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l0 o{rq o prKpoi pEt;eoDq tlrlrpior ri oe llavmornprdl(d lvorrrof1a yrd rnv eED,rIp6rI6l oufKeKpr[6vovrfllar8errflx6v rdr epovnrrK6v MrKpotdd.o)tntc i microconryten. rtuv oroiov ro XcpoKrlprorrKd yvd'prsrs Eivar, 6n 6Xou\,rro xrvrprKri lovdaa tvd tltKpoen$cpyon4 'Evoq (microprccessor). lrrponleploo iq ivur rro KEwprK'ilovdda os va KiK].6)po(IC: Integated ultororllar! !610 oloKlipo*vo ppioKrdr, L6lr3, To KiKLoFo our6 6nog Circuir). F6ooos ivd !d,z (chip) Kal yld oDr6v ro 16,0 6tolj[6 lc n].ovftilroro roD [r{por] !Ey60oDq (6vo roln 6xeLp6TE6oe rne o\rnLi( aqrornoridqKor rorr napirou 2cm'?), npdJroE norr K6orooq. lilpl(dvoule drr o }r1|(pon6p'yooriq ,(otlLo{) tur),oa6prloEortv o'yopd10 l97l {rov o INTEL 4004.And 10 l97l xar lo"rpa I e6frqrl rov ll|(ponEEpyaor6v irav poybaia Kdl oipepo 6 no),1.6q 6r!oq r!.X. orKroKoiqunol.oyreQdploy6q Xpnouonoroi)war Trortvi8ro K.In. Or prrpoilroloyrorEq (hon computers), nl.KrpovrKd npooo,n(oi utrotlolldr6q (personal or6q xplorponoroiwar ouviieog (Dg povdSqro65oD,/E!65ou computen (PC:)) i oq nsprqepraK6q oe dllouq u'!o1'oyro!lq. or onoior ivsr qur6volor u,ro).oyror6s ha0poi qya'ioa @ork stations), -Ils xol6 snoSorrro[q D'roloyrorrKri 1016. np6Krrar frKponrrFld).t rloloyror6g noD ovold(ovror supermicros K(Ir nou ivar qoSraolr6vor ue lryli).tq lopnrrKdtntae '(vrpu(ritvriln Kar oK).np6 6ioKo Kal vo rd.6\rouv, oro !yolirrpo lfpoq rouq,auroSivala 6Lqrr( ruroporiv r'roLoyrorKaq a\dlKrq !roq 06otqsplooiqq. tro ot!.io out6 civqi dqro dvaQopriq ro Trovdq,6rr or olaepoi sp1ddidgmp6louv dn' ED0ioq ' noLolrorrKri roXL,. orrt oiot cpydoid<.rrd 1610ro n oJroid,rpLv FEprKd (dsKderio p6vo o F8ydl.our roD 70) va avqqrlrrlei uopo0o xp6vrd !tro),o'yror6g !'ydLov uroloyrorrK6v K6vrpov. Yaoloylortc efiNiE lpio1e Gpecialpurposecomputer),or oroior eivdr or' ap1iq 6rr{i ol5roo!6vor yra rlv owrgr6trrolt oDyrs{prp6vov

Eivdr qavEpd 6 I orlpprv{ tndpErl 6ldq6pov rntrdv lro}.oyror6v rlap61lrI SDvar6rltlacnd.oY{qro! 6(,)010rl, Kol 10 l]e Pdon Ilq eQop!o},6q p6Feos .nq Ernteiprlanq,utTo).orrorti, Ko06q Kor rrl Suvar6rrlra sn6Kqane ev6qDtroloyrori and prd Uu(prienrleiptorl i Kdr 6vd dropo. Eniolg tra e,.rliprlon pnopEi vo cnoocoioer Yro !n xpridn Ev6quflo).oYrori i nprooo*pov ll4rovollivov i ouvoEdslavovouorqpftov unol.oyrol6v (tx. I.5). trnv,rEpitrroorl ouv6.6qr6vov ouorrlFdrov ljFriploDv trp6o0Etotrpoo).rillura Ksr ouyK.r(pu6vd dlcv ol Dtolo,ro*g non orrvpyd(owar6v ivdr dLor i6ror. fra rlv dptrrrftovrKrirtlg orlv6orlg r6rorlDvavoporoyL6oErE. vdrv orror,udrov xouv npo1a6iKord xarpoiq 8rdqopEE BdorK6 yv6proFo rov lrioEriv cDi6v eivol il ifiapql xv6]ll!la.D! K6ttqot,'reKfte-

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l3 rpa) '(ppd(ovrar an6 rrt yvrKi ovopadia f,otlotltKti(software).To LoyrolrKd lopi(crar or 6r'0 !ctd).c |(otnyopicc: - AoyroFrK6ouorrildroE (systemsoflware). - AolLoFrK6 adpgo'y6v(applicaions softwar). :rrl ouv6lrd 0d avoepeoif Eelorprortiorrq 5[o ,ropcn(ivo rofnYopitl. o) Aoyr6lrx6 ouoliporoq To loyrotrKd ror oDorritoroq Eiv.oLoo\,i8oq dtr6 lov rdrool.sudolri rou unoloyrorri Kdr 6rrl oruprvi t!o1{ enpopnvronpdvtrrd to Kdcroq ror, !IXav{loro. To xupr6rpo ,rp6ypqppdro! Lo}rotru(of orotiroloq ei\.ar ao 6[or4!a )enoupiiot i 6'!oq 6Ir EtnKparidEr to ),tlroDpytK6 oiot\la (operatin9 system)roo uno).oYrotri.To oriorllq aur6 nepr6Xel }.ey'toD rnq 6),nqlerroupyiaqsvdqDno},oouordorlKd61,aro tlpoyp{isFaro ouolritdroq ivat: uJroXpd'ocrq ev6g l,ettoupltron Baorriq Trorri. 61.ov rov ,lcrroup'yr6vrou r,rolo'yrori Kor 6(a1iplort rov E).eff.oc, npoq vpYororlol npoYpqplqrov. - 'Et,e'rf.oaxar Ko0o6iyrlon lq ero66ouE66outov 6e6oFvov trou dnorroilaqr otld ro d'daopd 'rpoypdlpors coopliord,v. - [opdxolor]0ton Korraraypaei 6],ov rov 8pdo1rlprotilov rou vep-ronoroiwdr orov ono).o1rorli. - Avoyv6prort Kar 6r6p0oon rr'1c5vl.co<irv rou ororrilaroq. - Ytroorrip(n rrle on6 Korvon :(pnorlonoilonq rou ljrolo,rorri, ofid ror v6; xpriorq,6rav 96porodDi5 trrp6nErorard ro ncproodrEpouq o[sir]Ua. oulrxprubvo lErroup-i,rx6 H orpd r{Dv oncrroi!vov pyqor6v. ur6 tr}'upd Xpiorn, yvo61osvlo).d'vr'].ei.6ooae na noriror o'o IsrroupyrK6oriarnpd p6oo er6rxdlv job control language). Er6rx6tepoIe .t ).crroupttroi (operatinglanguage. poiola r(lrv evrol.6v aur6v, yvoorono(ilar oro ),rroupyrx6 n A'ion rov erodTd!vovnl,Ipoqopr{ir\',6I}.d6i dv rlp6xewaryra rpo-yp{illlaro i Trd 65o!6voxdr rfttr6vo np6lpoppa np6nrvo rre).ori.Aft6 !o rllpr6repd npoTpdrrldrovdq),rrouplrronoDd'tilrdtoe tivo:' n ltpolptiglata Ktqo'i)qo?q graqi r(nv otoi{rv 0dor6 ivor ro ,1tr1tts6ovtp6)'pawa (sweryisorl, ro o,roio E).6nel qv eKriLsorl rov npoypappdrovrov 5roe6p(')v tprlor6v xar pueri(Errn pori rov epyoor6v.frd rd oDorripdratlKpo0noloyrcr{i}vro (monitor). Eriortq srtv cvr(srorlo np6rpcusc iva1ouvieoq ro ,lelKri,.d pour&ee Kal ndpar{ivrDKdrnlopio dvriKouvor Oryowit4lara) a1,ayv6pt64 6r6p0ao$ ortd!tua\j nL) oDoriparoE(error routins).to 4tttpol6rto rot) oDoriloros Gystem log) ro o,roio tdrolpdqsr 6).q irq 6repyooiE6roD rov unol.oyrsrri.or portivq ro66ou Ed6ou eftloriwar Kdosorr-r|li 0116 (input./output routines) K.).tr.

t4 odorl(ri ,rpoypdllala lou lollcFlxoi oocrriparoq ivar or tero(compilrs) o'''I. 'ttptl4rtoie (nterpreters), 01 onoior atlarto[wor tlrrrflo.a rt }rrdqpaol vdq npo, pdpparoc ot!6 tlrd 1].6ooa trpoYpatlfarrolo0 Iu tou 1ltro6 K65rKu,o onoioq a orl y}.6ooo gnlat4lq Kot 1nv napaYoYri on6 lov D'rolorrorri. napiil-l,rllo pe rous psioepoortq undP' rrEl,eo.ri xr llra orp'i o'!d porlorlrKd 'rpoypdrpara. T6rou PotonrrKd 'rpoypd!lrara 6ivor r.I. npofpd!]rora raerv6]rlolg, FrFho0iKeq oDvdprrioeovKar poDrrv6v, npo,pdppara rpydoiseKelF6vor r.ll'I. tnltavrfloi efliolg goieEra 6.ov rlpoypotrFatro l nop6lot)vr6rKd trpoypdllara rou lrroupTrKoi, rd orroio tpnorpotloro$}'ldl Tra rilv oviXv8oan l.a06v ora trpoYpdF(test programs). ro0 xpiorl lara r6prx6 quppol6v P) AoT Kdrnyopia drri av{Kolv @ naKtra eaaploy(bv(applications lqv package), oKorro'jqarrd rouq ro npo, pdp[oro ,rou lpdeovrar yro Er6rKo6q (ar 01 61d9ope( trpoypdtparror6g, Ka0drq roue eEEl6rl(eut6voug xpriorq i oIn 8rdeon 6Lov lov nporpalpdrov, or onoieq riogvlar DrpfrooiKe v8raqep6fvovXprlord)v. naK6lo e'Doptol6v Seopsirar t(do oul].oyri ouYr(cr(pr}dvrq oaprpoypultdrov n oroio IplortonorEitc|Jrc r({i,roLcc 610rFa olo EIfi6pro rar rrdKtra ourd 6rdri0cvrdr ouvtiour( ivur Tq Fotiq. rolv ufiol,o1..or(i)v, Eit an6 rouq KdrosK6udorrrotg oiKouq air ar6 lpupu6w erorpiq r8r*uptvg ollv rcrooxErJi r;roov trax6tov. Tarorou 8rdqopEq Ei6ouer!dK6.aeivcr r.1. 1o orlotnlo Kpdrnonq 06o('vltaq aEponoptKiq aoevois.rou lprtorpo,torirorpisq,ro 66orn!d ndpoKo;.oiolotq Ev6g rqr ar6 ylorpo[q o oiTxpovo voooxopic,to o6ornla unorlofrolor] Kal oXr6roolot frsq yiqupa( ri KctorKicc.trou XploLFoirorrirorofi6 FnXuvtri rpoptia roD },oyrotrKo6vdg Konq,K.o.K.:ro :x. 1.7 6ivrdrouvorlrrK{i 'ALl,o

1.2.5 Ylrro]"oytalrxit Kord rfroro rpdno. oUrq),or6tcpor r nol.oyr6t6qitsv Karso'.crrao!6vot d'or va [nopo6v dna,oioq vo trtroiv vror.6E!I|av4s Gnachin instructions) 'i 6,roq )'tlle wol'6q l,(bo,7re p4)pt/ie (machine language). Or evroMe aur6qivor ypap!6v36o l-roperi d$oa Kdravonri at!6 rov ne(6pldorri. trnv ,!por.ap6q flpinlool rc crcrlo{,Fsvo t}.r.povrx{i olollceid Kr6),olqr(ov vrol6v rildv ,rolrld Kor nol,ftrrlo|(aKdr aur6 eiXedpoon ,ri6poon oro K6orog ro! unoLo1lorri. orKovoliaqor oi'fipovor lj,rotlo1lor6g Ertd,oi)\,/ frd 1.6youq tltKpowro)tg (microinstructions) Kar ro!6voq 1piloruorloronvLi1a xar an7.dotrt 6opi 'Ey(r eivar lrla roDqllsKrpovrkd ororleir. lr<poltp'fpo$la (microprogram) pu<povrol6v,I ofioia neprypdqEr r!).ipoq (eptlve6r)lrd ewodKo).oDois

l5

(appli@taon! package) npolpdllord rpror.nv

Br8l@ollrcq tpoypotrudrdv

Et, t,? Ei5! ),ol'olrKon.

I6 o prd sr8rKrl l!tt4 !I1av{q. Kdo lucponp6,pattltd cno0nK6eror iDpo (connol memory) rrlq KEvrpuoiq eivor lrovd6oe.H lviAn ).6y1oo rel.iog dvidprrlrt rte K\,.rprriqpvilnq xar sivor [ra lviBn ,ro].riD\rn),iq ralirnraq. H aworo rrirpo tko|oyrcpKd (firrnware)sivar ouv6wpl rI( iworoq lor ptKponpoypdttaroE KdLrpcvp(i)ver rov ouvbuaol6 u],l(o$ Kor ],o.ylotrroli 6flnt ft.A. $d t1rit14 tltivo yn a|dt)@oq (ROM: Rad Only Menory), nou r!pr6lrrrg lrKpoevroLi( sv66 pr(poftpoyprillaroq. Is FprKo6( uno).olLorcq ra lrKporpoypdtuara tlpdytarotrorotwar aE npoypd.llai('peveE pvti!qptiro tn avdiwo| (PROM: Programmable ReadOnly Memory).Mro 1610ta!vr1pI ivar 6vd o),oK).tpoll6vo r(iKI{'Fd trvrilne. ro onoio ovdloyo F rrq r3rK6e Fropei vo ttpolpoFpoIlolsi dnd rov Koruor(Euaorrl andrricr( rov egapfoyd)v lorr tpia.rt. T6Loq Kdo uro),oyroriq rou oroiorJ I oDL),oyi evro;.6v r!pr61rd1 sE Fvrlpt d.6y1ou, !6vo 1ro avd7voon, ovolrd(rrar t/xpmpoypot4la t6tuoe uno^aydrriq (miooprogrammabl computer)Kdr XopaK.npi(rordnd ulyrll,i rdXftnld ncp,rooidq rdr oIru.d lqfnl,6 x6otog Kctdoruiq rtq KvrprKiE!ovd6dq. Ii

1.3 Xpriol tou unoloporri

1.3.t Tp6nor lrroupyiaq !v6g uEoloyrori To rpd,id xpdvrs cvdmuhq rov n),sKrpovrrdlvutrol,o-rror6vn nEp,doio rov npoypdtFdrov ,tt!6a.lv oetprcxd O 'r,to),oyrodq 6ll.d6i 'rqpyo(6rdv ](docXpovrKrio!(ypri iva p6vo np6.rpafporar u6vo urd !o n6pdqrng rEpyooiog ourori ?oDrpolpdpudroq lnopoio' va ap1iofl rnv nEEEp1aoia rou en6fvou xdrd olpd rlpoypdpparoq.O rp6nog cur6q npoypolpdrov ovoFdoIKE trEepyaoiog xdr loroLpoypsryanolde (monoprcgraming). To [rov6Krrua ornv npinr(oortdDrii ivqr 611 lnopEi va 6Xouglrd !1I dno8orll(]l exret{i}.}"uon iov SleQdpovrlnpdrov D}.lKoi roD unorolrorrl. fro ,rapd5el1!aovdQ6poDrr rouq ou1vo6( ,crrte lp6voug rlq rs\,tprK{g rovd6oq.or onoior oqi}.ovrar6rI feyd}.I 6raQopd isxixrrdq qq t!qplaoioq, o3 o16on Brlv rdXirnra [era0opdq.6r3or6vovan6 rrq neprQprdK6q aL'or\,69 orrtv KEwprxtip!i!rl. Kord rI SrdpKtd ourd)v rov Xpdvov n Kvrplr.i !ov{t6o p6vr dnpdKrn p6Xp1q 6iou reoofv o1rt 6rd0eoi rrlq vta 6e6ott6vd tro rsEsp'fsoia. Me oKor6 Jrla rd7.61pn Kprdl.l,eDon rou u),rKo6 pop!66rrlxe apy6rcpa o Ed.u|tpoypofqaoldE (mukiprogramming). trqv,rpi,lrosrl ourri cXorJF Fra rorJrd;(povqn!pyooia no1.L6v rlpoypajrpdrov, ra orroid FpioKovrdrrlv i6ro 1povrKridflytri xars1oprlpvaorlv KvrprKi pvrirrn. H FdorKi orparl?rnl tou no).DnpoypopUdrrspoi ouviorcrdr orrtv ,rpo-

1',] or{i0ero oDvEIoig aftaot6trrloTtgro! n_Ecp}dorri. Ta npoypdflord Eornv Ksvrprri pviun, Korov6aaplol{nv, no! PpioKovra,KqratrDprt!6va lovrdl, r.drd rov roll,npoTpdpturLo!6, ora 6ldqopa rFipara uLrKoi roL, uno),o7'orrl (n.x. orov ersqp]do.i, ora Kavdl.ro I/o. orrs ouoKu6< Lo63ou,/E63ou K./,'r.) r rp6no r;o!E KderFrila vo Eulrtp!ioe lrd xpovrKi orrypi ro no),n ;vo !6vo trp6.rpqrfo. Edv, yla napdSerlpo.ro trp6ypaFFo A ro onoio onooto).o[o8 rov sTreEpyoori 6v ro! xprdEerdl -rrordroro np6ner vd trspdra)eel p1aavayKoiayro lpovrK6 Srdorllo, en616ii rnv npolrcpar81rrilor ro! A Korox(ijprlot (laorD .ou xovo).loi K2) 66olavrD\, 1o66oD, o.o xpovrK6 rr.opi o neqepyaoriqvd EDrnprrior d!r6 Srriortfd t rlv sKr6tron evro),rbv roL]npoTpdllqrog B. Talr6lpovo oro i6ro 6ldmrtra I Fnopiro Kavdl.rKl vo qLnrpsrirnv Eo6o 6E6oll6var!,ro! npoypdFsaroq C. Kqrd rov noLDnpot patF0notL6 6/ouf ).orndv \]a Kdvoupe )4).q EfteEpydoia ilpoypd$rdrov Kur 6X1u F pr& tt/EL)6onoe pw tt4ori 6'v]ii f.ip. napall4).ia. :rt yvriora napd).h),id ixoupe vd Krivolirs FE rdDr6tpovrl rEEpyooia (n.X. vroSroqopEnr6v otorXi{rrv Lrbv) roLr i610'r npoypdlfaloq. Eivcr qovep6 5n orov noLunpoTpapporlol6npitrsr vq Dndpler 6vuq rrpoocKrrl(dq 6)"suog ovaqoprKdpe rr_cdnortli6cr(. r(,)v rdpdD,n).d eKr).oiuevov rpoypappdrov, o rtriirdro ro! !).rKonKor ouyKEKp4ra\,o rpinEr vd el.anror ro Eiq 'yTov6q: M odon rlE olrriosrq rov npo.r,polsdlov, trord on6 ra 6D'),xp6voq onuoto),olUevorttlilaro !),rKoi) vp.i,onoloiwar 'OIo xdo xpovlrii ofiytii. aDrd ra rpoPLipuro napol.lnlius rou uLlKori alouv dpoo ovriKT'rnooro ot6rdoF6 rou l,oTroFrKo[ororriporoq roD !ftoLoyro i. To ropordv{,r npop}.iirard Elcyxou rpinEr vo avrrFstori (ovral ord ro 1,rro!pyrK6 airrtpa. trov no).unpo.rparFoflo!6 6XoDF eno!6voq 6vov ovrayovroF6r{,rv ouyXp6roqKrE}.o[Jrevov rpo.rpopldrov ovaQoprKdg ro a7larroifrsvddft6 Kdoerp6.rpaplo rlriFaro lj},rKot roU uno].oyrorri. Aur6q o dvrdy.0v,o!6q puepiqeror tLE 9.rart iva o6or4!a npoepo.to4rc\ ro onoio enrpd)", rnv rdr pEraenr{0v dvroyov,(6pv.rv trpo'i,paFFdrrDv. t Kde rp6lpolla cAoptot6v 8iv.or 0716 ro onorillo npo.eparorrirov(rs Pdor rarKfq vroLq roD 1611()!p.rlxoi). fto! ypdqovror mrv spri ror, ,!poypd!!aroq) f,a trporspor6rrlro Edv eopriooup66() npoypdFfdro A xdr B pe rrporepardrrtrcq dvrioroLla pl nd1 p2,6noLr pi >p2, 16r. orltv trpiftr..dn raur6tpovnq anairnon_(ar6 Ewo),aqrov 8i)o rpoypalludrrDv roD i6roDrFliporoq u),LKon, rpol.yirol I Kr6l.on rov \,ro].6r,rou rlpoypdtUdroE A. Eftiolq oqv ,lepinrrDol troDro rp6.l,pdfro B aftaoXoli 6r,0 Xpovu6 8rriorlpo ro rFipo u).lKo[ YI ror Kord tl 6rdpKra ouron rou 8roorritLoroe onqrrti on6 vrol.6qrou npoypdtparoE A ro rapor{ivo rFrlra, rdte 0a 6xoule dpeol 3raKo'fliK1a}.or! rou B vd) ro YI eo 6oeEiyro Euqpaqon tov ovoyK6vroo A. O),a rs nupo'rdv0) Er.],onwar oro tx. 1.8 t1rr] Foioeid 5r5o 6rdypuFpdrov rou oqopofv rrtv cKra).or roiv iSrov pyoor6v orrq 5[o nprrr{i,o8rc, 5r]l,u6i orov povonpoToaUpor,ofd xo' olov rol ' 'rpoypaFForrof6.

l8

X2

CPU

l(2

li A, B. C Ipoypdffdrd Ilp.cpddr1]icq: pl >p2>pl KdldLd : Kl. K2 lI. 1.8 FkralEot npoltdu]rdlov mo IolorpotpdlAofldtd

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-----i

Kdr arov rotrurpolpalloflo!6

Eivar qavp6 6rr qiov rolDtrporpatlFarlo!6 aXou! !14 gioot roti or voi.rKo,/p6\or, rrcl'p/ooioc rr./. Alr. I onoio Unoo'i ouoq vo Livor rr,rKd FrKpdrept o! ha6ei !n6\un Kar o xp6voqnol] np6ooEraarawEiraL en6 ro lewoup,rrd oforlla lto rov a],ylo Kot rov v rv' ouvrovtop6 roL ro).rnpoTpo/uoIlosoi. rIq 6Inc 5'oSrKooro. 'Evdq erqplooias XprlorlorrorEirtrr erSrK6s rLlnoqVu6onapd).).I),Iq mode)rou Dno},oyrori,3n},e6i &dv L'torpE6r .oiu{i )clraDptia(inrelactive rov uno),oyLori(0),. nol,l.oi rpia'q ppioKovrdrrdlrdxpova oe SuiLo,o }1 xd1 1.1.2).trnv upinroon durri Xpnouororirot I rIvtri artehapip@Ie xptjroD(rime sharing),rard rrv o'loiu ofto6i&ror I xpion ro! 'inotoyLorli

t9 ror pd},rora 6 KdeE orov eva fe?d tov {i .o Xpriolil r(l)K}.rKd lpriorn i lto 6va rpoxa0opra#vo lpovr(6 6rdo{!a ti rrtE rdqrterov l00msecrrEpinoD

(tx. 1.9).

!1. 1.9 Aroulp(ot tp6vou (dtd rn 6u1oyr(i

L.rroupTio.

Eftr6{ FEtI 6radprol p6vou va}.},ds6rar Ev66 aprotlot n 3K161orl p1aor6; Kal oro 6rdolrlFa rr.I- rov loomsc {le},oir1or r.X. 106 trpdtKdoXpriortq 61errnv dioolol 6fl Kd6 eprcoio dnadlorlei oTroKllErq, orrKri rov u'rol.o,rorri xar 6rr o unoLoyrorrispyd(rora'rod.srorrKd r'

1.3.2 Tp6'ror rpiq

rou !'loloTrari

O rpd,roq Enrxol(dviaq rou Xprldrn p ro rrp6tpdlpri ron, |(cld rrl drdpKsra Kr6le6lq roD 6etirepou, e[uprdrcr dpou and rov rp6ro neEp,ra6iaqroD rlpoyp{itqaroqon6 rov urro}.oyrorri, 6,roq},alr a,r6 rov rp6no { xpiorlq rou urorororri. TpeK ivor or paorKoi rp6ror e'repyaoiqq npoypagpdrov an6 6vov unololrorri: - Ma(rni et!BEplaoio Oatch processing). - Ala7'oyrxi EnEEpyaola (interativeprocssing, conversational mode). - Erqplooio npdylalrKoi Xp6vo! (real time processing). 2q paAKi ai$epyaoia 8ivorrar ra rpoypdt+ora srov uno).orrorri gE rrl Y1poq6voe 6vu fdyvitrrx6 ltoo KaraX6plote Kar lopqi v6q oov6).oD uqor.iraErvoprlootv,! 9dot 6va o0ornga nporpdrorrirov, El(Ttloriwar d,rd rov Drloloyrdti. Kord rI drdpKera flte EKr6l.Eoqq v6q,rpoypd$oroq o tpidrlc 6v6l1r(alrlricFr(orvsrvic lr ro npdypsHrdrorr r(qrrpr!vl .o

20 d7rorL6oFdrd |terd ro ]r6paq lne t(r].o{q aoD. H antj'oon Epvoiae (throughput)rou uno),oyrori, I o'toid auEdvrat FEIYl poigao tnq rE1vrKiq rou ro}.Drrpotpalls ouoi, [srpdrar orrlv rpitrrodl 1Ie ldqttcrig,rspraoiog! rov dpr0p6rtiv npolpdpldlov rou sKte).oivlol o ourKrKplpvo tpovlK6 SrdsrqIo n.X. o pro t!6pd. Eilat 4 6ldpx a tot) To p6rpo ogrc).d-rtorq tI6 tdqrKiq 7rEpyaoid! KiK)ou &unqptvto4; llum around time) '(or qvapipErar oro Xp6vo trou d'I6 rn XpovrKti orr-/pri o Dnol,o-frorieYtd vo 660r dtro16trold XpErdqeror utroBol.iqv6qrpo/pdl4oroq. H 6rdprardtdt LoDsqu'rnptrrlorls!'!opi vs qv6pxrdro drpq, Kar Eapr{iratan6 rrg t[6pq, ri cr6tr] rct ep6o!d3q orolrioerq rou trpoypdllaroq oE tp6vo Kar !vti[rl, a]ld Kor or!6 rnv nporpardtnrd rol). Ouorxd ta npotpdplota rou Fpioxovrat orlv oopri o.vdloviq$atch queu),ra xrtLrsr, 5v onrdivr 6rr guLdooowot 610 orrtv r(vlpr.ri tv{!rn. H qilo{i rouq livrar ota reprepto{(i [oqtrd ll6oq Kotazdpnonq xor I trclqoop{i roLq ornv \rvlprKri lv'itn livErar tn H snylti nou 0a *lt0onv ord rlv xv.prto1pvdSa rro Etr8qprooid. TivEro,r' DnoBoL'1 r(0v rpotpa[f{ir{0v yro ps(trli sflEepYaoia fnopi va uoiasoro Dro).oyrorrr(6K6wpo. ri tr rI poiorc lne a7(oFaKp!o[6\n( ereqeplaoiae. H ocbrEprl,rept'rfoon, 6rou ro rpotpdplaIa elodYovtal orov unotroyrorrian6 6va oroloKpuot6vo rrpporrK6. 10 oroio oov66eror ss ro oiorlrd !60(,) rnl9ovrK6v ypalldrv rl dllov Kdvah(bv.nrKorv('rzntqtsoia vioq. ivar lvoorri |'( .nv ovogaoid onopaKpt)opiv1-tlattKi (remote batch processing). ErIv rspitrroon ts 'd.oytKic &4ehaoiae o tprlortE FpioKtaLo ouvexti 6rdl'o1o p iov utrol.oyro.ri rcsr Er6rK6r3pa ! ro eKdnore tlpG rnv avopt ene[epyooicq lpoFtd rou. O rpiornq exrrn Suvqt6rnta,Frd oe 8pdorrlpr6rnre or otroi( Kaoopirou rpo-ypdfldr6q rou, vtr rpopaivr nopid Kr6}.onq rou npo,pdlloroq. louv xor ennperi(ouv{i!oo rlv ttt61.orlg 11 ortllri T6roreq6paornprdrnrqeivar I iooSoq6e6o;tivtov np6ypaFta ro anarrior Kar/i rl noi'rl rou ,rpolpdFtaroq Kor 6iav ro poiq npoYpdFFaroq. H 6o[iq tlq rou 6Ei!3pn pivn rponorloinorl rnq trpooorit(n v6ov ri rponoroirlr.x. vo cnrrDxeEi spoornpr6rlrq lrnopei ! eft6)'orl unopx6vrov \rold'v oro npdtparFd. trdvrort(ard rn 6rdpnrd O xpiornq nou ppiorErdl oe 6rd).oyotre ro,rp6ypo[!6 rou [tropei an6 tr}.updq 06dng vo Kderdr trl,toiov rou tr,lolollolri ri vd 0pioKEtaroe on6crqon Kar va oov66rdr tr rov uTro7.oYrorri !s rn Poieeto llq u'yd},n To pootKd1opaKtnpro{rx6 isxvrnie rlg anoloKpuo|lavnqreEpysoidq. srcqpydoittc, Eivdro /.p6roEontiKpto|sGesponse rrlq SraloTucrig F6'y0oq time) o onoioq, ollv trpoKerF6lnrpinroorl avd9aptal olo Xpdvo nor tqg lii\rng att6 rov onolo'ylotri v6eJrrtusooldoi on6 rnv olorlipool viforoq rou lpiorn, rr;Ipr rlv Elqdvrot titq atrd!"rnotq rou utrol'oyrorri

oro rptrsrrKri toD xpriorn. or o,ro6rKloi lpctvor ar6Kprortq, ond eva o[orrlFo Droloyrorri, sivar li,(0v 6.urpol6n1ov (tr.;(. 4sec). trqv rpirn rpi7rrool Xp'ionq ror D'lol.oyrofli,Srllodi orrlv 7rfc.p/aoia npai'lanKo'i )Otjvou,atout vo Kdvouls n(i),r p 6vo ri6o,c8roLollrriq 16po 5v-riverors&u']av8p{i',rou Kar enrEpyooias 6nou 6[oq o 6rd].oyoq rori( a1rdvdl,dptZavie a),).d jrraE6lrlXrvd,v. :uyKKpUAvo o utro).oT (or rlv Ka0o6iytort r.X. napayoyrK6vlrovd6ovi 6106rKoPr1ov aLEyxo ord'v rou Auor|(our66pou l<oryra rov ).6fo oDr6 ivar ouv6s6lt6voe lle [ro oror(srr6q or onoiq8ivorv orpd an6 16rK6q lerptonq euorx6v fyd)v, 610 rp6ypallo napoKo].oionotq.tKoTr6q currirvrrov dSoplvaar' uoeioq rov rldpar!{ivo3e6o!6vov.6i6r ol,v66ooveivar I razirorrt enEp'ydoid 6ors va ).6ne1or n cxr).oit1'vrtoe npo,goflK6 Xpdvo 6ro6lKaoia Kdr ti dl(6fd Kar va droKdnrrarrl Kr6)$otirqq. vbrxopfvogva 61op06vrdr nprnldloelq rrEpyaoidq rrpoyporrKoi) Ip6vou,Ioup t!.1. se !yd)'n 6l(Icon ora 61n),rorripra,.pyoordoro rlapolorri6 ILK1p(Kiq ev6pyrdq, xal.u9orpyia, plodldoro xn!r'.is prolrxavioq xar o 'roD.6q d],].cq rlopdr)-rrK6qpovd6q. noll.oi Eivar esvp6 dfl orrv npinroor rrlq 8roLo,rxiq erEp,ooiaq vo eivar rp[srrK6v Kar va qDrIpsoov63[ivor |16o(D xpriore Ftropotv rorlwdr rour6Xpovd aft6 a!'ov unoloyro'ni. Edv 'i),or or Xprioreovoeepovrdr (pydqovrar) 610 iSLonp6ypqFlo Ooptoy6v(:1. I.l0o), r6re tr).dpE fta tvd o6ot4p(' tit!.o4e eltkotra aq (on line system).TeroroDEidoDe tr.x. orlv npirlroon Kpdrrlo!( 066ovorr_< dponoprolorritalo 6;(oul-r ].oToprdoF(irv, ollv vn!6poon rpxoi!vo]vrpaneqrK6v olrtv K6'c-fpdF[ae, vlF6poon no).rioEov r(or dnooefdrov I('v tlolurdrootnldrov x.o.K. 'Evd Eivar 6rov Kdo xp{oitq d),lo eiSoq 6ral,o-r1Kig rEep'yaoiac avaQiprar oro 6LK6rou rp6ypdlsd noo Kivnrn orryfri srp,d(Erdr (:7. l.l0p). H ,repinroorlauni ouvavldral,r.x. oro navrnorrl[ra, Epe'Jvr]nKd rrwpo. orq lUiFsro dvd,rILEtq vadv rodpuoyrijr oTlq cnrXflpioerc

22

EI. Ll0 !,'dtiroro

o!t6fq

ttr'Ko'ru\ioq

2. Euotripota optOprbv ror otorleia opr0p4nrriq unol,oyror6v

2.1 EDoflipata aprep6v
Kd0s apr0p6q = A d " - rd . _ , . . d .r d o d , - rd - r . . . d - . En) Ev6CoDorilroroc apioptonq pnopei vo roi Drr6rlv a(6l,ou0n yvrKi

261:*d"-1b"|+-

+ d r b r+ d 0 b 0 + d - rb - r + . . + d - - b - '

(2. r)
= dir0lr6e ev6s ouo ilaroq opielnonq : Pdon rou ouorriFdrosapiolrlsrls O > 2, F b cpr0p6rou 6erc5r'(ori ouorriForoq) : l,rlqia rou opropoi: 0<di<b-l =aprel16q \IAiov rlpo rIC uroSraoro),rlg :apropdg vlqiov perd rlv Dno6ld6ro).i hl8i(!)on: tuvrlol ouoripota aprepriv eivar ro dx{tloDea: a) Asr(a6,x6 F Vtqiq ra { 0, l, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} p) ADd6rK6 !s vraia rq {0,1} y) OKroSrK6 ! vflpio td 10,1,2,3,4,5,6,'tl 6) AKaEd6rK6 EnF !6 \naid ra {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B.C,D.E,F}. 6i oro 6eKaea61K6 o[oqsa ra 66Kovrpio rot) 6r(d61xoi 6v apxofv, ouFrr,np6voup rtr Drldl.orno \rnQia (|lE lrpq I0, I l, 12,13,14,15)! ra 6qr trp6ta xEeal,aio ypd$laro rou ).drlvlKot alqdpnrou.

24
Ildpd8rt|lq 2.1 d) 'Eoro 16) = 125.3500) z o ) : I l 0 ' ? + 2 l 0 r+ 5 1 0 0 + 3 1 0 - r + 5 1 0 - , 'Eoto zG)= l00ll{r) P) z o , + 1 .2 4+ 0 . 2 !+ 0 . 2 2 + 1 .2 1 + 1 20 = E02.4( y) 'E6ro zrb) 16) z & ) = E 1 6 ' ) + o1 6 r +2-160+4 16-l 2.1.1 Maiarponri dpr0lof z(tr) a zo0) H ularporni /vror tr Pdort.nv 'rapdordol (2.1)apKivd 0opn0o6v 10 Vne(o di, roD ouorrifaros F Pd6I b, (DCdprolroi rou 6exa6rxoi ollorrltdroq. flapdaqp(l 2,2 'Eoro z(b) = E02-4(r6) d) z 0 o ) = E 1 6 ' ? + 01 6 r +2 160+416-l = 14. + O . t 6 r + 2 . l 6 0+ 4 . t 6 - r t62 = 14.256+0+ 2+ 0.25:3586.25rr0r P) 'Eoro zG) = l00l0lp) \ n \ = 1 2 5+ 0 ' 2 4 + 0 2 1+ l ' 2 1 + 0 2 1+ 1 2 0 = t.12*0*014*0* | =37rrol 2.r.2 MErarporni axfpdrou aproFof \tu oe z$l

H prdrporni rov aKpaiov 66Ka6rr6v uprolrdiv oe apr0!o6q d).l('v rpdrc tpd{pris (2.1) v6q ouort[dr(Dv. pooiq8ra' '!'i]'r orov 'ro].,xDvuprK6 'Esro ap.e!o6. o 0pr0|I6e zro = dn-r b''r + :' +drb'+do Q.2,

ourdv rov oprold 6ivovror ra z q, b Kdr (nroiwdr ra di, i = o(l)n - l'l Me rn po{o.d lou oLrilaroq Homer I ropdotdorl Q.2) lpdqEr . = zrro td n - r b ' ' '* - * d r b ' * d o =d0+b(dr+b(d, +b(dl+ . + b d " - r ) ) . .) (2.3)

i:

. M m d,FFo1l6!6 i=ir(i,)il i = i r , i r + i 1 . i J+ 2 i : , . . . . i r .

6rrd'vo!!.

qv

ak6lou0n uFdgoli

roD 6iKr!

25 O ,rpoodroproFdg torv di llvsrcr Fc Fddrl rnv (2.3) 06 4tlq: l) ArdrpotlE rov z-(ro)610 b + do (undl,olno brotpeolg) 2) To nql,lro dr +b(E +b(d! +.- + bdr-r ))-.) to 6rorpo$p,rdl.r p b + dr (Dndtorro 6ra{polq) .

n)

+ d._,

To t1,uralo Flpa EIqoviqgtar 6tav o 6tatpet6o eivar lrrrpdtpog toD b xar erop6uD6 GaouperqTLiKo 0 xcr ur.d?Lornod" | _ tq o$v6Xta dlvouI og egcpFoTi trl |rEtmporni evdE aproloi zrjo) oE 6!uv n.I. rErpa\riqro crbpdro oro ottoqua pc FdoI b. EOapporrl

=do + b(dr+ b(d, + bd3)) zoo)

-,--l

Elnporrr|i ropsia ar,y6pr0FoD .htb -- q nr6 . do

ao

ar=dr+b(d2+bd3) a2=d2+bd3

d\zo.,
di:b=a,

Dr6L. dl
uri'l. d.

{=u'"-u
zlrq= d3d2d1dqu, IlapdScr1|r! 2,3 c) Nc Fstarpar!t o apro|l'ig 44tot o 6Dddrx6 42:2=21 u'ror. 0 (do) )

o,

2 t : 2 =l 0
5:2= 2 2:2= |

l 0 : 2 =s " o ( a z ) l
" " | 0(d4) | I (dl)

r (dr) I

= l0l0l0@ 42(rq

t:2=0

"

t (dr) J

F) Na Ferarpant o aproFd( 44ro) 6s 6xaqc6rr6 42:16=2 ur.ol,. l0 (d") | 12no)=2A.'6l 2:16=0 " , c;; I

26 2.1.3 Merorporni 6Exa6tKof xfidlotog O{])poiF ro 6EKa61rd x)'dopa 21o)-[z1o)]=.qro) Aur6 ri0etqr otl fopqti .\tq 6. -z$l

. q r 0 ) :d - r b - r+ d - 2b - 2+

*a-.1-'

ti

+b-,(d_,+ ..+b-'|d-.)) .) .z 0): b-'(d_r

(2.4')

trov oprep6 Inq 'rdpdoraons (2.a) 8ivovral ru .Ero) ror b Kor qrlronwar dDr6v'yivrar on6 rrlv (2.4)oq l(-l)-m. O npooaroprof6c ra dj, i: 1iq: - no}'roricorri(oupe xar ro 6io ll6),n rns (2.4) ,!i b + d-l - Araypriqolll +b-'d-.) b-'(d r+ ro d-r Kor !o u'r61,ou!o ) to t!dL1 tri b + d-, K.o.r. tro].lon1'oordEourrs O du6pr0poq 6roK6mEralir av ttoDFe utrolo'yiorfvav lKdvoflotrlrlK6 apr0!6 vrlqiov. ire ov fr{i rov no7'tran}'oorooI6 I ro b 6vnpoKntr|r EQqployri. Mrorpo,!{ sv{tc opropoi .z 0) o 6vqv opr0[d, [ rpio ryrlQis ped rnv t)7loSrootoli, oro oianlFd |le pdon b.

: b-r(d-r+b-r (d-2 +b-r d-r) .200) -I...;-: +b-rd-r) 0-r: b-l(d-,

Ilruarrxi nopis ar'T6pr0Fou a-r'b =d-r ro-2

,,..

oiz.b:d-+d-r
;--''

u-r: b-rd-,
'Apd .z(iq=.d-rd-2d-irb) 2.4

o4ro:o.+o

Ilapd8srlFd

o 6xo6o6tr6 d) Na ttsiorpo7ri o cpr0p6g 0.8251111

0.82s-tb -j)J-o.2

i,rZi,',
'Apc = 0.D33...1rr1 0.82511e1

p) Mmrpo,ni rou 0.03125{10) oe 6sKd.lo5rr6 0.03125.16:0 t0.5 0 . 5 - ' 1 6 =8 + 0 'Apo =0.08(t6) 0-03125(q

y) Msrorporni tou 0.?ro) o 6ua6rrd 0.2.2=0 + 0.4

n.5!fio."
o.r5!i.o.u
ol51t +o.t

o'51{*o.o
x.l.n. navol,qrFdvowornprodrKd rc 4 ftpolloflvo 'APa 0.410) = 0.001 l00l 1...(,) nopd&qra 2.s Mclrrpo'nl ro! 213.0410, 06 6xdEBa6lx6 oprolld. MErarporr{ oxpo{oDF6pouq: 2 1 3 : 1 6 :1 3D r o l .5
Vlei(t.

n16= o t:not.tt
MErorponi roD 6xo6rrof Kl.doFoloq:

--_yro.64 0.04-t6 0.64:ie:n + o.24

oloa{a{+o.a+
,"o:i{{+
..

o.*

'Apd

:D5.0A3D...(16) 213.{X(ro

28
2.1.4 M'rstpontq dpt0l6v |l3lag6 duoflttrrit(Dv lrs DddK 6Dvd,req roD 2

fro rIv trrpitrrdon Uctotpon6v !.tqEri 6io or'olttdrov. r(nv oroirov or ivur 6Dvdtcrc?o! iSrouapr0!o6. Loltiouvr6roizepo orrLoi Ksv6vsq. Pdoerg cv6rap;por'vlerotponaq FEroqn tuv rprdv oDorrudrov troug Dtro),oyrorie 6uoSrKo'; O = 2r ), orrobrKoi (b = 2r) xor 8rrarEa8rrof (b:24). H arKol.io rov F.'rdrpo,16\'dtrrd,v oro ]clov6q 6ft undpxrr duqruovoBdoi_(Erar rov rpr\y'iqrov 5Do6rK6v oprord,v(iprdoira\.,rn avrrororxid rou ouvdT,ou Kdr lorr 5ov) ! ro onvo),orov ryrlqiov rou orfts6rKo6ouorritoroq, KdodJe o'rvd).ourov rErpo\yriqrov6ua5rK6v apr!6v (rrpd3(0v) ro orivo).o iov 11 (nivoKeq qovEp6 rou 6Kaqo6rKoi ouorlildroq 2.1 Kor 2.2). Eivor \rneiov 1,or7r6v 611or grdrporleq ,r.1. lnoporiv vo t reuIooriv I ovTtKardo.rdon KdSs oxroSrKon, ovr. 3Kaea6rKoi) ar6 rov roo36vop6 roD 5uo61K6 Vlqiou, opr0u6 Kor avriorpoqd. nivd|<aq 2.1 AvlororXio Vneiov oxra6rKon ! SodSrxo[qaproloiq
Yreio orlo&xo duq6rx6q (trui6!)

0 I 2 I0 4 5
6 7

000 001 0t0 100 tor

| l0 lll

fliyaKo4 2.2 A!,ftororxia vlqiorv 6sKs4o6rKo6 ! SuaSrKoiqdproroiq

0
I

0 2 l 5 E 9

2 l 5 6 7 8 9 l0 tl t2 I] t4 l5

D E F

0000 0001 0010 00lr 010{ 0l0l 0 0 0l 1000 l00l t0l0 IOII I t00 I t0l lll0
llll

29 'Evag oq eEils: on6 rnv uilo6rooro},i xor o8novrtrq rpoq ra 6eqr{i Kol'rpoq EKrv{nvroq td aplorpd otrltori(ouF rprdSq(avr. rerpdSq)\t'rtqirov. qKpoiq Edv xprd(eraroupr).tp6vor,! rrq (pl ft7"ip8rq) rprd6eq(ovr. rrpdSeg)Vlqiov p |lllSEvr{ri. 6LEE nq rprd6((dm. T8rpdss_() AvnKogrmoripE Fs ioo6nvdtq Vnqio roo oLiorlifaro(. oxrsSrKoi (avr. 6EKa8ia61{o'l) 6uabrx6qopreFdqprorp6rroro oxroSrK6(avr. SeKuEd6tK6)

IldpriSrypd2.6 = l 0 l I I I 0 0 1 . I 0 l1 0 0 ( n = 5 7 1 . 5 4 ( s r l0lI I1001 .I0lI(r) l0ll(?): lF9.Bo6) IIIII1001.l0ll1):0001 I I I I 1 0 0.1 ve prorp6vou! 6vov oKroSrK6 Avliorpoipa 6rov t!p6{e1ra1 {d\rr. 6exaEonorrlpo, r6re ovnrcsroronpe xdoey19io rou Ea3'x6)oprep6o.o 6ua6rxc5 oKruarKon(ovr.5KaEo5,xoi) opr8tlof rc rov 1oo66vo!6 rou lprvriqro (avr. rErpoviaro) 6ljd61l.6apr0!6. opd6rT,ra 2.7 0l l l l(2) 6 7 2 . 4 5 ' 7 $l \l : 0 l l I 0 1 0 . 1 0l0 : I l0ll l0l0.l00l0lllr:r = 0010 20.ABfl6) 0000.1010 l0ll) :100000.10t0101r(r) dpr6!r66e bKaEoT6log 6rdv 06lou[E va l8rorpivoDl18;vdv oKra31K6 Err6 ({ar dvriorpoea), np'net rptit'u o 6va v6rd}1oo Priro va Frorp6\yorir rov oxro6rK6 i rov 3KuEo5rx6 o 6uo5rr(6dprep6. po 2.8 IapdSsrT .01l c) 432.3r$ : 100 0l I 010 = 000t 0001I010.0 0e,= llA.61rot 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 l l0 I l(2) 3A.4F0= 6) = 000ll I 010.010 0t I t10t1)= 72.236f;)

30 2,2 Ilopriotaoq 6e6opdvorvotov uroluoForrl

2.2.1Boorxt6woug
H 'ropddrdor rrrv 66o!6r,ovos 6vdv u,lolo,ror{ 'rpot!a1o'!o1eilar, dr!o( ivdr Tvoor6, ar!6 PqorKd ororlia, ra onoia lropor]v vo n)'xrpovrKri ;xoDv 6no !6vo Karosrdolq. Kor aur6 ylori tilv oftors6irror xpovrKri orryti. Kdonl,xrptK6goy0ry6g v6guro),o'fr6tri, lttopi vo ,ropouordqr 6vd o[vo].o ord0p6v rr,ld'v nlExrprKig rdarlq. rllri ar6 6110 Fdvo lio KdgE 1610100sorr6 ororXEio o\totdl|rar 6L)ot|<ti6tott {o, or 6E 660 (aroordoere rou ouppori(ovror !e "0" Kdr "1". 'Evo otorrlpa ro onoio tpnorpororeirsr yld qv nopdoraol trlrtpopoprdrv Kor rou onoiou ro podrrd oiFpola ivdr 6110 (n.X.0 '(ar l) ovordqeror,Da666otioqta. Ko.0E 6va o'r.i ro 6'ro61rdoDrd Fdor'(d ouool'a ovopd(rdr ,t (binary digit). flapdl.l.rt7,un lrxp6rpn lovd5a Kordxi,prlorlqnl.npoeopr6v orrt svrilrl vd( u'loLo,rofli eivor, 6noq )'6pe,9op6os rltpoqopiaq evdq bit. frE rqv nopdoroorl oupp6).ov(\rnqiov, Tpolldrov tdr r6rx6v0o!106l,ov) a,roLrsirsr 6vaE xa0oplog6voeoprgs6Ebits. At!6 rov opr0p6 aurd iaprdrdr rdoo ro oivolo rov ttsprorqrivov oll[06],ov 60'0 ror rl or(piord rrtq ropda.aong rov apr0p6v. fla oul'cEKputvou( apr0foie bits ixor,v Kaorcp'rociror awiotorlcq fworcg: lbyte = 8 bits I ntrtr64n : 2 bytes: I 6 bits I l6qn = 2 nllrrfqElq:4 b]1es= 32 bits Avdloyo pE 1ov fllno rou urolo}loni frrop8i Lro xrJ\,6rrllv{ptg \.q 6ter 6tlvol6irFo rarox6pnanq rl.npoeopidq v6q byte, praf lrrrttc ti praq Mqrtq. To Ep6rtrro rd,pd sivduroq ra oirpol,o !'ropotv vo qzsrKovrdrorlv o aKol.ou0i6 bits. 'Eoro = S lsl ,sr....,s.l 6vu'!nEpoo!6vo odvolo ftor ro l,tv9 dedq4ro. M S* oulpoliqoup ro ofvolo dLov rov,li{.o, ulrpdvoauroi rou a}.AdPrlro',: S r= { s is " N. s! S,j {1,2,...,n}} I in , i1...s Iro orivolo S. opiqrar ror it npoororprorrl(llnpdrl " o" fsrq46 6rio ('q Er'19: l6Eovwt =sirsir...sie rqr w, =sjrsjr...sjq
W j = W t o W 2 = s i rs i , . . . s i es r r s j l , . , S j q

Elriortg ew6q io! orv6loo S* oopoilr xdl rnv fftopqr] lng xvriq ttn6

'Eoro = 1nv onoid outPoli(oulr pE. B {br ,...,b,} tva alqdFnro 6ra0opfiK6 rou S. Kdo onrxdvror I S*-B* {e} ovor&CEr Ka'ftoltoi1oq. Eivar Aovp6 611 6vos rtroroq opro[dq rtq Ko8r(oroirlsrlq Eivdr,To].n yvrr6q.l<oL 6Xrro prLovEKrlrq6rr enEr6iro S. Eivoravs prl ,rnpao!6vo dn6 6wv re,rpdof;vo a].]dpropo. oivo).o 6ev trnopi]vrxd vd xaSopLolei opi(o'rlE rrlv Ko6rKofro ro ldTo d!r6 orrlv,Tcproxri rov Lir!o).o'/ror6v roinol orqlro dlarlovooifdwn onrKdvron f:S- B*-{l (SCS.). lrnv (code)r4c rpinrodn aurri ro onvoro {f(st), i = I ( l)m } ovold(eror x.rd,xdE x@StKoltoinots f, ft 6. olorxio f(s,) rou oov6iol' x.rrrxiq ,lit.rs. Av to B eival 6roi!,ol,o n.t. B={0.1} 16r o K66rxsq ovoldqror duad',(dc. I r otiv61erd0a ddJoouu rouq o,rou6drdrpouq 6ua6rxoug K6SrKse no! IpnoF |lonoronwar orouq 0ro].o/ror6q.

2.?.2 x66rxoq - ASCII :flq 06orq roliq (rLKorvovioq) r(0v orroxeo6vrod8ou-eq66ou !s rov 'rnol.oyrori alld Kor yrq rnv Urqqi r{!v l/O-ouoxud,v, rlrrorvovid, rpnoruo,rorrirdr ouviooq o ASCII (d'6troc (AmericanSEndard Code for Informarion Interchange). lrov Kdr6r|(o oD16(Iivqraq 2.1) d7rrKovi(owar 2?: I28 ontpo),oor 7-d6qbits. O ASCII-r65rra .ivdl e^o!6voqava oril.eq rou ASCII-nivoxd rapd6er,gav6q7-bit xdr6rxa. Or 6no np6rE nplalouv ofpoold 10 onoia equrlnperonvrnv nrKorvovia, xard rn ptaeopd t&,v 6s5o!6vov, !raqn rov I/O ooxu6v, ra06s '(or p61oEi our6v xor rng (vrpuiie fovdSos. t ivo byte-Dxolorrorri, orov onoiov (oqWoor6 I prKp6rpn6uvarri 8 bits;XouA npoorlEtrdoul rov{i6d lvritrlq eivor ro byte, F ro 6rae6orpa 23:256 6uvar6rnrEeKo8rKonoilotq. trrlv nEpirroo! nou IprtorFo,rorneoiv lr6lo ro 7 bits rou byte yro rnv xo8rrotroirtort ev6qoDrFdLou,16r rropEi 10 61600bit vo tpndrFioeLyrd lov 6)61xotuX6v oedl4rdloq xqrd ltv rrrdgopd ttq nltpogopidr. Mro ouvrlotolavn E0o6oq dvilvuonq oqslldrov Eivar o typg toot4tiog (parjty check). npdxerrar yro rov av 1o t!).i8oSrsrv Vrlqiov 6lylo rov Vrlpiov evdgbyte,Trs va 6ram61oei check)ap18|1E. fe rrv rui " 1" ivar dp o( (evencheck)i np1rr6.(odd fra ro o(ord our6 ftpoorioerar oln 06on.ou 6y6oou bit;vo enutl;ov 6ua5rx6\,ngio I rrsi tou otroiouxoorord rov ouvohxd qpr0p6rov VIAiov p rr!'i "1", rou byt, dpflo (evenparity) i neprrr6 (odd parity). To d16oo bit ovoldqeIal ollv nepinroot a.rrfi SDaAEd ti4eio roortpioc@aritt tir\.

32
nivaxoq 2.3 ASCII-xr;5rrcq (lSO 7-bit code)

ooo
;\
,5:'

O O . , 0 r' o 0 t' I

-0

to,' tto 5
6

tt,

\'l

0 ",l-$tulF o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0
1

2
SP

NUt

oLe
DCl

3 o
,| 2 3
4

7
P q

e
o
B F b d

soH
ETX EOt ENO
ACK

sTx oc2
oc4

c
D

s
T

I 00 1 a o1 0 0 1 I

BEL
B S - CAN
H

000 I 00 9 0 0 10 0 I ,| , 1 1 I o .12 1 0 I ,| 0 1 4
I

EM L F , SUB

z
K

ca
sl

so

ESC FS GS

{ )

I 1

o
?:001I llll:(3F)16

D:0100 0 t00= (44)rr tip0old l.6rXou:

SoE Start STi( stalt t01 o! ts..dir8 ol 4.rt

End o! 4Bn.Et.r1on

DI,l DC Nr,8 S$ lrB q Sa

Data ltn* l3cap. D.r!c. Coltrol tl.grttrr rcknotl.da. SyDcbroBoud IdI. Elit ol lhndlB.ton lnil o! I.iUE aub.tltut. chl$ct.! il1. s.p.Eto! O!@t S.t.Fto. l,.co!n s.p.dto. lrrlt S.!aBto! D.1rt. (rqb out)

B1..k

BEl, B.1l m vt cA sr Eoll,;trtrl v.!t161, CaElrA. s!1tt-1! |butrilo! L!u1.!lo! A.tuE

lS OS RS !S Dal

ll

IIapd6rylo 2.9 8. 7_ 6. 5. 4. _',t. 2. r. bit Q=l D=0 odd paity I Q=0 D=l I I I | 0 | 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 I 0 I 0 0 0 0 I 0 0

rdorrtia_(lnopoise 0rofa\,o)q Mr rov rapd,nivo 6L7Xo vo dvrtveriool]pe in )tjqo.ctoortttiot (patir\ error) os KdOe ori!po).o. AL,r6 frsqp6FEVo ouspdn,r dv 8Lanrord,oor,s np,rr6 nl.ieoc \nipirov rs r(tui "1" orn 6r,06rK'itrapdoluon s dprro roo1tsio. ri dprrou 'ririoot,Eoe !,d ndpdoroorl Pe rEprrlri Lsoruia. 2.2.3X65rxo6-EBCDI x66rxoq o orioioqxptorfororeirar xupiog.rra rr}, ootpLkri 7!dpdoroonrov nhpoAoprrlv orov lnotroyrdrri eivar o EBCDI-KoSrKoq (nivaKoq2.4)(Exdended BinaryCodeDec;mal Interchange-Code). Mropei (8-bit cod) nivuxsq 2.4 EBCDI-X66rK0E 'E\,oq

rlt

.E

'1"-:
I

=(C4),r D = l l 0 00 1 0 0 =l6F)16 ?:0 0

lTflTfffl

'0,"

!!' byr. lnlLblte lr6fli5q)

f4 Tru rr! enrKorv.ovieq I/0 ouoKu6vtro66 09dro vo xpnorfonorneEi Kar Ko6rx6q l6gErqrov O x66rraq aurdq nptXr roug xor [s rov Dno],o-rrorri. qrrt ro 2r = 256ouvohl(d onppola. tlou 8 bits, /ro rnv nspdoraol Kdovds [nopori,vvd rlopaordeoiv. orouq byte-otto}.o,ror6q Kar rdtairepo aurd( tpnoLpotror6irdr O K{i6rKdq pdorl p.rdqrar ro 5Kq3rK6 oe exivouq,rou n u'roloYlortK{ j.rovd6s ! orlwolo rr]v ttdpdcraort6eKa6rK6v oprold'v p srioqla. Oa np11pd'{ouft q Eoiro rou EBCDI-x66rxo, q ou!'ra.ri ,ropdcoorl apr0p6v. Koe6q ev6( byte. noprioroon rou rpre:(olr6voD Kor rt SEKaEaSrrli o) Ildpdorddrt Wqi@v, opro|r(iv rot trpoctfurot) fra rlv rtrpdoroon vrlgiov tprtouofloroi!'rdr Id!o or bit-06orq0 60)q (nivEKaq 2.5). 4 oq 7 du!tr)'Ipd,vovrar ! ltovd6Eq 3 v6q byt. Or 06oLq opropoi nqpiorovtor, tr rrl Poiora rou EBCDI-K66IK0, pE Or 6Ko6rKoi byts!o Ko06vo dt!6 ro orloia ro yvoord rp6ro,6nlo6i !e lra oxoLouOid dvrrororli o. fro orrYKel(prlftn 6KoSrni 960lntvuKdc 2.5 nopdo"rdoq Vrlgioiv 6xd61xoi oUorrilaroq
EBCDI ll ll ll llll ll lI llll ll ll ll 1654 nopd6ry|ld 2.10 A / v o E r qb y t e s . . .

0000 r 000 0010 00 0r00 0t 0 l 0 lt 0 0 | lI t000 t00l

0 I 2 l 5 6 7 8 9

3210 {t'ir-0aorq)

lr8 | | t I i 0 0 0 | t r r I I 0 0 0 0I I I I I 0 0 t 0
317

r r i 0 0I r

!o VrlQio rov OudrKd66;Xer raooprori 6rr ro byte 317 trpr616r itlqio r(Dv EKolovrd8ov K.o.x. To trp6srtfo ro byle 318 ro Ir),r{i6ov, orrq bit-e6orq7.6,5 ropiorqrar oro byte rov Fovd8ovrar ot)yrrpr}rva

35 Kdr 4 aurof. Orflxoi dprepoi reprtXor]vorrq 06oaq aur6q rnv axo)"oueia ll II i 1100, svdr spLeFoiq tld roDqopvnflKoiq tplorponoriror I dKolou0i0 I l0l. nopd6.tlFd 2.Il
,|| | 000| r ril i 0000
tI i 0 0t 0 It00 i 00tl

=+ to::l
tl

000r

lI

I t0l

i oor I
= l02l

B) turruyri6 'ropdoracrt opror(iv ]-ra rK apretrlrrKSq rpdqrq oro 61|(06rK6 ofsrl!o xprlouororirallra e'3'xrl llopgi 'rupdoraorq r()v dproudJv, onoia ).o!pdvrundVit rr'tq!6vo r rrq bil-86aErr 0 ao( 3. v6g byle,or onoiq KornepraXoDv rnv 6ud6rKi xo6r'Eror npoKimet t ).E16rqr\ oDlnaiiE Kotroilcn rov 6xodrr(6!vnqiov. ltopdotaoq(packed).trlv napdoraol ouri rdo byre rpr6xcr611() vlqia. ro 3e np6otrlo ppioKro' ndvror orn 6eErdrrpd6a roD r).urqiou byte. nopd8trrro 2.12

r0 0r00 i o0

00|l i Il01

ODorK{ianapairnrt civar xar rl dvriorpoqrl tirorporni,nr6)irro va eKrunoeonv ra onor8liopars oftorov8rlnore l)nol,olror6v, np6nrnd).r va prurpd,rorlvotn lopQi tot' EBCDI-x66rra. Eivdr Aavpd6rL n llIarpotrri dr,rri yivror axo),orr0(i,\,raq rlv ovriorpoqn nopeid. I]apdS8lrpo 2.13

+
000t i 0000 0 l 0 r : l l 0 0

||

i0001

ri

i 0000

I t 0 0i 0 l o t

l6 :s nol,laq y).6ooqtrpoypdlFdtroloi or prarpotrt( an6 q lio loppi tor' npoyprillsroq. orlv dIl.I tivovro'!c Ewo).6q v6q blt ,iopri61adqlou ttsprslop6voo T) H 6Ku6o6rr|i ivar Ilo)rl,tq qop6q. r,a 6rdaopou6l6youq (7r.x.dvd(irton 7'oed,v), bytes ttq ro trsprexdFcvd ev6g opr0lon va rKrutroeorlv avd,KI ]rvipne. fra raravdncrtq, 10 neprEl6pElorrridqKor uKo}.6rprlq l,6youq|(d}.}.ilEpnE lorq popai, al.l'd tls lrld avrivo r('v bytes6evr(rt"r6vowar u ln 6uu5r'q1 H ovrrororlia oorri tivar '!0).6 arli xor odoi(erar orortn 6KoEEa6rroi. oro Y1ov6g,nou ti6n 6XoD!ovu96pr,rirt o Kdo 6to6rxi t3.pd6a aDotriuaroqapi0lnolc Evrrororli axprP6q 6vo \rnqio ro! 6KdodrKori t(dr dvfl61pde.oq(gl. nivaro 2.2). napddlylu 2.14 i) neplx6pvo rrvrirneI o 6xd5r{dq opr0p6q"9152" A/voerq byts... 4ll 414 415 416

I
Em6ttuorl

t it00l lnr i00rt un i0t0l r ri0010

,!/,G==dpr0!6e "-9352" o 6Kd6rx6q 622 623 624 621

ii) nsprxdpvoFv{!te: A/vorq bytcs...

llll i roor ll|l i00

EKrIrl!)oI

l0t0l I I0l i 0010

iii) nepEx6rvorlvrilnq: "CODE" A/voq bltes.,. 125 | 100 00tI

"l/,(A
726 '727 728

EKrnnoorl

\>, LZA

r t o ti o r r o l r o oi o r o o r r o o iotol

Eivar r6loq 9avEp6,drr i oTrotobuonoirlon Fraq rlroroq xriroolE, trprelol6vov bytes.yivrar eiKol,a p r.t 9oioro toD nivaKa 2.2 xar roD EBCDI-K(h6rKs(nivsKuq 2.4).

31

2.3 ltorleic 2.3.rlvrxd 'Onoq

cpr0prllrriq

uaol.oyrct<irv

avaeaptl ;vaqunoloTroriq'lepyd(srqr on[Bola, i6n 6raoL,s

rd o,roio 6xo!v K{r6rxonorIoci06 !rd nrnpdo!;\,r aKo},oLioio 016 biis, to oraeep{ !iro( rI( oftoioqFErpdroroe }lrKp{ino}.),d,tdoro rou Byte.KdBE. oe !il(o(, Fopqi KoSrKonoiIotq '!rrp6nEr }ldvov rlv Kr0SrKonoitolev6c ora06pof opl0lof SraaoprrKdrv or,!Pd),ov,r.rv onoilrv o p6yroroqopLopde eivur 21. 6rov oeopisouuE pra oKoLoooiabits FriKoosL. Eivel ,roEvoq eovp6 drr ).6,10ouriq r!g lopqiq Ko6rKonoit6te p6vov 6ve Frrpci nenepoolrEvo unooLlvol.o iou R |rnopeivo napdoraoiorov L,fto).o}lori. Aur6! o npLopro!6qodny8i o pqorKiq 8rioxeprq Kard tn 3Lio./.iyi r(ov apretlrrK{iv uno}.o}1otrd'v to!,L,ro}.o}Lorri. Kor oLrrd oDpBaivr avrigero s trpoq rtv ovoFaoia roD, t pdol tnv onoiq 0a repi!v Kdvsiqva civsr r8(oirepa Kdrdll{}.og -rro apr0glrrxo[q uno).oyrdFoiq. To onvolo tov ftpaylarrKdv apt0!6\'. or otroior ftapiora\'tdr os ar,av uno).oirorri.o6sqovs p Frq ouyKKpu6utxoSrKo,roindl.Kd).eirdr orivol,o apflldr !4/aria. Kd0e r6roroq npdlloflxdg dpr0t6q nopiororcr, xard xovitvd. Dn6 popei Kn'n4: ono6n6td,i;. Er6rr6rpo.Kdoedpr0!l6qx R lnopci va tropoorqoi.og-rvoo.6!. oe evo oidrtpa aprldrv o'iq,c b. un6 rI! dx67.or0rlrop'pri: r-,drdn dro! *i+, r...dr4 d d -. =.Zdrb'
l.n

(2.5)

y r o x d e ek K a r d " + 0 . i.0<d!<b-l H rapdoraorl aLirri Kq),Eirar ndpdoraa\ Kti'ntiEDnoSn'td,ie Ku Ei\al povooipovrn av nrnl.aov rolter d1(b-2 yro dnlporo d.rioo< k. H !no51a6ro1,i.ortv nupdmoon 12.5). oe onora8inors lrltopci vd F.roAp6ei 0aon m0Dtoilr dpKi !o noLlonldorddoulL! l1e kdroro rdriiunln 6iivaprl rnq Pdor]q b. Av Ftca6por,tr rtv ! o8rooroli oprorepd rorl d. (d,10). rdr pr),dp ^ttd Kawftonorqqiyq Mpdord64 Ktvrtie Dno6&on),iq, on6I[ iXorrtE ' r - m-.b':-.0.dndn ,...d,dud-rd-:.:. b O opreA6q m - : : . 0 , d . d " , r . - . d r d o d - r d - r . .!. d " + 0 Kol.tir.rrtapaKr1ptouKi (manrisse) Kdr o dkcpqroqapr0tld< c: : n + I .ndj-

(2.6)

l8 !4t lle rapdoraonq (2.6). H Xopal(lrlprolrrrl rxcvorori ,rpoeov6g lil

o"voirn

b-i<lm-l<t
2.3.2 EiaqFo xrvrttrig |Jno6rddtoMs Opro,t6q 2,3.1 To onvol,o MCR pd(rroot oprrr6v x=m.b. 6lov rov Dn6 rovovrKonorlU6vqr!s-

(n: = Idpqrtrlp,onKi) drc.

A +Ldrb-k, *c{+,-,, m : = . 0 , d r d ? . . . d :n =0<dk<b-lV nlN, l<dr<ber<e<, !r l. k=2(l)n, t(dr e,er,2Z

er<0, e2>l

no! napiordmor e,ri vdg unol.oyrorri Ka^xilat 66.t14panynde ono'nototir. To onarqpo a'rrd ou[9o].i(Erdr tlE M(b,n,er.e,) (rl an].d Fr M). To oro'xeio 0 qv'ir' oro M Kar rivar o dpr0|16e 0:=+0,00...0b',. Ilapo.tpriorq ,4,16rov trapdndvor oprsp6 r(porinrr 6rr: - npoipav6q rdfir: MCIR. - K{ioe x c M ,roprordvEr oKprp6q 6vav npotFa x6 apr0r16. - frd rov xa0oprot6 v6eouoiriudro! nvni{g u'ro6raoro}.ie anurleilor n yvd'ol roodpov ndpdl6rpov 6rtlo6i lov b,n,er rsr er. - rra rr xdpoxrrlprorrKri roXn,nriwore b-r(lml(1. -:m M a!rl'(o',v or opreloi 0 Kqr l. - VxcM <+ -xcM. - H frioq flgi rou m ylq sroopd b rdr n ivor n E{q:
m-", = Ltb-l)b-r=l-b" ,r.*"r, UUr-To, apl|ldg x-i, G M 8a npoK[rlrer yrd = e2 Kcr 0d " ivdr o oK6l,oD0oq: x h d r= ( l - b - n ) b r : . :uv'r6e 6l.or or aproloi Krvtfliq u'rodradlol.'iq ppiorovror oro 6rdoit( l - b - i ) b r 1 l r ( o r i v o r o u l } r r p l K dr a r d v l r l f 6 \ . 1 co l g ta t-(l-b-")be,
I

l9 rou eK06rn npof 10 0. H 6r nurvdrrtrd rouq ldrr6vrror auqavopvou to116, flpdtaol 2.3.1Edv or ttopd!lpor b.n, er,e2 rvdqouordtorosM(b,n,r,e2 ) Eivor yv(l)orac,16r ro olorl$ r!prflr 2 ( b - l ) b " r ( e , e r+ l ) + | dproFor{ KLvrtl{s uno6rocToh1e. A'rd6.rh To \yrleiodr lnopi vo ldp( b-l61oaopr1K!q1lFlg.nr5i1 Kdoe 6 v do n 6 r a l n 6 l o r f l an - l V t p i a d r , k : 2 ( l ) n l<dr<b - 1, vd) Inopi vo ldger b 6rdqoperlK6(rr!!q. tuvrnd'< 0a lndrrXouv

( b - t 1 t "'
).atpdvowar 0116 61000polrx6S Ex06iEe ro lapoxtnprorlKfq. Or aK6poror 6rdornfo [r.er]. Etroll6v0ie7r' autd ro 6rdsrlFa npoxi'Iier n),i6o( dpr6[d,v ioo r er-e, + l. tuvn6q 0d undpxsr oro orircnso e\rdn].ieos oellKdtv opr0!6v ioo rlpoq ( b - l ) b ' - r ( e ! - r+ l ) . Ady{r rd'po rrle orllerpidq rov oprepdv r,rsrpog ro 0 eq 6toup n}.{oog ocrrx6v ror opvnrrKrbv oprepdvido trpo6 2 ( b- l ) b " - r ( e , e r+ l ) . Edv r6pa oupn.prldFouf xur ro sr6fv ).qlpdvoupr).rrd nl,iooq ioo 2(b - l)b" | (e,-er + l) + I. nopdE l.rpa 2.15 Ztrori\.rdr dLor or dprgtoi nou npraXrro diortFo M(2,3.-l.l). To ofdrllo drrrd 6Xr4 iruqopetrraqxdpaxtnptolrKt( q 0 . 1 0 00 , .l0l. vro 6 r o r r :( b - l ) b " - r : ( 2 - l ) 2 t | = 2 ' 1 = 4 x q Lo u y x x p r g a r 3.2.1). Or t(lltq durcqrov xdpoK.nprortK6v 0.ll0 Kor 0.lll (pL Opropt5q oro 60Ko6rr6o0orrlpa, ivqr svriaroqo 1/2. 5/a,3/4 K(It 1/8. To dnorrtuo 0a fxr ouvo).rxd 25 dprolroue616fl: 2 ( b- l ) b " - l ( e , e r + t ) + t = 2 1 2 ' 1 ' 3 +| = 2 5 . }.olodvovraqutrdvt rrq 4 rrlte Tougoprogoic aurougrot,g{dldo'K0udqowe

40 r(0v ,{opoKriproru(6v Kar lrq 3 duvadq ar(aparsq rr$q roD (6rI ! or oroiq ivdr e:- l, e = 0 Kur e = l. fro napd6er,ypc 6ivoupeotov napoxdr(D rrivcr(c rouq 12 urrdfl{ovrgoro ofotlta 0saKo$q apretlooq.

t/2 -l 0
I

5/8

3/4 3/E 3/4 3/2

7/8
1/16 7/E 7/4

l/4 l/2
I

5/t6 5/8 5/4

!!n ouv6Xro EivoDF trtv napdordot rcr trov ouvol.rrd 25 apr0A6vrlrivo mrlv Euoidrov npay[ar1K6v dprold)v.

E6d,p).6,routE 6rr or dprpoi xrvlrrie utro6rao.oLig6Eveivur raoneto\.,re rar r6rrd I truKv6rnrdrouqapardrvfl600 anoFaxpuv6loorarr6 rc pt66v. 2.3.3 ErpoyTrilflcrl frd filv uErKdvrotl rou R oro M XplorFonoEilal lro 6rKi ouvdprlot I otlola opiqlor oq !iq: O0qr6q 2.3,2 Mlc 0nrK6lrol tr: RMCR

orord\El(rr npoyyiAeoo4 i ourdptqott oqoyy rtn4c dv rari'Er: D(x)=x, V xM.

Or ovap?iorg aurie rlapoucrdqouv oprd!6verunr|(6( r6r6rnr61ro K{io x,yR: i) av x<y + O(x)<tr(y) 6\1'o.6ttpotororia ii) ov tr(x)<x rdlE 6roup orpoy].i).uortxarcu0uv6pev4 npoe n Kdro

ov x(D(x) 16r 6Xouporponu).t|on rarcaooviptwl npoe n !iv@ iii) !r-x) --O(x) 61^a6i avtoLsynpw4.

4I flp6rad.t 2.3,2 Oopoip 6va o$srlpd M(b,n,er,e2) xor pro lovdrovrl - M. Av opiaoDtrE orpoTyfleuorl tR ro ut wo oA ,!a droyy ,EDoqg

5(tr(x)):=x-tr(x)
K(Jt ro oXer&d 6N){a oqow EDolq 0Dei

6(tr(x))
ldre Tra t(do xR rolrlfl:

A v b ' , ' < l x l < B + t r ( x ) = x ( l - 6 ) ,s l l < ' , 6 f l o t l

[ * o'-.
[5,-.

av n=tr

M ! oulpoLi(ou! rrl orpolYil,oorl orov ag66o( Er6pvoroU x cpr6p6 KrlTriq D,roSrddrol.igKdr ps B rov opr0p6 rr\nr{ urlodrao.oliq B : : 0 . ( b - l ) ( b- l ) . . . O- l ) b ' : .

2.3.4 Apretnflxri 6!0 M Av x,yM Kar .c{+,-,.,/} lro on6 rlq yvoold( ,rpdqEtuv npoyrofll(ov apt0!6v 16r o apreldg x*y 6ev avi*er levrxri oro M. npoxrl'rm noF6voqro p6qpa yrd ro n0iq dDr6eor r!pd6( anoxro0v v.in|ra oro M. fic rc oKon6 our6, ],dtrFdvovraq urr6w rov opro!6 rnq orpo1Yi).uonq, oopori,FE rrc trpdeq E os Eiq: v x,yMxOy:tr(x*y) ! r{+,,,,i

Eivor 6|(0}.0rdveiq va ararlror.ird'er 6rr lla rlv 'lpdEl E 6v rolrtouv or r6r6rrlre: npoorarpropoi, empeproloi ror 5rdypag{g. lrn ouvctra DivoDp 6w rapd&rruo Ia rrlv rpirftoot qE npdqrt6E Kor rtg npooerorpronr{E r6r6rrtt0g. Ilopdtry|ld 2,16 Oorpoijre ro oio-nuo xrvff{g ll'ro61d61ol{g M(10,2, 2,2) xor r0 trdpoKdto tpia ororlia roul x=+0.10.10r, y: 0 . 9 9 . 1 0 0 .z = + 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 - ' ?

.,

12 Tc otitletc dwd 6J(oov oro R flt Fopgi: z=0,00t

; = I.O, y=:0.99, T6te etvat:

= tr(0.01) = a 6.161O'1 x E y= O(t,0-0.99) = tr(0.01 (x ts y) E z = O(O.OI + 0.001) l) = + O. t t. l0-l Ei{orlc tloop8: = tr( -0.989) =-0.99.l0o y tsz: tr( -0.99+ 0.001) rct = + 0.10.10-t x ts (y tsz)= O(l.0-0.99)= (0.01) 'Apa cl,rrd rora[e1: (xEy)Ez*xts(yEz). n6froFo 2.3.3@eopoit|t6ra oioflUa M(b,n,er,er) rdr Urc Fov6rovn orpofrikDort tr: R- M. E dortqoeopoi|lE trg npdlerq E oto M (l)q e(iq: x E y : : t r ( x * y ) , V x , y M r a r r [ + , - , . , / ] Av oqrpollooDp ro an6luro oedl|la I 6(t(Ey): = x *y -(r E y) ror to ol*r|(d oodlta |I

:- -qGgJL x.v
r d r V * { + , - , . , / } x a rV x , y M r o . r t E r : b'rr<lxryl<B + xEy=(x*y)O-) ! lEl<e., dnou* xcr B opt(owar srrt! np6laarl2,3,2,

43 !.3.5 Mrtd6ool daduaroe drpoyydlftdrF ioDq apr0foie x,y R or orloior !6orD }rroq6tpo OoporljrE 6l,uorlq

tr:R'M
;.app{ivoovrrl popqrl i,t M Kor 0o Eeldoourr rota rrpi },opp4vEr io orrrK6 oedfura roD t Elt,v El { +, -, . , /}. frd },6yoDq or),o6or'rdytq uno6roup 6rr Kar or 6io spr0Foi noD 660IKav 6louv ro i6ro rp6o.nto. O(opofp2,orr6v roUg oprogoig

x:x(l +r), t:y(l + ,)

0o EqErdooD[E Kdo lrlc npdt l(rprord. xor orrt oDv6r(rd o) np6o0eorl

i st:(i+t)

(l+ r l er) ) : ( x ( l+ r ) + y ( l + , ) ) ( +

E>0 !rKp6,EroDll fro lerl<8, i= l(l)3, 6'roD iEil( xtyl(lte)'?:lx+y (l + 2e)

To o1s{rx6 6ipd}qrd to'r aopoiolaroq }rnopei erloll'vog va qedoeL ro 6raLdoro rou otrrKoi oqd)+droq rov rpoo0r6ov.

P) noD,onrdoraor6s ) l + E r ) ( l+ r ) ( l+ r ) i t r y : ( i . t ) ( l + 1 ) :( x . y( r1o lerl<, i= l(l)3, 'ttrou>0 !1Kp6, atoDJr litrtl< l x . y l ( l+ E ) r = l x y l ( l + 3 8 )

Enorr6vos 36 ro oxrrKdoqd),sarprnl,aoui(erar.
T) Aroipqrl r Ll\ - {r/i) x. ; , ( l + 8 , ) ! rr) - _ (t+cr) y (rferj .

