NGHIEN CUU PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHE TIM TO MOI vA AN HOA TRONG DE, DAP BANG THIET BI RADA

DAT
TRINH VAN HANH', NGO TRI COI", PHAM VAN D 0 N G \ D O ANH CHUNG\ DAO VAN HUNG\ NGUYEN V A N LOI" BUI DAC DUNG'

T(>m tdt: Cdng nghe rada ddt duge ddnh gia la mdt phuong phap tien tidn nhdt hien nay trong viec tham dd, khdo sat cac ddi tugng ndng trong Idng ddt vdi do phan gidi va do chinh xac cao. Phat tridn cdng nghe nay bdng each thiei lap md hinh dn hoa, chgn lira ede tham sd edi dat thich hgp de do va su dung cde gidi phdp cua phdn mem Radan for Windows, de xu ly sd lieu do nhdm hien thi rd nhat "anh" eua ddi tugng. TO dd Ong dung de phdt hien dn boa tuong tu d hien trudng de, dap la ndi dung chinh eua bdi viet nay. l.Sucan thiet Nudc ta cd he thdng de sdng vdi hon 5.000 km va hang nghin dap hd chOa ldn, nhd. Trong qua trinh van hanh, sO dung da phdt hien nhieu su ed lien quan de'n an toan cua chOng vao mOa mua lu. Hon nOa trong than de, dap edn nhieu loai dn boa tiem tang choa the phdt hien kip thdi bdng each quan trde, theo ddi thdng thodng. Nhidu phuang phap nghien cOu tham dd, phat hien an hoa eho de, dap da dugc thu nghiem nhu: phuong phdp dien hudng cue, phuang phap phdng xa, phuang phap chdn am... Tuy ed thu dugc mdt sd ket qud nhdt dinh, nhung eae phuang phdp noi tren vdn edn ban chd chung la do chinh xac chua cao, nang sudt tham dd khd dap ung duge yeu cdu thuc te. Phuang phdp rada dia thdm duge ddnh gid la mdt phuang phap tien tie'n nhdt hien nay trong viec tham dd, khdo sat cde ddi tugng ngdm dudi mat ddt mdt each nhanh chdng vdi do chinh xac vd do phan gidi cao. (J ede nudc phdt trien, nd di'gc Qng dung rdng rai trong nhieu linh vuc khdc nhau nhu: dia chat thuy van, dia ehdt cdng trinh, khdo ed, nghien eOu mdi trudng v.v. [1,2]. De xac dinh eae loai di thudng trong long ddt. Mdt sd nghien ei'ru d nudc ta gdn day mdi chi la nhOng tie'p can ban ddu hoae tim hidu va ling dung thu nghiem ed tinh ehdt dinh tinh cdng nghe nay. Di cd dugc ede kdt qua dinh lugng

