@$W\BY\OdZ E$@$E$H9=
f (u ())
e > 0
kf (u ())k = kf (u1 )k + 2
Z

kS()k
hDu f, u ()i d =
hDu f, Ri
hDu f, ui
u+
R + S, u
2
kuk
kRk2
1
Z
hS(u()), ei d.
= kf (u1 )k2 + 2
= kf (u (1 ))k2 + 2
BDWGZ E$@$H9=BDW

d =
<9>9OAF)E FC BZ TGBDY+=H B)[ ^ =YTH OH$E9O>$Z I

f
u ()
W\Fa>=jEE$)p fG\C ^ EK=?Z c
C BZ
[ @9=DOAKH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B_Z9OAKRKL>$Z I
1
fVÒAKRK=_>9BDMV=?=H9=Vf
f (u())

988
* -#% ->
# [ i w
& | u
|
b a>^ &| |}\ ^ |}\

xv&|
p
|}\>|z}|
prq u1 H
o n
prc

ku1 k = u , A u1 A u ,
u
|xa>^ a| i w~x| >

] ^ p f \ ] x>^kjj
o
b
n
ep
|,^ w
prq
b kS(u1 )k < 101 kR (u1 )k2 ,

R (u1 ) 6= 0, K (u1 ) > C,
i a
>
z ^ b
]
x ^kjj
d C b
prc
n
[F\M^ w
]j^z}|
] ^
d pr$c o
oo d
c u
bp
^ |}\M^kj
&"[
n
i w
prq S(u1 ) 6= 0
S(u1 ) = kS(u1 )k (re + z) ,
z ^
Qw x$\ u
Qa|}\&jh]$\>|
d r
c
o
e
u ^ |}\`] |}\
b
p
{x : Ax = x} z o p
\>] ^%j 2
e
r + kzk2 = 1
<|z
]a ^ w}
d c z 6= 0
c d p
prc
p f
aa
w| g w
^ aa
^ |}\E
n
pò
n
o p
e G 1 =
u
|z}| a x a|z}| | |xa>^ a]
b
c q
d
G1 z H G
1
&| 0}x>^%j4^ a
b u ep |
u
bH

u)k kf (u1 )k) .
(kb
uk = ku1 k) A u
b = A u1 (kf (b
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[F\]0
|m
|j
p
R (b
u) 6= 0

]
kS (b
u)k > kS(u1 )k .
^%x w
| =GBTD\OAKmH9=jH OAFMVBZ TMB)[WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E$S/f
cmbcp
q pò ^
f
,- ( R "!L-#%$#
z 6= 0
X$W\BDbe>=
X b
>9O
Y BDMV=P_OAKBDW)C ^ BDWTE$YTH BDbGB$f # [\FWT
z=0
S(u ) = kS(u1 )k e
e
f # ^ Od>9FWD=YTE K
Y YTEV>9O
XDb
>9O ]1FMV=?Z I ^ 1X
b G .
G 1
u1
u1 = c
e+u
c
e G1 , u
H
1
1BDbe>=VX$E FC BZ TA[TI[+FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f dX$E KROAOAK

Du 1 f (u1 ) = f (u1 ) + Lu1 f (u1 ) = u1 + L (u1 , u1 ) + Lu1 u1 + Lu1 L (u1 , u1 ) =

= [c
e+u
] + [L (c
e, c
e) + Lu c
e + L (
u, u
)] + [Lu c
e + Lu u
+ Lce c
e + Lce u
] +
+ [Lu L (c
e, c
e) + Lu Lu c
e + Lu L (
u, u
) + Lce L (c
e, c
e) + Lce Lu c
e + Lce L (
u, u
)] =
= c
e+u
+ L (
u, u
) + Lu u
+ Lu L (
u, u
) = c
e + f (
u) + Lu f (
u) =
= c
e + Du f (
u) .
p fmT
"=M$P_O E FC BZ TA[TIJ[\FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f dX$C BZ [@$E K
(u1 ) u1 = c
(u1 ) e +
(u1 ) u,

K (u1 ) R (u1 ) = K (u1 ) (1 (u1 )) e + K (u1 ) A2 u
(u1 ) u
.
AWTEVc ^ =Y\OH FWTY'D[?>9OAK E KROWT
kS(u1 )k e = S(u1 ) = Du 1 f
< Du 1 f, u1 >
ku1 k2
u1
< Du 1 f, R >
kRk2
R=
= Du 1 f +
(u1 ) u1 + K (u1 ) R (u1 ) =
= c
e + Du f (
u) + c
(u1 ) e +
(u1 ) u
+

+K (u1 ) (1 (u1 )) e + K (u1 ) A2 u
(u1 ) u
=

2
(u1 ) e + D f (
= cK
u
)
+
(u
)
u
+
K
(u
)
A
u
(u
)
u
=
1
1
1
u
(u1 ) e + N
(u,u
cK
1) ,
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f\
"
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
b
>9O
b G X =_BTTBDAH9=G@ OH$E O K
(u1 ) ]E$ Z9OAKRKL
N (u,u
)H
1
GBTKX KL2C B1Z [@$EVZ E
f f "=M$E KoBT ^ =?]
(u1 ) e + N
(u,u
kS(u1 )k e = cK
1) ,
b
>9O
E
]E$`BG> H BDbGBQC BG> C ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY+=
X =
]E$ObGBQB ^ W\BDbGBDH9=?Z D]
N (u,u
1)
e e
G 1
H BDbGB_>9BDC BZ H OH$E$I-f # BDAW\BTKL[
E
(u1 ) e = S(u1 ) f
N (u,u
1 ) = 0 cK
B
XVC BDAW\BTKL[
hS (u1 ) , u1 i = 0
(u1 ) he, u1 i = cK
(u1 ) he, ce + u
(u1 ) .
0 = cK
i = c2 K
"=MM$=MC B[\FdZ9BDYTE$ Z9OAKRKL

b X1W\B$X/E FC BZ TA[\IB OH$M$[E$)Z9OAKRKL
K (u ) > C
f9Z9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ 1TH B$X
f X$E KROAOAK
c = 0.
K (u1 ) 6= 0
B_W\BDb
>=
fW\B_C ^ BDWTE$Y\B ^ O@$E$W'[\FdZ9BDYTE$
f # BZ [@ OH$H BTO
S(u1 ) = 0
S(u1 ) 6= 0
C ^ BDWTE$Y\B ^ O@$E O >9BDM$=AY+=DOWX9@$W\B
f
z 6= 0
WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E9O f>9BDM$=?=H B$f

Y BDMV=P_OAKmW\OC O ^ X$@$W\B)F[_OAFWTYT[\OW)H OABTGc+BG> E KLSJH9=DK Y\OM$W\B ^ f
u
b
BTTBDAH9=G@$E KZ E$H OS$H$SBDC O ^ =W\B ^ X$>9OS FWTYT[;jE$SC ^ EM$=P_>9BTK
X O ^ O
M
u
C BQ`B ^ KL[?Z9O u

