Nutrition For Life

Janice Thompson Melinda Manore

Carbohydrates: Bountiful Sources of Energy and Nutrients

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What Are Carbohydrates?

Macronutrient Primary energy source Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Sources: fruits, vegetables, and grains

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Photosynthesis
Fig. 3.1

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Carbohydrates
2 classes: 1. Simple carbs

2. Complex carbs

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Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule)
Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides (2 sugar molecules)

Lactose, maltose, sucrose

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Simple Carbohydrates
Fig. 3.2

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Complex Carbohydrates
Fig. 3.3

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Complex Carbohydrates
1. Starch Plants store carbohydrates as starch Sources: Grains & legumes 2. Glycogen Animals store carbohydrate as glycogen Liver and muscles No dietary source
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Complex Carbohydrates
3. Fiber Dietary fiber: non-digestible part of plants
Whole grains, vegetables, seeds, legumes, fruits

vs. Functional fiber

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Why Do We Need Carbohydrates?

Energy 4 kcal/g Brain & red blood cells Exercise Alternative fuel: fat & protein

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Why Do We Need Carbohydrates?

Fiber may Reduce risk of colon cancer & heart disease Enhance weight loss Prevent hemorrhoids, constipation, and diverticulosis

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Digestion of Carbohydrates
Mouth: Salvivary amylase Breaks carbohydrates Stomach: No chemical

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Digestion of Carbohydrates
Small intestine: Most digestion occurs Pancreatic amylase: starch maltose Maltase: maltose glu, glu Sucrase: sucrose glu, fru Lactase: lactose glu, gal

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Absorbed Carbohydrates
In the liver: All monosaccharides glucose Excess glucose glycogen or fat

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Storage of Glycogen
Fig. 3.7

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Lactose Intolerance
Causes: Insufficient lactase Inability to digest lactose

Symptoms: gas, bloating, nausea, cramping, diarrhea Sources:???

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Indigestible Carbohydrates-Fiber
1. Water soluble & insoluble fibers 2. No enzymes to digest 3. Bacteria can break down some fiber in L. intestine 4. Most is eliminated with feces.

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Regulation of Blood Glucose

2 pancreatic hormones: 1. Insulin (beta cells) 2. Glucagon (alpha cells)

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Insulin
Insulin Responds to high blood sugar Helps cells take in glucose from the blood
Adipose Muscle Liver glycogen

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Immediately after a meal Insulin

Fig. 3.8a

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Glucagon
Glucagon Responds to low blood sugar Stimulates breakdown of glycogen gluc Stimulates gluconeogenesis the production of new glucose from amino acids

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Hours after a mealGlucagon

Fig. 3.8b

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Glycemic Response
Rate, magnitude, & duration of rise in blood glucose.
Glycemic index: a ranking of how a food affects blood glucose (>70, <50) Glycemic load: content of sugar X glycemic index (>20, <11)

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Insulin and Glucagon

1. Regulate blood glucose 2. Pancreatic hormones a. After a meal? c. Hours after a meal?

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Diabetes: Abnormal Blood Glucose Regulation 1. Type 1

Autoimmune destruction of insulin cells 5% to 10% of diagnosed cases

2. Type 2
Insulin resistance/deficiency 95% of all cases in the U.S.

3. Gestational
Hormonal changes during pregnancy Increases risk of complications
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Abnormal Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes Mellitus: Symptoms

Immediate Symptoms Excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision Long-term complications Blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves

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Warning.gory image

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gangrene

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Diabetes Mellitus: Treatment

Diet Control blood glucose levels Exchanging lists Exercise Increase sensitivities of cells to insulin Medication Insulin injection or oral medication
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