I. 2. 3. 4, 5. 6. Vien Khoa hoc Thuy loi. 7. Vien Khca hoc Ky thuat hat nhan.

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eho mdi ddi tugng an hoa, nhdt Id cac an hoa trong de, dap edn thiet phai nghien cuu phat trien cdng nghe rada dai cho tung loai ddi tugng eu the [5]. 2. Ddi tirgng va phirong phap nghien ciiru 2.1. Ddi tuang nghien ciiru Ddi tugng nghien cuu la td md'i, hang rdng, hang xdi ngdm, cdc khdi vat lieu bat ddng nhat va vOng thdm d than de, dap. 2.2. Phuang phdp nghien citu Thidt bi rada SIR-1 OB vd phdn mem xir ly sd lieu Radan for Windows la he thiet bi va phdn mem da nang, ed the xdc dinh nhieu ddi tugng - di thudng trong long dat. Tuy nhien, de nghien cOu Ong dung nd cho mdi ddi tugng cu the ndi trdn, chOng tdi da dp dung cdc phuong phdp sau: 2.2.7, Nghien cOu mdt sd tinh chat dien tu quan trgng ciia cac loai vat lieu chua ddi tugng va ban than ddi tugng bdng each lay mdu vd phan tich trong phdng thi nghiem ket hgp xac dinh tren hien trudng. 2.2.2. Thidt ke va xay dung md hinh vat Iy eua mdi ddi tugng tren ca sd phan tich cdc tinh chai vd cdu trOe dac trung cua chung. Trong mdi md hinh, tirng ddi tugng lai dugc thie't lap vdi mot sd dang ed kich thude vd do sau khdc nhau. 2.2.3. Lua chgn cdc tham sd edi dat, he ang ten, tuyen do va tdc do dich chuyen ang ten thich hgp thdng qua viec nhan dien "dnh" eua ddi tugng trdn gian do sdng hien thi khi do thiet bi tren md hinh. 2.2.4. Xu ly sd lieu do tren md hinh de nhan duge dang hien thi rd nhat eung vdi toa do ciia ddi tugng tren gidn dd sdng rada bdng cdc edng cu ciia phan mem Radan for Windows va cac mddun chuyen dung khdc. 2.2.5. Hieu chinh cdc tham sd cai dat va hoan chinh cdc ky thuat xir ly sd lieu bdng each do thir nghiem thiei bi tren de, dap vd khai ddo kiem tra thuc te. 3. Mdt sd ket qua chinh dat dirge 3.1. Xdc dinh hang rdng vd td mdi tren md hinh 3.1.1. Md hinh ede hang rdng vd td mdi ,,,.j "'

Md hinh xay dung dam bdo cdc yeu td la: Gdn gidng td md'i, hang rdng trong mdi trudng tu nhien, da dang vd kich thude hinh hpc, da dang ve do sau chdn vui. Vdi kich thude ciia khudn vien cd ehieu dai 20 m, chOng tdi da bd tri cac md hinh hang rdng va td md'i cd cac tham sd nhu trong Bdng 1.

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Bang 1
Md hinh Thdngsd Mh I Do sau (cm) Ducmg kinh (cm) Mh II Mh III Mh IV Mh V Mh VI Mh VII

100
20

100
40

200 40

200 60

300 60

300 80

300 100

3.1.2. Md hinh cdc khdi bdt ddng nhdt vd dudng thdm bdo hod Nhdm xdc dinh khd nang ung dung ciia rada trong khao sdt cde khdi bdt ddng nhdt vd dudng thdm bao hod trong cdc loai vat lieu khdc nhau, chung tdi da chgn bdn loai vat lieu dac trung de xay dung md hinh, dd la set, ddt ddi, cdt, vd dd hgc.

MATCATB-B

MATCATA-A

Hinh 1. Md hinh khdi bat dong nhat Kich thude eua ede khdi duge tinh todn sao cho cd du sd ddi do (scans) edn thiet tren mdi khdi. Chung tdi da tinh dugc Id mdi khdi bat ddng nhdt phai cd kich thude it nhdt Id 2 m theo chieu keo cua ang ten, va be ddy cQng it nhdt phdi dat duge I m de ed duge do phan di theo ehidu sau. Tren co sd dd chOng tdi da thidt kd md hinh ede khdi bat ddng nhdt md phdng eho de, dap. 3.1.3. Md hinh cdc hang xdi ngdm ChOng tdi da chgn hang xdi ngdm Id cdc dudng xdi dudi ede Idp be tdng vd Idp Idt dd dugc lap ddy bdng cdc vat lieu thd nhu cdt vang va sdi. Md hinh dugc xay dung tren Idp ddt ddi (dac trung cho vat lieu ddp dap) va cd mat nghieng Id 1/3. Ldp be tdng tren mat va mai Idt dd cd chieu day la 20cm. Hang xdi ngam dugc thiet ke vdi cdc kich thude khdc nhau nhdm nghien cuu khd nang phat hien kich thude tdi thieu cd the phdt hien dugc eiia phuang phdp. ChOng tdi tinh todn hang xoi ngdm ed kich thude tdi thieu la 0,15m va kich thude tdi da Id 0,6m. Md hinh duge xay dung tren mdt mdi dap ed chieu cao Id 1,4m, chieu rdng mat Id 5,2m. 3.2. Ket qud do tren md hinh Viec giai bai todn tren md hinh vdi cdc ddi tugng da biet trudc vi tri, kich thude va ede th6ng so vat Iy khdng nhung giOp cho viec lua chgn tdi uu cdc tham sd edi dat eho may do, md con la C O sd de dua ra cdc tham sd thich hgp de xir Iy va minh gidi ket qua do ciia thiet bi trong cac mdi trudng dia ehdt va thdi tiet khdc nhau. 265