Mu g = g +
(u) g + K (u) A2 g + (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) g + Lg f (u) .
C ^ Od>9OdZ E KmC ^ E
Y\OM$W\B ^ ] [H$M<$E$
1
b
>9O
u () = eb
u ()
XVM$=M ^ O_OH$E O ?=?>=A@$E
hb
e, Ri
hb
e, ui
R (u) , u ()|=1 = u1 ,
2u
kuk
kRk2
eb = e1
he1 , u1 i
he1 , R (u1 )i
R (u1 ) ,
2 u1
ku1 k
kR (u1 )k2
=jY\OM$W\B ^
D[?>9OW)YT ^ =HJY'D[?> [_OAKf
e1
1BDbe>=VX$[@$E$WTY+=I ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
hu, Ri = hu, Si = hR, Si = 0

hb
e, Ri
hb
e, ui
2
u
R (u) = 0,
= 2 hu, u i = 2 u, eb
kuk
kuk2
kRk2

D
E
D
E
2
= 2 A2 u, u = 2 A2 u u, u =
A (u)
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
"

hb
e, Ri
hb
e, ui
u
R (u) = 0,
= 2 hR (u) , u i = 2 R (u) , eb
kuk2
kRk2

hb
e, ui
hb
e, Ri
2
= 2 hDu f, u i = 2 Du f, eb
kf (u)k
u
R (u) =
kuk2
kRk2

< Du 1 f, u >
< Du f, R >
hb
e, ui
hb
e, Ri
=2 S (u ()) +
u+
R, eb
u
R (u) =
kuk2
kRk2
kuk2
kRk2

b
>9O
Pu
= 2 hS (u ()) , ebi ,

E
D
kS(u ())k2 = 2 S (u ()) , S (u ()) =

E
= 2 S (u ()) , u +
(u) u + K (u) A2 u +
D
E
+2 S (u ()) , (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) u + Lu f (u) =

= 2 S (u ()) , Mu() u () = 2 Pu Mu() S (u ()) , eb ,
]BDC9O ^ =W\B ^ XV>9OS FWTYT[;jE$SJC B)`B ^ KL[?Z9O$*
Pu =
h, ui
h, Ri
R (u) .
2 u
kuk
kRk2
AWTEVc ^ =Y\OH FWTY)C BTFdZ9OÈ$H$W\Ob ^ E ^ BDY+=H$E$IJYTY\BG> E K

ku ()k = ku1 k ,

A u () = A u1 ,
kf (u ())k2 = kf (u1 )k2 + 2 ( 1 ) hS (u1 ) , ebi + ( 1 )2 O (1) ,
kS(u ())k2 = kS (u1 )k2 + 2 ( 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , ebi + ( 1 )2 O (1) .
@$E$WTY+=I
BDC ^ dO >9OdZ9OH$E O
X[\FdZ9BDYTE$I B ^ \
W BDbGBDH9=?Z TH9BTFWTE
P
hu, Ri = hu, Si =
EJBDC ^ dO >9OdZ9OH$E O u @ O ^ O
X>$Z9I
E
C BZ [@9D
= OAK
hR, Si = 0
eb
e1
f (u ()) S(u ())
kf (u ())k2 = kf (u1 )k2 + 2 ( 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i + ( 1 )2 O (1) ;
kS(u ())k2 = kS (u1 )k2 + 2 ( 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , e1 i + ( 1 )2 O (1) .

!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
Tk
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
gaBDA\K KoW\OC O ^ W\BD@$M$[

EC BZ9BGPQE K
f9gTO ^ OAK
WT=M/X
>
u = u ( )
DaZ=`2 H9=DFW\1BZ TMVBjK=?Z=VX+@$W\2B >$Z I 2 pWT=M$PjOTX+M$=M'2E)>$Z I

@$W\BTD ^ =AH BTFWT

u2
YTC BZ H$IV;W\F
IJ2[\FdZ9BD1 YTE$Ip f XVW\B)OAFWT
u1
b kS(u2 )k < 101 kR (u2 )k2 .

R (u2 ) 6= 0, K (u2 ) > C,
1BDbe>=_E$ C BTFdZ9Od> H EVc ^ =Y\OH FWTY'E KROAOAK
ku2 k = ku1 k ,

A u 2 = A u 1 ,
kf (u2 )k2 = kf (u1 )k2 + 2 (2 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i + ( 1 )2 O (1) ,
p f\
kS(u2 )k2 = kS (u1 )k2 + 2 (2 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , e1 i + ( 1 )2 O (1) .
1OC O ^ XWD=MUM$=M
X9W\BC ^ E
BDC Od>9OdZ E KhY\OM$W\B ^ ] [H$M<$E$
R (u2 ) 6= 0
2 ^
X$MV=M ^ O_OH$E O ?=?>G= @$E
u ()
u = e
b
>9O
u2
]E$p f\X =
h
e,ui
u
kuk2
h
e,Ri
R,
kRk2
p f iTk\
u()|=2 = u2 ,
e G1 = {x : Ax = x}
WD=MVBDS/X$@$W\B
k
ek = 1, h
e, u2 i = h
e, R (u2 )i = h
e, S (u2 )i = 0,

e (u ())
=2

= K (u ())
=2
= 0.
"=MVBDSJYTTB ^
Y\BDAKRB?P_OHJY'FEVZ [[+FdZ9BDYTE$Iqp f \p%FAKfVZ9OAKRK= f?df
e
g@$E FdZ E K
C E
fn`=MEUYp f XYFEVZ [[+FdZ9BDYTE$I p f F
S (u ()) ^ = 2
[@ OW\BTK YTTB ^ = C BZ [@9=DOAK
e

S () =2 = e + Lu2 e + Lu2 e + Lu2 Lu2 e + Lef (u2 )
(u2 )
e+

e 2 )e
+K(u2 )(1 )
e= 1
(u2 ) + K(u2 )(1 ) e = K(u
e.
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f iV?
Y Z I
kf (u ())k2
kS(u ())k2
2
E KROAOAK
2
kf (u ())k = kf (u2 )k + 2
2
= kf (u2 )k + 2
hDu f (u) , u i d =
hS(u()), ei d =
p f iTi\
= kf (u2 )k2 + (3 2 )2 hS (0) , ei + (3 2 )3 O (1) =
e (u2 ) + (3 2 )3 O (1) ,
= kf (u2 )k2 + (3 2 )2 K

kS(u ())k = kS (u2 )k + 2 (3 2 ) hS(u ()), S (u ())i
=2
h
i

+ (3 2 )3 O (1) =
+ (3 1 )2 kS (u ())k2 + hS(u ()), S (u ())i
2
=2

e (u2 )2 + hS(u ()), S (u ())i
= kS (u2 )k2 + (3 1 )2 K
=2
+ (3 2 )3 O (1) .
# ^ E
YTY\BA>9O AWTEVc
YTTB ^
E$ +
[ FdZ9BDYTE$I
^ =Y\OH FWTY E FC BZ TGBDY+=H$
e
E ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
f
e
hS(u1 ), ei = 0
S (0) = K
YTTO ^ OAK2O_O
ENC BZ9B?PQE K
fgTB ^
E
# BTKLE KRB
2
3 > 2
u3 = u (3 )
2 3
C BA> @$E$H$E Km[\FdZ9BDYTE$I$K
(u2 ) ,
2 (2 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i > h3 2 i2 hS (0), ei = (3 2 )2 K
2 (2 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , e1 i <

< (3 2 )2 kS (u ())k2 + hS(u ()), S (u ())i|=2 .
"=MVBDSJYTTB ^
E
Y\BDGKRB?PjOHp?=QFd@9OdW)YTTB ^ =
E
dX OAFdZ E
2 3
3 e1
(u2 ) =
2 (2 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i > (3 2 )2 K

(u2 )2 + hS(u ()), S (u ())i|
= (3 2 )2 K
=2
(u2 )
K
>
(u2 ) + hS(u ()), S (u ())i|
K
=2
2
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f i$\
Ti
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
p f i
> g (2 (2 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , e1 i) ,
b
>9O
g=
(u2 )
K
.
(u2 ) + hS(u ()), S (u ())i|
K
=2
p f iT\
]"K=?Z9BTO@$E FdZ9B$f+gaKROAFW\BC O ^ Y\BDbGB`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=

