BEISPIELE NICHTLINEARER SCHALTELEMENTE UND NETZE

i=ku
3/2

T2k: U
0
-U
d
-R
i
=0
U
d
=K
i
2/3

ELEKTROSTATISCHES FELD

HOMOGENES FELD
q(t)=
0
t
i(i) dt
q~U; A; 1/d;
q=kt.A/d.U
q=CU
C=q/U
C=
0
A/d
[C]=1As/V=1F(Capazitaet

0
=8,86.10
-12
F/m
E=U/d
D=q/A
=
0


POLARISATION, GERDICHTETES DIELEKTRIKUM

C
luf
<C
isol
C
isol
=
r
(
0
A/d)

r
>1 (
0
permitivitaet elektrik)
=
r

0

=
=
r

0

=
I=

d

VERSCHEIBUNGSFLUX

=
0

0
=
r

0

d


0
=
r

d

=
0

/ /=/
d
/</
0
/

d
=
0
- g

d
+ g=
0
=
r

d

r
=1+ g/
d

=
r
(1+ g/
d
)
d

=
0

d
+ P
P=
0
g
1E1=2E2

rLuft
*E
Luft
=
rIsol
*E
Isol

rLuft<

rIsol

E
Luft>
E
Isol


BEISPIEL FR INHOMOGENNEN FELD

C=Q/U
}
=
12
Eds U






STROM, SPANNUNG BEIM KONDENSATOR

DIFFERENTIALGLEICHUNGEN




GESPEICHERTE ENERGIE

P=UI.
P(t)=U
c
(t)*i
c
(t)
U
c
(t1)=U1

W=1/2Q
1
U
1

DE
d
U
A
Q
Ad
QU
V
W
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = =

KRFTE IN PLATTENKONDENSATOR

F=qe
2
1
2 2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
2 2
= = =
AU
U
x
A
U x C x W
c c



F=kU


] [
ln
2
ln
2
] [ ln
2
1
2
] [
1
2
) (
] [
1
2
) ( 2 ) (
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
m
F
r
r
e
c
C
r
r
l
C
V
r
r
l
Q
dr
r l
Q
dr E U
m
V
r l
Q
r
m
c
r l
Q
n rl n da dA Q
r
r
r
r
tc
tc
tc tc
tc
o
t
t o
= =
=
= = =
=
= A A = A = =
} }
} }

] [
ln
2
ln
2
] [ ln
2
1
2
] [
1
2
) (
] [
1
2
) ( 2 ) (
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
m
F
r
r
e
c
C
r
r
l
C
V
r
r
l
Q
dr
r l
Q
dr E U
m
V
r l
Q
r
m
c
r l
Q
n rl n da dA Q
r
r
r
r
tc
tc
tc tc
tc
o
t
t o
= =
=
= = =
=
= A A = A = =
} }
} }

] [
ln
2
ln
2
] [ ln
2
1
2
] [
1
2
) (
] [
1
2
) ( 2 ) (
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
m
F
r
r
e
c
C
r
r
l
C
V
r
r
l
Q
dr
r l
Q
dr E U
m
V
r l
Q
r
m
c
r l
Q
n rl n da dA Q
r
r
r
r
tc
tc
tc tc
tc
o
t
t o
= =
=
= = =
=
= A A = A = =
} }
} }

] [
ln
2
ln
2
] [ ln
2
1
2
] [
1
2
) (
] [
1
2
) ( 2 ) (
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
m
F
r
r
e
c
C
r
r
l
C
V
r
r
l
Q
dr
r l
Q
dr E U
m
V
r l
Q
r
m
c
r l
Q
n rl n da dA Q
r
r
r
r
tc
tc
tc tc
tc
o
t
t o
= =
=
= = =
=
= A A = A = =
} }
} }

] [
ln
2
ln
2
] [ ln
2
1
2
] [
1
2
) (
] [
1
2
) ( 2 ) (
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
0
m
F
r
r
e
c
C
r
r
l
C
V
r
r
l
Q
dr
r l
Q
dr E U
m
V
r l
Q
r
m
c
r l
Q
n rl n da dA Q
r
r
r
r
tc
tc
tc tc
tc
o
t
t o
= =
=
= = =
=
= A A = A = =
} }
} }

t t d i
c
t U
dt
t dq
t i
t U C t q
t
c c
e
) (
1
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
0
}
=
=
=

t t d i
c
t U
dt
t dq
t i
t U C t q
t
c c
e
) (
1
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
0
}
=
=
=

t t d i
c
t U
dt
t dq
t i
t U C t q
t
c c
e
) (
1
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
0
}
=
=
=

)
2
0
2
(
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
2 2
1
2
0 0
1 1
= = = =
} }
u
C
u
C du du u C d
dt
du
C u W
c
c
t
c c
c
t
c
t t t t
t
t

2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
)
1
(
2
) (
AE
x
AU
F
x
AU
dx
x dW
c
c
c
= =
=

2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
)
1
(
2
) (
AE
x
AU
F
x
AU
dx
x dW
c
c
c
= =
=
i(t)
C
1

C
2

i
2
(t)
Uc(t)
i
1
(t)
C
2

U(t)
i(t)
C
1

U
1
(t)
U
2
(t)
PARALLEL - UND REIHENSCHALTUNG VON KONDENSATOREN

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t i t i t i + =
) ( ) (
1 1
t
dt
du
C t i =
) ( ) (
2 2
t
dt
du
C t i =