3.2.1. Ket qud do tren md hinh ede hang rdng vd td mdi Viec bd tri mang ludi tuydn do phu thude ehu yeu vao hinh dang, kich thude cua ddi tugng cdn khdo sat tham dd va didu kien thuc dia. Ddi vdi md hinh cdc bang rdng va td md'i, chung tdi su dung mang ludi tuyen do khao sat d vudng. Khoang cdch giua ede tuyen do phdi nhd ban kich thude ngang eua ddi tugng. Cde loai hinh ang ten 100, 200, 400 va 80 MHz ed khd nang khoanh dinh dugc eac di thudng eua hang rdng, td md'i qua 7 md hinh. Chieu sau eua di thudng tren gian dd sdng rada quan sat deu tuang Ong vdi do sau hang rdng thidt kd. 3.2.2. Ket qua do tren md hinh ede khdi bdt ddng nhdt vd dudng thdm bdo hod Tren md hinh, sau khi bam nude xdc dinh ranh gidi dudng tham bao hod va hieu thdi gian giOa hai ranh gidi nen va dudng thdm bao hod se xdc dinh dugc hdng sd dien mdi eiia mdi trudng khi bao hod nude. Didu nay rat cd y nghia ddi vdi cdng tdc thuc dia khi ude lugng do sau nghien cOu cho tOng loai hinh ang ten ddi vdi tung loai dat ddp dap. 3.2.3. Ket qua do tren md hinh ede hang xdi ngdm Mang ludi tuye'n do tren md hinh cdc hang xdi ngdm dugc bd tri dgc theo mdi dap (cdt ngang qua md hinh) mdi tuyen each nhau 0,5m, dam bdo qua ede doan dai dien kich thude eua md hinh. Kei qua do eae hang xdi ngdm tren md hinh be tdng lat mai bdng ang ten 900, 400 MHz la rd net, eac di thudng phdn dnh dOng vi tri eOa tong dudng xdi ngdm. Ddi vdi phdn da lat mdi chi cd ang ten 200 MHz la ed thd xdc dinh duge. 3.3. Mot sdket qud thu nghiem tgi Men trudng Kdt qua thu nghiem cOa chOng tdi tren eae doan de, dap cho thay hai loai hinh ang ten 200 MHz va 400 MHz ed thd phdt hien dugc cde khoang eua td md'i ndm d do sau den Im. Mdt trong eac thu nghiem xdc dinh khdi bat ddng nhat tren ede dap la kidm tra cdc khu vuc xung yeu cOa than dap. Tren dap Da Ban thude tinh Khanh Hod, tai mdi dap phia hd, khi xay dung xong da cd hien tugng nut doe theo than dap. Hien nay vet nut nay khdng the nhan biei bdng mdt thudng va dd khoanh dinh lai vdt nut ebOng tdi da thir nghiem cdng nghe rada tren mdt sd tuyen do. Kei qua thu nghiem eho thdy hinh thu eua vet nOrt nay la kha rd net tO 2 den 10 m dgc theo tuydn vdi do sau khoang 3 m de'n 5 m. '//-qfil Mdt trong cac thu nghiem xac dinh hang xdi ngdm eua chOng tdi duge thuc hien tai cdng BOng nam tren he thdng de BOng - Nghe An. Hien cdng nay dang bi xdi ngdm manh dodi cac ldp da lat mdi. Viec xdc dinh dudng xdi ngdm dudi ldp mdi lat da cua mdi de xung quanh edng ed the giOp cho viec ddnh gid bien trang va muc do rd ri cua cdng. Da xdc dinh duge hang xdi ngdm dudi ldp mdi lat da ed do sau 0,5m va la hang xdi ngdm rat ldn. .n M 4. Ket luan "'"'"

