Psychology Exam Chapter 8

6/5/13

Samantha Rowe

Eric Erikson and Sigmund Freud were two psychologist who created two different stages of development. Erikson created a system of psychosocial development consisting of eight stages (birth to one year, two to three years, four to five years, five years to puberty, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age adult, and late adulthood). However, Freud developed a system of psychosexual stages with a total of five stages (birth to one year, one to three years, three to five years, five years to puberty, and adolescence). During Eriksons theory of psychosocial development, one faces a series of obstacles and challenges when going through each stage. For example, when going through the time of adolescence, one faces the challenge of finding and assuming an identity (identity vs. role confusion). According to Erikson, this is a time of storm and stress and the adolescent has trouble figuring out who they are. An adolescence experiencing identity crisis during this stage will most likely try new things in order to try to find their identity. During Freuds psychosexual stages, a child finds different sources of pleasure. For example, in the first stage, the oral stage, the childs pleasure is orally fixated and the source of pleasure is the mouth. A child experiencing the oral stage will most likely suck on their thumb or chew on things.

Chapter 9 There are four different types of parenting styles, authoritarian, authoritative, laissez-faire, and uninvolved. The two I find to be most alike are authoritarian and authoritative, and its not because their names sound similar. In an authoritarian household, the parents are the bosses, and the child knows it. If the child wishes for an

Psychology Exam

6/5/13

Samantha Rowe

argument, they will never win because the parents have the final say in things. In an authoritative household, the parents are still in charge, but they allow the arguments to happen. They tolerate the point that their child is trying to make, and negotiate a deal that is suitable for both them and their child. For example, Sally is a girl raised in an authoritarian household. Her best friend, Karen, asks her to go to the movies on Friday night. When Sally asks her parents, they say no. She then asks why they said no, and they say because she needs to study, even though Sally has perfect grades. Sally begins to argue with them in attempt to get them to change their minds, but they insist she will not be going and if she asks again, she wont ever get to go. Sallys parents have the final say. Sallys friend Karen lives in an authoritative household. When Karen wants to hang out with friends, she asks her parents with confidence and ease. When her parents say no, Karen asks why, and begins a negotiation. In the end, Karen and her parents work out a deal where she is able to hang out with friends, as long as she is home before nine thirty.

Chapter 11 Sigmund Freud not only came up with a system of psychosexual development, but also came up with three parts of a personality. There is the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the conscious part of the personality that contains needs, drives, and instincts as well as represented material. The superego is the process of the personality that inhibits the socially undesirable impulses of the id. For example, when a person wants to do something bad, like steal something perhaps, in order to satisfy themselves, the id is the part of their personality that will strive to do it. However, after

Psychology Exam

6/5/13

Samantha Rowe

the shoplifting has occurred, the superego is the part of the personality that will feel shame or guilt.