Y OS FWTYTE$W\OdZ TH B +X C$[+FWT
>0
Yp f i$\Y\BDA\K K
E ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
$
h
i
2 (u2 ) + .
2 (2 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i = (3 2 )2 K
W\Fa>=oH9=SV>9OAK
E ObGBoC BG>9FWD=YTE K Y\BoYTW\B ^ BTOH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BhY
( )2
p f i$\f1BDbe>=)[VTOP_>=DOAKR3FeI-X@$2 W\B'C ^ ENYTC BZ H OH$E$E[+FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f i XTO ^ I
>0
>9BTFWD=W\BD@$H B'K=?Z KX9KRBGPQH B)[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ E$WT'YTW\B ^ BTO H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BUp f i$\f
E
WT=M/XT@$W\BTDYTC BZ H$IZ9BTF
1OC O ^ jYTI$FH$E KX\MVBDb
>=`KRB?PQH B`YT ^ =WT
2 3
p f i f
,- ( "!"
-.# -9
# [F\>]
|xa>^ a]] i w~x| ] p f w x$\>a ^kx] ]a
o n
o
c
c o
e
c
] p f iT\ w \|z}| |}x|m] ^kx a
g b
p
p
q c
C ^ E
|
^%x w
|& Y OS FWTYTE$W\OdZ TH B X-YT@$E FdZ E K

cmb cp
q pò
hS(u ()), S (u ())i
hS(u ()), S (u ())i|=2 =

S (u) , u () + Lu() +
D
+ S
+
Lu()
(u) , Lu () f
Lu() Lu()
o

(u ())

o

u ()

+
=2
=2
n
o

S (u) , (e
(u ()) u) + (K (u ()) R (u ()))

=
=2

E
D

= S (u2 ) , u () + Lu2 + Lu2 + Lu2 Lu2 u () + Lu () f (u2 )
+ hS (u2 ) ,
e (u2 ) u + K (u2 ) R (u ())i|=2 .
# ^ E YTY\BG>9OAW\BDbGB ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=KL

FWTY+=DKLE
hu, Si = hR, Si = 0
Y\BTFC
B Z TGBDY+=?Z9E F[\FdZ9BDYTE OAK
EJYTTB ^ BTK
Y [ ^ =YTH OH$E$Ep f iTk\f
Q
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
=2
p fi
p f dX ^ =Y\OdH$]
!"#&%'()
:E<>=-7?
$
Y =?Z9OAOTXV>$Z I
C E
E$p f iTk\YTY\BA> E9K
R (u ()) ^ = 2

h
e, Ri
h
e, ui

u ()|=2 =
=

2u+
2R

kuk
kRk
=
u ()

h
e, R i
1

2u +
2 R
kuk
kRk
R (u ())|=2
1 (u2 )
u2
R (u2 ) ,
2
ku2 k
kR (u2 )k2
=2
h
i
= A2 (u2 ) u ()|=2 .
=
1OC O ^ XVC GB >9FWD=YTE$Y)C BZ [@ OH$H BTOYJp f i F;E FC BZ TGBDY+=H$E OAKmB OH BDME$;Z9OAKRKL
f X$H9=?cBA> E K

1
1

,
+
hS(u ()), S (u ())i|=2 C0 K (u2 ) kS (u2 )k
ku2 k kR (u2 )k
?=YTE FE$WBDWQMVBDH FWD=H$WT

E$ [+FdZ9BDYTE$Iqp f?df
C0
C
W\Fa>=VXE FC BZ TA[\IB OH$M$[
@ O O e
E$jZOKRKL
K (u2 ) ^
K (u2 )
[\FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f \E$Z9OAKRKL f VXVC BZ [@9=DOAK
b
>9O
f X/='WT=M$PjO
e (u2 ) ,
hS(u ()), S (u ())i|=2 C1 K
b >9O
]_MVBDH FWD=H$WT=hp?=YTE F
IVQ=IhBDWMVBDH FWD=H$WT
E$N[+FdZ9BDYTE$I p f?dX>$Z I
C1
C
MBDW\B ^ BDS
1 b X?= b ]9MVBDH FWD=H$WT=E$Z9OAKRKL f fDW\KROWTE KX?@$W\BH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
C C
C1 10
E b OAFWT'FdZ9Od>9FWTYTE O`YTTB ^ = b Y_Z9OAKRKRO f f
KROdP_>9[
C
C
C
C B1Z [@ OH$H BDSNB OH$M$EJYTW\OM$=DOWUpY)FEVZ [
b dXV@$W\B g > 0 f
K>C
WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E O f ij>9BDMV=?=H B$f

# BDMV=P_OAKX9@$W\B)YTC BZ H OH$E OH O ^ =Y\OH FWTYp f i Y\BDGKRBGPQH B'?=)F@ OW'YTTB ^ =
X$OAFdZ E 2
f Y Z IAW\BDbGB_H OABTGc+BG> E KRBQYTC BZ H OH$E O H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=p%F ^ =YTH$EV]
e1
r 0, 5
Y+=DOKZ9OYTOÈC ^ =YTO @9=DFWTEH O ^ =Y\OH FWTYUp f i
2 (2 1 ) hS (u1 ) , e1 i > g (2 (2 1 ) hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , e1 i) .
)FdZ E
XRW\BYM$=A@9OFWTY\O
P Mu1 S (u1 ) = 0
]E$`C ^ Od>9FWD=YDZ9OH E$I
e1 = re
r
XVbeu>91O
e1
KRBGP_OAK
YT ^ =WT XH9=C ^ E KRO ^ X
S(u1 ) = kS(u1 )k (re + z) .

!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
p f i&T
:E<>=-7?
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
)FdZ EJP_O
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) 6= 0
W\OdZ9\=DOY
XVW\BQ?=C$E$_OAK C ^ Od>9FWD=YDZ9OH$E9O
P Mu1 S (u1 ) = 1 e + 2 z + d,
b
>9O
f
hd, ei = hd, zi = 0
= FAFAKRBDW ^ E9KoFH9=A@9=?Z=)FdZ
[ @9=S
f
D
d 6= 0
gUAW\BTKNFdZ [@9=DOYTDE ^ =DOAK
d f?1BDbe>=H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BQp f i&TC ^ OY ^ =WTE$W\FeI
e1 = kdk
Y)FdZ9Od> [;_OAO$*
0 > 2g (2 1 ) kdk ,
MBDW\B ^ BTOBD@ O YTEV> H B)YTC BZ H$I$OW\F

IJY)FEVZ [C BZ9BGPQE$W\OdZ TH9BTFWTE
f
g
1OC O ^ ^ =DFAFAKRBDW ^ E KoFdZ [@9=S
f$1BDbe>=
d=0
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) = 1 e + 2 z.

g
AW\BTKFdZ [@9=DO
D[G>OK2E FM$=WTJYYTEV>9O
f-"BDb
>=H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
e
e1 = 1 e + 2 z
p f i&TC ^ OY ^ =Q=DO1W\F
IJY

kS(u1 )k 1 r + 2 kzk2 > g 1 1 + 2 2 kzk2 .
p f i$\
ghFdZ [@9=DOTX OAFdZ EBDWGZ E$@ OHNBDWQH$[?Z IJBDC ^ Od>9OdZ E$W\OdZ

r
kzk2
=
1 2 kzk2
W\BN@$E FdZ=
E
KRB?PQH BNYT ^ =WTWD=M/XL@$W\BTDZOdY+=I@9=DFWTop f i$\DaZ=NC B]

Z9BGPQE$W\OdZ TH BD1 S1X9=2 C ^ =Y+=I@9=DFWT ^ =YTH$IZ=DFQH$[?Z _fVgAW\BTK FdZ [@9=DO;H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
p f&
i TaD[?>9OW)YTC BZ H OH B$f
f
# BDMV=P_OAKX @$W\BQBDC ^ Od>9OdZ E$W\OdZ
6= 0
f
,- ( "!"
-T# S-#>[F\>] 2
| \M^ ^kx] ^kx
r 0, 5
d
p
q 6= 0
f$"B]
|
^%x w
|& Y BDMV=P_OAKmBDWQC ^ BDWTE$YTH BDbGB$f # [+FWT)BDC ^ Od>9OdZ E$W\OdZ
=0
cmb cp
q pò
b
>=)Y\OM$W\B ^ =
E
BDM$=PQ[W\F
IC ^ BDC B ^ $E BDH9=?Z TH KLE/f"B'OAFWT
S(u ) P Mu1 S (u1 )
F[_OAFWTYT[\OW)MBDH F1WT=H$WT= u1 XV@$
W\B

