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a CLOSE SYSTEM can exchange energy (as HEAT or WORK)but not MATTER with its surroundings. an ISOLATEDSYSTEM cannot exchange any of heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an OPEN SYSTEM can exchange all of heat, work and matter.
A closed system is one where no material is transferred across the system boundaries. Only heat and work are transferred to the system as shown in the animation below. As work is done on a real gas, the temperature and pressure increase and some heat will be transferred out of the system. As a real gas expands, it does work on the surroundings and the temperature and pressure decrease. Heat is transferred to the system.
energy of the gas with the amount of heat transferred to/from the gas and work done by/on the gas. This energy balance is called the first law for a closed system. It is written..
dU = dQ - dW U= Q-W (1)
The sign conventions for heat transfer and work are Heat transferred to the system is POSITIVE Work done on the system is NEGATIVE
If the processes by which heat is transferred or work done on/by the system are reversible then we can calculate numerical values of for the Q and W in equation (1) and work out the internal energy change. If the processes by which heat is transferred or work done on/by the system are irreversible then, values at the start and end of the irreversible process are required to calculate the change in internal energy.
The
first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system work. It is used extensively in the discussion of heat engines. The standard unit for all these quantities would be the joule, although they are sometimes expressed in calories or BTU.