H 6uoFvdoreprl rcpi'rloon ivor 6rov er>o, er<o xs! r>0. rro lei l<e, i= l(1)3, >0 rrKp6, 6xoupe

44

itri ' < lllli" ylrrrcr

,r-",, <l' l':,r ly

,,J=lal,r+.r.,
I yl

Kor 666, 6narqorov nouonl,aoroo!6, ro orIrKd oad).rd rprtr).dord-

3) Aaoiplorl iEy:G-t)(l + s r) : ( x (I + s r )- y ( 1 + ,) ) ( l + E r ) : ( x - y + x e I y e , )( l + r ) . E6rbrlpoAov(hq ro olirK6 oedlpo EEqprdror 0?16 ro !6'ye0og rov x Kar y. trnv npimoot tro! iloDfE:

16r npodTr', yra li l<, i:

l(l)3, E>0 prKp6,6rL:

lxEyl:(x

y + ( y + ) e ry e r ) ( l + r ) n

l i E y < ( x y l + ( y + e ) e |+ l y e , l ) l + r l < ( l r y l + ( l y + ) + l y l ) (+ l ) : I x y + 2 l y e + s , ) ( t+ e ) =( x y +2ly lx yl+lx y )(l+) :lx yl(l+2 y +e)(l+)

trnv rpinroort r6po rou x:y, li Et lx-Yl(l+2lY ) 6nlo5i :0 'lpoK6rrr

pnop8i vo }.dFrrrFi 6{rq To oxrrK6 oad)4roorpoyy6),uoqq '!o!v{0q Kar !o 6rtrldoro rt! dr6).urt( rrsis ev6s rov x Kor y. E3{n).our6vro eivdr vr),6qdrpnoro. anor6),oparlq oQdipeor'tq Tei.r6vowde8d S6ooutE 660 ropdSeirlard df,6 ro onoia qoivrar 6rr dlpnoro onor),6slrorairnopEi vo o6lTiooov o np6{rpn SroKori rle EK!6},otcv6r npoTpdFFaroq. vd Dtrol.o,iooDsE rtv IlspdSrypa2.17 Edv Sa),oDt pri rlq nopdoroot

l+y? J 1*+yY

16r Inopi, l'610 roD 611 5v 16risl o trpoorotproF6( rol o 0tnlEplo[6ei ndr"rorE: ro Dr6pr(o vd 660r apvnlrk:1i flrri v6 eeopnrrKd lorifl

\ 7+ v z > 2

('+v)'.

fra ro 1610 oDr6 0d rp6nr t ord tov rpo,poppouotd vc t)flolo1ldri va o'rupsi aprrKd io un6pr(o Ksr dv rdpr dpvrl.r'(ri r!pi, Kdrr noDFTropEi 6tlv troptiordon o.nv ffpinrool x:y. rdr vd 6o0si on' ueiog I tui !156v. ro 6ri6-rn!dKrnris uno6nnolis M(10,4,r,er) nap'i6rrud2.18 O{opoitE 'Es!o &1 r(droto ,rp6ypoplo 6XEtfle 'Idpaxdlo ll er,e, oaoldSirror. rpsr( vrol.66:

Edv y

l0r>0

16r r'1016110 rrtv llpri rnq ndpdo"roolg S

Me Pdot ro orid-rnttd M 0o 6]aoutt ;:0.1.100 v6 yla ro t urololi(rdl: (o.r + lor): looo.l xdr noll6vos t:0.1000.10= 4 0.1 l04:103. '1016 vs rn).orsi fra ro tO l0r:0 xar alor ro S 3v trp6xE1td! lo6rnrdq 660 rpqldTlK(bv opr0p6v 0o tlpinl vd ?'6yo aur6 o 6).E'rtoE dnoasf1ior xar avri rlq oiyKpto'te x:y va npolpqpldti(Etat I o[YKpron an6 In lx -y | (e, 6nou s sivor 6vog ,!ol{ frKp6q dpr0p6qoprduevoq ou'yKKpu6\norpoyy6).uon. 'Apa

3. An6 to npdpl,rlpo otov ol"y6pr0po

3.1 fsvtrd
H avrur6rlrot Ev6enpo9l.ilaroq lnopi va 0e{rpt01 &r nsprld}rpdver rotd BaorKd oIddrd: a) TI 6rarunooit zoll 'rpoplilolog. 9) O6nriae rla rlv ezillEt ro! trpoplrlpoiog. y) 6ra6rxaoio (}160060) enilljorle. Avopoprxd r.poq ra rpio aDrd srd6ta floDll vu ropdrnp{oou! ia 'iq: H drornrodrr Evdq rpopl,iporoe Ftropei vd eivor or(prp{q i pn aKprp{q,nriplq { rn 'r},ipnq, lvrxri i Er6rxi. H ).60r Evdg rlpophlpcros dpoEri 6Hroo.Enionq !r!op6i vd ivarrEvlr.d i Fropei vo nlrL,yxiiveror leprKd, ooorri (i )'dooq).Mropi dKdpava prlv utrdplr rca[prd ]'non ri n pelrioot r'1 oL].dy{. T6},oqI npr,pdQi rrtg i6n urdptouoo vo err56t1o1 6rcdr|(aoiaq ,ri).uorle Fnopi va eivar raravoitrri .1tr' 610lJ6ri vu o,rorrei poorrlq yv6otq. ouyKKprptvq EfrKd ro rpiro ord6ro eivar KeivotroD oSntsi otlv ovdnruqn Ev6< rov rp6ro axr6lonq q! 6ra6rraqio6 aly6pr0pou, o otroioe nprypdQr 'rilDonq rou 'rpopl'iparoq. E,rr6i 866 eE(rpo6! al.t6prpouq,or oroior nptra va er(Td'sroivard rov uttotrolLorri, nEprypdgtdr xdooly6pr0tros .]!c, ftp6lpag1a llE q Poi0ro proc, yltboooE ttpoypa4&rtottot Kar o:|rl ouv61rdro rpdypdlpo dur6 divror yro Kr6l,orlorov urol,oyrorrl. H ty,tofi npoypotitldxtjtlde avde6pelorp6paroorilv ex,rdvnoi ?rpoypdlrEprlo[Pdvel onoio ,r6w pqmxd ord6ro: [drov, n - Ttv dvd).uon ro! npoluloroq. - Tov xa0oprol6 rov rpo6rcypugrnvnil,uonq rou npopl.iraroe. - TI ourypdei rou npoypdppdroq. - Tov 6),YIo rou rpoypdtpdrog. - Trlv rKuitpi{Ddrt lor npotpdpporoq.

41

3.2 H 6vvolo iou olYdproPoD

rpanr vd 6e6op6vo 6!ug uttotolldrrlq vo ErqpTaorEi fro vd urrop6or 6ftoq I'!6 Eptdoiog poprpri o6n,ioq urd rl i iou 7voororroriooupE, lrdg !o ouYreKprirtvd xdvr auldq trpaner va rr 0E f tou tlpo6lotpdvoult, vo 66o[6vo.d'ot vu Iae 66ot xdtroro 0tn0u!lt6 ottor6loFs Oo |r'Iopoiso,r ).orrriv. Kqr' apxrlv, va tronp61r !1o r6roro o6l-yid pYaoioefro r1v niLDonv6q'lpoFliloroq lnv ovopdao\rpE vdpfiPo H L[(r] alY6pr0Fos oe6i).rar oro 6wto ev6g onou5diou nepol oDwpog6a rou Abu Ja'far ibn Mtrsaal Khowaizni ^oD(rpe t!pira 825!.X Kolo onoioq Mohammed ull6tsooieuoe ro PrPLioLibct algorithni aLer|xd r rnv trEEEpYooio pprK6v eqlo6osciv. To dvopa our6 onpoivEl; narEpoq rov Ja'far KoL i,,ioharnmed, rroe tou Musa, lvlr't0tiq oqv Khowarizmi H n6h Khowarizmi ivar r or!prvi Khiva rnq toplsrl'ciq Evoone 'Evoq al,y6p10f r6t6lrtrEc' og lupaKrlpiqErar tldwot otrd o!-IKsKpuavq q,l6vovrr se fro qnl'rl oSnYiapyociag.I]lv or oroig rov roXUpotroronv 0a np6m1arTdpoi O 0).16propoe onoid rrpdrErtorva exr).6o.to dvop(,rftoe c) IEn.paoftVq ncptlpapit, 5ll'o6i vo dnot)iilorotrti 6vav fi7rpsol'vo opr0f6 Prlpdrov, rd06vd an6 rd o'Ioia nprrp'igetar}l rrl 9oiora 3v6e xlgevou rlEtr0(touvou 6nla6i I K!61oI(dsE piloroq va eivar povooiudvro Moroo4lario;. 9t raooprou6vn.Eriolg lctd rIV exr6l'eonvdqpiloroq va eivor trovoor]pcvro xc0oprop6vo.o en6pvo PiId tlou 0d EKr)edtei .t) natqaotltro, 6rlld6i n eKrtl'tol t(de8piparoq vd dttdrrei tleftpoal'6),".r,'rdE, 6nl,a6i !'d e'nrpi,rr rn fidrl lroq Klddnq rpo9)'lFdtl'v Kor 6x1 v6r !povo!6voo trpop).i!trIoq Or ropd,Iril(,) 15r6rqteq ivor or flo PaoiK6(,rou xaparrqpi(oDv 'vav aly6plgoaopldrdran6 ro tror6q0a tov Exr)'fo8r v6( a).T6preuo! H neprypogri vd exllorei dn6 dvop.rro opKi n,rpl'/paql ro! vu r!.1. dv trpdKErrdt -rtrd'oda, ev(i)onlv t!pitltool erlileo{q 'otr ar6 tvov yi\'rrdr oE euorri u,Toloyrori 'rprtp{igsrdt ! xdrolo np6YpqlIo Atr6 rlv rpirl tSrdrlrd 6rt rt exriieorl t!nspoolivou sprolor] pnpdr0)v ondrri oulrnEpaivouFe nnpoo[6voxp6vo. orov rs opllK{i 6sSolivo p Ia onoiE Err''Eiror o ouvxiq Kor Iorpic r6i'oq ol'/6pr0!oq Eivar r6torc risre vo napo!61dqerar rpltori(Iar. T,)'oq' rl 5v rold),rlvn Frlldr0rv roo, )'ius 6fl o al-r6proloq a)T6preFot|va Invr Evdq r),eoraidrSldrnro ovdg6ptror dtlv rxav6tnrc rlv aplur6rnrd flop{i0,16 rpop).ipd1d rou iSro! rinou. To rro Pt'or6 ivor n fe0o6oq t8tdrnrq 6ryta Ev6qd),l6prolou !6 6le rrq rapdndvo (M.K.A.) 6no 6rurp61n p6lorou xorvoi rolr EuK).ei6rl tra rnv ipol rou ousu.6v aPre!6v a Kor I

48 'Yorpa qn6 la ropdrldvo 0o tulopoiooFvd 66ooD!6vd 6roroelrrK6 opro[6 rrlq 6words roD o].y6p16[ou.fi-)dptqt1os dvat !rc yvtKi Kar ft. tpoottrq bl.ttK.i lt t4v .Kt xorD ,nSrKaoia 4 onoia iX.] ln lovooilofta Karavo|4 Kat narqaopiv nepqpaqi Katxp1otpEieryn qv *qBoitl pe oKonti qv napofi t|ooperov trl1poeoprbv. 6a6opavav rai(orrv ;vav nol.$ oroubdio p6),oornv n).npoqoprxi. Or d).Tdpr0gor 6v lnopi vd urdp6ernp6,palpo Kar xopie trpoypdpXopie d,T6prepouq p,ropEi 6v va Krldri Koplia Sro6rKosioan6 6vav u,ro).o,1orri. lord E,rionq or d.-r6pr0!or ivor awqdprrlror rdoo oft6 rrl y),6ooo trpoypdltdrro[oi, ortv o,rois ,rpoypuploti(owor, 6so Kar at!6 rov rirlo rou unoloyrorri orov onoio e{rlonwar. fra roug raporrdvo },6youqor 0}.y6p10}ro1 6Xouv Trq rrtv nhpoqoprxri roln peya?.ireprloqpqoid, ar' 611 01 1l,600g npoypappurrolo6 i 01 urloloyr6t6e. Mra y).d'ooa npolpoltrorropon ivdr dnl6e 6vd Fioo rro ttv r8prypaei evdgo].y6pr0!ou,v6 6vde lnoloyroniq ivor ouoraorrrd 6vdq enEp,aoriq yrd rtv (T61,0rl rou dl.l6prel1oo.E6d, 0a r!p6r!rvd roviooDtr96!cra 6fl ro nopafldv.j 5v onpoivouv, 6rr I ov{i7nul rdoo r{Dvurotlo,lor(iv 600 rar r{rv y}..D6odrv npoypolllolrdpoi 0c 6,rp'!! vo roi 6 6r[lEpt loipa. H ovdrruqrl rlq r)avoloyisg r(ov unol,olordlv oSttyiouvel6q o yprlyop6rprl, A0nvdrpyl rar arorloFsrrKdrprl Kr6leon rov alyopiot(ov. H 3 dvdrruql rov ytroood,v rpo-tpolFarropoi oSnyi o uKoldrpn ouwop6r8pn xdl mo xEravolrri,'yra rouq ov0p67rouq, npr1poqil rov a1'y6pL0ll(ov.

3.3 Eriluor; rpop?'qpritorv,npoyprippcto rcr yldtoorq rpoypoFFafloFoti

fld rrlv Jril,lot vde npo0),riloroq ppioxovrar loyrKd ovrrp6roror o e6Lrvu rvo6tottorior olov dvoponoq xar o tl,ro].ot1oriq. O d\.p(oroq u'roLoyro.i qv 6ro6rxaoiceniluorg tou 'rpopl'itdroq rar vo tov Kdooslaotri(. Arooatr6 6vE dpxT|iupi I16Er orrlv Krilorl rns Sradrxaoiae yra qv rpr'/pdqri rou rp6nou '!i)'oorE evds npop),ilaroq. LEqr).6yro Ar!vovrioq o onol.oyroriq uopi vq xaraLdpr atr' uoeiaqroLi l.iyo drftr( n.I. !r!opi va Kr1,6g31 Kor oritKpioElq. npd'ygard, [6vo ttpoog;derq Avd]'o,a PparaI rov ono lolj rar tnv KotdoKeunrou, o otro;.oyror{e vd etfl).6outs 6\,ov rKdvdirllee. Oo fip6trr,Lortrdv 6xsr xol 6raqoprrK6q irou vo rp6no npr,poptiq rou qh6p(0[oD srlil.uotc rou npo0].ri]rd1oc, nEprixrp6vo 1610Lo fl0r66rKd olollcio, ro onoia vaTivovrar (arovorlrd dn6 rov uTroloyrorri. Me dlLo trdrrd 0o np6nrvo erll}.eyeig1o T7.66oa npoypappqrrolot srtv onoia 0o ypdQowdr rc ovriororXo npolpE+aro 6pr!ov. t!prypoqrigrov oDrr(3xplfer('v d;.T

49 AvoqoprKd |r[ fl< t].6ooq , r p o l p a t u d f l o F o i F n o p o i p c \ q o E b p i o o r t e 0p7Lrd 6no lr'idk_( Paorra(

f).66oq ptzaviq. Av.;)rEpg 11666Crpotpdlrdrrotoi 'Otav

npoodvaro).rotrivsg oro rp6p),rt-

6vq tp6?pafua ?pdqerdr 6e Frd tL6ood fllolis. I onoio dtr6 !nol.o-trorri o uno),oyrorii. rrtrE ZprtdrFonorei fnopei !d SraQapr {o!(i! anoK).crofl(d }}.doorKaororXriard onuia f,rop.i cif..oaro hora|norlo'/rorris Karyra ro Ld}o ourd ro npdypqpta l"{ip eva( o!yr(Kpruavos , i\ o|rpoodprroolito oe aLrdv ro! Lno).o7rori.Lntcr;lor ur ofi tloq r tro).o7rof ila rpdTpofFa!o!o! dra! i: unopcira r.(r.).i6,r or' .r Ocidq Eivsr TpoFf;vo o tLtbooo !rudvris. oDorK{iKdrr rtroro ivar xqr 6noKolo Srdn 3ev p'ropi ro iSro 'rpdlpappa vo r(rlori, ol.l.d Kol lerovcl(TrK6, sv 76vr,ond avov {i}.),o uno).oyrorri. :rn Sctrcpntr.pirr|oon. dror 6rl).o6i;!o Ep6ypopfo oc !rd TpdQrror y),6oda ftpooavdro).roptvnoro rp6[]Lnpo, rdre ro 7),ooorrd ororXEionoll xplqrFonoroiwa( rivar olordoflrcd ov6dprlra 0n6 rov or)1Kr.prp6vo ro np67pal}ra.Oa npanr eniols va uro),oylorri. orov onoio 0a Kre),Eori (o( lnv rlmpe! 'r()),],6\' rtrolov ovuq;poDfE 6roqoprnxd'v 7),ood6v, Kdrr no', ']doKd oeciletdr ornv s,dqopeflxi Fopqi rov d).lopiofdv nou r.x. xptorpotroroivror 6r Srdgoprqnsproxiq cqopjroT6v.Or d7.Ydpr8For ftou rov rlnop[(iv Aaployrlv eivor 61aqoprr{oi01!6rouq a}.y6p(loDq prolnXavrx6v rov ;),e7Xo raL rqv ol,'!dpalt l,erroriplio lpnor!nouv l(a (atrtyopi! eilor or4 or,\'6lerd6LagoprLK6q an6 |lovd6o! Kar or 6no aDr6q rnv rdtrtlopia Exivov nou aops6(olrar ora poFn6r rnq pror!xaviuq. fpdAo!,raq 6foq evd npdypolFo oe lra ll6ooo npooovorol.ro}rivl oro npdPl.r!o 6xoUp ond rr lra nl.updlre uKoLie oxrrrKd tl rl 6radaoori too. vdron6 rlv {i}.}.n .iocror ro ep6lnpa rlor6q 0a avo),dorrt lrrd,ppoo'iroL orn y;d,ooo lln7aviq.aror tuorcvo ]i\Tr iurari r rKii^.o,i ror and rov r,ro).o7rsrri. H pErdapaorl oD i qvl|EtoriErs' ord 6va sE1qqpaori. Kd0r lsraqpaoriq sivar 6vo npdypogta ro! l.oTrdtrKorirou oLio iloroq rou unoloyrorri, ro oJroio )tplorlorlo(bvrag o,c 66oFavo erod8ou ro rrp6Tpaplo rn_( o!(irEpnq 7).6o6dg trpoypdFfqrroto(,. 6ivcr. 6vd roo6ivafo Epdrpdjrtd TpoFpivo orrl urd on6 Kdnoro etrqp7ooia. (P". IIdpd,(dro Sivovrd, oXllaTll(d ra 6,{iaopa Kq. 6). 1).6000 srlxaviq o1d6roriluonq ev6qnpop).iloro( (:x. 3.1). alyopioFo\ 0o tpnouotrotiootFr orrl ourfoq 7).dooorrprTporpic ild eiSo( o oroioq sDvioorgEivar ava Kp{ipo wordrv Vri6oKri,6rKo. )tera Ko06gror pprK6vr6rK6v r7,d'ooo(.loontaflx6v oUFooLLsp6v AUoLrcie 6vroL6v. Eror Xplorlonoroif yLo rLq Koroi6po vrol6g ovriororXC ).ie{c, udtd Ka' s'iupo},o: GEI' (),ioro f8{opi.nrd,v) L E\{o).i ero66or,56ou;\,(,)v:

50
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5t 'rspi'rroon P) dv rozn[l n ouvoixn S xrclonwqr or wole rn6 oFd6a( 6vroL6v C 8rdAopErrxd orrvrli(oDF s rnv rr6leon tne vro).ii(. aF6ooqn6!vrtq WHIIE S DO A 5. EvroLi novd).nvrls: E66 Kre),orlwur Kor' nuvdln\ylor vroL6q rlq oudbaq C, doo rol[1 n ouveixt s. Opd6q wol6v: BEGIN... END nproodtrpecar6 lra vrol,6glpdqovtar praEnrov 6no l.6qsov Kls,6,d'v ,tC1N ror Ilr. Me to ont0oro :6tolopi(ovra' rrraqLlrouq our6(.H 1,6irl ,rC1N or,yooli(cror6pl rnv apXi rdr n l6(n or rvroLaq fND to ra).o6v6eqly6pr0pou.

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Xprlouonori Fra Y).6ooa npoYpolpalroloi, n ofloia eXrrov Ttcpcrdlo gova6rx6 Ksvdva oiwaElq I Kov6vaq: trrl yl6ooa "doporoga" rvirouv oKolouoi( 6upp6lov nou onorlotiwor dprKd ot!6 rrlv dKolouoia'v = " Kar orq ouv6lLo an6 n>0 axo)ouoiq rrle popqris rft6 fva x qro).ou0oi)pvo M pdol rov xavdva oDr6 n Yl6ooa "dopors}ro" eivar ro Eriqsnvoi'o: :[y :x, y = x +x, v =x +x +x'...] "doporoFa" !'lIqovd p tov otvrdxtrK6 rdv6va lnq ll6ood( or )'iErq :x' x+' AvagoprKd r{tpaFE laveadFiveq eivdrsovicKrlK{i y=+x,y=xx+ K.o.K. "deporolc" 8a ltlopoioap vc ,toils 6n fo otpas(o7lo,rK6 rnq Yl.{hooaq ro "x" or,}lFoli(( 6vov 6po, 1o "+" rov releor{ rnq npdoeeole Kor ro oro x ro x xdl |1ro dftolatreola avrrKor{i"y = x +x" onFaivernp6o0Eo ort6 rrlv flr'ri rou Y. 10 tlcpaK{inapd8srlpa 3.2 trlv Il'Ivuci YldJooa 6xou[ SrarD,r6oer ro 6io a).7oproptr'i Pitard: - "fpdv ro <ivotc rot npdrrou riva rou irouE" xo' - "fpriye ro 6voFa rotl dCKdrou rpilo'J Ptl\'o ror 6touq" 6fl'q 6sv ixr Kar ro 6{)0 pisdta sivar ouwaKrrKd 6oord To 8erirEpo ottrdoro)'oyrKd fwoLo. va tloiFE 6rr ro FEvouwaKtrKd ldorl avaYvo fevrKd 0o Fnoporisdtr 1'{i0n6 ndvror pi(ovtor 6),4 ar6 ro !ro9poorri, v6 ro qiltlooro?.oYr1(d lnopi vo cvoYvoprar!' aurdv, 6rlLaSri6vo ldooq .ou orllooro?.o'ylKon 'Yorpa and 10 rapafldvo 0o dri Kard tlv sKrclson rou tlpoYpdlFaroq ltropoiooue vo rorlu drrlro vo ftrop;or 6vdEutlo)'oYroriqvo r(Tslaoer 6va np6lpdtpu 0a trpnr: - Na rdrdvoi ro orr!0oro rou Xplorpo'roliorlKav - I Kdowo).i rou rpoTp{itrgoros vd 6droer Itd cnldoia irc rrl lopqrl uc onoirc Fnopti va rxlc/.ra rpdqc@v. To or{i6rs duld dr8rrepottlvovrat 0'16 ro lroqpaoti o otroloq ]r8rotlpdErq lLe otroi8q lp6nsr Kdos Evrolri toD npo, pdlloroq o KotdT.Ln)'q unopei va rrl6oEL o urololLotrl6. Kdr on[ooroloYrrd'v lo06\undpxouv Kar T6l,oq,Err6e r6rvo0vrdKrrKdrv 'Evo rp6lpolla pnopEi vd eivor ouvrorftrKd 10 t!y6pva)oyKli )deI. vu lrrlv 6xerKolrlrd onldoro]oYrKti ovsrpiFlo Kar rap 6ls qurd 0(lJ016, va lnv nprypderooord rqv e,rreuulri 6to3r|(aoid.

53 IldpdSryla 3.3 Alorurrdlvoups oqv Ell.rlvrKi yl,{isoa 6vav o},y6pr0tro urlo)Lo,rotoi ron I0a6ori v6e Ki|<).ou. "Ilollunlaoidoe rov apdp6 ,r lr llv arriva rou kiKl,ou".

O au6p16lo6 our6e ivor 16o0 ouwaxrrxd 600 ror ontdorol,oyrxd ooor6e. To dnor6].opa 6!oE ,rounap61r eivar ;.dooq. O e,lepydoTli( 6sv jrnopsi va dvdKoll[VEr].oIKd ]d0i, ! rnv npoiir!60orl p6para6fl dur6q 6ev 6tr rr).ipn yv66n tnq 6).n6 6ro6rKaoioq (ol,y6pr0Foo) rlorr Krli.

3.5 Aop{ rov cll6pr0pov

3.5.1 Ta lFillrdrd ev6g dl,Tdpro|rou KdeE a).ydpropog r(opiEroro rpio pdolrd 4ipoia: a) To trp6ro rlipo, rou ivorI Keqdl,r1 roDoi,y6pr0fou,nprt1rro 6vopq rou d).Tdpretourc0rig rcr rg raparrcrpouq. H Keqd.{ opli(r ,r{irrorE rI l,6qn ALGORITHM. Kxe\61 r.X. Ue ALGORITHM 6ropa (1i6ts napo4tpav) Or napdprporornv avricrorln ),tord rouq 1opiqovtat pE K6l.rtd,n.X. ALGORITHM tionyno (a,b, c) ALGORITHM nkd (xI.x2) p) To 8sirpo rlrrilo v6_c a].y6pr0!o! nprypriqr rd cwrreilvo Ie rc onoia |(tLo0wornpdFtg. Ta owrKei!vo ivdr 66o!6ru 6r!oq 016poror aproloi, lpdllarc, l,6erE l(.I,i. To rpriFa aDrd rou al,T6pr0!ou opli(r ps rI l,6qn K).r8i r,41A l(or olrt ouv61rs ,rpr6Xr la 6E6op6vd Ia orloid 6rdtopiqovrar p Kd!!u, rr.X DATA tnefa. ntnot

elo'.

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ALGORITHM onona .,, DATA

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TttoE F ropoiB va ypdvouF otdlu o onord6{nor06oytFaoa orov dly6pr0Fo spK6i duld vd tprrlalovror and 116o1x6la( "{" Kar "}". nopd6r,tFu3.4 ALGORITHM kyli,'drot (r, h,v) tottoloyropie 6woD ru)lvdpo| ge axttua Sdoas I Ku 6ttoc hl DATA EEGIN y:=pi.r.r.h END 6pr0[ou o FnoporJoE vo y{vl a\ li(: H '(},ial rou d)'T krlin&or (10, t8.1,v)

Mtd rtv xdlol lou aly6pr0lou or trapdFrpor llouv, awroroltoc, 116 oprelrFrr6g flFfe: 10, 18,4, 5777.6.

l.!.2 llopoordor6 nopdmdo4c1norE:^iror gercprltft x.}.r.1xor KhSE ond lpol{ (6ro6cpe6, ftleo?Ca 6noDr{ie 6po6 lropei va ivar ndh lrra napdotaon. Or !rapltp. ov6!ard. Or 'lpdqElg 166(Kar pEprK6q ouFpol,iqovrar eopqor oroopCq) o 560 rorlyopie: v6qrdr 600dpov. Xflq rpd{er( tio dpov draKpivovrdr o rl,aorriq Fpiorrdr rrdwole Froqi ?ov 660 6p!iv, 6vd' orrc vdg 6pou dproltpd rou 6pou. O llivq|(dq 3.1 repdlet fle npder! rou 0q tptd$ronoroiF oro ollpaTlol6,ldpdord6eov.

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:q ouv6X8roSa SdroouFe rov rp6no outrDo).rolroilcrdp),nrdlv Kol 6140p6v.Kopiopxrt S6on e66 6X6rn 6woLo rou o\Fp6too. OS a\,Fgc,d glapo'tq yp,iqlaza (roD ).dtrvrro6 atqdplro!). t/?prd (rou 6cKdbrKo$ ouorrigaroe),Ka06qKot|llt6Erpddrr6er'Kliotit1polo.(T.X.;.?,.*K.},r.). O oDtpo),ro!6q rov [elap],nr6v kar yvrKdrpa r.rv s].y6plojlov .yivcrdrp ov6!ora. Oq 6vopd gs g.(|pott lrE ).6q nou atrore).eirara,r6 .rpd['rdra Kor Vrtqia, 6nou 6poq ro npd)ro o0ppol.o rtq t6qnq Eivsjrdwore ypdpla. Mro ora0pii ofpol.iqrar eir jl 6vov ap1gp6, I{0piq ,rp6ort[o. ,iI ! ,rq 6!o[a, Eire d).oq r lra al(o].ouoia oupF6),ov,rl onoio riotdr vroq rool(ollKrtv_ Ilopa&lflala ovoF'izov lelopl,trdrv: loord ov6!ara: B, ABC, Zt2, ABCt23lt. Ad0o( ov6!ord: 2AB, CrT, &RS napadiylaro ovotlitov dro0pd'v: 15. 2324,532, PI. 'TLZ', '31?8R' Me rn poriors6pov. r1,or6vKdUtopvotoovolrlFuri(ovrdr rspcotli_ drq rov onoiov n aprornrrKri. ti I ).oyrxri .Uri, ,raprordvouv ouorsotrKd

56 napo6Di1|romnopadrddov: i) 15.- rtrue. (20) i i ) a * b , ( a + b ) / ( c + d ) , a A b , l 5 m o d 2 n o d 3 ,- r c V - d , 5 * 8 iii) -(a+b-5,/d),l+t-(p-q), aVOA -c) iv) a < b, a * b -c > sdiv3, (x = l5) A(y > 3), (( - 8)/ 3\. t2 + (30/cr. Av o frd napdordon unEro6plovror nolloi rl,eo!6q |(al,rdpv06orq rdr rotiouv or ]vooloi ar6 ra faorlForrxd Kdv'iveslslrxd Uellv Kr61on d) Apr(od err),oivror or napdordoK p6oo o nspv6oer(. pe odorl rn drpdTtporpor6rrlrdg Kre}.oriwar rov r}.or6v 0) Or rlp{iErq rov npd!ov. Yndptouv t6ooprq po0p(66crlporporolirov : - Ilp(iq nporpor6rtra: dpvrlst - Au1Prl : no7L).d,d61colrKoi rllEo?66 - Tpirn :'rpooo.aKoi rsl.orae - Taraprn I releor6q oi)TKpronq

nEepyd(ovrar 0'16 r' aplorEpd Teloqrrl.or6q }lrnv i8'a ,rporpar6rnrq rpoe ra 3qrd.r.x. ( 3< 8 * 8 + 4 ) V( 9 ^ + 4 . 3 < l 0 ) =(3< 68)V =true. (15< l0)=trueVfalse 3.6 Ele6iaoq a?,y6pr0pou npoKrp;vou vo ol8rdooutr 6vov s).y6pr0po 0a ,rptrlerapXrK{i va dnovrliooulr oio Eiq 6no poirlpord: - {iv undptsr)'non rou ,!pop}'{pqros Kor - sdv DEdplcrI 6uvar6rnla,o paho?r(dnloidra (Ipdvou, lvripng r(.).r.),vd eflrrr,Xoei n lton. Eivdr tvoord 6r' napo'ro'd(ovrourpo9liFsra ra ra o,roio6evunipxer TrvrK6q o1"y6pr0pog nouva 6ivr rtl l6on ro!e. Oqrop{i6r,IaavoqtpoDfE,
6fl 6v urdpler oIT 6prgFoq, o onoioE vd d'toqdoi(r dv lvd orroroSino? npdrpa}rla tplraliqer lre aoold 6e6oFiva, { va Sivsr Ersivrt rrtv ,rproXri 66oFivov llliod ornv onoio to rport'Iorrlevo npdypotFa ftdvrorc rcplla-

ri(er. Mrld rrtv ardvtlot rov 6io trporllor vd ravov rporrlFdrov0a npancr EtdsolF8Kold ,t6oo sivdr cvcyKcio vo trpoXopioouFe, o ,rp6rl edorl. orrtv rcrdo'uri v6qd.16pr0rcu lraq a .orolrtp6qg popeiq rou npopl,tiloroe (tr.I. ,rp6lpop[a n)6nEr. Alf6 ouvioof owpdivsr 6rdv rrp6xrrar va rpolpalgdrioor,lr FTdtrs xor mn),eyl6vd ,rpo9l.itdta rae(eryuoicg

51 qv av{iyKn,ri qdot es trp6rervo 8rdnror(ijooupe :e brirpn r!),rtpoqopr6v. ,4!16 0d pnopoioe vo yivr pe rplq dxr, Frus avd,oyiq rou npopl,riparoq.

! tLEraoln|1orlop6(n.1. o Dtrololloudg !liorrDv KoL ]'trIiorov trpoyfdTlKriqoDv{ipqotq f(x) ovd'/erur ouoLaorl(d ottv Eftit'uol rnq Eiooorlq f'(x) = 0) rclr - fe n6propLop6 (n-1.ro trp60).Iparot) dv ivos qr61K6( dp10!6qN ivot pnopEioq yv.rordt va ovru8ronror8i .rSliq: Exr6q rou 2 61()r npd)roq or dprroL6v ivdl rprirror. Kar6,rLvqalpofFerouq dptolo$q noo 6101poivror F ro 3. H 3,o61Kaoid auri suvsxr{6Fevl oSIYei olo x6onvo roD Epoloogavn). Mrd rnv otrdvTltot 6).ov r(,rv rapuft{ivo Epotntdrov lnopoise va no[p 6 iFdore brortor ]ra rrlv KorooKErli3v6E'.alrn dU6prFot)6noq 6vfl napdSryla ouvtei(olrr vd Lfue ornv nrllpoqopl{ii. [prv 6(booup yra rlv Ko).Iirepl Kaidv6rtol rng eworaq roD Kol'oi ou6pt0|to!, ftpiftL d].'i'6prolov vo avuqEpeoi)r Yro ).iYooc pra v6u [eoSoloYid oxe6ldoUon ornpi(6r41 ort ar)'oooqid rrv peo6o),oia rop drrn. Atl1i I ileeo6ol.oYio H Kevrp"ni '660 rou yvr06rorlpnrol dptde et Inpera (6nip Kat Bdoi].u). r:rar t poeprsjo KoIdIJr-onro' npoPliFo,nc oL cri !ipo'c fr'rr1.c (modules), xds |lio d]!6 flq oroiq vu ovnfroni(ral Kor ar6 Es1.rp1or6 dDrol rlq 6].Iq o onoioq ivar orl,oiorpoq rdl 1vlK6repoq a),Y6prepo. SroSrrdoidq.or Eni FtpoDg Ev6inreq Fnopo[v nd)'r vo Karorpngoi)voe aurorl.sissvdrnreg x.o.K. To trrovKnlfora dlrris tnq FEeoFrKp6repq eivor: 6()),i),iuq - Or fti F pore ol.ydploporpropoi)v vs Xprtorlonolrt0o[voE t!proodrorov r!po7pa!gop,c rou TevrKoiu},y{tprglo! (cDKo}.io ar6 Fla 0661q H rBKfrtpioorl propei vfl nopoxgEiraur6xpovo p rn ot3ioorl. o KdeE H opodrrtroro! al,T6pLetoD tttropiaiKoLd va rETxeEi, Dipa, o),6x7.npoD rou rpoii'ro06o1q ope6rrlrd onlonorrfivEq Xopig I lle 3e6op6vl. aly6prso! vd orDpeirar H 6ourl rrlq ropeiaq EKr6Lsolq ro! al,6prepou KaeidtEror ooqiq. 'Eror 8ruKolivrar rar o evrotnoudq Kar rl St6peoot to\, loe(iv.

:rn ouvXra, uvoqoprrd rE rIv iwora rou KaIo[ aly6pt0pol) SivoupE ro nopd8rypoipote rou M.K.A. 6io Auou(6v aprglr6v:
Ilqpd8r1tra 3.5 r,a ro rp6p),npu aur6 6xoups:

Eino6og: a.b N 'Elo6oqr s : M . K A . ( a . b ) ,s N

ndpa6ilpolo

trapdclriceov :

i) 15,-r -true, (20) i i ) a * b , ( a + b ) , / ( c + d ) ,a A b , I 5 m o d 2 m o d 3r,c V r d , 5 * 8 iii) -(a*b-5,/d), !,+t-(p-q), aV(bArc) iv) a<b, a *b-c> 5div3, (x = l5)A(y>3), ( (- 8j/3\ * t2 + (3o/c'). 16!. Av o Bra nap{iolaol unrocplovrurnotrloi rEllsoltq KorrspvoCorq rotnouv or yvooroi aft6 to tdorlFdrrrd rdv6vg olerrrd ts 1rlv eKrtl,Eon rov,rpdqovl a) ApXrKd Krr),oriwaror ndpdor{iorgpada oE ttopv06oerq. p) O, 'lpdgsr( fi(Tclonvror p pdon rr orpd npoipar6irlrcqrlrv r),or6v rov npd(erov.Yndplouv r6ooeprs po0fi6ce trpotparotrir(ov : - [p6rl nporpor6rnro: dpvrlorl

- Airrprl - Tpirrl - Taroprt

l.ooloolrroi ttlor6e : no7J.oft : npoooefiKoi rIor6q : rs7,cor6q oiT(pronq

0'16r' aprorpd T6Ioq re).oriq! rrlv iSra 'rporpar6rrro ene!pyd(ovror ,rpoe ro 8eqrd. ,r.x. (3<8.8 +4)V(9/3+4rl< l0) : (3<68)V (15< l0)= trueVfals =true.

3.6 E1e6(coq

a'"y6pr0poD

Ilporur6vou vo olE6rdoouus 6vsv ql1dprolro 0o np6nErdplu(ri vd o,rawiooule ord lriq 660 epo)l{pa@: - edv urripxer l.6on rou rpopliloroq '(ar - riv urldp16r q Suvar6rrtlo. o pohorrxd fir.oiora (Ip6vou, lviJrnq K.).r.), vo rntsD1ei n Liorl. Eivar yvoot6 6rr napouord(ovtarnpoo?.illdra yro rd o'roia 6Ev tjndpter ytlrr6q ol'y6pr0!oqrou ys Sivertn )'iot toDg.Og nopdSr1ps avaq6pourle, 6116v Dtrdplersl.16pr0po(,o onoiog vo dtroeaoi(rdv 6va onoroarinors ,rp6ypaFto repFaii(r rE ooold 65oFiva,i vo 6ivr .rsivtl lrtv rproXri 6E6of6vlDv l6oa orlv onoio ro npolyo[jlevo rlpdTpo[lra rdvlolE replo1i(a. Mrr{t rtv dttdwqoq lov 6'jo ftporltoLrivov Eporrtldrov 0a np6rrErva eqr{iooDp(otd n6oo Eivor dvotKoio vq rpol&)piooDp, o npd;rt qd6rl, ornv Ksrast6lji ev6g alLy6pr0Iou prog snTlonort!6vng !opgriq rou rrpopl.iFaloq (tr.I. ttp6lpaluq rttuhoq). ADa6 6uvi6oq ouppaivr 5rav rrpdKerrar vo npoypaFlor(ooutle uey{i}'o xor nr}''yp6vo npop)'iFara EaEqepTaoiqq

51 rrlv avdyKl ri r).npoqopr6v. : 6E[r8pt qdon ea npen(va 6ranror6oouu 6tr. p,aq svsyoyriEroD rpoBLiraros. Aur6 eo pnopoio va livL pc rplE

}1 lrsrdoxtF0l1o|t6 (,r.1. o uno].o-[op6q [7ioro\ xar e].oxiorov f(x) uv'iTElar ororooflKd ortv riluon rnq rpoyranxii( ot)\'dprrtortq sqioools f (n): 0) Kot (n.X.ro np6p)"t!a roD edv 6vd( ql6lK6q dpr0|t6qN ivaL s neproprog6 pnopeiog rvoor6\' \'a ov scromorei oq eriq:E(r6q ro! 2 610r nprbrog nolJ610r or {iprLor5E! i\aL rp(i,xor.Kar6n,v tEolpol}l rouq apreporie porrv.rlrr ro 3. H 6Lo6rKaoia olrli olvsz,qdrsvrt o5n7eioro r6oKrvo rou Ep.1rooe6q).

va M.d ritv ardlrtorl {tlo! rov napondvo p0rrnfdr0r' FtropoitL8 v6Srd2ri a}.t6protou 6ntDC noi)p6rr eiFdorEirorfor ?ro rn! xardol(Euri vu nop{i5ry}ra orvrtei(o!|Lc \'o itFe o.rtv nlrtpoQoprxrl. Iprv 8djooup tro rI! r(oililEprt Korovdtorl q. 6vvoroqror Kotol o)"16pr0!o!. ftp6rr yra ).iyo oe |tLdv6d [!0o3o].o7io 075loopono/.16pr0rr(D! r/o avoqepeoriue 1rp darn. Alri lt fs0o6ol.oyirlorrtpiiErar orn ai),oooqio rrtv pEeoSo/.orio ptro() dit)ide e! lmperd (61oipe' Kflr Pooi),eu). H KevrprKii 166(l ror) yv{Doroir 't (o-d-/ poetroia ,'\ar tott ^' nn.tli.rlforo oc crTiftporc o 4... (modules), KdeeFLo dtr6 rLq onoiEevo ovrrtcroniqror Kar 0]!6 -ljropror6 o!ro[ rn( 6h! o).16pLepo. o oroioq EivdLonLonorcpoqxal 7vrK6rpoq 6Lo;Lxooioq.or rni !fpol,_( v6rlrq Fftotoriv ftd).I vo Karorgneoi)\,or frxp6rcpcq auror).icvorrtis K.o.K.To niovxrrisord drrris qq peoooe np1o66r OL eni rtporq dT.Tiiprgpor Fnopoiv vo Xpnolponorrl6onv pEgo16 rrd 06orq ro! yEvrKon oLldplogot) (eu{o),idorov npoypafFd-

pE rn oX8ioort. H rErFtpiool fnopci va nopaloi roLrroXpovil oE KdeE0ita, H opocirnrorou o),Y6pr0uou i,Ko).d va.).cytoFi. !,rop1 op06qto oi6x),rpor ar)"ororlirivg npoijftoe6oLq iou U Xopiq I vd 0sop.irar 5c6of6\'n. o).-i,6preBoD H 6ogii rlq nopio-ceKra).otqrou a).TdpreloDKaeiororar odqris. 'Eror Kdr r 6r6p0oon ro\ Iae6v. 3Lr,Ko).rlvror Kar o \,roftroF6q :rrt ouvtEro,ovo0oprxdpE rrtv 6wora ro! Kolori o).y6prepo!Sivolle ro nopd6E|i/iro upongroLr M.K.A. 6i)o quou.6v c1pr0!6v: Iopddr1tro 3.5 fra ro np6prllru aur6 6xo!F: Eioo6oq:a.b N 'Elo6oq; g : l , { X 1 1 . . 6 1 .* . t

'Evoq npdtloq atirdproloq sivar I !0o6oq rlg 8oKrtrie ts rnv onoia or dprepoit: I<l<min(a,b) oXrrKd|ls rI 6rdrpEfiilrlrd 6rd(owor61.01 louq tle rou( aproFouca Kdr b. H prap],nri g ],dtrpdvrKdororertv r}.rKrirlpoKimouoo rrprl rou M.K.A. ALG'RIWM nkdl IEipE64 roD M.K.Z. tt 'oxrytqj DATA BEGIN cET(a,b);

WHILE (t<a.)A(t<b) DO BEGIN IF (anodt =0)A(bnodt=0) BEGIN l:=l+1 END E L S Et : t + END: PW(a, b,s); END

THEN

Iov npornoi!vo ally6Xpnouonordtwdg rrlv np6ra6rl 3.1 ps).1r6vooFs propo lafpdvowae un6vn rlq Kdorore rpoKrltlroDoeq dtdQopaq a-b. 'Eoro a>b>0 r6re roxnrl npdtccq 3,1 (i) M.K.A. (a,b): M.K.A (b,a) =a (ii) M.K.A.(a,a) (iii) M.K.A.(a,b): M.K.A.(a-b,b) Io a*b lrrl ouv616ra 6ivour. rov slydprepo mkd2, o onoioc pELrr(bvr rov mkdl. ALGORITHM nkd2 lEipeo4 rcu s: M.R.t.(a.b) $ DATA a,b,8,z REGIN GET(a, b): WHILE a+b DO BEGIN IF a<h THEN

'niqokts

aqaei'Ersl

59 BEGIN z:: b; b:: a: END: a:=a-b END: PUT (c) END Iuyyeviq rrpos rov uly6pr0po mkd2 eivor Kor o W.D6!6S o-lyiptgpe rcD EDKleih 065-309 n.X.). O g,l,r6ptgpoc,our6q ornpiqro. orrlv 'ropot(dro n p 6 r d 6 q3 . 2 M E a , b N K d La > b > 0 LoX6cL: amodb+0 amodb=o

arnodb), dv t M.K.A.(b, M.K.^.(a,b)= { (b , sdv ' rou ErJxl.i6rt O aLT6prgrroq 4er or EqiE:

ALGORITHM nkd3 IEipeo4 @D s:M.K.Z.(a,b) la rcv oJ.y'pfipo eD fi)Klei'al DATA a,b,g,z BECIN GET (a b); WHIIE anodb+ 0 mEN BEGIN a: :b; b: = zmodb END

c:: b; PUr (c)

END flopat{ptdtt EiKorLapiropi vo 5er xoveiq 6Tl o ou6pr0poq oDr6rol6sr rcr llc ritv npi'lIoql a<b. To ryov6g oDr6 oqil,ror oro 6tr, perd rlv np6rn r!6lEol rov rpr6v wol6v zt:a, a::b Kor b:=zmodb 0a 6I1 yivr o'rdaonrd av-.rFerd08otr(Dv a Kcl b xor 0o ro1ier a>b.

60 Kar tra .).n 160060fpsongroD M.K.A., Ti).o( 0d npanrva ;va96poDp crtl) nopard?o np6raon yrd tnv ftapdoraot rv66 onoia n Paoi(Elar apre}roi oe 1lv6levo np6rov rapoy6w(l)v. Ip6tool 3.3 flo n N u,rdpr(r lra [ovooritowa Kaoptopaq trdpdc.aorl n=llPi ll

(l) ai>0, i= 1,2,... (2) ai=o yro oxE36v 61,a la i (61,0Err66 'IE'paoF6vo'r).iooq) 6noDpi, i = 1,2,...q axoloueio r('v np6rov opr0I{iv 2,3,5,7,.... An6 rrtv np6raon l-3 ,rpotritnr ro 116protro M . K . A . l a , b ) : l I p ' i " r " 'n ) , a=l lo:' Kcr D=llD| edv

l).= e nopof|iprtortI lpi I llpl <+ v i rdrriu c,<6,

i=l I i.t

tlp6n1 vo utrolotioou! yra KdoE i,n rra vo squploooi ourd ro 7r6p1opo = p6Ford pi Eftr6i dll(jq n drav or > ou!'rEpdivo'rtE ro ai exp(p , n)'?). < 0 6rr 1p6ro(dpadre!6vo ioue K06rtqdr,dr".-an. Ouorrd yro 6vov npd,ro spr0l6 p roX0er: = max{s exP(P,n) lPdIn} civor qavp6o qlydprolog roD olEird(rdr ps pdol ro napardtr6propq, vo FnopEivd oEoptolo 6vo np6ro IapdKlIpro.lK6 ,ropd6r,Io rnq Kardrrnsrs v6( 'rpoplitaroq o dlla ,ri tltpouq npop).ipsto. ro o'roid 'Il).6ovraravqdprrro 0,16ro aprrK6. (Avd).uonrov puor'(d,v a rur b o np6louq ,rdpdfowsq Kor oll ouvar(rceriponroo M.K.A.(a,b) p Pdot to tt6proFa). 'Otroq

l ) r l l o l t d i v d : K D r q r p eIi 2) crp(pi.n) rnrdivB: o roarn! !o! p

dinv avdr,ldrt Iou Oldrtoi n de trprirouq

6t r6po rd pd61xdXqpoKltprorrKdtro! 0o rp6nLvo 6XEr Oo qvoqEpoulr Kde v6rnrr. A'rrd 3iv0,: (l): Kdee ev6qro trpitrr vd u,rdplouv 600 to 6Dvu16v nprso6rpq r6rairEpa 6r rl,npoeopie ,rlrlpoqopiq. Kor oroqdore rou aqopoiv rov rp6tro rlop{io'raon_c rov 66o!,v0rv. (2) ol oxeosrsttraEi 8no vorirov fProcrq r"pit xptrsr vo Kdoopi(ovldr an6 ro onvol,o 61.(0vrov rapo6or6v 'rou npo91,6'rovrdr orn frq v6rnra Kar aeopoiv rtv d),lit. Evq s'iorrlpu vorirov 6d npt'rl ).oll6v va ival ar616x65rdd!avo. d'oreKdev6rFa vo arsrrei doo ro 6!var6v ).rt6rrpq nhpoQopiE6 ar6 flC dIl.C. (l) Kdo v6rnro np6ft1 \ra '),vopilErxar 6ro1rpi(Etor Ato or69don. rnv ),LtrE KpDAian6 r(g d).},g otroio Kpardfl 6ft.De v6rlrE (information hidins). (4) 01 cv6rrlrqd np6rer.Kard ro 6r,vardv,va ivar avEdprrrq,51Lq6i va Fnoporivva ).6TXowor 0)qnpoq lIv ope6lnra rnq lrrol,p'lidq rolq, va or'rerlovrK6g F7r),6rovrdr touq v6rlrq. Xopiq (5) Or ev<irlreq eo npenrvo SXoDv jra s),eyx6sq iftaolttnv en6revn nopdypaeo 0o gaq a,tooXo),ioEr.r(drd xlpro l6yo, n ol6idol Ilae svdrrlloq t6'tpr exsivo ro ol!io.6r!0tl eivor 6Dvoldv n ev6rrtrd vd rropdorooci11.ar,orp6ypoffo (i lfirrd rrpoypdFuaro_c) rr(avd d'r6 mr' lno).oyrorii. r'd ro oxo'rd oDrd n pe0o6ololia ro! 0a vo exrc).corei o 'o!4!lroa flpqpaqrarrc!6. Tprforgonorioo|FE tiv

3.7 Aoplp6voq npoypalpatropdg

Kdrlr ar6 rnv tv,tota 6o!4p eq Epqpappa opdE o, yKLvrpdvovrdt Kal Kav6ve,c ox8raoloi cl,6preF(ov.O ot6rdogdq ou-rKxprFcvsq !6()3()r ar\v top tlo$,t rtvrd Kor6tr oq onor6d!r6v rov o).y6pr0!ov PaailErcL\ ).soFa rnv rapoy{oyri prKp(bv, elavd,v0rorov Kar 6Kol6rvvo }.eTx6oiv npo,popldrov. ra PaoLKdororxeio lov otroilrv ovowr|o\a 'otqftr.g cvdrrreq (6..). O, 8oFnF;vEqev6tnrEq 6ev a),).nloe'rKd,['rrowo1 Kd, p pdorl an).onql(sv6vq,ouvt6s p.ya),irp6q lnoponv va oDv06rouv, 'OL( or 6orl!6vq v6rlt8q ;xoDv rlv rapa'(drol 6olrllCveg v6rrrrEq.

I
'Ei060q

62 Ta PqorKdxopoKrrlprorLKd r6rv 8ojrnlavov evo'irov eivor: I. K{io 8op!}Gvrl vdrtra izcr Fio iso6o KqL lro 6qo3o. 2. Or Soptp6veg ev6rrtrq SrorpeXovrdr ar6 ndvo npog ru KrirrD, ps dpon olvfruLo Kor(i rov iSro rp6no vo 8rorpiTovror KoL or Ue.r07"Lirpeq Soslfaw( .v6rlreg nou ouyxporoJvral dr6 aurig. 3. : K{io6osn!6vr Ev6rtra opi(rar Fovooriuovrd6vaEooiprKd Kd16va eorpr{d EpoC. M,o 5ostp6\T evcjrtro rl neprixeror n},ip!r_(6s Fra d),lr, ri tspio'(roloro eqo.eprK6rrq. 4. Kdoe Sopn!6\T e\'6rlro sivol 6!vor5v va IyXeiauro8nvdFo {0qnpoe rnv ope6rlrd rrl_(. 5. MLo Soprtp6vn v6rnro snlKorvoveiarorlrorrKd Kar [6vo p g ]1rovrKaq. npog ra ndv.r rcorl(drrD, SoFtFdvg v6rlrq. AotPdvrtov 6}.1xo 6ros I6p sr6 rot ndta) tEitotd r?< Kor ort ouv6xrolcraprodqr rov tlx t'ro orcr Kdro rEitoi'ti otr. Td tropdtr,ivnxapsKrrtpro Kd qooaal,iqo'rv 6vov repapxrKdbrdxopLou6 rn( poic sxr6leonq ev6g ,rpoyp{illoroq o at)ro6Llvops Ev6rnrc(. 3.7.1 Ba6,rris Sopru6vq sv6rltq O rp6noq rpr,paaiq ev6qol.y6plololl aler nporapxrKi ortrooia, 6rflv rlpdklrdr vo ropa6.u0i oJ!6 Kdnoro npoFdLroro q!r6q o a),T6preUoE ypappo. H npr.ypoai aufli '/ivro' tls q []oie8rE PMN(bti Sop1thor trorixor, at onoi|4 Kqx{iKarporiq 6Xouvrunonoll0i. tqv npdqt XpnorFo, norotvrar 8fo ci8n ypo{prr6\,napaordoov}ra rnv nsp|i/poqi a}.-yopi6!rDv, $ ,opadqpipp(Ea Ku 'r.I ioytKd SnTpdpsata. :q ouv6XLo rpr,pdAovrar 01 pdorxdq 6opf!6\,q evdrnre rar 3i vovrdr or ovridiorXEq'l,pa0rKCg nopoordoererolg t,g 610rleia SofoSrq3Lo.rpolFdrov: ]potrtrdrrDvi 7.oyrK6\,
l. trot/.Er(b649 tv6r4ra H oroLIEr6Snq cvdrlrd Eivdr rrd or).i EKrl"6orurl cvro).ii (statemeno.

AolroSrdtpqrFd

AoyrK6 Ariiypqpla

PJ

p)

63 :rlv nEpirrlool p), |r3 rrlv ovliororlrl 6woli rdl,iror T|o rtl,ol ,no oldrlrtFl 6of4r6vn ev6qra I onolc *fl 6rr.4 qq Eeloprari npF Ypaqi. 2. trpd (scqunce)
Aotlo&d d|||la

AoTrx6 A.d sHro

I
6.e

lt"l ---r-lt"l ---r-t

:

---r-td'l

I
3. fndrli (selection)
Aotlo8dle d|4rd A0/1116Ardlpqr||!

oxt(o)

M. rrtv nll.o-yri-ft7llrdr rivl I 6olrlu6q otr6 rnv rotf i |rt rlq ouve{Kn6.

v6qia ,roo ,rporojmer

4. EravdJ4.r I (teration) t ouviKn orrlv ap14 Aot o6dypqrpo

Eidvild$. 6o0 ,drn.r

A0yrr6 Ardtpa|r|ro

Mr itv enavd?'tvn Exrrleirorn 6olnJr6vrlv6qra stlovalntrrrKd Kor 600 rolrll Kdttord ouvoiKn. 61r exr otlo6tx0ei FE ln tro onpeio oD160a np6nrvo dvoQ6poupe 5olnptvq v61nrs 6rr o, Seopioc Al'yopiopov, rre oool'(q oolielo Kar tlavd)'rl\rlgsproiv Ia vd 6oeirl Trdpdotoon rrlq orpds,tfl)'oyri6 cll6pr0po! An6 rrlv trp{i6rl6poq 6xrtrpoxnvr,6rt rou onoroudrinote 8oglEvq Evdrrltsq'Yra o nepropro!6qorrq lperg !6vo al)16g9ootl(Cq rrtv nprlpapi v6g ol'16pr0llou,6v ivor Kor 1660 a,rorelLoldrr(6q' 6olnB6vq fra ro l'610 our6 ilouv eroaloEi Kar or ttopordr(') PootxEC nou ivar oDordollK(irdpallld,aq i Erexrdoeterov npollou_ Evdrrtre

s. no11an14ffitlor4 Ao*o6rd'tpaFFd A011|(6 ArdlpoHra

65 Me rrl!, tro).).otrli trrLolli, avdlo.ro t rlv tllri ,rou naipvr Kdnoro Krrl.eird' Kdrn avrisrorTrl 60!rlr;vrtv6Itophti (r.r. i= 1.2,....N) rnrd. :,rpitrtoot 'roDrt peraphri rdpEr rrsri Kr6qrot, n3ioriflr{iv rlg r(rclirar ovraorolxl SopnF6vqev6rnro (nrpi,rrodt LdeoD). Enat 4ttt4 pE ouveixr oro rlloq Aopo6rdtpdHro Aolrx6 ArdfpoF,ro

E dvdldF. latplq 6rdr rdrno.r rdrora olvoikr

ME rrlv nav{i}.n\yn duni ExreliroLcndvoltnrrKd rl 6otrl!6q v6rlra 6o0 6evro1rir|(drrordolv6iq. Orav I owrirn 1016r 0,16rtv apxri n aolnFivrl v6rtra rsp{i ro yyovdgdur6 go krLsori lro qopd. 1. Erut |tlr4 npoxaooprofrvoL qproFoL, @opdv Aoto6rdtpolFa
ErdvdhB. lq I=lllll)12

A011|(6ArdlpqrFo

M rnv enavdl.rt ouri n Sotntlq v6rnraKrleiror raval,rl,rrrx{i qprep6 or)yKeKplEvo xdoopiqrdr a'r6 Tls rueq 'ror 'ldipvr eop6v,rou n jrropl.nri I. H uplu.ri rruri rrlq jrrapl.nricI ivaro dpr0r6q II rsr rl rcL'(ti rrlri o dpr0Fd6 12.O apreldq13ivqrro p'iro qrl6rtots rrs rurlic rrtg ptapLnriq L

66 3.?.2 Ildpo6l uro ol65todlo6 o]'y6pr0lov Iapardro divolue |tra ostpd trdpuSttlu{itov oxs6roopo6an}6v sIY6prolov U 6Kond rnv Kal,l,irprl Ksrdv6lon tnq Xpriorlgrotr 6oprlp6vou npoypatFarloloi, fro Kdod1,16pr[oo16rd(ot! ro ovliolotlo 6oForou. 6rd-yparJrd 6p{o< oio nopodsiflsro ivar avuyxcio vs KdvoDgE nprv npoxopriooup noD aqopoiv rov lpriro Ypaqliq1{])v6oFo6rolpqpteprK6qSrEur(prvrio8rq Ardoooea,b 3nl,{ivoup 6116rdpd(oup rrlv rrpri n.X. ypdeoolre: a Kar rte b. rrls rer0p).nrig -'Orav n.x. ypdqoDle:Ti)rroor a,b. ":" 6iI6vouFE 6rr ru,r6vou! dpxrr(d rlv rrli rnS !rophiig a,6rrt ouv6lErc rnv IUi rle b Kur d).oq ro onspolo :. - EKr6qiov avayKaiov !ero0).Ir6v rloo rdeopi(owor ond ro np6pl.I[d, xdr d].].qPonnrrreqjreraB].n{,r.i. i, j, xr, at, b) ;(pnorFo,roro[r'"ror aic, 6n,:,en.a. max. min, s, si, x, y, z, t, p K.ln. o otroiogvo ppioKrKar rltt6ver rov nopti8ryto 3.6 No 6o0si a),-r6pr0tloq !lq)rrlrpo 0,16 lperq aprotoi(. Aoto6rdypoFld 'Orov

N N nar:=a ln.r:=c

>T<
otN

o o

I na^ =c lmar =b

nop'i6rT,ra 3.7 Na 6o0id),y6preAoq, o oroioq vo raqlvo[ei Katd oiqoDoa rdqq rptre TrpdyturlKonq cprolonq |(ar oq orviXrd vo rotj( r!t!6ver-

67 Aolo6rdypatrlo

H ovrrpid0Edt rov rrl6v 360proF),tr6v, acr(' x, y, /ivEror |rrrl tprion (601(l) z).To avriororxo6oto61dlparlroe rpirrtg porlortil(ts t1eropl,nris 6rr oq iq: ra 1nq eroprorie aurti( v6rr|1qq
AotoSrdlpd,rro

Ilapd6rylra3.t ^ivo}.ror n npollorrKoi aproloi xr,...,x,. Nu 6o0i dl.y6prlog o orloioe va unol,oyi(r Kcwr6ver 10 doporord aurd)v s.

68

6o||oSrdnqpa
A|dPdoc n. xi. i = l(l)n

Enoltro& 6.0 torta i<.

l-O ouppotropds xi, i= I(l)n

l-

'='t\-

*-,-

ivor 6vd6 odwotoE rp6rloq ypde{g rou

a=(ar,ar,...,a")'(or b =(br ,b?,...,b; nopd6Errua3.9 Aill5war6!0 6rawoFoto ). o onoiog vc unotlof(er Kar rDn6ver ro 6oorEpu(6 No 6oi d'.16pr0|roc

s:

l _ a i D i : a r D | + a ? 0 2+ , , , + a no D ,

Aopo5dypaFFo
A " i P o on . . a r .b r . i = l r l ) n

EtrdvdldD. {ido rdttr i<n

.- +a.q

.=*' -

fldpd6r ra 3.10 Aivovrar n rrpoy|rdlrroi oprepoi xi, i: I(l)n. No 6o0i o onoiogvd unoLoyi(tr *ar rurr6vrrov peycl,6repo cprprixor ol,Ydprepoq rn eeon (5iKrrt), rlv onoid aut66 kd16lr.

69

Ao|roSrdmo$ro
A r d p d d .n . r , . i = l { l ) n

Endvilape }lo i= 2( I)n

F-'-^;=

I]apd8rrua 3.ll No 6o0ei aly6pr0!oq, o o7roioq va 6ropd(er rle oDvrro7[6vq (x,y) v6q srpeiol, rou snrr6Sourar va ru7r6v1 rov avriorolro (0.1,...,8) oprold rnq reploxiE rou xqpoKrnprorrKd { nlrdtova orov o'loio (p1,. ro onteio tr.3.2). PpioKr0r AoFo6rdmopFo

'l
o -\tn
261

I
o
k2=5 N -1-

I
ol '

-\>\-l

I
r
t81

-\'1l

n
tr.

I I
3,2. XoporlTprorrkoi d'louoi ro! r n,6ou xoy.

IlopdSsrruo 3.12 Aivror EvaqrrpoyovrK6srivdKo( A:(ait)M..,(R) (M"."(R) or,!Po},i(erro onvo).orov rErps1ovrK6v'rlvdK{'v p n ypalll;q xa' n oIri/,g Kor }l ororxio npq.rparlxoi oprepofq). No 6o0i d).]6-

70 rn lrrpdrprl pr0loq o oroioq va utro).ofi(r Kcr flrt!(ivr ro slor1Eio |'1 (d06q olorleiov. deporola ypollF{q, ro iuri, Ercivnq rnS t Flo}'rirepo oE rproodrsdeporopa Epqavigrar xor rit 6tor rou. Edv 10 l1Ta]'6repo ro}.}'d olotlia Edv DtrdpXouv peqypollr6( va llq0i n np{i}rl d?tddu16q. q'!6 ourd. tro 6o[o61d1po[]rd tsl'ulaio flfri vd I'ne6ei 1o !e rI lrKpdrEp'l qrtroi!voD ro drdvuola si, i= l(l)n /rd oly6prelou ,(pqouonorti.at lou ypofp6v rou trivo(c. 10)v rov n a0poroudrov ltv r(olor(6pnon AoFo6rdtpaplro
dr6pdo.n. a,i, i= l( l)n. j = I (l)n E n d v d l d F ry r o i : = | ( l ) n

Etu!(rd9! rd j:= l{l)n

Endr{Ido. rrd i:= Z(l)n

E dv{tdF. lto j: = 2( l)n

'71 To owiororLo oyrK6 ArdypapFa Eivor:

A r d F d dn r . a,. i= lrlln. i.= lrl)n

j: = 10)n

j : = 2 tt ) n

12 Kotaor(uiq naptiSrTIu 3.r3 Nu 6o6sl6vo6 ;1.16p1[oe rlivd(d rr!(irvfllg rprlovorrrprriqouvdprnong - / sinx y(n.. r)-'r-r \ I sin2x sinnx\

Ia n:5(5)20 xqr lta ro drdornla0(x(2n, u 9rlpsAx:n/100. fra rdo vo n vo oftd,vor.lcr660 rv6gtpdI|'l66xar rl rrpi lou n. Aop6rdflot{ra

Endvd4d0. doo 'dti.'

n<20

trovdr!0e d6o rotn.r r< 2.pi

E n d v d l o f oy , d l : = l l l ) n

Iq oov;xsla 0d 5o0i avoq6raeopeflK66 aly6pr0lo! o oroioe nlovr.ii avavrr rou nponloi|lvou oro 6116v uno),oyiqa,yrd xde n, eKivq lq 11166 rov K).oopdtl'v (sinix)./i,or o'roiq6xouvurolorori 'rponloup6voe yru qv trepi'ltrDoiln-1. O o).y6pr0tro6 our6 Eivor talfrpoq and rov npoillorilEvo, a).ld anorrei 6[oq ld1(r rnv noM,6v BonglrrK6v ]r6ldplrltd'v |rEra).6ftpn rviFyt. fro rtv KoraoK6urirou lptortonorirdr 6vo pol6ytnx6 8rdwota n = (nr ,n2,...,ni) Kor6\,oqporl0qlrK6q ,rivaKd(s = (sir) = i = 0 ( l ) 2 0 o .i 0 ( l ) 4 .

73
8rd1pol|ra

I =0(l)20O

i=0{l)l

lll8id ond 6io lpd!!dq)

o o'roioq vo 6rapdqer 6vov 06flK6 I]upd8er1lro3.14 Nd 6o0i d),'y6pr0roq, aKiporo apr0F6 x l.ar orn oDv6xravd rov dvo}.nro np6rouq ropriorpd,lulpdvovroq un6v! Kor lowse. ()1o7roiolvd rurr6vovruros anqoDoa rnv no),l.0nL61rlra.
dos06rdypdFFtr

ErdvdldF.

.j6o ,ol,i.,

p<x

Eadvdldpe 610 roxi'., Tirdd pi

t=0 Triro,o. ,'

Ildp'i5r,rpd 3.1s Ailovrdr n aploloi xi, j:l(l)n. Nr 6oEia].y6preroE o orloioq va rooq 3'opdqrKor vo rr'loloyi(r Kar rD,r6ver: d, In uion rruri rorc \m: : l . \ ) x,.

frKp6rEpo apr8F6 xmin Kdr rov lr8ydl,itEpo xmax. To '!),iooq r{Dv ap10!dJv xr, fto! Bpiorovrar oro Srsorrirard Y)

p) Tov
yr)

I x m + x m i n\ min, 2 / f rmax+xm \

12)l

lxrn * xrnin

,xn I

-. I

txmax+,.m I , x m a xl 14)L 2

75
lo!o5r{iypdpto
A r i i F o on .. x, i= l(l)n

E t r q v d r q p el a

i:= l(l).

T, rud.

xm. \min

nop.i8r,,ro3.16 Na 3o0si o),.rdpregoq. o oroioE vd unol,oyi(crKdLrundjvcr ro yLv6!vo 6[0 'rlvdKrDv A=(a,k)M.r(R) xdr B:(bkj)M,i(R). To .rrrcj!vo C:A.B sivraLdn6 rov rivaKa C:(cr)M*"(R) Br
c j r: aajk.brj.

AbroSrd appa
A , d P o 6 .h . t . r . a r . b $ , i = l ( l ) m r t = l ( l ) t , ' j = l l l ) n E r l u i t L d p cr o i i = I ( l ) n E dvdloo. o j:= l(l).

Emvdlo$. ro t:= I ( l)t

Tnnod. cij. i= lll)n. j= l(l)n

oto np6ypoppu 4. Ano rov c)"y6pr0po

4,1 fvrKri
To l{sqd),aro uur6 x(Dpiqrar o rpLs v6qrq: :LrroFl "todlutn ofl: Tl6oocg'rpo]pol-ForroFo'. BooLKdororxia rrlg y),drosagnpoyporfdfloFoi Pascal. II0pd3iy!ard npoypellIdrov.

o, Fao1K6(r6xvrK6qrrtq :rnv rp6q vdrnrd E8rd(ovrd,oljvonT1l(d [lr]poqopri{iq nou xpn6rForotoivrdr yra rov oploJr6Kol rrlv xoxooKEuri Koo(iqKor 7Lortv avd),uonto\, 1).rDoorK(i)v rouq oror rsxvnr6v-y).r,)oo6\,. ( ElodTovroL 6 ot c|vor rrtr Ku\ rr9 nrKid rpappctrKis t)(666a<. zEiov. :rl or liXc o avopiprror n ttnor/ntr^inot p d, rot tlopioq YporrlorKdv yro rrtv r8prTpaqi rcr oDtrdKlKo[ rtD!, ]Loroo6v trpoypoppolropoi. rr'iv ouvrdKnK6v xav6vov pLuq Eriolts Sivovror 6fo rp6ro, o!ppo).1or1o[ Ti6oouE npolpaplarlolon. Or XplouonorolgevEq orr]v svdrtro ourri peeo6oLoTiq Eivdl oL'orrbSolq orlldoidq ?1arnv nLrlpoQoplr(li xdr our6, 16-10rnq ava'yKo16?rlroS npr7po9iq v6q d),76pr0po!,! orolxeio lroq 'r),6oooq npo,poFporLolou, ia onoiu pnopeivo reqpTuori avoquno).oEv6rrrq-ii\Eror fud onwoFI trdpoDoiaot!o! ouvrdKrrKot :rt 6rirpn Kor roD oitFdorolotlxof rn_( }).rlooaE npo'),poplorloUofPascal,n onoio snrpenr rrtv oKplF6orprl nepLlpoai 7vrKuF6vov oLydpro!0iv dtr' 6rr ,vaq vuroKrbSrKoq Kor enur),6ov Kaerord auvofii rnv eKr6).ori roD( 016 rov uloLotLorri. H nrloTi rrlq T],6ooaqPascal rou N. winh Yrve, nL6i rl 'i,L6oou or,rri npooq6praryrq rtv nprypdqliol.yopiopov,nou oXs5ld orrtKov pe pdon rrq apxqrou 6oplp6vounpoypoFlarropori, v6 rourdXpova uroornpi(1, rxavororrrLKd,nnl.rp6vs 6op6s33op6vov Kor npdqsov IrIv rpirrt evdrlro Sivovrur ra npo,pdl4rora orrl TL6ooo Pascallov nopudelyldrov rou 6xouv ovonruxeEiqro rpiro Kq{i}.oro.

78 4-2 ELaa'lotTi o.ug Tl.(bo6sq npoypoppotropof

4.2.1 r1,6ddq xor Tpopporrcg :rnv nopdypaao auri oivror o oprof6s r.iv y7.ooo6v npo,poptdoq 6nvo).o aKoloD0r.6v ousp6Lov, frtr vu rlotori, oL oroig oe<oporivtor ol]|t86),.rv,np6n01 opXlKd vo Koeoprorei oprooei 6vd orivoLo dxoLoljerdrv 0]!6 rorfl oipBord lropi vo d'rorliral plo rfrolo aKo],or0ia. Eftop6voq o d'rd onvo),o oprop6q lroq yL66oaq ornpiEror o ,vo KoeoproTlKd r' oupP6rov. o tottlllxrol si,\'6.fqn. Oprdp6q 4.1 K{ie rftpdofcvo ,r\tto),o t+A To oroLteia roD Kdlonvrdr oipf .t i ),p.iryan. Mlo 8ratstoltl6vn nnpaop6q oKol.or8io n owp6),(lrv xr,xr,...,xn!e x,:, i=l(l)n, ovopdoxd.aDeic oDplt6).av ii ,il<r/ unEpdv(D rou t. H ),6qr ourli oUFpo).iqto, lEaat Kal os E'iq:

OE piKoq rtq x (or,[po],,o!6El(x)) oopirdl o oplejr6qn. or61Kd ra xi, i: l(l)n 6v ivar rinol(porlr.ddlo 8roqopsnKd leroqi rou(. To onvoLo 6).ov rov I6Eov !ftepdvo rou : oDFpoli(Eror !E t* Kal ou!'lepr),aFp{ivioro qur6 | xvri }.6in (o'rupo}.,oF6q : ) piKouq 0. :ro orlvolo E* opi(oufe Fla 61u).inpdqn. rr o[\,oon 5[o ].aeeov,rtv otroid oulFoLiEoupu . 'Eor(D x . y : + F e x : x r x 2 . - . x n x o r y = y r y 2 . . . y - . T 6 r 1 1 O p r o l 6 q4 . 2 06rq$4 a@! 610 f6qr0v Ln x.y:xrxr...x"yryr...y. ovoFd(tor x xd1 y Kar ivaLliKoDq n+m. Eqri@drt::rn ouvazcre 0a rapaleinrar ro onlpolo rrtq ftpdqls Kar 0d ypdqoupxy av.i x.y. Mt(I i(;)o6a ||tl'p(r.D evdqa).gdprtrou: eivoL6va ororoSinore D'roon vo?.orou t*. EftEr3i or yloqoEq Eivd, onvola. fropoiF va aapp6ooD! q o!r6s 6Iq rrq Tvoor6e orvo),o6sopnrlKa( rpdlerq 6roq rnv ropri, Er16i td o.ollia rov y),rDo66v eivor ).6erq, prop6i 6\,oot rar SrdQopd. fro 6io 1 5rtle},iq rpd(t rnr 6nv0eonqva nKrooril(dl onc y}.dJooq. y).6oocqL, Kal Lr opiqrolro l,vdatlrt ro',q Lr L, oq Eiq: otroL6o8inor L r ' L , : i x yI x L r , y L r i . To droriLola notevoq rnq ot\,06onq3[o ylooo6v Lr Kor L? eivor pro yl.66oo. nou dnor),eirarerd 6lq Kivq Tlq ).6e1q, or onoie ivnLro

79 arore).oBorrlq o0!olq l.6Ec('vrrtq r),6ooaS LJ ! ).6tr_( rng L:. O oprol6q rlq onlonq YlooodJv jroq o6n-ridloe Kor 610! opro!6 rle di,w!4.. lno.ell.(nuoo'e. Eoro L lro onoro6inor 7),6ood. T6re opiEortrr:

H.y).6idoq L' ovopdqtaL I n-6ivdpt rrtc L. Kar' n6Kroonopi(ouir: L*: U- L'

lrn oDvaxra 6ivou! rore oprosori( rrtq uno).6_hq ro1 rtc ro6rnraq 6no l.aEov. Opr6p6q ,1.3Mro ),4n x:* ovorrd(erot r,ltr,iiit rrl_cy:* yr t.yrI*:y=yrxy:. ldvov rdre dvL'ndpXou r6re Kar

O9L6p6c, 4-4 A60 ).e_Eerq x,y:* ! x=xrx!...xi Kdr y:yryr...ym eo Iflolrar ,6.; (or,FPoIroFdi x = y) rdrc xor rrorovrdrc cd! n - m hs, r, - y, V i = l(l)n. Or y)"6ocg roD evSrqq6pouv ortv nlrlporpoprKriivar or 7),d'oos,< ftpoypoHrarrofoi. or otroieg ildr oulieog lll trempooscv_c xar srrolevoq KdSe tra rorq 5Evunopei!a oprotEi tl qnapi6Frlonrov L;LE(ivrrlq. frd !o )dTo au.6 0o np'rlva Pproeisrd nE'rpoo!6vn ,rpo6laypdrpi. n onoia atro q lrc nLupd\'a SEuKoLtverrov d\poro orn ouyypoqri ,rpoypEpldrov, Etld5i oro olnFotrop6 ].68!rvrnq yl6oooq ror c'!6 rrv d),U vE Emrpirer orov t)no].oyrorri vo qqr(pLBdrvrdv avo ouyKKprilivorp6Ypafsa, trou eeop8iror a)q pLq L6lrt. aviKer orl yr6ood i 6Xr. To npdP),Ita ouriq rn( Eqdl(piplronq ivor y!,oord oro MaeIFarrKd Kor r!v n).rpoaoprKri ae np6qlat1a ).ii4s. H (troilEvn rpobraypsqri ed npirer va ivar r6ro1d,(ijo. us Bdortarrri vo lnopi va Srorlin(Doei 6vasu),.rdproroq Trq rnv ropordv(D aKpipoort. Or yz,djooeq rrs oroiC uftripTol,v 7ro raroror du6pr8For. ovoud(owaL )i6ootE ttt SDvatir1n an6?ao4c. Mra and Tte undpXoroq no,rolrio (, oL onoi( nrrpinouv rrl 6nfroupyio trldc nenepoositn( rpo6rqypaeiq trd Fn tren.paog6vq yloo, oL:. rivor. Kdro and oprotri!e:nfnrnogiorrc.n r' nonoitot t@v"pappatr r..iy rou Chomsky.H runonoinot ro\, Ypaflorrr6v roD Chomsky ilar I yrd rov oprold rrDvy].ooo6v rpoypatFoolvrle6drspa Xprlol[onoroLiF\,I flolon. H onort ofarrK6rnrd ar(i,v rov 7pd!rdTtl(6v. Pao(srar oro 6rr. exr6< roD d].qdBrror, tni yi,d,oode, ro otroio ovoldqrar Ksr 77ovd_i oivo),o rpta x.rl' oulD6ro! (rerminah).roliTolrdr ild lotenrrx6 ai.qd9rro, ro onvoi,o r,],v ln tcpra 'ii)\' or'rrp6).ov(non-terrninals),Kar alo ftnrpadllEvo r).iooq Kovctrov }ra ro leraottfaflo}l6 ).6slD!. or onoieq

80 ,r6prIoDv |rl rsppurrKdo$]rpolo. E,ti ftlEov ('.16 flopatrdvolpapFarrx6q opi(rar Kdr lra 8tuKeKprpavrtl6gn pirotje I I oltoi.o.o\rot!&C.r aipf o cxxiv4a4e$r^tt synbol) qg lpoHrorrr{e. H 1ll6d6o nou opi(erur p rov l6q(ov nou Pdorturd r6roro ypaFForroi, eivol ro oivol,o dl.ov sKiv(rv Kor rrq onoisqFropoiF va 6rllroup,rirprclouv [6vo tEpFa.lKdo0trpo].E oorrpE eKrv6waeand ro onFpolo exKivnorlqKor ! rn potiororrd\.,rore rtE rov 6uvdr6v traollporrsp{nv, or o,roior opi(ovror at6 touq Kav6veq yl6ooqq. tlit ouv6lCra 6ivrdr lla auornpdrpnneprypdpi 6trov row trapotrdvo) ypa%a#i ivdr pta 16O0roFd 4.5 Mn Chonsky-rpawanni i olt^"'n rp{i6a C = (t,V,P, S) F 2 + O | ft$Epocttt\to 06\,0L0 (al.qdprro rprroru(6v) v+At n n'paapivo oivo),o (d,qdplro pI rppdrrK6v)

LAv =O
P*At

ro oroio opi(rcl og eqig: ^*epo.ar|vo o6vo1.o(xdv6vEe)

P= l ( p . q ) l p ( ( : U v ) * - E 1 ) - { l . q ( I U v ) l } S v: o"!Pol.o Kriqorl(. To ororxia rou v ovopd(owor aDltgac, xar rcraf)4rtg To (nyn b,q) ooppoLi(owar Kar pe p - q Kor ovoldqovrol drrvroxrrKoi Kav6vC G)o.pwrEpi '!}.updKdr q 6qrd nl.supd rou r(uv6va).:rn prpl'roypoqid dvri rrtq 6woroq rou ouvrdKTlKoS Kdvdvaxplorlororirar Kol o 6pog oDvto.t<rtKtiE tcav'vae tapay@mE. 'Eqro Oprq!6s 1.6 9,v GUv)*. H q(aon {p d \t! ovotdefr Pita (na.tt(I payd)yoD) rnv napo1oyi llg Mqrtq V ar6 .n g 1616 Kar U6vov 16r dv u,rdplolv ).6!EEqr.q2,p Kor q: q = 0rp92, rI:9rq9: H ox6ot '(or (p-q)cP.

q f, r7 ovo|ri(etor ltopdpyoE qe \y d'r6 rt a rdl ra, t6vov qi, i=o(l)n: rdr dv urdproDv1'6EEr6 eo=q, q,:V K a r O ,c - g i . r , i = 0 ( l ) n - 1 .

Opwp69 4.7 H ykbooa L(G) nou 'rdpdyr.ar a'!6 rr ypa$alrK{ G = (t,v, P,s) opi(rar og 6iq:

L(c)={xt*l s;x}.

8l 01 rlopandvo Chomsky-ypalrlorrrtg, 6?01 6noc opioelKav orn yvu$i roDq lopqri, 6\,lnopoiv !o c!'rusroniooDv ro rTp60ltpa ),6qnq. Arlld6i or 7).(ioogrloo nopdyovrorotr6 aur6q 6Eveiva|revrKd y).disoq !E 6uvdrdrnra on6Quonq.Mnopei va o,todrXoi 6fl 6Ev urTdp7r Trdwora),76prepoq o o,roioq,.rra rnv ororo6i,tor ?pdplarrKi G=(I.V,P,S) Kar rnv onora8inor l6er x :r, vo ti'ropivd onoadoior,o 'r'lEpaop6vo xp6vo. dv x L(G) i x e L(G). fLo ro 1,6T o dur6 0o rp6nErvd pd).ou!Enepropts opois avqqoprKd pErrl poparl r(dv xuvdvov rrtqTpalFoflxie 6101 6ore, vd qooqol,iooulllrt Suvar6rrFo an6qoonq lqq rlopo,6!vrlq yL6oooq.

4.2.2 f ) i'aax; ovr6dprl|lrs durepo(oFtl{u. r,o rtv ,osruyrirtq avLqdprtrns or Fpns(otivov rI6ood, 6ivcroro
rdpdhdru oprofdq.

