1

MHCTEPCTBO OCBTH HAYKH, MOPO TA CROPTY YKPAHH

HAUOHAPLHHH TEXH-HHH YHBEPCHTET YKPAHH
KHBCLKHH ROPTEXH-HHH HCTHTYT

MHCTEPCTBO RAPHBA TA EHEPFETHKH YKPAHH

CEBACTOROPLCLKHH HAUOHAPLHHH YHBEPCHTET
HEPHO EHEPF TA RPOMHCPOBOCT


I.I. Bepa, B.O. Konanu

O C H O B H
IHTEHEKTVAHIHO
BHACHOCTI

2-e euauun, nepeponeue i onoeueue


3a pepakuick C.B. -ikiua


Pekoreupoeauo Mefopuuok papok HTYY KR nk uaeanuuu noci-
uuk pnn cfypeufie uekpupuuux cneuianuuocfe s pucuunniuu ufe-
nekfyanuua enacuicfu








Kue
2013

2
347.2(075.8)
B 86
VK 347.2(075.8)

Bepa I.I., Konant B.O.
B 86 "$&' ).). Ocnonn inrenexryantno nnacnocri: nanuantnn noci-
nnx/ I.I.Bepa, B.O.Konant; sa pe. C.B. uixin. 2-re nn., nepepo.
i on. K.: HTVV KHI, 2013. 262 c.: 23 in.

"$&" '(*+--. /+0'"$2*"-3 57-790"$90'3; 39'70( 7 -+<>(
?>$+@-( .> C7*$<E-(> *F. 90<*"-07' '(G(H -+'E+FJ-(H /+>F+*7'
('7* 02.03.11 K 1/11-1714).

L$<M" '(*+--. $">3;"-*3'+-3 5"03*(E-3N $+*3N OQ??
ST (C$303>3F K 04 '7* 20 M$<*-. 2012 $. ) .> -+'E+FJ-(V C3-
97W-(> *F. 90<*"-07' -"N$(*(E-(H 9C"X7+FJ-390"V / *(9X(CF7-(
T-0"F">0<+FJ-+ 'F+9-790J

Penensenrn: +"$-./ 0.2., sacrynnnx npexropa Incrnryry inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri Oectxo nanionantno mpnnuno axae-
mi n m. Kncni, onenr, xannar rexniunnx nayx
4'6'7: 2.;., onenr xa]epn nnnintnoro ra rpyonoro
npana Knnctxoro nanionantnoro exonomiunoro yninepcn-
rery im. Banma Iertmana , onenr, xannar mpnnunnx
nayx
Peaxrop =>/>@ +.., onenr xa]epn xoncrpymnannx nepcrarin i
mamnn Mexanixo-mamnnoyinnoro incrnryry Hanionant-
noro rexniunoro yninepcnrery Vxpann Knnctxn Honi-
rexniunn Incrnryr

Bnxnaeno ocnonn inrenexryantno nnacnocri: sarantni nonxrrx, cncrema
oxoponn inrenexryantno nnacnocri, mixnapona oxopona inrenexryantno
nnacnocri, nnrannx naannx npan, oxoponn o'cxrin npomncnono nnacnocri,
anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan, nerpanninnx o'cxrin inrenexryant-
no nnacnocri.
Posrnxnyri raxi oconnni nnnaxn oxoponn o'cxrin anropctxoro npana xx
pexnama, nepconaxi, apxirexrypni ra xaprorpa]iun] rnopn, a raxox saxncr
npan anropin n mepexi Inrepner, nponemn oxoponn npan na nporpamne sa-
esneuennx, nnnaxon n ranysi iorexnonori romo.
nx cryenrin nnmnx nanuantnnx saxnain nempnnunoro cnpxmynannx.