# ^ Od>9FWD=YTE K
p f i$\
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) = 1 S(u1 ).

YYTEV>9O
X be>9O
]NFMV=?Z I ^ X
e G1 =
u1
u1 = Ce
e+u
e
C
E KROAOAK
G f$"BDb
>=_E$p f\Ep f iTk\
{x : Ax = x} u
eH
1
X
S (u1 ) = C [
e+
(u1 ) e + K (u1 ) (1 (u1 )) e] + N (u1 ) ,
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f Tk\

b
>9O
G f9W\Fa>=
N (u1 ) H
1
e (u1 )
kS (u1 )k r = C K
EVZ E
C=
kS (u1 )k r
.
e (u1 )
K
p f V?
X b
>9O
R
]jE$JC ^ Od>9FWT=YDZ9OH$E$I
;p f Tk\_Z9ObAMBq?=DKROWTE$WT X@$W\B
e = e
e
S (u1 ) =
f # BDAW\BTKL[
f
kS (u1 )k (re + z)
1OC O ^ '[VKLH BGPQE K
u1 = Ce + u
e
FM$=?Z I ^ H BQH9= X$W\BDb
>=
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 )
e
hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , ei = hMu1 S (u1 ) , Pu1 ei .
g@$E FdZ E K
P u1 e
Pu1 e = e
he, u1 i
he, R (u1 )i
C2
C 2 (1 )2
f (u1 ) =
u
R
(u
)
=
e
e
e+M
1
1
ku1 k2
kR (u1 )k2
ku1 k2
kR (u1 )k2

kS (u1 )k2 r2 (1 )2
kS (u1 )k2 r2
f (u1 ) ,
e+M
= 1
e (u1 )2
e (u1 )2
ku1 k2 K
kR (u1 )k2 K
b
>9O f
b G f
M (u1 ) H
FC BZ TA[TIAW\B ^ =1Y\OH FWTY\B$XLWT=MM$=M
b X ku1 k kR (u1 )k X"W\BNY
K (u ) > C
FdE$Z [[+FeZBDYTE$Iqp f \E$ Z9OAKRKL f _C BZ [@9=DOAK 1

1
1
c (u1 ) , be>9O
c (u1 )
P u1 e = 1
e+M
.
M

b
b
5C
2C
# BDAW\BTKL[+X?E FC BZ TA[TIjB OH$M$EE$Z9OAKRKL f EC BZ [@ OH$H$OYT_OFABTBDWTH BD_OH$E$I-X

D[G>OK E KROWT
hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , ei =

D

E
= S (u1 ) + Lu1 + Lu1 + Lu1 Lu1 S (u1 ) + LS(u1 ) f (u1 ) , Pu1 e +
D

E
+
e (u1 ) S (u1 ) + K (u1 ) A2 (u1 ) S (u1 ) , Pu1 e
D

E
e (u1 ) r he, Pu ei kS (u1 )k K (u1 ) A2 (u1 ) z, Pu e
kS (u1 )k K
1
1
kPu1 ek kS (u1 )k
K (u1 )
100
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY

K (u1 )
1
e
kS (u1 )k K (u1 ) r 1
K (u1 ) 2
2
b
100
2C

kS (u1 )k e
K (u1 ) .
4
p f Ti\
gC T
B FdZ9Od> H OAKNH9O ^ =Y\OdH9FdWTY\OaE FC BZ TGBDY+=H B[WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E9OZ9OAKRKL f
B YT?=E KLH BDS
B OH$MO
E e
X =_WD=M$P_O C ^ Od> C BZ9B?PjOH$E I-X @$W\B 2
E
f
1
K (u ) K (u )
< 16
r2 0, 5
FMV=?Z I ^ H B)H9= XVW\BDb
>2=
Y =?Z9OAOTX$[V1KLH B?P_=DOAK 1
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 )
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , zi| = |hMu1 S (u1 ) , Pu1 zi|

D
E

S (u1 ) + Lu1 + Lu1 + Lu1 Lu1 S (u1 ) + LS(u1 ) f (u1 ) , Pu1 z +
D

E

e (u1 ) S (u1 ) + K (u1 ) A2 (u1 ) S (u1 ) , Pu1 e
+

C0 kzk Lu1 + Lu1 + Lu1 Lu1 S (u1 ) + LS(u1 ) f (u1 ) +
D

E

+
e (u1 ) z + K (u1 ) A2 (u1 ) z, Pu1 e kS (u1 )k +
p f $\
e (u1 ) kS (u1 )k r.
+ |he, Pu1 zi| K
1OC O ^ 'E FC BZ TA[\OAKmH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=

1
2
c

2
,
A z 2 kzk , M (u1 )
b
2C

^ =Y\OH FWTY\B P e = 1 1 e+ M
c (u1 ) XD=WT=M$PjOH O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=Z9OAKRKL
u1
b
E$p f $\YTY\BA> E K
f X?W\BDbe>=
5C
1e
(u1 ) kS (u1 )k kzk2 .
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , zi| K
5
p f
p f Ti\Ep f aH9=?c+BG> E KmFABTBDWTH BD_OH$E O
e (u1 ) kS (u1 )k kzk2

4
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , zi|
1/5K
kzk2 .
kS(u
)k
1
e (u1 )
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , ei|
5
K
4
E
Y O H$
\
Y Z IFM$=?Z I ^ H$acC ^ BDE$AY\Od>9OH$E S
hS (u1 ) , ei hS (u1 ) , zi ^
hS (u1 ) , ei = kS (u1 )k r, hS (u1 ) , zi = kS (u1 )k kzk2 .

!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f T\
^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
&
W\F>=
hS (u1 ) , zi
kzk2
=
> 2 kzk2 .
hS (u1 ) , ei
r
^ = YTH$E$Y+=DOAK C BZ9[@ OH$H BTO`F)p f T\f R

K OAOAKmF[@ OW\BTK C ^ BDC B ^ $E BDH9=?Z TH9BTFWTE
Y\OdM W\B ^ D
B Y
E
%p FAKf1p f $
i \
S(u1 )
Pu1 Mu1 S (u1 )
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , zi|

4
hS (u1 ) , zi
=
kzk2 .
2 kzk2 <
hS (u1 ) , ei
|hPu1 Mu1 S (u1 ) , ei|
5
fW\BC ^ BDWTE$Y\B ^ O@$E$W

# BTFdZ9Od> H9OOKRB?PjOWDWTYTC BZ H OH BqW\BZ TMVBUC ^ E
z = 0
P >9OH$E$ f Tf
WTY\O ^ _
# BZ [@ OH$H BTO C ^ BDWTE$Y\B ^ O@$E9O >9BDMV=AY+=DOW WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E O f Vf
=M$E KmBT ^ =GBTKX$H9=DKLEJC BDM$=?=H B$X$@$W\B_YTC BZ H OH$E O`H O ^ =Y\OH FWTYUp f i Y\BD]
"
KRBGPQH BQ?=QF@ OW)YTTB ^ =
X$OAFdZ E 2
f
e
r 0, 5
KRB?PQH BYT ^ =WT
WT=M/X-@$W\BTD YTC BZ H$I]
Z9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH B$X1C ^ E 1 2
r 0, 5
e1
Z9BTFp f $
i \`pC ^ EK=?Z ac
E
df