Opr6lr6e 4.8 Mla lpa|tfarrri C=(:,V,P,S) 0d ovow(saat aveedprar4 obpapatoptvot i awedpoFq or .iot i c(-t'pasraax'i (context free language). 16r Kor [6vov 16r {iv yra K{ioe(p,q) P ro76erp V- Mro l]"dJoooL 0o arcitipt4t4 oupqpa(opitat i t!f-.i(i)ooa 16r Kdr F6vov 16r oroynlfi edt undpler lra ctf-TpqFFotrKrlrl onoia rapdyEr rn yL6ooo L. nopdSr#a4.! H rpdFsmrl.1l C=(:.V,P,S) F :={a,b,c1, V:{A,B.C,S} Kar P=iS-ABC,A -Aa.B-Bb, C-Cc, A-a, B-b. C-cl i v a rp r a dleidprrrrt or,lapoqolevov Ypopporrxi. Airo tropd.r{oyor aoris ivdr o, S c' ABC a' aBCc- aBbCc- abbc a' abbcc c' abbccc6=abbccc Ksr

S c=ABC a". ABCCc- ABccc- ABbcc; ABbbccc.AaBbbcce' AaaBbbcc d' AaaaBbbcc c' Aaaabbbcc 6 aaaabbbcc rotnr: x,yL(C). sroFivo( x =abbcccKar y =aaaabbbcc fra flq r6EErC EnKoIo lnopi vd 6sr Koviq6rr rl yld]ooo L(C) opi(elqr ors Eri_(: L ( G )= { a m b n cIl m , n . t > 0 } . Eivor pqvp6 6rr. -rru 5E5o!6\rty).{i}ooo. lnopoiv vo ltlrip1ouv 6rdgopeq ypoltroTlK6q, or onoig tropdyouvduti tn yl.d'ooa. fra napdSr q orn! napaniivo ./patparrxri pE 'rpooe'iKr lLog vadelerop).triq D xaL avrrKordoraon rou xov6vq S - ABC ctr6 roug Kovdveq S - AD xar D - BC npoKfmr pla v6o-rpopponxri rl onoiq nopdyer 6lroe rlv i6rE-rL6,ooa. To npdD),nportq l.6ln;, yrc )'rlo.peq outopo(opivov ypalIorlriq,

82 aur6 EivorKar o 0oorK6orlo6rxvirordTl 6Xrrdwor L6ol. To yyovdg rpog l67oq lld rn 1pnortorloinon rov avdprrlrov oolepu(o[6vov Trd rov oprop6 rov y?"{Doo6v rpoypoFpsrrolot. 7pd![drr(6v oq p6oov Xrrq ft d,oosg,rpotpoptrorrolo6dloq 6.v apKia,!Ld Karpdvo I 6rar!i6r(,)6rl dv lra L6I (6lra6{ 6va ,rp6ypqrpa)avixr o pra Tl6ooa ti 6Xr, mpandvo },6qlq. Aur6 a;.).d 0a r!p6,rrvc oprotei Kcr rl 6ot{.tq ,nru-fidvrur lr q poi0ro lo)v orrvrcxflr6v 56wp(])v. nprv 6Foq npol&)prioorJfe ornv 6woro rou orJ!'raKrrron66!.rpou,es 6d ooulrroue opr6[o6( rou npooovcroholfvou lpoQriuaroq(al rou 66wpou. 'Eo1{i ;vo tlEnepao|rvo Opldp6s4,9 orlvolo K Kar RsK'K 6}u 6rivo},o (x,y) !e x *y. To ([yo( G=(K,R) ovold(lar npr5rd1ray!6vov(EDldrv d@afoltottr,o ypd?1la. Td ororlio rou ouv6).ouK ovotrd(owor /rd4or, 'Evoc, aKUtE\. rp6nog rapdorools v6 tou R /i,14 (i npooararclqpeveE Tpaqiporoq v6q ,rpooovarohoFEvo! 8ivrar oro nopaKdro ndpd6rTpo: 4.2 To ypdarlfa C=(K,R) 6fto'rK={kr,kr.k1.ka,k5} Kdr Ilopriderrpc R = l G r , k r ) , ( k r , k i ) ,G r , k 5 ) G , r , k 4 ) , ( k 1 , k rG ) ,a , k 5 )G , j , k l ) , G j , k r) ] n a piorclor oro tX- 4.l.

ka kj ypaqritlloq, El. 4.1 ndpd6.r1p! rpooovorol-r.pivo! Palos r R, pe r = (x,yl,0s ),Lye6rr nnwivetand ut, K6lfo r orov _r,Kar 6rr o x xiv(Jto Ipo, o,iftvo rou y rv6 o y tivot o n'plvoq rcr x. Mtd tpo)(Ii tirca Fra a(otrouoiq pcld'v trlc sopqiq: ( k 0 , k) , , f t , , k , ) ,( k , , k r ) , . . . , ( k n _ r ,)k, " (. k," , , k " ) dno! 6ld ra Dh Eivar6raqopt1xd lltaqt tuog. Edv olrtv ftpon,oi!vrt rpoXrd roxifl: k0: kn r6re auri ovotd(rsur,lerari 8raqopelft& dt,ory.t4. tio tlc. 4.1 n a,(o),oDoia P1,6v: (kr,k,), (k,,k5),(kr,kl ), (kr, kr ),(kr,ks) 'Evu

83 ei\'or !1re ovorrri rpoxrri. Ev6 or aKoroDeisF].6v: ( k , , k r ) ,G , . k 5 ) , . , k ,) K s L G r . k r ) .( k r , k a ) . f t a , k 5 f t)5 (k3, ( k 4 , ( k k4), (k5, k 1 ) , L k : ) .( k r ,k 5 ) , k r ) .( k 1 , kr) 'Otr.Dg Eivdr K).rortqrpotreE. qaiveral Kor atr6 ro nopaSciyFaro lnopi rl nopcia Froq rpoXrdq vd nspdor a,r6 6vov l.dp0o neproo6rpq ar6 pro r.jx,l,E eivar tra xisro i rpo d yla rtr onoio KdeKdtFoq rlq ivar (orvdq ae 6io o{p186! pi}.l. :ro tt.4_l or K},erorag rpoXrcE: (kr.k,). ( k , , k l ) ,f t t , k r ) , ( k r . k ' 1 ) . G a . k r K ) or ( k| . k r ) . f t ] . k 4 ) .G r . k r ) eivor xnK].or.Eivor qar,p66tr 1 ropeic \,6qKi)K).o!npvdran6 xde xdlllo 0xprp6q|lld qopd : 6va npooavaroirolcvo rpdq'tpa o cpr6p6q rov npotyot!vov K6pll(,^,. v6s x6FpoDk. ovoFdqcralroocrt(6. Paep'c ror k xa, orppo),r (eto' Fe g (k), cv6 o qpLrlp6qrov etr6psvov K6lFov rou ovofd(Erdl t(orep <6qlla0p6qro! k Kor oupFo),i{era'pe g*1t1. rrc nopd8r,yuo oro :X. 4.1 6Toutsl s (k1):2. s - ( k . )= l . g+(kr)=l. g-lk,)=2. s+(kr):2 'Evo<

8+(k,): I 'Eva Op6F66 4.I0 npooavdroT.roFivo ypdqrtpoXrDpiE rd)Kl,ouq, oro o,roio d{pr06q 6\,os K6ppoq6xe1o.r.rpr{6 paep6 0, vrir6}.0r oL d}.}.or6xouv oor8prx6 pd0F6 I ovotdq..ar npooatardtopivo 6t|tpo ttE pi(a, i o. \6e &yrpr. O lovdd,K6q K6lpoq !e r6otEprK6 paep6 0 ovoJrd(rar pi(a (root) rori 66\,rpou.KdeE K6lpoq k se g'1t<1:9 ovoFd(rar qr,l,lo (leao rou 5a\rpor,. o rlorrp,K6q pc0!6q cv6q Kdppot)k ovordErorKa, rd<4 rou K6FBon k. fEvrKtolraq rt lsyoLL,r.pt rdel. no! lndpTEr oe Krinoro KCjlFotol, 6avrpor. ovofdqror ..iia ror) 66vrpo!. 'E\'oq rpijtro( ropdoraong v.rq 6fwporr SivsruL oro nopaKdr(D nopd6sLylLo. = ,1.3 I]dpdS.TFd To Sewpo G (K.R), 6fto K=lkj i=0(l)lll Kar : R {(k0.kr ). G0.k, ). ft0,kr ), (t | .ki), (k I .kr ), (kr ,kr,). (k:,kr), G:,kr ). (k7.kl]).lk7.k r o ) ,G ? .k ) l nopiordror oro :X. 4.2.

84

tii to rl'
tr. ,1.2 lldpd@on

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6,tpoo

tou tX.4.2 o KdFpoq ke civci 1 pi(o, or K6llpor lro 66!.rpo kr.ka.k!,k6. ks,ke,kro rar klr ivarrd e6l-l.arar or rd}rporkr,kr,k7 tval or v6rdleoor rdloor. To povdg r6pa 6rr il aprorsp{ nlEopd Kdorav6vo Frag dveEdprtrfi oufppa(op6!,ov ypaplo1rr{q e(var lrta lovo6rKi [raplrtfli 6In lleyd],n npaKlrKrl oqFaoia. Kdo lretadXrtFdflo]r6E lloq l6tIC oE pro ftdpdyoiyo 6lsr [6vo roftrx6 xopaK.ipo, 6l1'a6i o prdolnlurrop6e dgopd 6\,apdvo otjlBol,o (!rdpl,nrri) rrs ),6q6Kor yivtar ov4dprrro dn6 rrq yErlovrxaq unolt( uo.o0 loD oD}1p6?,ou. Aur6g lr.[. dLlodls Kdro l6yoq rou tcdpdKrrtpropi Frag r6roroq /patFolooie.)6 avqdplrllrte oDlrQpa(oFvov. 'Eoro r6pd lro napdtoloe qe llrte x:

s: pod p' a',p' " c,p"= Er "

M Pdan rnv '!apo'rd\.o 6ro'rior(Don uvrrororri, ra Ktioe 9rilla napay(i lotr (n.X.qi6'e,.r) FE0<i<n - l xur l(old rlv dvrrxordsrcol prcq Irdphrig A utrd prc l6rt ara2...q UEaiUV), i:l(l)s, ro tlapaKd@ 66wpo:

85 Edv orrl ouv61rdouv06ooup ro 36wpd 6lov rov Drlpdrov rtq ndpayd'you s;x rdr ).drpdvoupro oDvraKiKd qq 66yrpo. flopri8erllrd 4.4 To oDvrdKrrKd 66wpo rne rpd,lnq nopal6yoD nou 8tvror qro nopd6ryld 4.1 T1o trtv KarooxEui rnS 1,6Iqx =abbccc, ival ro ftapaKdro(IX.4.3):

!I.

4.1 fidpd8E|rtd ouvrqKrrKoi 6fwpor

Eivdr {pavp6 6rr I 6wora rou ouvrdKrrKof 66wpou, Siverq 6uvor61rllo oplojrof rroq 6o!iq. yla Kdoe l,6qn w rte y)"6oodq L(G) lroq o,roldo6inor avEqdprtltq oupqpaqo!6vov.yporrrdrrr{qG. H 6Dvar6rnrd ouri eivol,rol.rl lpiorlil Tro rov opro!6 rov .y),.rooiirv npo1popldflopo6. O l.dloq eivdl 6fl on( I6sLq proq yl,6ooaq rpo.rpdljrdfloFoi 6r].06{ ols rlpoypdppora,pnopof]rEva EldKpivoope, p rn porira ypdplorlKiq, l1roe quy'tKpuvo paprl (avflx3i!vd) 6roc r.t. 5nl{iioq, vro},69l6.rXoD, napoordoElq x.Lr., to oftoia eo Inoporloov p q orpdrougvE ivol ftiotq onveradwrKillvoK.o.K.AK6FI | 6o!ri Kdoerpoypdllaroq ea rlpa,rr vs povoorlldvrd lle q poieEroprqq ypst$oflr(tie G. Oa rp;nl68 Kaeopiqrdr va e,norlpdvoup 6fl, oe xde6 rapdyo.ro S;x ovrlororrEi ?vd ouvtdxflKd 66\,.rpo. Arevavrios o 6va ouvraKrrK636!rpo tne llnq x lnoponv va avflororxouv nprooorpq qq plag ndpdloyor fle x. Aur6 o9itreIor oro'/'lovdq rnq rDtaiag Etrrloyiq rnq !rool.rtriq Exeirng 7!ou0o cvrrxoraorooi o r(doprllo, p rn poi0ro Kd'rorouKovdvarrlq ypa![arrxiq. frd vd lnopcooul e'lop6vosvo e'Ilr61oujlro rrovooripsvrorrq Sopiq evdq ,rpoyp{ipporoq lodlolAE ttv 6worq rrlq Kdvovlrig ropoy6lou.

ec ovo;ra(ercr KawwKi 161EKal Oprat66 4.ll Mra 'rapd,oyos Sf,x 'tivovrar !6vov r6rc cdv or dvftKdrddrddr(.ord Fritoro rnq nopsy6you. 'rdwore oDornpd d'r6 aprorpd '!poq ra 6r'i,8nl,s6'i uvruG0iorarqr nd\.'!or rt aprorp61spduproK6tvn xar 6uvsr6v vo svlrKaraoraoi sroFhtli. fra nopddElrud dvaa;pou! 6rr I rqpd,oyoq Sc-abbccc rou trapd6iyporoq 4.1 Eivor xdvovufli. t Kde KavovrKri,rsp{iyoyo avrrsrorXi oKprp6s 6\,c ouwaKflK6 66wpo. H 6oFi enop6roqv6s ftpoypdfloroq 8a p,ropi va Kaoopi(rdrlovosrilawa, av yra aur6 Drdplr a'<prp6qFra Kqvovrq nopdYo,oq. Oprayiq 4.12 Mrq avedprqrn oulepa(olfvov ypaudrrxi G 0a ovop,ecEr0l lovaoalnwa dv xde ),6Et qe L(c) 6ter axprp6q lro '(ovovrxi trJfnspaivoutg).orr!dv, 6fl 6rov Fra rl.diooanpolporltlafloton opiqetal pto !e Fdon lovoo.rirovln Kar ovgdprrrn oupqpa(op6v(rvypalldrrr('i r6rs, r 6ori x'i0E npoyprirrdros duT'iqrrls tL6ooos ivsr povooripdvra xar ldl.rora ! 10 oovtdftrK6 56wpo.lE ravovrxrig trapa|(o0oprotr6vn EKdoror npo-fpdgpdloq. roD 16you rle (ouwoKrrcig) 6otiq v6qrpoypdtqaroq troq ytrd'oO xa0oprorr6g oa( npoypaptolrduo'1Eival rvoord! lrs rtv ovopooia tovrdtcrlKi av, Ddtl (Pafting). 'EvoS a).yitproloq7lo rnv dwr!r6mon rou npoprifaroq rI( ou!'raKruojs dvdLDon( llaq 1),6000g ,lpoypappsrrogoi, o onoiog r(dr (Parr) rnq y).66646,avtrFeovogi(xrar dT6payos aDvnrs$ie avdtD64e rlrni(fl ndworE rcDrdxpovd xor ro t!p6p1.rl!al,6Erlq,nt6i Jrtropivo 6larror6vr litv rrtrDXid ri drlorulid rrlq xcrooKuriqrrlq ouvrdKrrKiq vd ot!r(ooi, 6rr 6opiq v6q npolpdjrlaro(. tro olllio aur6 eo np6nEr or)rd ivor Kar ro lJqorxd np6pl,nsq nou avrueroni(er o !erc'yLortro'trlq. ( 0 1 .n 0 p . 6 . : ) . 4.2.3 Moppi Backus- Nhur iSrt Srdrnor6od[e p 1r] poi8ro rou ouvIaxtlKot 6,wpou, jrrropoipe oe xdo l;rl prag ovdpqrnq oupepo(ofivov llldrdoo!, vo uflo]'6qrc auieopeqlapo(qprotrKtq unol6EK,orl 6Dv;1314 8raKpivoD[s trl'ipog q x.o.'c. r<drx01' autdv rov ipdro vc rpl.rpri'ltoups unoL6Esov l6qt. trlq Yl6ooq trpolpqtfonofo6, rs 6dqopa xapoxrnprorrKrif6pn ev6g rpolprippcrog tlou 6l.oDtsvc 5rc*pivoulrEEivat Yl('ootxii otorXiq (Kara6.KDdolaro) !E outKKpuclT ovolsqio (o0upolrop6). frd ro LdYo aur6 ro ov6lara rsrv lrn rpuartx6v oupp6l'ov praCTpo!ry4flxi6, aXrtpoto Y;.ooorx6ololleio va qaiveaar ri(ovral Kard r6roro rp6no 6ot, 6Kol,a ond uurd,6trog r.I. np6ypawo-tt'roli,541oo4, no! noprordverto Ko06vq K.o.K. tro yyov6q du16 Pooiqerdr xor evoq aixpnoro( Dnonpdfpapt& 'O,.oq

87 rp6rog ypopiq rtE lpqprqrrric rrqe yL6oooc npoTpoplorrogon,o onoioq pEitv ovopqoiq ,I-toprai (Backus-Naur Form i BNF). O ivur yv(Dor6s qn6 rov Backus{qr aqoi rpotronori0IK on6 ro\ npordolK rp6roq arr6q yra qopd otov oplop6 rlq yl6oooq Algol 60. eqdpf6o0lx rrp6.l Naur H BN-fopqii onaxrnos lstdlrt 610vi npopoLi Kdr xptorponoriror orirrpo oX66vn{tlrore }La rov oplofd'/l.oioortv Trpoypofparro[oi. tq BN-uopa{ pro avldprrlrn ouFqpuqop6vov'),posrorlrirspiororar tl rn Poisla sv6( rnEpoof6vouquv6lou BNF-Kov6v.rv (i rroxuv6vov), o' o7loior ornpi(ovro, 6rre tropoKdlo rpLs napd3oxec: (l) MLU p.ap7.Irri (oroLxeioro'r V) nopiororo' ! avo 6vopa ro o'roio riera' EvrG rov a,Kuki)v <, >. (2) Evqq Kuv6vqq A-v TpdqroL: (To oiupo).o::: otpdivr rrl qpdor "opi(Erdr0)q") A::=v fld rI FrrqF7.Irli A m1 tld rD;(6vudpl(o'ro8q urapllreq orn ],6Et v Tivcrol (l). xpiior rrq nopaSoxrie (3) AroqoprrKoiKav6vEs p rtv i6ru oprorpri n).eupdn.x. A-vr.A-vr,.-.,A-vn ypdQovror og Eig: A::=vrlv, ...lvi. Iap'i6rT,ro a.s Me rt poie'a rrlq BN'lopqliq opiqou! rrt TpoFpqrrr(li rtq yl6ooac, rnq onoiae or L6erqEivdr ur6poLor i npoylorrKoi aPr0foi.

< apreF6q > < aKpuLoqaprep6g >

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<aKoloueio-vrqiov> :: =<\./rtaio> | < aKoloueia-\,neiov > < Vngio>

: : : 0 r l 2 3 1 45 6 l 7 l 8 l 9

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8E M rous rsps'rdv(' ? BNF-Kuv6!s opiqovrar n.r(. rd ouwo{.rrKd 6iwpo

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89 Aaivrar Kar o,16 ro nopardv{, ndp{i6r'yto,n ortpaoia lroq dl!rapUr{s 6ivrar spo0iqond ro dvosd rrlq. ToTyovdqau16, 6'r6rq Lorotavaq6p0lx Kar nponlolu6voe, 6tr t6raitpl orlpaoio yro rI perdepqot lou rpoyprilpaIoq. M pdorl rt ErdQoponoirlot,rou Edv pro i.6!rl nopdyrrdr drr6 rrl prao),qri < ok6poro('dpr0ldg> ri < npoylorrK66> l(ooopiqror rl nqpda(oot ouriq qg l;lrlr orov unol,ollo i (l)6 apre|r6e 'Ero|yiveror dprold oraopiq i Krvrlriq uno6uololtiq (0)'. Kq. 2). Oovrp6 6rr n lprlorpo,roilot roL, Kov6\'o <qpLopdq>:::<alGparoq'qpr0[6s>l <npdytalrxE aprerr6(> 6xr ouoroorLKdonlooro),ofr,(6 xd( dXl ot)vroKtrr6 v6lpu. fro npaKrrxo[q l6youg 61ouvKord xorpor]qyiv8r or rupaKdro rporlororiorq rrlq BN-popqiq, oL oroi6 eivol yvtDolag ll rrlv ovotrooio Ba.kus-NaurForn i EBNFI Extended (i) To repparLKd6nppo),qrotro0ro6!4cr!,rd( sloalolrd'v (r!.X. "3"), ev6 or FeraD).lt6g 5rv to,ro0ero6\aorn).6ov vr6g a7tuL6v. To o6Fpo).o aur6 Xpnortonorirdr avri rorr ::=. (iii) luppol.rqrdq rou r6l,o!e v6q rdv6va. ( i " )l 1 lrnv alr-ulr au{i ioro0ctoi\tdr onrpo},c i }.6qe,qor onoiq pnoporlvvq pqavi(ovrar10 nolf Uraeop{i (6n}'o6i lrloponv Kar vs trdpdl-ripoofi). ( v ) { l tro dyxlorpo d!16 ro'rooronwdr onrpo).a, 'i Lcqele,oL o,toiq ooeoSinoraop6e. lropofv va nopo].sraoouv i va rovd}'rl'peoiv (vi) ( ) :rqv nap6\Ool aurrl rotrooreitar10 xorv6 !6poq 6l.ov rov 610(!K K6v nprrrdroov0v6q {ovdvo. nopd6lyFd 4.6 : EBNF it ypoFfarrKi rou ropa8iytroroq4.5 opi(eraL oq EEis: = aKeparo(apr0trds apr0!6q l,rpa-rparr,(6qaK6poroq-apr0pdq: [" + " l" - "] !,reio {!,rleio}. : t" + ' | " -"1h,neio { \4eio}1"." \ynqio{ \yneio}. 'rpo,parrK66oprep6q 'Onoq

0prOrr6q

= i0$1.,r!l-2n1.3$l(4

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EBNF - ypalllorrKi : Kflv6vtrq {Kqvdvaqj.

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,rapdordol "."

90
= rlapdYovroq {nopd, ovraq}. = rrt -1ppdnx6-ori!polo I IeptanK6- oipPolo ")" |"l'napdoraot "1" |"(" ropdoraqlt '!opdarqon "1". |"i" Ta rooy(oyr|({i Xprtouotrori0nrcv 56Ia rov 6ra1oplou6rou dvll)EBNFemr6ou dr6 io Kdlo (rov lspFcr d,v outp6l.ov rnq x{iolorypa}r}raflKilq).

4.2.4 tDvrol.tr'.ri 6laypdrFata xor 6voqd),),oqrro rlopoorotrK6q EKrdSotrd tnv EBN-lopei ondpXr rp6no( ylo rov oprol6 116ypallarrKiq pra6 dvqdprttng oupQpd(o!6vov 1Ldr6ooq. O rpdfloq aurcjq ornpi(rsr dttv 6word rov ouv.qrrrx6v ro onoio lprtourotrororiwdrflopdllll),o t qv EBNF orov Dralpotrtdr(Dv, oprotd rrlq Pascal. 'El.rr oDrroxtlKti 'tdypalln elvor fvo npo6ovdrol.ro!6vo ypdatgo !E orryKKpufvooufpohop6 roD 6I1 6rio 6rdxsrpr[6vouqK6!poug, 6vov apxrr6 Kar 6\.cvrtrrx6.trouE u,rdlorrouc Kri!poueovrlolorloill i rplorne y}.6ooog,ri ov6ldro an6 10 orcia otrol,oiwor or ),6{re Tlxd onFpoLo, 8raypoppdrov.Or Kdlpor ndpiordvrar, dvdtro'ya oDvrdKrrK6v F ro nprpoi0Ela ypagrK6v It 66o oull061.ov: rouq. 6ragoperrxrirv fE r6l1v6 a) Mc op0ot6v'q (: ) rrotr i1or'v oq ncprEX6lrvo ro dvola ev6q ouwdr(trKo0 Sraypdllaroq. p) M K$ri,ousi l.leirtrs( O ri O ) rou 6xouvoq '!prx6$vo 6va tcpFoflK6 o[llPoIo. IlapdSsrflr(l 4.7 :ro :x. 4.5 6ivot'ror ipia outaqKrrxri droyptipporcge ov6fora DI, D2 KdLD3. Mro yl.6ood [nopi va opr60Ei fs rt poioeld svdg trtrEpaoll6vou jroq rlq 6rlproupyidq oDv6),ououwaKrxdrv drcypcpldtr,rv.H Sra6rKaoia v6g 6ra1pd,rloroe ),6qtq lnopi va oEopnei og 6ro6rrooid 5r6),Dorlq mov r6].rK6K6!po. Kord lrio0i evd( llovorarroi nou o6t,i an6 rov opXtK6 rI 6rdpKera ouriq rIq 6raSrrdoiag I561,arot and 6vdv KiK),o(r161,l,ervn) oufpol.i(r rt bqpro'rpyiorou ovriororXou rEplrarlKoi ouFp6].ouKar n 6ulpoli(& q 6ro.aJonrou avtiorortou. rlpoq dlclisuon0,166\q opeo-r(i'vro @\,-raKrtrorl Srcypdppcroq ord rov 10 rrsprs16Fvo rou opeo'Jorviou, 'O),c tc rpForxd on!9ol,o Trou opxrK6 oq rov r),rK6 rou K6!9o. Sruroupyrienl(avKotd rt Sra6rKdoiqoDri xoL Fe tn olpd nou leavi orrlxav onop qouv lrtv uwiororXn, r4q 6ro6rrooioq, ).6qn (rp6ypdrrto).

9l

DI:

D3:

------\v-----*\l45 fldpd6el$did @wknr6v 6m?pdfgdrov

tt.

fld ndpdSsrypa cvcA6porrFE 611ro drd1pcpta Dl roD napa6ilrarog 4.7 8rtFroupyi rle {e .pEt6 }.etq: (x+y), (x-y), (x * y).

An6 la naparrdvo rpox6rnr rl o16ot rov ouwoKrrK6v DloypaHrdfiov rlv EBNF, 6roD or oDlpoLrot oi r(lv 8raTpappdr(Dv awrororxoiv oro pn lrs .ptrorrK't ouFpolo. trq ouvqCelo 0c deiloupe rov rp6no lE urpo?nlq rrtq ypaprtoTlrtiq, o oovrcKrrKd EBNF, prae avEEdprnqq 6DtrQpoqo!6\.nv 6roypdpttora. To dvriarpoeo yivror Eriorle e6KoLa.fro rc oKomi ou, 6 0a oopricoutrs 6fl n EBNF Eivcr KovovrKonolrlp\4l pe lnv 6woru 6rr, xd In rplorrK6 ojpFolo opi(rol ll3 orprp6e 6vov EBNF-(av6vo. Or PaorKoi Kavdvsg Karooruig rov oDvraxrrx6v DraypojrtriTlrv Eivar or aK6loD0o!:

pt rppafln6 6$phlo A rlouopqerar l. Kdo Frov mvdvaA:6' 16,1...16. napiordrcrp ro tpdplFa:

2. KdE dpoq qq lop9ie otc2...dn rrcplorcrol Fe ro ypdqrlBdr

--+-...--F*
3, To o"ror?aeto !m Fope{6 [p] noptq.aral pe ro tpdqrtpa:

4 To ororl.lo qe popprig [y] rdp{ororar Fs ro ypdaruo:

93
5. E iotg yra l6?ox oDvrolis! Iplorlotrorircr Kar ro lpdqrlFa:

avri roD ouv8uaopoi (2. Kat a.):

Ilapd6srylo 4.t Oo 56'ooute ro ouwaKru(d 6ralpdpparo rou rlopa8eilfdloa 4.6. aproldg:

axtporoe-opr0l6gI

94 ,rPal!afll(6q- dPr0!6q:

4.9 AivoutlE10 ouvroKrlK6 bldypdlrtlaaoD tropoKdroKavdvd nopd8Er1tra statement. s EBNF roo Jrn rrplanKo{) outrF6}.ou statement:lidentifir !'::" exprssionI"CALL" identifier "BEGIN" statement{!':" statement} .END'I I ' "IF expression "THEN" statement|"ELSE' statementl I "WHILE" xpression "DO" statementl.

95

identifier

4.3 I6roprr6

trlq yl666oq

Turbo-Pascal

H yLbooo Pascaldvorr[XorlKtrorrq apltq rnq SeKdriaq rou 1980otr6 .nv op{i6o rou N. Wirth. KEenynri rrlq n),tpoqoprKrlSroD nolurIviou rlq Zupil$ (!ou l,vootoi tD(E.T.H.. 6nla6i rou Eidgendssische Techn;che Hochschule rnq ZupiXrlq)Kar qpErro dvogo rou fril}.ou trdorlpcrrKoiKar (1623-1662), qr).dooeouBlaisPascal o onoioqirav ard lolq rp6rouq rou xaraoKiaor lra u'lolorrorrK'i frndvi. H .r),d,oodPascalxd6Ep(herl( q npdrorlo ro 1982p aprld 7185 ISO (Intemational Organizationfor Standardization) Kar I Kqer6poorlaurti ;7rv napa8xTli an6 no).ld ouK{i r6pilora npo rov (r.x. orr fppovia 6tpodr[0rlKero 1983 ort rppovrKi Tl(ijooa odv npdruno lle oprel6 DIN 66256). Mra yl.d'ooa npoypal}ldrlotrof ivcr ndwor 6va rlilgd lctvo, v6q EL'ptlEpor ouot4larog npo)pa#anopol. O Id1oE civor 6rr I ou.fipaQi rov

96 Trpoypolldrl'v, I lrdQpdol Kar n Kr;lari toog Edpflilordpoaa,r6 rov Ipito1tonoroilevo u,roloyrori ror sr8rrdftpo 10 lrrorplrr6 rou oiort Fa- H i(ol.rtrpnyLdldoo 6v v6Eirwrar yra npoypaffarrop6 edv raur6lpovo ro errpirpo oio"rrlpa 6Ev unoornpiqrooorii q 6ratipton r('v nporpopl{irov, rqv npoon6),oon oe Drp},rooiKq npoypdlldrov Ko66eKor qv 6uvar6rrFs vooldrodr|e s rpoypd,rUdrornq yl,6oode, tlntdrov dl.t ov rrpotpapldto\', rs otroid 6IoDvypoqli q dl.l.qTl,6ooeq rpolpapparrotoi. Er6rKd1epa ypogli, 61ouv Kar{i Kdrpo6q, lrxpoijftoloyrd?6q Iq ouor)ilsra trpo'ypdFuarroFo[ ro oroio f,l.i]v lou ]rsra'yl{n?rrorinpr61ouv, t!qptoo!6q KEr!6vou 6roXrprro rn olyypaei nporpotF&{rv (ditors), eni r .iov lpriouEq ).F ori4 &6od\.ov Kar npotpa|rlldrov r(o&ig Kar6rdpopEe 6u,ri0o6 anorErloivnapdLl.rll.aKdrlra roupliEg.T61010 Pascal-orrorrilrola 6re6puvon rng runonorlleralq ll.droooE ISO-Pascal.frd napddsryFd ovaq6pou! ro ouorigdra UCSD-Pascal (Univrsityof CaliforniaSan Diego), Pascal (Prospro MS (Microsoft),Pascal MT + (Digital Research), Pro-Pascal Software)Kdr Turbo Pascal. To oriornto Tutbo Pascal, 10lJ otroiousrt ouv6Lro 8a avon ieoutE ra FdorKd rou ororXiq xar 8d io xoLo{! o.ft}\6. i(iooa Twbo Pas&L taEr on{Xtoit oiov x6oto rov r(plordiv lov 9p8r ra r}.uraidXp6\.,1d lrTd},rl trpoo(r),nK6v or!o).oyror6v, ),6yo qC laIn).ie luiq rou. rlq rolirnroe roD 1ou orrlv dyopd rra 6io np6runo I1oy),orrrori, Ka06q Kdr rlq 6rd064q Ierronpyrxd ooorrilralo lrKpoiinol.oyror6v lou CPIM Kdr roD MS-DOS.

4.4 To ar,edplro xcr rc ov6lroro rl Turbo Paecal

To a;.edBnro qq Turbo Pascal eivar ro oivoho rrov I28 oorB6),ov iou ASCU-r65rKa. Ta ont1Fo).d aold topiqovrar, lrc dDvrcKrr*o6(].6youq, o rperq pdorK6q Karlyopiq Kar ouyxKpuevd o fpdHrdra, \,neid rdr r6rxd o6ll0o1,a.Ta ovriororrd oDvrorffrx{i 8laypdlrlrota 6ivo\.'rdr nopdxrilo: fpdAra:

(l)

9l Ytqio:

(2) Er6,x6 06rB0l.0:

(3)
tl6pov aorr o;.edplro'i Xapaxrnprorrx6 o-rorlEio rlq yl,6oooq E{vor ro ov6lara 4 oDqpdrottoi (identfirt 'roD rptouo?roroile o' durriv r(or ro o'roia opiqovral oq 6iq: 'Ovolai

lpdplld

(4)

IIopd6rTId 4.10 A, Ct4, BXIZab, Georye_Smi,h (nlrpnrd ov6!ora) 1AB, A$8, Georye-Snith (tt[ frrprrd ov6trora)

98 To E1loro lriKoq v6Sov6foroq ivar 127XapdKflip6q (ypdtrpard-\ynoio), 6l;.o5i 600 ivdl ro tnixoq lruq ypallie nor ovoyvopi(ro nEep1ooriq (Turbo Editor). Beoaio( orlv npdEl XpnouoKe1[6vou rtq Turbo Pascal noroivrar ovdlara rl nol6 lrKp6rpo priKoq. O rapaKdro ).6EKivor 'EopeDgErtq ltCerErtta'fu.rbo Pascal xar rlofvoqanayoptrarvo Xpnotporo,too'iv os ov6rorq qtr6 rov npolpstFafloni. ABSOLUTE AND ARRAY FILE FOR FORWARD FIINCTION NIL NOT SET SHL SHR STRING BEGIN CASE CONST IF IN INLTNE DIV DO DOWNTO LABEL ELSE END EXTERNAL MOD

GOTO

OF OR OVERLAY THEN TO TYPE

PACKED PROCEDURE PROGRAM UNTIL VAR WHILE WITH

RECORD REPEAT XOR

:ru Kei,r.vo 1{rv rlpoypclFdtov nou 0o ropouor{iaoulE fiq rapdTrdvo 2.6qe1( 0o lrq ypdqoD!! (eoalaio ypdpFotd. Aur6 .riveral !6vo yro l6youq KaLlirprlq,rorriaq.6rlLd6rilla vo 6rd'(plvovrarqr!6 ra ovdpala q,r6 rov npoypaFlarrori. OuorKrior 3o!u!6ve6 ,rou E,lrl6yowdr 1e60pu 16rgFnopo'iv ors npoypril.rlarava lprieovror r(or ! IrKp(i ]prilllroro. Ta ot6l.ra o 6\,0 np6'ypdlgo ypa|r!6vo o Turbo Pascal67ouv lrtv dK6).ou0rlSopi: tI61"ro:

{5)

99
IopdSrlld 4.ll yndoytouiq +) o.) (* DnorEivoDoaq p) lEbpeott ittlouq rprybwuj

4.5 H 6opi v6g npoTpdploroq

'Eva np6ypdApoorqv Turbo Pascal6ler rrlv aK6l,ou0rl6o[i:

(6)

EflK0oLi6a:

'Ovolra

block:

(8)

r00
Tll{la 6n},{noov:

Ailoon Aillj)ot

rflxrr6v ors0ep6v

Ail.ocn psrd9Lrr6v
A'ii.oon 6ru6rrqor6v ^'i)'(ror ouvqprioov

(e)

Tprllo wor6v:

(t 0)

Tq llr rrptafixd ofupo^a, 6t?.a6i or 6worero! rsipatoq Snldrse(dv. ovdlurll(d o sr6ssveq Ko06s rdl rt 6wo!a rnq Evtol,riq 0a Eqn'ynooriv :ro 6IIio 6l1a)q aur6 0o rp6nrvaTivouvSriorapdrnprinepa,pdQous. orJvroxrtl(dv 6rstpofpordv: ocrg t'i 1bv ndpa,r{ivo - 'Eva trp6ypof$a lnopi vo prlv Xer rrKqali6a. - H rpdprrlort rrDv31oa6p.rv3rl),6oeot ror, flvriorortou rpritoros 6v nqi(r p{t},o orrv Turbo Pascal. np6nrve ovaqpoei6116va dvolo AvoQoprKdr6po ll fi( Snl.dJolq, o 6i6n rou rlpoypdlfdroq, dv o opr6lr6S frlo lnopi vo IptorpotrortOEi rlprv 0r!6 dDrri rI 666n. Eoipror, oro Kipevo rou npoypdFld1oe,6yrv rspirrrDolt rnq dvd8porris no'r 0a eEraorios 'r6rvt on a'lorli I

t0l np6Ypalrlaeivor El.ioeptqpopgig (freefornat) Kqr Kdoe Turbo 'Pascal noI6v.iq fnopsi vo ypoq!i r(otd t6rorov rp6no 601, vs SluKoLnvror xaviq ornv o\ iyvool l(sr llv xorov6norl lrlg 6of{g tot. :q ouvtleru 6ivou! 6vd anl6 rapdSEl.flrotrpoypdluatoq. fltrFiSetrFa ,1.12fra rov utro;,otrou6 lnq unoraivouodqc l(or roo 0trl,upq d K416, 0sopo6Us ro opooyoviorrrpryd'voup (d01Eq Vouqir Ev6g flopaKaro rrpolpalr|rd: PROGRAM orthogonio-l rigoto ; VAR a, b. c,h: real: BEGIN c:=sc @*a+b.b): END. E usio)6l: l) or rsrool,nraqa,r,al Enrxeaoi'i3a Tprlpa 5n1,6oeov

Turipd vroL(bv

6tl'{ivowar 6rr ivor r6'rou ral (6rll'a6'irpalrarrrtq). 2') M !o 6voFdrqlr ouppoliqeialn terpayovrr'i pi(d (r4rrr square-rool).

4.6 Atl.6orq
avo p6poqIovo r(ov6n)d,oeovKar lrrlv ,ropdlpdao ourri 0o Erdoollre ouyKeKprp6va 6Ildlolq orr)"6v paorKd'v (standard) fllnov 66o[6vov, orooEpd'v lro1 lrap},rlr6v. nplv npo1opriooup orrq 3n}.6oErqdn}.6v ooorKd,vrnrnv r(dr cnrrbi autoi orotELoiv iw rFriuu u6vo r'rv riflov 6E6o[iv0rvrlq Turbo Pascal,8ivoute oto duiypcllc rou EI. 4.6 6looq rouq urdpxovrg rinouq 65oFiv('v. ,t.6.! Anloi podrxoi flinor 56oF6vov : :rouq qnlo6g paorxoli d,rouq 66o!6rov fipri'atpdvovror l. O r6|'oa integer Kor 6rdrH ,rproxi rr!(bv rou rtnoD irr?g?/ ivor ro n,rpaop6vo -32768, 32761 apr0p6vto! K)toroi 8raorriporoq rc1!6vo orivol.ooxpqi(0v i (avddtolxd [0000,FFFF] ra rrtv 'rpi'lroon 6Koeo3r'niq 'lopdoraols). Ta 6pla rou 8rqorilaroq roliouv guorrd 6rav n ropdorqor] inleAer

t02
Anl,oi (simplc types)

Bqorroi (standardO?es)

INTECER (ox6parc0
REAL (npol[dflxoi) CHAR (rdpdxTlipov) BOOLEAN (),oyu.oi)

Ynonproliq AnaptoFIor|q

aoulFtvor (strucrurcd tyPs)

ARRAY (n6io|l) STRINC (oD!PoLoorp'iq)

('npo9r1e) RECORD
SET (ouvdLou) FILE (opttou)

AerK!6v (pointcr typs)

EI. {.6 T'jror 6.6oF6vov

apr0U6v ?rpa1lralonor{rar! fil Xp4ortionoilal 16bits (6l},a6ri U2 b}'tes). fra apr0gotg (ora0cp6e) r6,rou integer 4oDttE ro ncpuKriro ouvtofirrd 6rdyptilr}ra.d:

103
lnteger oPr0p6gl(,piq rrp6ortuo:

A(aEo6rK6-tt rlqio

AKaEd6,K6 \rnpio:

(12) integr apr0p6q ps np6otFo:

integr apL0l6e lopiE rp6cnlo

Itx
Ilp6orlpo:

(14)

Or apropoi o 6Kffqo6rxri ncpdorool Tpdpowar lopie np6otuo. nupdSlrT lra 4.t3 o) Apr6[oi r'lnou rdegel 6tc6rKoi: 128, -342, + I124 P) Aprroi rn,rou 2rl.9.r 6cKac6a6rror. $00t8, $3A86, SBCOF ourp'tEerq a+b a-b a*b aDM aMODb (n.r. 55+35:m) aKrpdioflpdodn =-2i a'(Epaio dqoipEorl {tr.r. 199-201 dx6pdroq,rolldnldorao!69 (r!.I. 12.4=48) nnliKo oKpaiog6Loipeoyt( (r.I. 37DM:6) !,r6lorno aKpoiaq druiporlq (r.I. 37MOD6: l)

a l(or b ritrou h/sgel Kor 6ivouv 6vo o,roriloto r6nou opi(ovrar yro 6poDq 6rqodiIoro6. Edv integet,EdvPLFor.r ou16 gpioKrdrvr6( rou rlrrpnron ro anor6loJroivar xr6q rns 'nrperriq '!prorrisr6rs 6roov. Lntpqao4 (overfiow) Kor run6vror 6va o1ttx6 !{wfa. aporip'Idr: rra apr0!o66 ri)ftor inteset 6Ev rot6ouv yvucd or 1616 qvogtpoulr 6rr n ropdotdon rrlrcq t{rv oxcpoio\' apr0l6v. rrd rrdpd6cryFa + t)| 5v opi(Eror. v6 anvdwios opi(rar n 32767+(l-l). 02767 2. o r6nos byte H nprolti rrp6v rou rrinou D/r? ivdr llra uroneproli rou intgerKcr r's 1rlv napdordon uprep6v ru'lou r/rs rpnouooqKrprp6\"drt t0,2551. no|irar ird b)te. O drog our66 ivdr rrl,ip('q ouppo!6qp rov r6no rrteger Kor Etrolr6voq lnopofv l(ar or 560 dnor vo ouvurldplouvoe dpr0ltrrx6g

105
3. O tiJltot rcal H nprolri !ur6v iou lrinor /rdl ivor 6va, sqopr6lsvo an6 rov uno].oyrori, n'rpooF6vo'(al 6ralsraypavo lnodivo)Lo rov rrpayfalrxd'v apr0p6v (p1,.,Eapdypdqo 2.3). Or oprepoi (oragpae)r6noD real opiqo!'ror lr3 9d6rt ta nupardr(' 6LoIp{i}4rqro: real apre!69 1opiq trp6olto:

real apreF6q! np6orllo:

real opr0F6g topie np6onFo

ndpd6rylla 4.14 AproFoi ti,rorr fpdl 1{rpiq rlp6olto (orrKoi): 45.324, 0.65E- 12, 1.04e+3. 42E-10, 67e+10, 5E4, 8e3 Ap'oloi ri,rorr rcal vx tpo6tyo: + 12.628, 24.32, - I1e-04, or trpdt,e a+b a-b a*b a/b trp6oeon Krvlrti( utto6roorouq aeaipron Krvnriq uno6rdotolig nol)ra,rLsoraoF66Krvrlris uro6rssrolriq SroiprorlKrvtriqurlo6raoro),ig + I2E+ 7, -6E3, + 4.5e2, -4e2

opi(ovrar yld 6pouqa Kor b ritrou r?a/ kor Sivouvqror6),opar6noDrpda dv p6pa'a dor6 Ppiorftrar orn\' Treproxirr!6v rou rnnol, real 6laqopKd 'r6vror orrrK6 FrlvuFa.

106 4. o .6xo9 boolean H ,tprolfi rur6v iolj r6rrou 66op\,ov boolean n'prt:/!ei. o ).o.ttKo. orortia fre (alloEg) |(allab (V$66q). H ,.apd6rd6rl dlJr(i)vlive-ror orov urololorri p q poiogld evd6 byte. fro rov i6fio boolean wtdprouv or np'iEr(: NOT AND oR XOR i,orr6 6Xr ?Loyrx6 xol ).oyrx6 i anod.rorrx6 i (dpqoq) (ooqeuErt) (6rd(!Et)

< >

frrpij.po [sTal6repo

01 onoig op{qovral (nE4)i6: a true true lalse false b true lalse trae lalse NOTa false false true true aANDb true false false /abe aORb true true true lalse a=b ilte lalse false ttue a<b .false Jake true false

Or un6l,orttcgrrp'iqcrqopi(owar o'16 nc cl6oerq: axoRb: ((NoTa)ANDb) oR (aAND(NoTb))

a< >b a>b

NoT(a: b) (a<b) OR (a= b) NOT(a<b) AND NOT (a:b) NoT(a<b)

fla roo! lolr(o6q rLeodc AND, OR Kdr NOT lq(oouv or rapaK{i!0) r6ldrrtreg: - AvrrperdoEorl a OR b=b.OR a a AND b=b AND a npoo?dlprorrKi (a AND b) ANDc=aAND (b AND c) (aORb) ORc:a OR (bORc)

l0?
E'lrFeprorrKi (a AND b) oR c: (a oR c) AND (b oR c) (a OR b) AND c: (a AND c) oR (b AND c) N6por roD De Morgan NOT (a OR b):(NOT a) AND (NoT b) NOT (a AND b):(NoT a) oR (NoT b)

6rr 01 npd61q: TLoq rp6ll va ava,ppoi r(ar ylo rrlv rrpi_ > : opiqowor, 6r|(jrq e0 Sorjllo' n6pvrlropri.),poAo nroon rlou o! 6poL a ror b Eivor. levrl.6tpo, anl.oi rltror 66op6vov. 5. O r6noa char O r6nog SESoffvorv.r4l ouJrDoli(rKdoe eva dr6 rd 256 rproflKd ASCII-{.b61K0 rov 8 bits. Td olrpold oonppolo roD EreKrrdJr6vou pr8Fonwal 0]!6 0 66rs255. Or oraopeqr6'rou cl,ar 8rLa6i ro onJrpol,o Jlcpld.iovrdr ar6 0rosrp69oug. '8" o 'roq rrlq ouppolooerpdq(strins)av,ir(ro{tv Korrlyopio rov 6otnpcv(lrvrinov 66op6vov xor ea Eeroorios E'r6!vn Eopd,poqo. Oo 36oor,FcdFoq 6; ro ErdTpoplorov ordoLpovor Io' roL ltroL: o!pPo).ooerP'i:

otFPoIo 6,d0opo ro! '

qprep6q xopiq ftp6sruo aKparoq

r08
napd6r1|ra4.15 lulpolooerp6q :'Turbo - Pascal',' Oorrnris n4poqopxiq', 'I:' arE6ro PtPlto','A'.'ABS' Td trp6ro 32 ofppolo rou ASCII-K66rra Eivol 66ltf .a d.ttxoo (coDtrol xov6vo dvriororr(o characters). fra rd trEproodrEpa arld ould 6EvDnrtpX8r r!l{Krpo oro r!}.lx1po).6lo rorr rrtloTlofrorri. frd vd erodyoop 6vo ottFolo l6ylou o3 |rra oulpoloorpd lplolpotroroip 66o tp6nor-rg: a) To 06l'190l,0 + drolorroobtrvo afl6 6vdv intgr-aprpd rrlg rlrpro.ltiq [0,255] o onoiog6iv6rrov opr0!6 rolj (4iori!volj ASCII-outF6p) To o$!pol,o ^ qKolou0orllevo cn6 ro c!'riororto toD oDtF6l,ou layr(ou. napd6ryla 4.16 a, +27 4 4 D +t2 y) +13+t0 + IB 4 +0C i ^M^J i ^[ ^t yn Escape yn Forn Feed yn Catiase Retun Line Feed

na0d6rtlo 4.17 Mrxr;e ouf0ol'oorp6EF P{i6rl ro srdtpolrla (17): s|npooo;d! Z(bazE 'rotpla orry ei^ooo ^G^G^C 'Totuot nq rryte rav ^M^G^G^O !raq14rtu a,b,c' 4.6,2 Arit @on 6td0p6v rlq 6rdaope ord0ep6q xal tlo rtni!a dnl6oov pnopoip vo opiooDp flq ru6q rouq, rou eu )apqorlottouisolle oro rp6ypcp!4, ! rn Poiord tlnv Turbo Pascal 6ratpivooF 660 braeopelrtd i6rl oraepdrv ovolrdr(ov. 6roq eoivrur rcr 610 o1erx6 6rdypa|lFa(18). Oprop6 ora0ep6v: 8)

dvopa otd0epdg r6rov

109 lrdepd: intcger apr0F6qxopiq. ftpdotlo rcal opr0lr6g1opig rp6otto

Xrov np6io vdllaKrrKd rld6o rou ouvrsrflxo6 srolpdllrorog (18) ro 6voFa pto( sroospdqoDv66E1ar dtEoa ! lro ruri, n onoio 5va).Ldqr o1o pdtlll0roq. lll{td wo}'6v lo0 npoT nopd6er1po 4.lt CONST alpha= 521; beta: alpha: cp: 1.25; directo.:'.Iohn Snith': rtorf :ttue bell:+7: backspace= H: e = + 2.7128i lrtv Turbo-Pascal urdpxoDv or napaKdr(o'rpoxo0oplo!6vqorqepq:

+ 00 L 14t5926536E (orr'J npirftoot 16bits) 32767 Trli o).t0iaeftre Tui dl.roidq /dre
t' oudq .rq ord0pa6dvogp6psor6oro ,rp6lpduFa ll ro 6vopd rouq 5n1.a6i lrs: pi, maxint, true K6 false. lio 66rpoEvdlloKrrx6 Kld6o rolj suvIcrrrxoi 6laypdtqrorog{18) rrq ora0ep6et$nov. ho dvolo !106 a.doepdg.6r!ov ovlroroLli 61ol)tr 6vd! rinoq Kor pro oupporri tlpoq cul6v orooepd nifiov. nopdSflypo 4.19 CONST tokos:rcal= 15.5: plithos: integer= 634;

Ir0
charucterl:char=^G: =+ 27; charucter2:char logI:boolean: true; Or oroopiq rnnov eivar ouorsorrKd pEroplnr6q or o7roisq opi(owar oro rFilq 6nld'oov orq0p6v ror r(ilaFpdvouv optr'(ri Tlpri. AEv E, rp6,rEror 6t?La5i vd 6n?Lii0otvqdvd ror oq pEroplr!6q, p'lopoiv 6!os vq Ipllorlronolnooriv 610 np6ypal1llo0rCllrapl,Ir6q Kor Fdl,rord va al"l.deo'rv rlIeE. tro rrdpdSslyld 4.19 ro ov6Fora tokos, p]ithos, charactetl, character2,logl sivor !ra0),Ir6q lr ovriorollouq r6rloug Kdr dptll(6q rrlr6q. To suvrsKnK6 Suiypopps rrrq oroopdqrn'rov 6re1 {re ee{s: lrdoEpd flitrov:

oraopd ARRAY
ordepd RECORD (20)

H 6'IaoEpd flirlov 1la Tlq rrcplnrdronq rov lnflrv 65o!6v(0v ARRAY, RECORD l(al SET 6a rdoronv 6 en6lEveq napdypdqouq.

4.6.3 Aito)dq Fstqpl,qr{6v rrd rrv nl,ipr nplypdariploq Jrrdo;.nr)iq np6trEr vo 6roDvKo0oprorsi ro 6vo!d rrls Kor o r$,roqrnq. To oDvroKTlK6 drd'ypopJro 6il.oonq rroeivor ro uK6lou0o: P),rlr(bv

lll diloorl FeroP?.Ir6v: 'Ovotd pelapl'tT|i(

ndp'i6rTla 4,20 VAR maitnum:integer: x,y, z:rca|: rcadY:booleah: synbolo:chat To oDvrdxrrK6 6rd1palFo rou Iq iplurrKo$ 6Djrp6loD "rtr!og" o 6o0i oval,urrkd o rr6l8vl napd1pa0o, 6nou 0d eqEraooo[v 6].0r or Srvdroi fllrlor 66oll6vov. O ri,rloq lraq [Eropt.nrie lropei va 6oei 4.20 unriplouv plap).ndq od,6v Poorxd,v dnelloioe(oro napdSEr-rpd dnov 6s6ortvov), 'i rrrn Poielo ev6qov6lqtoq, to oroio 5nl6vEror oro rlipa oprogon drov, i rE)"og p 1I Poioro v6C,lpoKoooprop6vou ov6Foroq rttro!. Kdo 8nlar[ivt lllaFhri ]rnopei va ].dPErtrpri, oro rtrila wol6v iou trpo1pdllaroe rdr vo leroodl,Lrdr I rr!{ rrtq {or.i rrt po'i rou rpoypdBroros.: x{io,rpinr(oon 6toq n eKdmorrrpi 0a np6,rer vo ovrixcr oro ,r5iorr!6v rrq !rap).rlriq. ro o'loio Ksoopi(erardn6 rov rt)to rlq.

4.7 llapoorriocrq rcr poorxiq ouvoprioerg

4.7.1 Ildpodtdorq Or nopoordoErru,lorIonv Poorrd lgiFo.o Krpioc rov evto).dtvovrF (.+ . - , *, / K.).n.),6pouq Kdrdoraols Kor dnorelotvtcl ar!6 r),Eor6q (oroepaq.llrophras, ouvoprriolq '(.).'r.) Kdr ndpev06o8r(. Av 6s lro Eopouord(ovrdr nsproodrpq 0r!6 Fro rpdqrqrdr ndpv06oere Tropdordorl rov Dtro).or6re pag ev6ra0epfl vo lvopi(outr' rn cerpri exrtkorlq, 0116 ytorrl. rov orlperoupcvdv rpdEcov. tE rrspoofliocrqoflq o'roiEqurrdplorJv yiveror tr pdorl rrlv nporpqr6rov npdEEov no).),oirs),6ieg,I el.r6)'Eor't rrtru rov tc).Eotiiv.rl onoio 6iverarorov napoKdrorivoKo:

|2 nlvaxaq 4.t nporpdr6rlra rl'or6v

NOT .. /, DIv, MOD,AND, SHL,SHR +, -, oR, xoR

np6tI

Tldo1lis ev6e 6pou IIo1].ar].doraolrKoi rleortg npoo8r Koi teL.di66

Tpi!n

Kord rnv rr6lorl rov npd!ov roliouv or nopdrdro !6oaprf poorxoi Kavdvs'rpoipardrnrd(i - 'Eva( dpoe o o,loiog PpioKsrarjirqqn660 rlo16v &ogopstrig rporpdldqraq ouv6rdrpe lov rsl.eori qq llEyqliteptq rporpar6'EvuC dpoqlreidqi 660 iol6 ttporpar6rlrugrl6or6v ouv66Eral ndwola |r rov cprolp6 lleolrl, nopaordore u6oo c nopeveon utroloyigoviol np6te. tqv rpinroon nou ttoDte o Fro rropdoroot neproddipou(arrd6vsv rl,sdr6,i6l6 nporpardrnrog,r(ir I oErpd Kr6l.son6 rov rrpdEeov raoopiq.iur cfi6 oprorepd npoe la 6Erd.
tIloq.

fra vc ncpoDor{ioou[ro ouwoKttK6 8tdypcppo rq6 "trapdoiodtq" 8ivo|Jlr oplrxd ro 6u\4crrtxd 6roypdlrFolarou "dpou" rar ror, "rop(i-

'opoq:

3 I]opdyowog:

oraoEp{i 1opig npdolFo

(23)

ndpd6rTra 4.21 Ilapdyowq: x, 17. (x+]*z), x+r/2,'Pascal, pi, NOT Done,3.14. 'Opor (x<=|)AND(y<z), : x.f, (x+r+z)/(t-z), l0MOD 3MOD 2. Or rLor6qSHL Kdr SHR roe6q xar n xl.ion cuvdplnotq 0o sEtyl0o6v o endfveg,rapolpdqouq.trrl auv6Xrd 6ivoulr ra ouvrorftrKd6ralpdFlars oxllarropoJ,rapdsrdoovnapddr0ort:

4 Ar!1.{ ,ropdrraol i

IlcpdSerlpo 122 Eav aro rp{td cohstmax= 2l; var x,y:rcal: i,j: integef; p,q:boolean;

6nl6o(t)v 6IoDv 6ltro0i:

rdlE ltropo6p vo ypd\roulre10 ncpcrdro fiapa6i1lrardl t@p6Exopiq r!p66luo: nax, z, false, 'patcaf, 3.4e-8 nopdyolfq: x, max, sin(x+y), (i+j/z), 'Opor: x/y, t +(i- l), pANDq, exp(2+x)+sin(3.x+8) Airl,6q napdordorg: -x, f +x, jMOD14+3, y+ln(x-2) nopootdolq: ya(x+ 6.8)+nax/2, (x>y)ANDA<r, No1-(((x> y) oR(i>: NOTq

(x+ !in()/ 2))/(3+j). pORqANDNOTA>t 2), DAND (j + 2> 5))

I 15 nou Ta ov6[ordr|n, erl Ksr ft naprcrdvouvov6lara 0oorr6v oDvapTlloov trapdlp(ieouq. 0d oproeoiv oe ,r6Fevq

4.7.2 Trlalae Avdl,ofo !r rov rnro rrov dpov nou PpioKovtdr Korapoovvdc oiyKprrlm(, 6(axpivoDle rouq rlor6q oe I oprepnrrKoig,)"oyrxorlq, dIS, ouv6l.ov r(.1.r.Adyo rou ftIrjeou( rov Xpto'lpo,roroi!vov r8Lor(bv, arltooio. fra !prl(d 6ig9o}.d rouq iXor,v ortv Turbo Pascal'ro}.7ldtr}.ri nopd6rypodvaeepoufe drr ro onFpolo + roproldvet, olnv r!pirroorl apreplrLK6vdpov, ro doporolo, ev6 ortlv ,ltpiTrroorldprovlr)nou"orivol,o" rnv 6voot ouvdlov. d) Apr0p'trrxoi rlor&
Tsl.oiliq npdBrl

DIV MOD NOT AND OR XOR SHL SHR

Yr6i.orro

drapdtas itdip8ot!

Ao/rKd KAI (dtii birs Aotftd H (drci bits Aroxlrotrx6 OR xoid bits Melqr6nrotl rpo! 1d qprorpd M.rdr6r,or npoi td 6EE(d

nqpd8rTpo 4.23 7 + 8 . 3 =I 5 . 3 6.32-4 = 2.32

NOT9=- l0 TANDI:l (9:0000100 +1 l l l l 0 l l 0 ) ( 7 : 0 0 0 0 0 1 1l1 :00000001)

lt6 2 . 3 . 3 =6 . 6 3/2: t.5 4/2.2= | lDIv 2= 3 7MOD2= I (-7)MoD3:- I TMOD(- 3)= I -3) = (- 7)MOD( P) Ao1rxoi rl.ortg
Trr!d.!iq NOT AND OR

8OR2: l0 8OR9:9 =7 5XOR2 TXORI=6 = 32 8SHL2 I =4 8SHR |

(8:00001000 2:00000010) (8:00001000 9: 00001001) (5:00000101 2:00000010) (7:000001|Il:00000001) (8:00001000 + 00100000) + 00000100) (8:000010o0

IIpdq'l

T6roq

xn(Dh
^1d(l)ir Arorl.rouri ^d(6u6il

xoR

t) TldrfS driyxptortg TlaI|ls Tfnor 6pov

T6fiog atorElfqralog

drrloi ritror

nofd6q|ro 4-24 Aivowar or nupa*dro 6qtrd)oel6:

f,s,t:boolean: Edv or frropLnrE .r,/, t,./: r Korr ld9ouv a!.lioaotx(I Trq\tte pi. 7.24. 18, 24, tne Kar false r6rE or napcol{iotq: (i>:j) AND NoT (y<x) Kcr

NOT s AND I OR NOI'. (i=24 XOR y>x) ).olpdvouv n rrpd)rn rrlv rrtri false Kar \ 6e6repq rlv rrue.

Ilapd6rtFa 4.25 M pdor] rq 6q),66erg i vaf x,y:feal: a,b,c:boolean; dtvoute leprKri napa6truoio ypapi6 orrlv Turbo Pascal laorlFotrd)v o16oov, lalrFdvolroe ur!6vn rdr rlq lolioDoE trporpqr6Tqrsq iov r1,6-

Mooruatrhi

aIf6I

Turbo Paa@l (0<=x) AND (x<= 10.52) (y> 12.2)AND 6 <= tS., NoT (a AND b) NOTa OR bAND NOT: aAND (bANDNOT.)

0<x< 10.52 12.2<y< I8.l a(a^b) -aVOA-rc) anfbn -rc) 4,7.3 Bddrx66ouvspflidrtq

y^{noocq ,rpolpdtBdrrotoi iror ror dlv oc rollk Turbo Pascaf u,rdptouv y,tplxE Paoxt| abvapriouc, or ofloi.q lroporrv vo 'O6E rlrtooiv anl.d xdr jril,o fe ro d\jold roug. an6 rE ouvapriosrs lrpi integer i real gnopo$v va 1prtorFonorrtooiv 'r.X. o uprellrrr66 e1:oDv rapasrdslq. Or onoD6ar6rpeq a,rd fl6 6ra06at|lq Foorx6gouvopr{oere ivor or 6{6: Bdorxdg oDvopiricEl{ pt qlee integer I rcal luvdpqal
ab'(x) arctan(x) cos(x) .xp(x) frac(x) int(x) fn(r) sin(x) sqr(x) sqn(x) trunc(x)

'O,roq

l5ro{
P3 dF"1li'i6 inleset rcat i eser 4.eal htesq i rcat itteset i rcot int.ser tr rcal iuesd i rcat

firo6
drorel, inteser rcat rcal rcal ..al rcal ,.al

Etlodlo
lx I lx I rporE,joooo Fri irgdctan oe aKrivra cos. ,( oe aKina 6Ka6rKd Ftpoq roD x plohlrpoq orporog <=x (x>0) frxpdtspoq areporos' >=x (x <0) guorr6s loldpreFoq, x>0 rir, x or drt{ua x2 xz V?t*>=ol lrroliEpos dK6poro(<=r (r>=0) rrrpdlepoc oKtporos >=x (x<0)

htesq i reat rcat inteser tt real rcol integer irteget real rcal irteser tt rcat rcal rcat i eset

ll8 round(x) hi(x) lo(x) ctrdorn ftndom(x, swap(x) Buarxtq rcat irteqet inteset int.ger ialegt inteser integer int.ser rcal intege, integq (x>=0) round(x)=trunc(x+0.t round(x)= trunc(x -0.5) (x<0) aplocp6 (hieh) byte rou x 6eEr6 (low) byte lou x o<:Tu1dioq apr0t6q< I 0<:Tuldioqapr0F6g<x avtalLali tov 6no byles.

ouvoptidstq Trlro6 rtdhds intecet -

ItE l|'qta boolean T':roi anorrl. boolean bootean r'lFdaiu rtu riv x rrpr.rde fatse xtu x dprtog tde edv mfliorK. tvd trIiK.po /ate Erueopeflrd.

Iuvdpqcl odd(x) keypressc.l

nopdEr1pa4.2J frac(6.24)=0.24 int(3)= 3 int(5.28)= s(oa rcal) int(-6.28)=-6 trunc(-7.4):7 = 7 trunc(7.4) round(-5.2)=-5 rcnd(- 5.8):-6 round(s.2):s rcund(5.8):6 hi(53246):50032 10(53246):50046 odd(s) : true. odd(6) = lake

trltri(J)dq: :rrq Puorr66 oovap lorg tle rvta integer. real (u boolean, oq e6ort lqq leru9hrig x F ropEi vo reei pro aproFqrrri ?rapdoraoyl. rou i6rou dloq r6nou pt fil x. nopd6r1la 4.27 Ms Fddn flg 6t).663lq: l/AR a,b,x,t, z,omega,t:rcal; Sivowe lprKd napa8ilrdtc ypapiq o?rlv Tu.tlo Pascal lagrtForrrdrvnoMooryollxi ,lapdclaat Tubo Pascal

+va

+--): vo varo

t / s q t a tI t / e n ( q - r / r q t r ( a + b )
- 1/b b + a./(a+ sqt(a))

b+--3--+

9
x:y

x +y/ (2.(D) r 0. cot(onego. exP(s t) I -sqrt(t{(x) + l) (x/ !) in(x/y) / cos (x)) r Oin(r)) - tqr (cos (y * ln(x)) exp

eicos(ot)

t-\Fi
tan -

x7

exo l1 *ln(xt I

4.t Bccrr6q laol6 ro65oDD666oo

To ou\/rsKTtrd 6 iypalta onq) SivErdr zapuxdro: q e1/rolig ovdwoote (awiorol1a rr6no-

Fetapl,trrig

d\/opa !rdFllfllE

lm
Exr6floorll

H "grop).Iri" o.o ouvrdrrrxd 6rd,polpa (26) lrnopeivo Eivcr rirroo integer,rcal tt chot. H popqrt rnq rvroiiq ovdpo,ong Eiva': r e a d ( p r , p , , . . . , p n ){ readln(pr.pr,...,pn )

Edv pi ivor rinou rrtsgeri real tdle Drapd(erar dnd qv ioo6o(input) Fra aKotrouoiooopp6l0rv, ro onoio onpori(ouv 6vov opr0ll6 ,'l 0{iot la oDvraKrucd drotpdpsola (12), (14) Kar (15), (16) ovlroroil(oq. Edv pi ivar rirou.ror 16r drdFd(Eror an6 qv ioo5o oKprpd'q 6!q oi!l9o],o ro onoio 6iv1or oq rurl orn !ero!l,ni{ pi. H 6rdeopd jrerai rov vrol.6v rcad Kdt readln eivar 6rr otylv 7rpitrroonrlq 6irpnq lsrd rlv ovd).',oon 6Xoupt(at !rdFdort orrtv rp6rn oaol rnq ,rdFvns .rpaulis ro66ou. Ilopd6.r1l|o 4.28 Ag Dro06oou1r 6 oedvq( rov 80 mtl6vEioo6o( i 6.24a!- -512--.. 892s-42.35u --' ln lpd|rli 2t ypaAri oqv ioo6o 6loup 660 lpa$r6(

Me Fdon tn 6r1)'0la\: vara,d:rcal: b,c:integer; rt.wol,rI .ead(a,b,c,d): 61a (n6 anorll,olo rrlv ,rapcxdlo KdroXdrpnq olt pvlil.lrl:

l--;r1 I o.zo I

T-5''--.l
L__ji:l

l-4t;l

t2l rnq Fvilrtq 'i,iv.or rar rt Kard rt 6ra6pogii and rrtv ioo8o orq eaoEr,c rcra{porli roiv apro!(b! on6 rrlv napdoroori roL]s ornv ioo8oj oq oxo).oL]oio oL,plijLo\, oE Eo(rrrepLKri napdoraot Fnxavis (r.1. 6ua6rr6q opr0r6e). Eriortq n uKoioueia evrol6v: rcad(a); rcad(b): read((): read(d): 6xsLoKp,06q ro isro ororalrorro !e rnv vrol.ii tead(a,b,t,d):. Ta KE\ic proEi rov aplgtri)vKoodre Kar I o).),dyriypotrli( 3v),atFdvovrdruilcjvn. :rnv ftspirroot r6pa rov evro).rbv: rcadtn(a):rcadft,d):
TIOI:

@
Fr5l

tI
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iE

r'arx,r,z,t,r:chat: Kat! iooSo |lI;;J TeLoq1lepdo! rn siLool: xvrd\\ rcad(x,),.2,t.r) 6ler oq uftotilsoFd rtv ftapaKdr{,r xaraX6pnon \ lvii!nq:

'tr

'x

M rr poieeLa rrq cvlolis ,ftLlroorq irftoporlp8va EKrun{ioorris reprex6pvupviptq orov exninoni ri vo ro sfeaviooule orrv oedvn i TvrKdrpo o ,.dro,o ao6o (qorrprrd p6oa Koro76vo ro rpdvoL,rL (27) rtropci !d lxL rrpi rino! prons). H "ftopdordon" oro B,dypoFrLo integer,real, baolea i char. H lopqi rlq cvro),iq cKtiroonq ivur: w r i t e ( p , , p r , . . .) .p. i writeln(!r,pr,...,p.)

H ltpodtqpaai $otmat) sxrrltr('onqrov pi qoprdra, atr6 iov Kdororc 6116()0l rrlq 7l.66ooq Pascal. utro7.oyrori Kot ard rIV ouyKeKpLpCvrt :rIv trpirr0iot rrlq Turbo Pascalrl ririn{0ol ev6_( emrpenroi apr0roi) r6nol) integer utasEi r6oeq 06oer_c 6oq Xprd(eroro flpLeldq,vrl rt .Krinoon f6q snrrpnroi opropou rinou real tiyErat |1e Pd('rl rt\r rpo6rolpcrp{: Li-x.xxxxxxxxxxE + xr (ouvoLrK{i l8 0aoLs).fra rnv Exr[roor evd( oprolof rinoLi boolean f_prpqanorc'tvrol or L6qlqlalse Kar true. H 6,oaopd e6drleruqn r,/t/e Kor lrrrelt' eivor dfl perd rrlv xr6Leor rrq evrc)\ic, writeln Tivrar ornv 6Eo6opru ol},tryi Tpoupiq.

122 rn 6iloon: 4,29O0rpoiF nopd8ryFu vara, b,c:i,tt.ger;x:real: t:char; Iogl:boolean: nou lvorxaldxitpnltveqorrl Kol Irq rrp6elov ovliororlov pldptrlrdrv
llViTT:

b Iogl

E
EvroM
*,itetn(a.b, c):

tr
@

. @

" l-t*l

vro)'6q EKrinoone!a(i p fle ovriotorlg 6ivovtar drdaopq Eq oDvexlo

f,xr6n(t)6rl

204200
20u4 utL200

wtuel (a,'lJ',b,'-!',.);
w teln(a,'D',x,'u,b); vitelnO, t,log l):

+ 02u4 20u -5. 1234000000E

Ko6rK66:u 200Atrue

writebt(x(DiKde:r', c,t,log l):

fro rlv rpororroinorl r(Dv6raq6pov npoSrqpde6v utldpxouvor nEpdKdro 6uvar6tnrq: Ilpo8rdypag{ pi:d; rqtadio pi sivdr fra nopriolaon fe rtti t6not) integeL real, char, booleani ivor pro ouppo?,oqrpd. di eivar lra rlapdcraon p6 tt]ul 1{',or integet, tl otroid Fdq 6ivr ro piKo< tolj rE6iou oro ottoio 0a KrD7rooi rl rrti rnq pi. pi eivsr lra napd6ru6t [e lrp{ irou rcal d, iycr r1v i6rs ort}rddio 6ttoq tprv. sj ivar pro napdoraoi |l rui fljtroo ,nrear, I onoid loq 6iver iov opr0!6 rorv 6s(d6rx6v vrleiov tlrd rrlv uao6rooroi'ri.H Krinoon rrlq Tllliq rn6 pi yividr ornv repirlroorl ourrl oq rpqfparrKdq dpr0[6q 6100piq ur06rooro).ilq.

pj:di:si

nopdSsrltla,l.3) M pdoA lrl 6il'oon xur rd ttprI6Fvopv{Inq rou tlapodiwarog 4.29 61ou|re:

t23 Evrohl writeln(t:3, b:3, c: 3): witeln(a, b:2, c:2); Exflt,toort LJ20u u4200 20rJ4200 (lla irt c tplorponori0lr ro ovd1xoio ll}i|coe, 6lla6il rpr6 0668re) LJ-5.18 + 02 - 5t2.34 !rrJ-512.32100. rru 20rr A utrue -i 12.34

w teln(x:g): w teln(i:7:2) w teln(x:11:4) witeln(a:4, r:2, Wl:5,

x:7:2)

4.9 Ewo?'6q
ot onoiqlpncqrorrg swo1,6q, lrqv nopdypdao auri 6(! E6rdooDFe noto6wa1 1ro qv nstploolo tov 66oFtvov'!ou 6ql60rtKav oro rlipd 6nl,6o6ov roD npoTpdplatog. Oo o61ol.rt0oril ttop6\,og tr ttlv 6woto roD oDwcKtrKort Drolpdplaro6 (10). To 6o1'.axflrd 6d1pottl.to ".trol.i" rtq "cwoLiq" civcr:

EwoLi:

H "altK6rra" (label) ttopaKrnplg6r Fovoo{Fowo Flo ouTKKptulvt -r,io}'il. 'H "rir(s,rra" xpnorFonor{rdro ouvoussld tE tnv rwolti COTO. n otola eo stoori rapoKd&). To oDv!a|<trr6 6td1paAfi 116 "drl,rle svtol.ig" ivar:

124

Evrol,i awll(ardordort( fllie

(29)
Or vtolEg "a\.rrxardo.oone flp{E ', "uro,rpoypdBrorog" xdr GOTO 0a eqaraorofv rdpardro. H'1vri swor{", rnq o,roio6ro drdlpcppo eivcr: Kv{ vro;.{:

(30)
ercdyftar Id trdyouq Kaoapd ouvrarrrroi, rdri Eqdoovu,rdploDvvroLdq ancrtei.ar de avrtdlaolohi |I aui6e rt fndpql Evrotrig F nprE16uvo, KE\dq.,rEprqou\,ou. To ou!.raKrrKd8rdyparqraqe "6olt!5qg Aopqp'dr.t1ewol,rl ; svrol.ig" ivar:

(lt)

t25 RECORD ndwor8 fe rov dro 333o!6v.rv H EvroLi WITH XprtouonorEirar xoL ed Esroori oro xqdlaLo rov nitr{Dv66ojr6vov.

4.9.1 Evroli

svrrxstdo'oorle trp'ie

fkordq rrts ewoliq ovnxardordonq rrpis EivorI awtratdsroot rlg uftdplorrooqflFiq prog prdg).Iriq, otr6 !ru v6a ltFi. rl onoio trpoxinrr dftd rov unoloyroF6 fraq trapdd|oolq. To ouvtarttK6 nle SrdypaFfdsivot: Ewo).ii avrrKardoruote flJri(: 6!,oFo Fctop).trriq 6vo!o suvdptnolq (32)

Aplorepd ro! oDpp6),ou:: lrlopei va xplorlonorli onolorsinol Erlrpnroi drou !rophri, i ouv{iprnol, xrciq1or nltrou F.al-E. nporapxlKd p6),o ftdiqcr rl ouFq(rviq rou rfJrou rns !rop)'nrrlq, i orrvdprnorlq,p rov rntro rou onorELisFaroqrlq rupdoruolq. Movs6rK{ eEdipot anorIsi I npi'lrool rlou o rn'Ioq rnq Flophriq, { qq oLivripntorlq, ivdr real, xv.i rt nop66:Ilc\ 6ivet pLc ttFi rif,or integer. Ilopd6srlpo 4.3r M Pdon flq 6rl)'(i)orq: |at x,y, z:real: i,i,k:integerj r :cha. log I, log2: boolean; Tpd\rotue lLq ndpdr.rittovrol"6qovrrKolliordon( rlliq: Anopolitlvo z. =y + sii(x/2): losl::6<a) OR NOT tos2;

i: =trunc(6-24); j::nund(12.82)i
H npirroon rou "ovdpqlog ouvdprltonq" ea EEtoorsi o en6fvo l(eqd-

126 4.9.2. Eylo?'i u'io'rpoypduraroq H vrol.i Dronpoypdpporoq ouppol,i(erlnv vpyo'loinoneKivlg rrlq 6ro6rxooiaq, n onoio xdoopi(ior ord ro 6vopd rou urlonpoypdlporog. E{iv ro u,rorpdypaplo t(ord Tlt 6{),r0ori roo nEpr6trKar [ro Liora rrjmK(bv (formal) ropop6rpov, r6rE Ep6'!Er Kard rrv K)"ion rou va 6o0o6v xar or avriolor1eg rov ru7tlKrbv evpydq (actual) ropdlrerpor.trn or]v6Xro Sivoup ro orrvtal(rrrd SdypaFlo qe {ivro},iS unorlpoypd!$trrof',. Or cworEq "runrKn" xa' '!!Evp.r6(r' ropdurpoqKoo(bq Kal n 6il.oon xdr KLion e\,6q u7lorlpoyp{ittaloqeo eerl.rrloofvo 7r68veq rlopolpdQoDq. Evro).i Drrorlpoypdllaroql ovopa uronpoYpopporoq

IlapdSsr1|rd 4.32 fihd(kahe, address);

kostot t'. ). \rnoliAa):

4.9.3 rfvoiil

vlol"i

Mra oiveExn vrofi sivol pro aKo).oueid svro)"(bv, 01 onoieq eKrLoiwdl Fe lrt sErpd nou lQavi(ovroL oro np6ypdFpo. Auri I oKol.oroid vro),{bv, r oTroia Fropi vo ivdr xor pra vro}.i, rEprK}.icrdl orrd rd !pFarrKd oippo),d BEGIN xur END. To suvroKT1r6 6rdypo[f0 inq o'ivsrrlq vrol,is ivol:

:'iv8erq svtoT,i:

BEGIN

t27 Iopd6rylo 4.33 BEGIN rclrdtn(i,j);

END Eival eavp6 6fl, dnd oovroxflKri dro\rn, I ofvorn vrori D,rdpXr yro va pog rdp6Ir rI 6Dvor6rnroou'/X6vsDolqtldq al.o}.oloiog fto},l,rijv ro o[FForo END lropei va Evrotrrivs pia. H r8lljraia woLrj nplv o116 rprtr oro r6)"oq6vd "i", 5ll,o6i oro rapddsllJra 6a tltropo6oupe vo ^tpuqoDttE tr telh(i,i):.:ro olJreio aDtd rpcnel vd dvdqepoEi 6n ro rpipa ro onoio opi(Erdr p ro svrol6v v6Enpoypdtporoq ornv Turbo Pascal, olvrd1rr1x68r{i'lpdp!a (10), p'lopi va oprei oq pro oJvoern rvro7.i.