Bepa I.I., Konant B.A., 2011
CHIEraH (nirnopennx), 2011
Bepa I.I., Konant B.A. 2013
HTVV KHI (onpnnmnennx), 2013


3
A B ) + D
Hepemona 5
FHJ->6 1. +KLN":' O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> 5
1.1. Honxrrx npo npano inrenexryantno nnacnocri 7
1.1.1. Micne ra pont inrenexryantno nnacnocri y cnironomy
exonomiunomy posnnrxy
10
1.1.2. Ocnonni incrnryrn npana IB 16
1.1.3. Ocxrn npana IB 17
1.1.4. Cncrema npanono oxoponn IB n Vxpani 20
1.2. Mixnapona cncrema oxoponn npan inrenexryantno nnacnocri 28
1.2.1. Bcecnirnx opranisanix inrenexryantno nnacnocri 32
1.2.2. ixntnicrt cnirono opranisani roprinni y c]epi IB 34
1.2.3. Koporxa xapaxrepncrnxa exxnx mixnaponnx yro 35
1.2.3.1. Hapnstxa xonnennix npo oxopony npomncnono
nnacnocri
35
1.2.3.2. Fepnctxa Konnennix npo oxopony nireparypnnx
ra xyoxnix rnopin
37
1.2.3.3. Mixnapona xonnennix npo oxopony npan nnxo-
nannin, nnponnxin ]onorpam i opranisani e]i-
pnoro monnennx (Pnmctxa xonnennix)
39
1.2.3.4. Inrepner-oronopn BOIB 40
1.2.3.5. Mapnctxa cncrema mixnapono peccrpani
ronapnnx snaxin
42
1.2.3.6. oronip npo narenrny xoonepanim (PCT Patent
Cooperation Treaty)
43
1.2.3.7. Mixnaponi xnacn]ixanini yron 45
1.2.3.8. Vroa moo ropronentnnx acnexrin npan na in-
renexryantny nnacnicrt (TRIPS)
46
FHJ->6 2. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' H&W/N>P O$'P' >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> 50
2.1. Hpanona oxopona anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan 50
2.1.1. Ocxrn anropctxoro npana 50
2.1.2. Bnnnxnennx anropctxnx npan ra nicrann nx oxoponn 51
2.1.3. Cycxrn anropctxoro npana 53
2.1.4. Oconnni nnnaxn anropctxnx npan 54
2.1.5. 3icnennx anropctxoro npana 63
2.1.6. Hopxox peccrpani anropctxoro npana 66
2.1.7. Bnnaropoa sa nnxopncrannx anropctxoro npana 69
2.1.8. Anropctxn oronip 69
2.1.9. Omexennx anropctxnx npan 71
2.1.10. Crpox i anropctxoro npana 76
2.1.11. Ocxrn cymixnnx npan 76
2.1.12. Bnnnxnennx i sicnennx cymixnnx npan 77
2.1.13. Omexennx manonnx npan nnxonannin, nnponnxin
]onorpam ra nieorpam, ra opranisani monnennx
78
2.1.14. Crpox i cymixnnx npan 83
2.1.15. Vnpanninnx manonnmn npanamn cycxrin anropct- 84