3 2
1OC O ^ Y p f iTi\`Y\BDA\KR2OAK 1
fL1BDbe>=VX"[VKROH$TjE$YUC ^ EH OABTAcBA> E KRBTFWTE
=
EJC BZ9BGPQE$Y
XVE$`C O 3^ YTac ^ =Y\OH FWTYNp f \aEp f iTi\C BZ [@9=DOAK
2 1
u
b = u (3 )
kf (b
u)k = kf (u (3 ))k kf (u1 )k ,
=jE$ YTW\B ^ ac ^ =Y\OH FWTYUp f\Ep f iTi\YTY\BA> E KoFW ^ BDbGBTO H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
kS (b
u)k = kS (u (3 ))k > kS (u1 )k .
"=M$E KmBT ^ = GBTKX C ^ E 2

[WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E O Z9OAKRKL2>9BDM$=?=H B$f
r 0, 5
D
=
A
F
A
F
R
K
D
B
W
E
o
K
\
W

O
C
O
'
d
F
Z

[
9
@

=
S
f$"BDb
>=
f
^
^
r2 < 0, 5
kzk2 0, 5
gAW\BTKFdZ [9
@ =DOY\BDA\K K
X
E2BDC ^ Od>9OdZ E KY\OM$W\B ^ ]
0 6= e G 1 k
ek = 1
[H$<
M $E$
C ^ E
X$MV=M ^ O_OH$E O`FdZ9
Od> [;_OSJ?=?>=A@$E
u ()
u = e
h
e,ui
u
kuk2
h
e,Ri
R
kRk2
h
e,Si
S,
kSk2
p f
u()|=1 = u1 .
gTB ^
C BG> @$E$H$E K>9BDC BZ H E$W\OdZ TH$Ko[\FdZ9BDYTE$I$K
e

h
e, u1 i = h
e, R (u1 )i = h
e, S (u1 )i = (
(u ())) =1 = (K (u ())) |=1 = 0
p f &T
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
$
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
W\BQY\BDGKRBGPQH B)Y)FEVZ
[ Z9OAKRKL fTf
@$E$WTY+=IYTTB ^ p f &TX [+FdZ9BDYTE Op f dX=QWD=M$P_O`[+FdZ9BDYTE$IB ^ W\BDbGBDH9=?Z TH BD]
FWTE
hu, Ri = hu, Si = hR, Si = 0
X$Y\O ^ H$O C BQC BTFW ^ BTOH$E$_X E KROAOK
S (u ()) |=1 =

p f $\
= u + Lu1 + Lu1 + Lu1 Lu1 u +Lu f (u1 )+
u +(KR) |=1 =
e.
= e +
e + K (R (u ())) |=1 = e +
(
u) e + K (1 ) e = K
Y Z I
S (u ()) |=1 = 0
C BZ [@9=DOAK
S (u ()) |=1 =

= u + (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) u + Lu f (u) + (
u) + (KR) |=1 +

+ (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) u + L u (f (u)) |=1 .
1OC O ^ $
X E FC BZ TA[TI[+FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f dX ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
EYTTB ^
hS, ui = hS, Ri = 0
p f $\XVC B Z
[ @9=DOAK

E
D

(u) u + K (u) (R (u)) |=1 +
hS, S i =1 = S (u) , u +
Y Z I
D
E
+ S (u) , (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) u + Lu f (u) |=1 =
E
D

= S (u) , u +
(u) u + K (u) A2 u |=1 +
D
E
+ S (u) , (Lu + Lu + Lu Lu ) u + Lu f (u) |=1 .
u
E$`[ ^ =YTH OH$E$I>$Z I

XV[@$E$WTY+=IYTTB ^
u ()
p f &TX$H9=SV>9OAK

he
e, Ri
he
e, Si
he
e, ui

u
R
S |=0 =
u =1 =

kuk2
kRk2
kSk2

S (u1 )
u1
(1 ) R (u1 )
=
he
e, S (u)i =0
.
2
2
kuk
kRk
kS (u1 )k2
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f $\
# BA>9FWT=YDZ IVI
$
=Y\OH FWTY\Bp f $\X[@$E$WTY+=I-X-@$W\B
u ^
hS, ui = hS, Ri = 0
X$E KROAOAKmFE FC BZ TGBDY+=H E OAKoB OH BDMJZ9OAKRKL f
S (
u) = kS (
u)k z H G1
X
hS, S i |=1 =
h
D
E
i
(u1 ) 1 +
K
(u1 ) + K (u1 ) ( A2 z, z (u1 ) kzk2 ) C1 K (u1 )

(u1 ) 1 +
K
(u1 ) + K2
C1 K (u1 )
2

1
(u1 ) 1 +
K
(u1 ) + K (u1 ) C1 K (u1 ) ,
16
b
>9O`C BTFW\BGIVH$H9=I
?=YTE F E$WBDW
E$[\FdZ9BDYTE$Ip f?EWD=MVBDY+=VX $
@ W\B
C1
C
0 < C1
f
100
XA[@$E$WTY+=IYTTB ^ b p%FAKfAZ9OAKRKL[ f E
# BDAW\BTKL[ C ^ EjK?= Z ac
C
1
K (u1 ) >
V
X
E
R
K
A
O
A
O
K
b
kS (u ())k2 = kS (u1 )k2 + 2 hS (u) , S (u ())i |=1 ( 1 ) +

+2
Z Z

kS (u ())k2 + hS (u ()) , S i d d =

2 (u1 ) K
(u1 ) (1 +
= kS (u1 )k2 + ( 1 )2 K
(u1 ) + K (u1 )) +
1
2 (u1 ) + ( 1 )3 O (1) .
( 1 )2 K
4
W\Fa>=YTW\OMV=DOWDX@$W\BC ^ EqK=?Z ac
Y\OdZ E$@$E$H9=
YFdZ [@9=DO
1
kS (u ())k

F
W
D
B
G
b
Q
B
\
Y
D
B
D
=

F
T
W
D
=

O

W
f
^
r2 < 0, 5 ^
X
E
# BDAW\BTKL[\XWD=M2MV=M2[ ^ =YTH OH$E Oop f FABGc ^ =H$I$OW H B ^ KL
u () A u ()
XVW\B)KRB?PQH BQYT ^ =WT)W\BD@$M$[
WT=M$[_XV@$W\B
f (u ())
2 > 1
+ ( 1 )3 O (1) kS (u1 )k2 +
kS (u (2 ))k > kS (u (1 ))k , ku (2 )k = ku (1 )k ,

A
u
(
)
=
A
u
(
)

2
1 , kf (u (2 ))k = kf (u (1 ))k .
Z9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH B$X?YTDE ^ =I

XAC BZ [@9=DOAK[WTY\O ^ P_>9OH$E OZ9OAKRKLYFdZ [@9=DO
u
b = u (2 )
f
2
r < 0, 5
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
ÒAKRK= fGkj>9BDM$=?=H9=_C BZ H BTFWTT_f

fRgY\Od>9OAK Y
]H OMBDW\B ^ o
S Y\OM$W\B ^ WD=MVBDS/XR@$W\B
# [\FWT

b
u1 H
ku1 k = u
^ =DFAFAKRBDW ^ OH$E O`@$E FdZ9B r(u ) FdZ9Od> [;jE KmBT ^ =GBTKF*
1
b
>9O
p f +k\
r(u1 ) = sup {kS(u)k} ,
supremum
TO ^ OWC BY\FAOAKNWD=M$E K
b XG>$Z IMVBDW\B ^ acYTC BZ H OH B[+FdZ9BDYTE O
uH