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t
dt
du
C C t i + =
) ( ) ( t
dt
du
C t i
p
=
2 1
C C C
p
+ =

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t U t U t U + =
}
=
t
d i
C
t U
0 1
1
) (
1
) ( t t
}
=
t
d i
C
t U
0 2
2
) (
1
) ( t t
}
+ =
t
d i
C C
t U
0 2 1
) ( )
1 1
( ) ( t t
}
=
t
r
d i
C
t U
0
) (
1
) ( t t
2 1
1 1 1
C C C
r
+ =

MAGNETISCHES FELD UND INDUKTIONSGESETZ

Definition des magnetischen Flusses

}
t
d H
0
) ( t t
Die Messeinheit ist
[]=V S
}
= u
t
d U t
0
) ( ) ( t t
sp bob
wu = T
= *A*I*W/lm *I*W
= *
= *A /lm das magnetische Leitwert
=I*W die magnetische Spannung

0
=
(

=
(

[

m
H
m A
S V
*
*
10 4
7

| |
8
10 ) ( 1 * * = = = Weber Wb S V I | Max
0

r
=

>>
>
<
1
1
1
r
r
r

diamagnetisches Material

paramagnetisches Material

feromagnetisches Material
A
WS
H
A
S V 1
1
* 1
= = = A
A
B
|
=
] [ ] [
2
T
m
Wb
B
si
=
1Wb=1V*s
T
m
Wb
cm
Mv
Gs
4
2 4
8
2
10
10
10
1 1

= = =
m l
H
*
|
=





DURCHFLUTUNGSGESETZ, MAGNETISCHE FELDSTRKE, FELD IN DER UMGEBUNG EINES LEITERS



}
= Hds u



r x s d
r
I
H d
3
4t
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz
y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz
y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH


H B
A
B
lm
A

|
u

u |
=
=
= A =

H B
A
B
lm
A

|
u

u |
=
=
= A =

m
H
r
7
0
10 4

[
=

m
H
r
7
0
10 4

[
=

RI U
Eds U
x
x
=
=
}
2
1
2 , 1

RI U
Eds U
x
x
=
=
}
2
1
2 , 1

( )
( )
0
0
2
2
2
r r
m
A
r
r
I
H
m
A
r
I
r H
r H I s d H I
<
(

=
(

=
= = =
}
t
t
t u

( )
( )
0
0
2
2
2
r r
m
A
r
r
I
H
m
A
r
I
r H
r H I s d H I
<
(

=
(

=
= = =
}
t
t
t u

( )
( )
0
0
2
2
2
r r
m
A
r
r
I
H
m
A
r
I
r H
r H I s d H I
<
(

=
(

=
= = =
}
t
t
t u
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )` sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH



2
2
A
x
y
I
H
t
=

INDUKTIONSGESETZ

( ) | o o A =
}
m
t
t
w d u
2
1

( )
( )
dt
t d
w t u
m
|
=

SELBINDUKTION

( ) ( ) A = t i w t |
( ) ( )
( )
( )
dt
t d
t u
dt
t d
w
dt
t Wd
u
i
i
=
A = =
2
|

( ) ( )
( )
( )
dt
t d
t u
dt
t d
w
dt
t Wd
u
i
i
=
A = =
2
|

( ) ( ) aL t u at t i = =




A =
2
w

Vergleich von Drassel, Kondensator und Widerstand

( ) ( ) t u
R
t i
1
=

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2 / 3
2 2
2 / 3
2 2
2 2
3
sin sin
4
4
1
4
4
4
, sin
sin
4
2
1
2
1

t
t t
t
t

=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
+

=
=
+

=
=
+ =
=
}
}
A
A A
A
z
z
A
A
A
z
z
z
A
A
x
z
z
z
A
A
x
A
A
z
y
I
z y
z
z y
z
y
I
z y
z
y
y I
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
dH H
z y
dz y I
dH
r
r z d
z y r
dz r z d r
r
I
dH

( )
( )
( )
( ) K t
L
U
t i
L
U
dt
t d
U
dt
t d
L
U ct t u
i
i
+ =
=
=
= = ) (

( )
( )
( )
( ) K t
L
U
t i
L
U
dt
t d
U
dt
t d
L
U ct t u
i
i
+ =
=
=
= = ) (

( )
( )
( )
( ) K t
L
U
t i
L
U
dt
t d
U
dt
t d
L
U ct t u
i
i
+ =
=
=
= = ) (

( )
( )
( )
( ) K t
L
U
t i
L
U
dt
t d
U
dt
t d
L
U ct t u
i
i
+ =
=
=
= = ) (
( ) ( ) o o d u
L
t i
t
}
=
0
1

( )
( )
dt
t d
c t i =

PARALLELSCHALLTUNG UND REIHENSCHALTUNG VON INDUKTIVITTEN

( ) ( )
2 1
0 21 1
1 1 1
1 1
L L L
d u
L L
t i
p
t
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
o o

( ) ( )
2 1
0 21 1
1 1 1
1 1
L L L
d u
L L
t i
p
t
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
o o



MESSTECHNIK

=Nebenwiderstand(shunt)
(

WECHSELSTROM

()

;
f=50Hz
;

;

Scheinleistung

U=ct

Drehstrom

u(t)
i(t)


i
1
(t) i
2
(t)

L
1
L
2