4.9.4 Evtolfs Fe 6t votlKll per4J 66() Or evrol,6qp o!v6{q Aoq bivoov rt 6llvot6rlro Enl)roll1q (rvrol,i IF), ri nprosorepov (vroli CASE), vrol.6v. Ta ouvroKrrxd 6ra,p{itpura rov 6no alfd,v wol{iv Eivar: Ewol,i p ouv0iKl:

(35)

IF-vro),i:

(361

I28 H "ropdoroort" pErd ro IF np6nrvo ivor gla ).oyrKi rropriordot. Edv rt rllri rrlg rapdoraorle Etuol ftue $rc 0a Krel'eorein evro).{ perd ro rl ewo],i lerd ro ELSE. :r THEN, v6 EdvI tli ivo,/dbe 0d eKr).eori '!pinrool rorr ).einlro r!i!d ro'i ELSE, 16r, edv n rr[i rre rapdo"rap rrv En6!vn ar(, Eiv falxe, r srr6l,on rou npolpdlloroq oDvriErar wotri aoD ppioK8rar d!a{os per{i rrlv vroli IF. 01' n rwo).i rnq ropoiq Oa npd'rcr vo onFerurgEi IF pl mLN lr p2 mLfi el ELSL e2 v6 ivor ooo1il, Tiapouoi(er |r10oDvroKflri aodqElaxol orr1KKpueva yewrrsr ro ep6rrtla oE nolo v1o).i IF dviKEr ro ELSE. To np6pl,npo Kdv6\,odfl 6va ELSE dvit(El trdwor srnv ovrrp!6r!i(1dr!E ro yev1K6 'Eror vrol.i IF, I onoid 6v tr ELSE. Ev!o),i rtrEDtaio n rropdnriv0i pFilvaiErol ('s vroLi rnq lopqiq: IF pt mEN BEGIN IF p2 mEN ELSE e2 END: napd6slypa 4.34 M P'iorl rq 5il'oort VAR x, y, z,l:ral; log I : boolean;pttopofF vo ypdvoup rre rapordro svrotr aq IF: o.\ IF x+ y< > 12.5 THEN BEGIN x:=x+z: y:=y+ 1.2: l::x+y END ELSE ELSCx:=t: B) IF lost THLN r =)+, ^t\ IF NoT losl THEN x:=ti 6) IF (x ) y) AND logI TIIEN z::t ELSE

t29 BEGIN t:=f+3.5: z::r/| END: E) lF tosl THEN IF x< >r THEN t:=0.0:

napd6sl,y|ra 4.35 AivooFE6vo trp6ypotld o Turbo Pascalro oroio lrdlrregr 6rarnor6vrdv o ftp6roq ivar isoq, trKp6Ko6rK6v djTroD 66C' En ard 10 anrepoKcr rotr6vd svdlolo [i!lj!o. rpoe. i Fyal.6repoe,
Aopo6rdlpoIFd
AriFoot: kodikosl. kodikos2

"--<-,;Ur----.
lodikc I A.'rdl'it.po9 '

Tnr-ar

"TtIog duy*prdn(

npdypoFlo PR0CMM srg-kodikon: Ittyxpt64 x@'tK(ivl VAR kodikosl, kodikos2:integer: BECIN \riteln ('z(t6c KaAKoiE!): rcadln(kodikosl): readh(kodikos2): IF kodiko!1= kodikos2 THEN t, teln('ra'tKoi iool) ELSEIF kodikost<kodikos2 I,'tlttpdrtpog', kodikos2) THEN tr teln(kodikos ELSE rriteln kodikosl,'lery)irepog', kodikot2): l,}il eIn( Ttloe dirk pn|E ) : END. fra rrtv npirnoorl rou 6XouI va ftt'aqot|l leroqn rptooor6pt)v rov 6rio vtol.6v XprldulotloroflE 6t!oq avalp6pdlernv vro]'ri CASE

t30 Evroi.ri CASE: rprila CASE

ruri!o ELSE

TFripo CASE:

T!{po ELSE:

(3e)
(17) Tivra' trF M odot rlv rrpi rtq "ropdorsolq" rou 8LoYpdtrtroros l.olri p,dq vroLiq 016 ro rpilo CASE. H "rdpdo.dorl" auri, I onoio Kcr ovopd(rot r(ur aiot-tat, I\nDpEi\ro ldper rtfaq nl integer'booleaA TvrK6rpo (ordinal), ntpfi'po9i oE o oroiog 0o rinou" "ro{nxon l(oL rraa i Jrdlevl trapdypflqo.Or 6vrol6q ro! {fiisdroq CASE 6xouv Kdelta. oq Mrd.nv Kr6).eol o nrloYaog. T1!6q rrq oroitq lnopei va ndpeL nK6rre. rqq ovriororlrtg evto),i-(,I otroia irnopeivq eivdl xal !to oiveIn vroIi. rorr npoYpdllqroq oDvxiqErot rLtlv Evroli ftou ppiorrrdr n Kr6).eort lrtrri l{i0r o enr)'oy6oq ro END. E{iv n onoio 3vurdplet !rdtl illo !Er{i ro! rliluroq CASE rdr etr a}ror 7ro EKrEIol I Ewo)'rl rov ordoepd)v oLirerl Evrori. rou r[iuaroq ELSE, n onoiq snionq p]ropivo ivor ULU flopdbrypo 4.36 To napaKdto rpdYpaFpo Ferarparr nood E';vouvoFi oForoq o 6pdxr6(. :rlv ioo6o 6i\'ror ro rood xar uvrroloilog rl rL[ri

131 I I 6rav rpdrr.ar " i:12 " 1 3 . " (4 " " a ' " " 6ol.l.dpro A!prriq fep$vrK6 pdpxo r a l , l . r Kg dp d Y K o ATyl,lr(lil.{pa

AoFo6rdlput$a

Tirdc:

"T$,oq Ferpordq"

Ilpomapld PROGRAM fiotnisma: YAR poto, &x:real; i: integer; BEGIN ijriteln(^Aot tu nood Kot t4r rttlri roD t); rcaAln(poro,i); CASE i OF 1:dtx:=t52.66 +poso: 2:drx: = 99.98 +poso: 3:drx: = 29.91 *poro: 4:drx:=300.39.poso ELSE writeln(l1@q vttrota)

t32 END: E (i>= I) AND (i=<4) A, teln (Ttlo Baqodc') END.

TIIEN trriteln (d6, '6pt.):

Ilopd&r1pc 4,3? To nopoxdlo fipdypafla ftpooopord)vr rrq itooEprg paor(6E dpr0ttflKSe npd6sE. PRo CM M bas ikes-pru xeis ; [IlpooottokDo4 fao*6v apflp'Ttuctbv tpd(Eatvl VAR apotelesna, a,b:rcal; telestir: char: lathos: booleani BEGIN w te (z6oE 660 apfipot'); rcadln(a,b); '): vrite(T|eo!i;; rcadln(telestis) : lathos=fabe: CASE telertit OF '+' : = a + b: apoteleera: '.-': = a-b; apotelesma: ' *',' t' i apotelesma: = a+b; ' /',' t'. apotelesma: = a/b ELSE BEGIN w teln(/ldeos rclEorlc): lathos:true END END: IF NOT lathos THEN writeln (:', apotelesma): u/riteln (Tiloe npoypdt4.n@A. ) END. 4,9,5 Evrol6 ravdll\rtg Or swoli6e erovd).it\rtq lpnorponoro6war yra rtv flavo),rlftrxi sxr6fol plaq i nsprooodp.)v Ewol6v. 'Oro( pdivror Kor dr!6 !o rcpaKdio) ou!.ruxru(d 6rdypdppoundplouv rprov asdrv v!o1,6q enavdlrlyqg: Ewor{ 'lavdl.nvrlq:

vrol,i REPEAT (40)

133 flK vroMs WHILE Kar REPEAT, o opr0l6E r.rv navoLivov 6v rivcr lvoor6q arid rnv apt{, olld npordrrclutr6 pra ouvo{Kn |(drd irlv ,ropEia H blopopd prd66r('v Evro)d,vWHILE |Car eKr6),otg rorr npoypdl4raroq. REPEAT oov{ola.ot oio yEyovdq, dfl ornv npdrrt n ouvoriKnivar o.rtv sv6 orl 66rpnoro rf},og. t nv Evroli apli rrtg swolie flavdl,rtvrtq, FOR, o apr0F66rov rrdvuli\rov ivar yvoordq atrd lnv apl{, 6rlla6i rard rt ooyypderi rou npoypdruaroq. Ewori WHILE:

(41) H "wol,i" LIropEivo ivdr dn).{ { oitarr Ksr 6a Krs},irdr, Kdr' Enovdi.Yf, 600 I loyrx{ 'rapdaroot 0q tXEt rtlrfi lrup. Enop?vr,r6 criv dplrK{i q lollKi rrspddtaon 61er rrtr.ttfalse \ swo}'i 6v 0a r!}.ori raluia popd. Ewor{ REPEATj

trdpdoroon

H "wo},{" (aEri i o'il0Ert),6a exrlEirar, xdr' '!ovd}'t\rn, }r61ptq droD rr ).oyrKi nopdoiaon rldpr I\v rrtti true. E lop6voq q Evrol'rl eKrlirar g{a rou}dtrorov 9opd, aKdlo Kar EdvI loyrK{ trapdotoorl 6Ir opllrd rnv rrpi trxe.

134 Evrori FoR: op Krl rrpn

IEt'rl.li 1,!i

(43)

'pr*'i.r,'i-_-@F

*r.''.l.r,'i---F,pr",,"n I
nptlttt \s H "rertrphrri". I onoio ovopdltlol K&tlErapl1ri enovdJ'ttvJte, rt( opllKie Ka' r}.rKis rrFris. O eivar ror i6rou rinou p trq nupaor{iorq o enrrpentdcriroq 66o!6vor,ivur o "td,ft,x6e", o o'loioq cErdEErar rino'q urd,,Topt\nnopdypqao. Onoc 0o Sorucduu( oroLq roKrLKoic yovror xur oL yv0r6toi dnloi ninor 55o[6v.]v,n]'nv rou /eat :rov ldKlrKd rfno rnq sEroohriq ravdh\ynq ovrlororxi 6vs otivolo rdltvofnf6vov .1p6v. To 0rild a[Etote, (npirrool TO). i e].'irroolq (npirr.rorl DOWNTO), rtq pEropl.n.i-(eruvdLttlilq rdsopi(ro1dnd rrq o'rvapriorq succ xar pred ovliorolla (yLorov optor6 rtDv66()oor6v oDvqprioov Br. nqp. 4.ll.l). trlv ftEpi'rroon 'rou n prdB).I1ri 'rovd)'nvrlqeivor rinou inteset ixoDtE 6rq prilo rrq flll6q + | rar -l dvriorotxa. IlopdSrylo 4.38
d) flo rlv ftEpirroorf 'ari:integer, TO 8 DO t te(i) rt Elrol.i

FOR i::5

6xer os d'ror6l.eopurnv rrn'loorl r{0v aprepd'v5,6,7 tt

8 e"r(', rl

FOR|:=18 DOWNTO 14 DO trite(i) 17,16,15 Kcr 14. r1v extri'rooq rov qpr0F6v 18,

r35
P) frq rnv rpirrosn tarc:char rt Eyroi,,i FOR c:='e' TO 'h' Do\rite (c) rtv Errirloot rovTpuppdrov al&, 6XeL og otrot61oFo FOR t::'x rlv DOWNTO 'q' DO wite (c) sv6. I vroLi

Klrrn rort rov ypo|t|lalov x, vt, v, u, t, s, r, q.

I]dpdSrrrd 4.39:qv ioo6o roD napdKdro trpoypdlluroq 61opd(ovrar oDvX6E npdyldrlKoi dproloi rdr Dro).oli(tor ro deporoForov 0rLK6v f6lp1q 6ior qord yivel leyd).frpo i i6o otr6 rov opre!6 370-5, i r6Xprq 6roD SlaFoori apr0g6qiooq ! !n66v. Eniotq ro ftp6.rpapFo .!n6ver ro rdpardv0r deporoFa, Ka(bsKor ro nl.iooq rov oflrdrv aprep6v '!ou

doFo6rdypapta
=:0 s u m= : 0. anrhnos

E n d r d , . a D6 . 00 roricr x<>0

sum<:r?05

arilhmos:= arnhmos + |

Tiroo ro dopordra rar ro r).io< rov 6ci,k(i'v

IIF Tpoltro PROGMM athrisma,vh: CONSTb=3/a.s; VAR x,sum:rcal: arit hmos: integer: BEGIN arithmos:=A:

r36
IVHILE x< >0 OR sun<370.5 DO BEGIN IF x> 0 THEN BEGIN sum:: sum+ x: arithmos: = aithmos + I END READ(.r) END sun:7:1, '1 .iqoq=', arithnor, witeln (dqpoota:', witeln (T6.1oe npoyptipparcs afinsno wh') END. fldpd6.rlla 4.40 No ypurpsiro np6ypallc loo napo6eillorog 4.39p rrl Foioera qq wot iq REPEAT. Aolro6rdfpoHro
suh: = 0, arirh60s: =0

a.irhm6: =.rithnos + I

Emvdlap. !,rt,q dror r=0

Tnro6.

'1 sun>170.5

to dooorosd rar to tLri6o{ ro! oetrfli'v

IIp6?potrpa PROCRAM athrisna-rp CONSTb:370.5: YAR x, sum:rcal: BEGIN afithmos: : 0: REPEATREAD(x); IF r>0 TTIEN

131
BEGIN Mm: = 'Um -f x: aithnos: : arithmos+ l END UNTIL x:0 OR sun>:370.5: vtitetn (dqponla: , sum:7:l, nli'os:', arithnas); writeln (T oE ron npofpdryarcEathrbma-ry') END, ovo,rpdypqud ru'!;vEror ;vac rTivuKo< fiapd6eryBd4.41 lro napdK{irt|) roKroForl svdq Kgaloioo ko |1 3[rr6xro e Tlo 6 6rn.
Aolro6uiypdlrFa

Tinoor

rnr crlxcaol,i6o

10! rivokq

E avdl,opc yra ro 6.r I i@q 6

Tiroor'Tiloq

npoyndlldrdq

IIp6ypsF,ra PROGRAMpkakas-tokou: VAR k0, kl,e, t:rcal:

etos:iktegef;

BEGIN nrite ( l(boE: Keqdldto EltltdKLo'); rcadtn (k0. e): - K e?dlarc:' ) ; wri t eln ( EraE:KeA .an : niKo t : Tt.^tKtj FOR etos:= I TO 6 DO BEGIN t: = k0 *e / 100: kl:=k0+ti tr/iteln (etot:3, k0:9:2, t:9:2, kl:9:2) k0:=kl END: \,titeln (:f61os npol pti#axoe pinakar -tokou ) END,

138 4.9.6 El'lohi G0|IO

H s!"rol.ri COTO Isrdqeper rnv sxrcl.san avde nporpdpforoq o tra evroLi I o,roia npooSropi(ror d'!d rra srrKr|o (P),.ouw. 6ratp. (28)).To ouvtaxrrKd drdypqtpq rtq woL{6 COTO Eivar: Evrol'rl COTO: (44)

Or flrcrrc opiqowar oro rFrlla Srtld)oov vdf Block (pl. oDw. 51dyp.9), to 6e oDvraKrrK66rdypollra bi],ooiq roD( eivori Ati).(j)oneflxr!6v:

Ilopd&r

rd 4.42

: LABEL 20, stop, beak: : BEGIII

20 : x:: x+ 0.6: '

139
IF x=7 THEN COTO 20:

GOTO 20;

IF x:10

mEN GOTO stop:

COTO brcak; : break : wnte(x)i

stop : END. Kor{i rn xprlol rov nxsrr(irv, orlv Turbo Pascal,np6nsr va }.dpoD}re un6\yn rov ropoKdro Kovrivc: rol{)ouv !6vo p6oa oro block yro ro onoio 6xouv Xav6vaq:Or rrK6rrEq xdr onEp(iUeva 6rtlo0i Kar 5v rolfouv o1d urroKllrevd ourori block. fro rrtv nepirlool "urlorlpoypd[pdrov 61d61l(a6'lag" Ksr '!apd"ouvdprnorq" (or worqaurqqrlyoiwol ornv ir6l1evn ypoqo), 6v emrpErrsrar vd undpler d7"pa a,!6 66(,,!poq ra 1166o oro urlorlp6ypaplo, i a,r6 p6oo npoe ro 6Eo durori. 6vo block ri rt!onp6M pdol 1ov KovdvdoDrd 6v lrlopoij.r !600 0716 ypoplo vo o6tyn0oils dn Doioq oro r61'oq roD rrpoypdrltloroq. fro vo ro halt. H ,riJf1oulraDr6 urripr(rgra paorKi oDvdprlol not) ovottdtje..ar r).i6n rnq oDvdprnorlqaurig EIr oq onor6LtoFarov dpoo rpporlotrd loD npoypdlparoE. ndpdSrypa4.4J BEGIN

IF etor mEN hatt; ' END.

140 np,oprori. H Xpion rns vroLiq GOTO 6xrs36 KoropKrd xp6v1d 6ival 611lr rn XpnorUonoinoiirlq rardorp6aror rl O Klpr6repoq1.6'roE or,fq(Jjviaprdqn omtKiq waaiE vdq npo'/pdr[aro( K&t \r$ 'DwrtuKiE poie EKri),Eaierou. To anor6).opo auroi rou yyovdroqeivol 6r, an6 ro Kisvorou npo,pduFarogeivor noln 6ioKolo. {iv d1r oKor6p0rDro. vu orpTrp{ivouF rr sutLpdivr orlv trpoy|lolrKdrtrc Kdrd rnv KraIroI rou npoypduparoq. IIpoypdFpotc pe ftoll"6q vrolfg GOTO ivur 6f6Ko].o va Karuvoleoiv ror dr6pt 5!o{ol6xEpo vd Srop0oeoiv.Kold rn 316pooorl npoyprirFaroc rropai va npoKfvouv v6d ),det, ra oroia v6S 161010lr ou6rqoflKdoqsilolraL otnv al.6y16rrtZprtorroroilot vto7.6vGOTO xdr orrlv, xqr' qur6v rov rpd,!o. Etfrooplio oI6oov, or oftoisq 6v aylvav 6).q ovrrhrriq oft6 rov Sropelrri. fLd .;).ouq rouq napordvo ).6yous ouvrordrqr rt xprlo+Lotroitor jrE F6rpo rlq woliq GOTO, i n rr,iptq qroqlli rnq. fla Kar Kdonp6ypotta ('1n!, Turbo- Pascal lropei va 7paqri 1opic r.ovava GOTO. 4.10 Kliort 4.10.1 fevrKd Ms ro doa avanr[Eflp, orrq npotyoi!vq nopaypdqorE,trtropoip nxo).a vo npo-ypuFporiooupE Kde. o1rrKd qn).cj.ul,y6pr0!o. fra rtv npinrooit ftolDrloK6rEpov d7.-y6pr8Fov, 6noDit Eftovdl,rlvnoLilKcrplFf vov (suroret6v) cvo.rirov (yio rrv 6wo1a.nq w6rrtraq p),. K\a. 3) o reproo6tpeqltq }1laqo;oeK 6vdq a2,y6pr0!oueivdl no].n oDvtgroF6vrt, r.droqitouF oror, rpoypapllarrop6 Urflg r610roq novoLospav6|lqq 'EroL EV6tIrdq lro !6vo qop{i. lro v6rrlro pnopei vo npoypafForrorei {or orrl ouvxEro va Et.rplord rpnorporoLn0ioq ruipa o neproo6rpq rtq ll1oq 06orqev6_c Kor rpLoo6rpov rpo,poFldrov. Kdes r6roro i evdrnro r oroiu onot).iouoroorrKd6vovaworIi aly6pr0lo ovolri(EroL a\)\ie,oc, Dnonp6ip.4la Gubprogram) ri par,rd (rouline) i DnoparEita (procedure). (subroutin)i 6n61Kaoia H avdyKl 1prlolFonoitong praq vdrrtraqo SroQopslx6qe6oEq evdq npoypdllaroq, i 7vrK6rEpa o?!63rogoprrK{i rlpoypdlrlrord, oSnyioqv two]ll qc, td,ioIs Eroritar. 21o.2X.it& 4.7 I ev6rnrd E xolEiraL orcj ro npcj,palFo IIl 6fi( e6org l. 2 KaL3 ev6 dr6 ro n2 o s e6orqI Kar 2. Eivar oropoirnro vo 6oei orIV ev6rnra 6va 6vo!d p6oo rou onoiouetrTivror I x,l,iat rlq. Mrd rnv Kr6).onrlq v6rnrqq E. rt poi Kr6lonq rou K[proLinpoypripporoq ortv dr6o(Dg ftdpsvt e6orl Kivtqatr6 rlv orloio K).ri0nxE PpioKrur I E. oro rripLo np6ypaplld,frd dr6 Eftr6ii p6pdrdI 8,ltouvot Etrrorpo{p{q vorrii@v

l4l

npdlpdFF (nl)
Ev6rtro (E)

(n2)

El- 4.? (,.'iot

.!6rrrdq

rd0e Kl.{6n Inq E, ivol ouvioo( Kor 6raeoperrKrj,0d np6rravo FpEoei lra rt oroia va aoqa).i(Et,rdworrov 0(0016utrollolorl6 ine !E0o6Di,o1io, Sr.tiouvortctnolpoqrig oro xripro np6lpappo. fra rov 1.670aDr6 ivdr qavp66rr n lpnollonoirlot vortlrov 6vivqr !ra dn],i ljn{teron. n6pdv rou drr oudvr Kor 10 ot)vol.lrd Xpdvo eKr61,onq rou npolplilroroq. Mrd ev6rlrd ivdr, 0)q rr'oordv. lvqq oloKLnpog6voqalydploloq, o orroioEo lra yt6ooo npoTpdtfarrogoi sqo8rd(tor.6noq d;.).o6te dLa '!q ovrrKipevu rtg-rl,6oodg, I evd 6voIo. T;10r.6 vdrrlrq!,roporiv vs Klnooiv Ksr vd .Krtroro[van6 onora6iror 066n rou rliparoq wo).6v v6q npoypdpsaroq. AvnKipvo rnq v6r'nroq, 1o)v ono[ov or rr[6< iplovror on6 6Eo i qvriororto Sivovror ond !600 npoq rr 6qo. ovoud(owat nsptitErpot .to66or srri5ror:/-s napdtrErpot ECdaoD i naptiptrpol axotd,iorarog (rrapoli r),npoipopiaed,rd rnv sv6rnrs npoq ra io). To avrtr(Ei!6vdrlg \,6rnraq ra onoid r(dlri irv x].ioi dvrrxooiordviar. r o(oId vq rdporrvoLYK.KprF6vtq rutq. ovoldqow tn^i: nap.itrtpot.tv@ {ivc 10 onoia xotd rnv K)"iot rrlq vdrrlraqovrrKaoloroiv rrg runLx6q nopo!61pouqovotd(ovrqr Evtprie napdpetpoL OL vdrtcq 6raKpivovrarKupioq oe 6no xorllopiee I rrq axdl.ouoq ovo!ooiee: a) ynonpoyptit4la 6tad eiias, i anlr6e Monpofli#a (lrocedures) Ynottpotpisam oL,vtipt4onc, oDtdpdoerq (t[nctions) F) i aft)'6s 'Evo uJroflp6]pdllo 6100L(o6idq, io oTroio 61erlro Fdvo nopdFsrpoeed6o! prlopEi va oproeei o! ouvdFrlon KOrva Klt0Ei evrd( trdq trdpdoroolq

142 5rl1,a6i va Xpnorponornoei{l)g dpo6 rn6 trdpdoroorlq. Ot ,rupdpetpor crod6or 0a r{vdr rdrE or lErop}rlla( lYlq ouvdprlolq Kar ro dvoFo rIC ArorLcolaroq. AuTli ouvdplrtote ouoracrr*d ro 6ropa .n6 ttopdp.pou ivar Kol rt psor'fll Sraeopdl(l)v 660 ,lopqndvo karlloprdrv ufiorpo]puprov tp6t!o. opropoi napoypdgouqed Eer{iooutl ldrov. trrq ,rdpsvg Kol ouvaprioov an6 tov i6ro rov ,!poypa![ar6roro)vurlonpoypoFpdlov floIi,8ivovlog xcr 10 avriororLs ouvrurtlKd 6totpdpuoro. H t),6odo Turbo Pascal 06ter dq 6d0sol rou rpoypoulroltori opo!.Lvd Bao&d Kdr standard-functions), ra ofioia mo\potptippaQ (standatd-procedurs Kirrlooiv dn.j ottoroditrot lou ovdtor66 ro!9, va ln Foi0Ero Brropoiv. tl 6cI EV66rrpofpdllaloq.

4.10.2AoFi Dfto,rpotprilFo1og va 5l1('0i oro rlrilo 6n1.6Kdo rro,rp6, paFta trpfnr utroxp.0trKd oE{!v rou rpolpdluorog Kar I K}.tiorl rou livrar oro rpild evrol6v lou H 6ilodn v6e u,ro,rpolpdppsroqeivar 1116 - Epoypdtl}loroq. lopeiql Aihoon t',ronpoypq4raroq : (46)

Kooli

unoflpo'yp{islaro(:

Aiord rDftrK6v rrdpautrp!]v:

(48)

143
diLoot napap6tpou:

.i\"opa rurruoie

flinoq

pdpFd?oe: Koplrdg u,ro,TpoT

(50)

To orJvroKnr6 srdlpalrlro lou block 8ivrdr an6 ra ouvraKTlxd 6rdYpri|1poro (8), (e) Kar (10). lurrK6q nopdFcrpoL lou i6rou li,rou troponv vd 6rox(opiqovrdr llE K6pIa, rr.I.: PROCEDUREABC (i,j,k:integer: VAR x,y:real): Or |()"ioEl( rov uno'rpoypolpd.ov yivovral lr rn 9oiostd rrle ..vrol,iq o,lonpolprillaroq", lnq oroias ro oDvrdKrlr6 6ldypaprrqsivol: poypdrBmoE Evro;.i Drlofl :

liora vpydrv

144 Aiora vpy6v rapog6rpov:

(52)
va 7rp6mror vplaqtropciperpot Kdrd rnv K).ridn v6quTrotrpoypdppd1oq ou}tqovofv rlliporq FErE ru,rK6goe dprep6,dtlo Kar aerpd sgpdvrorlsI Pdon rn )'ioro lov napop6rpov Kard rI 6{laiol rou u?rorpo1pdpFdloq. our'rsiqr10 6rtlvul11K6 flap{i6er1pu4.44 To rapdKdl(' rp6lpoFlo 'rtlo)Lo, lEorri: / n\-\ m/ n! m!(n -rn)!

yrc yvo"iC n,m N tle 0<m<n. PROGRAM syntelestis: VAR n,m,para,parn, pan, parnm,srnt : integer; PROCEDURE patagontiko (k : integer); VAR i,j:integer: BEGIN j:=4 para:= t; FOR i:: t :ro j DO para;=i,pa.a; END; BEGIN rcadln(n,m); IF (m<0) oR (n>n) THEN sYnt::0 ELSE BEGIN Parasontiko(n): p$n::pat4; P$asoktiko(m): pafm::pafa; puagontiko(n-m): pnnm:: pata: synt:: pan DIv (pam. pamm):

t45
END: rrite ('n- , END.

'tDwd.eods ='. synt)

trl yldFdo PascalKar Turbo Pascallc ovdporc Inoporiv vo lptoralcr rpol6ruv rportyoLf6vdq rororrreoiv6c rvrolig Tor rpoypdFFotoe. -rtoei oro Ki!vo rou npo,pdplorog I tr].iptq rptrpo9ii louc. frqv 'Evo lndpXr lro oltrfvrlr{ri eaipeon. nEpimoon rov DnonpoypdtFdrov urlonpdypolla lrlopi sisa dnd tov Koptd rou vd xa)'eorrov orrd roD. 'Evo riroro lopiq 5tl.o6i va 6Xrolo(llporoei I ,rLiptg neprypaQirou. tfc,aw'poptK6. H "dvo6pofr1",0]qr8rdrtrq Dnonp6ypqtlIdtap oKrrlpi.(Elo.r rov LrornoTpotFdrl,vo)).d (qr rov ouvapriotuv. dvonlioorlor ortv rqpdypaQo4.10.6. 'Onorqqaiverdr ora ouvroxlrrd 61aypd$1ala(46) rar (50). !td rnv p{ipsotoq!tJlopi vo aKo},oDoei dvri ror block lrd dtrd Keqdl.i roD Dnonpo, (directive)FORWARD i EXTERNAL. trrlv 'rpinr{ion Tl( \,eu6ovro/,6q pdttaro(, 1pcll6vog o Turbo Pascal, dKol.oDnoU o xoptr6qloD Dno,rpo't 0i arCo{rq pErd rn 6i},{Don rou L,norpoypdllorog, rdr qul6g u'rolp{olrt 6oli v6e block. Edv o toptdq, lpapp6\'oq oe Turbo flr(d aKo).ouoi dffooe ll'rd tn 6ilootl rou unonpolpdftaroq, al.Id 6.v aKoi,oDei Pascal, lQavi(rrar optdrpa oro rrpdypalto, 16r Xpnoifonorirar rl Vu8o8vro'Otdt 10 ' no,rpdypaFuo iXrr gcroppqorrinprv q'rd rnv Ii FORWARD. lpqFllvo o srrdqpoor roD npoyp{itForoq(nr6i ivdr Ia ropd6Erytro 1),6ooq Assembly),rdr qurd 6tt'ov61dr a!6ooq sEtri rn 6iLoon toD urotrpoypdtporoq Fs rt VE'r6ovto1.iEXTERNAL. fld nploo&peq Kc0{iqKqr Tro d}.}.q 6uvdrdl,,ito!;prgTro oDr6sfle 6fo \ru6oEvtol6q, (n.x. INLINE, INTERRUPT),napantlroos rrtreq rou aqoporlvrov Kopld rlq Turbo Pascal, ora oTroioniortq rov uvalvdrort oro r61{de'yXrpi6ro rov PaorKdjv uro'rpolnopei vo dva(rtrio' Kor rouq nI{peE xaru},6youq nou 61006rr YpaljidrrDv 6lo6rKaoiuq lstandard procedures), I yL6ooa. KorITopirc: Ar'rd ra oronpoTpdFFordxopiqovtor orre aKd),ooecq ErEspyaoiasouppo).odEtp6v. E,reEeplooioq apteio!. Arqxipronq 6DvarrK6r !rdp),nr6v. (n.x. read, rcadln. write. writeln). Ero66ou/Eq65o'r

4.10.3Mrooopri flp6v 6tlq fldpqralpougD,ronpoypopFitov Mf rt 9odena tdv rrdpoFarpov Fnoponv ra uronpolpdrfara vd drrDs enrKorvrrvonv FE 1r yfpar nproxrirouq. Or nupdprpor6n),6vovra1, Kqr lsp9dvoDv rui Kord rrv i6oll,oIllv <eaali roD rnonpo,pdll|1oroq

146 Kl,idn rou. fra ropd6Elylo xrlod}l8ro trpd,pofpo rorr rropa6ei,garoq 4.44 xEr noporrtpotpe i6te io Eri(: OUrdpdfrpor n, m Kdr n-m (o)q rap{iorool) swrKoeroro6v, o?rr dvrimorXEq.prq K}.io8rq, lnv rtlt$Ki dpr{i9},nrg xar prd qv ex16nap{ilrpo k Evo or lr}raqrou( ndpop6vouv lot rou uronpofpd[tnroe Nragontiko, dvdprr]io ov evr6q rou rrrlori 6xr, rt rui lou k. Aur6 oeilEror orov 'lpoypd ro@q fera!),r1enKE, rp6no ovrrxa.dotoolq rov rutrx6v rapo[6rpov a,r6 rrq evpyfg. t rl y1,6oooTurbo Pascalrl awLKardacoot lov tunrKdrvftapop6rpovyivrdr "6uvdjlKd", 5nld6r'i Kor{i rrl 6rdpKro Exr6}.oqqtot) trpoypdFpuroq. Yndplouv 6e 660 i6I o,!rK6v nupop6rpovs s16orl [e rov rp6no ovrr: xardorooiq louq at!6 rrq vep-rfqnopdptrpouq: a) Ilopdplpot tr[iq orrl fr' aur6e loxir n x).iol l1rrpri (call by value)xor 6n).(bvovrar ).i61a lov raps!rpov rou unorpoypdptaloe p6vo !. 10 6vopri rouq xopi< Kavavarp6ps.Oq vpyd< ropdFrpoq, rra K{itu lrd ond aurig, priopEiva 5o0i lra ?ropddlooittoD iSroo!6EoD,rrlq onoiaq n rrlri Dno).oyiqrar rrl XpovrKi o yjri 6vdpqnqrnq xr6lonq rou unonpo,pd[loroE xar orn oDv6Ira praplpd(?orortv ovridrorln rurnKi ndpdurpo. Adlo rne dtlvoIrKie ovru(olda(qorl! rov nr,nK6v nopo!;rpov l(or 6rqv npimoorl xi.iong I rlpti 6tgrouplEiror, ln oTlyti tlq xlionq rou unorpotpdppsroq, rrd porlerlrrKriltrdpl.nlri F ro i6ro 6votd xdr dro rt( rrrnrxiq ropoltrpou) xdr 6ivsror noportrpoii (61Lo6i 6vd ovri/pdqo rns Evgpyon H Xpnorloroinon oE o!rr1 I Dtrolorro0ioorrpi rng veproi ndpop6rpoD. rnq flr,nKig ,ropa[6rpoD laoa oro Dtronp6lpafsd avag6pEtorndwor orlv dTvoo l, yra rov rpo'lpoF[orlorri, polenflKri Frap],Iri. Ero!6v(0q doeq olldyeq rar voTivouv otlv ntii rn( tu,tlKriErlopalirpou 6v 6xouv Kdplrd dnolirore 0ni6paol 6!Iv evpydrapdterpo Kar oQoporjvF6vo ro dvriypdeo oDrlic. Arrri eivdr Kar I nEpi,ft(l)onlou tlopa6eiyldlo{ 4.44. p) IldpdFrporavaaopdq xdr 5n;.6f( aur6e rq(ir n x),iol ll avaqopd (call by refereDce) vovrdr orn lioro lov nopdp6rpov rou utrotrpoypdrcrog p ro rpdesld VAR. Oq vEprdq rlapdperpo(riorar, xard ilv xlir'n lou utrotrpolpdlttlaroq, ro 6vo!d tlqs psrdF).q(! roD i6rou rnrou. :IIV npirr(ron.Iq Kl{one [ avaqopd, I6yo qE SovolrKiq avrrKordoraor]erov flrnrK6v oro u'ro'rp6yposjrd, rrl orr.rti tne x),iong rou, ,rspap6rpov,pEragrodqrar rlc cvEpron napaldlpou, aror 6ore n dvriororxq F!'lilt( n 6'cn0uvoq avdgiperar ooordorrKri orrlv i6ro eaorl pviplg tr rurlrxi napdlErpoqva rov rp67ro d],),dy6g, rrlv evpy6rqpdglpo. Kdr' aoidv oro ooireplKd rou -rivovrdr r!{iv(,) crlv flrrrrrrl ,rapd!rpo,6louv Drronpo1pdlpalo!.or otroire oq qnor6losd ror .nv d,ldrrl lnq trpis rlq evpyoi napa|l;Ipou. :ro srtpio crJr6 rp;nr rriolg vo rovioorrp&r or ropdtsrpor d6o! ev6q

t47 ononpoypdflaroq ivor ndvrore nopdFErpor ovoqopdq.To sad!vo nopd8rlpa porloderorlv Kol.).irepnl(alavdtot rnq 6roAop{i! lov 6io dur6v r66v rDnK{nv,rapd!6rprrv. ndpd6rTFo4.45 PROG MM value-rcference-paraneter: YAR i, k:integer: PROCEDUREmetitis (i:integer: yAR! :integer): BEGIN hriteln (TLtEq tunrKdv ttopotl&p@r oro oronpdypattd:'); \rriteln ( IIap. rutig = , x:1, 'nap. avsqoptig= , y:4); END; BEGIN i: = t0; k= t0; vriteln (Trt1t9 Even6r rapqtttpo)r nptv ani tu Df,onpitpatpa:): = , k 4)' \\'riteln (IIap. rutiE=', i:4, 'nap. avolpoprit net tit(i.k); nriteln (TryEq evepfdv na,oaktp(D\, !E(i to monp6vrypa:', viteln (nap. aME:, i:4, nap. avaeopt:, k 4). END, M.rd rtv exr),orlrou rlpoypdrfoloq 0o ndpou! rnv ex1nnoon: napa!&?D np9 ond n moltptiypo.lpa: T41iq rrqi)v = l0 nap. rtrie= t0 nap. drdqopde nK(tr nopotlixpar otu t)ttoftpdypappa: ry)tq no,o. t41iE = ll IIap. aroqoplie= ll t$p)dt ndpotirpdv fuq lt'1i to unonpdypo.lla: nsp. t4t4t = l0 nap. dn?opdl = | I 4.10.4Aopi duvriplrtcls To ouvraKrrxd 8rd'ypdpfdFla( suvdprnonq 6xl ()e e{q: Ail.('or olvdprnong:

):=v+ I:

{53)

I48 Kool,i olvdprqonq:

tlioto ru?nK6v

T[aoq onol].6olorog

Kor rov xopF6 rrlC ouvdprnfrd q li6'd rov tumKdrvnopop6rpov,xao{ijq orlq rdtdouv ro ouvroxrlKd Sraypdl$ara (a8), (a9) xa1 (s0). oro coorlprK6 H r).io-4Fra( o vdprnonc. Frdq,ruodoroonc. /ivr rd, pr 6rdypotFo. Fdon ro ropoKdro or vrdr(nKcj Kl,iorl ouvdprnonq: ovola ouvaprrlong

(55)

oro ouvroxrrKcj H l,iora cvspl6v rrapdlerpovnprypdqrar ardlpallo (52).

6o0 E1oute ovaeApEr7ro rd uronpoypdFFaro 1016ouv Kdl'y1a rrq o ' v o n - ' i o c , - p c 5 i o p o v o v o L o , d o U l ( a c6 r o q o p o n o r " t o f l c : L lro block rtte ouvdprlonq ftp6ffr drdpairttro vo un{iptr lra woLri avrrKordoroorq rluiq rrq fopaie (p1.. Ka' orvrel(r'K'; S,dypoilFa 32): 'Ol,o

(56)

2- Oq 1tiroqonortrao|toroe lnopi vo oplooi 6voqdnd rouq orlorlg rinouq intger,real.booleanKar char, 6voSTRING, )i 6vos6cirq( (81,.rtrpuyp. 4.1.2).

t49 nop|i8l to 4.45 M ro napo(dro trpdpalrga !,rol.oyiqrdro 6rovulrK6g ouvrr!ot1iq, Xpnouonord)woqlld orivdpqorl yra rnv fpeot rrtq rrtig PROGRAM syhtelestis; VAR n, n synt: integet; FUNCTION parugontiko (k : inteser): integet YAR i,para:integer: BEGIN Pora: = I: FOR i:=1 TO k DO pan:=i.paru: patagontiko: = paru END; BEGIN readln(n,n); IF (n<0) o. (n>n) THEN synt::0 ELSE synt : : parugontiko(n)DIV (pangontiko(n) +parugontiko(n - n) ): wite ('n=, n,'n=', m, 'tDrd.eotis:', synt) END.

1.10.s Aop{ Ev66block To urorpoyprilrrsro (6rd6,xdo16vri oDvqpnloEov)Pon0oiv orr 66ewol.d'v xar Itot I{ov nporpatpdro}v oe nir!6acv6rpc lorr enrtr66ou oDr6 lari lloDv q 6uvdr6rrt.s va oul,rluooorJv no),L6q wo}.eeoE \,rl block 610160r, n EKra),otlov vrol.6v va vp.tonoriror p rrl po{0.a pdvo vro].ic, rng evro).{q x}.ion6. Mra r6ioro 66pnorl rvd( rpolroq 'rpdlparoq 61er6F)q opLo!6vq rrrtdrsK orrlv opydvool rsrv 56op6vov rou npoypdtfdroq Kar cuid yrcri o Kopg6qvdq unonpofpdlporoq ivor 6vo block p6oa o"ro onoio Firoporlvva oprooo$vdwrxEiFevadtro6 |tsrsPl.tr6r, oia0p6q, rnnor 6e6o!6vov Kar unoftpoypdlldro. A60 sivar or oiFdvrlKorpEg3trrtrI(Dorg: o) X r(deeavflr.ifrvo, rlou opi(rqr 6vr6qrou unorlpoypdlporoq, ?rop6Xerdr 8uvalrr{i (6n},a6{ '(ard rtv 6wpqn xr6},eotqtou D,ronpo.ypdpparoq) ouyKerprF6vr 6on nr fvilln. rl o,roio sl,suoep{ivrsr !1d ro r6Loqrng Kr6).one io! Dnorpolpdltrqroq.Aur6q ivar Kar o )dyo( yro rov oroio pr{i rnv Kraloil v6( urlonpo-rpdFFaroq, Frspl,tr6e. trou Tra rlapd6r,po6Xouvoplo0i K01e'tEp.faori oro urrotrpdypdjrt0, 6ev Surrlporiv odr rn 86on ort !v{pn. oirE rnv rrtlli rooE.Aurrl 6 rt 060rl s du.o dvrrxipva, d,log tr.I. propltr6q. LrviFIC rr0av6q rldp61rar K{ioE Dno,rpdypolFo oXrtsari(Er avo block, ro onoio opi(sr qv trprolri 0) rolio( rov ovopdrov nou 6Xorv 6l1,oei oE aurd.

t50 Xplor|ronordrlroc rov tpdrc oDrd 8dptonq t('v trpotpoupdrov pnopotlr a 6w rp6ypollpo vs 6IouFxrd6 ord rtv trEpitr.oon6td6olrx6v utrorpolpspFdrov (tI. 4.8o) Kor lrtv rpimool rnoorroloi Dtto,rpoYpolldrov

ttr. a.8F).

I Ynt I

Yn4

-l It'r5

L@_l
u) draSo xri uotrpolpdlgqrd !I, 0) ETKFotror6s lrorpoYpdtpdr@v 4,8 AoL4ol tpo'tpauldtuv p. r ro{po'pri.rForo

Ere16i o 6\d tlpdrpdllE lttopo[|r va lprlollororriooDl ru i6ra 6rsgopetrKdo,torporpduar{i roD Kar }.6Yo lou ov6uma uwrxlul1Dv.o va Kaoopiqrsr dfl KdE6vopa s Kdo060l vdq ,rpoTpdluarogftpEtrEr p rrl dtdprra avoaoprKd tov6v6 axprpei6 6roflJt!6vovlcr uovooriEvra, q! Kar nqoxi tox64 Ko119 6naptaE, lov owrtrlr6t'ov, nEprox'k w tois, i qoiq v6qo}.!trr(scope) rov ovoldrov roDq.O Ka0optol6qrn( DrdpKraq fivor Kor npioq o opr6|l6q rrle ,reproliq toxnoe sv6q ov6[oroq, nou block-aopi awrororli o 6vd olrrKiusvo,olrlpi(*u a'.ry o'tol].o'16ueert H block-6opi npoKftr!tand rtl 6uvar6qlo nou 61ouv v6qnpoypdlrllaroq. or 5nl,6olE Drrorlpoypo[ldtov va atrotloiv q]iFd rI( 6ikDone Ev6e ,lou 610r oot vd 6lools ro QorvdFvo erda olon ffiourlo,rpoypdutroroq, npoypawdtuv. Kdgc Koptdq cvde uronpoYpd#aloq ivdLouoiaortKd dvo

l5l {ou block evrdg rou oroiot 6nld'0tKe ro utrosoorsprKd block, Keivou ftp6tpdlla. :rn y).6ooo Turbo-Pascal10 FovoSrxdblock, ,rou opi(ovrdr, t(d06qKar rd block rov Dflonpoypdltrdrcrv ivor Kivarou npoyprippsrog y),6ooq IoDq. E56 6ev undpler 6rlla6i rt Suvordlrtrc roD 4oDv nol.1,6_< block dvE{iprnnpo, poppdrrolou, 6,rogn.X.ALGOL xd( PLll va opiqorrv ra rov u,ronpo Ta rpa[ldlov Kdr o orloro6iflorE06dn rou npo'ypdp]rdroq. BEGIN-block rdr [r!opo6vva rldpreXouv block uurd ovolrd(ov1al 6tl.6orq ovo!dlov qw(KEr!avov. H Srdprrd (oig v6q dvrrKitlvo!Kaoopi(roran6 ro block, dnou opioolr ro avrrKipvoour6, ro onoio undplcl 600 dx61lnEfil.o[vrdr svroL6qaurori rou block. M p{iorl ?o yrov6eour6 xord rn otr,Ii 6vopqnq avoopoi. !1..6lEolq rou block Srorieidr,6nog i6rt 6tEr trapaTrdvo fviln yrd 6Lo rd avrrxi!va troDopiqowor oro block, rt onoio !e rrlv eyxa.dleLvrl rou block ).sD0ep6verdr. AvoeoplKd r6po tl rtv rleproXi rolioq rov ovoldrov nou 6I).6vowqr dc 6vq block roxior,v oUrdpoKdrtu rpflq Kovdvcq: 'Ola l. ro ovdsord nou 5l).6vovrdr o 6vo block roxrioov f6vo s6oa oE aDt6, xo06c xor o dl.s ro block rlou aur6 npl6xEr. Ta ovdpara (avridlorlo ovrrKiFva) du1li Eivdr.o,rrxd(local) oro block. Ta io,rlKd ov6lcrd 6v rolrior,v 6io ond ro block. 'Ols 2. ro ovdFarqrcD lpnoltonoroiwar oe 6vdblock Kar6Xouv 6tl.o)0i no, ,rcprdlsr ro rponloitrlvo. rivo|Ird to rpdro o. avq u,rpKEitcvo. block rv',.d (slobal). 3. Edv o 6va block r,rdpzouv ronrtd Kor yEvu((iowrrEi!voi l]e ro i6ro dvopa. rdre vrdq rou block 0eopoiwar f ro 6vol1dauld ,rdwor ro ronrxd cvflKEigEva. H rllri ro'r'f\,rKo6 dvrlKllevou duto6 1or, ov6mqepyaoioq duron rou block na\bo To iroloe a1rKcrd 1t 6rdpKra ysvrKdavrrxEi!cvo6nLa6i ouvc1i(rvo urrdpXfld,).o 3cv rivor ^poorcldorfo ofld ro EoorrsplKd roD block. Eqoiporlatror8),iq npirr{rort 1oL Srix?n rou 0a rEcroorci sc rndlcvt napdypqpo. Atr6 ra avorEtr, oulnpdivoul 6rr I rproxri rot6oq rlq 6il.oolg t!.x. lroS psrd0llriq, ,rou opiorlKe oe ,va block, npoKtnrer a,rd rt 8rdpKra q(Diiq rov block no! npriXouv auriq pe agaipol rov treproX6v Kivorv ro7llxaq !?qp),116q Fe ro dvold rn6 Frapl.nrriEt(dr ppioxovraL oro vd nrolFovoi 6rr oorsprx6 roo aplr,(of block. tro an!io oDrd nper!r ro 6vold vdgunonpo,pdtlldroEovliKroro s6orsprx6block nou npr9d).).Erro Dnonp6ypolrld, rv6 n ],ioro r(ovtunr(6v nopa[6rp.dvrou av{Kroro EooteprKdblock lou u,rorrpoyprijrloroq. frq rnv ,rtrlpEorprlKoravdlcl rrle 6o[ig block 6ivoujr10 nopaKdro rv6rr(rr,(dnpdypoplq P, ro otroio nEpr6IeL rtooEpd Dtronpoypdlldra.

152 flildtuWa 1.17

PROCMM P; YAR y,||'t:integer;

PROCEDWE ,1; CONSTc= l; l/,1R o,b:integer: B: PROCEDI]RE vAR d. i,tr:ifiteger; DEG]N d:=i+v+w:
i.

END lRli C; PROCEDARE VAR d,v: integer; BEGIN END tcli

BEGIN i

END TA PROCEDARE D: l/AR v,w:integer:

Ai

END lDll BEGIN D: END lPl.

tr. a.9 Bldl-&lli Evd6 ipolpd|jl1ore

153
OL nprox6g LoXiog rorv 6rdq6pov ovotl{ir.rv 6to ndpdndvo trpdypupta

6xo'rvos iiq:

P c .a , b , B , c C D
H 6ot1i evds block SroKpivtoL oE: 6Livo!1Ki. v,A,c,b,B w ,A , c , b , B , C A,D

H ora Ki 6opi btock EivqLeKivt noD rpoKJtrrEr dn6 rov ElnporLolci roiv Dnonpoypfl[pdrov Fs Bdsn rn 6ctpd nou elqdviqovror 610 rp6yps!ll0. H 6avo!ft4 6ott4 btotk rpoKlnrl ord ror,yKrB(Dr10!6 rrDv wonpoTpdFpdrov !e Bdort .rl oerpd x).iiortq rouq Kard rrl SrdpKLo eKralone rou , r p o T p o t r F o - o !Y . rdpxo,r' /].;oo,c 4ooloauFar|ofoi. or o,roicc/pto rrororoir. ]rs -ov rpoodrunroud .nc nrpro/ric ro)'oc ruv o\opor&'v. rn DL,vopLKi6opi block. T6rorce yld'o6q i\,or n.X. I LISP, rt APL Kor r| rt Pascal XprtorFotrori SNOBOL. H y).6ooo Turbo Pascal xol '),r1K6rpo r f o ' s n K n 6 o / i b l o c k | l r r l p o i i o L r ur n q o r o i o q ! r o p o r , \ ' . K a r d r - r . , d qp&oI rou npoypdlparoq, vu KqoopLoroiv or rEpLoxiq Loxiog rov ovo!drov r{ov 5ra{p6pov 0vrr(!u6vov. :ro nporl-roiuvo rrapdSerypaKor qfltv vroLi v: = w rou urlorlpo,pdFt r o r , 6 x e Lo p L o r i o r o l o r o q A n p e r o p L t r { w E i v a r . r e v , K r il e t a p h . i rpdypoFlo P (Kor cjlr oro urorp6ypoplro D otr6 ro oroio eo Kl,rteei ro A)Eniorl_a c vaqopLKd lrs ttv swol,i a::i +v +w roDuonpoTpdppqroqB! 01 perap).rr6q a, i xdr w Eivd, romra( oro B, ev6 n v civot ycvrK'i ro! 6xr opLori oro np6ypaplo P. Avdl.olo orrv cvrori a:=b+c+w rou lrorpoTpdpgoroq A or UraB).nrqa, b Kor I oroeepd c ivsL ronLl{fE roD A. ,vu n w ycv,Kt roL ofiort(, oro P. T;),oq 0a nprr va enr6r}lqrei, 6 it tEoo5o].oyio roL, qapF6lra, 7ro ro Xr0prop6 rov npo-yposrdr0rv o 3v6rl1q, 6l),o6i r rXuKri rov unonpotpappdrov Ka, I Srvar6rrrd Ell.rporroFoi dLr6v, o6rli o 6va 56wpo. To 8wpo rorv block rou ftqpo6iyForoe 4.47 ivor ro aKci),oleo I

I54

tt, 4,r0 A6vrpoclnForrouonlnorpoypdrrtrirov

ME odol ro nopordv(li 8evrpo eivar 8Dvdrdv arrt ro block B vd 6Xoufs npoon6).don o ovrrKifvd rov block A Kol P,6X16jroc Kdr rov C Kor D. M'ropo6! 6r),a5ri va xoup '!poo'!6lool o ovrlKireva Keivov pctvo rou o6n,ei ard ro o!1Kr.pr!6vo rov block ror ppidKovro, oro lovonri blok npoq rn pi(d rou 66wpoD.

4. 10.6 Avo6po,ri r(o' ova5polu(d u'ronpoypdFFaro ovrrrciuvo d ovoteEEv]] dvdSpoprKtj (recursive) drv nptLel q 'EvoE rotl rov Eorir6 rou, ii opi(ero' ! rr poioala toD Eduxorirou. F6poq oplo!6q ivor aw'poptttts dv aurct nor, rlpdKrror vo oplorEi. opi(ror rrpr({iq JJErl PoieErr ro'i EaDroJ rou. H ouoia 1vrKd r\a a|d6/rop4q (recursion) Eivor I 6uvar6rltd oprollori ev6q !t renpao!6vou or]vri).ou flvrrKurevorvr q []oieerd 3v6q trsftpdolavou KeLp6vou. Mra d).).r 6Dvor6rnro oproForl v6q ft n37.pao!6vou ouv6)"ou qwrKrllv{0v eivol n Eaat'. .4t1'4(iterarlon). IlopoKdro 8ivorjrr oplo|t6va oft).d ouyxprrrKd ftapq 3!i/para )ro rIV Kdro\dnot or rii,v ruv ,vvo,.irv: o) O u,loro,rolcjq roo n! (n N) yivrdr ir Fe pdol rov ftavo),nrlr1](d 'Evc

n!:l2

n,

eire ll Fdorl rov ovoSpoprKd oprord n!=n (n- l)!, 0!= l

rov i - ooro B) Mro oro).ouoioxi , i : I ,2,...opiqe.al lrs 6tvo!'rosarDeeioq rnq 6po, 6rr{oq r.X. I dKoloDeio

xi

irE ava6poFrrd 6lvo!.raq iov i-rord dpo ! q loioerd tc)v npot yoqr6v(')v 6p0)v, dno6 n.1. lra qv rapor.dvn arotlouo(a ral6sr: xi:xj,t T ,

y) Or ykiooeq fipoypa!]rcrropof rcpouordqoDv rar aDr6g lld ovddpoplKdrrFo. Me trl poiola ptce refiepaol6r4l6 ypapparrxrlg F ropo$I va 8rurrcDpyiooot 6!u pI nerpdoftvo nhieo! ouworflKd oo6!6v nporriaeov, To dvola n.I. orq ?l6ooa Turbo Palcal op(oorlx E!avol,ryrnrd p ro oDwoK 16 6dypa[tra (4) 6)s tig: 'Ovola:

o awlotorloe ova6poFr6E oproFd! 0a lvo!: 'OvoFa:

To napand\ro ,rdpd66{y[uro Kdvolv coqrl q 6.o9opd pfta6 dva6po]rdg Ko! srovdl,rtvle. H rftprypoeri qg er.dvd,,tvtE t{veiar !e tt Po{elo svdq (sravohtrflxod) ppdtoo, vd' rt dvd6po}i 6w onorr( ralrtrd srrdvdtM.

156 'Onoq niorlg 0o 6oil6 o 6fi6tvrl tlopd-fpoqoKar or 5oI6q 66o!6vov (n.X.66vipa, liorq) ivd1 ouvrlooq avo6polrrK6g. Trlv Kal,l,irepi d[0)q rtq 6woroq rrlg ovd6polie atloxtd Koveiq! rrl 0oioEro tov owi).rl (6td6r(ooiaqi 6uvdprrlotg). Edv Kdrd qv ava6polrK6vu,.onpolpul4rd(Dv nl.ion v6g DnonpoTpdllmoq P outFei 10 lEyovrig ro P vd Ko),eic?n ouv6lu rov edur6 roo (d!ol ovo6poti), i va xd,si;vo dl,l.o u,ronpdypapla Q, ro oroio fe q orp(ilot' vd Ksrlitr{ ,1ro P (6!lron dvu6po[i), rdr ro P ovoF{i(eroraw6potltK6DttonpiyparyaKol on! 6io aur66 ,rEpF rr6oErq 6IorF avoSpotri. H rapaKdr(oouvdprrlorl Tra rov uflololrof6 roD n! eivar Evd x),oorrd nopd6cr?llsovu6po!rxoi u,to,tpofpdtForoe. FUNCTION F (n: int eger): integer; BEGIN IF n:0 TTTEN F:= I ELSEF:=n.F(n- t) END. fioparnpolile 6Tl o Linolo,ro!d( rou n!, yra rnv ?rpimoot n > 0 avdyerar olov unoloyrotd rou (n- l)!6n)'d6{ IprloUroftoroiFrnv i6ro ouvdplylorl pe 6E5o!6vdjrsr(litdqc lrli6 (roverrekol rrlq ouvdp.nonq F p vEp1d 'rupdpftpo (n I)). O uvadpoprtc6q npoypotFarrop6o6tysi ooLv{io no}.$Kop\roiq,dn}.d Ae eqEldoorrll6 6rqrurroufvoug'<cr qno6ofl(oi6 oLy6pr0|rorrEldJpd rov ouv{iprrlonq'yran = 3, 6n},o6{ Dnoloyi(ourpd,ro srr6lsot( rtq rapor!{iv0r Fc to F(3):

lr KLiot

2n '(),ion

IF 3=0 THEN... ELSE F=3*F(2) IF 2=0 THEN... ELSEF:2. F(l) THEN... ELSE F= 1.F(0) IF 0=0 THENF: I

3n d.i6n

4t '.),iorl

r|sE ...

157 H Krtlort o'iri rIE ouvdprrlonq avrrororXEiorov rlapoKdr.r Kldorxd = 3 * (2* (l * I)) = 6 F(3)= 3 + F(2)= 3 * (2* F(l)) = 3 * (2* (l * F(0)).) 7llo avo).!rLr{d rlv eKril8ot rlg ftapar.ivrD ouvriprlolq Iprv EEsrdooull npd)'pawd. 0s 36oour trro 'yevrxdrepneripnon rrls Lworsc,araSpoptxd avodpoprr(oi npo,pdpporoE ME q poi6clo vdq(rnpoop6vou) fropEi va entuxoi avoq |lrl,!erpao!6vog opLell69Ljrol,oyrop{iv XopiE ro rp6ypd|lfa aDr6 va npr61rDp6Xouq erovd]"tvnE. T6rora ovo6potrKd rn poiora avoSpolrKdrv uronpo i!po.ypdlfora |1ropoiv va Tpaaoiv 11 fdl aur64 avd6pau4 ac Lul. $ Tpop/d-bv P e A(S;P) 6trol' P ro avo6popr{6 lzotrpd,potrra, S lro 9oorxri \,roli rar a ro ro P Kol S. fvrx6rspo. an'patKti o)(ipa (drd'parKi 6ott no! 7!pr6Xr -rro rnv rspinroion .rF, tluEo1q aw6pot!49$xi,.tl Pr Pr c I r(Sr:P2) ar(S::Pr) ' P , e q ,( S , : P r ) Eriro),o alonror6voupEdrr ftpdKrrKd 6Ev DndpxrolordonKi Sruqopri feroEi dgolq xar Ellotg ava6pofii!. Fra xar t SenrEpt FaopEi p orvXeiq ovrrxaraordoErq vd gerur6oer ortv np6rn. Tq dvaipouLKri lnonpolpdppuraivar snoFi\oq ovalKoid xar rravd cpTo].EiE-yLa lov rpoTpoFparropcjuva6poprrriv 6rd6rKaor6v. 'Onoq i6alE 6rl\, npot-roiUEvnrdpriTpdqo,o! I.d0 Dnorp6ypuppa opi(Eror ouvieoq 6va onvo).oronlK6v avrrKfllavr'iv,droq n.x. ttrap].!rq, pdltdre. rov onoiov rt neproxriroXrlo,c oro8sp6qKar t)nonpo, npropi(e.dr dtrox),EroTlKd KaL lcjvo 6E aDr6 ro uroftp6,pdfFa. tE Kiiee avddpoFrl(ri evepyoroiror (Kr{on) v6q rf rorol, uronpoypdpFdtoq6nf ,o!pysiror 6vo ro onoia alolv rd iSra ov6poro p ro v6o oivolo roflKd)v avflKsrFiv0rv. rou utrorpoypdpsoro(016 ro oroio fTrvn Kiiorl, ev6 ronrKd ovrrKillvu a7ouv ysvrKdSroqoperrKtg rLpig. To ov6paro itl),o8i .ov roftLK6vovfloivo).o avnKE+r6vovnou KL!6vovavaq6povIar ftrivrorE oro rEtrEDrqio oljvrtoi(raLvo xpnolSIfloupyi0nK. :ra avo6polu(d urronpo-rp{ippqra l\ur ron,hd ovr \,.i!,vo /,o rtv ovda'ro\) Lro-r\d !orrorouvror !.iro nr!n rrlq avEapopLKrjq ox6otq.

158 fid inv nspimnon roD ,ropd6i oroe trouavuq6pap6 lra rov orrolo1lslr(i lou n! roXrier6fl: l(d KUot rng oDvriprnoff F 6ruroupyi xar sro v6a ttlflrxri tlapd!rpo n, rt o,roio ivdr 8uqopF.rKrisrrd rrtv ndpd!rpo nou 6luroopyi0nl(3 orrlv nponlotpevrl x).ion. Kar' duldv rov rp6no 08dvowdq orrtv relEuraio Klio! 0o undplouv rEoopaavt{ypagortg nspalarpou n, dnd rd oroia eo 6loulre npo6t!67.don ldvo olo dvriypcpo rou 3rllroup,iorlKE ratd tlv I),euroio K).ior]. Aurti n KdroI6plorl rorv cvrtypdeov rov 1on(Kdrv dvrlKr!6v(0v rpoi; ro06rer ovalKadrrKd rlv nmpqyt lldq xdrd).),nlte 6oprlg 6e5op6vtov. H owiororrn 6oFi Eivat t otiqa (stack)(01. rdpdypaso 5.2).L rro rtroro 6ofi rd dwrKeifva Ksroxopoiwcr uE r,roro rp6no 6ote rdo qopd vd iXoqr npoonfl,oon 610 Kda.olo rellarraio orortio irtq ,rou Kqrdt('prirlpoor6].aot aeoi nportyoupavoq onxe. lro npoft).EuroioororXio 610r|1 Sraypaeiro t).eurdio '(.o.K. Mrd r6rord op,dvoot !v{[IC ovold(ror niqrtq xor LIFO-},iord (Last In, First Ou0. O !6troroE apr0!6q EyKrpcrflolfvov KLioov evdqovabpojtrKon uno,lpoypdrFdroq ovordqxr(rt PdeoE qs avadpopiE.:rtv npi'rtoor tou ropo6iysoroq rou n! ro 0{i0og ovdDposrlcivar ioo p6 4. : !prKo[q proliolloliq 10 p6yroro 9d0ogdvoopolrlq,nou rrrrp6ftrot. ivar nspropF 'Yorpo oii6vo. on' aur6, ivdr ovoyKoialrro dvdLuol rou ovo6pou[orl d.16prtou avaeoprxd lr ro pd0o6dvdEpopiq rou a).ld xar rov !plaAvdyKdio rlpoondeonrrd rov rppdfios6 v6Savd6po,.IKo[DftorlpoypdFlrotoq, Flrd otr6 rtv x).iot rou, eivdr I 'rapErt Vtsc, oDvqit<ng 6nxoft4ea6ra B, e$t (Dsre ro urofipdypoplo P va lnopl vo nprypaei o)g

eEie:

P q(S; lF B THEN P) anl,6q rpdnoq yro rn 6rcriorooq rou rpparrotroriev6q avsSpoP ivar I cvrrororlio lrae 'rapalratpou rrliq n oro FrKoi utto'lpoypdppcroq P. H ava8poprri x}.ist rotJ P pe rrFii n-l qooqd.i(6r rt yvriora ),drroot rng nopalcrpou rar Etlopavoq 0a lroponoa! vd 0opiooup{0E 'Eror oovo{Kn B rlv "n > 0". o6n'yori}teo ornv rdlvn n.prypd0i roD P: P ( n )e a ( S i I F n > 0 T H E N P ( n - l ) ) gra anful oipdrnyrxri UE6no fv1Kd otr fnopoiooll vd 6raru,r6oou}l prjporc 1ro r1v xolooKui evdq ovd6polrxorl a).ropiopou! oron6 rov npoypoptalrdld pra; 6ro6rxaoiaq. BriFd lr Kaoopi(ou! rov rpdno }l rov oroio rt 6ra6rKooialnopi va t!prypoqiavabpolrKd. fra ro oKord qurd nprypdeow rrt 'Evog

t59 6ra6rKaoiaaoli lr rn 9or10ro rl tra6 nopdlroroq6ru6rKaoioe, onoio dldpapro,rd rtv cpltri !6vo oro y.yov6g 61161s1, Kurri rdnoro rp6ro, dtr;.oiorpl ioo6o (n.I. dvri rou oprouo0n rov n-l). rnv n'ropEn!rs( reLxiq oproxiq 6ro6rKsoioq Brillo 2: Eqooqo).iqouj.r rn( oroiaq n Eiso6oq ivdr rdoo qnl,r'1,60r n rrilori rn6 vo Tiv8ror l(},iot. Xopiq KdlArd rrpdrr6podvs6potrrKri KdE dvd8polrxdq o),Tdprofoqeo rpaflr noFivoq vo 6Ir pro opraKi 6lo6rxaoid oq 6qo6oxdr n eioo6dqrou, Kar{i rrq drdSolrKaq K},iorqrou. npfml ouvl6e vo arrLouorrirat, ilar irorE cE nrspa6p6voXpdvo va qedvoulrortv 6eo6o. Av Ksr n ava6pop{, s fioll6g trepurt6oerc, Eivdrrou}.dXrorov lraot|rsru(d'6 Kop\rdrEprl |(cr ocA6oftprl !6eo6o6, rioorar nsp 6).0 autd ro p6rlFa, 1618 I avoEpo[rl ivd( trporFdlepo va avrrxarqoraoi dr6 Etravdln\/rl. Aur6 ga raXfr oifoDpo ortv trepirFoonxdlri rnv onoio avri rorr yvrxo6dvoSporrKoioxrirEros P e(S;P), ;xoujr;va drl6 ovtr6poFr(6 clipa, oro oroio or urrolol(dtevg r4dq,rpornnrouv an6 fra u,rl,i ovaSpoprKi qt6orl lre travaLdppovd!.vg dwrKaroo1lioErg:

P e (s; IF B THEN P)
arrl,6 trapd6erruodurlie rtq trpirnooE ivar o unoloyropdq rou 'rapdlovrrr(oi (n!) o onoio( pnopi vo 'rtpr.rpdqEi(l)q Ei6: P I F n - i > 0 T H E N ( i := i + l ; F : = i ' F ; P ) Tljlcqi: = 0; F: = l. Atrd ro dvd6polrKddurd otilo IE opXrx6q ro ava6po[rK6 uronpdypogla: PROCEDARE P: BECIN /f i<n TT{EN BEGIN i:: i+ t; F: =i.F:p END END: Dtrd rrl rope{ ouvdplrtortq: FUNCTION F(i: integer): integer; BEGIN npoxfrrrr 'Evd

160 IF i>0 TaEEN F:=i+F(i-t) ELSEF:: I END: Eivdr eavp6 6fl oro nopd8fl,fla aurd lnopo6l ! onl,6 ip6ro va avrF raroorriooule rtv avo6popri }re ndvdlrtw tpdpovraq ro nupardro PROCEDURE P: BECIN i: =0; F:= t: WHILE i<n DO BEGIN i::i + I: F::iaF END END; 1i ro ltro,rpdypoFFaoDvdpqorl FUNCTION F (n: integer): integer: YAR i,pdra:integet: BEGIN i::0i parc: = l; WHILE i<n DO BEGIN i::i + l: Nfa:=itpafa END: END: fvrrd Inopsi xavels va opyuvdrol nqwlryrrrrd avo6pol6erou rnrcu (.) lrE q.porloela while-Ppdtovoe E{q: P c (So; WHILE B DO S) H snqvatLtnrrri dgoq opldw)on npo0rloe6rr drr, rt avo6po[i Fnopi va dvalM, 6tl,a6{ va prsrr6osr o lra ftava}.rlmrxr.1 6op{, xdfl nou rro},I!q eopf p6pata ouv66ercrge oopap6g 6rroxolie. OopnrrKd n rlovdrlrlw rdr n qvo8polri ivdr loo&jvo}lg Fe inv 6woro drr. rdo ndvdUvt g,ropeivq lerarpanei 6s avd6popri|(ar.dvr! orpoeo. To Kdorog 6!oq rirouov percrporriv 6ev ivdr Ksr orre 6uo nept-

l6l nr6oLLgrldwot io i6ro. Kdg! v6q ova6posrl(i K).idn s,rarri rn 6rol{oni rnq npon, o{)gvlg Kliorlg ll3 raurdlpovrt KdroX6pndrlrov rotrrK6v ovrlxrpfvov, ru onoio rp6ner vd xparteonv !6Ipr ltv erdvslprlorponoilori rorrE,Kdrr nou aK6lld Kor yrd Frrp6 pdooedvo6pofii! r.oori(r dpKrdoe '/ro 6vo npdBl.ltfa. d'!og t!.X. rov Xpdvo Kor pvritl. :rtv n.pirroon noD unoloyrol6 tn( ouv{tprlonq ndpayovfll(d, Uopoiv va 6o0onv eixol,s 1600 ivdq avo6po!1K6c600 xdi avoe novoLrlnflKdeoLydpr0poq,16r trp6,rEr xard xavdva va nporrgdrdro sravdrqnrrK6qo).y6pr0roq. Ytr{iplou! 6po6 npopl.iraru rov onoi(Dvrl n8pr1pqqi ivor Li,o 'ro).J ova8poprxilq 'Ooo nro rovrolavn ivar I dva6potrK6rrlra vde Jtpo0lilsro(. 0riolq. ol,ydpr8poudrr' 16o0 rro ixo),rt yivrar n 8rarirrool Ev6SavobpogrKon 6tr vderova),In Kon,o onoioq nollcg Aopfq ivar xdr apKld 6io|(ol,o vo 0p0i.A'rrd qqivrar Ksr an6 ro er6Fvonapd6r7la6flou r ava6pofr'(ri '(Iiorl 6sv PpioKruroto r6log rou unonpo,pd!41oroe. nupd8fll|ro 4.48 To uronp6TpafF antistrcphi tu,rdrverrrtv uvriorpoQrl ).6Et w=wiwn,r..-wrwr }ltcq ),tEnqw=wrw?...wn-rwn. Td lpdlloro qS l.6qrq 8'oFd(ovrdr ornv eiooSo ll rn orp{i rou leaviqovrar ro 6 raloq rnq dvoyvopi(erur pe rnv avdyvosrl rou xevoi oop0dl.ou(blank). PROCEDURE antis!rophi: YAR slnbol:char: BEGIN tead (symbot): ' mEN antislrophi: IF llnbol <> write (synbol) END: To rlpdpltua our6 ivaLard q qiol Iou sva6polrx6 Kor ropdvoqivoL qpKetd 6Joro).o va ppoipo 6vav ncvdtlntrlrx6d,ydproFo. fra rnv rpinroorl Enava;.rlflflKo6 o).Ydpr0fou ivor avdyruio vo tlpolpuljrErrolEi oftd 5olr{ iI6 6.riFae*qed'qKqrrl Israeopd ro}v epdqro!( i6rooEn dnarroriu.!,n rapolarpov. :rlv npinr.)orl dfoq rou ava6potltKon al,y6pr0Fou1600 I 5llroupyio rns 6oFiq rnq nipaq, 600 rar n !ropop{i rov napdp6rpov -fivetar orrdlctcErn ouv67ro8o dvqeep0oipeo avo Kloor(d rqpd6Eryjro vdq ,ro).un).oxdrepou avo6poJrlKof oliloloq ro otloio, 6nog 0a qavei, ivar npotrpdrpo vd tlpo7polrlaTtofi ! rdva),tnflr5 rp6no. IlopdSetlpc 4,49 To ava6potrK6 olila utroloyLolo rov dpr6t6v rou Fibonacci 6iv1qr on6 rt ouvliprrlort FIB:N- N F ninoi

FIB(0):0 FIB(r): I - l) yra n>0. FIB(n+ l) =FIB(n)+ FIB(n

162 To ,rapardft) d,r].d ononp6lpdtrpuouvdptlol, Io rov u,ro;.oyropdiov 6pov rytq ard.ou0ia6 Fibonacci.6cv rivqr dvd6polrx6 olld xpilortoftotri ravdlrl!4. M 9ddn r1g 5uo 0160lg: FIB(n+ l): FIB (n)+ FIB (n - l) FIB(n) = FIB (n + l) -FIB(n - l) rapo1ltpoit 6rr upKoiv llq rov utrolololrd 660 ll6vo lerdFhr6q x Kary. FUNCTION FIR (n: integer): integet; Iu,tdoftott'is FIB(n) yn n>01 VAR i, x,y:integet; BEGIN i:=1; x:= I y::0 WHILE i<n DO BEG]N xr =.r+/; y:=x-y; i: =i+ I END; END; oa rp6,ra va ,norlrdvi6u to Kd6ro<tou tropandvolto,rpoypdtfdroe, riv duld prpn0io nliooe trovdl,ivEov,etvarrI( dne psy60oug rou n. To cvriororlo ava6potrx6 unorpdlpopla ouvdprlon, ro onoio i\.ur Kor Ko[\rdrpo, Tpdgrdr oq e6ig: FUNCTION FIR (n: integer): integer: BEGIN IF n:0 TIEN FIB::0

rasf

IF n=t

THEN FIB:=l ELSE FIB::nRh-

1)+ FIB(n -2)

END: To ovo6polrK(iourd unonp6tpappooDvdprlon aIfl oK6pd |(ar yrd lrrp6g rude rou n 6r,a dlrrKd uey{i}.o |<dolo(, avogoprKi |r 10 n6ceg qopeg ouni Kdr!irorlro xr6lol rcr oord yrcri rdo K].lisrl, yra n> I, 6Xrog naK6).o!0o6to eni fi).6ov|(7.ioerq.fra ropd6lT[a ovoq6poujl 6rt o unolo06 21891xliloerg. fvrKd dv y roud( rou FIB(20) o8tyei uno,(p(1)zrxd

r63
A(n) ouFpolioou|lr rov oprojl6 rov x],ioov tld rov Dno],oyrop6rou FIB(n). rdr aur6q auqdvrKerlKdrar offe.ovd F rov ri'rol A(n)=l+A(n-l)+A(n-2) rron>l } l A ( 0 ) = 0 ' { a rA ( l ) = I

Bl,atrouI),orr!6v6rr o rnavdrn,rrrK6(sly6prpoqu,rsprpi rolJ avlioroF Tla rnv npitr.oorlunoLoyLotorl avabpotuioi rrlq oDvdprrlonq Fibonacci. XoL, yro Ta nopandvo nspaSiygard ouviooq rnv Kq?ovdrlXprlorloftororlwsr orl rrlq ova6popiq, EVd) tdDr6lpovu deilvoDv6rr undplr Kar o oKdl.ouoq oorsprx(i6rov Foou(6qnpopllporrotdg: Kdeeovo6pori onorKo6opeirar (tiq Drro),oyrorri rI rrtq uvaepisaq rXv rnq oripoq Kol orrl I 9oio.ra oL]vaXro rn oulrlo,{ rov arrarroJ!vov nlrlpogopr6v rovorKo6osei !rd rar snovoLtrlrLKd. T600 I arorKo66lnot 6oo Kar q rqvorKo8dpton trlg Tiv*dr artdlord dtr6 tov lnoloyroli avo6poFilg Xopi( lrtv nop6lpoon IoD ourBoivorv oE y).6ooq,6ft(ng npoypdrto?16rri.Aurd 960010 nou I Pascal, Dtroorrlpi(ouvrov,rpolpalla1lotd ovd6pot[K6v uno,tpoypaFfdrov.Irtv nEpirtoon r{ijpa nou '(ord rov nporpolparrop6 wdq a},T6pr0so! 6v enrruyx{ivsrar. trdTo 8usKolios rou rpoprilsros. ! avrrKardordon }raq ava8popLKrlq SraSrxuoio( qtr6 prd tlqvalltrrrK{ Kar ,!op' 6}.a our(i 061.o',te onoo8irorE vo ,rpolpulporiooul rov u;.ldprolo }ls srovol.nrmF rti 6ra6"(aoia, 16r 5v puq F6vrrinor dLlo, nopd va avql,{iFowe lriq rov npo1pqlpqrrop6 riq arorKo66llolq Kor enovorxo66lnolq rnq ovdrar 8ra1iplort rtq anarroitrvle 8po!iq. qpovriqovrqq-r1orrt 6nFLoup'yiq pop6c 6opiq oripoe orn f\,{Fn. Mla rlloro Epyaoid,n}.Iv roD 6n 10}.},66 6f6Kol.n rar rinovn,;Xr r(orro ll.rov6xrnld va rp600r rlv ivar opK1d orrordoflKi alyoprolrxri r66a nioo ond p,u Kuodpd opyovrrrr'(i 6o!i. pipdra Ksr ortlv npinroon rlor r Av{i},oyo rpopritqru awwerorniqoup yL6ooo rpo-rpatporropoi (n.I. FORTRAN, COBOL K.),n.)6v nrrpa'tEr rrlv Xprlortrotroilon ova8potrr6v uftonpolpatpdrorvxaL yvrKd[ao6i(sr Kdr cirov aKdfa dur6q sivar rn 6ruroup,id ova6po[tKov 6ru6rKoo10]v sftreDpnraq. 'Yorpa on6 ra ncpcndvn n1elpoiUe rI Sralirooil ev6q ou!,rEp{iajrdroe (-drldqoolq) ovagoprKri }t rnv "ovrlrlo}.dqro" tro! rrndpXer !ra66 avo6potriq Kor tovdlnvrlg: "'Orav ro np69l.r!d rar n al,T oprolrxi SoFi rnq !'riLooie ro! 6touv rrdvoh,rnr(ll pion. 16r np6ner vd,rporudror I rrdvorlrtnrrri 6ro6rKosis. rp 6oov pfos'o 'l opydvoo,i rrlq Eivor Karavotri xqr e).TX6Fvt. trrlv r!pimoon dgoq trou rl opydvosrl lroq Eravol,rt,rrrKiq 6Lo6rxdoioq ouv66erorpe oopop6q6uoxo),ieq Kar u\./rl),6Kdoroq, i(a06q ,riolq Kor drav rt ova8popi avranoKpivrdrxaD.irpa orrlv ol,yopr8lonoilort rou npop.iporo6. 16r np6nrvd Xpnorronoroi)lE p6para,6rr ro fl),ioos ova8popufli Sra6rKaoiq.Dtr6 rrlv ,rpo0tr60eon

164 rov rprelorr6vov orrlv avo6polri Kl'ioov 6v qrpv{i ivo }.oyrK6 ivor Koror 6pro. t 61,tq6e Tlg{il}.Egfieprnr66er(.or onoieq6DotlXdtq nproodrpq, 0a rpfffr va onoedoi(ou|lovdlola F llv rpinrooq. T6rE guorrd rlai(ouv ouolo6rrK6 p6l,o oprotevo ooykKpuevdrpLripro, 6noE fl.1. rt suvdrdrtro xaraoKuiq dva6poprKdv unonporpolpd' oc rrpoYpulrllsrroFori". rov lro Yl.6ooo 4.10.7nopd8itl|dto ovdrrugqg ava6potrtx6! al16pt0F(Dv Elitv ndpdypqqo auT|i 6ivovrar 6[0 1dpdfrrlproflKd napo8iygora dvdrnuqnq avdSpofrx6v unonpoypapldrov 10 oTroic dvrrororXoiv 6e trpopLrildro avd6poru(lis q6snq. I]dpd&rllro 4.50 AlTdpt0|ro6tou Euxli5ri. E66 XpIdUonoLoiF Iov eqie avo6po!rr(6 opropd rou M.K.d. 6io apr0l6v a,b: rnodb), edv amodb*0 I M.K.A(b,a M.K.A(a,b): { ( b, edv amodb=o To avriororxo ovd6polrx6 utlonp6ypdFlo olvdpqolE FUNCTION mkd(a, b: intege| : int eger: VAR r:integer BECIN r:=a MOD b: =b IF t=0 THEN "tkl: ELSE nk.1:= ntkd(b, r) ENDt Ilapd6ryld 4.51 nfppr ro0 Av6i ivar:

ro l88l To xLaorK6aurd napd8.rlla r('v mipyov ro! Av6i 6ro?un60rtrc ond rov E. Lucas og trorxvidr: "ttla('vo lr rnv ndpd6ool lro o[d6o povaI6v otr6 ro Avdi qotol,ionKr Fe ro rlapaKdro rrpitFl.yllo:Or FoD6ror6v rono0rnlev6xdr 64 Boudrortq i1dv 3 pdp6o'rq A, B r(orC KardKdpueo KurhkoJq 5iorou6, d'rou 't),or i,(av6rdqoprrxi 6r{i!rpoKarorov (ae6va uniplE Aro tp6[o oro riwpo rou. 6crc aurdq vo lropi va nrpv(il qfi6 pdp6o.AprrKi 6},0ror 8ioKoropioKowavorn pdp6oA, o 6voq onoroS{norE 6ralarpooqdtr6 K{iro rpoe ro ndvo, 610r ndvo orov dtl),ov f Aoivouoeq drore va orrtucri(ouv tva nnpyo (:x. 4.ll).