(kuk = ku1 k) A u = A u1 (kf (u)k kf (u1 )k) .
C ^ =Y\Od>$Z E$Y+=
9
88*2-#%$$#9[ i
i
^%\ ^ a]
pò
d
c
i ^
i& ^ w
c
pò
&| u
|
ep
|
wkx]
p f ?
j ^ w |wkx>^ i ]>^
b &| a>^ e a|j4^%\a| u p |z d c ]j4^ p 4
p
d
prq H
]
^ }| \
b ui d | o x>^ pò |}\ ] i w~x| o ]j p f ? prc
u
bH
po p
u
kS(b
u)k = r(u1 );
R (b
u) = 0

D
B
C
e
O

>
e
O

Z
d
O
H
$
E
I
FdZ9Od> [+OWXD@$W\BH9=SV>9OW\F
IQWD=M$=IjC BTFdZ9Od]
%^ x w
&|
^
mc b cp
q pò
r(u1 )
r(u1 ) = + p
XT@$W\B`M$=P_>
SZ9OAKROH$WAW\BDSC BTFdZ9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH BD]
>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH BTFWT
u , u , ..., u , ...
FWTEJ[G>BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ I$2O W'[\3FdZ9BDYTE n p f ?EJYTC
B Z H$I$OW\F
I ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
p f +i\
lim kS(un )k = r(u1 ).
"=MM$=MC ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY\B b MVBDH O@$H BTKRO ^ H B$XaW\Bp%OAFdZ EH$[PQH B$XC O ^ OdcBA> IoM
H
C BA> C BTFdZ9Od>9BDY=W\OdZ TH9BTFWTE;KRB?PQH BF@$E$WT=WT X@$W\B'C BTFdZ9Od>9BDY+=W\OdZ TH9BTFWT
[HV]
u
>=DKROH$WD=?Z TH9=Y b EoC BDAW\BTKL[oE KROAOWC ^ Od>9OdZ TH$S2Z9OAKROH$Wf;TBDAH9=G@$En KObGB
H
f KROAOAK
Y b
b E KLSZ9OAKROH$WDXV>9BDM$=AY+=;jE$SC$[H$M$W Z9OAKRKL`f
c
KRBGP_OW DWT ^ =YTH$K
fn`=MjZ9ObAMVB;YTEV>9OWTE$aBDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$E$I
X E FdZ9B
r(u1 )
+
Y\OM$W\B ^ =
XAAW\BKRBGP_OW ^ OG=?Z E$GBDY+=WT\FeIW\BZ TMBYFdZ [@=DO
f # BDAW\BTKL[
S
kR(un )k 0
C$[H$M$WN WT=MJPjO>9BDMV=?=H/f
ÒAKRK= fT>9BDM$=?=H9=_C BZ H BTFWTT_f

Y Z IJ[?>9BTTFWTY+=_>=?Z TH OS$jEVcFAFaZ9BDMNC ^ E$Y\Od>9OAKmYTW\OM$=;_OAOÈ$`Z9OAKRK fGk
E fT
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
7R3,-!"2-#%$#[ i w
a ^ a|j4^%\>a| u ] x'}x>^%j4^ a
b 4&| >
b o n
p q H
r
e
d
prc u1 H
|}xa>^ a| i wkx| ]>^ p f \ ] x>^k
j j
"F<|z u ^ wkx]
o
b
n
d c

ku1 k = u , A u1 < 2 ku1 k , A u1 A u ,
2
u
z ^
]
^ |}\M^%j
d u
bvp
n
&| u
|
prc
e p
x(x g |z}|
jh|ma|
| w
\>| ]
b
prq u H

(ku k = ku1 k) A u = A u1 kf (u )k2 kf (u1 )k2 +
u x] g | x
| xa>^ w| a|] i w~x|
] p f \X
] x]
]Vx] g |
d
n
p
d
b
o
kR(u )k = 0
u o
p f
dX ]x] p f df
E
?X W\B;FC BTKRBDjT Z9OAKRKL f C BTF W ^ BDE K
|m
^%x w
|& )FdZ E
cmbcp
q pò
S(u1 ) = 0 0
u
WT=MVBDS/X$@$W\B
OFdZ E
EYTC9BZ H OH B)[\FdZ9BDYTE O
{kS(
u )k 6= 0}

(ku k = ku1 k) A u
= A u1 kf (
u )k2 kf (u1 )k2 + .
)FdZ E
X1W\BNY>=?Z TH OS$_OAK YNM$=A@ OAFWTY\O

TO AO K
f # ^ EAW\BTKX
S(u1 ) 6= 0
u ^
u1
XVW\B)KRB?PQH BQYTAIVWT
f
S (u ) 6= 0
=0
)FdZ EQ>$1 Z I
Z E TB
XDZ E TB YTC BZ H$I$OW\F
I'BG> H B $
E [+FdZ9BDYTE$SNp f \X
u
kR(
u )k = 0
EVZ Ep f XVEVZ Ep f XVW\BQFdZ9Od>9FWTYTE OBDM$=PjOW\FeI>9BDMV=?=H$H Kf # ^ EAW\BTK YQM$=A@9Oe]

FdWTY\O
TO ^ OAK
f
u
u
H9=SV>OdH H$S
gC ^ BDWTE$YTH BTK
FdZ [@9=DOTX\C ^ E KROH$E$YjZ9OAKRKL[ fTjpC ^ E$H$E K=I'?=
u
dX+KLoC BTFW ^ BDE KY\OM$W\B ^ ] [H$M<$E$
XD>$Z I)MVBDW\B ^ BDSYTC BZ H$I$OW\F
1I'[WTY\O ^ P_>9Od]
u
u
H$E O Z9OAKRKL fT
)FdZ E
kS (
u)k = r (
u ) .
XaW\BmFABDbeZ=DFH BmC$[H$M$WT[ Z9OAKRKL fTqC BZ [@9=DOAKX@$W\B

r (
u ) =
f9Z9Od>9FWTYTE O >9BDM$=?=H B$X9OAFdZ EJC ^ E$H$IVWT)?=
H9=SV>9OH$H$S
f
kR(
u)k = 0
u
u
)FdZ E
XW\B>$Z IjC BTFW ^ BTOH$H BDb?B
C ^ BDY\O ^ I$OAKYTC BZ H OH$E O[\FdZ9BDYTE$S
r (
u ) H BE$NAWTEVc
kR(
u)k = 0,
[\FdZ9BDYTE$SQYTC BZ H OH B$X\W\B;>9BDMV=?=W\OdZ \FWTY+B`FdZ9Od>9FWTYTE$IQ?=Y\O ^ _OH B$X\OAFdZ EQC ^ E$H$IVWT
G=
H9=SV>9OH$H$S
f
u
u
gC ^ BDWTE$YTH BTKoFdZ [@9=DO ^ =DFAFAKRBDW ^ E K
S (
u) = kS (
u)k (e + z) , e G1 , z H G1 , 2 + kzk2 = 1.
!"$#&%'()+.-/ 021356/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
[+cVWT= ^ \=S
Z [@9=S
W\OdZ9\=DOY
H O Y\BDGKRBGP_OHY)FEVZ [Z9OAKRKL
fGkVf
kzk = 0
XDW\B C B;Z9OAKRKRO fGkVX\FABGc ^ =H$E$Y`H B ^ KL
E
XDH O[Y\OdZ EV]
0 < kzk 1
u
A u
@$E$Y+=I`H B ^ KL[
X?KRB?PQH B;FW ^ BDbGB[Y\OeZ9E$@$E$WT;H B ^ KL[
fW\BC ^ BDWTE$Y\B ^ O@$E$W
f (
u)
S (
u)
BDC ^ Od>9OdZ9OH$E$
XAM$=M`Z9OAKROH$WT=VXGH9=MBDW\B ^ BTK>9BTFWTE$bA=DOW\F
I
f # BDAW\BTKL[+X
u
supremum
>$Z INC BTFW ^ BTOH$H BDbGB
Y\FAObe>=D[?>9OWYTC BZ H OH BJBA> H BE$_[+FdZ9BDYTE$S
X
u
kR(
u)k = 0
)FdZ E
EVZ Ep f \dX$EVZ
E p f X$EVZ Ep f f
Z9Od>9FWTYTE O >9BDMV=?=H B$f
K W\OC O ^ 'H OC BTF ^ dO >9FWTY\OH$H9B)M>9BDM$=?=W\OdZ \FWTYT[W\OAB ^ OAKL
# O ^ Odc+BG> E
cmb cp
^%x
# [\FWT
w
|
^ |}\M^%j
q `
p o p
n
&| a>^
a |j4^%\>a|}j w~x i ^m
e
e c