4
xoro npana ra cymixnnx npan
2.1.16. 3axncr anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan 86
2.1.17. Anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana n in]opmaninomy
cycnintcrni
89
2.2. Hpanona oxopona ocxrin narenrnoro npana 102
2.2.1. Ocxrn narenrnoro npana 102
2.2.2. Cycxrn narenrnoro npana 107
2.2.3. Vmonn naannx oxoponn 108
2.2.4. Ocxr oxoponn 113
2.2.5. Orpnmannx (nayrrx) npan na ocxrn narenrnoro npana 114
2.2.6. Hpana narenronnacnnxa 119
2.2.7. Omexennx npan narenronnacnnxa 124
2.2.8. Hopymennx npan narenronnacnnxa 128
2.2.9. Cexperni nnnaxon ra xopncni moeni 128
2.2.10. Bnnaxon n ranysi iorexnonori 129
2.2.11. Oconnnocri oxoponn nixapctxnx sacoin 130
2.3. Oxopona i saxncr xomnmrepnnx nporpam 133
2.3.1. Harenrn na xomnmrepni nporpamn 134
2.3.2. Komnmrepna nporpama xx ocxr anropctxoro npana 140
2.3.3. 3axncr npan na xomnmrepny nporpamy 146
2.4. Hpanona oxopona sacoin innniyanisani yuacnnxin nnni-
ntnoro oiry, ronapin ra nocnyr
150
2.4.1. Ocxrn sacoin innniyanisani 150
2.4.2. Vmonn naannx oxoponn 166
2.4.3. Oconnni nnnaxn oxoponn ropronentnnx mapox 173
2.4.4. Hopxox oepxannx oxoponnnx oxymenrin na sacon
innniyanisani
176
2.4.5. Hpana ra oonxsxn nnacnnxin cnionrn na sacon in-
nniyanisani
182
2.4.6. Hopymennx ra saxncr npan nnacnnxa cnionrna na saco-
n innniyanisani
185
2.5. Hpano npnnnnennx neopoconicno xonxypenni 193
2.6. Hpanonn saxncr exonomiuno xonxypenni 196
2.7. Hpanona oxopona nerpanninnx ocxrin inrenexryantno
nnacnocri
198
2.7.1. Hpanona oxopona xomnonynannx inrerpantno mixpo-
cxemn
198
2.7.2. Hpanona oxopona xomepnino racmnnni 202
2.7.2.1. Komepnina racmnnnx 202
2.7.2.2. Hoy-xay 205
2.7.3. Hpanona oxopona nayxonnx nixpnrrin 207
2.7.4. Hpanona oxopona panionanisaropctxnx nponosnni 208
2.7.5. Hpanona oxopona cenexninnx ocxrnent 210
Cnonnnx-oninnx 217
Hireparypa 224
oarxn 226

5

VXFXZB;[

nanxrt nepme cropiuux nce uacrime nasnnamrt uacom inrenexryant-
no ra in]opmanino exonomixn: na nepmn nnan nnxonrt pinent posnnrxy
nmctxnx pecypcin, posnoncmxennx in]opmani ra crnopennx nonnx snant,
mo saesneuymrt innonaninn posnnrox.
ocxrnennx epxann, pinent xnrrx memxannin intmom mipom nn-
snauac inrenexryantna enira (]axinni, inxenepn, nayxonni romo) nix npn-
poni pecypcn.
Fypxnnnn posnnrox nonirnix rexnonori, posnoncmxennx x y mexax
nanionantnnx xoponin ra nosa nnmn, posmnpennx mixnaponoro pnnxy ro-
napin i nocnyr npnsnenn o cyrrcnoro spocrannx poni inrenexryantno nnac-
nocri n nayxono-rexniunomy nporpeci xx posnnnennx xpan, rax i xpan, mo
posnnnamrtcx. V nnyrpimntomy ra sonnimntomy ronapooiry nocrino spoc-
rac nnroma nara npan na inrenexryantni npoyxrn.
Hi uac nepexoy ni nnanono exonomixn o pnnxono snnxac nponema
e]innry ronapin ra nocnyr, naromicrt nnnnxac nponema xonxypenni x
xxocri. Konxypenrnosarnn npoyxr moxe yrn nnroronnenn nnme na oc-
noni cyuacnnx nayxocmnnx rexnonori, ocnonom xxnx c ocxrn inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri. V snxsxy s inrerpynannxm Vxpann y cnironn exonomiunn
npocrip naspina norpea sminnrn crannennx epxann o saxncry inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri na ncix pinnxx ra crnopnrn cyuacny mixnapono nnsnany cn-
cremy oxoponn inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
Ctoroni nepe Vxpanom crort saaua innonaninoro exonomiunoro
posnnrxy. Bnpimennx nic saaui nemoxnnne es axrnnno rnopuo ixntnocri
rpomaxn, pesyntrarom xxo nonnnno crarn crnopennx ocxrin inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri y ncix ranysxx nnponnnrna i cycnintnoro xnrrx ra x xome-
pnianisanix.
Honi ymonn pnnxonoro posnnrxy epxann symonnnn neoxinicrt npnn-
nnnonoro ononnennx saxonoanuo asn ra crnopennx nanionantno cncremn
oxoponn inrenexryantno nnacnocri, a raxox rapmonisani nopmarnnno-
npanono asn y ni c]epi s nopmamn ra nonoxennxmn nponinnx xpan cniry.
3axonoanuo saxpinneni npana manono ra nemanono nnacnocri na
ocxrn, crnopeni rnopuom npanem rpomaxn Vxpann. Hpanonnacnnxn ]i-
snuni ao mpnnuni ocon nonoimrt nnxnmunnmn npanamn na nnxopnc-
rannx ocxrin inrenexryantno nnacnocri, ane ne sanxn nmimrt x nnxopnc-
ronynarn is sncxom nx cee i epxann. Inrencn]ixanix nayxono-rexniuno
cninnpani s inosemnnmn naprnepamn, nparnennx npocynannx ronapin niruns-
nxnnx nnponnxin na cnironn pnnox, ncryn Vxpann o COT nci ni i nn-
maramrt rpynronnoro snaomcrna yxpannin is nopmarnnno-saxonoanuom
asom croconno inrenexryantno nnacnocri: nminnx saxnmarn nnacni npana
ra ne nopymynarn uyxi.
Taxnm unnom, oisnanicrt y c]epi inrenexryantno nnacnocri c ne saa-
ranxom, a narantnom norpeom.

