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Why GIS
Types of Substation Switchgears [AIS/HIS/GIS]
Space Reduction Analysis with AIS/HIS/GIS
Specifications for GIS & AIS
The introduction of SF6 gas has revolutionized not only the technology of
circuit breakers but also the layout of substations.
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Surge Arrestor Bus Post Insulator Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage
Transformer
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The weight and size of the GIS equipment do not change appreciably with the voltage
class as the bulk of the current – carrying components and enclosures have identical
dimensions for similar thermal and short time current.
The additional insulation required for the next voltage class is achieved by increased
gas density.
Owing to these flexibilities, a few manufacturers offer the same equipment for two
voltage classes (like 170/145 kV).
Even when the GIS equipment is designed for an individual voltage class, the
dimensions and weights of the equipment differ marginally.
Table shows the dimensions, weight and floor loading for three voltage classes of GIS.
Earth Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and earthed structures, walls, screens and ground.
Phase Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts of different phases.
Section Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and the terminals of a work section. The limits of this work
section, or maintenance zone, may be the ground or a platform from which the man works.
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Minimum Clearance for Different Voltage Level [GIS]
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Specifications for 400 KV GIS (ELK-3)
5 Rated Frequency 50 Hz
6 Busbar current 6300 A
7 Feeder Current 4000 A
8 Rated Short time Withstand Current 63 KA
Gas Insulated Switchgear type ELK -3 at 400 kV and ELK-10 at 220 KV from
ABB Switzerland
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can
be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation
After contact separation, current is carried through an arc and the arc is interrupted &
cooled by a gas blast of sufficient intensity.
Each CB comprises three single-phase metal
enclosed breaker poles.
Each Pole consists of operating mechanism, the
interrupter column with 2 interrupting chambers in
series & the enclosure with the basic support
structure.
To guarantee simultaneous interruption, the
chambers are mechanically connected in series.
One grading capacitor guarantees an equalized
voltage distribution.
When interrupting low currents the valve opens under the effect of the overpressure generated
in the compression volume. The blow-out of the arc is made as in a puffer circuit breaker by
compression of the gas obtained by the piston action.
In the case of high currents interruption, the arc energy produces a high overpressure in the
expansion volume, which leads to the closure of the valve and thus isolating the expansion volume
from the compression volume.
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The overpressure necessary for breaking is obtained by the optimal use of the thermal effect.
Each Pole of the CB is equipped with the Hydraulic spring operating mechanism.
It combines the advantages of both Hydraulic operating mechanism & Spring energy
storage type.
A Hydraulic pump moves oil from low pressure reservoir to high pressure reservoir
side of the energy piston.
Opening & Closing of CB is initiated by trip coil actuation. 28
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Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current
transformers are also known as instrument transformers.
They are designed to present a negligible load to the supply being measured, to
allow protective relay equipment to be operated at lower voltages, and to have a
precise winding ratio for accurate metering
The single pole inductive voltage
transformer is connected to switch
gear with the connecting flanges with
a barrier insulator.
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Disconnector and Earthing switches are safety devices used to open or to close
a circuit when there is no current through them.
They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead line or
an underground line so that maintenance can be safely conducted.
The opening of the line isolator or busbar section isolator is necessary for safety, but
not sufficient. Grounding must be conducted at both the upstream and downstream
sections of the device under maintenance. This is accomplished by earthing switches.
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Disconnect switches are designed to
continuously carry load currents and
momentarily carry short circuit currents for
a specified duration.
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Fast earth switch and maintenance earth switch are the two types of earth switches used
for gas insulated sub-station systems.
Fast earth switch is used to protect the circuit-connected instrument voltage transformer
from core saturation caused by direct current flowing through its primary as a consequence of
charge stored online during isolation / switching off the line.
Use of fast earth switch provides a parallel (low resistance) path to drain the residual static
charge quickly, thereby protecting the instrument voltage transformer from the damages that
may otherwise be caused. The basic construction of these earth switches is identical.
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Wave Trap
Capacitance
Voltage
Transformer
Lightening
Arrestor
Capacitor Voltage Transformers convert transmission class voltages to standardized low and
easily measurable values, used for metering, protection and control of the high voltage system.
Additionally, Capacitor Voltage Transformers serve as a coupling capacitor for coupling high
frequency power line carrier signals to the transmission line.