K
0 f # B_[+FdZ9BDYTE$ W\OAB ^ OAL

0
0
b E f = u0 + L(u,
u)
uH
0
fTf
C f

A u
=DKH OABTAcBA> E KRBQC BZ [@$E$WT)B OH$M$[qp f?E$ W\OAB ^ OAKL fTXYQMBDW\B ^ BDS
`
E
C
G=YTE9F
IVWW\BZ TMVBBDWC BTFW\BGIVH$H$ac-X- E$bA[ ^ E ^ [;jEVcJY[+FdZ9BDYTE$E p f?EUBDW 1 X
l
C
H B_H O ?=YTE F
IVWBDW ^ =GKRO ^ H BTFWTENC ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY+= b f
H
<9>9OAF;[VKROAFWTH B;BDW\KROWTE$WT X?@$W\BE$B OH$M$E

A u C ,
Y;FEVZ [ MBDH9Od@ H BTKRO ^ ]
H T
B FWTE b Y\FAOb
>=KRB?PQH BC BZ [@9=WTB OH$M$[JYTEV>=Up f?X9YMBDW\B ^ D
B SUMBDH FWT=H$WT
H,
?=YTE F
IVWqBDW ^ =GKRO ^ H BTFWTEmC ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY+=Vf
OH$H BTFWTH9=_OSW\OAB ^ AO KLFABTFW\BDE$W
E KROH$H BYW\BTKX@$W\BYH OSC BTFW\B?IVH$H$O
E
H O?=YTE F
IVW BDW ^
= GKRO ^ H BTFWTE
C1
l
C ^ BTFW ^ =H FWTY+=Vf
)FdZ EJYTC BZ H OH B)H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B

u 1,
p f "\
W\B_H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BUp f?aFC ^ =Y\Od>$Z E$Y\B)C ^ EJYTTB ^ O

f
]
C1 = 1 l = 0
)FdZ EJYTC BZ H OH B)H O ^ = Y\OH FWTY\B

A
u

,
u 104
2
p f $
W\B_H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY\BUp f?aFC ^ =Y\Od>$Z E$Y\B)C ^ EJYTTB ^ O

f
]
C1 = 104
C l = 0
2
)FdZ EJYTC BZ H OH B

u f
,
p f +\
W\B_H O ^ = Y\OH FWTY\BUp f?aFC ^ =Y\Od>$Z $

E Y\B)C ^ EJYTTB ^ O
f
]
C =1 l=0
H ENBG> H B)E$H O ^ =Y\OH FWTY1p f "\
X"p f $X"p f +\f91BDbe>=
# [\FWT'H9O YTC BZ9H OH B'$
YTC BZ H OH B

4

u 1 u > 102 A u u >
f .
!"#&%'()
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
p f
O ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=Np f Y\KROAFW\OF`[+FdZ9BDYTE$I$KLEp f?]p f aC BDAY\BZ IV;W'C ^ E KROd]

H$IVWT_>9BDM$=?=H$H$O Z9OAKRKLEFdZ9Od>9FWTYTE O fTf
BDb
Z=DFH B'Z9OAKRKRO f )Z9OAKROH$W 0 [?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IVOWJBA> H BTKL[JE$j[\FdZ9BDYTE$S p f \X

u
EVZ Ep f XVEVZ Ep f \XVEVZ Ep f f
)FdZ E>$Z I 0 YTC BZ H OH Bop f X"W\BUYFEVZ [qZ9OAKRKL

u
FdE$Z TH$[ B O$
H M$[
)FdZ E_>$Z I
f C BZ [@9=DOAK
H$[PQH$[

u f (u) .
YTC9BZ H OH B'p f \XW\BC BZ TA[\I$FZ9OAKRKRBDS f _pYTDE ^ =IQY;Z9OAKRKRO

X/[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IV;jE$S BA> H BTKL[qE$'[\FdZ9BDYTE$S
0 dX1FW ^ BDE K Y\OM$W\B ^ 1
u1 = u
u = u (2 )
p f dX$EVZ
E p f \X$EVZ Ep f f
0
YTC9BZ H OH B'p f XW\BC BZ TA[\I$FZ9OAKRKRBDS f QpYTDE ^ =IQY;Z9OAKRKRO

X+[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IV;jE$SBA> H BTKL[)E$;[\FdZ9BDYTE$Sqp f \dX+EVZ E
0 dXFW ^ BDE K 1
u1 = u
u = u (2 )
p f \dX$EVZ Ep f f
)FdZ E_>$Z I
)FdZ E>$Z I
f;pYTDE ^ =I
u1 =

X9[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IV;jE$SBG> H BTKL[E$j[+FdZ9BDYTE$S
XEVZ E
1
0 dXFW ^ BDE K
1
u = u
u
R(u) = 0
p f \dX$EVZ
E p f X$EVZ Ep f f
0
YTC BZ H OH BQp f \XGW\BC BZ TA[TI$FFdZ9Od>9FWTYTE OAK
)FdZ E>$Z I 1 YTC BZ H OH B p f AXW\BYFEVZ [mZ9OAKRKL

u
FdE$Z TH$[ B O$
H M$[
f qC BZ [@9=DOAKH$[PQH$[

1 1
u = u f (u) .
)RFdZ
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e(A+E)(t) e ()d,
f 1BDbe>=_C BZ [@$E K
u = B (T u, v1 ) B (v2 , T u) .
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kukH C

h
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kA T ukH +
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H
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f (x) =
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fm = (fm1 , fm2 , fm3 ) , fk (x) =
fmk eihm,xi , k = 1, 2, 3.
{m}
# [\FWT'FH9=A@9=?Z=
f (x) W21 (Q)
div f (x) =
f$1BDbe>=
[fm1 m1 + fm2 m2 + fm3 m3 ] ieihm,xi =
{m}
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grad
e
4
e
4
1
1
hfm , mi ieihm,xi ,
div f (x) =
div f (x) =
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,
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hfm , mi
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E KROAOW)YTEV>
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{m} fm1 e
ihm,xi
P
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F f (x) =
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m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m2 e
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f (x) , g(x) L2 (Q)
(F f, g)L2 (Q) = (f, g)L2 (Q)
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e
,
|m|2
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f Y Z I
f (x) W2 (Q)

2

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2
e
F f = E + grad 4
div f =
1
e
e 1 div grad (4)
e 1 div f,
4
divf + grad (4)

1
e
div grad 4
(x) = (x) , (x) L2 (Q) ,

1

1
e
e
F 2 f = f + 2grad 4
divf grad 4
divf = F f.
= f + 2grad
Y Z I W\BDbGB$X2@$W\BTD >9BDM$=?=WT FC ^ =Y\Od>$Z E$Y\BTFW\ AW\BDbGB ^ =Y\OH FWTY+= >$Z I

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f (x) L2 (Q)

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+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
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mk
hfm , mi 2
ihm,xi
=
fmj mj
2
2 mj e
|m|
|m|
j=1
m6=(0,0,0)
3
X
ihm,xi
mk
hfm , mi
2
= (F f )k
hf
,
mi
m
e
= (F f )k .
m
j
|m|2
|m|2 j=1
m6=(0,0,0)
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= H FWTY\OQY\OM$W\B ^ ] 2[H$M<$E$S
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= f>9BDMV=?=H9=QC BZ H BTFWTT_f