6
3 2005/2006 nanuantnoro poxy y ncix nnmnx nanuantnnx saxnaax Vxpa-
nn naxasom Minicrepcrna ocnirn i nayxn Vxpann sanponaxeno nnnuennx
nanuantno ncnnnninn"Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt". Kypc "Inrenexryantna
nnacnicrt" mac mixncnnnninapnn xapaxrep i sanponaxennx ncnnnninn
nepeauac nnnuennx ocnon npanonnx acnexrin inrenexryantno nnacnocri s
merom noantmoro nnxopncrannx ]axinnxmn yt-xxoro nanpxmy niroron-
xn y cno npo]ecini ixntnocri.
Hpemerom xypcy c cyxynnicrt nopm npana, mo perynmmrt cycnintni
ninocnnn, xxi nonxsani si crnopennxm, oxoponom ra saxncrom pesyntrarin
inrenexryantno rnopuo ixntnocri.
A'P-'@@]: -KL^KO6>@K c nayrrx LNS-"@N':K xomnerenni _H-H:
- sarnocri opicnrynarncx y cncremnnx ocnonax crnopennx, npanono
oxoponn, saxncry i xomepnino peanisani ocxrin npana inrenexryantno
nnacnocri;
- sarnocri opicnrynarnct y cncremax npanono oxoponn ocxrin npana
inrenexryantno nnacnocri Vxpann, oconnnocrxx epxannoro perynmnannx
inrenexryantnom nnacnicrm;
- sarnocri nnxopncronynarn snannx npo cncremy npanono oxoponn
ocxrin npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri, mixnapony cninnpanm ra yron n
ymonax inrerpani n cnnn cnponectxn ocnirni npocrip;
- sarnocri nnxopncronynarn snannx npo npanony oxopony ocxrin
npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri y nponeci npo]ecino ixntnocri.
Hipyunnx nanncano na nicrani nopm Hnnintnoro Koexcy Vxpann ra
unnnoro saxonoancrna y c]epi inrenexryantno nnacnocri, s nocnnannxm na
nonoxennx mixnaponnx xonnenni npo npanony oxopony ocxrin inrenexry-
antno nnacnocri. Bin posxpnnac xx nanionantni, rax i exxi mixnaponi acnex-
rn nxasannx nopm npanono oxoponn ocxrin inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
Bnannx npnsnaueno nx cryenrin nnmnx nanuantnnx saxnain nempn-
nunoro cnpxmynannx, a raxox nx mnpoxoro xona unrauin, xxi nixannxrtcx
nnrannxmn oxoponn npan inrenexryantno nnacnocri.