165

E1. 4.ll n\iplol nr, Av6i

Or fovoXoi rieel.avvo trsrdKrviooDv lov fllpyo r(ov6io(0rvo'ld rn pd06oA 6rn B 6rornp6wdq rnv apzrKriSrdroEI lov 6ioK(0vKor Xpnotlonor6woq q pd06o C (l)6oonnnri. tritv npoond0erd rouq aDrri 6rpneva rnpoiv uroxporLKdroDq ropdr.rilo r(uv6\<: - : Kdo pilo ptropi va !rcKrvnoi vdq lrd\.,o6io'(og (o ndvo) drd lrra pd06o or (i).].n. - 'Evdq 6ioKo( 6v nrrp6rerorva ppc0ri 1016r{ivo ar!6 6vo grKpdrpd O( lovoloi rrioruovd n l.ion dorori lou rrpooLipqroq(3nl,s6i ro n6poq rnq Sro8rKooioq) 0a rpoavitry},ro r6).oqrou x6o!ou. To av iXov6iKro, qav6i 6 0d ,ropaKdr(o. , i 'Evoq ndvsln,rrrKdc d.l('protog, tro 1nv a!.rr!rd,rnon ollori rorr npoPlil.rdro6.civar qpKe.dro).unLoK6repoq dn6 avdvova6pofrKd.O rElrurqiog rpoK6rr1er uf6o{os cn6 rrlv nopartipnon 6rr ro npdp),nla rov 64 6ioxov pnopi vd ovdlori oro cvriororto rov 63 6io(ov. Edv 6rlld6i t),roeeooull(0op6wsg ctrr ro npdDLnlo rra 61 bioroDEeivor ),u!6vo) drr o ri)pyo( Trou onotrleitdr oft6 rouq 6l rdvo) 6i6Kouq rn( pdpSouA [?!opEiva llraQpi ott pdp6o C 16r aqot yiv.r surd, Inopoflr! vd !rEqcpoutrs rov rdlo 6ioKo dn6 rI pdB6oA olit B l(or orn ouvaXld vq lrae6poDtrs nd).r rov rlnflo r{ov 63 EioKov and rrt pdp6oC orrl B. fvrKd tra mlpyo n SioK(ov 10 llpdplrua aDrdovaspop d oq qic: lnopoilr va Srorun6oorF =0: frd n Katlr(i Ev6p1ero. n = l: MerdQepE ro SioKo and rt pdp6o A orrl B. n > | : Ynoo;rovrag, 6rr ro np69Lrua 6Xel ),ugi yrd n - I 6ioKoug, Kr6),Eo ro n6pev0piAoro:

166 Bipa I. Merdgprov tnjpyo rov etldvo n | 6ioKov and rrl pdp6o A orr C lr3 ryl Porioerafils pdpdou B. Bipo 2. Mr{iqp6rov ano}ivo}{d 6ioKo dftd rI p{i06o A olrl B. Brllro 3. M6rd'pep tov,r6pto rorv n-l 6iot ov a,r6 rn pd96o C oq B !e rr poiera rr|g pd96ou A. M6 Pdst lrtv rapard\.t' Srari,roorl 6ivoujrtov ol.tdprpo und.n Foppri v6e avd8po[rrof uroftpoypdlldrog p r6ooprE fidpaparpouq, lrq dKdloueE: - ro JVo( (opr0I6q 6ioKov) rou mipyou nou 0a leroqpoi, - ro ypdtlpd 'roD xdpsKrnpi(Er rnv oplcrK{ pdp6o, - 10 lpdplo nou rapaKrnpi(er rnv rsl.rxri pd06o '<ar - 1o ypdtto xou ldparqpiqr rn Potonrrr|i pdp6o. PROCEDURE netafora pytgoy (h. a,b,. : integer)i REGIN IF h= I THEN netafom_dirkoy(a,b) ELSE BEGIN netalora-pyrsoy (h - 1,d,c,b): ne tafora-dixkoy (a, b): metafora- rsoy(h- Lc,b,a) END END: trn oDvatro6ivou! 10 rrl.ipq rp6ypatlo ro oro{o r?.lv rou rlopondvo urorlpolprilloroq nprtlr Kur ro anarroilevo gorl0lnx6 o,ronp6ypoltd Israqopdq Ev666iotou. PROGRAMAnoi: YAR h-arxiko:ihteger: PROCEDURE metalora p|ryoy (h, a, b, c : integer); PROCEDURE netufora -diskoy (a, b)i BEGIN hriteln (ApttKi pttq6oe: , a. 'Telxi 9af6oq=',61 END: BEGIN IF h= I THEN ndaloru _diskoy(a. b) ELSE BEGIN netaloru,pyrgoy(h- l,e, c,b); netoloru disko!(a, b): netaforo -pyrgoyA- 1,c, b,a) END

167 END; REGIN w teln (/6os to dp)$6 lv'oe bpfipds SioK(rv):'); read (h-arxiko); IF h-arxiko> 0 THEN netoforu -pyrgoy (h-aniko, l, 2, 3) END. 10 tlpd,poppa f1o h-arxiko:4 gc ndpoopetlv ncpa_ Edv Kr1"6ooDp o oprep6q I ovrrorotlEi orrl pdp6o A, o 2 oq B errrinool, dtlou rdror orrl C. Kor o 3 AptIoi p'ip6oq= | = | Apxr'oi pd96oe = 3 pd06oq Apxuoi ApIrKri pdF6oq=| Ap Kri pdp6oq:2 = 2 ApXrKi pdp6oq = | ApxrKi pdp6oq = | Aprtol P'tp6os = 3 Apr,r.ri pdp5o6 Apxrxi PdPSos:3 = 2 AptrKri pdpSoq = 3 ApxrKripdp6oq = I ApxrKi pdp6oq Aqrxi pd96oq=| APIrKri Pdp6oq:3 Zro 4. ThKi pdP6os:3 Ts) r'fli pdpSoq:2 Tsl rKri pd05o6:2 TlrKi pd06oq=3 = I ThKi1pdp6o( Tellr4 pdP6oq:3 TLrK'i PdPSos: l Tehxli Pdpsoq:2 ThKi pdFSoq:2 Thr''i PdFSoq: I ThKr1 pd06oq: I TIIK{ pdp6oq:2 Tel rx'i PdP6o(:3 T3)rxil PdP6o(=2 = 2 Th'd Pdp6oq

4.12,ropiorotar lporprKd rl 6ro6rrooia rou ncpcSei'yporoq Ic

lou ol,dpropou metafora-pyrgoy, }o n=64, 6Xr oq H eKr61.orl rou i6ro! ol, dprorot, (T10 n = 63) KdoEprq ard ouv6nerd360 K1l6org o auriq o8rlFi rril.r o 6 Exri'ioErslou al16pr0pou (yro n:62) r.or. rov 64 Kor' aut6v rov rpd,ro afidr.oiwat Yro rnv progopd roD tnipYoD 3x16)rton rou unotlpo: Kdoe rou au6pr0!ou. 6ior(Dv.2s- | Erlcl'eorq ypdplaroq metafora-pyrgoyyivror l1roldvo x]'i6l rou D,rolrpoYptilpoloe metafora-dlskoy Kor troltvsreeo Tivouv tehxd 2* - | pelaqopiq 6ioKov dtl (d0 lovol6q xpEts(61ov and pra pdp6o o dLl,I. Edv 6e Dno06ooufs ptoKivnon dtrd ev6q oioKou I sec rro rrl Pld pdp6o st dll'I t(dl oeopipid )d6o( geroKivrlarl,sl)'{i Kar not6 o r 6v 6Kdvav oo!!r 6rr or lovoloi qq tdt o KovavaSrdl,leuo llld9opdelou truplou r(,)v64 SioKov xp6loe pd96o Kal.i trpodTlol o 600 5roKoB avapXrat and In p'ip5o A oq tri(xudv or lovaloi d eo ).ortr6v rollipro Xp6\.r4. ArKoro).oY4iravo

168

F+1 | k
T_t--l

-l-ll

+;IAA, I
h,l)"Al h
tl-t rtr | *h, Fl\
L4Fl)

tlt lr]-.l

1-

7tu2

lll tt4, | -Tt

?%

-al

ltt -fr
-11

f 11

h)-.1 [hl
t& I th
I r'Trh | ffil
'

f-t-t

rtl l-+-l

T-1---1

L
'

It. '1.12 fpop,*i ndpd.rdol qs ,,ou,*ooto,,".',r..on, EpX6rdv ro riloq roli K6lJIo!, oqoi rrnl.aov lnopi vo dnoSrX(]i 6fl 6Ev undpyfl Kavavqg Tprlyop6rcpoq a).y6prego( yLa rn\ ovrltisr6nrort olroi roli rrpoFl.iisoroq. To rap{iEryrd ro! '!rlpy(o\,ro! A\,6i rivoL avrLnpoooneufll(d rrDr,6rvororrirov sv6q ava6pofLKon o).-r6preFou, o onoio< lug 6iv1 }lla onvrotut Kor Ko!!/ii ridt .vcjq npayfdrrKd 6| rerpLt!6\,orj ftpoB).'iparoq.

4.ll Trinor 6e6op6vrov

H woLo ro! .rnoD,rdrt6,.rl cxl rsvrprKi orlooia orov trpoypalFdflqpcj. o rinoq 6e6olavov Koeopi(lLro oirvol,o np6v, oro onoio avirsr Fra oraoEpd,i n{ripvsrnF_c and Frq !ro irrrd0)"trri, ri rou 6nproupycitoL ropdoruort ri ouvdDritor. Eival aolsp6 6rr or J]dorroir[nol 6e6op6vrov 6ev apKoi)\, 71o rr'tv nspr-rpoeri s!,6! pEydLou aplgForl ovrlKerFvov.fro ftspdSerTFo avoAcpouue.irr ro dpXio rov KaroiK(Dv lraq ndLnS,i o rlrEqovrxdE KardioT.jq rlg, onarroiv rSrKon! r nouq 6c3op6vrDv, or

t69 onoior ivar rKovoi vs repryprivouvrarorolj ei6ou( nsrr?.eylfvo ovlr*eipva rrF6v aur6v ftrv dvtrl<uav(,v. 6e3ol6vov Kar va xa0opiooDv116,rploX6q Kdo rnnoq 66o!6vovXspdxtnpiql 6vc ofvolo rltrdrv, 10 onoio ovotdnqrcXi W(br. Mrd atr6 116otFawrxdlsp( r6r6rnrsqrle Pascal Kor e* xor' rEKrdoI rnq Turbo Pascal,lvaL I ouvordrqro fndpqnq ('r iva unonpoypdFganpdypqllra, ,rLrlv rov ovofdrov yrd oro0p66, trra0),IrCe, xal ovotdrov rirlov 56otivov. :[}19ovd !E 10 ouvrqra Kor ouvdprrisEre r xd 6rd,po!!a (9) Fropi o trpoypdllarrorie va 3rl?L6or, olo rtriga 3Itldroovvdenpolpdlldroq, rinoug 53o!6vovSrKiq rou nrv6nonq. fra rdoE v6o rfno 6e5o!6vov0d rpnErva SivErro 6vopd roD, (aod,q Kar rnv neproXriirl6v rou, I6od 0,16rlv oroio 0o fropi va tloipvr iuaq Kdo pErdpllri aulot Iou r6nou- fro ro!( rinoue 5e6olfvov roXiouv ia napqrdror ou\"roKtrKd6ra,pduBara:

(57)
Ti'ro6:

(58)

To 6vo!a rou rnnou xoroor(Eud(erot o leo)vu p ro W(0or6 rpdtro rlou (4). trn ouv;Xero0o eerdoroiv nprlprieraroro ouwaKlrKd Erdypqppd ouvonrrKd01 rprg rlapardvo KorlyopiEg r6n0rv5E5of6vov.frd np1006, trapdtreFrrar yIrpi6rarlq rp'q 1,rroptpErsq o avd,v6ornq oro 161K{t Turbo Pascal.

4.ll.l

Anr,o( r6tror 65or6vov not (simple rypt 6e6oF6vovloporrtpi(ovrar d,r6 ro

Ot aftloi

170 yyov6q6fl 6Ev flrp6nouv rlcparrpo rordrjrnoi rouq Kor lnopoiv vo ri'rrDv 5e5o!6v('v. rptouorortoofv yLo rnv KarooxurinolD'rl,or6rp(Dv Anl6g r6roq:

(5e)

TaKrrKdEnlnoe (ordinal lype):

nitloq dnapiUn6tq

(60)
or ri,rol 56o!6v.rv inteser, reat, chat Kol booleanesoponvrol pdorKoi rnnor 6e5op6vov 'ral ro ovd[ord roDqrolfouv 6!poo]4a K{te npdypdjrfa. tro 8rdyporra (57) P),6'!ou! dfl orn 8a6rtr'rirloq" pTropei vd BpioKralro 6vota v6s paorKonr6nou 66o!6vov i ro dvoFa evdq v6o! rirou nou opiornKe dlr8oa atr6 rov rpoypalloflorri Kdl r61nr euorxd p6vo oro ou1l{eKpurcvo np6TpolrFa.To rlrigo 6n}.6oov ev6q npoypdFlaroq 0d yla ropd6r1j.ro vo ivor: Iropoao type akemios: inleget; pragmatikos = real; var c, d: akeraios: yar e:integet f:boolean; g, h:prugmatikos;

17l (enumerated type),or 3uv0r;q rrp6qtro0 propi 2E ivs ltrc dnapiglno4s vo ndper p,a rEtdoLnri ro'r. anopLeFoit'rardfeoo ll rn 0oi010 ovoTinog 0tr0pi0!tolq:
ovols (otooEPdq)

(6t)

ndpo6i,uord rnn rv oilupioptotq Eivot: TYPE chrona : (kokkino, ptasino, ble. kitino, nalro): TYPE epoches: (anaixi. kalokairi, .lthinoparc, chinonas); nesaio, negala): TYPE nesethos =(nikro,

o6voor rrp6s v6Cri'rou onopieptote 61nloriEouv vo SroiroyFvo auroLirou dnou. f1o ra rponlonuvo 1.oror ivaLouoroorll(d 01 oro0ep6q ropa6iytarursXnr: <prasino<ble <kitrino <rnayro kokkino anoixi< kalokairi<fthinoporo <chimonas mikro < mesaio < rnegalo ouvaprioel(. 01 oroiq Scxovrol l1rondpaKdro Sivovror tpel( PoorKs oLlrll rnrlou orapioJrnortq: :Dvdprnot
:Ir0oi11 IIdpdSe|ypn p r e d ( b l e )= p . a s i n o

ord (x)

En6Fvoqrou x (dv lrdpXet ro! x (tiv untipXl) Ilpon,oSUEvoq oft6 0) ApLef6q!6nq rou x (6v0pqn

rIS rpirnq oriLI6 ovoAapov.olorrlv npinroon Td napqSiyFaro 6vopi(ovro1. vAR x:chroma, 6noDauorKdpred(kokkino)xal succ(mayro) vd :rnv vroli rovd).r|llns FOR sflrpcnerol n |1eraplrlrri ]ravd].rlvnq ivor rinou drapiolnorlq. Tcir ro pipo orlv rspinrtoon To Kooopi(erdl and rt ouvdprnor succ,v{i,orrv ftpirraronDOWNTO on6lt oDvrip.rtdr1 u Ilq on pred (P).. ftop. 4.9.5). Eniqnq eo ftp6nn vo ?ltonuovoi evroliq read, readln l(dl write, writeln 8ev fnopolv vd rlro0onv 01 tLFiq lEropl,Ir6y rfnou anopieptotq. fro rlq nptnr6orqourds 0o npanrvo tpdvorue Kordl.).nla unoftpoypdFlard.

172 napd8rruo 4.52 lro ncpctdro ,rpdypolpd rlupouordqrar n ]|piort !eldrar 6iwldr 6va u,ronp6lpopIo yra rrtv cl(!'i,(o9lnr6v rriftou oftdpi8prtdrtq PROGRAM typos-apa th',isis; TYPE cboma = (kokkino,prasino, bl,kitdno, mayro); VAR a,b:chroma: PROCEDURE t) pote -ctuoma (r : chroma) : BEGIN CASE x OF kokkiho: trrite('ni xKtvo'); prasino :v rite( npdoltio .): ble :\fite(p e'): ktriho :tr te(Kirprvo )i na!rc:Ntite(Ptl[Po')] END BEGIN b::p.e.t(a): IF b> kokkino THEN write (pta.l,irqo') ELSE *, te (Er lqd''repo ): FOR a:=kokkino TO narro DO typote-chruna(o): END: fro Kdes pdorx6 tnno tuteget, char, booleanKol Kder rfno ondpi0lrtortq propo6! vd opiool'frunonproX6q loD ouvd).oulrlr(iv rou. 'Evqq ?drr( tnonEpq(h $rbrange type) opi(8rar oq qiq; T'lro( unonproriq:

@rr.2)
H npd)rrtoraoEpd6ivr in Ur(pd!pn rot 1 6eirepr; rr; lrEral.irEpn flFri orooEpd6sv snopi va ival rraq |rE!o0),Irriqouroi rou rritrou.H 6s61pn rot6 [rKp6rpn ar!6 rnv ,!p6rrl. frd ndpddrytaavoqcpouls roug napaTTPE meru: (de,tL te,pe.pa, sa,ky): erganmi-mera = de..pa; mera-arq|ar= sa..kyi lotto:1..49; psiJia:(o, t, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7,8,9):

173
psifia-nikra:0..4; psiJia -nesala:5..9: granma= 'A' ..',2'; or npdEsLq nou roliorJv yrd ia ovlrKeilevo rov rrir(rv onopio[rlsnq rou(, qrdver vo XerquoquLrotei6rr or roXfouv xor yra fle uftorproXeq ppioKovrar evrdg rov avri rll6q Ka06g xor rc evErdteooorrorLfoJrord ororTov !7torEprox6v. 'Oroq rrlv rui rou x (!o avoqap0rlK rl sDvdprnanord(x) Ko8rxorlorei x sivor Frsplrtrri ninou orrdpiolnonq r1 'rrror!proXiq) aE tvd integer yl.{i)oso Kol ovriorpoet trn Turbo Pascal ivor 6uvari KoSrKoaprgf6. n troilorl. fro ro oKon6qur6 lprtdrto,roroivror rd ov6FdroI(i)vora0Ep6vroq oDvdprriors.:rt ouv6x,4 6ivotue leprKd'ropd8i7lard: 'Ol.q

4.11.2Ao|rqlevor r$nor 66oF6vov 16,ftrv lnopois s q poiera r'rv o'r).dJv i6q 6xEravaqEpoei vo Kdroo|(udooup oivotouqrunouq&6ogfvov, rov onoiov ()1 66oA6vrDv r(liv !e[ov(D[,vov ]!prol.bv rproXCE rrl6v eivar ro Koptorovd'ylvdFvo flF6v rov a,rld'v Tlirov ftou rouq ou!6roovAotlpavoq r[,ro(: 'o'rors

(63)

174 Or onol]8dr6rEpor6olrrll6vol rdfiot eivor o rinog ARRAY, o tiroe RECORD ror o rriftoq FILE. O flino6 ARRAY reprypdqEr56oftvo la oroio drlor].oiv1or orld 6vo yvoard opr0!6 oloer66v qrorleiov. To 6e6opivd dDlorilor rnrcr laporilpiqowor Kor ! 10 yevrK66po,rdla Ttiororr ei8ouenedia dn6 rd loottdrrxd 4ou! .o drallJolara Kcr rouq rivcKq. Me rov no RECORD ,rpfrpdqowdr 6E6ot#vara oroio strorEl.oiwar ard 6vd yvoor6 aprofd 6Xr unoxporrKd oj.ror66v o.orriov. Tgroro 660!6va ivor, Io ,rdpd6ry!a.np6oono Ksr rlpd,Idra rd otroia proporiv vo nprlpoeoiv p 6va apr0p6.lapoKrrlprorrx6v 6raqoprrxoiEi6orrc. Aurd rq 66op6va ovoldqovror eytpaete.ME rov flino FILE rreprypdeovrar 660t6vo ro onoia onorIonvrar orrd 6va pErdpl,trd ap10l6 oror6{iv ororauro'j rou rnrou ovotdqovrorqplria xor xaraxopo wal Xiov. To 6e3op6vd ldy{i rou (rtreov6() !Td},ou dpreponororXEi(Dv roo( o orprKd!660 Ksrax(ipnong (n.x. 6ioKou(, rdrviq K.]rr!.). nprv rpoxopriooole orn! r6rdirpn qdroorlra0v6s an6 rous ropondr,(r SoFnp6vouq rinoug rrpcnrvd sflonldvouls 6T1 undplouv rperc Karl1opiq pErop).nr6v. Otto)q orc [oor]tdflxd, 6noD exr6( an6 ro 6rdvDoFd rdr xdo oovr1ay!6\n roD Frropsivd oeoptoi (oq frdp).nli, ar6t Kal e66 undp7oDv 6[0 r6{i'vferoFhrec n^4ptc *o.t otoryeiar Me ,r),ipts rrsprrlri 5rtl6vtor ire p 10 6!ord rrs (9),. ouvr.6rdyp. (21)). 'ordv irr pe ro 6voFs oioepri{ ri'rov (pr. ouv!. 6rayp.(18)). 6rtl6oo!}r pra r).ipit FElaplllri, rdutdzpovo 6lotrv 6n)'o0Ei Kar or !era0;.n16elov ororlsiov !r!- Or petopl.lt6q ororlEiov 1apaxltpi(ouv ro ororXio rov 660 rftrov 5s6ot,!nv ARRAY Kdr RECORD. T.)oq utrdpxr |(or ivd rpiro i6oq prdp1,rlr{q\ lera ad uaqopdt. \ o,roid 6x1 ox6ot p rov ri'ro 6sixrt xor eo eleruorei oe tdpevq rapdypopo. l. II6ia ('6ftoq ARRAY) 'Eva n6io qror},iror,6r(0q dvaq6penK, ard 6vo ora0Ep6 apr0[6 opoerS(i'v ororleiov. To nE6io ltlopsi va ivar lovo8rdororo i ,ro).u6rd6raro xdr I npoora),qorl otc ororXio rotl yivrdr tl rrl FoioEro Evdqi treproodrspov6rKr6v. Tiroq ARRAY: roKlrxog
1l]'log

175 Kdo "raxrrrdg rn,roq" opiqr rov 1tjno rou 6eirrl yro rt oo1rxpu6r4l 6rdoraon rou r5iou. To n).ioog rrrv 6erKr6vivar ouoraolrrd I 6rddrooil rou n6iou. Or 66ix-{q 5v ivar Dnolpeoru(d, 6rroq o no}.16qy},6ooeq patporl6lo6, aK6paroroproloi. O "!6110g rlpoT rov srorlslov" Fropi va ivor ororoo8ino16. fro nopd8ryuo opi(oDproug nopor(ilo dnou( rdr nE dvriororlEc lEroplnrq: CONST n: l0; TYPE dianysna=ARRAY lI..lsl OF rcal: = ARRAY[]..n,1..n1 OF integer pinakss = meru (de,tL te,pe,pa, sq,kD: ergasini-meru: de..pa: etsasia=ARRAy [etsasini-neru] oF real: orsia= ARRAY ha..k),1 OF real: pedio= ARRAY [1..5] oF dianysna gfamma='4..'Z: s/nbala= ARMY [granma] OF boolean: .hrono : (kokkino, ptasino, ble,kn no,aspro,nalrc): digna= ARRAY lchrcnal OF boolean: vA R d : dian) tma: | :pinokas: ?: ?teorio: a: a.gia pe :pedio; s: symbolo : di : digna: Or ropordvo lElopLrlr6Eivor d)..q rl.iperg propLrlrcqxor or rrp6qroug xaeopi(ovlqr dr!6 lov oprop6 rou flirlou roDq: H lltopl,nri d anoreLirar an6 tS rcal oprolotq. n Z drd l0* I0 integet W$tola. tt e an6 5 rcal d?fitoi)e, \ a on6 2 real oploIoriE,tpe 0,165 ororlsio rou lljrou dianysma, I r o'rct 26 boolean rt$e Kar rl dt dn6 6 boolean rt&e. napd),Lnl,o ts 1n 6{}.osit evdgreSiou rpenr vo KooopiooufKar rov rp6ro npoo,re).aorlq oro psjrov@Ftvs ororXciaroL. lrorxeio ARRAYI

peraphrri ARRAY (65)

H trpoorr.oon 6 6\r orortio -rivr?orI rn poriora v68iKrrto onoiog 6ivrdr yvlr{i .)g rapdoraorl. O oprotdq rov nopo6'rdol,v, Koedqxar or rr!46 loDq npEftr va ouleovofv !e iov oprotd ro! ri,roD rou ARRAY. l.rd ropdbr,[o SivoD]r pprKd ororXia rov ,rponyoDFivovnE6iov:

l'16 dl4l r r6iaplo otortio rou n6iou d[1+ 3] : ftIapao ororlio iou ne8iou pt4,6l : 'l]otr'io *raprry lpotrliq ral tKtrlq olih< pli + 2.j - 3l

okt pet3l 14 i

pe[3.7] ps 6xEr5 ororria,ro : H 'r].{pnq!rap},qrri

|(a06vd drd rc onoio eivdr 6va ARRAY (ro dianysma) !E 15 orortis. Enop6v0ie66 0d dtoult ro 6pSotroororXio roo ARRAY nou dvlrororxcioro rpiro olorlEio rt( pc

napo06loltr Kor gprK660nr1pnr66 E,rior|C yra nopd6Er1ga rrpae nou pnopo$v vo 6o6onv oE ororXia tr6iarv: d[12]: = 6.24; p [6,8]: = 12.3; di[kitrino] : = hte] s[C]:=tatse; e[pa]:=7100,5;

(20) urniple rl awora lrlq oroospdqARRAY Srdypall|]a tro ou\"roK!1K6 rnq onoid( ro ooworlrl(6 6rdlpofpa sivor: troepd ARRAY:

(66)

oro rrrilo oproponora0p6v, ME rt Poierd auro'] rou oprslori 6ivoupE, ao(lKtq rueq ora ppovopvq olorxeio vdg,re6iou. Or rrp6glov oro0p6v ,rp6rer va ou[eovoriv p rov r6no 1!rv olor1Eiov. f1c ftapd66ryFo dvoe6porJt. Fpr(d rrdio F rtq opxrrdqro'q ruic: TYPE dianytno:ARRAf ll..3l oF rcal; CONST d:dianysna: (1.0. 3.5, -2.4): TYPE meru=(de.1r,te,pe,pa. sa,ky): -mera: de..Pa; ergasimi ergasia: ARR.4Y [ergasimi-meru] OF real; CONST e: ersasis : (6300. 5, 6300. 5, 6840. 5, 6300. 5, 6300.5): TYPEsinio=ARRAy []..21 OF integer; ttigoho:ARRAY ll..3J OF sinio - l(4, I 2.), CONST | : tnEono I L 6),(6,' 3\\

177 Err6ri 6vd ,!6io 6I1 6va oDyrcEKpllr6vo apro[d otorliov, rl n6liEvr] 6i),(l)ol ivar l,ov0aoptvrl: CoNST nin:integer=-5: max:integef= 15: TYPE pedio=ARRAY [nin..nax] OF rcaL rJnov ivor ouoloolrKd prqF)LI16q O )dyoq ivdr drr ,rr6i or ora0p6q (P1,. ouw. 6ra1p.(18)) or rr!6q r(0v,1r" xdr nar lropo6v vo ou,dtouv Kard q 6rdpKerd sx.6lonq tou npoTpd$roroq. O opodqrp6noe 6iloortq sivar: CONST min=- s; mar= l5; WPE pedio:ARRAY lnir..narl

OF rcal;

TrvdjrIlapd8tylo 4.53 H rdpqKriro ouvdplrtorl uroroyi(r ro oarreprKd rou rov vo Stio6lav!ol1&(ov lpr6v 6raoldoeov. Xro ]rpdypdfFanou X6po! So rnv Kolfoa np6mr vaTivouv or eq{q 6l}.6orq: TYPE kateythinsi =(x,y, z): dianysna= ARRAY [kaleythinsil OF rcal:. VAR a, b:dionysma: H oDvdprlcn ivor: FUNCTION ginoneno (a, b: dianysna) :.eaL YAR g:reol: k:katetthinsi: BEGIN FoR k:=x TO z Do s:=g+alkl+b[k]: =g Sinoneno: ENDi 2, Xur0ol,o6rpiq(16,!oqSTRING) 'Eva STRING eivar lrro oDrpoloorpri Ksooprol;vou lriKooe. Tinos STRINGi

178 H "ordopd" ivoLrtinolj qnupl0plonq 0..255 Kor 6i\,rro p6yroro piKoq rrlc oDlpolooerpdq. To lixos 6nld6i pLaqpropllriq rinou STRING pnopi vo FexuFd).arol SuvopLKri llrtrqn I {oL rte nriq rne orsepdq.H -rivror on6 ro I apiollort r(Dv orFodl,aiv rnq ouppoLoorpdq sfxpL rn\ ppioKrdr ro ASCU-onFFoIo roD rlpi rrs oId0spdq. v(ij orrt e6or 0 apropo,ln. Edvn eival ro orryp,oio srixoEtnq oluFo\ooc1pde.rld ndpdrK rupaK.iro 6r'tl6ocrc: 6lyfo dvaQ6poru I'YPE sranmi: STRING[8,]: VAR a: eramni; vAR ohona:STRINC I lal; pro o1pdand Bo6,Kd DndpxL ooio r0rvoDlroo1,ooc,p6v frd ril\, reepT ouvoprriocr_c. :rI ouvlero ea ovoQpol,! utronpolpdppuraxar l]ooLKar paorKri pra unorpoypduuaro Kar stpaw'Ki 6no 16\,o otlrovrrr{i oaolKd

KIiorl

ArorC?,ota ro! !rorpotpdItdroq

H apt0rr!rKriruli 1rs !oparisv:d

(v integer).i !:d:t (v real), !rrarpctrsrd, o f,d orrLpoloo.rpd r V A R s : S T R I N G oftoia KotdxopEirurorit ltrdP).'t ni S:S'I'RING ! Edv r olppoloo pd s arore).Eirdr trdvo ord Vlqia, ldre awd !3rorptrowu, oE ALoqpr0urnKi T'!rj. I onoid ,rErdl,Pd(.rd, orr uerq16FLirri v. Eiiv 6! !fiipx ?.deo( rD ivd' e:0.oraeopflkri n r,fri lrlq e poq 6ivcr rrl! npdjrrl lcveo 6u6vr e,ot itq s kdr I seraph

KLriorl
si:STRING

Anotloga

nt( olvripitortq

Or o!!0o?.o6e,piq s r . s r , . . . . s nr i grvrdr r prq 8irira oqv dlJ,I. To q^,o).rK6firoq 0a eivar <255. Erd qop8ft(ii flolf. ?"d0o! .klalcor.

n9
O rntroeSTRING aviKer orouq bopng,vouqrtroug 3e3o!6vov,or 6e oro8p6qro! opioIKqv oro Srdypotpo (19). OS rapdbrylo lros r6rolaq or00epde fxou[r: C0NST pdli: STRING []0J :' ASHNA : Yftdpxouvnapdor{iosl( rov oroiov n Tlti ivor rra ouupo},o6rpd. 01 nqpoqrdoK ouf pol,ooerpd'vqrorEtroivral ar6 STRING-l1apLnr6q, -orasp6q,-ouvaprioeE xdr dtr6 rov FovaSrK6 re),ori + nou XprlorForo,Eirqr onq ouppol,oorpee. O r),86!iq + nop6x1roiSro anor6],optr !e our6 rrlg ouvdprrlonq concat. fra rrtv Ka),l.irpt Kdrav6non rov npon'youp6vov6ivou! oro nopd6r7po 4.54 6vo onl.6 ftp6.rpatpo. napdErrua 4.54 PROGRAM string-test: VAR k:integer; x:rcal s: SLRING[8] ; r : SIRI NG I I 2]: BEG]N k:= 523:)i::12.428 str(k:6,s); Iawto ryd 6E ri ='-----J-2-l ] tt(x:6:2,s)i laytnrory oE s::'---t2.43 j s: =' t 2324',: tot(s,i,c): Iawmotrct oE i:=t2J24 xat c::0j fat(s,x,c): lanbturxei oe x:=5.24 Kat c:=0j

vat(s,i,.); Iawnntx.{ dE i::?; c::21 r::'NEA' + " + PENIELI : {awo. oEt: ='NEA _PENTELI,J -',' : ( r : concat NEA'.' PENTELI) : Idrrto. o r : =' NEA PENTELI, I END, 3. Eflpuq6q (rdftos RECORD) Ot "eTtpryte" ivar iSoFEvqrou dnorel,onvrdr ond 6vo orqeprt dpL0p6drortiov 6raQopnK6vyavrrti ri:rtov. Tiroq RECORD:

'oo,

t80

Irdopd llild:

frd ,ropd6r a aivowor or ftopardto hldrorq 660 ellpaqdrv or oroi6 nepr6louv ldvo orooPd 4rtlFa: TYPE lexi:STRING I IqJ; inercninia= RECORD imera:l..ll: ninas: 1. 12: etos:integer END: ypa ilos:RECORD kodikos: integer: onoma:lexi ePonYno:l?x' die!thYnsi:RECORD tt:0"99: dtonos:STRING l20l; poli:STRING[15J END: oik -kat : (el,Pa,chot dias): in -g enn|lit : imenn in ia: Phrlo:(o.s) END: l,AR y:ypa itos: prosopiko:ARRAv[l . toqJ oF lpa ilot: H [rdpl,rlrri y 6It rrtrri Bra Ewpo9ri r(nv 7 orotleiov tr ro ovopalo onona,...,phylo.K{ioe olorxio tle |trap].nrriq] sivor Fro I1okodikos,

l8l pl,lrri ororxeiou otrlv o,roic avoepdlaor p 9don ro dKdloueo ouwaKrrrd 6ldlpaJrpo: lrol1eio RECORDI

tt't
flq rapd6ryla, pe ptiol rrq napo,rdvo6rll6oerq imerominia{ar ypallilos, g,ropoip oro rliga wo].6v evdq rpo-rpdp4rog vo tpdvoul: y. kodikos::471 l: : :' Nixoa r . onoma y . eponymo : =' feoptioD' y.oik kat: = pa: -! . im -gennisis . mihas: 6: IF (J.phllo=g) AND (y.im-sennisis.etos>1960) T'I|EN ... I .e.Eot tlvalKta ,toD rEwiq4xav lnti to 19601 prosopiko poli::'Athina': [25] . dieythynsi. la tu a rcu Etxoototi n,mnu ontm\tut) no ne6lo ptosopikol fra va pnv ftovol.alpdvou!KdoEeopd ro 6vo!a tlq llrq0llrrig E71papiq,6rdv dvdpp6loore orrq Frup)'ntdq ororXeiov, uttdplr I vlo)'i wlTH (pl'. ouvr. 6rdyp. (ll)). E\..rolii WITH :

rtao)'tri RECORD (12J

10 dvopq trd< Xprtorjrorlor6vtd!rlv vtolrj lflITH gnopoipevs rpdlroupE ri riEproooripovIrap).nr6v Typoqiq xor orrl sriv616toollv vrol.rl nou ypdqovrdq ro DO va ovaqponleord ororlAio ro)v ETypagd'v dKolorJ08i WITH: 6vofd rou6. ropd6erytd wo}'ri 10 fro I ldvo WITH ineroninia DO E ni as= 12 THEN

182 BEGIN minas:: l: elos:: etos+ l END ELSL minas:= ninas + l; ivar 1oo6$vairn! lrlv vrorli: = l2 mEN IF imercminia.minas BEGIN ninat: = l; imercminia. etos:= imerominiaetos+ I imercminia. END ELSE minas: imercminiaminas+ I ; imercminia.

WIITI y, in-gennisis DO BEGIN kodikos:= 1711: onoha: =' NiKoe'; eponyno:='fe@plioD': imera:= 27i minas::6; etos::1950; END: ivor roo8ivoFn tl ro ofvolo rov Evro]'6v: y. kodikot::4711l ='Nixo9'; |. onoma: y . epohfno: :' r\opyloD' : y. in -gennisii.inera::27: y. in -gennisis. minas: : 6: = 1950; y. in genaisis.etos: 'Ono4 npornnrer dfid ro ouvraKrrx6 6ldYpopFo(69) utldpxr {or I 6uvar6rtlrd 8iLodnq "percprlron rplilldlo(" orll liord olorxsiov lraq rro9,lrlri rnrou RECORD. H 6uvordrlra ourri lpncr[ororilor orrlv qq ltoq EYYpoa6q 6roq6pouvir6vo o flpinrodn drou trproo6lepEe g1olleio orov 1p6fto6iloorlg lot' 8a avsqEp0oius rooc. Etrrbi 5v fplKd e1xerrov dvo,v(iorl oro e161K{i !raprrlto6 rpiloroq 'raponaFtroup pi6Ld tlq Turbo Pascal.

t83 t$pgova F ro ouvraKrrx6 builpaFFo (20) Inopoilr o }rro leroplrtni r6,rou RECORD vo 66ooDpapXrKrlfluri oro lpiuo oprotof ora0p6v. tftoep{i RECORD:

fro rapd6l1pa lrld oloopd rou rinou TYPE inercninia = RECORD imera: 1.. 3t ; mittas: L.12; etos:inleget END:

. CONST d:ineruninia = (imeru:6: minas:4: eros:1990): 4. I6vold (irtroe SET)

M rn 9o{gta rou dnou SET lnopo6vva oploootv otvo}.o rdr npdslq TrlmE SET:

M.d ro OF 6ivr.ar ro PaorK6onvol,o,ro onoio np6nrva e{vcr rcrrrxoi flirou. ll0 napd6eryta 6loups rrl 6i),oorl: TYPE prilio = SET OF 1..3: VAR p: prilio; I oroio oljrdivEr drr I fEldpl,nri p rou r6nou quvdl,oupnopel vd 61sroe flpi 6va otoro8i nor atorXeiorou ouvdFoouvdl,ou rou aDvdl,olj{ I , 2,3} . H p 6o 6Ir ro|r6vrDq arr6 rtq r!qpard.6) fllr69: lrq

o , , t t l , l 2 l , { 3 } , { r , 2 } ,{ 1 , 3 } , 1 2 , 3 t1 , 1,2"3l,.

t84 H tl/,ota oivd.o (st) opiEror oq 6{s; rivolo:

O ropaor{tdac 61ouv rrp6q anrt yvoaloig rar(rrKofg dnoDq. fro napd6er,po |t P{io'l flq 6r]}"(6oeK: TYPE chani: (ipathi, karo, kofpa, bastoyi); paichnidi: SET OF chafli: psifio: SET OF 0..9; gramma= SET OF 'a'..'z'; VAR p1,p2,p3 :paichnidi: :grumma; fonien,sJmphono d,x, y, z :psifio: lnopoifE va lloull ra o6vo).d: pt:: lspathi, karol: p2:: koypa, spathi, bastolnil; d: : !0, 1,3, s .. 8l;
fonien: : f a', sYmqhono:: fj'..'n'l: , l:

d:=t3 + 2,2*3l: (6d. t5.61) 'e', 'i', 'o' 'u

Tc ororleio Tov oL,v61,0rv6v eivar rdqlvolt#vo. fra trapd8eryla ra o'ivo),a 13,5,81,[8,5,3] xar t5,3,8l ivsr ra i61a. ro onvo]"o [ ] rdpror{ivsl Me rd ofvold prlopoi! vd oltporiooutr rlopoordorq ftou arrorE, l.onwor ord oro6ep6q, prop).rlr6q Kar rd.or6q. 'O;.o1or Kav6veq Io rov Dro],o1lop6 Trdpaordoov rou neprlpdqovrsr ornv napdypaeo 4.7 roXiouv Kor e6(i opKi va EnrrEivouprov oplolr6 rou ",rop{i}ovra" oro ouvraKflK(i Srdypu!$a (23) rcrd rrlv 6word "ofvol,o":

r85
I]dpd,ovrog:

!rqP).rl i

oraolpd Xopis npdoltro

x),ioil

ouvdprtolq

(16)

Irrv

I Turbo PascalopiEowal or E{q te},orq

I
2
Xulo?.o0copitfl ri 6Laeopd l

; IN

" " 'Ei,e1](oq

ovrodtliaq !troolvolou rsprKlLKbrI@q

tropdorliorqouvdMe prion rrq ilponyoirvq 3lL6orq 8ivouFe}1pLK6q

186

k= ts.r)
G: p,3l)
(folse)
p3:: koypa, bastoYnil:

e]) (z: [2.3,5,8,

p3<= p2 3 IN [4,s,7..9]

(,rue.) (fake)

'El,41oq 6vutldglrdFoo. Mttops{dpoqvu 'ytvr lvioroD utloouvdiorr oq eqiq:

(x<= r) AND(x<> r)
trrg oraopq SET Ftropoiv vu 6o0o$v opXrKeqrtF6( |r Pdon to ndpa(dto 6rdypop!d: traospd SET:

Qq fiopd6r1p061ou!: "I ; "n', O .6noq SET sivsr l6roitgpa lprlor}toq Yrd rilv tttEplaoia ttltrcvov ,!dyo xr,oio< rou rd!ori IN. o onoioql,ropEl va dwrrdraoti6t notrin'!ofrd rapd8erYfdcdv r tivar 6r,uorlupoLo ttou btapdqoupc *.. "*oie.'tf. KoL(nldl vo 6Lantoto0Ei le rI PoioErd Froq svrofig dv "i"o6o ".nu tl 6Xr, t6r Fropoill va olQtipnloD rldtrvrKoi tou ornj eivcr orovriev : lnv wol4 lpnortrorrcliooulE IF s rN [a"'o , e','i.'n'] THEN wlteln(NAr) ELSE wdteln(Oxl); CONSTstnphono: SET OF'a'..'z' = f k"'r

t87 dvri rqq vro),iq: IF (c: a') oR (c='o') oR G='e') oR (c='i ) oR (c:',1') THEN vriteln (NAI ) ELSE \' teln (oxf): 5. Apt8ia (Pils) Kdo npd,palpa Fnopei rl rI 9otioerarov evrol.6v /ead Kar write w rtrrrorv(rvi ur ro 'rEprpd).Iovrou rar ouyKcrpu6vo FC rd,roro irprqcperdKrilovd8o i !E Kdnoroorivol,o 6e6o!6vovrou Ppio'(erarfldvo o 6vu a. K(Iet read, (lwialoqs. 5i6ro i ae tra 6roKttTa. oa npenrEnop6r.t'g { fne, vo 6t}.drvrorq,rd nou 0a 8rdpdoroiv, a\.rioror1d noD 0o lpaerodv, frd ro oKond aur6 rodyrarn 6vvororou ap1eiou.To apli, rq 56op6vd. (file) eivar rla 6o!i 6eSorevov.Ta ororxeia vdq apxeiou ovold(ovrq Ei'ypaatE Gecot&r. To ,TLiooq rov elypoa6v evd( opxioo lnopEi vs FcraB{illerar xard rI 6rdpKu EKrIors rou npoypdfporog. To 'rlioos rov ororlci'rv KdSr eyypoq'ig Eaposavctrdnotc oraocpii. EvdqapIiou yivtor o166vtrdwot on6 rnv apXrirpog H nEplasia oLrpraKd ro r6loq Kor TL' duld ro 16-10 apYEia fi aKoToDgraKi [r).d! ^tro. :! L,rdfler 6voc 8EiKrtg files}. Kdec oplcio o o,roioq &i1vEr {,equenrial (dvaq6perar) ort 6re60!vorllrlg .lypoeriq nou e(ivn rrt orrlpi nqsproq6Faor.: Kdezporr6poavoqopd oro optio o 6iKrnglEroroniqrar Frd e6ort rpoq ro r6loq. Aur{iq o ipdroq ovdpopdeo 6vs ap1io ovogdtrnv Turbo Pascalurdplouv rprov er66v dplisi fEetKdaplEis, zov oroiov or eyypog6q 6IoDv olaoEpi Soti '(or Eivor ouvie('q rnnou RECORD. ro onoio nspl;Xouv[6vo orifDo].a Kal gdhoro o ttro ApXEia K.UlivoD, 6otl Kali ypa#ie . ApYela XepiE riltir, ri onoi(r lplorgorloroiwor ldvo yrd IEraqopd 66odvov oe blocks rov 128 byt6.

ouvorrrrr.d I6vo rtv xarnyopia rnv yevrxrirv nopardlo 0a sEer{iaoulr8 dpXiov. nplv t5pt\ npoX(opriooope 0q ovaq6pougppu<o6(yvrKoig lov apliov. Kov6vqnou Lqlriouv llq 6).o!e touq t$7roDq 'Evo i. oplio ivorllra !rap.rtri Karenop6vog oulpol,iEraroro rlilra Snl6oeov lt 6vo dvolro tr.I. "onoma-arxiou". An6 rtv d].1.I n],sDpd 6vq ),crroLptrxd oiorrlud Xplo'fonorei ov(ilarq aplciov n.x. A:TEST.PAS, LST r.).r. Ta ovdlrolq dDrd ovo[d(ovrar ,iryrxri ovdrarq opli(rv. Mr 10 paorK6 uno,rp{iypoF}rd I log filename); assign(onoma -arxeiou.

188 enrru,Xdvsrdr n oiv6oi) [roqi rou ovdloroq vdeopliou rlq Turbo PascalKar rou ov6lclog rou dvriororXou opXiourou ).rloupyrKoi 'O).r( o'roritoroq. or npdgerq ndvo oro "onoma arxiou" (oro rp6ypolla) ouoroorrxrinpo ralotroro6wororo opXiorou orrorilorog 'log-filename'. rr loyrrd 6vota ii. nprv opliooup rlv rrqeprooia Ev6qaryiou np64ero 5iKrngtou vd paorKdononpolpdtudro, 6p8rornv qpli. Yndplouv 6do 6laQoprrKd 6r,0 yra 61dpdo!o rol' dpXiooKol 6vo 6rav np6Krro1 vq ypdvou! rrlnpogopitg oro opXeio: reset(onoma-arxeiou); 6rov dKoLouori 6rd0uogo rewrite(onoma-arxeiou)i drov axoliouei ypdvrto iii. Ms ta 660 pdorKd unonpoypdtlara: read(onoma aniou,...); Kor write(onoma -arxeiou,...)l !,ropo6! vq 6rapdoouls 66o!6vdon6 ro spXio "onoma_arxeiou", avriolorld vd TpdVouI 6e6o!ivo dro opXeio "onoma_arxeiou". H Turbo Pascal npooqiprlro derpduft6 ,rpoxa0oplo!6vu upLioKeUSvor.), 10 onoiu avrrorortoiv oe ou}1.Expu6v6 ).oyrK6e lovd8qxar 6Xouv xpolotlaorei yrs nEepydoid.'E16r o rpo-fpof garroliq ara),ldo6elar on6 ite 6roSrKdoiE reset, rewriteKdrclosedqori durdq/vovror our6!o1a. Ta bno ,trc FaorKdrpoKaooprop6wdplEia (u6vor) ivdr ra inpul r(dr output. To rpdFo awroroLXi oro r!l,nKrpo),6.fro, Ev6 ro 8sirpo ornv o6r,iliou uno),o7rorri. Erlet6i ou?dlprlorlonoroi\.ral fi.proo6rspoand 6la ra dll,a opXion Turbo Pascal vc ro nopd.i\rouu6 c,rd lag nrrp6rrEr 'Eror ia a\4iororlo unonpoypd$oroao65ou-d5ou. n.r(.or nopu|(dro) wol6q eivar rooSivoleq: rad(inpur, a,b); readln(input, a, b): write(output,x,y); writeln(output,x,y); read(a,b): radln(a,b)i write(x,y); writeln(](,y);

ME llg 660 np6ffe !.rol.6q Sldpdqowar or ruq rov Lrroplitld'va Korb dnd ro r!).txrpo).6yro,Ev6 }r rrq dl),q 660 pedvi(ovrar or rr!6e iov IrEpltr6v x Kor y orrtv o0dq. iv. Me rn poor|(ri oDvdprrlon i eof(onoma-arxiou);

I89 pnopotpe vo Sratnor6ooupe edv grdooFE rl onoia ivar :l6nouboolean, aco r).oq rou apliou "onoma-arxeiou" (eof=end of file), rl 6Xr. M ro PdorKdDnotrp6ypatgq: close(onoma-anerou)i rou dplio! "onoma-arxiou", Fetd 1o l6llog 6nl.d,verdr to KTLeiorIo on6 our6. M to K)iouo Qorlq Tlpaeiq oe dlrrd i rrtEovdYvoonq Srdqror ro opXeio! pro eof-rrx6tra Kor oiq otv,tElc rdloX0rpEilcr ro 6vopd tou orov Kdrdloyo (directory) n.1. rnq 6roK61Tdq i toD SisKou. To op1ia Fero$epoyror 6 uro,rpoypdHrora lovo (l)6 ndpoucrpor dvogopd<(r.X. VAR onoma-arxiou).MraPUlEq tro! FILE onolope[ercr vc onriplouv ot trdpootdoL(,tl oirlv dp'otepti tr]eupd Fta( vroliq ovrrKdrda.sotq r+'iq. rnfiou FILE Eivol: To oowoKlrK6 6rd,paFgd rou YvrKon Tirloq FILE: (78)

t!prYpdqer ttg er,poqls o "rntrog" oro ,rspurdvo ouwdffixd 6(dYpdl1!a (orollid) rolj opliorJ, or onoi( ltropoiv va 6xouv ottolo6itrol ino FILE OF FILE Edipon atrotEl.sto ritroq FILE (6nla6i qt!aYop61d1 oF...) Kar |(d0 6o!n!vos lnroq tou o,loiou 6vo otld rd ororltio ivar rirou FILE, :rn ouvq(era6ivou! pEprxdrapd8iYporaoproloi qpxi{tv Kar 6rllooeov !ro97.4r6v Io opIio: TYPE lind= FILE oF inteset: g=FILE oF ARRAY ..l0l oF rcat: : tnteger: prcron= RECORD kodikos onoma: STRING [ 15]: plithos: ihteger: tifti:real; p r otx i IheyI is: STR ING [ 20]: ineroninio: RECORD ineru : 1..31: etos:0..99: END: END: prcionta=FILE OF proion: YARf:tind; r:g: y:proionta: x:proion:

190 Kdol'ypoerirou ap1iou/ oro napo,rdvoTrdpd6erypo Eivor6va RECORD fro ro DdorKdu,ronporpd$ara rlou DtrdploDvKar 9spp6(owsr orq yvl|(oi ninoD aptio, |(aedEKE|yrd rnv IsMrrl lov dpliaDv Kslg6vou ror opxriov trrpiq ntno. roporaF'ro"trc rov ovorydrorn oro cyrcrpi6'o rnq Turbo Pascal. 6. T6"oe 6iKil (i'i'ro POINTEn) npolyoDg6voq avqqpeiKope orouq 6ojrnl6vouq r$noug 6e5op6vov: rou n6iouKcr rqq yypoqiq. tro n6io XptolFonor6iror6vaq bsirrrlg .rrd rrlv strl,o,i lepovolcvov srorXi(Dv ro! lr oKotr6 rlv nsport6p(o,rerouq. O 8irrnq aur6e Epluoid ltlopei va ivoLKar lra napddosl xar nt6{, n rrpri lraq r6rorqq tlopdoraong uno},oyi(iarKard rnv EK!6).on iou npoypdpparoq, oupnpuivoutr 6rr rl ml,ori evdq ororleior ror re6iou, lr rn poisrd sv6s 6eir.!, ivqr r6rairepdaJ6).t('rl Ksr aro6otlKi. An6 rlv dl.l.yldloe n),Et)pd io,r6io [vdr 6vogr!proprouavoq n]noq 6160t16vov,rnr6i dl.d ra orolliq rou rp6ftr vo sivqr rou iSrou rirou. Or syypaq6qrlrrpfnouvgllc peycLirepq LEU0pia avaqoprKdI rI 66uron Karrqv ovdprn Sueopru(6v r0flov 6s6ouivov.O nproprolld 856 ivor, dfl I erfll.od r{nv Sroqdpovororleiov lrrcq ellpcariq Kseopi(srorsr6 ia dwiororta ov6tara rc oroia 6Xouvri6l 6t)'o0i oro rpdlpcFUc ror eno|r;v(l)q6rv lrdplr I 6uvar6rrtta KoooproFofrnq nrloyiq ev6qororlciou rard rI brdprra rou nporpd$oroq.: no).).6qnprtlr6oK eedpro.f6v Xplq(dtoore 6!(0q 6o!6q 5e6o!6vov,01 orloiEqdvaqoprKdp rov rp6,ro rrlg o'ivoo{g rouq Eegen,ouv0r!6 ra rr),oiolo r(,v F6Xprr6po yv{r}or6v sv6 rdur6:(pova6ddqdLi(oov ri,ftov 66o!6v0rv, '(ard rrv Jryd),lue).ria er.rl,o1ll rov ororXEiov ro!e. fro tropd6erytddvoq6pou!avav slga0ltTlKd 6ra?ralu6vo Karri)Lo1o r!ELar6v-Edv Id 1Iv ftapdaraoi rou Xpnouonorrloei tvo ElEuorivoeov rlEdioyypopd,v r6rE 6ZouF ro prov,Krrlla 6fl ,rpiflsr eKrov rporepov vq oprorel oDyKKprpcvo sriKo! ft6iou,5rl).q6i 6vaq!6yroro( al.L{i |(q0oprop6voqopr0pdq8ruonvoe{Dv. Kdr av aKd[d xaoopiooule o,r' opris 6vav pEld.o apt6[d 5rEDeJvoov, xdrr nou P6pdra eopEirdr ouvri8oq oe ondrdl.l fvritnq, e/oDFErit duoKoLiosroal(0.riq viov 6ru06vo(0v orl ooori rolq (d},eapn xd) 05ort. M1a elooyoTri or pra 86oq K{irlouv6rdUoaoro n6io.auvn{itrdr rlra do,rovnpi sEro!6,rlon6trov rov Er6pvov rr|g eonsduriq ry1paq6v. Xprq(dfdore ).ortr6vpro 6op1.1 66olr6v(l}v rng onoiuq o aproldq rov ororXeiov,ro! rnv o,ropri(ouv,ra06q Kdl or oloerq rov orortiov leraqi rouq va Kooopiqrar xord rqv KrcLeon roD trpo.rpci!Iuroq. T6iolq 6oFq 6E6oF6vov oeoltd(ow 'u,aprKlq or 6 dvr{ororlor rinor, 'Ol,or yv(r)otoi rou rrg opi(ouv, dDvatxoi rtjttot6e6ottr@v. or nponlo6gevor

I9l tworo dfl, rl rrl 6{}.oon plag dnor 66op6v(rv oopotw.Ir ot('rtKoi pe :J|1'' pv''iFnq rou Kora).dFpdvr ra, rrq ro dvotrd lrtq 6ot !rapl.rllri( I rotrlouv o o?.6Klrtpoio block evi6q rou oroior opiornK. To !6vo nou Fnopi va aud6r '".ds rou block eivdr n rrsri rrq feropl,nrllg. A'!Evavridq pra pErap).rt1iovofdqEror t'apKi Edv du i pnopi vd 6nllroup(aKup6verotvrdqroD block oro orloio opiornK yeiror rdr va edtreieerar prd Aop6q.Aur6q or !ldplrlr6q ).aIpdvoDv 0116 Kor ldhora rrproodiEpq rou oroior, lropei xdveie ov.i yra dvold 6vd d.,rr4 Oointer) !e rn Potiorq vo uvoeapclo, (vo 6xcr npoordlaon) ortv lri uurdrvrcv av^L!@v r.raohrd'v. O 6it.tnq i\,ur ouoruorrtd pro pIoplrtti qe o,roiqq n ruri ivor rt 6reri0ovotrtq Kipraq lvritrlq an6 rlv onoid opli(El I KaroX6pnorl lroq (dv6vupte) |lrapl.nrriq. Me d).La l"ctyrort lerau.|ri r'ttoD 6EiKr4 oe ndnord d},}.n lrap].nri 3ixvar,{ dr(lie 7.f!, ovoqdperdr(references) Kor Kdr' cur6v rov rp6no otrore},irov snl,o-y6art6. o oprolr6e rou rt)nou 6iKrn divrdr on6 ro ndpdKdr{o6rdypoltro: Tirloc 6eixrn: (79)

lov 16'1() ttq Feropl,rlrriq srlv otroio fnopei vd To "dvotd rnr!or,"SitL6vEr avae6perEr lra selaphri ni'rou 6rirtn ti pra "rrapltrri 6iKrn" i E !).d H rrdpLnri 6Eirrn ivor "trpod66qr6\.n" tro4 6eixr4E). F rov ri'ro rrq prsprtriE ornv o'roio ovuqcpIsr. 'Eor<o r-1. TYPE p=^teat' VAR a.b:p: o, frdp),tttq 5Ei\an r Karb lnoporiv va avoq6powors6vo sE lErop),nr6q rnnou /eal eivar 6I).a6{ rlpos35I6veg F tov !r)no/eal Or ru6q rov a Kar , ivor ouyKKprleveq 6l6ue6\srg oilq oaoiqrivdl xotdxoplf6vor rpolponroi opr8loi. Or lrroFhrte orrq onoigqvaep6podle ue q poi6rdEv6q6iKrt 6v 6vo!d. Aur6q outpol.i(ovror p q oori0erorou ov6!a6louv dr!o6 irrdA roq ror driKrr Kor ovoFd:ovlor pttary4tic anttop(ie.

t92 MrdFLI{ avoAopdq: (80)

na ro nponyorlfEvonopd&r
AEirrtlg

q pnopo6! vd ;XooIE: ftiKrlq Meiaphli

MroF).rfli

trnEffi
'Ovota H flr,ri ro'r 6iKrn (6rn0uvorl) out1po].i(ror oxnlorrKd f 6va p61oq.O 6iKrrlqd 6Xs1 oe ruri q 6rE60uvorl rou rrpdylarrKoi aprolod 5.28,ro 5E dvopa p ro oroio oo[Po].iEou!rtv rrtri 5.28 Eivqr d. Od DEdptoov Erop6voq8to r8d)vovTlKaraordoq rrpiq: d) avrrKordoroorlruriq Tra 8ircr(: n.X. I woli ovrrKordorao4qdr =r; 6XElog ororEl.eopo6rr Ko. or 3[o 6siKreg 6IoDv rqv i6rc rrprj,5q],o6rj 6irvouv llv i6ra prapl,nri:

b^ P) ovlrrordolool rLpiS yro lrop).Irfq ovoqopdq:?r.X. n wo].i a^r:r^; 6xe1 .Dqa'ror61,6llo ro yyovdq 611rl leraF),rrri avoqopdea^ LaFpdvr rnv fllii rnc FLrdoLnliq dvoqopdq ,'r

b^

:rrq rrrpnrfq ru6q v6s8iKrrl oviKr'(orI rrri I1Z, M qv vroli: n Fovo6rKioroepd.

193 o 6iKrrlqd 6v 6Ei1vsro xaptio Jirapl,trri. fic rov lljno rorJ 5iKrrl 6v urlriptouv t7or6EKor rollivoq 6v Dndplouv nol ,rapoordoEq.To !6vo ,rou ?rtp6ft.0t Eivor n oilxprort Jra rodrlrd Feraqi 6no SerKrd)v

(=, <>):

IF a: b THEN ... WHILE a<> NIL DO O deixrnq ivar pru olarlKri rEraollrri, Ev6 n prupllli ovaqopdq sllv onoia 8ilver o 6iKlnqivdr lro 8uvoprxilIloplnri. M 10 pdotKd new(a) 66oge[Era1 uTrorlpd'ypottrd lra nprotri pvillE, Io 1I pra9l4rri svooop(i4a^, vdrrour6lpova o 6inn( a l'oIodvEr ('q r4ri q 6r60Dvon (4ft)'Eu06pool) a7r6qv orloid apxi(r auli n neproXi. H ano6dopcuorl rn nplol{e Fvilnq srrrlYj(dvrqr ll !t( ,rspoTrdvo lp4ol tou paorKof Mrd rnv K?LioI dispose(a) 6ev eivar n1,6oti D,rorpolpdlloroq dispose(a). prapLrloi a^ xot eflr6i .rri lou 8ixq a svagopdg orn 6rd0E6i tag n I avEpopd orlv a^ o6ty3i o ).doog. 6v ivdr oprofq Kdo nparrfpo p r<or Ilopd6ryFu4.55 lro tt. 4.138ivovrdr or rorsotdoaE rov 6ErKr6v 4 pErd dvagopdq |(41 nprv r(or rnv r(or rov owiororlov lerophl6v /^ 91 .ov wol6v rou napardto ttrigaroq vdg rpolpdtryaroq: K161on TYPE d:^ikteCer YAR p,q:d;

net (q):

dispose(q);

Evrorri

M.td tlv nal.orl

e.-1 e f---.l PrNi eT--l

/ lTil l e Ni
e Fifl

Pliiil c f-l
P IFM e Ni'l

P[...=ffi) e rfii'l

/t:ffi cf:ffi}
g.

Pffi q T-t
q f-- 1 TT-l

T-

c[...H

! I . 4 . l J K o r o o r o n , r (6 e ' \ ' n \ r o ' u r r o p l l r i !

ovopopri<

t95 4.12 nopqii1pota npoTpopFrir(,)v

rrd ttv Kdl},irepn xorav6non rov poorx6v orortiov tne y).6oods ,rpoypotporrolori)Turbo Pascalxor rnv EdoKnonrou ova,vdorn orov rlpolpotlldflopd ! oulri rrl yl6soo, SivollrE lrapaxdroroproll6\,gnpoyprilparo. To rpoypdppdto dDrricwrolorlofv o1a flapo6iftalo 3.5 (rpsl( aly6pr0!or), 3.6 6(oq|car 3.16 toD ,rpolyoflEvou Kipalaiolj.

flpdypqpla ropdSi aloq 3.5 (np6ro6 oly6pr0Fog) PROGRAM nkdl (input, oulpur: IEtipEoI toD c=M.K.z. (a, b) lE 'oKryeqj l/AR a,b,t,g: integer; BEGIN viteln (output, Z6oe 560 st<tpan)< optqtot ): rcadh (input, a, b):

WHILE (t<:o) AND (t<:b) DO BEC]N IF (o MoD ! =0) AND (b MOD t=0) THEN BEGIN t::t + I END ELSE 1:=1+ I END: w teln (output, 'M.K.Z.(,a', '.b,'):',g) END.

al1l6protog] Ilp6ypollFd'rapa8iTroros 3.s (3.61pos PROGRAM nkd2 (input, output); oqatptderEl lE6peontou g:M.K./.(a,b) pE 6to.6oxtK4 YAR a,b,z,g : integer: BEGIN witeln(outpul, '/(b6 6tio oxtparcE optqpoie): rcadln(inpur.a, b): WEILE a< >b DO BEGIN

196

IF a<b TEEN BEGIN

END:
a: = a_b

END;
h,riteln(output, 'O M.K.Z. rcaE Eivat :',9)

END. Ilp61pap|ro nopdSilt|otoe 3.5 (rpiroe ary6F0loe) PROGRAM mkd3(input, output): roD c=M.z.K.(Lb) le nv o"trrdptepo roD EDKIt[hl {EtipEoq YAR a,b,z,g : integer; BEGIN witeln (output,' / (boE660 at<qparcDq ap10po69') : rcadln(input, a, b): WHILE a MOD b< >0 DO BEGIN a:: b; b:=z MOD b END; wrttelk(output,'O M.K.Z. roDs dvat :',9) END. IlpdypopFa napu8i1paro 3.6 PROGMM maxinunl (input.outpu!): ITo npdypawa aDd 'npdtEt rpet; dptepoit Kat PpioKetNov rcyal,inpo anti awo,&l I/AR ab,cmax : real; BEGIN writela(output,'Zt6oe qeC apt0ttotis'); readln(input, a, b, c); IF a> b THEN IF a> c THEN mat: =a

t9l ELSE max: : c ELSE IF c> b :|HEN ELSE max: = b: ||riteln(output, 'Mcyaf,'repoq eivar o ', nax) END.

rrpoYpolrpandpqorllrarogr./ PROGRAM sorting(input, output) ; Kard a6loDds. lial {To npdfpar}pa xd<tl'opEiqne npaypa ,,oX apt0t1o6E VAR qb,c,z : rcat BEO]N w.iteln(output, '/6oe qetq rpaygarxot optqtlot ): readln(tuput,a, b, c); E a> b THEN BEGIN a::b; END; IF a> c TIIEN BEGIN '

END; E b>c THEN BEGIN

, =h

b:=c; END; iiteln (output, ' Ot aptqpoi ot aieoD6a. oapd dyat :', a: J: 1, b: 5: I , c: 5: 1) END.

198 IlpdTpapFo'!apa5t1paro6 3.8 PROGR4M tun(input, output): tTo ltp4parya aw6 wd.oyltet ro dopoota n npaytarw(bv ap8ld)vl CONST max = 100; VAR n,i : integer: x : ARRAY[1..nax] OF real: BEGIN wri eln(output, 'Z(to. to rlieoq rcr o2r0t1(br'); rcadln(input, n); writeln(output,' Z6oE tou; npaytlarKo6apfipo6s): FOR i:= I TO n DO rcad(input,x[iD;

,YHILE i<= n DO BEGIN s:=s+ x[i]; i:=i+ 1 END; witeln (output,':to depo6trd roDqMoft at p :',s : 6 : 2) END. flpdypdp|ro rqpo6(ypotoq 3.9 PROGRAM esote ko -ginoneno (input, outpu|: lTo npdypa$la amd anoloytter u Eo@repxd yn'pvo tay 'taruoltdta| a Kat bl CONST mar= 100; TYPE integer -aror: ARRAYII ..naxl OF inteeet VAR 4s,i: intege4 a,b : integer -anay; REGIN uliteln(output. 'Z6oa to ,tlfgog uoy oD\)tor@o(bv rav 6tayDot!tir@y'): rcadln(input, n); v,riteln(output, 'I 4Krpol6noE iq d\vtordtoee rcu 'widryroe d); FOR i:= I TO n DO rcad(input, a[i]): ul teln(output, 'I 4Ktpol6no t4 oowmtbo4 too Snviopatos b'); FOR i:= I TO n DO read(input, btil); VHILE i<=n DO

199 BEGIN s: =' + o[i]. blil; i:=i+ I ' END: witeln(output, 'To eoorcpKd yw6ltwo Elvot ldo trE:',s:4:2, END.

npdTpdp|lq rapotEi$arog

3.10

PROGRAM noxinum2 (input,ourput): rouE T.paWanKoX optqtot xfil, i= l(l)n {To vpdypalpa an6 oDyKpittet Kat PpldKernooe and aL\o6Eeivs.to pe$JrirEpoc Kaedg Kat q 0td4 tool V,4n n,k,i : integer; m,x : feal: x : ARRAY[]..|00| oF rcal; BEGIN w teln(output, 'Zd)@ rc nfuieoq ray rpaylark(b1t optq!(iv'); rcadln(input, ,t): writcln(outpur,'ntr4Krpoldmoe @E ltptryladKoX apfita6c'): FOR I:= I TO n DO ftod(inpur, x [i]); max:=x[1]: FOR i:=2 TO n DO IF x[i]> nax THEN BEGTN na,:=rH: k: =i END; witeh (outptt, 'Meyof,tttpq tixtl o', tnax:6: 2, 'xat fpla\Etot oq eb4', k) END.

Ilp6no|r|ro

nopoSGal|lorog3.ll

(input, output); PROGRAM syntetagmenes VAR x, y, kl, k2, k3, k : intege\ BEGlN w reln(output, 'tdtoc ttE ary.etuygEw toD o4tt.ioD'): rcadln(lnput, x, y)2 IF x>=0 THEN IF x>0 THEN

200 BEGIN kl::1; k3:: I END ELSE BEGIN k|:= 8: k2: = 0; k3:=6 END ELSE BEGIN

k3::2 END: IF Y>=g TPBY IF y>0 nlEN k:=k3 ELSE k:=k2 ELSE \' teln(output,'O lapaKqpot*de END. flpdfloFpa'rupa86iruaros 3.12 PROGRA^I nmt x (input,output); YAR n,t.r,i,j: inteset max, min : real; s: ARR/1Yfl..100JOF real; o: ARRAYII .. 50,1..50] OF teal; BEGIN wtiteln(output, '/6$ r4 6rdonn4 nD Trfeor<o'); readln(input, n); uriteln(output, '/6oe ft otut)(Eia roD nivd<a Kad ypo.ttttt|'); FOR i:=1 TO n DO BEGIN FoR j::1 TO n DO rcad(input, aJi,jD; rcadtn(input) END: apfipds eivar o',k)

ml
FOR i:=l TO n DO BEGIN t [i] ::0:

= sul; max:

FORj::t To n Do slil :: s[,] + a[i,j]; END;

FOR t=2 TO n DO IF rtil > har THEN BEGIN h10x:= s[i] : END: nin:=a[t, U; FOR j:=2 TO a DO IF afi'il <= nin THEN BEGIN min:=a[t,i]:
t: =]

END: t'riteln(output, 'To C4ro6tlEvo ororyelo .lnt tu', min:5:2, 'xar fptoKsat ara',.'a orila qc', t,'qe ypatqie') END.

IIp61pd$Fd nopdqtypaioq 3.l3 (a' Art6I) PROGRAM trig -lunction(input, output); CONSTpi= 3.1415; YAR n,k : integer: s,x,! : real; REGIN ,ltHILE n<= 20 DO BEGIN writeln(output): t titeln(output): writeln(output,'n :' : 20,| : 3): x:=0; ITHILE x<:2. pi DO

202
BEGIN s:=0; FOR k:: I TO n DO s:: r + rin(k +x)/ k: y:=pi_2 *s; iritetn(output, x: 15:6, r: 1j:6): x:=x+pi/100 END; h)riteln(ourpu0:

n:=n+5 END END. Illlpqpo nupoSeiparoe 3.rJ 0' Artdl)

PROGRAMtrig-Junclion(tuput, output); CONST pi= 3.1415: VARk,i,j : integer; n: ARRAY[0..4] OF intese4 s: ARRAY 0..4JOF real; [0..200, x,y : feal; BECIN

FOR k:=0 To 200 DO s[k.0]:=0; FOR i:=0 To 3 DO BEGIN writeln(output): vriteln(oulput): '1:' : m, n[i + I] :3): ur'dteln(output, FoR k::0 TO 200 DO EEGIN sk,i+ ll: =t[k.iJ: FoR j:=n[i]+ t To dli+ ll Do rlk,i+ U:=sk,i+ tl +Gin(j+x)/j: y:=pi_2.s[k.i+ 1]; htueln(outpuL x: lS:6,y:tSi6)i

n3
x.=x+pi/lU) END END END. Ilr6?pq{ra dros 3.r{ "[poE.l PROGRAMpordgontes(input, oulpur: 08tft6 np6ypawa aval'et tva axtpan opt0!6 deftpdnoE Tapd.yowql [To V/lR tp,t : integer: BEGIN wfiteln(outpur,:ldroE iwv 0ttu<6oxEato opoid'); rc&lh(input,x): write(output, x, ' : '); E x: I TSEN w feln(output, x) ELSE WEILE p<=v Pg BEGIN t:=r MOD p; WHILEI=O DO BEGIN p,',') ; ur'rit e(output, x:- x DIV P: ,::x MOD p END: , . p:=P+ I END: h'itetn(ouvut) END. IIp6noIId nopo66t1lrdto6 3.15

(input, output); PROGRAMkumbrs YAR4tsI, s2,s3, s4 : integer; x: ARRAYI]..IMI oF rcal: t xnLxmin,xm:ot 4 b : fenl; BEGlN nirdn(output, 'Z(;)oEro nMgoe tu)v oplqtd)v'); readh(input, n);

..

2M writeln(output,'/6oE toDEoptqpoX xtil; i:1(l)n'); FOR i::1 7:O n DO read(input,x [i]); xmin: = x Ul: xnax: = x []l; FOR i:=2 TO n DO BEGIN s::'+x[i]; IF xlil <xnin THEN xnin:: x til ELSE ]F x[i]> xnax TIIEN xnax: : x [i] END; a:(xtn+nlin)/2: b::(xmax+xn)/2;

FOR i:: I TO tt'DO IF xtil<a THEN sI::sl+1 ELSE n x[i] <xn THEN s2::s/+ I ELSE IF x[i] <b ]:EEN r3.'= $ + 1 ELSE s4::s4 + 1; =', nn : 7: 3,'xmin=', xmin: 7: 3,'rmax:', xmax:7: 3): wfiteln(outryt,'xn writeln(output,'sl:', sl,'s2 =', s2,'s3=', s3,'s4=', s4) END.

npdypolpo rapq&iTpuios 3,16 PROCRAM nat x - produ. | ( input.output); {To xpdypawn aDvi Dtoloyi(Et ro t^)6!wo 660 nvd6avl TYPE natrix = ARRT4Y[l.. 30, 1..30] OF real;

205 YlR i,j, k, m,t, n : integer; qb,c: malrk: BEGlN

writeln(output, 'l6oE ttE Srao dds roD nlvaKa A'):

rcadln(lnput, nr r; r/ teln(output,'l6oE tu oroqeld tuD i.lt)axdA Kad ypdl4t4); FOR i:= I TO n DO BECIN FOR k:: I TO t Do rcad(input, a[i, kD; rcadln(inPu0| END;
wfileln(outpul /.i)ot rts ,rt1dr?iotrE toD ftlvoxa g): rcadln( tptut, t, n): writeln(output, 'ldros ta ororgtd toD ,.fwxa E Kard fialpt): FOR k:= I To t DO BEGIN FOR j:= I TO h DO read(input,b[k,j]): rcadln(inPut): END; FoR i:= I TO m DO BEGIN FOR j:: I TO n Do BEGIN s:=0; FOR k:=) TO I DO

s:= s+ stikl.bk,il:

c[i'i]: = s END END; FOR i:=l TO m DO BEGIN FOR j:: I TO n Do u,, te(output, c[i,i] :7:3): vldteln(outiut) END END.

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208 orrKonouorrlparoq.H ovo(irnon pr0d6ov Firpnot( itq rol,utrl.oKdrnroe rov ,rpoplrlpdrov Kar.rlg ano6oTlKdrlroerov a).r6pr0lr(ov o6i.no o asupnrorrKagttlag lp6vou Kdt ltvriflq. Or aoulrrrotrxic rrp6q 6Ev ivar papqrsaKprpEig, roD lds nlnpogopoiv 6!oq yra rnv ortrorl ro! KdsroDq o o)r16pr0!oD oDvdprnon lr ro r)"iooE n rov 63op6vov1o66ou.H rlhpoqopid ouii Eivar ooviooq opKlri 11d ro 6ralr0prold rov qt'y6prolov oE r.l,i(,y (p1..nap{iypoqo 3.6) rdr rdra,v Kor lropi nionq vo 6uv6uaori!e erdrKcq rrp6q trou Kdoopiqowdrafii ro onorruq rou utro).ooron6 va 61oulE eKrrtriorc K6orouq FE aprornrrKq trtEq. Iorri, !e p6 rouq 6pouq roLu,rlox6rrFa, o,ro6orrx6rtla. Kdaroq,rdl lri ouv6:(rd outurprgopri v6qa),ydpr0gou 0a cwooils Klvoug flou 6louv oXiorl lr ro eK16q dv aur6 xcoopi(cror 8roeoperrKd. xpdvo, H aa,4nt@trKn ot4nqrcopd laslmrotic behavror) cvdq o),]dpr0fou rcoopi(rdr d'rd rous !Ieoraq O( ), O( ) '(a' O( ),6'.oq otjloi opi(owdr ,ropox(iio: Or 1).or;<cutoi ,(ptlouonororivrar yro rov Kd0oprop6rtq do'rlnroflKiq outrnrplgopdq 6uvap lorDv xdl ou.rKKprpvq ovrrcrorloiv o lro ouvdprnon s ro oivo).o d),ov Keivovlov suvdpTlld(ov, 'roD4ouv g p Ko0oprdp6q o16on rrl ovaqoprKd rlv d'jqnoi iouq. :roDq FLa ! ,r6Fevodq oprotroJqro onvolo X ivor ro oivo).o rov lrt dpvnrrK{i,v ,rpoltrorrK6v aproldrv. Optop6ss,l (OprdF6s roD O ( ))'Eoro O(g) opi(Erdl oe qiq: O(s)::{f: X-Xlf rt ouvdprnor g : x - X. To onvo).o

c>0 n 3x0x:Vx>x0varortaf(x)<c

s(x)}

ivor lts rdqtq !ry60ouqO(s), i 6!l rl f(x) Tdretafe6rr: n f: x-x duqdvrarro noli 1600 ypiyopa 600 rl g(x) lLa x-6

<e fo(s).

s.2 (Ogrot6s tou O( )) 'Eoro r ouvdprnon Opr6F6s s: x- X. To oivo).o O(s) opiqrqroe EEic: O ( s ) i : 1 f :X - X l l c > 0 n J x 0 x : V x > x 0 v dl o x n E f '( x ) > c . s ( x ) l

TdrlF6rr:I f: X-x ivarrn( I{ine|ly6ous O(g),i dlr r f(x) auidvrsr rouldlrorov rdoo ypilopa 6so rl g(x) 1la x - t+fo(g). Opral6e5.3 (OprdF6g ro|JO( )) 'Eoro n ouvdprtot g: X- X. To orivo1,o O(g) opi(tol oq Eiq:

= oG)no(s) @(s):

209 T6r ).6s cjrr: I fr X-X sivol rnq .{irq ry60ouE Olcl i 611r f(x) q!dvsrdl ro i6ro 'r,piitopo dn{,rqr s(x) }1o x-

I o(e).

a),'/dpro!ousrpdre rrq rLa rrl\, Kiprlor roD r6oroDq (rnq rriqrq) EVdq npdqrq. 01 oJloicq, oro ouyKKputvo unoroy'orri. a'ldrroiv yra rnv Kr6IEoi rouq oroeepd ndvrore /p6vo (aveqdprtro rou n). Eoro 7'o rdpd6slyla rioopK oly6preporAr, Ar. Ar Kdr Ar rov onoiov ro xdoroq Eivor ]dn. n, n ldn Kdr nr dv.iotolxo (Fe ldn outpo).i(our. ro 6!o3!K6 l"oydprsForou n 8nia5i ro los:n) droL] n ivor ro n),ioo( rov '/ro 3ra9oprrKe( oLT6ptouov rllee tou 63oF6\ovro66ori. To k6oro( ttLrv n 6ivror ar6 tov ndpol.riro nivdKo:

= t024 2t\1 2r0 l0,l

5 l0 20

32 - t0r 2r0
2 r 0- 1 0 6

5 . 2 5: 1 6 0 1 0 . 2 r 0 -1 0 4 - 2. t01 20.224

2r0- l0r - 106 2r0 _ l0r, 2r0

To xdoro_cro),).an),uqrd(erdrouvieoe |la avo oro0p6 rlopdyovro. o a).y6pr6po.Bl.anoD!6|toq 6 6vaq oroioq eivuLSrcrpop:flr6q-rro KdSE rdEtE oLy6pr0poq rts O(n.ldn) i6n and rtv ruri n-1000 Flaeous otE36v rdvror anoSorlxdrepo ond 6vavo).Tcjprepo rdqrtqo(nr). p1d(Eror n ivog dL'y6prBFog rruiq rou Aa rd-EIqo(n'z) Anvavrio-( 11oFlKp6q frop.i rl ftoLlanLovo i\,or o'!o6orrx6rpo!rou Ar rdqts O(nldn). Edv 06FaLa A , , L i v a rf r K p d r , p " a n d L K E rIv r o , o o o f l \ t o , o 0 r p t i. o L o ^ r o p r O l r o a),y6p,0f0rv rdqovo(n), O(nr), o(nr) r.Ln. ovordnoT.utrloK5rrrc( pra seLpd'rpopllltdrov, 'yru ro onoio no).L)aw!tl.tr. Yndptr cjtr,rq lowor fto7.r,ft7.oKdrrlroq 5sv axe, Fpe06i 1167pr r{i'po 6vuq a}.16pLepoq o(n-), 6rt).o6iinolurDvupLKiq. Alf;d to npop),iFdra o|oro{or"ntt tr| ^a).DarryltKd nopoD6Ld(orv Kor ivqr ouviooc npoF).iFora. r(lrv oroi.rv or atrTdprepor sqErtKi lto|rn?.oK6r\ro rnE rdrlr o(2"), i.rEvrK6rpo O(c"), dno! c 'Eva 6ro0epd. rEroro rt ro).uo\!ftLx6 rp6pLltro ivar n.t. xo yvoor6 nopd,po{po4.10.7). H no).r'lloK6rtro npo9l.r#'r tu\ nipror tut 4\,61(P,),. rrv av.4Lr6r1or .o! npoP),isaros orlrol ivol rriqEos ro! sL.r6p,0FoD l1o ort\,ropdtpoao 4.10.7. O(2') Kdrl noLicxortc i6rt u'ro),oyioer

5.2 Aop6q 66op6v(Dv

Or 6oqiq 5E6ott|or (data structures) ivar pLo qn6 rrq oilouSdldtepce 'Orqv En),ioutE 6vq rp6phnplox6q rrs nro ipnq rne IlUpoqoprKiq.