4.1. Vdi he thiei bi rada dia thdm SIR-lOB, viec lua chgn loai hinh ang ten phu thugc vao kich thude va vi tri (do sau) eua ddi tugng edn nghien cOu. Cdc ddi tugng cd do sau <Im cd the nghien cOu bdng eac loai hinh ang ten 900 vd 400 MHz. Cdc ddi togng ed do sau tu I den 3m co the nghien euu bdng cac loai hinh ang ten 200 vd 100 MHz. Cdn cdc ddi tugng ed do sau > 3m cd the nghien cOu bdng cac loai hinh ang ten 100 MHz va bd ang ten tan sd thdp 80-16 5 MHz. 266

4.2. Viec lira chgn eac tham sd edi dat eho mdy do phu thude vao dieu kien mdi trudng dia ehdt. Tham sd quan trgng nhdt edn xdc dinh Id hdng sd dien mdi cua mdi trudng. vi qua dd ta cd the xac dinh dugc van tde truyen sdng, ed lien quan chat che den viec xac dinh dai do eOng nhu tien cho viec gidi thich kei qua do sau nay. Hdng sd dien mdi cd the xdc dinh nhd vao ede ddi tugng da biei trudc do sau, hoae ude lugng tu ede mdi trudng tuong tu da biei. 4.3. Cac sd lieu do phai duge xu ly bdng phdn mem chuyen dung Radan for Windows. Ngoai cac bude xu ly thdng thudng thi tuy thude vao muc dich cu the de su dung ede phep xu ly chuyen dung khac. Ddi vdi bdi toan tim cdc di thudng dang diem (td mdi, hang rdng, hang xdi ngdm) cd the sO dung cde bd Ige ngang thdng ddi tdn cao, hoae eac phep dich chuyen va eae ham toan. Trong nghien cihi ede loai di thudng dien rdng nhu viec nghien cOu cdc khdi bdt ddng nhdt hay viec xac dinh dudng thdm bao boa thi ed the su dung cdc bd Ige ngang thdng ddi tdn thdp. Ddi vdi viec khoanh dinh eae ranh gidi dia tdng ed kich thude nhd hay ede ddi tugng nhd nhu td mdi, hang xdi ngdm... doi hdi ed do chinh xac cao edn phdi ed nhOng bude xu ly tidp theo bdng each so dung cdc mddun chuyen dung: mddun 3D, mddun van tde va mddun xdc dinh ranh gidi dia tdng. 4.5. Cdc kei qud trien khai thO nghiem tren de va dap eho thay phoong phap rada dia thdm hoan toan C O the dap Ong duge cde nhu edu nghien eOu phdt hien ede ddi tugng nhu td mdi, hang rdng, hang xdi ngdm, cdc khdi bdt ddng nhdt eOng nhu eae dudng thdm bao boa, phue vu eho cong tac bdo ve de, dap va phdng ngua thien tai.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc., 1998. SIR-System lOB Manual. [2] Ngd Tri Cdi va nnk: "Nghien eOu Ong dung chuong trinh phan mem Rada ddt dd tim khuyei tat (luu y td mdi) trong de, dap", Bao cao kei qua nghien cOu de tai cap Bd, 2001. [3] Nguyen Van Gidng, Ngd Tri Cdi va nnk: "Ddnh gid hien trang de, dap mien Bac bdng phuang phdp Rada ddt va eac phuang phdp dia vat ly khac", Thu vien Vien vat ly dia edu, 1998. [4] Nguydn Van Gidng: "Didu tra co ban hien trang cdng qua de", Kdt qud nghien cOu de tai cdp Bd, 1999. [5] Trinh Van Hanh va nnk: "Nghien cOu phdt tridn edng nghe tim td mdi va dn boa d de, dap bdng thidt bi Rada ddt", Bdo edo tdng ket khoa hgc cOa de tdi, 2004. Summary Nowadays Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been assesed to be the most advanced technology for inpeeting, detecting shallow objects under ground with the high discrimination and preeiseness. This technology has been developed by estimating hidden danger model, selecting approriate installation parameters to measure and utilize the approaches of software "Radan for Windows" for data process in order to display object's image most obviously. Thenceforth we can apply to discover similar hidden dangers in the dike and dam. That' s the key content of the article.

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