7
FHJ->6 1


+`+DXB[ VF[;;a ;4;F;2`
)2DXbXcDd[be2;a b[+2;+D)

1.1. VH@]NN] O$H O$'PH >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>

Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt (IB) y snnuanomy posyminni ne npana na
pesyntrarn posymono, rnopuo ixntnocri n nayxoni, xyoxni, nnponnui
ra inmnx onacrxx ixntnocri. IB c ocxrom nnnintno-npanonnx ninocnn
croconno npana xoxnoro nonoirn, xopncrarncx ra posnopxxarncx pesynt-
raramn cnoc inrenexryantno rnopuo ixntnocri, xxi c npanom nemarepiant-
nnm, sepiramrtcx sa oro rnopnxmn ra moxyrt nnxopncronynarncx inmnmn
ocoamn nnme sa ysroxennxm s nnm, sa nnnxrxom nnnaxin, nepeauennx
saxonom.
IB cnna n cniri monononix, xxa nnsnacrtcx saxonoanuo, ane c ome-
xenom sa uacom nnxopncrannx ra repnropiantno.
Bnpas inrenexryantna nnacnicrt nonxsymrt s ]pannystxnm saxono-
ancrnom xinnx XVIII cr., soxpema s reopicm npnponoro (poc. ecrecrnen-
noro) npana, xxa orpnmana cni posnnrox y poorax ]pannystxnx ]inoco-
]in-npocnirnrenin (Bontrepa, ipo, Ientnenix, Iontaxa, Pycco, ra in.). 3ri-
no s nicm reopicm npano rnopnx yt-xxoro rnopuoro ocxry c ne-
nicmnnm npnponnm npanom, xxe nnnnxac s camo cyri rnopuo ixntnocri i
icnyc nesanexno ni nnsnannx ntoro npana epxannom nnaom. 07.01.1791
poxy y upanni yno npnnxro narenrnn saxon, y ncryni o xxoro nporo-
nomynanocx, mo yt-xxa nona iex, nnronomennx ra sicnennx xxo moxe
yrn xopncnnm nx cycnintcrna, nanexnrt romy, xro crnopnn, a npomncno-
nn nnnaxi c nnacnicrm oro rnopnx.
Bnpas inrenexryantna nnacnicrt cran repminom mixnaponoro npana y
1967 p., xonn oro nnxopncrann y Croxrontmctxi xonnenni npo sacnynannx
Bcecnirnto opranisani inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
Hemoxnnno ncranonnrn ]isnune nanynannx na iecm, rnopom nayxn un
nireparypn, nnmn ne moxna nonoirn, ane moxna nnxopncronynarn xintxoma
ocoamn y exintxox micnxx onouacno, na niminy ni peui marepiantno.
Pesyntrar inrenexryantno ixntnocri n exonomiunomy posyminni ne mac
npnponoro nnacnnxa, nemarepiantni ocxrn ne c ocxramn ninoment nna-
cnocri n xnacnunomy posyminni.
Oconnnicrm npana IB c oro nonina npnpoa exonomiuna i yxon-
na. B ntomy posyminni xaxyrt npo yanism IB. Hpano IB micrnrt:
oconcre nemanone npano rnopnx na crnopenn nnm npoyxr inrene-
xryantno npani;
manone npano na ne npoyxr (roro npano nnacnocri na marepiantne
nrinennx).