2t0 rrlv npoootri ]ra( orov olfdplopo rdr fd ps ro 16pr onyxvrpdrvorr[e opyov6vor,lc ru 5c5o!avoxcr rc Kctdypdoolfc.610r dore vo aloutc rlv rlLr'lprltrorlEia roDe. Kord rov rpoypo|llarrold oufpaiver ro ovrioero. ApIrKd livErar duornpi opydvoon rov 6E6ol6vov Kar orn ouv6lsrc 6n).o6i /vsrar o oIovdnrjooe.ol n 6ofi rou nroDlrlro oI16pr0FoD, rov rtv nEpysois ouyreKprpevov6ogd'v 6raotde rou a)'Y6prepou Yrd (ouyrsxpu6qs opydvoolte) 6E6ou6vov. ,rou ,rEpyd(lor avaqsly6pr9loq 6Evonor),o$warofl6 Ta dSopevs 6va dlopeo oop6 srorleiov (,r],lpo9opr6v),a].].d anvavriagrd ororlia aurd ouv66ovlqr lr8lan roue ! lta i rar trsproo6repeg oX6o3rg.f& rlapdder,papTropoi!vc eE(opliooulrs iov d!y6prouo,o onoioq 6roXrpiqrov rLcldlv lrrqg nrliprlolg. To 6s6ol6va nou nrdr rrq rapayy?Lig o d),y6proloq rnl6eova, qFopoivdr: ovdFdra. 61u06vo1q. 6pyd(6ror raponl.ioq. i6n, roo6rlrcq cr66v npoq Trdpdyyl,id x.).n. Mrd lrtvieE npd,q ox6on praen aur6v rov 6s6ofev(0v a'!opp6laTrdro yrovdq drL (records) (p},.tropdypdQo aur{i 0pio{ovror opyavor;vo oe 1,ypae6g 4.I1.2), E-rypapivd nEpr6lr to 666oFfvd, tro! aQopoivrlg ndpcyyetror 6ore KdeE Iic6 cvdq nE;.drn.Mcraqn ro\' yypop6v Fnoponv6Fo< va utrdplorJv Kor dD,ou ei6oueo166re,nou avaq;povror oro drdqopa rli|rara (6e6o!6vo) ldv e?Ypdo6v. rou ,rprcloFavou T6to'c( n.I. Eivar: - tI6oI prs6r{ov rdpaly},r6v ot!6 n}.drEs, or otroior 0piorcovrsr ornv i6to n6r1. - :I6ot rraqf rov ,re).dr6v,nou 6Xouvnopdy'yi).a ro i6ro ovlrKoi!vo oulKKprtl6vou Ko6rKoriopro!o[. - :Xeorl ltctqqi r@vrapqyyc).rdvrou or,]rErprpivorrsvr'rcrrrivou ava9opLKd p to Fiva nop{i6oonq,6nlodi 'ro1oim}.dreqen10u}ro6v rapdSosn evr6g or)lKsKpufvo'r [iva. vdq dvriL1t16vou * tt6ol leroq[ r(l]v nIdr6v. avdqoprKdIe rov rp6no dnooroLr'1( rov ipoi6vrov, 6nlo6i 061t(66.o8po'roprK{ie, i oKronloiK66. AE6o!6vo,rd onoid 6touv opTavogei!c r6roro rpdro (irolE a,r6 rnv optdv{rori rouq va anopp6or)v stKo}.oor oi(6oErg rov ororleiov percli rouq ovopd(owsr 6op4piva. Ta oiorlio curd)v zov 6s6ouvovUo(i A rrq 6rr arorLoriv Fa 6oM 6e6otEv(Dv. t lra 6o!i 650oxeorqroDe )'611 npdErg. Or onou!6vov [,ropoiv va qappooroiv tro orpd an6 9aorx6S 6ar6rpeqa,r6 0ur6q .ivdr: - npdoo[on rv6q v6o,' ororrriou srn 5o!4. - ArordKpDvorl (6Laypoq{) v6s ororxiou 0,16 rn 8opi. - Taqrv6gnon rov drorliov rqq 6opiq ! P{ion 6vo Kprripro roErv6lrlorlg (Pl. 'ropd,Pogo 5.4). - Avo(rirnon v6q ouyxKpuAvou srorleiou rng Sopiq (p}.. flopdypdoo

s.4).
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YndpXouv oproAivEqErSrriq gopg6ELiorae. or onoie 6raxpivovrqr d!6soor. trn 6uv4sra FrrqEnrouq dr6 rov rp6tro F rov o'roio flq eneEep, rprq ancj ouraq,orrs onoieq ilouv 8oei r6rrd ovdfa{a, eo dvdeapoD}lo olEflrd |l rov rp6]ro neEep-rdoioq rouq. ba ^e'io (array) ivor lra liord olaoepoi trir.oue, rlq onoioe rd6 ororrio ftpoo8ropi(rd,a,r6 It e6on toD (0I. ropdypapo 4.11.2).f& avdaipoL,rs ro rdio rlll.rt2l,...,xUOl 66l.anpayFarrx6v nqpd8erlsa opr0p6v. Kd opro}ld( rou 'r6iou npoo6ropi(ror! q Poioao to'r 6iKrr rou n.x. [il, d]ros qKprfld,q v6qtlovon rrpri prosouvrrayF6vrlq 6rdorqror 6raviopdrocato faoIFatrxd. - MLo.otifla Gtack) ivor |lrd ].io1o rrophror, lixoDq, rnq o'loiaq id oro,xia erlouvdnrovror xor onoloxpnvovror orolar6 6va !6vo {iKpo rle lioroq. H orpd, notavoq.dnoldKpuvotq rov qrorli{rv ond rn },ioIo, '),iverar avriorpoeq rtg oLpdq ile rIv oroio ourd 6touv crlrouvueoi. Aur6q eivar Kor o ldloe graq 8drEprlq ovotasiqq rnq orioaq ortv dy7).rxri, t ( LIFO-Lisl (Last In First Out). - Mn oLpti (queue)ivu' rro liora lErap).rron FiKous, rrlq onoioe Id ororXeio ,rrouvdtr.ovrsL oro ,va 1!e dxpo KaLanolarpivowor arld ro dtlo. H oErpd arotdrpDvonq rov oro(Xeiov rnq ivor n i61o Fe rrl aerpd rrpoof),r,oiqrouq orn 7,isro. :rnv o-ry),rxri tpnouororiror l(ar o 6poq FIFO list (Iirst In First Our). 'Evo fi.)'o i6oqSopiq 66oF6v('v, nolDnloK6rporrlq Lioroq, ivar rr 'Ettpo Di. 6oti i ro 'tvtpo (trce). H lwora rou 56wpou 660nxe !E rov vdq 56wpou ppioKowor orn piqo, op,o!6 4.10. To oror7io (6E6op6vd) oroue EooreplKoiq KdgpouqKdr ord au),),a rou 6ivrpou, vd)ra Bilrl qvrrnpoooneiouvr1v !popxrri ox6or }lraenvdqororxiou 'roDFpidrErdr oe ava rin6o KdL peprt6v oror:(iov rou cp6ooq xoFnl,6rpor rirlebou.Eivor qovEp66rr I 6o!i1 rou 66!aporJ Trposp6pEtsr tlotrrlyra lrd

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,rl{u'

El. 5.1 AloDporrxd< oprdud! 66rtpo!

MEld6 rarv 66vrpov oquawrKd p6].o orlv n;.npoAoprt(li floiqouv ra 'E]ld :IlE\e2. 6t\t'tKd 66\,rpoEivlr L\td 6nr aypit'o 36.\t1po 6!odr(d 6avrpa. haftmtptto oopirar 6vd 66vrpo dv yrd KdoendtEvol(dFpo k'. v.jq r6lpou k 6xsr Ko0oplolsi dv o k' eivor o trp6roq. i o 6[t0poe.....ri o 66vrpoD 6XEl n-0016< en6tvoq rou k. Kdor K6lBoe ev6q 6DdSrKori 6tl'o6i 6vavaprorsp6 xar 6vd 6s,hd(tx. nolBvoqro r!016Srior6pvouq, 5.2). E'riorq fliplnErar tvdq rdtpo( vo 6xr i p6vo aprotp6. i ldvo Sivrpov orqv nl,!poeo6grdndpsvo.H lsydlt cnjrdoid rov 6uq6rK6v prKi oeearar oro yr,ovdg, 6rr or dLydprolor srrELeoitqTrpdEeov ot aurd loDq ival flo).6 anLotlolepor r(dr 'tvrr6rEpaol d,y6pr0tlor e,rEqtpyooidq *or axouvlrKpdrpo Kdorog,d'r' 'in ornTvrKri r.6pitrr0iot6i\,'rpovrdqnq Ta Sua8rrd56\rpd sivar 1610irepo xprldrFayrd tclrvrip1o1 6e6opivov. 'Evo 6ua6r|(d 6ewpo ovotdqIar ta<^'otl4t1tt'o eriv rl tr),npoeopio v6C x6lFou k 6nrar,p Pdorl lrro 66o!6vnox6orl Srdralrlq.d].ov rov tr].rlporou k Kor npon.reiror.F aoprd,vrov rdpporv rou oprorEpononoS6vrpou pd6n rlv i6ra oxaon. 6Lov rov 'rlrlpo'poprri)v r(0v K6pp0)vror, 6Eron 56vrpo rou Ex. 5.2 ivar t,'Io6ewpol,rou k. rld 'rdpd6[lyla ro 3r,tr61K6 rdrvoptpcvo ! 9don rn l,E(rKolpopr(1i Srdrdqn. an6 ro 66vtpo Eivdr Mro KarITopia 6op6v 6e6otavov nro t!nLyFe\al ft npooavatu).@livqi s4, paaipata. H 6wors roo 'rpooavarol.rorivou 'fpoqipoloq 560tt(Erc lov oprol6 4.9.Or qLt6pr0lor EnEptdoidq ypael-

2t3

tr.

s,2 rlopd6 lld

6!d6rron 6irrpo!

pdrov eivar noLual,or6rporo,rd Kivouq rov 66mpov. tlo orlteio surd or lr0060r ,rp6nr vo snronldvoup6fl or 6of66 66o!Cvcrv, rclal6pnoiq rouq orl pvrilrl lou unolLoyroriiKor ol all6pr0lror exrilorlg ftpdovo roDq eivol ovruciuvo sur6g rdr 'ysvrK.iipo or dudprolor nqspydoidq rns cupnreplq oopioq rov 6oF{i'v 66o!6vlnv. Td otorxeid nolr oplav6vovror !e 0d6n [1o 8o[i 6e6o]r6vov Kar Koroorn ro'r 'rno),oy'orr1, npotprovrqr ouviooq ar6 lrla lvilrl t0rpofvror oifdrl Srdrdqnq nrprolri flrrdv.clti rtg oroiqq aIEroprorEi < . fro rro ro l6yo aurd n ?olrvdFlon ivdr 6va dn6 ra FdorKdlEpo06!qra rrlq onouSiErov 6ou6v 6e6oEvov,fra xor olrri rivar orv{i ouv66elr6vn UErrl y\aK6lepn draXiprol ouv6).ov Sedotivov. t tr6lEvn flopdlpdqo 0a oilou|rE lra o'r],i !6vo Jropai rou ,rpop],ilaroq rnq raqrvdlrnon( l(ar 0o 66ooD!e Kar rprKoiq Paorl(ofqolydpropous. fro rlv Kd,lirprl Karovdrlorl rIS Feydlnq eniSpdonq rnq 6o!iq r(l)v 56or6vov Evd6,rpoBlipdtoe rldvo olov al"1dp10l1o ft{luo{q rou, Sa 6va topdl(rlprarrK6 napd6rlrq. 66ooDtrornv rr6levrl ,ropd'ypdeo

5.3 flapii6rTpa aviintuql volloKcK(6v a],y6pr01rovvdq zpoPl{pctog

trtv ,rdpdrpogo d',rri 6d evdndEorlr 6vd npdohla, rou oroiou rl iov orloeoororrKdpdl.o noD roiqr o rpdroq ftapdoraorl( Enilt)61 6iXvr KdL 66flolq rorv 6r5ot,vov orn 616ioon rou o).ydpLelou Kqr orn oL'velro orov npoypaplarroFd rou.

214 flp6pl,qlo: IId161{i,rli0ous n ivdr roftoeerlp6vc o 6vov x$K}.o Kdr o?rdro '!ar6i p dpr0t6 I opl6prtp6va61o6o Kd arr6 I 6oq n. EKrv6vroq Kol Krvoflsvor r!{ivrorpe rqv i6la gopd pfd(ouFEdpllrd crfldlov Kiklo !o k-olo ndt6i. trn oovq(era, apliqowae ro [6rprl[a and 10 a!6ooq eri6!vo rorSi auro6 rou pl{K rcorlerp6waq rd}.r k nar6rd,pyd(outs ro 5eorpooq orpd rar6i dn6 iov K0Klo. H ep'yooiaaurrl ,ravatr aupdvelor ouvEr6s uflplg 6ro'J pyouv d},o ra 'rdr6rdard rov riKl.o. ZtrEirar tvaq dlydpr0loq o onoioq va 6rdpd(rra n xsr k rsr orrt ouv6lero vo ru,r6vr rnv nar6r6v |l rrt orpd, nou uurri pTixuv on6 rov r(lix],o, roue upr0uo6q !n lap9dvovraq un6\rn Kg1d rrl !6rpnol rrg 06srgroD Klrlou snd rrg otroiEq6IoDv Af1r 'Ior6td. Edvn = 6 Kqr k = 5, rdre o a)'ydproloq0s rundrvr tytv fra nopd6rTFa 4, 6, 2. 3, Ev6 Ed! n:7 Kor k: ll rtv aKol,oueioi akolouoia: 5. l, 6, 7, 3, 4, s, 1,2. Errt olvfxera 0o 6600lJl r6ooprq 6rsqopru(oig al,dprelouq or Kot qrrtpi(owar o xd06voe oe 6rdeoporloior ovrrlro,ri(ouv ro ,rpdp),rlpa 10rv trd$6v orn rp6rro Karald'p4oqq rov optell6v rrxri tvitn. Aly6pr0FoqI O ouipropo< aur66 lprtortonor6i yru qv Koraxd)pnonrov apl0l6v lov ndr6rd'vro naps(dro ofvolo: synolo : : { I,2,-..,n } To 1yovd6irlapEnq ror8ldlv otov KfKlLoroo6uvd'rir ro r1q:

+Z synolo rou ,radro$lr rov aproId i Tiverol [ llv evro].d: vd)rl onoldrpDvon
synolo::synolo {i}. H FovaSrrtl 6u6xotid ivor n dpeortrdos gopd rou aprolori lou er6|r3voutraldlori Kdr ou16 lari or KEv66 e6oelq6rov KiKlo 6v l,ag9dvowor Dr!6Vnoro parpnta. H 6ponroD apr0[od rou Endpwou nsrdrot srov KiKlo roDriqErsr loo En6!vou ororlioD roD oovdtloo. fE rnv 0peorl Aur6 snrrDndvErarp rrt Poieralou rlori mod, o o?roiog poe ,flrptnr va 6urp6loup ro nopoKdro olJvo].oKuK?LrKd.

215
AoFo6ldtpoltro A'dpao n, k synolo:={l,2.....nl E'rsvdIaPEdoo rcXiEt: \ynob +A yro j: = l(l)k E'rovdl,ap

i::(' mod n)+t I Etlovd/.dlic uEIpK 6rou ro i va o"tl*,;;:;;

rlnoo i
(!.^t^:svn^l^-ril

np'iypaplo PROGRAM ktklos I (input,outpur: CONSTnmax:50; YAR i,j,n,n: integer; s),nolo: Sm OF l..nmax; BEG]N vrileln(output, 'z(boE ra rliqoq rca. n(input, n, k): sinoto:: [1..n]: WHILE sJnolo <> I I Do BECIN FOR j:= I 1:o k Do REPEAT i:=i MOD n +l UNTIL i IN synola; write(autput, , i): synoto:=synoto-[iJ END: vriteln(autput) END. Al,T 6pr0pog2 Avri rou ouv6),oDlnoporipE vo j(pnorlorolriooutra lld Lo11r1:rlv 6p0v pi, i: I(l)n, 6nou I Lrue.rdv ro i oto na,6i BpioKrrnrorov KiK)o t false, SraqoprrKd. oKoloueio

ror nadl(i)t' xal rar apfi!6 k');

216 H ronoe6rrlot rov r!ar616vorov KiKIo yivlar og qig: p j : : t m e f r o x d 0 3i = l ( l ) n , ev6 n dnoldKpuvot rou i-srou rlol5lori and rov KfK;.o Ernfli'yldvrcr!r

Enr6i, p rI [opai orrri rnq Karar6pnolq. n 6ra'lioroon rou sdv undpXouvaKdFrtno16rd6rov K[Klo ivor 6[oKo]'n, Tivror tra opiellorl drld rov KiK],o.H 6opi rou a].ydprolou2 rov rrdr8rd)v Trou drlolrdi(pfvovror rivcr ouorcdrlKd roo66vapn ! EKivt rou rrpol,otpsvoD. Aopo6rdnaHro

n, k Ardpao
E avd),op 1lo i= l(l)n

ylu rn= l(l)n Eftavdla9 E'rdvdrap 1ra j:l(l)k i:=(i mod n)+l E'rov(i).apE tq(prq 6rou p,=1njs

Ero r6pvo rlp6ypaFla rl cxololloic pi nporpdronorionK LoyrKdr6io. ro orroio 6I).d0rlKE oc rlie: paidi : ARRAY/1..rf"axl OF hoolean. np6 qrlru

PROGR'4M kyklos2(input, output): CONST nnqx = 50: YAR i,j,k,n,n : inteser: paidi : ARRAYll.nnarl OF boolean;

217
BEGIN k'); viteln(output, 'Zd)ot tu 1 .ieoq rar nadktr Kar rcr dprqpd rcadln(input,n, k): FOR i:: I To n Do paidi[i]::true; FOR n:= I TO n DO BEGIN FOR j:: t To k Do REPEAT i::i MoD n +l UNTIL paidi [i] ; write(output,", i); paidi[i]: =fatse: END: \ireln(output) END,

3 Au6pr0roq
n PoolKi SuoKoIiE aoro,i ro! trpoBliiFdroe ivar rl l(ar ourd yrori to Eipsl l.d Aopd rou aprepoi rou sn6rvou no131o6 urdvn oro p6tpnpo. '!arir{t no! 6xouvPyrand rov rnK},o6ev}.osBdvovrar orlv slporl rou eKda.orE n6FvoD '!ar8ro[, r,o vd 6rr,xoluveonpE o pra oKoloDeianextr, i : I (l)n 7ro Kde lropoite vo Karax{lrpriooDu ror6i rov dpr0g6rou ndlevo rou. p rit qopd ror 61drp;xou!tov KnJ.o. 'Er61 yld napd6er, Fo dv 6xou|tn :8 ndrSrdKat leinol,v 016 rov KnK).o rrlv aK6IoD0q Sotti: ro rpiro, ro r6prro ror ro 6K1or6t 0o XoDll apr0F6qr0r6ron (i) :
I

'Onros eiscpe

4 7

8
I

ncxti. troDdvflorolxofv ord rar61d tto! 0Tirdv Or 6po1 rnq dKotrouoiag dr!6 rov KriKlo sev Zpnolponoloriwar nrq Kor eftoAivogFnopi vo 6Xouv rnv orordSiror rlpii, rnv onoiu ouFpoli(oulr Fe: /. M rrlv iorosctrlol r.rv nor8l(iv orov KnKro StFroupyiloril dKo).oD0i0 next oe qis: nexti::i+ l, 'yrd i= I(l)n-l Kdr

vri I arapn al.6t1l nalSrri)vorov KiKlo avoyv{0pi(ror 4ft6 rn oDv0iKrl n e x t i + i , 6 1 0 ! P e p o r oo r r l v n p i r r r 0 o n n e x t i : i u r d p x r d r d p l 6 v a r o r S i

2t8 vo rurro0iEex('prordKar va orov r.Dr(lo.lou onoiorJo opretdg i rrp6rrer reptcrior o ol'y6pr0loq. E rionq 6rav to i-oro ndt6i Plr x{inoro orrylri 6rr I ivaro apr0!69 rou rporlyorilvorirou ar6 rov rcirl.o Karorlo06ooule nor6ron,r6rs 06rou!

,rar8roi, n vnF6plj)6n Me rov rpdfto at)16yivsror, o'e Kdoa,roudxpt)von nexti, r{o1616rl,topoJt l(doeeopd va frpd! oiov rir]Lo lrt! aKolioDeio ro k ndr6rd, 11 iI Poiera EKivov!6vo rov 6pov rrlq dt(o}.ouid(,or oroior dvlrotorloiv oro Dndp1owa oKdlrl rrdr8rdrou KriK].ou.

Ao||o6rdypqrpo ArdPodEn, k
yrq i = l(l)nE rovdtLd0 |

Erov'it'oor ddo roxil nxti* i Etrovd).oP Ia j = l( I)k - |

t'--*-i

tro end|lsvorp6lpalpa enr6i, rdoo or percpl,1t6g i ror n doo rar ra drorXeid rou ne6iou next lolpdvouv og trFaq ldvo aplopo[g nar6r{irv, 6n),6voul 'yro l,dloDg FEyaltiptq oaqiveroq tov nopaKdro ,ro: TYPE arithmos= l..nmax Ilp6tpoptc PROGRAM k! klos3(input, output); CONST nmax: 50: TYPE orithmos= l..nmax:

219 VAR i,n : arithmos: j,k : int?ger: next : ARRAY [a thmos] OF otithnos; BEGIN \9riteln(output, 'Z6oE tu 16009 rar r0rh6r, Kar tur apfipti k'): readln(input,n. k): ltOR i:: I TO n- I DO next lil:=i+ l: next[n] : = 1: WHILE next[i] <> i Do BEGTN F O Rj : = ) T O k - t D O i:: next[i]: wite(output, ' ', nextlil); nextIiJ:: aext[nettliJ] END: vte(output,'"i): vrit eln(output) END. :ro otpio uDr6 pnoporif va nopurnpriooDtsdn o nopa,rdvorp6roq KaroX6plotq ro! 7rd!vouKde,1016106, 6r roup'yi oDordorrKdlla ol,Doi6o lsrot] rrov norSrdrvrou u,rdpj(ouvKde orl'rrrri orov |($xLo. Era6ti 6roq or oio8rq iou nESiounxt, trou ov srorloriv oe ncr6rd nou Fti'(dv on6 rov KnKLo. 6cv xpnorto,roronwol'na, lnopoipe avri va rrn6voup8 rdoe qopd ro\ aprF6ror) rarSroi).rlou 9yaivr.vo 5nllor)pyrioor|r [ flq lyl XptouonoroiFvEq 06oErg rou next. prc ti].],q c],!oi6a rov 6epXo|r6v&,v nor6rdrv. rspFariooDpe nprv rov a)Ly6pr0!oKor rr?on dldv n o),uai6o .riv u,rdp16w0rvfldr6r6v 6rov riKlo Tivr r.vi. rdrt rDn6vou!rnv dl.roi6o r()v eqepXolivovnor6r6v.lro nopoKdror!p6.ypdrrpq, ro o,roio sivor pra ,ropal.Layi rou rrporllorilsvou.8ttroopyoi)vrar or &io tropon{iv(o d.l)oi5ec ! q 0oi0era roD i6rou n6iou nxl. Etriorlg !o ne6io next r|(Td6nrKofli lra In6Evr|c|i066n. I oroia ed t prXr iov oprord rou np(orouEepxd!vou 7rar6roi.T6),oqn rl[i trq perrp],rlri( m trivd1Kd0Eeopd o upl8lLderou rEl,eDraiou Ecp16gevou,rdr6ron. Ilp6ndIIa PROGR.4M ky klos3a(input. output): CONST nmer= 50: TYPE arhhnos = 0-.dnax: VAR i,m,n: aithmos: j,k : integer:

220 next : ARRAY[atithmot OF arithmos: BEGIN writeln(output, 'ztboE rc nliqoE ray n'16knv Kat nv optgpd k'): rcadtn(input,n, k): FOR i:=l TO n I DO nexl[i]:=i+ t; next[n]:= t:

WHIIE next[i]<> i DO BEGIN FoR j:=t TO k-t DO i: = next[i]i next [n] :: next [i] ; n:=nett[i]: next[iJ : : nextJnext ti] l END: REPEAT n: = next [n] : ' vrnte@utput, n) = UNTIL n i: " writeln(outpur; END. A].Fpropog 4 Edv, Kdeo rri, or opreloi rov 'rsr6rdrv nou 9pioKovrdrorov KiK).o eivar raraloptrl;vor. oq trf6qi oe ouv16!vouq 6pouqproqaxoLoueirqpi, i : I (l)n. 16r pnopo'l!'E 6Ko7.o va ufolo/ooup ro (i + k)-oro ndr6i. Edv i eivor o 6iKrtq Keivoo rorJ6poDfe rov oroio dplro I p6rpnon Kororov K6K),oppio'(ovro' sx6Fo X nar6rd, rdre o 6iKrnqEreivou rou ororteioo ,rou npfEer va dtroFdKpuvei ea eivsr: (i+k-2)nodl +1. '|ltni rov opr0p6 roD Mrd rov evrotrrop6rou 6pou rtq oKo),ouoiaq |t ror6roi rou pyaivl Kor oqoi /vr n r(6r(0on roD dpro|ron,0orp6nr va r.poq ra aprorpd Kord pio eon d),or or e7r6lr3vor aDroi FErdrornororlv .jpol '),1ovo oulnllpoeoiv ra Kevd.

221
Ao$o'rdypoHra ArdPooEn, k
E ' r d v d L d p y L o i = l ( l ) n

En(vdloFe Yra m = n( - l) I

ill-

t,:c + k- r,."d -t+t ',r","" p, Pr=P,"

E'rovri),op Io j=i(l)m-l

pi, i = | (l)n npaYlrarotloiri0nK :ro rlspordtfl) Trp6ypoppa I dKol,oueia pE ro r6io: paidi. np6tpdpFa PROGRAM kyklos 4(input, outPut): CONST nnax:50: TYPE arithmos: L.nmax: YAR i, m,n : ariththos: i,k : integer: paidi : ARRAY[aithnox] OF atithnos: BEGIN 'Z(boe u nligoe rdr na61(br Kat rov opleP6 k');' writeln(output, rcadln(input,n, k); FOR i::l TO n DO paidi[i]::i: FOR m::n BEGIN DOWNTO I DO

wite(output. ' . paidilil): To n-t DO FoR j::i paidi bl : : poidi A + tl END; wfiteln(outpu, END.

i::(i+,!,2) MoDn+ r:

222 O ndpoKdro riveKaq ldq 6ivr p1a npoo6'y,ron rov Xpdvov cft61,olq rov r66ripov ohdpror.rv 'yrd 6roaoprrK6q rr!6q rov n Kol k.

AIy6p10[o( kyklosI kyklos2 kyklos3 kyklos4 I I I ) 8 t08 I3 8

n=500 k=261
2',7 t6 2592 t94

n:500 k: 1263 t2924 t2393 872 r53

'Onog qoi\,ror on6 rov nivaxa aur6v or a),y6p10ror rar 3 4 Eivor oltqwrKd rdzirspor rrDr,6no np6r.rv. Me rrlv dvr+r8r6nronalron roD npoF].ifaroq qdvnx8 lorr6v o ouorooflKds p6Loe rlq cnr),oyric rou r.ordl.Lnl.or rp6nor ndpdoraolq Kar 56uonq rarv 5e6o!6vov,rdoo orl oxeSiool rou otry6prelo!, 600 Kdr ornv nolurloK6rnrd ror,.

5.4 To{tv6pqo1
M rov dpo t(1r6!4oa Fofling) woorlr yevlxd rt 6ro6rKaoiorlq v6q6e6oFavou 6Dvdlo! avrrxelffvtDvfe Fdof iva ouTKKpr!6vo SLdraerq Kptr1pto6tdrd(qc. H dve'l,Koldrtrd rts roEr\,6srlols nrlyd(sr oDoroqrrKd on6 rl breaLKooio rrf, aw(4rIotte ororxEiov ouvdlov, n onoid dtrlo! 'Oaars ,ca6pcse orEiEror 6rdv ra onlola Eivdr ih roLvoFlFiva. xcr orrlv trpon,oflrvl nopd]paqo, I raql\,6[rloI rival }lld 0sf],r66tg Sra6rKaoia, I onoio Xprtolloroleiror 6 6).6qoX36vtrq neproX6g e<poppo.yrbv rov 6osrilv65olavrDv. ToElvo}lrt!6va ovrrKirrcvo 6xoupeoroDgqlsqovF Ko[e Koro),6],ouq, oflq 01F],tooiKs, oro ),6E1Kti Kor YevlKd6ro! urdpxouv rardx(,rprtl16va ovrrKEir\,o,ro onoio avaqrronp ouxvd ! o,.otr6 xrv enovdKrton trl.rpoqopr(i)v sft6 orird. Ali(Er 6ri) vo otFroi 6fl ro 25% ro! EKraleon( crnoplK6v cAapsoy6v nepiro! lpdvoD ryd)"ov uro),oyc ('r.,(.rparEq(ijv) or1K6v K6\,rp{rrv Karavo).ioKErar o 6lo6rKaoiss rdqrv6r'tortq 63opvov. oL aU6prepoLraeNdunolq xopiqovrar yvrKd oE 660Kurryopisq,ortv eoenptKi Kar q,' etatptoj rclrvciploq. H nporn Evaipprol os dlt6 prepooq, oL oroior roqLvoponv 63op6vq, ror,6xouv Sopi nE6iour1:or rivdr Kursloptp6vd orlv Krlpropvipt rou utro).o'yrori,v6I 6nrEpn o o).y6 pLepoDq. nor rEqlvoForiv 6E3oF6vu, ru oroia 6xouv6o!i oErpraxon dpreioD Kor ivuLKuraxoprpivc oe e{orepLriq pvileq ('!.7. rarviEq,6io(ous). :rrl ouvrra ga SriqoupppLKoiq arloiq ul,y6prepous eoorEprKiqre1v6pt

223 otq nsSilrv ex6por{0vaprep{i)v.Or o},y6preror qwoi dvdqtpovrar oro tropaKdrar npdP).rpu: apropoikr,k:,...,k" Kur (rrduE ve Ppeei "Aivovral or aKcporor fla 6,droErlaurdiv,rfrora (i,orki,<ki,, .rLoj= l(l)n 1".

Al.y6pr0poq I (M60o6oq ovroLl.oyriq) O alydptsfoq pooi(erol 6rr oDvxrioi, xprort l(o1(!v6sxo[6voq)ovrG per{ieon6fo yalrovrk{nv ororlcirrv el(d6rore.ioc 61{)r roElvopleoiv d},o dtr6 ro 16}.(r( ro olorIEid. Aplll{ii Elorpcxortrso}.6r}.Ipl rnv oKo}.ouoio Kd0rqopd re bnoTltovrK{i otorXia Ipoq llv apti ror or'tr(pivovtoq k, K d r k rI r o d v r r l c 1 a o e t o l 8 iL de vk i < k r - r . E r o r i p t t r d r r o r n i n ( k r . . , k r ) orrtv 'rp(brn 0or rrq oKoloueiaq. Tnv iSru epyooio ravol.olodvouF 00ip6\,.aq r(ipo rnv oKoLoooiarov n 1 rl,EUraiov ororliov Aepovtdq 'EvE ftqp{i611Fd ro aF6or0q Fsyolirspo ororlsio o.t 6sirspn 06on K-o-K. Sivrral orov nopaK{irainivoKd: ur]rris rnc 8ldSrKdoioS

-l

t8 t9 25 8 2l

_-838 19 25 2t

8 _1918 2t 25

8 t9 _2! 38 25

ri t9 2l 25 38

H E0o6oq ourri ivaL Tfoofli FE ro 6voFo ta:N6!4on rc atrali.afi (exchan8e so.t) i tldodoEqE vD6t ).idaEbrbht. sort).O 6pos "quoo},l.i6o" npo6p7rurotr6 ro yETov6q 6rr ro ororlEia rou n6io! qv6pIovrar, 6noe pr oo).i50oro vLpo.ovd).olrlfc rrlv flli ro'c (ar ornv ofr;ororxrl !r., ro SoFo6rdypdFfd rou aly6pLolou xo16vo 0aoI rouq. trl duvtlEra aiveraL onoio o d),16pro|toE ivdl evooldrogivoq o 0116oq unonp6ypdsfd.610 rp6ypdFfd. H xpnorlorloinot rIE }1.dol.rtrriS flag 0).r16vcr.ov a7..rdpropo, ! rrlv awora drr Kpro).2,u6loor rrlv n?Lrlpoqopia 6 5\] orv69r avrrperdoeor ororxiov Kar 610r replori(oupe rov al.ydp,euo.

224
AqroSuiypoArd

flas:= I
FE 600 rotrit j> I xdr flagt'o flag: = 0

ra i:= l(l)j- I
kn.i,r(kn-

j::j-

IIp6lpo|rtra PROGRAM soningl (inqut' outPut): {Ta4v6no4 t1t 14 pi0o6o oE avm^lafiel TYPE integer-aftay = ARMY [1 .. I00J OF integery VAR n,i : integer: k : ikteger-arraY; (n: integer; VAR k: integer-arrav); PROCEDUREexchange-sort VAR i,j,a,fag : integet BEGIN VHILE (j>= BEGIN I) AND (Jlag<> 0) Do

flas: = 0; FOR i:= t 7o j- I Do IF k!n-i+ 1l<k[n i] THEN BEGIN flag:= 1: a::k[n-i]: k[n i]: = k[n i+ 1]: ktn i+ Il::a END;

7r\ j:= j- 1

END END: BEGIN trriteln(output, 'Z.bo. n n)i9o; tuv apflLt(br ltoD ea netvo!40o6v'): rcadln(input,n); witeln(output, '/6dE roDq aKtpanw apfipotig); FOR i:=l TO n DO rcad(input, klil): readln(ihput); exchanse -soi(n, k); FOR i:=1 TO n DO *,rite(output, k[i], ' '); \|riteln(outpu, END. 'Ono6 ano6srrvorrm o a1'1dpr0po6 dur6q6rcer nolunroKdrrtro ornv l(al},i icpn rpirrrosl] orl lrpdrprl rar Kold s6oo dpo, rne tdrtq O(n'?),67ron n o up'oFdg10rvnpoe loELvdtnanoroLxEiov. Ah6pr0pos 2 (M60o6o roaToTis) H pt0o6oearcayayte(insertionson) ortpi(rrdr orlv sEig Srd6rKuoia: tro i-a.o Figa erodtsrar ro i-oro ororLio (kj ) otrt ooor{ rou 6i6t svt6( tnq idr raqrvoup6\nq o'(oloDoiaqr{$v np6rov (i- l) otorliov (tt. 5.3).

El. 5.3 Au6Lrddao |r.066oDsrod,o?4q

'Eva

roErvdFlolq SivE?dr orov naparlapd8erl}rdouri( rtq Srd8rKaoioq

226

) 8 l9 2l 25 3ri

38 I9 25 8 2l

rrt

z 3 E\ 25 8ti 21

19

3E
25 2l

\-ti

19 /18. 88 2t

19 25

rte\
l--l

18 \ 3 8 <

\?

8 l9 25

l9

3ri
2l

( 38i

rl

2l

2l

\iy'

rqp((}ol Oq rpd'Io pri!o EeopirotI Sllllo!p'vid rng rdlvolnllcvnq oKo),oueiae(pL tt. s.3), I oroiu otrorlEirar ar6 ro rp6ro [6vo ororxEio kr rlq opxrKic aKoloD0idq ouveiKq, o' :rrl 6rd6rxooid duri ovo,vopi(oDtr6io 61aaoprrK6q 6la6rKooia: rI cppori(ouv otroiq vd orotXiokj:kj<k, I. BpioKoD! ornv apxi qq i6rl rotvoPn!6vnq oKolo!0ioq. 2. Otdvourr :rrl ouv6trtr Sh,ouFt 1o 3oto8,dyptrplu roD dl"v6pr0po! r.or ;vo ,rp6Ypallo oIo oroio u,1oc undpxc,oc | 'ro,rpoTpa|uo: AoFoSrdlpcpta
E r o v d l . a P 1 , d ' : = 2 ( l ) n

doo toxnerx<kj E'rovdIoFE

Ilp6lpqrFo (input,outpur; PROGRAM soning2 pi0o6o qs ercayafisI ye tq lTa(ttdpaoa ARRAY integer -aftIJ: TYPE l0.. lA0l OF integeri VAR n,i : integer: k: integer-arrat;

227 PROCEDURE insertion so (n : integer: VAR k : integer-aftay): VAR i,j, x : intege\ REGIN FOR i::2 To n DO BEGIN x:=klil: k[0]: = x: j::i-1; I/HILE x< k[j] Do BEGIN j:: j- I END; k[j + t]:= x END

ktj + tl :: ktjl ;

END; BEGIN vniteln(output, '/6ot rc nieoE rar apfiptin noa 0a nltvopq0oiv'); rcadln(ihput,n); w teln(output, '/(boE roL\ ax'pdtoDq oafipoiE): FOR i:=1 TO n Do rcad(inPut,kLD: rcadln(input): inseftion-sort (n, k); FOR i:: 1 TO n Do w te(output,k[i], ' '): ,4ntuln(ontput): END. H rlolutrLor6qro aDroi rou aLy6prelou ivdl 6qv Ka],].irpn,!pinlo)orl rdqnq O(n), evdro.n rrp6rpt Kor srrv Kard p6oo 6po rdqrs O(n'). Al"y6pr0poq 3 (MCeoSoss,rr,ofiq) H lieoSos ffi .oyiE (slection sort) sqpi(Eral 6trlv e{g 6la6rrooio: :ro i-oro Fitta sml6yerol, pra6 rov n-i+ I lrt raqwottl6vov oroF xsiov, ro prKp6.poKar rorloftrirar stitv i-6q oacrt.H 6rd6lxaoia aur{ 'rapiororor oro Xr. 5.4

228

11

l,

,JL
r: minimum(ki,...,k")

tr
Tdqrvofrts6vrt

Mrl roqrvoupEvrl
5.4 dLqorxdoids.066o! .nLtolig

'Evo

rrdpd8rylooDrig

lrtq 6raSlKdoidq

bivror

orov

rtrpoK{iro

rlivoKd:

3E l9 25 8 2l

38\

rel
25 1 a/ 21

re
25 38 2l

__8_ 19) 25 38 21

E 19 25 18 2l

E8 _r9_ 25\
]EJ

19 2l
]E

8E t9 _21_ 18\ ztt

t9 2l 25 38

ro 6ofo8r{iypapla rou d}'T dpropouKur 6va,rpd,po!trrt suv6rrd6ivoDtr Ftr, sro onoio dur6q urdpXr oq urlorpdyporrla: loto6rd1polrd yra i: = | (l)n - I EtrovdlapE

Lap r'a j: =i+ l(l)n

229 np6ypqrpa (input.output): PROGRAM sofling3 q ptaoao oE a.0.oytl llfttndt!4o| rc TYPE integer -anay: ARRAYII.. l00J OF integet VARn,i,j,l,x: inteEo; k: integer-aftay; PROCEDURE selectionsort(n : integer; VAR k : integer-a ay); YAR i,j, Lx : lnteget BEGN FORi:=l To n-l Do BEGIN x:=k[iJ; FORj:=i+ I TO n DO IF kfiJ <x TEEN BEGIN .x: = k[i]: END: kql: = k[i] ; k[i] : = x: END END: BEGIN ttoD0a tdltt opIeo&"); *'fiteln(output,'/dr6t u nMqoc tov optqltdttt readln(lnpuL n); FORl:= I TO n DO rcad(inrut,k[i]): ftadln(input); selcclion-tor,(n,k); FOR i:=1 TO n Do a'rlt.(output,k[iJ, ' '): v) teln(oulput) END. fr4 rl.Eurdio d]'16pr0tloia1v6Fnotq 0c 66ooDIiov al,t6pr0tro IEtrc 660 rutrvolrlffvn)v axol.ou06v o Fro v6d raEwoF{r6vI arorloDeia. O ab6pr0!o aut6e olrual(Drri(r ro nopdrdro rlp6Flura: "Aivowar &to rdflvoFluevg axoloDoGe : F.: as,a2,...,a Fn E ai<ai+r, lta i:l(l)n-l ror F 5 : b 1 , b 2 , . - , bg - r bj(bj.r, ltd j=l(l)m-l

230
q\dpr0po6, o otroioq,6o1poon6 lre{6r1 tov Fi xm znriror va ppoEi Fb, vs 6rtproup-yi tla v6a drolou0id: F c : c r , c 2 , . . - , c n .p n c r < c k + r 1 t d k : l ( l ) n + m - l 4 (Ta6rv6rFt I |riBq) Al,T6pr0Foe o oly6pr0log e 6!4d4e le rci<4 (mergesort) oqpi(elor olrlv 016),ou0rt6raSrKooia:: KdeFtila ouyKpiverorto ororzEio ai p 10 bj Kar dv ai<bj (avricror;aa ai>bj) ldrs xoroxoipeirdr ro ai (avtiororXa bj) ornv k oq 06on rou relrroti tle6iou c Kor ravalatpdvetal rl orlyrprdrl rou r6lEvoo ororxeiou ai.r lqvrio1orxo b1.1) pE ro bj (ovllololxa ai) K.o.t(..!6xpr( drou rlrd)oouvdla rc ororleio Evdedtr'i 1o 6io opxrrd neSia a i b. Erit otvitsro ovrrypdqovror oro c 6La rd ofio!ivuwa ororlcio roD a i b. Evo ,rapd6erylausiEnq6io raqtvoprlp6vovurolou0r6v ! Pdon our6i rov aLrdprelo eivdr ro napdKdro:

2 3

T'tl =R
l2l

ll

I 2 l

l.'l --J--A

11

45 61
68 78 rtnio c

5 6 '| 8

lou dlT dptolo! Kar 6va rp6ypqplo. nopaxdro 6ivrar ro 8opoSrdypapta : oro onoio undplL aDr66 (,)6u?toflpri'ypdtFd

231 loto6rdlpoHra

Etrav{ilap!doo L6rne' i<n

'(d' j<m

Eravdloo laxpr( drouj>m

np6lpatpo

Enovd)'a9!6lpre dtor i>n

outpur: PROG RAM nerging(input, IMei1t 6io ttvo!4p6rav sKd.oDAr;,rj -arrcy = ARRAY[] .. lAAl OF integer: TYPE integer VAR n, n, i,j, k : integer; a,b,c : tntegef arraf: PROCEDUREmerge(n,m:integer;a,b: integer-arra!; VAR c: integer-stat: VAR i,j.k : integet: BEGIN

and (j<:n) tvHILE (i<:n) BECIN IF atil <= btjl THEN BEGIN ctkl:=atil; i::i+ I END

Do

232 ELSE BEGIN ctkl :: b[j] ; j::j+ t END:

k::k+ t
ENDi IF i>n THEN REPEAT ctkl: = btjl; j:: j+ t: k::k+ I UNTIL j> n1 ELSE REPEAT ctkl: = atil ; k::k+ I UNTIL i> n END; BEGIN wtuelk(output,'/(bo. tu n140oquDv 6p@vrttq or< oDqtata'); (input, rcadln n):
qq Mdoaqiat a'); vriteln(output,'Z6oe roDEtipoDe FOR i:=1 TO n DO rcad(input,a[i]); readtn(input): wfiteln(output,'266c ro nliqoe tu)r ttp(t)t'qe a.doDgia\ b): rcadln(input,n): wtiteln(outpur, Z(toE roDq 6poDs rns oxoloDetu b'); FOR j:: I TO n DO rcad(input. b0J); rcadln(input): nerse (n, n, a,b, c): FOR k:: I TO n+n DO ||rite(output, clkl, ' '); wtuetn(outpu, END, !1o orlpio dur6 np6rr vo nlorlldvoD! 6rr or rpaq np6.o1 0),16p10[o1ilouv nolur]"ol(6ritlo 1p6vou rd6nq O(n'z), v6 yla rnv rr6],Eoi rou( 6sv drdlrofv xdv6vd 7ri n],6ov re6io rlhv rou op11Ko6.trlv npinrool 6jroq rrlq rd!1v6Fn6t( f FEiEnatrarriro! vs rpiro re6io c, Krdq r{rv a Kar b, || n+m 06o1q.

233 Tel.el6vowaq ee avaAepooi}t no).n o6\.!opa Kor oro rp60tnAq rtq dloqirndrlq. Mr ro ycvrrodpo a'a(ir4d? {searchins) rvvoo,jt. ,.o ;,o.p;: (ou!r !ra KqroIopIFtvI or4 ororlci,rv t oKond r4v lv,lgrt aKolorrid .OE(,)c cr:pcor cv(igoLy(cxpuavoL ororycior,. rL;ree, ro inoBfnro rlic o\'c(drron- rivar orcvd sLv8c5.!ivour ro nn6p).qsa trq 1,i,"Lu,j"n,. <j ^"y"t civo, d,, o xp^loq ovo(itronq yerd,veto, orra\'nrc orrlv ll1l1. fto lroon,rdq'voFnstvuv ororj/ci(!v. :rrl oLvtXcro 0a 66soL!r rI ldeo6o fit;0wotx4c ava('ft4tt4s (brnar) searcht.I oroiq civo, Kar rdXnrcpn. drov I oc oxcr'^d u,'(pon lclroouq ro,rofrrsavcr o*ol",o;.q O :ysgro^ftra' u^yotiro!og ovr|Fcronit.r ro nopahdru ,tpcjpl.n!o: "Oorpoill pra ruqrvortteq oKo),oueion dKpaiov dpreF6v: F: ki.k',....k. rr ki<ki.i. yLa i: I0)n-l

Ao0iwog v6e aKdpdrot|x (nrEiror vo ppci e6on m loD x orrl! n aKoT.ousio F, dv F6pora xF, i vo runrDoiro .a 6v trivDld pp6erlK", edv xF'. Aly6pr0loq O o]..r6pr0[oq aurdqpaoi(ror orn! ropo(dr{D rd6d:ApXr'(d61xoro!on! rnv.dko].oD0id'(or qrd(oDB riv ro leoaio ororTEio(dKprBaa|pa ro otorrcio 1116 otorls ndiv2) Eivur ro (nroi!\,o. Edv eivor. o a),y6pieuo; '!cptqriqrtrr. ArdrpopcnKd etdqolpc dv ro (nroipvo "-,X"io FrKpdrEpo^ri tou "iuoi !eyo).6tEpo lroaior. :rlv rp6rn repinroon ,rdval.aFpdvolJtr rI,6rd&Kaoio 6qordllonq Kar ot.JKpronq oro oprarpdr1!rou rnq dKo^orroic", vd oq 6.\irFpn610 6rqr6 4!rou cutrl6. Or 8rXoroUiorri o"vEl(itoHsr jrilpr< dror Bpc0riro ororXrio 5ra,r,oro0.i 0,, A", unaoy,, i arvor.!L clq onri, ropaasr ts. zrlrdrc ro r0s oiq! ;;:;":;,:-,..

l,

2,

t.

,1,

5,

f6

6.

24

3,

9.

28

41

t\---<Y

63

92

98

105

200

:rI 6uv61ra6i!,erar10 6oto6r{i}po!!a roD aLy6pL0pou Kar 6va np6ypau_ to. nou undplsr aDrdg oc unonp6lpaffo.

234 dolo6td1pop1c

l o g l := 0 log2:= 0

mr=(i+j)div2

logl:=l log2:= |

Endldr,ap l61ple drou log2 = | trttri@orlOr $eraphr6c logl Kct log2 tplorporlolo6lrdr, rl lrvnp6rn 1ld rlv ropoxrl nl,tpoqopioq rou (ivro orortio x 0p60nK svr6qrrlq oKotrouiaq, { dtr, rl 6 6s6rsprl ,rra rov rEplarro!6 rov 6rlorotlios(,)v. npdypouro PROGRAM searching(input, output): TYPE int eget- array : ARRAy [ 1.. ] 001 OF inI eger ; VAR k: integet-anay: i n.x,logl.m: integet PROCEDURE binar) -search (k : integet anay; n,x: ihteger: VAR logl, n: i eget)i { Mt0o6oe sDonwiq ala,fu qo4EJ VlR i,j,log2 : integer; BEGIN

REPEAT n:=(i+j)diy2: IF x=k[n] TEEN

BEGIN logl:= I; Iog2: = 1 END ELSE BEGIN

IF x<k[n] TmN
j:=nl

i:=m+ 1; IF i>j THENkg2: = I

END ANTIL los2= l; END: BEGIN witeln(output, '/(boE ro n),lgoe fiov 6p@v rtE oxoloDeioc); feadln(input,n); writeln(output, 'r'6o. toDE 6poDC149 oxo^oo0log'); FOR i:= I TO n DO read(input,k[i]): rcadln(inpur; witeln(output, 'Z(i)d.ov apQpd ftoo ea aval4qe{): rcadln(input,x); blnary-search(k, n, x, logI , m); IF IosI : I TITEN vtriteln(output, 'O oprefue' ,x,'fpto1Kx dttt 04ot ,n) ELSE $/ teln(output, 'O apfl1t69' ,x,'6e fpnq4K otq! otcd.oDqia') END. H no),unloK6rrFd lpdvoD au.oi rou aly6pr0Iou eival rnE dqrtq O(ldn). H rdn aDT'i ivor r(ar I Frxp6rpn rloD lnopei va ropo|Jotaori 6s qlydprepoo6 avo(rirl6rlq, eq' 6oov lprprlonoroivral oe ootofg 6ta6rrdoisg dri1KplqlE dfolli(ov.

6. Metd<ppoorlror erct6i"eor'1 npoypopprirorv

6,1 fvrKd 6j(r 46I ovugepoi (p1,. napdypaeo 3.3) 6voc urol,o.rrotiq prlopea vo rr;.6aravo trpdTpaplo,p6vo riv sur6 PpioKrdrotnv {iprq Evto?.dtv Fvrijrt ond rn loperi lldg aKo].ouoiae ln1dvriq. Kd0s vro],i eivdr nr!paopt\al dKoloDeio Kor!ov{i3ov. Auri n lqlavriq lrd llSEvrKdrv rlopdordon praq vro}.ie, v6 \ lopAi 6Dt]5tKdv y4pl@v(bit pattem),eivor Kor n fdvr| n oroia pnopi vo Kclcvotoi on6 ro ul'tKd (hardware)rIE {vrprxiq uno},oyrorrriq lovddae 11 d}roodftor6lola rnv Kr6lsoi rlq. A6 goprioooll8 6fl, Trd rlv mp{,!!(,)ot praEorr}.riq 1}.6ooas prllavriq, p.o evro),rl pnlovris 6rfl lriKoq 16 bits atrd !a oTioio ro 4 rlp6ra birs T rtq dvriororllq ftpdqerIq svro}.rie, tplor!iouv rd rnv K{D8rKonoinon v6 la ur!6),o1r!o 12 bits ftpGIoov rq SrcnoDvon lraq 0,6Ie rrlq Kiprdq |rriIlq. Eni n].6ov'rnoolroul Ir]v tftdpI Evdqr8rKoi KaraXoprri, rou iDoo(DpEDq@c mtJlaror, { ouyrdloc: ACCIT) orov o,roio anoetK$owor anorl,*o|rdrqdpropnflxd'v(ar l,o1lK6v trpd(,)v. fra tlapdSEryFd Eivror, orn auvtXEro,va rpi|lo 'rpoypriFlaroq 6e tld'ooa rlxoviq: ArEuo6vorq Kuploq F{lrlq Ilpltd!vo 6lu0fvosov (vrol'6qTl6oooq pllovrlq.) Trrilo TliFd ,lpdqnq 6r60uvonc tr]laoio,rEpE1oF6vou 'Ono)g

254 255 256 257 258

0001 aqlI 0010 0001 0r00

- ACCU (267) I 00010000rar -. ACCU 100 ACCU+ (268) 00010000t 000l000at0tl ACCU (267) -ACCU (269) 000t04001t01 - ACCU 000 t0000 t I t0 ACCU-(270)

259 260 .

l0 aa
0lll

000t00001101 a00t00011001

ACCU - (269) JUMP 28]

(26?). ACCU onldivEr drr to 7lptex6levornq eone, rrlq ri oro ouaoupLr Krpruqt\IFn:. f, 6rci0r,\ol 267 o1a,r'vrror rrq 5r6rEprex6pevo 1o 611 onrdivt AacU+(268)-AcCU F) oDvotg 268 npootieIol o Kivolou ou6oopeuri 16l,0!0 Karoxorpirotoe ol)rdv. prcldFvoror otooopcut{ 7) ACCU-t207) o-l-ui\tr orr 1o 'rr orl 8teneuvol 26? dr6)"vrd1 rou ouo3) ACCU-(270)- ACCU onloivr drr d'rd ro nprx6svo 270 Kor to oopDrri o{palpeirotro npre16lsvorng 616euvolq oror6l.eoFo xoralopeirol oe oDl6v rou nporpdFparoqoDvXiqe) JUMP 281orlFoivel cjfl I Kr6)'eorl rdl on6 rrl 6u[!vol 281 ro1 uEtd ('i]'pE). 0o Inopofo vo ovrrororli oro trapaKdro Aur6 ro rpifd rrpo'ypdpForoE 'vl6ooo rpor|rrito Evdq rpoYpdlloroq, nou rpdqrnKe oe Pto ov6rEpr]

'

GOTO A;

altc svLroroiXdc orr or Iruiq 1dv ' r' * Korl ppioxovtdt trooijro06tovrsc 4r" LrrrK6rro ror 2o-. 2b8.209Kor 270rnc KipracFVtiPnc I E,"r,iu".,s 281 eivor Koraxopn!6vl orn 6ten0uvor1 6 'vldiooa Kord rlv rEpYaoiavdq rpo,pdFFdroq, Ypdpu6voD Ktpra lvnpq Kur or Kaxa)luFn1ov{q, otror{oiwot 6rio et56v pvtjll8q,n p'1.;e (i"gi't".0 ot o'roior ivdl lv{Fss t'\rn)iq lolilrlras Jrpoon6)'osl(' 16o0 ro trpdii'q ruyala qs Kfproe pv{plE ppiotovrol Kord](oprlp6vo KU\v6LnE lnopi vd Froq ypcppo ,;oo rar or grdpllrcq. To rp1Ex6Fvo proe q llirri urqpl'I.riiq :rouq Ko;ivar' F d ev.o)'i roD npoi'pdl+aroq' ri

238 Eivaro 6t|oo{!pe!1iq, oiroraXopnr6(, |lroqJ rov onoiov or][dvTri(6rpoE o4\EnovraLdl.a ro rvbrdtcoo otrorcl.,ouaro. trou npoKinloLv (otd rnv K16lonrov rrPd(ov. Or y)'6oosq pnlaviq !,ropoJv vo laparrrlproro6v ar6 ltg oKdl.ouoEq r6rdlnrec: - Ta npolpdj4ara oTlq yl6oo( dur6g cftorloiwor crloKl,lorrK{i Kor arrd 6ua6rKo6q opropo[q Kdl autd eivdr 5loavdfvodra Kar I' ldvov 6uov6r.o. - H y),6oos Ftxav{q apldlm n}.ipoq and tov rrr8qpyocri rou u,ro},otrsri Kor yvtKd8raeipErotrd 'rtro}.oyr6rtio uno),oyrx{io"ror Koro rov rpoypurrFuflotd o y).6ooo urlXoviq nparEro npolpoplq6),qrr( 6ro06v6erg, rrorriq vo rnpi ivav rdrdloto, o onoioq r!pr6Xr fra ro l,6yo dDr6 rou ivar KoroXo)pn|r.ve llroohreq ror errKerrEq. o q(6cn p ng sv6rpqy).6ooq,rpocuSdvetar n nLav6qro ;.d0ouq ypd}rfdrrotlon. ME rlv rlpoooriKrl, i rn 6ra1paqi. lrdg wo).ie rropoiv va al,ldEouv tro).Ld'v evro).6v.Or sl,),dy6q nolr6voE oE 6va 10 rlripara SrED0nvdEov np6ypotlo !nxqvig civcr ttpopl4porLr6q. rl (alri p66t rou O npoypdltlorroll6eo yl'6ooa Urllavig anorri trotr ovriolorr(ou nEpyuorri l(cr yvrr6cpc u,ro).olorri. q p6).ttotn oroo 1l,6o00 lnxavig tntp6tr1 O npoypaltllarropdE noinol rnq lrtxovig, yrari |rnopoilr vd XpnorlonoriooulE d],ee rrq vroLEq Ka( vo axoDtenpoonil.sot o 6).4 ra ororlia v6quno).oyts 'Onoq

r6rdrnrec,Kr6qdnd !o ,r}'o6rarr6r6vror und rrs nopandv{o ivar eavep5 6rr o 'ipofpollrottop6q oE Tl6ooo v6Kql1o rrlq r],euroiaq, lrnXdviS 6tr nolld llrovEKrilola, tivcr l6tdicpd 6[oKo).ogKor r(oupaorlxd( KorTrq rov ),6Toourcj,6,10! 6eveivdr dfld).urdclvo'yroioq, 7rp6rr vo or dv(iF Tn lio! o 6loDq ouq ftopondvo npool.nldrrotone divor.)v 6r!oq rpeq]).6ooEeftporpolla ogorl, or onoiqEivol,rpooavarol,rottvq, ).6!, oro rlpdDlqld Kor 6j(r oq lnrovri. Me ln po{eera aor(iv rov vdq 0}"T6l),ooo{iv turopo$le va lpdvoD}re ouvroJl6lepdro np6ypoF}ro pr0lou Kor vc ono0i'toutrc rnoovd ),{ih. Ta npoypd!4rardsivor nlo uovd,vodro, siKotlo va Karovotooiv Kdr touv rI bva qra lxaaopdg (portability) yrd rra).ol os 6rdqoprrKo6 rnrrou unol'oyror6q. Ta ,rpofpdFpaio ,rou ypdqovror6 lrlo cv6leprl y).6ooa Trpofpalparroloi 6v propoiv vq Err?'Eorofv dlreod ard 6vdvunoLoyrsr{. @dtrp6,rr nporTfoup6\,oq vd livr erE6pfooio on6 6w /rraqpaod langja4e llanslator) Or prappaor;q, or oroior ivaL 161rdtrpo1pd}4rord, !rappd(ouv rpor.X. os lpdppara, ypaFptva o av6pe y].6ooenpofpalfarrolof (dnorg

239 Pascal, FORTRAN Kar COBOL), 6rit Tl666d pllavig rou ou.t/KKp1[,vou uroloTrorii. fld KdOE dvti)rpl 'l,l.tbooa npoypajrfdnolrortivor ava, raio rl 'iroplrl v6q llroepaori. : ;vd npdypoltro Tpouf6vo oe av6rpt yl6sou rrpo.ypoUtdnopori undpXoDv 6rio Karrtyopiq orolXsi(lrv, rd orloia npcftr vo rroqpooroiv: or cvrolq Kar or 6op6q6e6op6vov. H avTloroltio JreraEf Evrol,6vproqdv6rEprq yki,ooaq Kurpruq yl,6oooq lnrovri_( ivur I:n, 6rt).d6i prd vro),i rnq uv6repnq Tloooug dvqtriEruro 6vo rLiooq evro).6vTltEyL6ooq flxdour6 oe8ilErur sqv rro)"ur).oK6rpr vis. To TETovdq 6ori rov vrol,ri)v |lrd! dv6rsptq ?tr6ooo,co oX6on p qv rol,J ord,rl 6o!ri rov vroLdrv or 3op3( rarv 35op6vov nor lrqq 11,6oosspttaviq. An6 rrv {ilh n},up{i orrq av6rpq T),6ooeq npoypalllorrotot (6noq n.1. ZploLFotroroLlwor ftE6id,EtypaAfq,oDFFoloorpfgKar 56r'!pu) 6v urdpXouv arousq oE plo ]l.6000 prlXovliS.fl' dDrd ro l.dp or Sos6qsurfq npoy!trronotoiv{ur F .n por1ora bits, dprep6v Ker 61s!0[\,oovKar ftorr6v(os o leraapao is nprrr vo prua6pr nor xprtorfotrorienKeornv ovrilra 6opi 88opev.rv, rEpn yl66oa trpoypqrsdrroroi, o pra qvriororXn rlopdordol oro sniniio rn_( yl6oooe lnxavliq. H pdo'xi ox6or, llioEJ ror eninEou rov y),ooo(bv npo'i,pot1ldnofori ror rou rir!3ou rov tLlrqo(i)v ov(ijrp(,rv [nxavriE, ivor I 6uvor6irlra (our6pdrnq)l1rdqpdotq(ond dvo rpoq ro KdrrD)F roDrdlpovt 6rdriplon roD onpuoro),o7rKolnprEZoFEvoD v6q npoypdFlaroE. :ro Kdr.i rin6o rng ytrdrooag lnldviic ilouF onli TrooolKi 6otil Kar rosdvoq {illod Kdrovotfli oft6 rr ptlavi Kdr xard oDv6'rro Kr2,ourond ro poolKd i.o'r,lKd 61011id vdqmpldoTli(0L Kur Kse. 7). y1arn lErdqpoot ivoL611(): Or orpdrtTrKig trouXpndrporroLorlvror rr.tq (interpretation) 6tLp!4rtDo4s K(lt r\c, l,ra 6rtto4s (compilation).Or avriorolxol !rdqpoor,( ovordqovror 'tEptt4wDtts (interprerers) l('rt lerai.at fldri( (compilert. H Foordi Eroqopdpraqi rov 66()our6v 6.parryrK6v ivar 6fl orlv npitrrrool ev6g 6rEplr)tv.L,rioL Ewol,6q v6q ftpoTpduparoq proapdqovraloE 7),6ooa (Kdr6rra)pitoviq Krr Krel.onvror lio rpoq pia. Snlo6i !r{i rrl lrdqpaort Ker Kr6}.on l1rasvro]"iq, proQpri(Erdr Kar l.rriror r EtrdFEvtEvro}.i K.o.K.Me rn Xptolgotroitdt E\,6E qpXr(d o avd roo[roy),{0rrrorri o}dKtrnporo np6]palro tLEroppdErflr Slvopo rp.jlpopla T/,66odq [tXovris ro1 6rt oDv6XEro Kr],eirdlro v6o 'O),Eq yl.drooeq or npo'),pdltarlotoi lroponv paoLKd vo ouvp.rdotonv sir p 6vo 6repplvuri, lir ts ava Fsrdy)"orlro i. IItrp dld ourd un{tpXouvtrprK6(,or onoilq oljvieoe olvp,rdEovror p6vo p [eroy],orrroreq. Tcroreqivdr ylo nopdbErypa: Pascal, COBOL, I I n FORTRAN, rl 'ALLq y)"6oqq ALGOL, n C, I Ada xdl I Modula. ouvepydqovrdr ouvri0og lcjvo U 3Lppnveur6q 6roq r.t. 01 yl6oog: BASIC, APL, LISP,

240 PROLOG rar d},so|yl6o6q 1rpolpaplorropoi tnq rraprE 1vrd(. H rouq ivor n Kd?dranrov y).oood'vttpo,poFldrroloi ! pdort rrq yvr6q ar6lou0n: - Or y2,6soEq lrnldv{q Kd06s xu or o\tBofuxq },trddae (assembly fanguages) gEopoi!'tar 6e ,,i)&tEq ry6q9 y'vme (first genration (lGL)). languases - Or rpd1e dv6rEpeqy)'6oo8q trpoypappanolo6 rpooovdro)L.olreveolo r!pdp)'rud, 6noq r.I. ourpdrq K66ore r(')v yl,ooo6v FORTRAN, ALGOL Kar COBOL 0sopo6war otg tL(iooEe&'rcpne yet'ic gecond generationlanguases (2GL)). - Or v6rpq yvrciq ex66orq rov yl.ooo6v 8rirprlq xd06q ral or v6e flpooavaroLroleveqd-.o rp6p],rlpo y].6ooq rpoypa]$urrofoi, 6noe n.1. BASIC, Pascal, C, Ada tsr Modula opoiwar @ei,666t9 rpft4e (3GL)). ),vdE(third generationlanguages - Av6rEpeqylooog npoypdllorlclot pn npooavaro).roF6vEg oro ,rpdnou 6v nrrp6rlouv rnv 6Kqpadrt8ra6rKaord,v 0hl1d, 6It o6i y].rir6osq lle rt lopQi d.yopiolov ooponwor og t,{(t'ooqinptqg yty]]ic 6owth generationlanguags (4CL)). t aDr6goupnpr),apFdvowar yld,oo( (r.1. poronoKpioov o[Txpovg QBE) Ko06q Kar or rlEproo6repg y).6oos dn('q 'r.x. FORTH, PROLOG Kar SMALLTALK. - fLdooq rpolpoFgarrsFoi ro' ppio'(o' v rqopuoyri ornv q(vqri vo4t!o66vt (arrirtcial intellieence(AI)) Kd06q Kar ornv rEptoxi loJv fun pa| dDorqplh@r (expe|t sysren (ES)) 0eopo6!'tor oe fA(bo6eevEpr|t yewtt (fifth generationlanguages (5GL)). os lrla xopro.ri l(cr o6wotn nupouoiaoq rov nprv npol{I)priooDte, trpr!r vo on!rdJooDpE 611T 6rp[lvDr6v Kartov ]retoy].orrrordrv, rd 6vav npoypolldrrori ndpouordqa rSrairspo v8rdeepovKor ro ovopa(dpevo aq$6J-1ov LnoorlipCaErpoypatpatopoi @rogra'x,lx.ing support nvironmnt), ro onoio or,lrprl.alpdver d).d ra dva1Koiaspyol,ia yra rrlv avdrruEn cv6q rpotpdtrtroroq dnog: - t\e np'itp(rypaTeKtrKiqmeiqy.tolaq (editor) yro rnv ovdrtuqn Kar Evdqrpoypdstolos, 6r6px)ot rou KsrF6vou - 6va 6LepFlvcurri,owicrorlo Frray).orn6ri. trd rn FErd0paorr Kar orn ouvq(ra rnv Kr6LEon vcjq,rpo,pdApqroqKor - tvs &ope@dtu06v (debugger) yra qv uvinvEuot, rov ewomolld xar rrl 5r6p0ooi 1,q06v,Kard fil 61dpK14 ro! traylou,ev6c, a7$6v n)rjpouq r!poypd!!d!o6.

241

6.2 Arcppqvureq
6.2.1 Areppqvurri y1,.66oug pt;(ori6' Mrkporpoyp'iFrrora

p1/.a:rrtv napdypaqo al]ri ea ovdqEp8oriFc aro 6tEp!4\)EDri ))..1)6oa9 !,1q,o onoioq sivdr I dtrl.onorprt nlpinroo4 6lEptrtvurri. O 6lspFtvE!tiq proq 1i(ijooag tlxd\iq lsraqpd(er xor e{re),ei 6vro}.i npo( cvro}.ri 6vo aqoi graqpdosr npcjlpoFfro tpoFf6vo o l),60(J.1 llrllaviq. :u'i,KKprU6va pLKpovrol6v evroT,ii oE 6ra olvoro npoX(Dpei6rnv sra t).dr6oi1( lrlloviq Kri),Eort our6\' .ov glKpo.!ro].6v Kar orn ouveXLa,lErd rrlv Kra)"roi rouq. rro{ppd(!L rrtv siriirevl vro),i l,}.r!joooSlruoviq K.o.K. (Pi. napdl P t l t to 1 . 2 . 5 ) . 'Ororq . r on,Tpolor E l o r F s i 6 n , o r n ! n a p d y p o q o 1 . 2 . 5 , o \ , o Q p ro ti,i.6 !tKpo!,io).oyLcriq 6Er eKri.o!f d!oa Elro).6q 77.6(100gFrIdui! o rmll!. K{i0s evrorri Tl(boosg ftTolri! Ftropsi nlporrapo vd 61orpeEi 10 oroiil ovotd(ovrol dKoLou(]io 6LoKe{prpfvrv 0ntdrov, Frxpovro!ra e\'de npokooopro}16vouxpo\1Koi) ).;S. Kde lrKpovro)"i xrr),irar v1d_c 6 .|\poL\-or;r. n orors 'r\or oropo.rnrn 6roorr c'ruc.Kooc c,Ku^or,oid 'i,irijooaq lrlloviq, onorEli. .jn(,]qi3r ,xeL lLo rrlv EKrilon |tLoq c\rro),iic ovo$efe.i (pi.. nopdipaqo 1.2.5). ar.1 ltKponpiipottl|o. H K.a).cot Evdg llKponpoypdFtdrog 6xEL tra o!1Kcxp1p6r,rt xpovlKi 6rdpx1a. I oroia 610rpFirdr oE |tra osrpd an6 cni pepouq oraepd lpovrKd 8roorillora. : Kde iiroro xpovlKd SldorltFo At eKr).iror Kqr pLo prKpoEvroLi. Kdc fL,KpoEvro).i anorleilor an6 vu oi)vo).o pxpnpdt'ot n 3Kr6).Eortrcrv onoi{0v op,(iir ir\ i6Lo-/pouxli or,fFii l.aL cror i1'rra( (r}.onwo, rq!r6Xpova (rdprir,),tla) evrde ro! o.aopol lpovrKon 8roorrigaroE At- trtv 6!ops!;o.Eprt nEpinroon !ro urxpov.oi,i anore).EiroL an6 aKprPdre|L,o orov r,roLotrori. Or u L K p o n p d i n .r o n o i o i v o r . o " d l o F o ' r ( , r vn p d i ( D v p,KponpdEerenpo.i/loronoroivrar olT6ro L,l,rK6rou Urolo.r'orii (Pi.. Kq. 7). ndpo6itporo !rKpovrol,ov ivc1L I oE 6vdv d}.io. H Fraaopd ro! nprto,r\o! v6g {srdloprrri H 6r.iSrrooio ordra-ot. u^J ,tv Kip.il fvi.n. H np6o0on. 'Elo rL,,.porp6?pd!ra KorcllopiraL o rALKi p\iFt pe rorn ul/rlLi rorn(mictartro npoonal.oolq, I onoio ofopdqrar a!4!q utKponpoyptit4raroq (con.uot prosram nemory). i tlrritot litroD m.rr,ot.!). i lardha d.itxoD (8?.. naptlpaqo 1.2.2). H irviipt 1,67Iou pnopei vo ivoi n.X. rirrou ROM i 'OnrDs PROM i RAM. o\,fle6pspe (p).. rop,iypq{po 1.2.5) orrv rpi?rr(,rorl rrvritts E).6yxourinou ROM ro pnepr6pro .0rv F,KpoEwor6v xoeopi(rol an6 rov KorooKeuaorri Kar 6v pnopi va or).dr dn6 ro\ tpriort. r!6 orn! r.p,rrudt riror PROM.,r^tr;vo af.7oo!tro,rors, srn ro! <dril' oxr,uolli, pE odo! nq r5rx6qondrrrio8l< rtDv npo'),po!!drov rou xpriorrl. -

242 rd}.r vo }rnopeivo q}"trdEr orc5dur6v. :rnv rpirl rpinroorl X{lpiq 6UrDq rirrou RAM, Fropi o xpriort( vd ftpopqivroE all,o'i,ri lvilrlq e),6y7ou, rov lrKponpoypdppdrov K01 K{r1' o!r6v rov rp6ro vo rponoTroLi ro p'rpr6pro rov Fu(poevrol6v-:.1q 6no np6rs_c n0pu!r6osr(o uftoro,rorris r,Ttolotrorie(microprogramovotdqrdr 6t)vi0r,( ptKpo1tpoyparyartdpEroq (6!tyo: and rnablecomputer),vrl orlv rpirl nepiffiocrt tlrKpotpoyp.44.ta tu Xpio't4 DnoAayoriq(user nicfoprosrammablecomputer). roD dlepFtvEDri TL{irofro rnv ro),Iirapl xdrov6nol rlq ).1roup'l,ioq odq lrtlaviS Sivoutlro oKdLouoonofiptt'Erytta lrKponpo,/pallarnlort: napdsEr1Pa 6.1 OopofFrrtv inapqn vdeorol.o'),rori Jrc6va oL,oo(0pEooc t].66oo jrntov{s npr6fli (ousoorlordq ACCU). rnq onoidq01 vro).6e H lrplopqrrKi-].o'/rKri pov{i6a oror}.ixdrorcj xouv srd [6vo 61[6r]von. 6vav ldvo Korar(oprrri, rov o]roiov oupporiEo'r! ALu-Kara/.ap4ti Koi rrlv "npdooeor". lnopei vd Kr1,6or lra rdvo npdet Kor ouyKKprpvu .tv irapqr rpr{ov sni nl6ov Kdrol{lpfr{irv ro!: Enionq uno06rouli - MAR Olelnory AddressRgister), o oftoioqXptounfl ro rIV KoroXrbptot rrq 3r860!volq ,ivritllE, I onoid nep,frral ortv 0vroli yl6ooaq lrl1oviq rou enEEPYoqdloor. - MDR (ilemory Dada Resistcr),o onoioq xpnoLpeir'yru rnv xdroxd'pnon lou nprXolr6\,o! ,(ivtqrtq 8rieuvoltgpvliptq, rou ppioKrol
OTOVMAR,

n. p F r e f lo lR rln.rrucrio R . oro:oq /pno fL',r ]ro r1! ro-o/optot r'tq evro),iiq y),rboooqprxoviq, rnv oroia rp6KeLrurvo reEpyooroili8. Aur6q o Kdrotoptriq it8r 6no s6pit: ro rflifd rpriqrq Kor ro rlrir,o 6rEne!v6nq,to oroio 6rlpoLi(our1 |ls OP (OperationPart) Kor AP (AddressPart) arriorolt0. '),rernv nopdorqol rov prKpofra l6youq DKo),iqq 0o ZpnorForlolrioorrlE ,rpdqEov"oDFporroroiq" (ov6sora) Kar dx, 6!a5,Koiq opropoiq.

sv6! sr.porpoypduaroq :rt ouvfrsra 6ivoutl36vavrp6tro Kotoorcsuiq y),rboodq roo8nvojrou rrlv nopaKdroi 6wo].i |l UtXoviq,I onoid BivorKaraorov IRI Xoprtir6vrl IR:
Xqpadid r!prIop6l,oD

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OP AP

. ACCU ACCU+ (268)

( P 1 . r o p d y p a q o6 . l )

H vroli dulri otrLoivEr6rL o 6poq, not) opioxra, xdraxoptFivoq orn to! ACCU. 3rieuvonAP rne K[proelvittg. npooriordloro neprX6t1vo

243 fra Tllv l(aro6'Ke'riroD Frrpotrpoypdlloroq orarroiwar or nupoKdro prKPorPdeelC: MrKpotrpdI ALU C CM R tnFooio ALU Clear (opio ro 7rprx6!vo roD ALU-Karaloprlrlr. qr6 rq Erneuvortr?ts CM Read(Srdpao l(1lproq pvritrou orov MAR Kor KoroX6pn6 ro Jrte, Bpiorrar r!ep126!revo orov MDR). To nplEt6Fevorou Alu-Koralopnri dDEdvror rord ro nPlI(jpvorou X. To nEpEI6FEvorou X pruq6prar! ovTlypdqi
O1OV ACCU.

ALU-X ACCU-X MAR'AP GOTO FETCH

:rov MAR teraeaperdl Ie avflypoqi ro 7!eprX6pvo rou rrlriloroq Sraiouvorlq(AP) rou IR. Evroli d)+sroS 07166vo lrKponp6ypotrta oe 6va dLLo.

lqFi(l,ot Kord rtv Kr),on rnq vroliq GOTO FETCH qpovri(r ro ylo rtv Korov6o prKporp6yporrlo,oro oroio uroprpd(raro 6).'yxo(, pnraviq rns eft6llqq vrol,is orov IR. r6pron Yld)oooq To EnronpvopLKponpdypu!!a, noD roobuvojli pe rlv 7lapaTrdv.o vroli Yl6ooos ll'txovris Eivar ro riq: (1) (2) (1) (4) (5) (6') (7) MAR'AP CM R ALU c ALU _MDR ALU_ ACCU ACCU- ALU GOTO FETCH

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244

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MAR

MDR

ALU
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ACCU

pnlnq.r (t) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

'OnoE 268 268 268 268 268 268 6 6 l4 $

s
$ 0 6

8 8 8 8 8 l4

KalaorDdorrtl(. ro rldpo,rdvo prKponpdypalld dnorEllirar pdvo drr6 prKponpdEelc. To !u<po[p6ypallllo aord jrnopidp(0q vo ypdqrei (dr ! trKpovro),6(. fla 10 oKorld aur6 opxi vo ongrepll,npooriv oe lrq or prKpoTrpdlErc, or otroiqf,lopoiv va KrlEoro v llKpoewol,i KivS rrdpdl.l.n).d.O rpdnoq dpog oritnruEnq ourof ron !1r(po,rpolpdHroroq o pr(povrol.6e 6v ivdr lovoorilovroq Kal du16 .ylari yvrK{i Drdplouv trEproodrpc lorr v6qpELrlord prKponpolp{i#a1a. M rov dpo "06},11010 llKponpdypaplo'r wooitl8 rq trrpotrp6lpd}rpd ro onoio onarri yrc qv sKrf;.orj rolj 600 ro 6uvar6v l.r1drEpolp6vo. To rspondv(l)l[Kponp6Tpqrld anorli ro tp6vo 7.4t. M 6vdv r{)ro},ofElddltlarro!6 npo\-u7rrr napaKdro pr(ponp6ypaFrd, ro orloio ivar roobivolo rou nponyoipEvon r<01 otlcrt6i Xpdvo EKrfleon( 4 At: (1) (2\ (1) (4\ MAR - AP: ALU C CM R: ALU - ACCU ALU - MDR ACCU-ALU: GOTO FETCH

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245

MErd rlv

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ACCU

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(r)
(2) (3)
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268 268 268 268

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Exrtlo ro (roo6$vaso)IlKponp6ypapla rnq

tro orpio ou6 rpirr ve evaqEpoei6rr o 6repptvDliq lr6oooS frttaviq ivor nol,f ypri,opoq Kdr ourd oqi}.erar Kupioq orrv orLi olvrqert rtq y).6oodq llXoviq. O rtirrogproq Evro),i< t],6ooo! ltXaviq avuyv{dpi(rololaooq enci rov Ko6rKorrlq rpdhc. o onoioe mprcXror oro rrrird OP rou IR. o rova6rx6s 6pos Ppiorrror atlcooq ]it rn poieera rrq 6Lt0!vol< nou sivar Korotoplp\n oro rFrito AP roD IR. Eriotq ortv rflX[rrlrd roD 6reptlvurri ouppdur r(arlo y.1ov6q.6 6evorlorrirar lytoq rn( oDvroKrlKrisope6rnroq pros Evrol,iq ltzdviq roL s!r6 yrsri arri rdpdyrol ouvieoq uurdparo ond 6vo 51ppl\,Drri ri l1eloYlor-

246 rLori pLoq ov6rplq y).rioooE npoypdtrfofloirotl KOr trop6vog Xr npol7nei, 6rrdg 80 6oi)p. o otrdpairttrog oDvrdl(nK6g 61,EyXoq.