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Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters are always
connected in Shunt to the equipment to be protected,
they provide a low impedance path for the surge
current to the ground
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It traps Hi-frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/
tele protection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor
and LMU).
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SF6 – Air Bushings are used for connecting to open terminal equipment &
Overhead transmission lines.
SF outdoor bushings allow the enclosed switchgear to be connected to overhead
lines.
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CABLE TERMINATION (Fig - a): High-Voltage cables of various types are
connected to SF6 switchgear via cable connection assembly & also it enables the
GIS & Cables to be tested separated
Fig - a Fig - b
Transformer connection (Fig - b) consists of Oil/SF6 bushing, the enclosure, the main
circuit end terminal & removable connection.
For Hi-Voltage test on GIS, transformer is isolated from switchgear by dismantling
the removable connection
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The insulating and interrupting capability of the SF6 gas depends on the density of the
SF6 gas .
The pressure of the SF6 gas varies with temperature, so a mechanical or electronic
temperature compensated pressure switch is used to monitor the equivalent of gas
density.
Gas Density Monitor is directly mounted on the enclosure. The gas pressure acts on
metal bellows, with a reference volume for compensation of the temperature.
In case of gas leakage a micro-switch is actuated. Thresholds for refilling (first stage) or
lock-out alarm(second stage) can be mechanically set. The response character is shown in
the Molier diagramme.
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Isolating Gas Pressure is
generally 350-450 Kpa at 20 deg
cel.
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An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding.
The winding has at least three electrical connection points called taps. The voltage
source and the load are each connected to two taps.
One tap at the end of the winding is a common connection to both circuits (source and
load). Each tap corresponds to a different source or load voltage.
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To Line-4 To Line-3 Bus Coupler To Line-2 To Line-1
Bay
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Natural Cooled type
Forced-Gas-Circulated , Natural-
Air-Cooled
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Forced-Gas-Circulated , Forced-Air-
Cooled
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GIT OIT
Medium SF6 Insulating oil
Turn Insulation PET film Cellulose paper
Conservator Not Required Necessary
Pressure Relief Device Not required Necessary
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Others Fundamentally Same
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Nonflammability – Gas insulated transformers , using incombustible SF6 gas as
insulation and cooling medium, enable to remove a fire fighting equipment from
transformer room.
Non Tank – explosion - Pressure tank enables to withstand the pressure rise in case of
internal fault.
Easy installation – oil or liquid purifying process is not necessary in case of gas-insulated
transformer.
Easy inspection and maintenance work -Only SF6 gas pressure shall be basically
monitored during periodically inspection.
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The Combined sensors are the Rogowski coil for current measurement and the
capacitive divider for voltage measurement
A combined current and voltage sensor has been developed to replace the
conventional current and voltage transformers in GIS.
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Current Measurement – Current Sensor instead of
Current Transformer
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(O & M)
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AIS GIS
Life cycle cost
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Optimizing of acquisition costs Cost of Acquisition
Acquisition costs are mainly influenced by the layout, the redundancy concept and the
requirement area for the installation.
The optimization of the layout and the redundancy can be supported by LCC analysis which take
into account the different reliability figures of the different technologies.
The goal is to achieve optimal availability of the substation with minimized costs.
The costs of ownership are dominated by the maintenance strategy and the reliability of the
switchgear. By means of LCC analysis, the different maintenance strategies can be simulated.
Pure corrective maintenance can be compared with time-based or reliability – centered
maintenance.
Cost of Ownership
Optimizing of renewal costs
LCC calculations assist in determining the optimal date for replacing an existing substation.
Aged equipment requires intensified maintenance, more specialized experts and spare parts.
The effect of investment costs of new equipment with reduced maintenance costs can be balanced
with the increased expenditure for intensified maintenance of the old equipment
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Cost of GIS is high.
The life of GIS is affected by certain factors such as: conductive particles,
partial discharges and contamination (decomposition products, water, etc
Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) can be used for longer times without any
periodical inspections.
SF6 has been identified as a greenhouse gas, safety regulations are being
introduced in order to prevent its release into atmosphere.
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The first GIS’s were put in operation in 1967 in Switzerland and Germany.
The GIS in Germany is still in operation, whereas the GIS in Switzerland were
recently decommissioned after 35 years of operation without major fault or gas
leak.
An assessment made on SF6 gas leakage over the lifetime of the first GIS and
concluded that overall leakage rate was about 0.4% per year.
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THANKING YOU
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