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Latin Grammar Abstract Verbs

VOICE MOOD CONJUGATION TENSE: 1st laud2nd monPASSIVE VOICE (Subject is the receiver of the action)

INDICATIVE MOOD (Statements of Fact)


Present Stem (minus vowel) 3rd mitt4th aud-

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Wishes, Exhortations, Purpose Clauses, cum in Secondary Seq.)


Present Stem (minus vowel) 1st laudshE 2nd monrEAds 3rd mittA 4th auddIAry

PRESENT
Primary

am/are (being) verbed

PL:

-or -aris -atur -amur -amini -antur -abar -abaris -abatur -abamur -abamini -abantur

-eor -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur -ebar -ebaris -ebatur -ebamur -ebamini -ebantur

-or -eris -itur -imur -imini -untur -ebar -ebaris -ebatur -ebamur -ebamini -ebantur

-ior -iris -itur -imur -imini -iuntur -iebar -iebaris -iebatur -iebamur -iebamini -iebantur

(that) SN may be verbed

PL:

-er -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur

-ear -earis -eatur -eamur -eamini -eantur

-ar -aris -atur -amur -amini -antur

-iar -iaris -iatur -iamur -iamini -iantur audire+ -r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

IMPERFECT
Secondary

was/were (being) verbed

INFINITIVE + ending

PL:

laudare+ monre+ mittere+ -r -r -r (that) SN might be verbed -ris -ris -ris -tur -tur -tur PL: -mur -mur -mur -mini -mini -mini -ntur -ntur -ntur Nb: the Imperative (Command) form of the verb is formed this way: singular:
(addressing 1 person)

FUTURE
Primary

shall/will be verbed

PL:

-abor -aberis -abitur -abimur -abimini -abuntur

-ebor -eberis -ebitur -ebimur -ebimini -ebuntur

-ar -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur

-iar -ieris -ietur -iemur -iemini -ientur

plural:
(addressing 2+)

lauda Praise! laudate

mon
Warn!

mitte
Send!

aud
Hear/Listen!

monte

mittite

audite

Passive Infinitives: laudari monri mitti audiri (to be verbed) (In 3rd conj., drop the vowel from present stem and add an i) (whether) was/were verbed Perfect Passive Participle (4th Principal Part)

PERFECT
Secondary

has/have been verbed (was/were verbed)

Perfect Passive Participle (4th Princ. Part)

+ sum, es, est; sumus, estis, sunt


(Present of sum)

+
sim, sis, sit; simus, sitis, sint
(Present Subjunctive of sum)

PLUPERFECT
Secondary

had been verbed

Perfect Passive Participle

(whether)

Perfect Passive Participle

+
eram, eras, erat; eramus, eratis, erant (Imperfect of sum)

had been verbed

+
essem, esses, esset; essemus, essetis, essent (Imperfect Subjunctive of sum)

FUTURE PERFECT
Primary

shall/will have been verbed

Perfect Passive Participle

+
ero, eris, erit; erimus, eritis, erunt (Future of sum)

Nb: Purpose Clauses are introduced by: ut (negative: n); qui, quae, quod; qu (negative: n) before a comparative. Mood: subjunctive. Tense: after a primary tense, use the present subjunctive; after a secondary tense, use the imperfect subjunctive. -io verbs of the 3rd conj. have the endings of the 4th conj. in those forms where the endings of the 4th begin w/2 vowels; otherwise, they have the endings of the 3 rd.

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