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241
Aolo6rdlpoFla flag:= 0 Erovd).400lelpr ro r6l'oq lot' npo1pdlForoqi FElpr va Bo0ei6vo ouwaxtrx6 ldooq (flag= l). drdpadc rnv tr6yEvn r!'to).i rou rpo'rPdpualoq. Avriluoe tq oriwaqn rnq vroliq uc oKond rov xa0opro!6 lou litrou KdLtov oporv 1r|q.
Yndpler ouvroxfl'(d

Kdl.o rrv uvtiororxrt ror) rr'loD rle evro)'iq vdrnio Kar Krel.oi trlv Iprlortororovraq rolq opouq rrK wolig og ttttg rov nopap6rpov ttq vdr!1oq.

flag:= I

M ro 6rspuveDrti etrolavoq ! lEtdqpaon voe tlpoTpo[loroq lroq !E rnv ov6rsprc yldrooaq trpolpaplarto[oi tivor dpprlxra otiv6E6!vrl nopouolddrrd or 8tplnvureq 10 ldyo fra npoypdlldroq Kt;).or rou ot6ld onoio eopoiwar ld on|Iavrl(ouv lrs drpd Flovs|(rqFdrorv,6tio Kor strr6i '(d0gopd nou trp6xertar d) rro l61ou( rqtirnraq Frdqpaortq alri tlpolfoulavoq va lEraQpoorr va lc).ori[ld wo)"i, ttp6trr a yknooo trnXoviq, ancrrtiror doo YivIor afiloriorprl ofwaql rrlq (dnoq Tlo rapd6r1lo oull9aivEr avr;tepnq y}'d,oocqnpoypcpporropori 'Evaq dro6ot1r.6e blpplv8utri( rpoijrogtrsl orn 'yl6odd BASIC). rloplvoq lra oloxi oe 6o!6q dvdrtepn v)"6doa npo, pa[lallolot' dnorrciror 0) Ercrsi Katd tnv EopciaFrrdppoonqcvdr trpoYpdlFotoc ouri('q ollvli navd).M rFlldtov rorr fipoYpd![otoq, n svornr{tv (rexvrKi rov u'rorpolpoppdrov), 61oupeurolpetorrrd eraval'qppqvl' rov 1hK6 lp6vo rdrr fiou Flq]{hvtr dfiopdSeKra Fvq FeroQpdotrq, exre),srlerou,rpoyp{illalog. lpionq rou :ro onreio ourd trp6m1vo ovoQtpou!6fl o oDvbDaoldq 6lpAIveuri qv6ieprlq y).6oodq npoYpoppolloloi pe 10 6rpprlvurrl ptxoviq, o oroioq ouvrloi(ror orouq oiI(povolq utrolo,rol6q, yLdJooaq q ptdopsorl o Eio o6ove1tloli Kol'd anorEl'fotora Aurori lou i8oDq

qdo61q 6Xr ro n),Eov6Krrtirfl 6rr yra Kde XptorporoLorl!vrl ovdrrprl npo'l,popporLopon oroLriror 1),r6ooa t!6vo 6vqq SrEpplvr,riqprd Kdl rl 66rirEpIA{iorl, 6nlaii rl !rdapdoit vro)"6v7}.riroooq ltXsvriq o lrKpoTdloq rl 6uvar6T1tro ntr0pElq sv6qirpllnveuri, evro).fq,ropo|rEvsr i6La. I pstoqpd(rfra dv6rrpn y),6ooo npoTpa!|lorloroi dn' eueiag o onoio_c o ordpsi.al rd,ioq donfqopl ),dyar rol.),rbv flovKrtudrrov, |lrKposvroLaq, nol.uilioKdrnrdg iou, Fsroql rov onoiov ivor Kor r] !eyd].n oi_t.norlrn_c rdrl nou 6781 oq duooaror6),oporrv aniron rou t1e,oouq ro! fu6rEeoq npoypdlFuroq8Lpprvuri)Ksr rrlv qva, Ko,6rtrq prq}"irpns,ypri'),opnq Kal aKprpiq UVipIe yro rnv Karolrirptot rov lu(ponpo, pou!{ir.rv 1ou. 6.3 MtoY7'(Dttt6t6q 6.3.1 l-vrKri To grovKrriloroevd_( 6rEpptveuri avrijrp!q y),(ijooaqnpoypdFrLorr va o.rof. oro otrnrs sro'p, teiKotrsor tv rtntTn,"ps!rlrotrtTps$o. FnopoLv dv XopioorirXpov (d rrt Adorl rtc rrdqpsqtq an6 eKivrt aroQuX0onv fltq eKr7lEotq v6! npoTpdppnroqypoFp6vouoE pra sv(i'rEpl'y),t6o6o ?rpoypapFarropoi. ME rl v6u flL,rri olporryrfli, opxrKd yiveral rt !erdApaon oLoxT,ipol]rou npoypdppsrogo 1l6ooa ptXavi,c Kor orrl oLvCdqoi ol,oK)"Ipoe8iI tr8r{iqpoor 6}.ov rov Evro}.6\,ro! rpoypdlloXFLU, Ioc. npoXopo[]rorrtv exraT,Eori rou. ditlo6rl ornv Kra].rol r0)\, evroiri'v 1),6oodq FIXo!,iq no! npoaKuvov.H qdorl rrle prdqpoolq ev6q npotpdpporoq pLaqa\,6rpML6oooq npoTposfdrLouoi oE 6\,0 ap6ypqppu y),(i'ooaq pt)auviq. ovoFd(srdr.6noe avopapolKr(l1lolrtv napdypdqo6.1, 'u 6, noo/pot-trd pt ro./u tn4 tcolrtpnAlion'. nor rn\' rpa/uaru^uLr/r.rd''lurlo i- rLompilerj. To l}o/,{d rpdtoauj.o ypotuevooc u,a ovbLLprt npdvat4n (sovce pragfarr,), t )"6000 trpo],pdffanoFoi ovolriqeror np.r.orsl,C Bvrb ro np6'l,potpornq'i,).6ooa_c lllXoliq, nou npoKirrr oncjrI peroy].rtr(object progral]],). ftpifpalpa rrorf ovopdqrar Kan).4KrtKtj npotpdirFdroqo 6vd KdrshKrLK6 H grat7.6xflol .v6g trporoysvonq trp6ypdFlioXopi(8rar 6e 5[o PoolK{i!6pL 6noq oKpl[]rbS Kot 1t lcrdqpoorl puolKricTL(booa( pra qrorKris yL6ood! np6rootq rnq A o d7,Lrl rnq froq T. ApxlK{i np6nEr \,o xoravolei I rp6raot rtq A qvs}.{ovrdqrn\,ypapudrt! ypdlrrdrrKiqSosiq rtq Kar l1e rn T1K6q.:rI ol]vtlru p-t/vd)orl ).rqrKoLl orv8Errrd vo rdpdyol,l8 rtv roo6uvouii v6q oorie'a |ltroponlr 'Eror ro 6io ooorrd rrirord evciq pEra,lorrtg np6roo]t ort y),6ooo T. ori ivoL ro r!1pa ar.ilDor. Kat ro r/t4!a oirgt:orE. Karo rIv drd,i, r,/ t:\'.ror 6rdoroorl ro nooroy'votc ,rpotpaptoroq o.a Srdqopa ororxri,l r!o! ro aftotIoi)\].H ovdrrot nEprl,opprivr rprq

249 T\v Le<rKotpaqrKiaviA\o4 Qexlcalanalysis), Kofli rrlv o'loid I dKo),ouoia ypqppdrov F rtv Errprlrpn6wora (PL. rapd.rpd0o 4.2). ,roD a?rro,rapri(er10 npoloyEv6(np6lpaltd, ava).$Iaroe plo aKol.ouoid X,ro6(h vo\paaK(bt)trot\i6<Dr,i 6n.,c,XiyE 'nKpnKov (tokens) ra orroid trr!6 ro r!p6'ypd!fd, ivar r.1. ovdsard 66ogivov,rou r!Epyd(ovror ordocptq, 6o!D!6vq l.;!rq rnq -r),6osoqnpoypdplarrdpoi Kor r1.or,q. To rtrita rou !royl(orrrorri ftou x(iv6r fllv 7.e(rrolpcarrrj analyser avd),uorlovopdqrqr 20lt$orpaalK6e avd,Dnk(texical i scanner). parsing), avilL,on Katd lnv oroio T\r oDt)tuxrtKi 6ynr^x analysisi rou npor.tlnrl on6 rrl ).ErKoova),ierar q rKol,oleio rov 6roKprrrxdrv, (bosaq ypaQrKi av(i).uoll p pdo.t rou( ypoHrorlr(oig Kov(ile ttg Ytr rou perar).orflo?ri ,roD xdver npoypapldrrolori. To rlrilu iilv oDwat(nKi avd),uon ovoFdqrardDrrar.lxd< dld,lrti( (syntax analyser i (semantic analysi!),xsrd rrlv orroid avo),6TrN o1ttddro^o)ki avd.Tird? (oro,rEi(ov), o rooid rov ouvra(fl(d)v 5op6v rou npo6'o\yavond rar r 1ou nportopvoriqrpoypriprrv oDwdKru(i qvd).uon,p pd6{ r6r6lrlrEe !o.oq, or onoieg56v pnoporjvvd nopoorooo'lva'rvraKnK6q.luviooq I orlpaoro).o1(Kriavd),lJot livrdl ndpd).h),a }lc rrlv ouvraKflKi. To rfitro rou tray).ollrorli Trou Kd\r rnv olldoro],oyufli avd].D6n ovqwilErct 6npnotdo,it|6; @d Dde (smanticanalyser).

oq o rpcrq qdocLeFs, napixrr: H ncpc;rrivu dvd).r - q 6ronioroon rou riv ro rporoyv6q np6ypd![a eivor 0(D016, - fro c'6'Ki rropdotddn tou rpdrorevo;- nporpdFFatoc r(droloprt!ivn orr rtviFit xar Fd).rola oe Fra fopai 'roDivor rSroirpo7p'lorllt yro In jrer6nerrdo6v0on Kor - trivoKqr),rlpoqopr6v xdraxroprt!6voug orl [vriIil, or oftoior tprd(ovror yra rrlv nEparripo nssplaoiErre 16rris ftopdoruons rou ,rp{rrol8\,ouq,rpoYpoptoroq. Kar(I rrt o[\Oeo| ng'pdtcrar atr6 rnv ErSr'fli trdpdorBot ioD ,rporo, evoiq npo-rp{i}qrarog ro rooS6va}r6 roD apdypol]rd os yT,drooa Flrdvriq. H onvgE360 Adoerq: on ftpr?.dlodvr - -\r nopaya)i roDKrrd,,.io (codeseneration), '(ord rnv o,!ois, ! 0d6n Tls rrl.rtpoeopiqnoD oul),CxrlKqv orn ouwdxnKi '(gr ollooro),oyrKri avdLDon,rrrtrpiror rt 6nproDpli6rou KdrdU(rrl(06 trpoypdlFaroq, i o.'JiJc, ),ip. rou KardqKflkoi t (i)'wa (objectcode),o 1L66oa llllIoviq. - T\ Pd.uotonoiry| (optirnizalior), rl oroid orJviooq aKo),ou0Ei rnv mpqyoytl rou l|016r(0(or @viatqtor oto Fcluolrluar'old rou '(orolnKrrKori r(dr8rxa, ovaqoprKdFE onyKxprf;vc Kprripra, }r3 or6xo rrt pE),riooi tou. M ror 6po "ps).iiosl" wootjll ESdr lrxpdrpo os 6Kruorl Koral,IKrrxd K66rKsrdr yplrop6lepo Kord llv eKr6),ori rou.

250 se Iro oiwolln ncpouolool tI! Iqr{oypaqrKrlq, nprv npoxopriooup ouv1ortrKiq Kar onpaorolo, rKig dv{iluot!, Ko06( l(or lnE trdpayo1liqrou aoDanoppeouv an6 q Xpiorl r66rKo, 0o dvaqep0o6! oro ft),eovEKrilrard ev6q lerolloJlrrori. va exrETlirqr To Ksral,nKTIK6 np6rpolla lropti rdvEr).7lqlr6vo 1opiq ftpo-rpdtva iaperd(erar rdo qop{i EKv6o! terd'},}.6mdrt1olj tlp(,)roYsvonq va rdrdj/dpciroroc Furoq.Ouorrd 8d ^pircr ro KoralnKrrK6,rp6]poFFo qopd nou fvitil 10! uro),o'/rorri n.t. o 6ioKo Kdr xdOE Iro 6DrepioD6a 0a ivar ovayxdia rl exr6loi rorr, o Kol8irar srrlv Kipro lvriFl [ lrl poiona rou aoptuti lloadcr\. evdc ,rpoypdFForoc nou oKono alcr va qopr6vr Katdlnrrrr6 x66rKo dn6 jro 8DrpeiorJoo lvritl ortv rnpLs. M PdoI rtv avEdprrlrn.atr6 lrtv Exdleort. Fiall6rrron v6e ,rpollrd /r/,lneiKq Karo-l1eK.bvnpolpdlparog lropoiFs vd SrtFrolpyrioou! wapptir@t' 61rtv EoreplKi lvritrl (r.x. oro 6io'(o) v6( oro),oyrori. H (object v6rtrq Koro),nxrrroi Kdr6lKa 0L0ILooiq du i ouviooq ncprcxEr modules),or onoig avTlorortoiv orq ftporro,vi npolpdppora trDro6ivolov ol,ydpr0Iov, ftou pnopo'jv 10 Ko06vaF6vo lou vd [srdllorrrori. 'Orav ro onoio Ka],i npdKrldrvd exrEl.sori6vd sKrra[evo?rpdtpoFtro, pro oeLpdond rvdrlrsqi nou ppioKovrarund lop0i Karo)LlKrrxoi Kd)6rKa o Bro 9rp}'loetiKt, 0a np6neror 6rdooperrxoi (alatltKru(oi K(b6uqva ouvEvo0onv oE Urov6rrlrs KorallKrlKo6 x66rxa. lilv oroia Iropi dpeoa avaE 6rp[nvr]nie y],6ooae llXovriq (B].- rapdypaeo vo nqpyoorEi ro ,lp6ypdlfa v6q 6.2.1). Awoi rou risoue rn o'rv;v(Donoval,dtlDdvr Er8rKoidl'ydprepou, ro onoio ovopderat onr'ir4c (linker,ljnkagedi.or).O oov66rnqUopei va ep,dEeraroraflx'i i SDvalrKd. trlv t!pi,no6n ow*iE otit664q 6).E! or atrorlof!vg vdrnrq Kdrol.nKrrKori K65rKaouv56o!'roror 6vav rordTllKlrKd r.i6rKu Kqr orn ouvilro npo1opo Fe ortv (?61.airou atr6 iov dLptrnvDri tl6oooq lnlaviq. Aur6 6ler oq o'ro16],otoo auvo].rx6eKalo],Ixflxdq K(b6rKuq q6 eKra;.olq, ,r).i poq ornv rfpra pv{pn. vo ppioKlor,xord rn Srdp'(la Tivr, 6po_c dur6 civor aSivorov vo rnr3ri n 6Kroon 1ou no;.).6e eop6q oDvol.rr(on or)roi Karol,nKrrxoi x65rxd. dEFvitq, urppaivsrrn 6ra06ort1n xripru lvtllt !o'r utroroyrot{. hrt 'DwttrKi ol$Eoq Kn)'eiror flp6ra yra cK16].EoI o rdis]LlKrrK6q KdiSrKag Fra6 dpl(r(]iE sv6tnrd6 it.X. E\'6e Kiptou tpotptittltdroE (main program),i Ev5< KadJ,oroD mnoyiE (mnu)rar dpXiq'n Kr6).r6r. Orav eivcr ovcfKoid rt d.iot Kor EKr;l,Eonlroq dM.Iq vdrrtraq,rdT8 o ouv66!t6 a6pvr rov Kdro).rKTlKd K66rKartq evdrrlraq aurriE, a'r't rn prp),rogixt ortv l(iprd Fvriln Korlov orv66cr rT).riprdc t ro,rpdypdllo rou rtv Kd?"o. Tdr Fdvo lnopsi vd apXiorrl Kre].eoiqq. Ms rov rp6no durd 61oul-re lrd rlrlKrlKri K),ian vortirov. 01 fI dndrrof!ve Ev6rrlrg ndpatavouvornv Eorp oi pvtift '(or 610rxour Ka),).irpn aqro'roitoi

251 rlq Knproq pv{prtq. B},enoup}.ort!dv Kor 56 q orouSar6rnrd rou rrpo,palparro[ori sv6( d].16pr0!ou! rn xpnorporoitol tvorrirov (p),. nopdypqeo4.10). 6rr, Ksrd rov rpoypoFlorrold :ro on|lio our6 go npeftsrvo avaepei ov6rpI y),6ooo vdq d),Y6prolou6rdv 6tori0vrdr,yro rrl ouyKKprp6vt xor 6\uq !3rd7).orrrolrig, lpnouonpoYpalrlorrolof , avoq SrEppnvEuriq o breppnveutriq. O norEilcl yrc rou< ap1rKoiq l6yxouqrou rpotpdFFcrroq ).61oqeivar drr |(ard rrl Srdprerdirtc FrdQpaonq rlaq svrol.i o 6rEpurlvcr riq XEr orn 6rdocoi toL oldx).npo ro npdroysvacnpdypo}lld r(draror yro rrt p,ropi,orlv nEpi,r.{ool }.doDq, vd lro 6d]oe1 dlleoa r!].rlpoQopieg ltv io).i nou srir4t rrt orl,yli eK1l6ilar, s,6n noDBpioxrarro 1d0oE, tla rueq r('v gerap),nr6v roD pi7pl 1d. Xpnolfonoli0nKdv K.o.|C. A,rrnq !ro1L6r' vovrid( 6vaqprayl0rftronjq 6v 6Xerrao' 6),n q 8rdpKera nop6voE floIq 10 rporoyvfE ftp67palld orn 6rd0corjrou. B)"6roup 6fr uneprpEio brEpptvDrr1q ror) gcrdoq dratvordtLl.i rKav6trtrd 2,d0d,v y),{orfloli. frd aLir6 ro ldyo 0o tlpanerva rpolrA{irar o 61pttvur(q yro 'Otav rn A{ion avdnroEnq npoypoprdr0rv. 6soe 6vo np6Ypo|1la 6Ir ,,y10i Kdr Eivar6iorFo trpo( xpiion. rdr 0a npa,rlvo Evepyorlor(tor o lrdy].orrroriq, o otroioe 0d !06 6drorro Kors].rlKru(6np6ypa!!a, nou ort our,6xra 0q Kururropteei,yrd 6ropK{ 1p'i6t, o rrd 6orprKri uvriFrl. To Kcrol.nrrixri t pdTpappa,nou ndprtelur str6 roDe x8proodlpouq oEyl6ood FIxoviq, lnopi 6tog leroy).orrroreq, eivor ouvi0(rq ypqpp6vo .;)6oa pt(la unoqerlKi i a.p4p4va 6o6i Kor o lllra, 6r!0g I6rE. ,rr(itto| pit'qs ltryGris (vinuell or abstract machine), 01!6r Kor 0d anarrn0ei rou encj 6vo 6rptlvuri. :q ouvttrd 0o uno06rleparr6ponspyooio roulE 6fl ro Kord,rlxrrK6 rrpd,popFo (var o t),6ooo Jrrtldvie. dn rlrilora v6sFldyro11rori (n.x. o T6loq 0o rpfnl vo ovoqepoupe duvroKrrK6q ovd.t)Tlle)i Kor oldK),rlpoqo lero-ylorrrrolig F opoiv xdro va 6llroupneonv our6udra. AD16nrluytdatr6 opr6[6venpoiino06orq vcrar !e rnv frlopEn v6q rSrxoi rpoypdllaroq, ro onoio 6rapd(r oq rr ouwdrr,'(i '!p'ypoai ('r.x. o EBNF) rro( o\,6rpne 56o!voero66ou y).ooooq P Kat rrq rooSfvafq, r(Dvvro),6v rnE P, woliq y),drosaq !I6w rp67pdlfo C, ro onoio rou loe tropa;(Er Xdvri<Kar lcni rlv Kr6),ori aur6 rp6ypalrivar o lEra,lorrroiiq ttq dv6rpIq l),d,ooaeP. To r8rKd 6vd tero'y),orrrori C Kar yr' qur6v ro ],6yo ovotdqs!o nopdyErrog6vorq tat ytrvirpn lErqlam dr.nv (ompilcrgeneratori compilcr compilcr) Kor ourFoliqelor ! CC. avdl.u6q 6.1.2 ,,|u(or0uarlfli
aoia tolJ t!p(i)roMe lrt 7'6rl(0,paqr|(ri av{iluol tivetar fro trpoe,rEp, 5llKoLtvr rlv pldoio rov r!6!rvov npoypdtfaroq, otroid tevon( I

252 qdo8orv rlq tro'y],ri)rrrortq. To xlipro qvrrripvdr4q ivar I oriturrurt rou pe rlv oroio rporolvofE rpoypduporoqoE pLaaKorolJeia "6roKprflKd)v" orn oDv6xru0a nporoprioL I ouwar.nr{ av(i).uot. H }.qrro.rpaarKi -o ropo\oru oro5,o: ovril or ncpr),o/povLr ,r) zqpapi oDpq.j)ot' tirn oIptioiae. tt6).ro, KvEsypdfs6q (vrol,q) Kor 8ro'ypdaov{dr. neprrrd Kvd oitpol,a (blanks, spaces) B) Awtr6pto4 6iaKptr66y Avdyvopi(ndr dv 6va o[FFo)Lo (7pdppq, \[rqio, er6rK6oriupolo) rdvo ror] ivdl 6vo 61oKprT1x6, i edv po(i p dl,lfl yrrov,KdroD oztfdri(olv ,vd sroxp1nx6, ro onoio ouordoflKd lnopi! ovoqoprxdFE1I lpotltloTlril qq'y),{noooq,vo ivor rpjranl.6 i pn repptrrrK6onppo).o. Oq 6rdKprtrKd$rdpXouv: "Aco!D!6vq),EK(Krr6rd)" 6r0rq IF, WHILE, END K.o.K. "Ovdpaio" yro dra88pfg, flinoDq. }lctaphr6q, Df,of,po,p{ippura Apr8!t!hi= otoorpi("onuql.14. "t!FFo)'oolpas", oDvi0o_(evrdq roayoYrx(iv,6nos'SCANNER'. "A7r,d r6rKd ontpol,fl" cinoq"(", "+", " " x.o.K. dftoq "r:", r'<=", 1'.." K.o.K. ":{)v0ror3rKd onppo)"o"

rar 'nKpfttK(bL Erer6i rouq oprepoiq lnopoi! va f) Aptqp1rLKonoiro4 Ereeproorofs l(o ,irpo dnd rlq dKo}.ouei_c o!!P6}(llv, dvnrorous rlq ScorlEuravEq ).6_EErs, ro ov6puro Kur rrq ouppoloo1p6q, erorofre p rIV dplolofc, ev/i or dpr0plrrK6q oroep6g xoarKororo$vrar F co.rreprKi aproFnrrxrirouq ftqp{ioroot. Alri I sroSrKooirovopd(rar aptqlnaKoaoi1o4. To ov6para Kdraloporivrol o Jrld Lioro ovoFdrov, or owpoloorpaq oe }11o],ioro owpo].oorprbyl(dl ()1 opr0lltrrfq oro0,paqoLviouc oL Fra lroro orse,pt;v. avd).uote oq frd vo 6{ioowe fvo onl6 repd8e|ypo }.eErKoTpoarKriq o8crpiiooDjr rnv nopaKdro wo),i Ev6qrproio.yvonq npo,pdtllloroq: xl:=5+yI*zl; H Ewo).ri auTli trep,6x1 ro ovdForo x1, y1, z/, .nv dprepr.lKri oroopdJ, ro or2,dr6rKd onFBoIa"+", "*", ";" Kqr to oiverlo r6rKd odlpolo "::". xptoLpoftor6wdq oq ov6lara lov opl0jrrtTlKof,olnfivrov 6roKprrF
xov 10 ropaKdro: "idenlifier" "assignmentsymbol" "plussymbol" "semicolonsymbol"

253 naipvou! 016 rrt lqrKoypdQrxi dvdl.uot rlv eiq aKo),ou6id8 61a(pr-

number plussymbol identifi er arsigDmentsymbol identifier timessymbolidentifier semioloDsymbol MprKddn6 ra napandvo 6rarprru(d ivor povoorilavrq Ko0oproF6vo (,r.x. plussymbol).ev6 dllo,6nos identifirKdr number,suppoli(ouv p'o rpitrer vd apoo5roproroiv nro {)L6KLnpnrldorl 6rdKprrrx(ivrdr Etrolr6vog p,d. li!.. arpaon).o)t^4 tqi.6na;n.x. rIv n!'1 rou cnoxprpdrq 61(!g fr yro ra ovdFdlqxor rnq l.iora( ovotr{iro\. SciKrrl. rou ovrrororXi srt eaol qv apr0pnrLKi rrp{ yro rLq ord0p69.E{iv rd ov6galo xI, yl Ko.tzl opiaKovrcr Korq1opl[6va 6q ].i61a rov ovotdrrDvoflq 0i6te l, 2 Kar 3 avriororto, z6te n liLKolpaQlKi dvdlDol laq 6ivr rtv nopdxdr0) dxollou0iu SroKprrrK(i'v raqi rl rrq oqfaoroloyLK6r rrt6q roDq: number,/J plussymbol idenrifier,/1assignrnentsymbol identifier/2 timessymbolidentifir,/Jsemiolonsymbol ovd),uorl ivor n onloiorpn edon rrtq |rlaEv6 n ].rKo'ypqqrxri yl,6rrrorls, ,(olqvol6vr ro fe,arlilpo lipoq rou ouvol.rxoi lpdvol, 20 iae 4\o/d. A,ur6 d).l,oor 6rxaro].oysiro1 Kald LrElo,l6rrrolq (Trspinou aval.uriq E,rKdnoro rp6ro Kor o,t6 10 yqov6E,6rr o )'rKoypaerKdE qrpyd{ro, ypd!4ra npoq ypdlla ol6Klrlpo ro nporo,v6q np6ypd}r}rd, vd,orn ouvIero o ouvror(rLK6q avqlurig trspdld!0dvr yro Erqep, ooio qroloDoia napon{ivo nopd61yld ev6 rnv 1{!v 6raxprrlK(iv. tlo fdvo i Tpdtlllard, ou!'rpr),afoavopcvov (or vlo)ri dnorl.eirara'r6 l9 ouvo).rKd r{,v (Ev6v ourrF6}.ov,n oKoloueis rov 6raKprrrx6v6xr friKoq 8. Eivd' qavp6&r I drro6orrr(6rlraro! fErKoypaqrKon Erolr6v0iE avul,uri rai(t

5.3.3 Eovrorcrri dv(i).D6l Kdrd rrl ouwa|(lrKil ovdl,uol dvoliErar, Fs orion toDq oDwdrrrKoiq Kavdveq rrlq 1].66oqq, ro ,tp0irofev6q rpdTpdltro, ro onoio Siverar orov ouvror(lrK6 dva).or{ F rn popQi |'lraE aKo].oD0idc 6raKprrrx{iv. Eq rou p6pt Kor 6ivrsr rl nopdoroorl oDv61ro Kaoopi(ovlol rd orrvraKrtKd rrls orrvtd'(lrxri( ror, 6oli( oq ouvraxrrKd 36wpo (p).. 'rapdlpdgo 4.2.2). Edv rt npoonri6rraxorooKuri(rou ouwor(TrKot66wpou rou ,rporoysvoriq npo, pdpporoc nIiXr, t6r. 1o np67pdtrld oopirar ou\aaK.rKd or,)ord. orq ooorri orpd 8ragopetLtdrdv 0p0eid 6vo 5rdKprflx66v PpioKrar (eivor pt avdlevd!1vo), rnq ypolporrKig !c Brion ndvrore roDq Kovdveq

254 rns yl(ilooqq, rdr rurr6vrqrov{il,olo privr,lo KEr r !ro,}.{i,rTr'or51oK6To ouvraKrrxd36vrpo vdSoovroxrrKdoooroi nporo}vonqtrpoypriploroq 6xEr os a6),).o p6vo rfl rplorrKd o6llpo1,o,ro onoie onapriEouv ouorasrrKdKELro Kipvo rou rparro,vorigrpoypdlloroE Kol oq pi(d nt 6uvrarnKi Kldor program. H twot.I oDtraKxK4,c,ldor ivar ouv{nvDFn rnq 6worag "[rl rptrorl{d onrFot o". Mprxi rpirroorl roD oDvrdrflKori 66vrpor,v6q npoypdlloroq ivor ro 6DvroKrrK6 36vrpo plaq orvroKnrd ooofliq woriq, p rI 6loQopd 6!1 856 orq pi(o 6zouprrl oovreKrlKi Ktrdon,orrv oroia avirr I ovriororxit rtq wo7"ri,c nKoloueio 61o(p,rtr K6v. To ouvolrr6 olvrorrrK6 66vrporou rporroyvoiqnpoypdlporoc ivor ouoraorrKdpro onvoorlrnv ouvrdr.rrxdrv66vrpov rov ovriorolX.rv dKo ].ou8r6v 5rarprflK.6v.noD trpo6KDvdv on6 rt LqrKo,poqrKi ovdLDon.O oDwaKrl](6qovo}"DTlie eivor fvoq o},ydplo}1oe, o onoior rcpGXL pro orpd evorntov, rou ovrlorolXoiv oTlq 6r{iQopq oDvraKflK6q K}.doK.tKordq K{iorErorugv6rnraqivErrt ovd},uonlroq oKo),oueioq 61oxp1rrl(6v Kor n arorioroor sv uurri nviKr { 6xr orr ouwaxrrKri d,ddn noD n ev6rrra EKnpoootrEi. ndpdl) nld l.ar 6rov ro drorilEofo EivoreIrx6,KorooKud(srol on6 rnv evdrrtra ro ouvroKrllrd Sewpo rn( ou1KeKprp6vnq dKo).ougiog r.or l(dr' dm6v rov rp6ro 6ZEroprqri iya ouvrrKrt6.i ,rotYEioxoD npoypdppoloq. trt ouv6lro 6ivou! nopaKdro ro ouvroKflx6 66vlpo (tt. 6.1)rte rpotyoL;pevtq Evro)"iq x1::-t+y/*21; Loppdvovraq un6vr 611 6vd rfrira Go pdolr(6) rnq oivrarc rn( vroliq uvrrKardordore 6ivrar an6 roDq 6is Kov6vq(oe EBNF): -v a\rignmenr-,rarem ea n'ri a b l e " : -

:t,.+"t(

:lactor {("*" "/") factori. =constantI variable -identifier| "(" variable-identifier :letter {letter IdicitI" -" I.

"l terrn {(.,+'. ., ") term].

exp'e\(ion.

Ilopotiprtor H ropuftdvo oiwan 6vEivarn),iprq. Aeinolv tr.l. Kov6vq yrd tov opro[6 rov fn rapFdflx6v constanl,lelter Kor digit. H oDv.aKrlKii avdlDon eivar oa{p6q6!oro}.6rspt oft6 rI },eElKo}pdarKi avdl,uorl.Aio eivor or PoolK6q u0o6oloyiq,lia qv Korqoxuriron ouvraKrrKoi 36vrpor, v6q npo,pd[loro6, \ oDyratrki av roq and ro oto Edw6 (top down syntaxanalysis) Karrl otNraK Ki afi).Dot and tEvtKd EtAtKtt oro wvtK6 (botlom up syntax analysis). trrlv rp6rrl nepirilr0ol n KoraqrEUi apriqEr flft6 rt piqo rou 36wpou Kor orrl ouvfrla trpo;(opdle rpoq rd qiud. O ouv1arTlKds avo),uriq trpliqr p rrlv orldoot,6rr ro rp6ypdplo ivqr ouvraxrrKd ooor6 Kar rpoorooei E{1v6wdq an6 ro onfpo).o ErKivtotq rts ypdffoflKiq (ft.u.prosram), lt Fdor rous ouwoKrl1ro[CKav6vq(AapJrd(ovrdS rolq otr6 oprqrpd rpoq ro Sehd), vo

255
assigrmenr starcmcnt

El. 6.1 hw0rflr6

66vrpo .woliq

KdrooK6udor [ro Kdvovlxri rrdp{iyoyo(p},. nopdlpaeo 4.2.2),n oftoid vd 8l0Kprrr(drvnou npoeKu\r dnrt q ].eqlroypoquci napdyd t , or(o;.ou6ia avdr$orl. tq SeJrpI nepirnoon I KordoKsutiapliqsl 0r!6.d A6lld Kor ouvXi(elar rlpoE ra ,rdvo p re}!tx6 oKon6 vd qfliooujr orrl piqa rou 6iwpo'r. 6rlIaSi q axoIoLBid 6'a(prrrx6v rou rpoypdtFaroq dvdycrdr, F pdon roue ou!,.ar.rxofE xavdvq(qop!6(ovrdqroDEdlriolpoea, 6nl.adi ord 6qrd 'rpoq ra aprorpd), p6rprs 6rou xardliqoDr cro oipgolo KKi\noIq rns ypoppurr'flis. fro va yivoDv Koravonr6q or 660 uur6q tt0o6o]"oyiq divoDpE6vd rou ouvrdKrrKof66wpou rnq l6Eng xyzw o6vropo rapdSrypuKoraqKEurig lrraq drr],iq y].6oooq, rrlg otroidq rl ypdtrlorr(i 6Ir rooq 6iq ouv?oxrtS-AB A-xy B-zw

256 fra rrlv rp6rn rpirmoort ro 3wpo Strroup.rirdroe q{q (o716 aprorpli npoq ro 6Erd)(:r. 6.2).
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AB

ABAB

rl f---_lr--t
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tt. 6,2 Koradrcli

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vz

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6avrpo! jre top dow.

flo q SEirepnnpirFoon ro ordSrororqsKurigrou ouvrorcrKo[ S6vrpou Sivowar oro :I. 6.3.

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AB

IJ

vxyz

xy

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EI- 6.3 (aroaKeuri dlvro"ttron 6impou }l' bo om Dp

6,3,4 truaoro]"o1lxri

svfl,uorl

H onloorol,oyrKri avdLuorl pDvd sKivqflq 1616rtrS roD nporolvonq rpoypdllaro(, or oftoiq 6v l7roponv vq rlopaoraoonv oDwoxfl(d (I o u v t o \ f l \ d q S o t i c ) . O r o r l o rS o r d r L p c ca r c j o u r i q [ ' i v o r : or rprox;C roj([oq r{rv ovofdrov (9r. nop(i1paqo 4.]0.5). H ovra'rdKpror (awrororrio) [era6 Et],oots l.dl j(priorlq rov ovord-

251 H oDppar6ltrd rov dp{ovcte dprelrtrrxie ,rdpaordsflCKor1rgvro}.6q owrKcldoros4e,

H olpaoro).o7rri dvdl,Donpropi va rpdypalorornei ,ropdl.),nLo tr rn ouvrqxtlKi.:litv trpimool 6pog rou apaTlorororildr qXoprord, ooffl}.np6vElar !e orluaoro).ofrKiq r!}.rlpordr !o ouvrcxrrl(d 66\.,rpo

6.3.s flopsTo'yri xaral,txlrxo6 xd'6rtd H nopol(nyi rou Ksro).IKrrKon x65rKo Eivor q np6rn ouvoe.r(i pyeoia rou frdylorrrorri. To ,rp6ro ord6ro rn( oivosonq ivor I opydvoon rng a,rorroipvnq, an6 ro npdypoplo, Kipraq lvitlnq. MErd r1] onlaorolo-rrKi ovdlLuonivqr 7v(Do16S 61,q 01 l1eloplnr6g r00d)qKdr or ru,ror rouE.Or dror rll)v 5rq96pov ovoFdrov xd6opi(ovrdr,orrq rproo6rpqdv61peq Yl6ooq npoYpaltalrotroi, arld rov rpoYpartarrori oro rou rrpo'lpritrtroroq. l|lisd 6nL6o0rv fra xdo dvold Kdoopiqrdr [ra 06oq gvriprlqornv oroio 0o rcdrE1opiror ro nprI6!vorlq ruiq rou- Elor or Liorq noD KqrcoKDri(ovrcr xotd rrl l.EEu(oypoqu(li avdtuorl (p).. nop{ilpoqo 6.1.2)ou!r}.np6vowqr xar n8pr),op0dvouv, rrl.rlv roD ovdporog rdr roD rnflou rou avrrKrpavoD Kar rqv awiororln 6r36eovon lte 06otq r(iplos lvriprq. Mrd tn lopi,not oeoov tivr'llnq ora ov6lora Ksr rq ora0p6q apliqr '.o 6irepo Kdro,rou6or6repo ordSrorle s6veonq, 5tla6i rl rropo-rori roD Koralnxrlroi l(65rKdo.n yld,6oa flXavig. frd xdoouvraKrr(6 ro orloio [nopi va ivor lra arr].i evro].i, i o'orleio rou apo'fpriptroroq, lro mLo,ri, i pta navdLnvrl Kar p pdorl ro ouvrdKrrK6 rot) 5;wpo ftapdyroro dvriarorloq Korol,rtKrrxd(x6SrKdqo. ]1,6oos pqlov{q. fro nop{i68rylaavaeepoutr drr o xard,IxrrK6q |r65rxaqrrlq vro}.iq x: =x +y eo pnopoiot vs ivor o aK6Lou0oq:
Kdrallktrk6q x66rkdq

000l 00tl 0010

000t0000t0t I t00 0M10m0t 00010000t0t I

:tpodid (P,,. ftapli1pdaoe6.1) .ACCU (267) -ACCU ACCU+ (268) (267) ACCU

Edv Dno066oul6rr I xo6rKonoinon rov vrol.6\, lnxdviq rr lvrit-trl oro ouooopD i", "np6oOssn ro ouooopurri orrl pvipn'!

258 ival 0001,00li ror 0010 dvriororld, or 6 r1f6( rov x Kor y ppto|Covrar )67 l(ar 268 ttq Kjpraq pvitnc. orrq 8rrueivocrc M rrlv o),oxupo6tl rrlq ,ropaf{oy{qlou KalarlrlKrrxoi rc66rKd Inopi va qKrvrlor pyaoiae,I pd,nsronoilI r)"t)IoiaOdoI rnq ouvoIrn1g on. :rrl edorl aDrriferoolntariqrar o KdrdrlKnx6c 166r'(ogp pd6rl 6no ro Xp6vo {r6lEoig ro! mL rK a,rarrioE( rot' 6e lrvilln. Ouorl({io lEraoj(nparrotdq dur6g 6a np6nrva sivar rfrorcq, 6ors o v6og rrrer vs Eivar roo6ivdpoq rdoo tr8 rov KdrdlnKrrK6q K66rKa( nou TrpoK xdSrKo6o0 xar ur ro nporoyrviq ,rp6,palfo Kar dp1rKdKoro).nKn'(cj nap{il}"nlo vq ropouord(rorKovolia, rdoo oro lpdvo EKr6loI( doo Kdr T10 lrlv K16l.eol orlv oTroLloripvl lviAl. -

6,4 EDpPol,opsroepoor{q
H o,rloricrprl ftpitrt(,)ot v(ig lrtay).@aa$ai Eivar o 'DpfoAolenpparric (assembler). Aul6q lEtoqpdqr,rpolpdppors,ru o'roio eivdr -rpaHr6va 6t trd oDtlqoj,tKi ,-(ioos (assembly language), orrt yl.6ooa tllaviq. H o'4rpohxi 1).{n6oaivor ouorcorl|(d pro }I6oou Uruovig, rrlq onoiog ol trvrol6qXouvpra,6rru( ).dte,lrvrltolIvtr{ rcpdnoon xar dr rn loppri oKolrou0r6v fovd8oiv Kdl !rl6evrr6v. H avflororxia 5l1'o6i !roqi vro).6v lldq ouppo].rKiq 'yir6ooaq Kor praq y],6ooaq lnxdviq eivor l:1. t [ro ouppo],rKi y].(boodo rpoypaplorroriq 6t1 rn 8uvdtdlrtro va 1ra ro ouFpoLrXpnorlo,rorior pvnporIvrkd ovdlaro, ovri SEue6vo0rv, otd rdoo rov Sragdpov Katotopilrdv, 600 Kor rov Xpnorporororjlevov and ro 'lpdypatFd o;orDv [vi!qe. Mnopi erop6voqo npo.rps[ldrroriq va opysv(irsr o idroe, 61nv l<tipra lviln, rq 5or6q rou npolpdllaroq Kor ELE60Epd enllEydpva r(Dv66ofavovror tr oulPo).rxdq 6r8u06voreovdn.X.rru(r6v Kal,r8iov 33o!6v{.v,laopoiv vd Idro,Tro 1o orrFFo).rol.rd avroror(pivoFo' oro dlpcoro).olr|<6 rou 'rpoypdulqroqKor Kar' drrtd rov rpdno vd onlouorsfcrar I E,tonteiardr o i;.E1xoq.ou trpoypdHrqroq arr6 lov npoYpdtrldrlorriyivovrar 6).EC oro ouooopeuri, fra Fra rrlxa\,ri, rlg oaoidqor npdEErC 0a lnopofoats yrd nopd6rruo vo *Xoulr(dtr],6() evro],ig o'rppo].rKiq y7.6doae{nq Jropaiq: LOAD 'I2" STORE A, ADD Y+ I, MULT T_2,

drol) A, Y Kar Tivol ov6loro e6oovlvilne (oolFo).rKaq 6lD06vorg). H df6ooe erdpvrt rns Y 6r oovon fvilnq o'r[Fo].i(eror [e Y+1. v6

259 eKivt 'roDBpioKsrdr6no 06o1q nprv 116T f T -2. H Evrol,i MULT T- 2 ontdivlr: ,ro).Larlooido ro trcprcxdfcvo roL orroooncr ri tr ro,rcprX6!vo rnq 6raj0uvorlgKnpraq!vitrt(. I onoia oro trp6ypasrs oDr0ol.i (.ror s T-2. rlou aKoLouoei fvdq ouFpo),oAsraqpaoriq Or qdorqncqpyaoia! ivat 8io. Kard rrlv np6rn qdon yivovror rdDr6xpovd,L6y.r o'r).{q onwaqnq prdq oup9ohnlq y).6ooqq, n ).qLKolpogrKri Kar r orrvrdKlr(ll av{i).uon Kor r(or(i rrt 6eirpit yivrrar n napd,oyi rou Kd'6rKo o y1,6ooaFIIovi_c. orTKerprjr6vo rdrd tt IIlo 5r{ipKErd rrlq rp6rrtq edorlq 8nlroupyciror lrd ).ioio, orrlv otroia KordXopotilrdr dl,q or avtrorortiq perdqi ovojrdtov (ousporrxd,v 6ru0ivotDv) Kor rpo,larrKd)v Srcuefvoov svrirtq. :rn 6eirpt q{iot, qq trapd/o}yrig roDx66rKq,dwrrooiorov.ar ro ov6lrardi(ov vro7.d'v f tlv xoSrKoroirloi roDq (dS6ur5rK6v qpr0!6v (n.X. ADD t 001l) Kdr Fs q ljoieera qg rlpolyoipvnq l,iorqq YiverorI dvlrKardordorl r0rv ovol{irov, lou Ilitaloq 6re68uvotqFrdg vroliq, p tlpayldrrKcq 'Eror yra drue$vorq. nopd6e11[o I vro].i ADD Y + I rrrarpt,rrrar olnv 00ll 000001010011 wo),ri yl6ooqq fnxdviq, dv ro 6vojrq Y ouppol,i(r rt li2'r ijrn0u,on rts xrlproq}rlrittq. Mrs dLln 6uvcr6rtru noo nap6TErar oroDqoutpo).oleraqpdor6qsivar (it' (macroinstruclions). Mra poKpowol,i n lprlouonoinon laKpotw ivor iva i6og uTronpoypdlldroqoE orr[Fo].rKriy].6ood, ro oroio otnv apXi rrlg proepaorl(rlg 6ra3r|(aoioq avrr,pdqrar orl 0;oI Ki\,I ond rnv onoiq 6-y1v rl K}"{st rou Kar |rragpd(rdr loqi ! to ur!6trouo trpdlpa$c. Elor ot 6t1oqdoEr<rt( pldqpaoE qp1iqouv oDolaolu(d deoi npontourravoq yivorJv or drlarroireveq ovlrlpa'pig pe Pdot fle pqKpoevrol.q. undpxouoqoro TrpdypoFpo AvdLo,d !e Tlq plpl.rooriKrq paKpounonpoypalldlov !ftopoiv Kar e36 va 6qprcupy!oonvPrPl.rooiKEe Kde rinog lrololorti XapqKrnpi(ror(0q yvoordv and 6va 6[\,0],0 wo),6v lr'ltaviq. fr' dllrd ro 1,6yoo oulpol.operoqpaorig 6ro06p1orrd uno),oylorrioe Dnol,o'ylori.Evr6E6poe FLaq orKoy6vErog uTro),oyrord'v rou i6'o', 'rdrdo(ua6ri e'r[,yx{i$rar ot)viooq |lrd ftpoen dw outqadrnn (upward compatibility). frd nspd8r-rla avse6poule 6Tl cq dsrpd rov D'Ioloy(o16vIBM 360,/370 n 1).6ood lrrl;(avig.nou ovopd(rar"assembler" napououiqer aurrl rn oulpdr6inrd. Avd).o1n oDlrpar6rnrarlapoDord(rar ni6nq xar orooq lu(por,E.rp-rdor(, dturq n.X- oloDE !6,!ouq8080,8086, 80286Kar 80386rrq rarpriaq IDtel, d'rou ar6|ra Kdr oe CPU rov 32 bits pnopi vs eKr6lori K(h6rKaq on6 uno).oyrorrirov.8 bits. Ern ouv6Xero 6ivoollivo nopdSryFo rlpoypdllalog outpoLrKiq ]).d,oauq Tra avav lrKponepTaorinl7roD8086.

2@ Ilapd6eryFa6.2 Oopo[lr8 ro ^opardlo lli1po v6qnpolp{itFaloq y}.6oooq Pascal:

BECIN F O Ri = . / T O 1 0 D O x : = x + i END;

Oop6vtqg 6rr it Frdplqd i 9pioKrdlorov Ka{dlopnrii CX Kdl n [ra0).n1i x sro oDooopurrl AX SivoDle ro roo66r,a!d npoypd!+aro s y).6ooq lntavie xor oe oDrpo).rKi l].(isoo ro 6va 6in].a oro d],].o:
np6ypogra >IdI1o

srxa!i9 XXXX:0100 89 0t 00 XXXXr0103 88 AA 00 XXXX:0106 0/ c8 )O(XX:010E XXXX:0109 6t F9 0A XXXX:010C 76 F8 XXXX:010E 90

MOV MOV ADD INC CMP JBE NOP

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7. Loyrca rurf,rirpoto - Airtua qrDgnc

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'O7Iog 6tou! ovdip6pr Kor oro 6K!o lceqd}'aro, Y}.ooorK{iorotlio ov6repov y?,oso6v Jrnopo[vll rn Poieeld v6( llroqpoorri vo llrorponorlv o "otrrfq" (ororrr63q) Evroliq JrldsTl,{i)oooq lllloviq. Ildpdll6vt 6toq ro p6iljrd rrlq rl},KrpovlKietlpo, pqrotloiloqe dur6v r{j)v 6101pErdpopriorn ltvrittrl K.Ln.). svro)'6v (n.r. rp6o0orl orpoiport, xroSdrv opte!(bv 0o pt!o660 oK6polov5Ka5rK6v TIv nspitrroorl lrtq fipd60eorlq Eoto drr oloupe va Trpoo06ooup po66dpvs rrlv neprypdVoupe oq etiq: pe roDs 8to oprelotie a Kor b b = b.b. r...brbo, :, 0(l)n. 6 r c u a i , b i { 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , 9i} 'Orqv ro n}"iooq rov Vlqiov rov 6io apr0!6v Eivdr6ra{opsrrK6ou!7r}'I0o ivo! o op10!6q ps prl6vrKd. rlq Ep6o0eorlq p(i'vorJtr To dfiore).eouo propi o aple!6q c vs 6ler va Idporrlporipe 6n r...crco. k 6uttpo}"ioot)I\E 10 Kpdxo,jtttl'o E{iv rripa ].rtropo{pE lrE vnaio ,repr6o6rpo. 7rp6s0E6pr0po(o Veu6oKd'51Ko) rov r6l1vorvrK6dl,T va 8rqrl)trd,ooDtrs ong 560 apr0lr6v:

WHILE i<n DO BEGIN q::ht(arbt,k)i k:: h.(ai,bi,k); i::i + I END;

6'rou 01 ouvapriorq hr Kol h, opiEovror oq Eeis: htiZ,Z'B-Z hziz" Z'B - B

262 t 2=10,1,2,...,91(ar BCZ F6 B=[0,1] rar divoyrornapoKdroutr6 Ioppi mvd'<ov rqr{iv zorr:
aibik ci :hr (ai,bi,k) a;b;k k = hr(ai,bi,k)

000 001 010

0tr
020

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990 991

0 I I 2 2 3

000 001

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450 451 460 461

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httzb,ZhxR-Zh

h 4x26'B-B

dnoD Zb ivar ro 66votro r.rv Vnqiov v.tgouo{polog oprepdrv I Fion Erfl6{ 6 lzbl=b aroupyvu(d2 b' Suvoriq b Kar B=l0.ljczd. rprd6e yrq rov oprop6 rov ouvoPrrioovhr xar hr. fro b:2 6xoup rolq rlcpdkdro ,rivdxEqlttd)v r(Dv ouvdptlioov ht Kor h2:
at bi k ci = hr (ai,bi,k)
aibik

k = hr(ai,bi,k)

000 001 010 0ll r00 r0l rl0 ltl

0
I I 0 I 0 0
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000 001 010 0r I 100 t0l

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263 560 3ua5rx6vaptP6v: oq rapd6rypa6ivoD!rtv tlopaKdlo trp6s0Eon ll0t00lt+ I0ll0. qpr0p6 B pl8evrKd, d'6. rar or 6io Aprrd oDlnLrtp6voDlero 6e61po apregoi vo IoDv .o i6rc r).{0og Vrlgiov: I l0l00l | +000r0110 xar rov tropandvo360 tllvdxov M rrt po{oElo.ou olT6pt0lou npdoeonq c 0= h r ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) : l ; c 1: h r ( 1 , 1 , 0 ) : 0 ; cr:hr(0,l, l):0; c r= h , ( 0 , 0 , 1 ) :l ; c1=hr(11 , ,0)=o; I )= l ; c 5= h r ( 0 , 0 , c6:hr(1,0,0): l; ) l c 7 : h r ( 1 , 0 , 0= k =hr(1,0,0)=0; k = h r ( 1 , 1 , 0 ) =l ; k=hr(0,l,l)= l: k=hr(0,0,l)=0; k : h r ( 1 , 1 , 0 ) =l : k:hr(0,0,1)=0; k=h1(1,0,0)=0; k=hr(1,0,0)=0:

I6x6t Erojlvo)s: I l 0 l 0 0 l| + I 0 l l 0 : 0 1 I l 0 l 0 0 l optojroi ivdl ot dpro[oi 2l t Kor 22 rou &|(a6txo[ O rdpaadvo SuaSrKoi orror{paroq, ro 6 atlottlola qg nPdooo{etoDq o sptep6q 233.M,roroliE|vrd psi vo aro6sr:(0si'yevr(ddrr o ftopardvo alldpt0Fo6 np6o0oqC rrF6v ro}v ouvdplrloov Kdos P{i6I b> 2 edv oproeoiv ooord or 7l{vol(sq hr Kcl h2. floq, fa Oo 6orlFe lrn oDvetsra0d poqanuqlo}.lior n ttpltlloon b:2. 'Artroq Mo0n!orrx66' rrt ooiora q( d;.leppas Boole (GeorgeBool: 1815-1864), uoporiv or trapd[dvo ouvqprioErq hr xol h2 vs trpol|raronorrt0o6v }tE nleftpo!,lKd 6oprKd olorlio. napdforer 6 ouvapr{o( rporinrouv rar xod rou6 opropoiq d}').ov alY6pr0Fovpa6lK6v tlpdov. fro va lrloptooulrs vo npdllalotrorioolpe rl)'ErrpovrKi oude .rq ouorortiov, to otroio vo vop.ridstq xpraq6locr 6tu oioqBo 6oFrKdrv 'Evd dnrt ra fipoorotlia. dn|]loupyEirarotr.j ";.i1o" (poarKd) 6opttrd 6port rrc p).tilara nou 0c ovrqreroriooope ivar il l)'r.povrKri6 trorl pdolaanq lrdg 6e6op6vqq ouvtipqolq h ! Bo{ero oor6v ro)v poAur6 orarist lrd pool]rdrrKri eeopia. anv otloid 0d orKd,v oror1EirDv. oLvonlrx{i. va'ropoudrdooufc npoonooiooulre

264

7.2

'A}'1ePpo Boole

3={0,1} xdr 6vov opropdnN. "'uo1o OpraB6q ?.1 H ouvdprqol f: B'- B ovou{iEEror ooyipr4o4Boolek qioe@r o'nLti o\vtipx4oq Boote 6 ). ndpaypdqou,yra rnv rlEpi01 ouvapTlioEhr Kdr hr, rnq nponyoriltsvtE 'lroon b:2 ivar nop6vo6 oDvoprrioEBoole rpld,v 66oeov.To o6vot o rov oDvoprioEov Boole n 06oov 0o ro oDppo)"i(ou|1s 11B. oopoipE r6po rlq e'r6t1vq rptq EdolK6qoDvoprriotqBoole 6[0 ( 0, edv x:l N(x)= I I l. dv x=0

OopofpE ro

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rl onoio ovo!{iqeral dpva64, 4 oDytipt4ott NOT.

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I 0, Edv x=0 ri y:0 K ( x . y ) =j { t. Edv x:tKqr }:t

I o'loio ovopdqrar o{EoEtt, i lo./tKd KAI, i or,t'tiprIon AND. ^ 3. D:B'-B I 0, edv x:0 D(x,y): j
L l, bldQopErrxd

xdr y:0

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265 rpoYlarotloloiwctr ltreKrpovrK{i4fi6 Elridnq or rpere aDl6g qDvdprrio8rq rpia (PaorKd)).otlKd ototXcio,ra otloia napiordvral dvrtoroiloq a'!6 rd rapdKdro (poorrd) loylKti 66tl[oAa:

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f(xr,xr)
0 0 I
I

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DivErar drrd ro ft6!vd ).oytKti Ki apa:

266 Td .pia (poarrd) l"oyrrd o$!po).c TroD npoovaq6papE err8Krivowar pop6d'orEvo 8Iowdr trprsq6rpsE rov 6$0 erq66oDq, ,!o1.1,6C 6r!oqn.L. yra xr.x2.x1 6]|oup:

xi --_-__----t

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Ed6lE lla nenlryFg!q oDvaprrio(, or onoiq d}r6)q 1pnorporlororiwcr ouXvri, opiqerdr ouv{o('s 6}u 61op1o.dlo l(6 ou|rFolo. Mra ouvdpqorl Boole 5sv 6Xr povooi[awa Kagoprotr6vo].oyrK6 dvde6pooF 6fl q oovdptloq f roD ftapd8iypor6Klopa. fld ndpd6rypd roc TpdQerorKar oq iq: f(x1,xr)=x,.x, Kdr 6Ir ro eftd!vo loyi|(6 Krr(lo[a:

ndpaqpoi! dr ro l,o1tKdKDt(loFaqq dlhEplgtrpayfarotloitonq qq f ivot dn,oddrpo rou apLrKo6. lrrt ouvlXld 0q 6d,ooupeKavdveql'olloloi rrtg d}'yPpoq Boole, rooq ofioiouq ea 1prlorpo,loriooDpo n6tt4'ttrdpdYpogo,Ia rrlv fpon otll.oJorsprtqrapdorodlg praq oov{iPrrlongBoole. x,y,zB ror(6ouvor Tropardlo xav6vq(o16oaq): Ilp6laoq 7.1 fro KdOs tl: x+y=y+x, x.y=y x

x2: (x+ y)+ z : x + (x+ z), z, !3: (x+y).2=x.z+y I a : ( x + y )x = x . X5: x+yy=x,

(xy\'z=x (y z), ( xy ) + z = ( x + z ) . ( y + z ) ry*x=x x(y+t):x

auroi pe q oerpd ,rou avsq6powor ovolt6lo\'ro.rtawryfiageOr Kdv6vtrq K$ doltl .1pdryatuq. rtKdq, npoo&aevuKiq mryqorrKdE, snoppoq1rKde

267 Ar66rqt Apr(i va ottparioouF 6louq roDqSDvcro6e ouvdljdopoiqlou 0 Kar I yro ra x,y,z Kar vc erdoou!6fl rrpd,yforraFq6rpeq or n},Dpeg rov 'rdpardvo rsorrirov 'rap6xouvro iSro dror6)ropd. Oprol!6a 7.2 E(rr(' M 6va rtrgpaop6vo o6volo xor or drEr{ovioK: +: .: M'M-M M'M-M . M-M or o;oieq '!),tpotv r( ou!iKeq EI-t5. Tdr I rrpd6a (M,+, oroyalEaor .ycppa Boole. ,-)

t[lpovo p tov opro!6 aurd rl rftpd6o (B,+, ,-) ivor grs d].yppd Boole. A16 ioug Kav6vEg EI-ts p,lopoiv vd rrdpdlooiv Kqr d).;.oren{6iq rpliortor xavdvq. flp6toor 7.2 ,-) }l'd dtlFpd Boole.Tdr: a ) Y n d p X o Do 0 K a r l : x ; = 0 K o rx + i = l , V x M vr o M o - . o r l i d 9 ) I o l n o u vV x . y M : x + x - x . t x = x . i = x . x+y =; i, r' y-= i + y (ni'!or lou De Morgan). flo r( ouvapt{orEBoole,or ono{sqKor pdg evSroqepouv, ano61xvriIdr I trdpdrdro np6.aon: np6rudl 7.3 Edv oo)plioou!n N Kur Tro Kdofr,f, E opiooul; (br,...,b,) f, f,(b,,...,b )" :f, O,,.-,b").& fr + f,(br,...,b" ): fr &r.. ,b' ) + f, (br,-.,b.) fr (b| ,...,b. ) = frOr ,...,b0 ) ( B, +, -, -) ivarprd dl.lPpa 6nou (br,...,b, rt rErpd6a Boole. ) B', 16z Ar66trtOa ftpdnrvo d7ro6iEou! 6rr rq(6ouv or Kdv6v6 EI-:5. npoE to61o Ia. rdge (br,...,b")B" Kor !e pdorl rov op1oA6 rte npdErl( + 6toWE: ( f r+ f r ) + f 1 O r , . . . , b , ) = ( f r+ f : ) ( b r , . . . , b " ) + f r ( b r , . . . , b " ) = = (fr(br,...,b. ) + fz(br,...,bd )) + frOr ,...,bn ) fvopi(owa( 6!oq 6rr yra ro ororloia fr(br,...,b.1 fz(br,...,b.) Kor fr(br,...,bn) rou B ro:(ier o rlpooerorpropde r!poK67rrE1 drr: 'Esro (M,+,

268 ( fr o r , . . . , b + f?(b )" )) r,...,b "+ f r ( b r , . . . , b . ) = f, or ,...,b" ) + (fr(b| ,...,b. ) + fror,...,b" )) : fr (b| ,...,bn ) + (f, + fr) &r ,...,bn) : fr + (f, + fr ) or ,...,b. ). Iot6r roLr6v drr I ( r r+ f , ) + f r ( b r , . . . , b n ) : + f r( f , + f r ) ( b r , . . . . b " ) . paor(d!vor nopdporalropi vo ono6rxeofv xur or urcjl.or'!or Kov6ve Trq ndvror orrtv roxriroDq rrv mpinrrDon rrlq G,+, ,-) dlyBpoq
Boole. rrDv ororxeiov roD ouv67.o! B urdp1ouv oprop6vq Mra_Ef ouvopdors, ol onoiq xapaKrnpiqovraroq ldarr;E. ADrEs ivdr: l) or 60() orddpJq ouvdprioeE f(br,...,b")=0 Kol s(br,....bn)=l T,ol<de (br,...,bn)B'.

2) ot al||/apriaE\ npoPdtq xi(br,...,bn)=bi Vi:=l(l)n Kar (br,...,bi)Bn.

or paorK6s aDrrq ouvapriolq enorr.ofv. sErD( eo otro6iEoup orn oDv6t8rat6rrDq ),tpx, i\a oim1pa noAav)fit rc\t oDV6IoD B. Ilp6ro6rt 7.4 OLaDvoprriorg Boole Irlopofv vo ropooro0oiv p q Poi ero rov pclolr6v o1)vdprio(ovxi, i = 1(l) n Kar ,!(ovrpdE(r)v +, . Kor r!o1) opiqovror oqv np6roon 7.3. Ar6s8qn nprv npoxopriooupeo 6va ox;31o dtr66srqns rp;nl vd svaq6pou! drl 'yra).6youq drlo6orEptg KoruKo).drpa Koravolriq brdrfnoons 0o Xprlorlo,roro[Jr oq !rdph{aq FrogouvdprrlonqBoole atr' uoiaq rtq pao"(6s ouvapflio'q xi. Kdfl noD 6sv ovriKrrar orov oprop6 r.rv xj. 'Emo r6pa f: B' - B F,a ouvdprnon Boole|l n> l. Edvf(x Lx:,...,x" ) = 0 yra Kdoe(x r,xr,...,xd) B' r6rE sroporilE va rapoorrlqouf rnv f t)'r6 rrtv popqi xr.;r, yldri xr. ir 6xEr ndwor rrv rllli 0. E{iv a]rvdvriqs Lox[er f+0, yld roD).riXrorov 6va (yr,...,y,)B', rdr ooporipe rn orvdprnon B o o l es : B ' . B :

269 : I l, s(xr,xr,-,xn )= I I 0, edv xr=yt,x2=y2,...,xn=yi Suqoprrxd

O uwiororlog ,tivdKoq rqr6v rnE g ivor o Er6!vog:

g(xr,xr...x.)

v.

,'" ^*'-, il
''' '"'"''.' l ]
I, 6rdv
I

pi I t6vo yro lrov nopdrrri\.nnivuxa rapotnpo$Ie 6fl n g noipver.tv rrlv n-d6d (yr,yr,...,yn)B'. trq ouvdlrdopiqout:x0=i Kar xr=x. Tdre I g Eivtcr an6 rrlv ndpdoroot: =) xlr' xl,. .. xvi s(xr,.,.,xn Etrt6{I napriotaoi ?rlq uuti 6XEr 16r Kor p6vov r6rE rnv rlpi roX[oDv ooylpdvoq: x r = y t , x 2= y 2 , , . . , x:i y n , Ilprv npol(Dpriooullnv on664n aq ooprioouls oq nopdderypd irl ouvriprnol g ,rou 5ivtqr on6 rov ,rspoKdro rivqxa:
X2 X3

g(xr,x2,x3)

000 001 010 0tl 100 I0t tt0 tll

0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0

270 Auri tlr qv qrd I lla aKprp6g Ururprd6d,lrtv (yr ,y,,yr ) = _oov-dp!n6n =(0, _I I, D. Oa rcllier l,ourdv: g ( x t , x r , x 3 ) = x i l q ' . x J ,= x l .x j .x l = x r .x , .x r fra rnv ,rapdqrqorl lt x2.x3 ro1ir: i1x:.xr:

r I.
[0.

dv

xt =0, xz= I rar xr: I

6raqopelrKd

6n),a&i flpdylraTtI g F,ropsi va 6oOEidn6 qv,rapdoraon aurri. <tovrae, Edv5o0ipta ouvdprrlon f, rl oroia o k oaaeq 6I1rrpri _ -fv I (k) I), tdre lrlopsi rl f va tpagri ('q iq:

f(xr,...,xn ): sr (xr,...,x" ) +gr(x| ,,..,x" ) +... +gk(xr,...,xn ),

(7. D

onou-9r,...,9* Eivar oDvdpriorg Boole, or orloiq ,raipvouv rU{ I o cxprptirqprc 06I. Enr6i dlc,rcor ouvapfliorggi, i = l(t)k pnopotv vc rn !op9i (xlr x1,. ....x1"), 6nLu5'i pe t1 poli0eic tipvrlor6 lpaotoriv _u'rd rdr ou(,uqls, oulrcpoivor,gc 6rr |<ar I f !,ropci vd ,ropdoraori t rn Foi0erd dpvlo4q, 6"(uqnqKor 6rdqD6nqH popprj (7.t) tlq i ovorri(Etci SnkokrtK4 Kayowni ppef Mo pdol rriqe ro loyrrd o0lrgotd napdordotg rov ?prd)vrpdov linopotli va ropoorridou1rtq ouvdpqol f pe ro avtiotorlo ioyrxd flapd6Erfpo 7.1 Os(,rpofli rn ouvdprrlol D: B, * B. O ,rivaftd<rnc sivar:

D(xr,x,)

00 0l t0 ll

0
I I I

H ouvdpt4orl D trdipver rprg pop6g ltv rr|Ii l. Anctloiwcr ,rouEv.nc 1pr6 ouvaprrio4 gr, g2 xor gr:

271
gr(xl,x2)

grtxr,xz)
00 0l IO ll

gr(xr,xr)
00 0l l0 lt 0 0 0 I

00 0l l0 ll

0 0

0 0 I 0

Oo rotrler: sr(x, r x ,) = x f . x , = i | , x , xr.i, s r ( x r , & ) : xj . x , o = = ( x r , x 2 ) :x l , x i x I ' x ' s3 Enog6varE rl 61d(uKrrKri lopqi rne D Eivol: D (x| ,xr)= rr x, + xri, + xrx, To ).oyrK6 x$(7loFarnq D siva.:

napdSsrrua7.2

'Eoro

I ouvdpqol Boolefnou 3ivrdrdn6 rov rlapaKdro

f(xr ,x2,xj )

000 001 010 0lt 100 t0t tl0

Ill

I 0 I 0 0 0 1 0

272 ouvdprrionq Boole gr , g2 Ka1gr, or oroiq }.ogFdOr uTrdwotFsvEc !pE1q voDvrnv rrp{ I 6e pla oxprp6E66n n xdo tia,6l}ia6{ rl Cr orrl 06dn (0,0,0),it g, orl (0,1,0)rdl rl s3 ort (1,1,0)sivor: xi x) xj:rr.x|xr sr(xr,xr,xr)= c,(xr,x,,xr= ) x 9 x l . x q= i r . x , . i l e r ( x , , x , , x 3 ) :x l x l x g : x , x , . ; 3 'Apa I 61d(uKnKi rovovrKi lopqi T16 f eivdl:

f ( x r , x 2 , x r ) :( i r i 2 i j + i r x 2 i 3+ x r x 2 i 3 ) To dvriororxo lo,rK6 KnKkipa rllq f ivar:

'Eo"r{l) IldpdSr,tps 7.3 drr e67,oop va avawopriooD! orr6pdta ,roroq on6 rouq opr0po$q n, m {0, l, 2,3} ivor o pu(p6r5poq. fra ro oKor!6aur6 0opofp rtlv rapda.aorl rov n Kcr m lrq 8DaSrKdtv oprop(hv: n:\+2 x2, m=xj+2.x4, 6noD xi[0,1],ii:l(l)4.

Opi(oulE lt aLvdprnon Boolef dc cEiq. f ( x r , x r , x r , x a ) :l , edv n<m

213
Tdr npoKirrrr o aK6loo0oq dvoxaq rrp{iv rrlq f: f(xj,xr,xr,xa) 0000 000r 0010 00tl 0100 0t0l 0tl0 0llt 1000 I00l l0l0 l0tl Il00 lt0t tlt0 IIII H 6ro(eDrrlKri rdvovrKri lopqiq rnq f ivor: f :i 12;1xa + i i r x r i a + ; r ; r x r x a + ; r x r x r x a+ x r i r ; r x a + x r i r x r x a .

0
I I I 0 0
I

0 I 0 I 0 0 0 0

M 1prion rorv ).oy1x6voD[86].(livctortr ro avrio-rorlo ],oTrK6rord.opa rnq f:

274 7.3 Euvriptrloq (dl1g - Aixtuo

&tv ropdypdqo our)i eo S6ooute rrv 6wo1orrE (o].,r'iq) ouvdprrorC ('iinq Koodre xdl rov rp6ro ropdoraois rnq. 'E6ro Oprdpdq 7.3 B:f0,ll l.dr or oprepoin,mN. Mlq orLK6won f: B' - B- ovotdqrol (o).tKi) oDtiryaoa (d{rq. Edv n f opi(ror oE 6vo uroonvolo rou Bn r6rs ovol{i(rol pqplKi ourtiprIoI (r(tE. fLo m = I Atoulr rlv rpitnoon rov ouvdprrio{lv Boole n e6oe(0v. H rxvrKri 'lpoytdro'roilote llde olvdprtong Boole, ! rt po{era rov poolKri)v),o'ylK6vorolxiov tne dpvlonq, onqugnq xdr 61d(euqrq, kdr olq ouvsp ioK Ednq. Aurd yivror }l'ropi dvd].o]d vd e'rKra8i ylari KdooDvdprnonqeiEnef:B"-B' lnopei va oopnosidrr tr'rorlirdr dncj m o0vrr0yI6veq (fr(xr,...,x, f. (x | ,..., x,)) B-, ). f, (xL...,x"),..., 6noD Kdoelld or!6 t( fr,...,fn 6ivo1orvdpqot Boole. H ouvSeopol,oyia noD rpdypdronoli fla oDvdpqq EiEnq6xe1rr yEvr(drprlovorooio 'irruo tEiEa. i an,"d 6iKrDa. napdSsr1pa 7.4 H ouv{iprnonf:Ba -B,, 6 n o D f ( x r , x 2 , x r , x a ) : ( f(rx r . x r , x r , f 4 ) , f r ( x r , x , , x i , x 1 ) )

ps

fr(xr,x,,xi,x{)=x,x, + (x a ,G ) r+ x , ) f , G r , x , , x r .) x:a( i r + i , ) ( x r+ x a ) e t + E )

6XEr .rS ovliororXo 6iKruo ro nupaKdrro:

2',75 :rd 8ilcruonrro6,rror r 3rqKl,{i6oon rrdq ypopFiq o 6'jo , Kd6d'q frdl n bldoraipoon 66o'ypcppriv . Anevdvrios6vrrrpfnEro|rpoFpri, f d7r6 6vd l.o'),1K6 orol1eio vo travaKdftr!rd!oa i I onoid 66pXEror apfEoa oc drrd,6noq n.t. ora,rdpoKritu olriFora:

Terorou i6oug .lrsvaEopt Emapiro\aar p6vo oritv trcpirlool rou n Tpopli rovoqopdg trp16le1 6va i nploodrepo oro.teio lvipqq (P1". rspqpdqo 7.7). tro onuio dDrd '!p6'rervo ovaqposi6rr ro Sirruo rou yro rtv ftpoytrororoinorlrrlq rapdsei),laroq 7.4 5v eivcr Kor ro povsSrK6 r{rv npordoov 7.I Kal 7.2, Ka06qKor f. M rI poioro n.I. r(,)vo;CaqrDv rov drEoov 0.x:x 0:0 Grr6i 0 x=(xx)x=(ix)x=x(xx)=ix:o) 6Xoup: Kor0+x=-(+x=x fr : (x,xrxr +x,x1xa)(iJ +i,) = - \ ) \ r x r I r I x . x r x 4 I rI x . \ r \ . i .

x2xlx4I): - x r x r0 l i r x r x r x a l x r x 0 l r , r ) l a O - I r r r x r x a

r'-txJrr+\rxl I Y)xrI Y)rl)(xrx4r: :(0 +rrxa +Irxr +irxa)xixa: : x r x r x a+ x r ; r x rx a+ i r x r x a : = ir xrxa+ irxrxa: xrxa(;r +;r). SiKrDo,rou rlpdylaro:rd otrilara 7.2 Kar 7.3 Sivovror 6fo 8rdqoprrKd rorouv rrlv | !c pdor rr 6circpi rrq Foppri.

276

277 ropolltpo[! ro 6iKrutr rov ctnlltrov 7.2 Kor 7.] ivor drloiorepo or!6 ro 6iKrDotou tX. 7.I. Eftiote v6 oro tt. 7.2XpnorponoLonwar 016 10 oroia 5 l.o'/rKdolorrEid (2 opvioeK, 2 6'r(EiqEKKdr I 6rd(uErl), ,rro t7.. 7.3 1pnouonorori)woL 6}'oIKd dtorlio (2 6vo p 4 ro66oDq, qpvTiolq, 3 oD(irqKol I 6rdElqrl)!l ro noht rp16sro65oxg. A,16 SopnflKiS troLr6v n).updqutldplouv roo6nvdlsq fopQ6e [loq ouvdprlolq Ie 6roqopEflxd ovrroroiXog 6iKrDa, vdr ord npoKrtxiiq pnopiorlv i6ra l1operilraq ouvdprnonqva eXoule6ro90prrKeq nLEDpric npa,[oro'lorios,q (6loaoperrKd 3il(IL,o) dvd]'o'yo !e rr i6ouq PoorKd ro fv (d eo Flopoiodpe vo Sruruntiooup LoylKd orort[o 61o06rou[. pponte vo vtr d)'Io Eqiq trp6plrua: "Mtropons ! 56op6vo6ik'1uo rnv i6rfl ouv{iprnorl 6a6tinpo 6i,Kr)o rs qv ;vvoLa cjrr trpa'yFotonoli rp6no eivor (efqnq p io ftp6ro, vri)Kard Kd,roro a0rlv6repoornv Kqrosivdr^tv..a.o 69npdp)4tra oKEDiroD;" Aurd ro np6BrrtFd f xnxonoi1ols. 'Onoq

7.4 Bsl"floronoirl6q

6rKr6o)v l(l)n. n> l.

trpo0or6q xi ts, i: OeopofFeflq ouvaprioEL(

Oprdp6q 7.,1OpiqoWE: Boole. o) Td 0. I Kor x. i= I(l)n oc, 6poDc 6po( Boole rdre Kor Z ivar 6!aq 6poq Boole. Edv z ei\'or 6vdq F) Boolc i6re zr +z: Karzrzr Eildr 5porBoolc. zr Koi z, ci\,ot 6por Edv 1) 'O.r oKo).olroiEq oup116),orv or onoir( ripor Boole eivor oL rnspaogavrq 6) oxruorilovro, fs cqapfo'r,ti sdvo r.rv u). p) KuL r). 6po1Boole lnopotiv va roprordvouv Err6i 6roe ei8ate 6roqoperrKoi rrv i6ra ouvdprrort Boole. nporimoDv te n6levE 6no epoxrillota: II6C avoyvlrpi(ouge.ndr 6io 6pot naploronv rnv i6ro ouvdprnol; p,sc o'/vsprlvo cIotuc p,o oa).ororIUirn'rapdo-ootl n;q propouFc

ore:
rrl H dtrdwnorl oro trpdlro epd)rlpo Fnopi vd 5o0ri xplollonol6vroq S r o , r i a n u o t d f l 6 " K t i o co ' ! d p - t o t t o v n o l o r / c i l . o v o o l i F o v r oi v s c o r Y K r 3rtrAoprrK6v 6pov Boole, or {pltCvoq 6poe Boole. H [rolpori 37!o}16voq onoior raproronv pro ouvdpqot,6 !1o tlovoorillovrn Kdooptoirfvn fopai oro rouq Kol orl ouvExrq rl 6n'),Kp1orirouq,0o 63rvs tlro ondvrlol

Oprdp6s 7.s opi(oup 6rL: 'Evds o) 6po( Boole PpioKro,o 61d(euKnKipopai (AM), {iv eivqt 0 ri oDvdprioe(lrvnpoPo)'6v Kol opvriod)vrole. 6rd(suqr ou(rii(Dv

2t8 : etuh1oroj F)'Opor Booleyr yr...yn ! yi {xi,ii }, i | (l)n ovolalolLTol 'r) 'Evaq dpoq Boole qpi(J(fxat aE 'IaetDntKi xavovtKi tlop9i rlKMr,e6\l ivot 0 i 6td(arqt ] d orov 6p(0v'O,roq pMnoul 6vog e}'dXroroq6poq raipvr lnv Tllri I oE arprp6q pra 6on. Or ld1lorol dpor 6ivd1 eKivoror 6pot Boole tlorr xpnollo_ '7.4 'Ird lrlv ndpd61don }rlaq ror{otKdv ollv dr66erqn rlg np61d6\e rl trapoKdlo trp6raon. efiolt6v(l)q duvdprrtot( Boole. Arro8EiXotKE Ilp6ldan 7.5 K{ios ouvdprrtort Bool [tropi }lovooritavra vo nopoaroosi on6 tl0v 6po Boole o AKM. frd rrl lerarponi 6provBoole oe AKM gdptdqIaro al'y6pr0loe rolJ npdlaol. rprypdqErarcrtv e,r6pEvn 'Opor Boole prlopo0vvd ltrdrpdfio0voE AKM p tpidn r('v npdtacl 7.6 Boole. xavdvov rle d?,lEppas

Ar66crq 6ivo'rtE rov al.t6pr0to Frrnrpo'niq: Bipd l: Avdntue fE lrl po{oro r(nv xav6v(ov De Morgan x{ioE{ipvtorl r(dl broqiEov 6pov, Elpre dlou Eledvroroiv apv{ouqriqov orq ppovoFdv('vtrdvov xi. p Aappoyrilov nrtsprorrK6v Bigo 2: Avdrlru6dlq rrq rldpveorg KavdviDv, FdIpLg6rou godooul o prd dM. Bita 3: Mrdlpe\rE 6)iou! roug 6ra(eDxflroiq 6pouq rrte AM o ),{iIF oroDqdpouqf r(pion lou xavdvc: z=zxi+zXi. BrlFo 4: ^rdypovc ro awiypoQd EldXlotlnv 6pov. [apdSErlpa 7.5 Eoro I orivdprnon: f:(x-r+x, +xr)GrT;4)+xrirxr, B i t a I : f = ( i r i , + x 1 ) ( x 1i a ) + x r i ? x l Bi|lo 2: f = Ir irxria +xrxria + xrX'x] Bipo l: xjxria=xj;a=xrxlia+irxria : x rx 2 x 1 i a + xjitxria + trxrxria+i rtrxr*a x r i , x r : x r i r x r x a+ r r i 2 x 3 & f ts

279 Bilro 4: f: iri2xi i{ + xr xrxria + x t i 2 x 3 i a+ i I x 2 x l i a + x r i 2 x r ^ a spdrrllo. or !61pr rdtpd lvooroi uly6pr0por AvdeoprKdt6 ro 6e6rEpo a'rl,or.oitoi< proq ouvdprnong Boolc, ivar ornv rpdql levrxd dr(ptoror 'tldri Xprd(ovrartsy{i}.o Xpdvo (Kdoloe) yra lov Kdoopto|rdv6( F6].rF orou 6poDBoole,o oroioq naprord rn ouvdprlol. fra to l6Yo out6 atouv dvs'rrureEi ql.y6propor,or oroior 6v u'rololiqouv 96pa'o 6vdv pt),Tloto, nopd 6vov, droq l.6f, "opretd Kold" 6po Bool. H flo ouvrl0ro!6vn fi0o6o yra ro o(orrd a]]tr6, Eivor 1 d,ycfpKi anAonoiqon.K(I:i Tt ti0o6o ourti Eenvdlreouviooq ard rt AKM ltae ouv{iprlolq Boole, tnv otroin rrsoupari(oupE (a'll,onoroJfE)pe q poioto rov r(dv6vovr(l)v 'Ipor{ioeov ?.1 Kar 7.2. ruxv6rpa xprtouo'loro0\.'raror etiq oltorq: x+xy=x x(x+Y):x

x+Iy=x+y
x+i: x+l=l x+0:x x+x:x I

xc+y):xy
xi=O xl=x x0=0 xx=r

Iapd6srTpd 7.6 Aivrdr I AKM rnq ouvdptncnq f: f ( x r , x r . x r ) = x t x 2 x i + x r i r l r + x r x : l r + i r i r x r + i r x ? x 1+ x r i r x r ,EIOUIrE: f =xrxr{xr+i?)+xrr.r, I ir\?ir +ir xrG. I x.) : xr xr + xr i2;1 + xr xrir + r I xr : x | (xl +i1ir) + * | (x1+ i1x2) : x r ( x l + i r ) + i r ( x r+ x r ) = r r x l + x r ; , + i r x r + I r x 2 : r r ( x r+ X r )+ x r i 2 + r r x , = x r + x ri 1 + i r x r . Ilop|i8eryra 7.? 'E6t(l) n ouvriprqon f(x,y,z):xy+Iz+yz. 'Elourr:

l-xy I iz -(x + i)yz-xy +lz txyz rtyz : (xy + xyz) + (xz + xzy) = xy + i2 !i6 ftapdypdgou 7.1, oo nav6l0oupe i6pa oro opr(rK6 loq nopdSryFo, rov 6io duvapr{oovBoole hr(ai,bi,k) Kur hr(ai,bi,k), trou Xpitorpo-

280 noroiwfl yra rnv tip6o0Eorl 5ua61tcd)v spreA6v. Oa ?rpoondeioorllE vc Kdldoxuiooull ro 6iKruorns ouvdprtoE h(ai,bi, k) : (hI (ai,bi, k), h, (ai,bi, k) ) EXoprordyra Kdo. [ra a,!6 fl6 'rcpdKdro 6$0 nprrrr6oq: a) Ala06rovraq 0dsrKd l.oyrl(d oror1ia !61pr roodpov sro66(ov. p) Ara06rovraqPaorKdlolKd ororlia ldxpr 660 r666('v. 'Elor yro rtv,rpdrrn rrpirnoort rar ll Biot roue nivoKeru6v rov hr xdr hr unol.oyiCor+lc n( 6rs(rurrrriq Kavo!1K6C Fopeag rouq: hr=-aiEik +Aibi-k + a i - b i [+ a i b i k h, =aibik +ai-bik+aibi[ + aibik To 6irruo ltE h divElar610 !X.7.4.

tI.

?.4 AiFUo illq h

fra 11 66rprlfiplfi0rol I KolodKeui rou 8rKrtoo rnq h 0d anarrdor 29 paolKd lofrKd olorleia (9 opv{ore, 14oD(nqel( Kur 6 6ru&$q8lq) nparualonodrwog 969ora, 6,roeKcr nprv, rov Kow6 ldtroro 6po aibik lla popd. Aul{i 6rutlrotdrvlur EiKo}.crcicoKeud(ovroq ro 6iKUo. Or 6raqu(og r{rv KrrKq KovovrK6q hr Kar h, lropo6v 6poq vd dn},orlorrlooiv lopg6q E'is:

281

k + bj[) + ai(bi[+ bik):;i 6i k + bit) + ai6i k + bi[) hr : aiabi

hz : (q + ai)bik + ai6ik + bi [): bik + aiGik +bi [)

tt.