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^ |}\>
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c p
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p (x) W22 (Q)
f # BDAW\BTKL[)Z9OY+=I'@9=DFWT_YT ^ =P_OH$E$IpVf \C ^ Od>9FWD=YTE K=
w
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div grad p (x) = 4p(x)

YQYTEV>9O
e 1 4p(x).
F (grad p(x)) = grad p (x) + grad (4)
)RFdZ E [H$M<$E$I
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fg2AW\BTKFdZ [@9=DO ^ =Y\OH FWTY\B
p (x)
b ^ =H$E< OjBTZ=DFWTE
4
4p (x) = p (x)
Q
p Vf \aBD@ OYTEV> H B$f
Y Z IW\BDbGB$X/@$W\BTDBTTBTFH BDY+=WT pVf \;>$Z IC ^ BDE$AY\BZ TH$c [H$M<$E$S
p (x)
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pm
$E$E
*
p (x)
p (x) =
pm eihm,xi .
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1BDbe>=
]AW\B_Y\OM$W\B ^ FMVBTB ^ > E$H9=WT=DKLE

grad p(x)
grad p (x) =
{m}
pm m1 eihm,xi ,
{m}
pm m2 eihm,xi ,
{m}
pm m3 eihm,xi .
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^ =Z9B?PjOH$E$I
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(grad p (x))m = (pm m1 , pm m2 , pm m3 ) .
# BDAW\BTKL[
h(grad p (x)) , mi = p |m|2
# ^ E KROH$IVIMpVf aBDmC O ^ =W\B ^ m Y)`B ^ KRO)pVf i\XVC BZ [@9=DOAK
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m6=(0,0,0)
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988* #TS-# ^%\
|}\

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cp
a x
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x w
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c c c 43 c
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H BTFWTT_f
= 0.
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n o p
p Vf \
F (43 u(x)) = 43 F ( u(x)) .
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cmb cp
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[H$M<$E$I
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u(x) W23 (Q)
I$KXVW\B
F (43 u(x)) = 43 u (x) + grad

= 43 u (x) + grad
e1
4
e1
4
1
1
div 43 u (x) =
41 div u (x) =
1

e1
div u (x) =
= 43 u (x) + grad 41 4
= 43 u (x) + 43 grad
<9>9OAF
41
E FC BZ TGBDY+=H=
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1
C O ^ OAFWT=H BDY\BD@$H B\FWT
div u (x) = 43 F ( u(x)) .

BDC O ^ =W\B ^ BDY
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4
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K OAOWQKROAFW\BH9= Z DacFM$=?Z I ^ H$ac`[H$M<$E$Ic

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(x)
4
X$[?>9BDYDZ9OWTY\B ^ IV;jEVcC O ^ E BG> E$@ OAFM$E KmM ^ =DOYTKm[+FdZ9BDYTE$I$Kf
W22 (Q)
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Y Z IW\BDbAB$Xa@$W\BTD BTTBTFH BDY+=WT p Vf \Q>$Z IhFdZ [@9=IC ^ BDE$AY\BZ TH$achY\OM$W\B ^ ]

XY\BTFC BZ TA [\OAKRFeI2C ^ Od>9FWT=YDZ9OH$E OAK BDC O ^ =W\B ^ =
Y
[H$M<$E$S
u(x) W22 (Q)
F
`B ^ KRO)pVf i\f # [\FWT
u (x) =
um eihm,xi , um = (um1 , um2 , um3 ) ,
{m}
W\BDb
>=
{m} um1 e
ihm,xi
P
ihm,xi
F u (x) =
{m} um2 e
P
ihm,xi
{m} um3 e
43 u (x) =
hum , mi
m1 eihm,xi
|m|2
P
hum , mi
ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m2 e
P
hum , mi
ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m3 e
{m}
eihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0)
|m|2 um eihm,xi ,
P
h|m|2 um ,
mi
eihm,xi
m1
+ m6=(0,0,0)
{m} |m| um1
|m|2
2
P
P
h|m| um , mi
2
ihm,xi
F (43 u(x))=
m2 eihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0)
{m} |m| um2 e
|m|2
P
P
h|m|2 um , mi
2
ihm,xi
|m|
u
e
m3 eihm,xi
m3
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m6=(0,0,0)
|m|2
P
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um1 eihm,xi
P
2
ihm,xi
43 F u (x) =
{m} |m| um2 e
P
2
ihm,xi
{m} |m| um3 e
hum , mi
m1 |m|2 eihm,xi
|m|2
P
hum , mi
2 ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m2 |m| e
P
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2 ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m3 |m| e
m6=(0,0,0)
^ =YTH OH$E O > YT[+cC BTFdZ9Od> H$EVc`B ^ KL[?ZC ^ E$Y\BA> $

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f
u(x) W22 (Q)
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= f j>9BDMV=?=H9=QC BZ H BTFWTT_f

u ^ w~x]]
988* #
# [ i w
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prq u (x) W2 (Q)
w
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u (x) =
d c div u = 0
u (x) W21 (Q)
C ^ Od>9FWT=YTE KYYTEV>9ONW ^ E$bGBDH B]
um eihm,xi , um = (um1 , um2 , um3 ) .
{m}
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E
div u = {m} hum , mi ieihm,xi

=
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hum , mi = 0
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> ^ [bGBDSFW\B ^ BDH$`XYTMVZ ;@9OdH E O
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ihm,xi
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3.
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^ =YTH$E$Y+=IjC B Z [@ OH$H BTOaFpVf XG[VTOP_>=DOAKRFeIjY;FC ^
= Y\Oe> Z E$Y\BTFWTEQ[WTY\O ^ P_>9Od]
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n
^ }| \ f i a&]
u(x) L2 (Q)
o p
pVf T

F (43 + E) u(x) = (43 + E) F (u(x)) .
^%x w
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cmb cp
q pò
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F
u (x) =
um eihm,xi , um = (um1 , um2 , um3 ) ,
{m}
W\BDb
>=
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ihm,xi
P
ihm,xi
F u (x) =
{m} um2 e
P
ihm,xi
{m} um3 e
(43 + E) u (x) =
hum , mi
m1 eihm,xi
|m|2
P
hum , mi
ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m2 e
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hum , mi
ihm,xi
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2 m3 e
X
{m}
m6=(0,0,0)
|m|2 + 1

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um eihm,xi ,
+.-/ 02135768/ 0219
:E<>=-7?
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(|m|2+1) um , m
2
ihm,xi
ihm,xi
m1 e
um1 e
+ m6=(0,0,0)
{m} |m| +1
|m|2
D
E

2
P
(|m| +1) um , m
2
ihm,xi
ihm,xi
=
um2 e
m6=(0,0,0)
m2 e
2
{m} |m| +1
|m|
D
E

2
u
,
m
|m|
+1
P
(
)
m
2
ihm,xi
ihm,xi
|m|
+
1
u
e
m
e
m3
3
2
m6=(0,0,0)
{m}
|m|
(43 + E) F u (x) =

hum , mi
2
|m|
+1
m
eihm,xi
|m|
+1
u
1
m1
m6=(0,0,0) |m|2
{m}

P
2
m , mi
=
m2 |m|2 +1
eihm,xi
um2 eihm,xi m6=(0,0,0) hu|m|
2
.
{m} |m| +1

P
hum , mi
2
2
ihm,xi
ihm,xi
|m|
+
1
|m|
+1
u
e
e
m
m3
3
2
m6=(0,0,0) |m|
{m}

eihm,xi
^ =YTH OH$E O > T

Y [+cC9BTFeZOe>9H$EVcJ`B ^ KL[?ZJC ^ E$Y\BG> E$W)MFC ^ =Y\Od>$Z E$Y\BTFWTE ^ =Y\OH FWTY+=
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