?-5 Atrlororlutvo drftuo ilq h

tro tI. 7.5 Sivsrdr ro 8iKlDorrlq h, !o otroio ovold\ercr ntrip4gaApom4; (Full-adder). Oa rovtl,ooDporov 7r) iprl oepolorri o 6n6pvll 'rdpdTpaqo. 'O'roq plemupe to siKruo lou tl. 75 nspllaFpdvr 12 paolKd ),oyrKdororxia, ond ro oroia 4 ivar opviorg 6 or(68rqKor 3 61o(non6 ro DiKruo o.KovoFlKdt8po autd Eivarn16avd lerq. To dirruo Etrop\oq iov 2a.7.a. H gelrroronoinon vde 6rKr6ouEdptdroroe Frd?.oPd0!6

282 paorKdtroyrx{i6iorr(io. E66 lpto1go,ror{oale EK{ioro1 an6 m 6ra06orUa dpvior6, 6raqnqrq xar ou(iqr6. MEydl'tq rtvrxrig otlaoiaq ivar sriong ro yfov6e, dfl 6v eivar ovd,Kdia I i^opin Kdr rov rplov pqorK(6v arorl{ov yrd rtv npa,Fsrorloilon praq ouv{iprnonq Boole. M Ddoit rouq Kavdvqro0 de MorganI x r + x r = x = - irr , x|x1=iF&

xar' opliv 6rr propo6!, yra rtv npaflolonoinorl praq ouvrip0).6noDf rnonq Boole, va tpnorpoTrorioorrlE 6[0 p6vo atrd ra 9oorKd ].oyrxd 6ro1XioKar suyKeKpu;va ra NOT Kor OR i NOT (ar AND. To Kdoroq npdyldronoinonq trroq ouvdplnan( Boole 6sv 6],011010norsiror l(o?' ovdyrn frd ard o,rloroirton rnq ,rapriorao{q qg. Oo rrp6nr os r(do6uvari nupdordon v6q6pou Boole va Ksrolpdryolue Kor ro dwioror1o kdorog Kar orn otjvatra,va avdqirrlooDppra ropdordon Kard rrlv oroio ].d oloEorircr ro owo).rKd K6oloq npa1paronoirtonq rrtg ouvdpqotq, l.dlFdvowaq 6!a)( D,r6Vn Kor 10 Kdorote 61ae6ouo ).oylrd ororXia. Aronrol6oop napandvo 6rr tl rd Baor(d lollKd orollio eildot o 06an va npayparo,rorriooupe ro dirtuo llg onoro66inor ouvdprlolq Boole Ksr Kui' enaKraol (efEle. l1o ort!io olji{i rrp6nEr va qvogp8ei drr urrdpLouv 8iKtua ro onoia Ev6 naproroiv ot)vdpr{or( Boole,I Kardoxuri roDg ivar o6$varov vd yivr tr rn Poiord ldvov r.dv (av6vov rlq Bool, 'r.x. ouvbofoloyisyqup6v.Tdroroui6ouq 'rpo0).iloro d).y0pdq 4rd{owor ornv sDpirpt otopio r(rv }.olll(drv Kol(}.(l)pdrov. Erliorlq otrlv KcrooKeurirov 6r|cni(ov 0s pnopoJodvvo Xpncrponortooiv Kar l,oyu(ri ororlio, nlrlv r(ov fuorK6v, lc otroic rpayforotrororiv ouyrxprp6vq ouvoprioergBoole.fra ftopd6srlra avoe6poup rrq nEpaK{iro rooepq ouvdprlorq: o) H ouvdplrton x-y I onoia divtar aft6 rov i1grivoKs rrp6vl

v
00 0l t0 II

xy I I
I

H ouvriprnon auTli ovo[{i(rar dprno4toD KAL i NOT AND, i NAND Ka rdpiordror lrr ro ndpdKdro oisFolo.

283

r--lB) H duvdpqon x*y

e-

xA'" a "Tl,:'mD',^

l oroio 6ivrs1 dn6 rov eEiq Trivora rqr6v:

v
00 OI l0
ll

x+v
1 0 0 0 'H' i NoT OR' i NoR rlll

H oovdprron cjJri o\toracElrj:t tipt'Io4 roD ncoiorurol ,re ro trdpaK.iro 6i[po,!o:

(--_\ "ntl)a

r ---l ---1

titt'tttIc

1ou

H"

-./-

Y)-

, +y

A-"ti)i NoR"

,rov q{q nivoKa rrF6v: T) H ouvriprqot x@y n oroio 6ivIdr and

v
0 0
I I

xoy
0 I
I

0 I 0 I

ano'EtouorKd 1q0il x @v = *v +xt. H ouvdprnol x @v o\toqd1lor 'H, .o rapaKdro olK6 i exctustve-oR,i XOR Kar ropiorarot F oiFPoro:

r ---ll \Y---1L__-/

,o'

"noa Mox^"tn'Kol' H" tt",i4 xoR'

284 6) H ouvriprrtol xoy p rov ndpcrdt(o dvcKc rr[6v

v
00 0l IO II

xoy
I

0 0 I

ror rOy=xOy. H oovdpqol xOy oloFdIol'jr: xOy:iy+ry 'H, - NOR,TlXNOR I equivalence lelar anoKlEnrtx6OXI tr exclusiye jr rdr nupiorarur ro trapardfli) otuBo),o:
-lt--\,.\ -1 Ms q ',itr ,-fao^).tdxan o i\i^4 xNoR" . H"

Boiecto frtE oDvdptlort6 XOR rt hr Inope( vo Tpaptsti

hr =ai @Oi @k) Xpnotponot(i}.raE ro lolrxd ororlElo XOR ?Lqr0|ivoDll ro ndFvo6{rtu0 toD nlrlpq a0por6ni Gr. 7.6):

tl. t6 nrip'Ig lopoGniE

285 ).oyrKd6io1lia rov ovotdq6Xrnv flp{iqn 1plouonoro$war ouvrieorq (threshold-funcrions). ye\rDv oulap4oEav Karap,{,oJ 01 ouvaptiorq our6q opi(owor ('s qi6: tl; B"-8, J I, E{iv rouLdtrorov i ro n}'ioos !ffap}.nds o , r d n q r r , . . . . x n6 x o u vr r l v r U { | 6nor, ti(x,.x,..... _xl - ) =I t 0, 8tctpopetrrd drr it ouvdprrtorl h2 eivar ioq ge t]. fra rldpd8rlrd avae6poulr Emot}tcivoop drr ornv rprotri rnq F)'rroronoilole 6rKruoldrov lrripLouv rolld dlora ,rpopl,ilord tov orlo{ov rl no}.Dn},o(6rlro 6ivar 66oroLo ond rrl 060I ourri vo trcpouoraoi{. auri rnv ropdypdeo e6).oup va avoepootu ornv SoiKri T},r(bvovroq rdvovrKiq loprpie xqr aulxxprp6vaoq du(.Dr(Trlopei rrlq 61a(urfll<l1e Ki Kavovni lopAi (:KM) av6g 6pou r.or xor' erraKroot pra6 ouvriprylorlg dpov Boole,or onoior Boole.Kdo ouvdprnon f+ | ropiororar oq on(euEn 'O,rr ind! yrs rrq AK-!oplat9dvoDv 1rtv rrti 0 o aKprpdre fro 06ort. 966 rolfouv Kar Ia rK tK-popqeq nc16i flrtflx{i ra oqr6fctc 116 ri}.1eFpaq Boole lvar 6DiKdae o16crnlr rrq npd!E "+" Kar " "- EKoivo ivor dfl Kord rnv vdl}.dyri r(Dvr)Leoi6v !6vo noD np6mr va npoox0{ + (ar npertrndpdl).tlq va u),ld6er rdr o pdl.oq rou 0 xar l. IIdpdSrTFu7.8 Aivrar I duvdprlol Boole

frx.-r,-x,.x,)=

0, diqv dt(prp662 drrd rrq l8tapl.tr6q xr, x2, xr l *, ixouv rrtt'i 0 I ". ( l, 6laQoPE11Kd

286 4nporiqoDprov Trivatdtnq fl

f

0000
0001 0010 00ll 0100 0l0l 0tt0 0ltl 1000 l00t l0l0 r0ll tt00 ll0l lll0 ltll
H ouqulcIr'i Kavov oi ropq{ qq f sivar:

I I I 0 I 0 0 t
I

0 0 I 0
I I I

f= (xr+x, +ir + ra)(xr+ I? +13+ i{)(xr+x, + i3 + x r ) + x 2+ i 3 + x . ) ( x + r ; , + x 3+ x 4 ) . G r+ x r + x r + i a ) G r 7.5 AiKtuo 6r!o po0pl6orv r rxd 7.5.1
pnopoiv M P'i6n ru doa avoq6pop6 orrg rlponyo6pvq napoypdqooe vc rolcoxsuaorotv !c cvriolorlc 6irll)o r(,)v [proo6rEpov 6oprrd,v ororltsirDv v6e uno).o o!r1. Edv lto nt nopdcocrrl t(ov ouvdplioov Boolc Xprp$ororrtei I dra(eurctrrfll xdvovrni }op0ri r6t3 Bnopoiue vo o&)piooup, 6rr lta rrlv npdylaroroilol rou 8rKrnoulroe ouvdprr]ortg rlp6nrvo xarEDoivoup rre eroddoDq rou 6rxr6ou o pspr|(6q fljl.e AND Kcr orrl ouv6l8lc rrlq cvdorolle6 qd8oug orlv ioo6o[prKdrv nol6v OR. E7rE16ita 66o!6va 0a 6&rp6r(ouv 610r !o ,!ol"[ 660 ].oyrKd orolr(ia, ovold(ou! rc 6iK.l)a dord 2 Pae!16@r.

2t37 7.5.2 npoypapFarr(6pevo l,oTrxd ft3id M pdot io ftoporldvoeo irov Suvordva 61oDpe 6va 1vrK6SiKrlo u rt pori06ra ro'i onoiou0o Fftopoioqp,pfli o'!d {o.d}.}.t7.sqnpooappotEq, vd 6rlloupyriooD! ro SiKtlo ins onoraoSi7roreoDvdprtorq Boole n, 06o(lrv. Oopoftle 611ro yvr{6 aur6 aiKruo anore}"eirardrd n ypaltig lod8ouKor drl elovroe orl 61{iesoilog 2n ni},qAND npoyparonoroip d).qrq Suvdr6qoDv66s1q rov n Ypolp{iv !60a) rarv 2n nul(iv AND Kar orn oDv6lEraflq d6oue oDt6v r{'rv orort(ir0v rlq Karuo[voull o Kdo noD eivar Suvar6vva lrd uTrdrrq m ,nl),eqOR. Mro lop{pi roD SrKnioD, rpoK'try8r,tldpoDord(raloro tI. 7.7.

107116 tr, 7,7 npoytdJrsdlE6rrvo mSio

To ,rdpdn{ivo 8iKruo ovordqffor npovqparr(dleyo ).ottKd nt6io (PLA : Prosrammable Logic Array). H rpaytaronoirot iou 6rKrnoD, .rq oloK)"Ipollvou Kuxl,6poroq (Intecrated Sircuit i IC), ivdr Suvari./rd

288 neproploffvo dloe n dK6pa xar fe trponfp6\41VLSI Ilvol'olia- Au16 ouprpoiverlcrt 4 tlpdYporotroinoqldur6lpova ptKpoi F6vo rlioouq ouvdolridsov Boole |ttopi vc atrarr4orro 66vo)o 6)Lovlov trd1torov exoErrKd avdlord p 6onv. To t!},iooq rov avdYKaiovtruld)vAND auqdvEt eivor 2' !o titliooq lov ldllorov dpov' ro ottoio To n)'sov6nnrs svdq PLA eivor I 9onvti lo(rrtl nopalod lou r'or rl Suvarollru ttpooupFof{q rou Yra lnv trpaYFdroroilon ouYrcKprFdvov 6roKoni6 |1r rn poioera lov 06d(Dv ouvcptrioeov Bool, n oroio Yiv141

7.5.3 nol'unttxtfi

- Anotroluttltxtqq - Apqpia

'Evne no^LmliKqe (multiplexer MUX)' -2i ' l" ivor lrd 6rdro6n n i 2' Ypdltt6v l(dl nlt!}'rlpogopieq onoid 66l10rotnv eioo6o rrg 6ua6t|(6g rlg o lra 1rlv nlrlpor0opio d16l,vr ).6yowaqxdoe gopd lrq p6vo lpapFi, 1rl( otYxKprlr6qe lpoplig rdsopi srrl,i tpaupi otlv 6g060.H Etrr)'oYi (selection lines) fro Ert)oytl| (erar ar.O tov bit-ouv6uaoJr6n vpattp(b| "4' 1"' 6vov trolurLKtn 6ivou! oto xl. 7 8 rlopd61Tpo

"4' l' MUX

tl. ?.8 notuic{rnq "4' l

289 Ar!6 rrq rrp6qiov Tpop!6v lrllodq s0 Karsr Ko0opi(erar, rora o116 rlq ypaFp6sxi, i : | (l)4 ivot Kivrlrns o'loioq or rrpq (0 ri l) 0o 6roprB{i(owal a?Iv 6050.Edv n.I. s0:0, sr: I rdr Kr6qrnq rni).n(AND, ornv otuia 6wp10dqero1rypaHri x2,6Lq or d)")"Es 6rouv orrlv 6qo66roDqrrlv rlpi 0. Ero!6\.nq n 6o3oq rnq r![].nq OR 60 6lsl rnv rrpi rylq e66o! qg 'nil.nq AND rfi Tpalllis xr, 5nl.a6i: | 0. dv x, :0 I t, e{iv xr=l 'Evag rohnl6Krrl! rolliror eniong K(lr sft .aWo.E (data 6e6opiy@v selector)Effr6{ n},6yrfro d1r6ftolJ,ic,Wa4rtc, ro66oD 66ol6vov Kor oltl,vr q 6lJd6,K{nltpoeopio orn ypoppri ecj6ou. Mro sedpsoyi roo nr;.oy6d66op,vov Sivetcr oro 1,oyrK6KiKl,lrpa rou tX. 7.9.

c
EI. 7.9 Enloydoq 6e5o!dvo!

np6{rror Ia llra 8rdrdql I oroia fftopEi va r!s].i q lolK6q npderc AND, oR, xoR xar {ipvnotq lsraq6 6{)0 }.oyrKdJv rero0},rlr6v x Kar y. o ndpa(riro ,rivaKoq ru(i)v log 3ivr roDq dvoyKoiouq oovSudo|loiq rorv pro-

Pl"nr6vml'o.riqsr Kqr so.

f

0 0 I I

0
I I

x.y

x+v xo v

290 ananof,Lft).iKr1 eivor rro SrdroEn, I "l'2'" .c (dernultiplexer) onoio 6Xror orrlv ioo5o rn 6uo6LKinl,rlpoqopidflog.rpaplie Kdr orn suvetrq rt 6raprp'i(1o rld a,r6 trq 2" ouvol.rKdypdpp6q66ou.H 7!rLo'yirlg TpolpiS ed3ou'),ivrorrr8 rov bit-ouv6oa6r6 n ypdlf6v l.oyiq. fro ropdSryla 6ivrd1 oro tX. 7.10 ;vtrq dnorol,url6k-tlg "1,8". 'Evle

XI, 7,10 Atrorollrlarrrq

| '8 '

Eriv sl)=6, 3, = 1. s:: I 16rrl rLnpoqopia(0 i l) rtq ero66or x0 pEroprpdEero' ornv 6Eo6o dr, v6 dlq 01d).),6s 6Eo6o, 6zoDv ouvexdre riv trFi 0. tro otpio aurd np6ner vo dvaQp0i 6rr, yvrKiovroq ra rlpot-roigva, rap6uor( Erdrdqsq,dn(0q o ro),Dn).cmrqxar o dnoroLu'r),6Krne, xptor!onoroDvrol yro rlv mKorvovioneprqperol(6v 6r,vdooq ouoKeo6vp rnv

291 KvrprKi povddd rou uno),oyrorrii Kor lrroqi loLre.:DYK(pUfvo ;vdc noLunlKrtq Fnopi vo XprtoueioEr yro rt ftagopd deSoprvovcn6 ivc rpl1oflKd(o06\a]),ro onoio 'n]..'yerarperoq'j 2' rpror1K6v. npos rrv x[pro lvritrrl. Avriffpoqo;voq drono].Dn].6Krrlq lnopi vd Xpnorsioryro rn Broqopd 6Eoll;vov ord rnv K6pro lvripn rpoq 6vo rplloTtr6. ron nL7,6yrar ar6 2" ouvohKd rEplorrKd. Edv xprorponorioouFe rrv 6030v6qno),u'rl6Krr oq i6o6oo 6vuv dnoro},unl6Krrlo6n'yorisee oro paorK6ororxio rnq 6ldrdqnClrdq opr{piae (bus), i cjroq ouvieoq ^.t^,ao| apr1piacddrllr,.ry (data but. Mru oprnpid 63oF6v{dv ouv6uri(Er rLq ),rroupyiq v6q no},ur!1.6ffI Kar v6g 'liroLcq ononolL'rIiKrn. dor-picq 6'5oui\uv XptoU.,iorv Idoo yro rnv 'rlKorvovia r(0v oorprKri)vrpnldrov EV6_c uno),oyrorli (r.x. ll5uqn 'rnprospviprlq Ksr spoLsr(bv), 60.) Koryro lrlv E,rLKorvovid rep1q6pE,dK6v povd60rv f rtv Kwp'xi uroloyronri FovtiEo.Mrd oprnpia 65o!avov 6vo 66volo ypalrf6v !rdQopdq0uo6rKig nhpoqopiae Eivor oDcrc1ofir.ii poielo rarv onoiov '),ivrorn ovralla,i rov 66oFivrDv ovdlloo Fc rt ortv KvrpLKri uno),oy'orrxi rrovd6u,rrlv xnpro lvripn xal rrq oDoKuEq Ero6Sou-q65ou. To ftIieoq rov.rpaFp6v proqopdq ruuriqErarooviooq se priKoq ro I6Etq o bits rou urol,oyrorti,6rsr 6or ra 6ua6rK{i 3E3o!6vo vo 6]!tDS aKprpdrq neqptd(ovror flr6 !roq6povrur otaSoirorlpvtro 360!11 ru rliparu ro! unoroTrl'ri. fra ropd8Lypuavoqipou! drl sd\,6vos oopororriqivqr r{dv 16 bits rdr n aprnpia piue[ quroi Kar rne Kipras Fvrillnq !tropsi vd ssrdqfp8r raDt6tpova 16 bits. BlEroull lourdv 6t1 os '),po!|liq fla aprlpid 56o!6vov I 6word rrlq !rdQopdqSudSrxigr!].rlpoaopioq,cj'roq aurri opiornK 7ra rrlv 'rpinroor roD noll]nl.tKtt (avri ororXa oroftolutrIiKrt), avflotorxi d Frd 66oprl ypup!6v !rdqopdg SuoSrKtjq nl,tpoAopiqg.

7.5.4 Ko6rKonortrie (encode)ivur pro ouvdprrlon ('irq, r oroiu K@66onoryriE rqv ro6rxoroirlotl 6Dd6rriq rhpoeopias. E66 a ;(proruororirdr 7ta EsrdooD! rov "2" o n" xo6r{onolrlrri o o,Toioq Ko61ko'rorEi 2" bits, an6 ra onoio oKprp6q6vo 6xrrrli i lvri,ro und).or'!d 2'- I cxolv ruri 0), o p 6iKruo2' ro65ovKor n bits. T6roroLrcoSrKonornrq npoyparonoro6war n q63ov l(oLtptorpororo6viar K!pi(0qnprv ar6 rrtv |lroqopd 6!o6rKiq rrllpoeopids pErdqn rov rF4r{irov Ev6q uro},oyLor{. fra napd6r.rtu ardq6poulr6 yrd it gropopd rov otpdrov ro66oDrov 64 (:2d) nlixrpov ev6s "rlrrpolo,ioD (oE '<d0 rrl,iKrpo avrrororxi rLtpoqopia bit, 6rlrd6{ r.t. l: nalrlp6vo KoL0: pn noinp6vo) orov uo},onorrj v6_c ivor apK8fii il i)ropEl 6 ypopp6v. Z$ ZX.1.llaivoup ro 8ixrt)o v6q"4 oE 2" KrD6lKono,tt{. 'Eyac,

292

v
I 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 I 0

0 0

00 0l t0

d) Ainno tt, 7,ll Ko6rtotuflfli(

0) Turira riwKo flurirv 4 d. 2"

popa6e xovovrKq To dirruo ourd ox8rdoqrE FE odon rrq 6.o(uKrrK6q urlolorov 6[0 oDvaprtoov Boole roo{ip{rv 06oeov r Kdr y, 01 o?roig 'yiEovrdr Tttt6v (Io 6].grrg Dn6lolrg rErpd6eq 0,16ro q{pa roD ?rivaKa rrd'v or ouvqpr{oerq x Kdl y 6loDv rrpi 0): x =;oirx2ir +iolrX2xj

y = i o x r i r l r + * o ir i r x r .

O r{DirroaorlrriE "4 aE 2" rou )jX. 7.1I lropi vo trpo'tudrotroltgEi lr xor roo8nvapo6iKruo (t(. 7.12). o'!t!o6o?epo

Er. ?.12Ar].oro,rpfvo 6i"fuo ror (d6r*on ltri

4 d. 2

H rooSuvolllo iov 6rKnlov rov tX. 7.ll rdr 7.]2 trpoK6tlr1ofi6 rtv 106rrFa rolv dvriororlov oDvoprioEov Boole reoodpov e6oov. H iooboe x0, oro SiKLo rou tX. 7. t2, dnors flFi l(a' dv ).dpEr.6sv 'rrlpsdteLfl( cq66ouq

293 7.5.5 AnoKoSlronolFie anox(D'rKonoqde(decodr),o onotog sivor ro ovtioro vdq xo&Ko,roqrri. ivar lrd ouvdprnon qeiqng I o,loia Braollllari(i dDdSrri rr?,rtpoQopia an6 lro roSrKororrtltral topgrj ce dl,),4. :a1v ncj6_ rov ovolq(dlEvo..n o 2.,, anoKo6rKono lpoQo qurri 0a qeldoouA In ri, o onoioe nspdyEror)olaoru(dloug 2" ldtroroug dpooen J'lEra0Lrr6v 106_ 6ou. T6roror cnoxro6rrororrlr6q npoytaronoroiwor ! 6irrua n sro66ov t(or 2i eq66ov.l.ra rdoe oDvSudordpovdSovKdr !t6vu(6v ornv eioo6o. p'q dKpLpd,s ypollF{ EEddou 6rEl rrlv rrF{ I. Auroi roD i6oDe or a,roKo6F Korollraq aXouv lla.yd].l eeapFoyi, rdrairpo orl slESioort lyllrrldK(irv ouorl!dr0rv. 'Evo trapd5rtfa v6q..2 oE 4,' anoK0rdrKo,rorl i napouord, qiq' oto Ex. 7.13. 'Evae

0
0l l0 0

0 0 0 I

d) Aimo

0) nir.drd. ru6^,

!1, ?.13 AroKo6rrotrorrlnjq ..2 oc 4,

To 8irruo dt|ld atlorLi?qrarrd 4 tr6l.qAND Kdr 2 apv{oE. Evaq aroKodlKotrorrlrri!lIEl rdoq E66ouq 600r eivor or duvcroi oUv6ucopoi rov 6ud61r6v ersd8.ov.lro ndpddrlFd [dq [ 6rjo prdp).nr6e1o66ou 6;(ou! 4 6Dvaroiq 5t)c16rKoiq ouv8uooloiq. X Kdo r6roro olv6uoo!{i qvrororXorlfc rdr Ira dEo6o Kar FdLrors rreivn. nou 6Xrrlv trs,j I yrd aur6v dKplp6qrov oDv8uoopd. H ouvriprlol Booten oroia avfioror_ Ii o ourri rnv 6eo5orouri(rar p rov ldtroro dpo Boole rou ovrioroF Iou ouvSudoloi rov .rpdlrjr6v lo66ou. nol.l,6g qopdq eivar Xptlorto, r6iorqora ol.o|(i,Ipolr6va xuxl6rord vo r nciptcrotov anoxo6r(o'rornri uro ridrdoc. veplonoi4olg inpurl, lenabte .rra rov ),.r1o rl o'loiu Xprto1p66r rtg l,aroup.risq rou tcDK).duatoq. To

294 dixruo roo c,roro}'t,al6l(rn "l x 8" (tt. 7.l0) lnopEi lurr16r(pova vo noproldvr rar ro 6inuo sv6c "3 o 8" atroKodrKonorrllills Ira-fpafrli vepyonoinolq. Aur6 'Iiveror dv ooprioourl qv lpoFFri sro66ourou dnotro('q Tpoltni vsp,onoitonq Kar rr( rperf ypaIlr.e d,6y1ou so, sr, ).un),6Krq s2 oq lpatp6q srodboD x, y, z rou anoKoSrKorrornrri a\,{iorolla. 'Orav rl ioo6oqvpTottoirlong 6t1 rlv rrpri 0 rdr 6lg or 660601 6XoDv rui 0. Aurd oqeil,Eraroro ryov6q,drr drqv pro iooSoqfraq rull,tq AND 6r(r rrpti 0 r6rE ovldpirtra otrd lq nptg rov dl.),ov ers66ov I 6qo6oq6Xr 'Orav ndwoIe rrtri 0. 6ler .Iv rui I 16r ro I rpa$ti vcpyonoirtonq K6K),0rIoep'yd(eroro anoKo6rxonorrtriq.01 owiororXq rov 8 E65G)v ouvaprio16 Boole ivar: do-itz, da: xYz, dr =ilz, dj: xyz, d: =iyt, dt= a7, dr:iyz d?= xyz

A,t6 a'rrd ro ndpd6El1po Adivror Kar n ovtroiorlio v6qarotlo).onl.6rrrl Svdv 0rorco6rKo'rorrlri. lle 'Evaq r6rorog ono(ar6rKo,rolnt{gropiolclor ofwotd Kor oC EC{E:

H nrapEt rnq Tpoptriq veplonoilorlg e(cptdrar atr6rltv Eqaptloyri roD arroKoSu(onortlrri. H 6ua5rxr1 nl,npoqopio rt o,roio xdlaXopirar os 6vdv (p1..rapdypogo ?.7.3)p,ropciva aroxo6rKororn0i Koralopltrl (register) edv utrripXouv 2n qex(,)pror6e /po$r6g 66ou, lra yru KdoeKordoroorl Eou pnopi va '!dpro xaratopn iq. H Suo6rKinl,rpoeopia cv6s xaroloprFi roodpov bits FtropEiva anoKo6r(ororlei on6 6vov "4 o 16" anoKo6lKororttri. MTtopori!dpog vd Xpnouororliooupe xcr 6rJo "3 oe 8" aroro6r{o,rornree 6roE qdivlar o@ 2X. 7.14. O Karoloptriq rov 4-bits tXfl r6oopEKgd6ou(A0, Ar, A2 Kar Ar, 6'rou Ar ivar I 6Eo5oq nou ovrrsrorxi oro jr1ol,6 pfi ldtnc bit. Edv A 1- 0 16r. vEpyonorrirqr o ndvo anoKoSrrotrornliq.cvdro Kdro 6XL oE dl,rs nq cqdbous ro, 0. Or 0116 6Eo6oL roL ndvo aroKo6,l(onornri 6xouv oq ouvdprislq Boole rouq 2,dlrorouq 6pouq Bool, or orloior ovrroroL toiv one rerpd6g00006oq 0l ll. Av(i),olo edv Ar = l, i6!e or 6qo6orroD

295

tl.

7.1,1Kdozofir{q

4-bitt

|000 oq IIIL Bl6trour&o a,ro'(o6rxonornri avrrsrorlotv ortg 1rpri6q "3 ce 8" a,roKo6rxo'rorlr( 6E dur6 ro ,idpd6r'fpa 61r, 600 lrr e,roll6\.1l)c oe 16". Eni nl'6ov goivetot tl lnopofv va Xploruororleoiv awi evdg "4 KtK].6lrolo ypop!6v EvepYofloinonq ora oloKlrlp(ogava avdll<ardqta rov 560 rcproa&pa flp6rrrar vo Kar rSrdicpa 6rav i Xpnouotrolrisoutr8 o).oKlrlpor6vd rl Kl6fdro yra rtv tlpoYudlofloinol fraq ouv'tprnong (iqrr ll 'rol,},qouvrrayp6veq, 611'o6'i pEydl,rls6'!os Lfpe xoplrrKd-

7.6 A[|Ctuoro].]'6v Fo0Fi6ov

7.6.1 AlK.Dd o0oorat6v 6ud8no Fovo\rriplouq To SiKruo[ ro o,roio ltropotil va t!po606ooup toydeErdl, (Half-Adder HA). o rivaKaq 6rKo6q oproloiq . i Itnqpotoric iu6v rov 560 ouvapflio(ovo (dporofo) Kar r (xpatoipvo) rou nllldopororri, 6iverar ncpcrdto:

v
0 0
I I

0 I 0
I

0
I

I 0

0 0 0

296 T6rs 0o atoujr: a=xy+E--xOy Kcr x:xy

To ovriororlo 6iKrl'o 6ivsror oro tI. 7.15o), v6 6va oiwopo 6rd.yporjr{i tou qlo 11. 7.15 0).

r-----#\--\
I tu

l1 1r i I --]

| x------1 lHAl y _______.1 ,,/

| --------------1

I_x

f+. f+

Et. 7.15 Hsruporoliq

ouorKd 6voquno),oyroriq np6'!rvo ivur o 060r vd Jlpooe6rr 'rol,D'Ordv \triAloDE 6Da6rKonq dpreloJq. rpdrlral vo rpoo06ooupE 6rio ro).D\t'iiqrouq buoSrKonE xpiaq6laor rav nlipq aApoori ull Adder, FA). M rov n),riprt aepolori nrrulx{ivror r np6o0s6t rpLriv SDdSrKri,v \l,rlaiorvSnra8i rorv 6io vnai(or,xj, yi rrls oaorq i ro1 rou Kpororipvon ,c, L rou rpod'r.Er 0ft6 rn e6on i I; O rl,ipnq tr0porori( 41rnop6v(0q rpe,( s,o63o!q xol 560 E_863o!q. rra ).5yoDs r)rrp6rnrEq Sivoupe Edvd(pI. Kai napd,pago 7.1) rov 'livuKa r1p6v rou nlipn doporali.

v
0 0 0 0 I ) I I

0 0
I I 0 0 I I

0 I 0
I

0
I I 0 I 0 0 I

I 0 I

0 0 0 I 0 l I
I

M Kdrdllll,o rroolnparrop6r{rv ouvaprioovo rar K p,ropo6! va rilv ,(sroo'(uri rrrixoupE ro', rl,ipr oepororri r q poiro6non[la, epoLor6v Kar prqq nthq OR. Ioxit: d = xiz + iyz +x9z+ xyz:z(xy +it) +z(ry +xy)

297

=z(x @, + r(x @y)= (x oy) @z

K= ;yz + xiz + xyz+ xyz=z(E + xy)+ xy(z+z)= z(x@y) + xy.

Aolpd\-o'"ro u,r6\rn 116 ouvapnloeic a xor x rou nftaopororri xdraSixruoTro rov r)'ipn deporor{ (tX. 7.16o)). tro oKDd(orIro r!6FEvo tr. 7.16 0) 6ivrar 10 6rdyposla svdq ,rl'ipouq aoporori. -------/tlA2

?FA

i rOy i

\-

rro

@z

-i

0) Ardtpdrtld !I. ?:16 flliplc dopoLol'lq

ro tlEpotrdvo6iKruo ue 8(ivo rou tx. 7.4 Iqpafliprlaq Edv ouyKpivoupE pL6nouF vovn 9 nuL6v. nap' dfl 5(i rprtorfororriolrdv 5 ldvo ,nj7.q 6la ourri o rpdvoq (66rlsrou nr'ipn ooporori, uEd lrl Fopai Eldtrolov rr6i l(i dla ta dipdra 61ouvva 610dpov Boole, ivar ouvrop6rpoq rp66ouv660 [6vo pdo!i8q.Avtiord ro 6ix1uoIoD tX. 7.16o) ivor rprov 8d0pi6ov (rpirl paolriSd yta ro dtnpon6f6 loD r(pdtonpvou). 'Eorro tti:pc 611 6xoulE vo npoo06oou! 6{0 n-\rriqrou( 6ua6tKo'j( Me pdsl lo,tpodvaQepgavra rar yn-ryn-'...y0. aprotoiq xn-rx.-?...x0 lra r(,)v6$0 our6v dpreF6v0o ltlopoide va orv6opoloyia yro rnv ,rp6oEon KorooKucoli Xp{suonor6wa6 ;vav rlpraopototri Kctl n-l n}'ipete 'Evd r6roro 8irmro trdpiororor oopororfq. tr6 rI 8rdloI rou:1. 7.17.

298

lX, 7,17 A0pordnl( n-Vi,0rov 5!d6r(6! dprerrdv

rov 3r}o m'rdrvoproFd}v To {ieporotro i\,n o 5!o5u<(t sp$pd( Kn a.- rdn r...aro0. H Drdlah rou :X. 7.17 s!9aviqiar oqv anlrrti lE lo\t 5po RippleCarry-Adder.Eriole lptquronorirdr Kol o 6poq nop .l,i,oe a9powth. H iwora ?n( ,rdpdl,),I),idq 610 yyov6q ova06peror dll trs Kdo 6uo6rKi oaon 'Eror aloull Kdr 660 rodSouq !o ovriorolXa r('v 660 dpr!d'v. Id \rlqis 6l.0 rd Vlqiq rov 6no opretdrv lnopoiv laurdtpovo vo 6o0o6v oTlq erod6oue xdr olt ouv6Xro vo elpovrororiv rdurdlpova dlo ra \rnipio loo aopoiolo.oe otrd rrq sE66oug. BdForaro d]ror6).eo!dlt np6oeorlq6'jo n-\,ll0{ov 5od6rK6vapl0udrvivq1 yEvrx{i6va n + l-VriQroq 6lja6rK6g. Edv 16pa oroprioourrE 6rr ldoo o npra0pororie 6oo ror or nl'ripere agporoldqeivor EiKruo2 9a0li6(j)vrdr o ropri).trIlog apororiq, Ia qv npinrooq n-\nigr('v opr0!6v. eivdr 6va dirruo 2n poopi6ov. T6torou i3ouq6irrua 6Evivor rarqirpoypitopa. Xpeld(elur 6vaeKdrrorog Xp6voq yro vo 6oeei ro uftorrorj!vooilfd EEd6ou. trov napo.l,t).o aeporori o oqEiLldrorl 8radpopi tou KpotonFvou, ro 1p6voq oui6q Kd0Dor6prlolq onoio s'ropi orn xrpdrpt 'rpi'noot vtr 8,drp6Eer d).Es rrq 06derc. fra vo 61oull ouvtoldrpo ro onortl.sops rnq np6o6Ealqrp6n6rva rpononorrloi Koidtrlrt).c to 5i'.a!o rou rapdD"Il,ou doporoTl1.:rnv rlepim(0on rou ovopaq6levou Car.f -Look-Ahead-AddeL rlrrDyXdvtor lld nopdl,)rnl,I ftrv xporoup6vov Ki Trd 6r!6 rlq 5rJo6r(69 ,rpyaoio 06oerq,pe tr1 Iptortorioinon a, ,6v rp6oeelov 6rKriov. fra oull<Kpuivo dprotld 6ua6rK6v0oov undplouv ta npdooela aDrd 8iKrua oe olox),Ip(os6vd KuKL6lord. ADrri pnopoiv dloq vs Xpnouronortooiv Kor Sro8olrrd 610r 60r. aKdlo Kar yra rrtv npinroorl !eyd),ou aprolof 6oa6lK6v06o6rv vo .o Kpotofpevo oXE66y ipaq nap! ). .olnoponlrE vd nEepldoronjrE trt ouv61era0d 66ooD! 6vo 8iKtuq p rq Pori0Erd roD onoiou errruytdvrdr rdoo n rpdoeeol x + y d6o ror I sgcipeol x -y 66o arlpcrov dprold'v x, y. H rrril.eot rrtg ooaipolE 6rrtpi(elaroto )'t'ioto oDlti.ipata Yrq rnv ,ropdoraon rorJapvnlrxot opr0to'i -y. Eivor lvoor6 drr Xovraq qpr0I6 y.Tro va aXttoliooDFe rov -y 0a rp6nr olt 5ud31ri rov Sua6rKd rapdoToorl rou y vo owrKolcorioorrps rrq lovd8e lr lrldevrKd Kor ro rdr otov TrpoKi,lrovrs vo opr8l6 vo npoo06oou,rE rn lrl8vrKdI povdSe Iovd6o.

299 :to tt. 7.18 Divtdr 6va s,rl6 6iKruo svdg aoporori o oroioe ivar rduldlpovd Kar d90rpert6.

!t.

7.18 Airrlo dopordri-doarpfin

'Orav = pra ypolpr1 IdY)(ou To 6iKruo aDr6 neprqc6r s. s 0 rdr ro 6iKflro gy(4'toroe apolofli lov &;o ap1fu6v x=xnxn r...xr xo r(ory =ynyn | ...y ryo. :rnv npi'rtoon 6tLa6i aurri psrdprpd(owur orov doporori or 1l!6q rov y0,yr,...,y,. E{iv s= I 16t orov oopororri praprpd(owar or lrI6q rov 10,it,...,!". M rrlv rltnl.6oveloayoyrl Kdr rou Kpdroi!vou K0 (Jlrl6ev dq rdqqq) Erru'I,(dvrar rl ,rpdoot qe Fovddoe orn tau).dr6pl oootaorrKdrouq aproloie x VtOraKi 0oI (ar 610ro qoporo lq npoo06rr rdr -y, 6llia6i lrloupyei (Dq agdrptrnq. Kar orrq 6110 rprrlr6ore oopoipe 6rr o rlpro0porcTlie roD fldpdl,ltlou qeporofii tXr ovrrKa?ooraeEi dtrd 6vav rrupt doporoTll.trnv n6!vn ndpdypdeoea Er{iooule rrt 8uvordlnra i,rapiq 8rrnirov, pa rKdv6rtra EDrrnp6ilotq nprooor6pov !n( lroe rpdEov. 7.6.2 fvrxii Sircrod 6iKrDoro oftoio lropgi vo tpnsrponorrloi fro rlv ?rpoyloronoirlort rdoo ).oyl(d,v, doo Kar uproFitfiK6v, ouvopriaE(]Dy ovotldlltol opfi!4uxfi ).otrKi tlovdaa(Arithmeticl-ogic Unit ti ALLD Kor eivar 6va an6 ru BaoF 'Evc

300 Kdrpo oroltio rnq Kvrprr{q uno},o'/rorrKiepovd6aq.trn ouv6xroeo nprypdvolle oovorrrrKdp troro lpdtro 0o ltropoioav. 016 6vo p6vo ouvrpr(oq yvrr6 6ir!uo, vq ftpdyfdroTrollooiv no},trfq 6roQoperrKfg Boole. 'Eorox=x,...xr KuLy=yn...yr 6[0 SodSrKtq or(olouoiq n ororliov. O o'rLoimepoq rp6noq onvdolq rov x Kor y ivat ot roytl(6q rpdErq,or onoieq npa,paronoronwdl trro6 r(0v 6Jo olorXiov xdec e6ong xor dvEdprnroord s6ol o 060I. Mra loyrKi rpdqn f dutri rlv 6wo,a, eo fnopofo vo r0Pdoraoi oq eEiq: yr) x o y : ( x , o y n )( x nr o y i - r ) . . . ( x r o Or 6uvqrtq lo,Ill.a( npdqrq lraEn ro)v orotIEiov ltoq 06olq eivdt or 24 Boole: ouv0prrioErc
f?- Br-B

k:0(l)15,

or o'loieq opiEovtal oq siq:

fi ti ti f1 fi f4
00 0l l0 1l
'Ol.q

f"r

fi f3
I I I I 0 0 0

fu' I 0 0
I

fi
l 0
I

f?. I 0
I I I I

f ''o

u
0 0

0 0 0
I

0 0 I

0 0
I I

0 I 0

0 I 0
I

0 I
l 0

0 0

I I 0
I

l I I

I I
I I

aurEq or 2a olvapriorq 6no ooEov lropofv vo npo'yJrdronolioonv }rs Cva !6vo 6iftuo. r1o ro oKord ourd rodyorle rIv 6word rou 61av6('Fdr o q B o o l e s : G I , s : . s 1 , s a ) ,r o o r o i o K o r o v o p d ( e l o l ' L t i w o t a i U o D . ' E r a I 6),g or nopondv.r oDvflprrioq Fzopoiv vd ndpdoro0olv ouvonnK{i oq

Eis:

=r0 f ? ( x i , v i ) : s r x r v i + s , r i v i + s r x i t , + s a ik jy ' ( l ) 1 5 ,i = I ( l ) n .

(.)

rErp{i6q rrp6v rou 6tovioForoq s, frd xdos pro on6 flq 2a droQoprrK;q ).dp0dvoDp Kor rov ovrimolXo dpo Boole lrog cr6 q 2a ouvcprrfoerg. flo napdSryla *xotuei s = (1,0,0,0)i f?(xi,yi)=xryi (AND) r,t, (OR)

s - ( t . 1 . 1 . 0+ ) r j , x i . y) - x , y , I x )

:n(x, + ii) + Yixi: yi +xi

301 s : ( 0 , l ,l , I ) . J f i a ( x i , y i ) = i i y i + x i t i + x i t i : iiyi + (xi + i, )ii = iiyi+ yi = ii+ti:i.]i s=(0,0.0,l).. r;(xi,yi):iitr=;F (NoR) (XoR) (XNOR) (NAND)

=i ) i j y i + x i i i = x i @y i s:(0,l,l,I) = f62(xi,y s : ( 1 , 0 , 0I,) = i f 3 ( x i , y i ) : x i y i + i r i t = x i O y r

i = I(l)n, 610r H flrri roD 6rovnssoro6s ival n i6ro rd 6lq rrq 06orq g66n vd irpoytrororloriIar iSro ouvdprrlon Bool{ior oE Kdo I r6po. oe epoployri rirorou i6ouqnpdEeov6Da6rx6v oa avae6poupE ox4ralrotd Iqq voolq Kar ropiq 6no unoouvdl,ovYr xar a(oloD0r6v, ro 'Eoro duvdlou :. 6fl ra orortia rou E raqrvopien'(ov oE lro Y, v6r = t oKolroDoia {or ,or.....o. }. T6rE xdoEYi s: napioratar FErrlv 6uoSrKi dKolooeiay'=(yi,....y1"),! oroid opiqraloq eEiq: yi-l I l. I 0, dv dv o,Y, oi Yi yro j_tfl)m

M.Bdon ro ,rporlyori!varl 6voot Yr UY, trdpiordrar ps rlv 6rdquErl yr+y'? rov 660 oKol.ouordrv, ev6 I ro!r'1YrnY! fs rr) ori(uqlyr.y'?. H oproltflroi loyrKi Fovd6o0a ,rpirr nlnv rov lo,rK6v npdEcovva Lrropi va ex.lEi rlp6o0eonKor aqdiporl. Err6{ 6poq or Eproglrlraq 6noq or l,oyrKaq, 6n),o6i npdqerq oor6q 6Evivar 6r,vdr6vva Kre),ororiv va ouvuftoloyi(eror r(or ro KpdroiKard gioErqr.ar rodroTrori ea ,rp6,rr trvo, si\.trr ovayt(dio va erodpD! !e rrl poitura 660 v6ov !ro0l'nr6v er!6tXousj Kor s6 rrt !roplrlri (paro pevo. O6roule Ero!6v('q ai = (srxiyi+s4iiii)(s5iii +s6u,)+ (s?iiyi+srxitt)(s5ui+ s6iit) Ira i=t(t)n r s 5 x i i i+ ( x i + s 6 y i+ s 5 i i ) K i , E,r =s6xiy+ yro i:0(l)n

rro s5=s6 = I lappdvoull. rov dno ( a ). 6t7.a6i n lrtapuli Kparoi!vo aroop yrs: trrlv npimoqrl r6pc sr=s2=sr=sa:l eqoqavi(rar. sj=o, sd=l Kqr 4ourrc o) qv npdoon q: (xiyi+;rti)ui+ (;iyi+xiii)ni, yro i=l(l)n

302 Kn=0, Ki,r:xiyi+xiKi+ytKi, yra i=0(l)n

s5: I, s6=0 Kor axoDu P) rnv ogoipeort ai:(xiyi+iiyi)[i+Giyi+xiii)ui, rtu=l, Ki,r=xiti+xiKi+iiKj, ]ra yro i = l(l)n i=0(l)n,

ed6ee Eivor povpd drl yra 6raqopt1K6( rqld)v 1(0vouvrroyf6v{rv1or, Sraviotaroq s :Gr,sr,...,s6) 6xoulr' xdr 6raqoprrK6q ouvoprrioer( Boole rou 6rKrioD. frlv ftpdEI p69ard 6tv Xprlorlorororiwdr dLg or 26:64 Suvart( ouvoprriorq. fra rov l6to dDrdUropodle Kord rnv KaraoxsuJi rn( sprolrtro ig l,oyrxrig lovdiag vo xdvoutr8Uru ol6lrKri orKovotia orov aprep6 rov ypot[6v e].tyloD. Aur6 etnrrJyXdwrur rov !e K(o6rKo,roitort (ltpoKnrioovan6 rrq egd6Eq lilcal' eliyZoD rl[d,v) la T|q6r{ieopq }.otrK6q Kar aproflrrxq rpdqK Kar orn oDvg1lo vo{rldroot evd( 0noK(o6l|Conornri oto SiKruo.E[var qdv6p6 dn 1618 ouvop14o16 1la 8 6raQoprrKeq oEorroi'.rcr Fdvo I tpoFff6 ).6y1ou.

7.7 Aaxtua p Fvftrtl

7.7.1 lvtxri Apj(rKd 0a slyiooup rrt 6raqopd pEaaet 6tK iay K(\r 6tft6cor pE tiv4!4. ZitJ dyy).lxri opoloyio u,tdplorrv or roo8$vdIq aworeq Coftbinational Logical Xernrr& (CLN) Kat Sequential Logical Neneork (SLN) 'Eva d\'tiororla. 8iK.uo 0a ltnopo0o vd osl'ptg'i. aa i|a rnipo xoDti te n yr,yr,...,yn 1. xr,xr,...,x. Kar m llraF),rt16g d6ou seraFi.nr6qrcd6oD 7.t9).

EI. ?.19 !$6!oonr6

6inno

Or gercplqt6g eto66oupnopoUv va ndpouvcvelciprnrd I lra dnd rrlv dLl.n n! 6!a6rr6q ruaq 0 i L Eftolr6wreivdr 8uvaroi 2" ouvsuaopoi rrt16v !lr)v1r3ro0).nr6v ro66ou. Avdloto lotforv Kur yrs rrg lErapl,tr6q EE65ou,

303 rorv oroiov 01 rrp6q qapr6vrqr KdeXpovlKriortYFi pdvo ond rrE lsIo pLnr6q ,663o1i. LaFodvovrol(00iprtrlK{i) Ta orilara eqdSol, xarpiql.o0!Arrd eivdl orEpnor rnv i6rtr xpovrKi onYttii dalqlq rov orltdrarv rod8ou. Kdr ro kfpro rapflKrtpro.r(6 Ev6eErxrfoLi.:rrtv rp{iErt 6!.rq KaLouyKrov SrKriov nqpouordgovrar KprFa\,e orr q!orKr1 trpd'yr,oronoirorl xpovr(}1 rov 5rEq6p.rv Kiq KoeuorpiorS, onoiqoqeiLovroLorn ouprpLqopd ororXiov. Oa prlopoioal8 erorfvoE vo 0soprisougeFLa n),eKrpovrK6v rt o'toid 60 loFpdvr 6'r6Kraon roUrepandvo lovr6lou v6s 61xrnoL,, Iuv on.ro1or. r rdq,n 1n( Kar flc IpovrKdq xogrolcprloac d.rtl6ia xporlKiq Ka0Dortp46qq !s 6vo 8iKruo 0o undpxorv Ev6sxo!6voq (ro Kd06va) ro 6ripoto (:XK). Oeopon}l drr ra ororrio olrd rdoDorponv T6roLoui5o!e 6ikrra ovotdEowot 'lKrDd le !vi!4 lLo xpovlKri llrovd8a. xpovrK6qKordotdi odptaKd,lKr\a Kqr xupoKrnpi{ovral and SraKprr6q osrs. or 6_eo6oL evds SrrlioD !r svrilrt aprrivror160()ond rLqELo63ouq, Kdroor{iorq rou Srxniou.or otroiqu rn orpd 6oo Kor olT6 s ooreplK6q 'Evd ororxio rorq xasopi(ovrar ond ra oroLxEiu xpovrriq xd0Dorfpnolq. Kord r\ olfieo4 Enawaopd< xpovrriq {eouoraprtongpropi vd trpoKri\yl aft6 rnv eqo6oev6q ).oyD.oi ororxioDorrlv eioo8o vcjqd1,lou. te Kd6 z. ravqq'opdqovflorortotif oKprp6q urs eo@epu.4 oLlvSon leutlari s6otspll(6( lerdp).rtr6qurdpxoDv2k ouvo).tKd 3ragopirK6q M k nolavarq tluvaaopdE rpoKaraordoEtc. M Kardl,h),cE ral.oq ouv66org e6arry1Kts Knrrlouvor tviteq. AL,r6 ourpoivel '),reri pro Ku0opro!6vnooreprKriKdrdoraon Fropli vo o641norro, bropopcflKiq c'oucv'q xoroo-docrq. 8a 666orpe rov rpcjno ovd),uotq rnq L.rroupyiog vdq lrrlv ouv6Xra SrKrioL,ps rrvisrt, Is rrt poiora v6q ftqpd6iysato(.
Ildpd8ryllo 7.9 Aivror 'ro trapdKdrtD diKruo:

z.(') f-:::::-t

?;ft)

104 Ero 6iKruo ourd u'r{ipj(ouvtn XpovLKi ottlFri t to ndlEvu oripara: a) tiFd ero66o',x(t) P) tipa eqd8ooy(t) y) Eo{DrEpr(d oiiparo - qrlv ioo3oro! :XKl 1o o{Pd " ":XK2 " " ,, 6Eo3o " :xKl " " ,, )XK2 " "

zi(t) zi(t) \(t) zzlt)

Ta oiForo r6po nou cpxovrar 1l xpovlKi orrYFi ! ottc Erod6ou(lov xatd Fld xpovlr.ri sa KooDorprloouv ororxsiov xpovrKiq Ka0uor6prlonq, ppioKovrar d!r6v rrl lpovlKri fo6o rov sloLxiov orrtv Kar eu Fovdso oflyti t+L loxnel enopCvog: zt(t+ t\=21(t), ov oroixoq 4lr+ l):2.(t) H FrdF).nri ero660!x Karor oot8prxce !raphl6q zr Kdrz: r'ropo[v rrl rrpli. Eivol 6l}o3i or avE{iprnvd 6xouv oTroroiillore orryF{ ! xpovlKri plophtd,v zr (t) rot Or rrpqrtDvoorrprKdjv ror 61Krnou. rq parop),nr6q z2(t) topdKrrlpi(olv rrtv rdpo oo ratdo,lool rou 6rxrtio! rn Xpovlri orryp{ 1. oL rrp6s rtDv [1aph16v zi(t) Kor z:(t) rpoo8,opi(olv rnv Er6psvr Korda.doit. 01 ouvapdoele rov y(t), zi(t) Kdrz; (t) Dnol'oYiqovrol pe 11 po{eerc ro! nopaxdro nivaxa rudv: x (t) zr(t) zzlt)

v(r)
0 I 0 I 0
I

zi()
0 I 0
I

I I A'16 rov nivaKa ouov npol(unrr: y : - x i t z r + l z r 4 + x zt z 2+ x z 1 4 + x z t z ) :722+ xzi4+ xzt:-r'4+ x(zt +ztzr)=74+

I I I

xzt + x4: 22+ xzl

z i : ( x + z j + a ) l x + z ) + z ? ) = x+ x z t+ x z 1 + \ 2 1 + zt z 2 +x z 2 + z t z 2 + z z

305
'Onoq qalvror afld rov nivoxc rcX'i)tr zi:y Kor rloFfvog

Aur,q or ouvoprrioK Boolel(ooopiqoDv n}.{psrqrrl ).rroupyio roD 6rK ioo lorJ ndpo6eiruardgloq. 7.7.2 |(ovovrrti popgil asrprdxod 6r|.160o fevrKEiovrcgrrq ,woreq rou rponyo[psvoundpa6l,ylaroq tt'Iopo[$ va 0opioouF 61r I KavowKilopei vdgoerpld(o'j 6rK6orJEivsr aurri ftou 6ivtar d?o :I. ?.20.

z =f,lx,Zl

z'

!t.

?.20 Kd$vrni

riopai dflFdro': 6,xnion

M Y = fy(x,Z) o'rlpol,iqo0l rrq m ouvoprrio'qBoole rov jrrap),!r6v ed6o!. IoX6r: y, = f,((x,,...,x" ), (2,,...,,* )), perdPlnr6v. IodEl l z i = f . ( ( x , , . . . , x " ) , ( 2 , , . . . , 2 k ) )j ,= l ( l ) k Or rufq rov !.1apllr6v r6d6oljftor rl ndpoioo Kardoraon Z rqeopiqouv rrq rrpfg iov [laplnr6v E66ou Kar rtv EidFvrl Kardoroon Z'. proplitrdrv (2i,...,21) naproldOr 2t ouv8uooloi fl!6v rov o0rrpu<6v vouv 1o orivo).o tov 6uvcr(iv Kcrcords.lv, 6roD Kdo Ksrdaroorl rou d6rplo|(orl6rKfllou 0eopeiror 6fl ival 6vae 161oroq oov6uaop66. i= l(l)m

MEz'=r,(x,z, ourpol,i(our r'q k oDvaprriorg Boole r.ov ooiprK6v

306 M61pr r6pa yrd q pl,6rl r{rv orprd(6v 6rxt0m oeop{oope rrq ouvoriKg: ndpdKdrlt .prq rSavrKdq l. H pErapLnri lp6rou eivar 6vd 6roKprrdpercpol'dpevop6y0o(.Aurd o ,va 6inuo yivowar rK drepolq oruroivErrirr 6tlsq or 6la6rKooiq lpovrxaqorryfcc t =0,I,2,.... 2. Or av4dp.nr% rrop},nte( (X,Z) raq 'lap6xouvxopi6 Ka0Dor6ptonrK rr|l;s rov 6rlprruavov serap].nr6v (Y,Z'). Or Tlll6r tov yercp].qr6v rod6ouafld(ouv pdvo o drapdlg xpovrK6qolryIaq. Ka0ljol,plottg Xplouiouv a,rl,6q llc rnv ftpr3. Ta olorlio XpovrKrig ypaei rnq prd9oolq rou 6rtr6ou and rI Xpovu(i o"rrllrl t oq tpovlK{ orryli t+1. Or 1pdvor Kdouordplorlq 6opo6\adr i6ro|fro d).a rd oror1ia. Td oiporo eledvi(ovrar orrlv ioo8o rov orotXEiov Kor orq nol,trdrLdord roD 1pdvou l<o0uoi6pn6{qrouq. ivor r6dvrx6qEntr6i, ogTv{rordv, d}.d ro euor(d Aurdq or oDvoriKeq 'EIoupE pT60t oEopofwar rdqouvXeie rollvoe 6vd ^0L6 !1opl.rtrfq. r6avlr6 llowe).o rlotl eo tlp6fiervd npoooplootei 6oo /vercr rol,T.irepc 'Eva rpd)to Ptifa anor].6in avrr(cldordsl r(,)v ornv npoy|tdrlrdqra. arorXeiov lpovrl3iq Kooosr6pnong or|r5 ororyeia !yit14? (lip-tlops\. ?.7.3 Flip-Flop H ar).o[arepn popqri oErprdKoi6$ri)oD Eiv(lrro flip-tlop. Auld 6ivar lra ),oyrKi Fovd6a,n onoia !fiopi va atroelr86oer(oDlxparidr, Koroltopio') ro 0 i ro l. tro tX. 7.218ivrdr ro 6i(lDo Ev6s Rs-flip-flop wli. lou ,ropdorooYl. Fe rn ollldrrri

D) trrlloflnl 11,7,21 RS'flip-flop

trdpdoidor)

To nopondv(o 8irnoo Karo6Kud(6rdr drld 5io miLqNOR Kororrors;.{ 6vo PaaKd ororyelo pv4tt49. To orotX{o aurd yp}rnobirat Ku an.t)sptoltot.lral

307 S Kor R. O lpdrog lsrroopyiae dwoi IoD ,r rn porlosrorov &to ro66(Dv flip-flop sival o 6qi(: l. Av R=0 Kdr S: I 2. Av R=l Kor S=0 3. Av R=0 Kor S=0 4. Av R=l Kar S=l Q: I Kdr Q=0 (vpyoroinor) Q=O xar Q=t (a'rvspyo'roirpn) rldpdl6vsr ornv Kardardor] rlou 1161ppioxerdr(ortvLi2.)

Q=Q= I (a,ipt".n xardolaon) rvrKd 6vd flip-flop ,rspdXer Ero66ouq lcar6rios666ooe lra il trEproodlpee xar Or 66o 6!o6o1 61ouv ndvlor6 owiostq n?,rtpoqopiC. a Q. H oulrprqopd vdeorproKoi 6rKrioDrrprypdprar lE 1rl dordprqa4 paq praqi H aDydprttort oori 6ivr rrl 0,{6or rrtq Frap,triq Ftrdfoo1c. 65ouQ |lrd lpovrK{ orrlpri |(ar rov !lapltr{i)v ro65ouq6 oFeo{Dg ,rporlyo0pvn6 lpovrKrlq olrypilg:

. ,( t ) ) Q ( t+ I )= f ( X r , x r , . . . , xQ
fld va urol,oyiooop rI oDvdprlon ptdpaorlgv6q Rs-flip-flop raruoKsud(ou|lrov ,lopaKdro nivuxd rw6v: R

Q(t)

Q(+ t)
0
I

Kard6raot Kolal6prtsn

000 001 0r0 0tl 100 t0l tt0 tll

AfiIt iov n{vqKd our6v ,rpoKrinEri

I I

0 0

+ RSQ{tl + F.sq1r1= 13q1,' * 1' Q(t+ r)= RSQ(t) = R(Sa(t) + s): R(Q(t) + s), {
+RS Q(t+ l) = RQ(t) O ,rapo,rdvo fi{vatagtrpd)v0o Fnopotjo va lpaeri arrl.oior8pq oq etiq:

308
R
S

Q(l+ l)

Kardordon
KorqLd'pnorl

0 0
l

I 0 I

ao
I 0

6v opiqerdl

xdrl}otro ol!io dDr6 ftp6ftr vo avogpoule 61r utrdpxotv 51{iQope pieq flip-flops ov{i}.oya ! lov rpdtro }rloupYidq rorg Mld on6 our6e ivor -./topr' rrlq onoiaq o o'Itroiorrpo- runoc n *o.nrooio id\ Ko'a/ up|td\ - tl ip 7 2lr dfi6 fivdr ro nopsrdvo RS-flip nop Arol!).ciror oruc ti6apc {:x rilcq NOR Ko' /nopri va Koral@riou trro 5io oror po-rt 6Lv6c6Li,Lvrq 6!o6rxi flpi n.x. ptae 6ua6rl.lie !erBB)'n1{q r1o r6rolou i8ous oerproxd 6iKrud ro oroio pnoporlv vd ooYKparioouv llv nl'rlpoaopia (tui 0 ii l). rl lrlv onoia rouq npooq6perar orllproio orK to66oug. I6ir 6rL tlEp161ouv !94v1nhpogopio ev6q bi!. To RS-flip-flop vsp,otlotiIdl alEosrq |16]'q otei 6vcq rllertprxcjq ra).u6q orrlv ioo6o. To [poq rou no]'Foti 6v txel onuo6id. tro rX. ?.22 6ivE.d1 ro trd).loYpdQlltr ev6q Rs-flip-flop

!X. 7,22 noi.lo, Pdorld

ra o'oia ropidqral 63op6vo, Oq poorOv avoq unol.o,ro.iq rEpT qKo].oDeiq 6uo6tK6v nrpdolveg ordoepoi trq orovror ouv(otl)q, tttiKou!

309 Vneiov (li!l(). Edv ro lriKoq lraq l6(Iq ivor N bits ldt c,rcrroiwcr N flip-flops yrd ritv Koro16plon ploq L6qn6. Mra rfroro 6rdro6nflip-flops dnorslli rov Kardloprllri. trl ouv,tEro 0a SdroorJfg 6va nopdSr.flo xdrsr(oprlri, o otroioqlprlorpedryra rn ouyxpdTnot rou cnoll6oga.oq 'Evoq aoporotrig Ildpd6rTra 7.10 nap6tEr6va rlpovriero dopordpa,ro onoio rlpfner vo onoonKuoi oe 6vdv Koraioptlli Ir r!parrfpo sneqEpyqoid. fra Kdo06on rou rsrpdvigrou 6uodrKo[dpr0po6Xpla(dloolE 6va flip-flop. H KdrqX6pnon rov \rnoiov oio rtooEpo flip-flops 0d npirsr va 'yivr raur61povo. Me d).la 1,61c 0o np6nn rd nip-flops, 6floE l6p, va ou'yXporaorori)v. To ,rpdpl,nttaoui6 lou ouylpovro[ori rov flip-flops ivar 6va Tvrr61epo ,rpdpl.Ila nor E[eaviqrdlo'ulvd ors orprdKddiKtlJar('v ur!o),oyror6v.: 6vo,rll).eyllvoorpraK68irlro Uopi ro nu;pouq 6iKrud rou vd,rapouord(oDv 6roQopErrKoiqxp6voDq avribpaorlq xar EvEpyoroirFqc (ooJnpovt ouprprpopd). '(drr rou ouviooq o6nyi o l.dooq oulnspreopcirou 6LoD 6rxr6ou xal 'ILa ro l6yo durd 0o np6nrra nrp6poDq aur{i 6il'1ud vd oryXpovrdtotv. lre q poieerd Ev6q Korvon oi|la.oq. fro rnv an).i r(i)pd rrpiflroon, dnou rc ru6poue 6il.tua sivar flip-flops, 6rv 0a xoule dpeoq evepyonoilorlev6gfiip-flop o xd6d1,1oIi rou nal,forl rol] oilaroe oritv ioo6oR, o!.rr6roi1oqS, a},}.d!6vo l16oa o'rl XpovrKri6rdpxran otroid xaoopiqetarEnaxprp6qq,r6 rouq tra).loig lou Korvoi otlloroq. fro ro oKon6 ourd ouv66ourE rrl ypoFpi rou Korvori oripsioq,60"1(l) T, p6oo prog,rol.nq AND EX{rprorli rr Kdepro atrd fi( rot) flip-llop. To flip-flop noll Kor' sur6 rov rp6no npoKttrrEr erdd8ouq ea oyordlt(rt oiytpovo Rs-flip-flop (tt. 7.23),dE cvflSrcorol,{ }l ro rporr^t o{rEvo (aolytpovo) RS-flip-fl op.

Ex. 723 ::r'ytpovo Rs-nip-flop E,$orpeeovroqoro napdbsr,Fdpo6 6lvorue olo tI. 7.24rrt oov6oIo),oyia rlou npoyloronori rnv xdlaXdrprtort rou lErpov{grou opoiotoroq.

3t0 fla rlv nspitlrooll Kord1d)pionq ap1rKd rou dploFoi l00l Kor olrl oDvtleic trov ol l0 Kar I I0l 6{voDIro 'rd}pofpdqllo (tI 7 2t Io tlv rc},},irep1 rctov6ry1 qe }tloupYiagtnq ouv6eoplotiag aou tx 7 24'

EI. ?,2a l<drdl6pnol rFpdviaro!

dspoidrd'oa

R t.

0T

12

rl

14

rj

&. 7.2sAtuolt&on thpoaopioC 6r xordTopri

3ll Kor f6lK ro oipa R ndpsr Aptrrd dla !a flip-flops ivdr vEpyonornB6va (IpovlKi tr). rqri I o,rv.pyorlororivror oflytoi Iq oovalsra evpyorlori ro' ro o'ira T (xpovr'('i orr'/Fri t:). Tn xpovrKi dKpr06corryl{ t: np6nr o oopororriq va 6rae6oerro doporoto l0ol. Tdr rd r6ooepa flip-flops ).all0dvouvcTlq ro65ouerouq ra dvriororLo oritaro '(ar eror aloull rrq 6d6ouqSr r(ar Sr vsplonorl!vrq, Ev6 or S? xar Sr napo!6voDvo Kcrdsloorl orsvEpyo,roilqqq.H 6rllloupylo.ioo Kal{ioraqt rov flip-flops tropof6vr!6r(pr rn ollyF{ tr 610! 10 oiipa R ,roipvrnd},rru.ri L Koid ro xpovr(d drdorrlla t1-tr [,ropoiv rc srjrard rov roodpsrv Eqd6ovvo u'roorodv ,r36pydaiq 0'16 d).;.q 6rardaq. Tr xpovrri orryrli tl 6xouF dnvrpyoroirpn Kar r('v roo{ipo)v flip-flops Kar orn ouvalra ndtrr av{i xarot6pnorl rng v6dq ruiq 0ll0 rou aepoioFoloq (Xpovrri orrytri ta). T6loS ttp6rL va uvoeepouF8drr o napdndvo rp6nog Kctd16pn6nq )t).tpoqopioe olot(Ili nop )4^oe 1tdri lprtorporlorEi rdoq Tpatlr6q e'od6ou S doa Kdr rd xoraxopoifva Vnpid.

BIBAIOTPAOIA
Aho. A.V. / Sethi,R. / Ullman,J.D.: Compilers: Principls. Techniqucs. and Tools,Addison-Wsley 1986. Atrooro).dros, N.i AprelllflKoi unoloyrorai,A0ivo 1972. Arooro),dxoq. N.r Mra roa]o)-ri drl eopia ol-yopi0l('rv.A8ivu I978. Bauer.F.L.,/ Goos,G.: lnfo.matik. Bd. I-2. Springer 3. Aufi. 1982. 1984. Bauer. F.L. / Wcissner,H.: Algorithmic Language and Program Devel^^menr qnr;no.r IOR)

Bauknccht. K. ,/ Zchndcr.C.A.: Grundziigeder Datenverarbitung, Teubner 1985. Bucher. W. / Maure.. H.: Theoretische Grurdlagen der Programmiersprachen. 8.L 1984. CalinSaert.P.: OperatingSystemElements, A User Perspective. PrenticeHall 1982. Dahl, O.l. / Dijkslra. E.W. / Hoare, C.A.R.: Structuredkogranming. Academic Press 1972. Dijkstra,E.W.: A Discipline of Programming, Prentice-Hall 1976. fspi6rq. n / AUyrqvvdKtq.M.: :i)TXpovoA6ErK6[].tpoqoprKriq. EKS6osrq Aiou).oc 1989. Goldschlagcr, L. / Lister. A-: ComputerScience. A Modern Introduction. Pentice-Hall I982. R.: Turbo Pascal. He.schel. Oldenbourg 1987. Jensen.K. / Wirth, N.: PASCAL Us.r l\&nual and Reporl. ISO PASCAL Standard.Springer 3. Aufl. 1985. Kopotno'!(6_c. r.: Erodyoli ortv n),rpoaoprri. A0ivd 1989. Knuth. D.E.: The A of ComputrProgramming Bd. l-3. Addison Wsley19691973Lewis / Srnith: Applying Data Structures.Houghton Mifflin Company t976. Mano. M.M.: Computer SystemArchitcture,Prentice-Hall 1982.

314 Maurer. H.: Datcnstrukturcnund Progammiervedahren, Teubner 1974. Mehlhorn. K.: Daru Struclures and Algorithmus. Bd. l-1. SprinScr1984 M,orp).iq. N.: PascalKdr Turbo Pascal.EK66orqEulprpiu 1988. NqK{ioL A. / Mnr]j, A.: H A}.y60paBool rqqv Iiv0orv Arrruolrir(ov Ar0ronr6v, Aorivo 1970. H.: lnformarikL. Hanser lsl... Nohemeier, Noltemeier,H. / Laue, R.: Informatik II, Hanser 19E4. Noltemeier, H.: InformatikIII, Hanser 1982. Perl, J.: RekursiveProgrammierung, Hanser l9?9. schaback.R.: Grundlasender tnformatik. Vieweg 1988. 9.L 1986. Stetter. F. ./ Balzert, H.: Programmierung, Waldschmidt,H. / Walter, G.: Crundzugeder Informatik. I. B.I. 1984. Wettstein,H.: Systemprogrammierung, Hanser 1972. = Programs,Prntice-Hall 1975. Winh, N.i Algorithms+Data Structures Wirth, N.i Syslematisches Programmieren. Teubner, 5. Aufl. 1985. Turbo Pascal,Owner's Handbook, Borland International, 1987.

EYPETHPIO
AKoi.o!0io Erldtov 2 oufF6lov ?8 d),160pdBOOLE 267 d).160prFi orLoroiron 279 olt6pr0poq 2, 47 oovral(tlrrls qvdludrtq E6 rou ED'(1,i6I59, 164,206 aolpn0,rLri oDFr.pr9op6 208 doitXpovo RS - flip-nop 109 otldlldq r.q.pldoio 66o!aaov 2 Bdoo( dvs6pofi( 158 odorreq olvapnlo'q l17 olvqpiioEq Bool 268 pqorxi 6o!I*vrl Ev6ilra 62 PadK6 oto'xio ,lnirrq 306 0.r. cotroirto! 249 block - 6oli 150 BN - ropqi E? Icvrx(i ov6poro l5l 1cvrK6Dnolo?'oniq 9 lvrilpto tsto-rloflof irv 251 dv.tdptrtn oqrqpoloEvo! 8l lcrloupltxo[ l] r p o l p a F P a l r o s o !2 , 4 6 tkhoosq 6o0rptEy.lrdq 240 F. 6lvot6dttd q,tdeaotq 79 ratrtnE tud6 2u() rp6llq rvtdg 240 iroptrlS yvrdq 240 .plqq 1ev1dq 240 lpoF[i aveqdptrtrn 6u!9po<ortevovEl c ].o i9 288 -

ara'iprro30,78
dlron ow6porrrl 157 ovd6poFrFi 6oFi 6e6oFvov 212 uvo6pou,K6oXiFa 157 lrorpdlpoFlrd 156 lvo8poti 154 ov0(irron 222, 233 Drolor6i6 2 ovol.o11K6S drqptfnti rpolpdFfaloq 245 rqpddrool Il4

qr66oorl rflooloq 20 qnorloLotlr6 'H 281 'I{ oxl 284 aroKo6rKoro'ti'iq 293 dr6l.um oqdlFa olpolY|ilcuots 4l qroFqKpDollvl erepYaoia 8 ld(rni '.q.pFoid 20 otrotrol.utri.aKtE 290 oprlrtnni - ),o r'1 povdad 4 'ipvlort 264, 265 'H 10D 2E3 lOU KAI 2E2 qpripiq 291 66oF6vov 291 o p X i o1 8 7 ouvlo$g 6roXtrDolq 8 apxi rtq rEwp'r{g aptrpioq 8 rou John von NeuFann 4

AciKtIq 190 6Koeqo6ttd !,rteio 23. 103 66wpo83. 2ll 6svrpo.r6iq 6oprl 2ll 6so!lpvll ltI 98 6qLd6' l0l 6'i),oor F.idpr.ry'iq lll

lt6 filloor ora0,pdr 108

6ioo6oqveprroirtolq 293 .xdrtKi rotunl.ox6tlro 209 E(oirrlq 32 El6Xroroe 6pog 278 6lrtrK6 13 6).olaoEr6o{tioe jl lteol avcdpori 157 .v6rdrrorl r}.i,ood lsoor,Ki( fltd_ Ergpfie napliyErpot j4l voqlq 7. 57 wo7.6sllrql.i 14 rEori onrxotdordonE ruic cAsE tlo _ FOR t34

ouvdptldlq I47 r6roD t69 D^orpord!,rqroc t42 6ra6rraoid 2 6rd(uxflxri KqvovrK4popon 2?0_ 218 6r''(ulr 26a 6,alorri .r.epTaoio 20 irloDplia t8 6ra!6prol Xpdvo! rE 6,dlopquri6 - dtro6rolopqonig E ord!!o!o eialrou 100 6 r o w o l m ' K d q u t r o t o y r d r i 68 o,upK.'o (o,riq qhrKcuivov l50 xiKlo! qlnparnotq 20 010r101lr.10 66vrpo 2r2 or6pltl!Don 239 6Eplrlvlriq 14, 219 -_ 7].droddg ltlquig 241 . iiftuo 274

I_25

_ -

!6 pnill J02 6rop&rri6 ld06v 2{ 6ral6 oq!r).ipo!o 298 6ofi 6E6op6!@v 2t0 6o!tpv6q vdttrq 6l oortt.vtt .vro).i 124 8oriEvoq rpotpaHnrofds dofo6rdyporBo 62 6!d6rKi dva(irnon 231 6!q6Lr6 6avtpo ?ti

gnarta2.t4

6l

_ .ead t20 readln t20 _ REPEAT I33 WHILE I]] _ WITH tEI _ wrirc l2l _ wrir.tn lzt _ o otpo-rpdgyotoa t26, 143 cotprri rorv6rndn 222 erovdlrl!,n 64, 65 rmqpyooia rpdrudrtKon xpovo, 2l Eregp7od,l2 q,5 ertx9ol,i6o rpolpd,rlroros 99 .trtlo-r6oq 6Eio|l6vov 289 riomAiov trpiilpqppo Il eoorep'q '(qtdolaot 303 p.tap).lq 301 toqtvdrlot 222 exctusP._NoR 284 _ -oR 283 Hlexrpov,xdg urcl.oyro.riq I rt,rpo/.dro @dflitrdto< | 3 t,r'doporcis 295 O6ot sp/doiaq 8 tolis 6 rolis vorirov 6l

coTo t38 tF 127

lrrtgio roorllidc lt 6!q6Lkdqk.i6LKaq3l 6uvaFtKi 5orlri btock r5j onv6ol 250 dlvdrdqtq g.rdqopds 2.18 EBNF 89 }KrFonordg !,iotrpo/pdrr,jduov j0 l rorKo o'jrpo)Lo 55.97

31',]
Md!'Ki .rcldplaoid l9 fni|rl] 5 Xal6q oly6pr6loq 5? ldKposwo).ri 259 rcvovrK'i Fopgri orpuKo0 6rktno! 305 lrprK'i oDv'iprror q8tlE 2?4 ndpdloyos E6 FerqFrldi avoqopdq l9l Kovovtrororlfd{ trdpdoraorl Krvrliq droD 53iK.n l9l lroitaoroliq 37 t8tal),.nrflol 239, 24E xovdh 6 14, 239, 24E lsror).orrtdiq erLloyiq 6 !raapaooiq 218 pelonK6q eEEp-raoriq 6 nor!trrLioq 6 *ftdhtnx6 rp6/popro 248 rr 1.ppolrKd onrtFola 79, 80 pLxpoEwoLaq kdrdLlxnK6q K66rxdq 249 14, 241 (dtolopilois 7. 237 Frrpoeftepydoriq l0 flip-flop 308 trxporpdEl 241 gtkporp4papta 14. 241 Krvi cwori 124 r6(t l0 ltKpotrporpallat(6pvoq 016 to rpir6vlprKi aptitpid I arrl urororLmiq 242 Dno),o7rotiE 16. 242 lvriprt 5 uo).orrmrKri povdia 5 ltKporpo-/paFFa oAdg 242 ().ioil evoritov la{l rrxpoiiroXoyrqiq l0 it i6Jt olvdprldlq I48 lvtlpl 103 k6s0oq 8rexaEpaioorlsl0 sl6yi(ou 16, 241 kp,tip,o 6,dtsEtq 222 F6vo yra qvdyvool 16 tro),DtrIoxdtitrdq 207 lovdia l6rxo! 5 KpDarl dr6adol 6l fovd6 c1o66ou5 Kur{f}.r 5 E66o! 5 pvorporpojrFcrrolrdq 16 r661raq ll Ko6rKoroiror'l 3l E6 lovodiFavot tpa$ot,ki rolrxoaorrlliq 291 lopqotroirlorl 7 NAND 282 NOR 2El NOT AND 282 - OR 283 'Ovofo 55. 97 6poa 54, ll2 Boole 211 o!pr! 2ll avdlovis 20 Iooanvd|o DikrDo 277

lri0oq ,oot,sid! 3l ).rroDptLK6 o'iofitfo ll rtqr 10. 78 KIE'6i 49 }J(,xorpqqrni qvdrlor 249 XhrotpaqlK6q dvdllr,iq 249 liora 2l I lolrkd drotlcia 265 olpBo).o 265 ).o1LK6 6ldypqpra 62 'H 264 KAI 264 xrKlo[d 265 Ld0oq 52

IIaK6ro raqppolrlv 14 rcpd/owoq Il3, 185 napo/ori K6drKo 249 rqpdyoyoq E0 nap6)").nh enepyqoia l

318
trdpd).h),I ka@n6prlor r).itpogoplaq 3l I ropdr.l.tl.oq depotdtiq 298 @pdFtpor ovaaopiig 146 fllrir 146 tropriotool 51. 54. ll3 xrvnolq bro8uoroliq 3? r6io I74, 2ll nProrl r61{oq ovot(irov I50 1p6v 6e6ofavov 169 0ropErlqdvrtK.'FAvov 150 rpr9peroxaq ouoxutq 6 r).iprt5 oopo,mrls 281, 296 troi.).an).i ni.olri 64 rolurloxdqra 207 Ip6vo! 207 I6poD 207 mllnpolpdrrFalroF6c I6 no?,uovuprri ro),DrloK6qto 209 npd8llrd pl.nnoroirtolq 277 LaEft 79 rpdlpdppa 2. 46. 99 Kqoolirrots 13 rrt'xris Enr.plooia! 240 rpolpqFtrot(6fdl lvipt !6vo 7ra areEio 2E7 otlFooror.ork6 avq).D{ 249 o@F6Ssplodid l0 otat|(li 6orri block r5l otjr6q 250 o r i F q 1 5 8 ,2 l l drorXEr66rls svdilro 62 otorXeta qcnErq l otorXeio jruiltrlg 106 XpovtKiq xdouoraprarg l0l @lXpovo RS - flip-flop 109 olqn,KuK1i kdeovrrll lopai 285 @(utrl 264 ofFol.rxi yL6ooo 2aO.258 onloolo 55. 78 eKriqott 80 ouspo).oFlaqpoori 258 drBoLoorpd 107, I?7 ofno i! aap6oEon 15 ovdpqol AND 264 Boole 264 <Ei)4\q214 KologLron 285 NOT 264 oR 264 o!v6,r!q 250 @v0.tr .vto],i 126 rrl).I XNOR 284

xoR 283

@p1ot roD Av6r 164.209 Pourit! qvayv6prots ror 6Ldp0ools RS - nip-flop 306 t.rpd 6l o.'pLdri Ke).eol rpdEov l d&prqKd 6ir0o 103 ollraoro).oyrKi dvd).lorl 249

trpo1paglqtr(dF.vo IoIr6 trPoYPdtPottoF6q 2, 46

fp6qvdro).tof6vo 7p69rl@ 82 6evrpo ! pi(a 83 rpoodptolo! Tporsrig rdxorvo!,loq 8 rp@toy.v66rp6rpd4o 248 nl.r 'H 265 _ AND 265 dtror?..tonrol 'H 283 aroK).dr@rKon OXI-'H 284 'H 'ipvlotg roD 2El dpviorls ro0 KAI 281 KAI 265 _ NAND 283 NOR 283 NOT 265 oR 265

dptoFiv llXdvriq 37 ouvldKtrki dviiluol 86, 249 x;ldol 254 ouvrontx6 atdlpoltto 90 ldooq 5l

3t9
o,womrd corXio 254 oowdm'K66 avol.wig 249 oiwoqt 5l
@drcDtq aod6oD,.66o! 6 oorrtld d!ortq mKorvovidE 2l rrqtiq t),ro6u6ol.iq 18 nopalori( 268 rpolpolFdddFoi 9J npotsporolrilov 17 ox1tr6 oqdl.fo otpofltkuolq 4t q6l,ro 98 TaKrrrdq dnoq 170 ldrvoltl'vo 6ud6rr6 66vtpo 2t2 olrv6Fror 222 F0 dvraucri 223 r rocyol4 225 tot1l 221 Fe F. FrqI 2ru El.Ee.lig 54, I 15 rEpFlnrd d6,rpola 79. 80 ntifd 6nMd(l)v 100 ionrd ouirdto l5l

nifto( intcg.r l0l _ POINTIR I9O - .cal I05 _ RECORDI79 _ SEI I83 - STRING I77 - unonprorlqI72 YEpr6rxdq lno).oroilc 3 uhKor,o,roBG6 16 rrrEpDnolo1lciq9 0no^4r ?e - E'6rK'iq rprlotq t0 - ,lel(otnq or66oorte 9 - lleolioD rrcr60ou(9 - ro! John von Ncumantr 3 unolotrdrr6 r6vrpo 6 6ra6rKadloE l4l o,|vdpdtdrte t4l

Flip-flop 306 9optol{ 250 xoparqprmrl 37 xNoR 284 xoR 2E3 pioqe 2 an6Kprone 20 xp6voe Yd6oropdlhl,rt en Eeo{1d'idtj vmraKoq uEorolrdtiq 3 \nl9io 55, 97

tumkae rdpdFrpor l4l ntrc! ampifutong l7t ARRAY I74 _ byr. l(X chu I07 FILE IE9