8
Bonoinent mac aconmrne i escrpoxone npano na marepiantnn
ocxr,a na ocxrn inrenexryantno nnacnocri oro npano c crpoxonnm, mac
npocroponi omexennx, i n nepeauennx saxonom nnnaxax moxe marn o-
arxoni omexennx.
Hicnx roro, xx pesyntrar inrenexryantno ixntnocri crac naannxm
cycnintcrna, rnopent (anrop) ne moxe xonrponmnarn oro nnxopncrannx in-
mnmn ocoamn, roro nemoxnnno oxoponxrn ocxr sanxxn nnme nonoin-
nm nnm. Came ne ]axr c ocnonom saxonoancrna n ranysi npana IB.
Oconcre nemanone (ao mopantne) npano nanexnrt rintxn rnopnm,
roro ]isnuni ocoi. o ntoro ninocxrtcx (Hnnintnn xoexc Vxpann
(*+F7 - HKV), cr. 423):
Hpano na nnsnannx nmnnn rnopnem (anropom, nnxonannem, nnnaxi-
nnxom romo) ocxra npana IB (OHIB).
Hpano nepemxoxarn yt-xxomy nocxrannm na npano IB, sarnomy
sanarn mxon uecri ra penyrani rnopnx OHIB.
Inmi oconcri nemanoni npana IB, ncranonnenni saxonom croconno
nennoro ocxra HIB.


Hpano inrenexryantno nnacnocri
B'f@HP> O$'P'
;LH&KLN> @":'f@HP>
O$'P'
Hpano nnxopncronynarn
Hpano na anropcrno
Bnxnmune npano
posnopxxarncx
(osnonxrn nnxopncrannx)
Hpano na
neoropxannicrt rnopy
Bnxnmune npano
nepemxoxarn
nnxopncrannm es
osnony

Pnc. 1. Cxnaoni npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri

Oconcri nemanoni npana nenicmni ni anropa, roro ne niuyxymrt-
cx i ne nepeamrtcx. Bonn nanexart anropy nesanexno ni oro manonnx
npan i sepiramrtcx sa anropom y nnnaxy nepexoy oro manonnx npan o
inmo ocon. Hemanone npano ic es omexent y uaci.
o manonoro npana ninocxrtcx (HKV, cr. 424):
npano na nnxopncrannx OHIB;
nnxnmune npano osnonxrn nnxopncrannx OHIB;
nnxnmune npano nepemxoxarn nenpanomipnomy nnxopncrannm
OHIB, n romy uncni saoponxrn raxe nnxopncrannx;

9
inmi manoni npana, ncranonneni saxonom croconno nennoro ocxra HIB.
Hi nnxnmunnm npanom posymimrt nnme manoni npana. Bnxnmune
npano aconmrne npano na nemarepiantnn ocxr, nx xxoro nono nnxonyc
ry camy ]ynxnim, mo npano nnacnocri nx marepiantnnx ocxrin [10].
Manone npano moxe nanexarn rnopnm (anropy) ao inmi ]isnuni un
mpnnuni ocoi, roro c nicmnnm ni nmnnn un ninpncmcrna. Manoni
npana moxyrt yrn npemerom oronopy sacrann, yrn nxnaom y craryrnn
xaniran, moxyrt yrn nepeani nonnicrm ao uacrxono inmi ocoi srino
oronopy (HKV, u. 3 cr. 424, cr. 427).
Manone npano mac uaconi ra repnropiantni omexennx. Hanpnxna,
npano na nnnaxi ic nporxrom 20 poxin i rintxn na repnropi xpann, narenr-
nnm niomcrnom xxo nnano narenr.
Hpano inrenexryantno nnacnocri c nenopymnnm. Hixro ne moxe yrn
nosannenn npana IB un omexenn y oro sicnenni, xpim nnnaxin ne-
peauennx saxonom (HKV, u. 3 cr. 418).
Hpano IB ra npano nnacnocri na piu ne sanexart one ni onoro. Hepe-
xi npana na OHIB ne osnauac nepexoy npana nnacnocri na piu i nannaxn
(HKV, cr. 419).
Hpn ntomy cam nponec inrenexryantno ixntnocri ne perynmcrtcx npa-
nom (sa nnnxrxom opranisaninnx, manonnx ra exxnx inmnx ocrannn rno-
puo npani). Hopmn nnnintnoro npana, xxi ncranonnmmrt oxopony npan ra
saxonnnx inrepecin rnopnx i saesneuymrt cycnintne nnsnannx OHIB, ncry-
namrt y im nnme no sanepmenni nponecy rnopuocri, roro xonn sxnnxcrtcx
nonn pesyntrar (y yt-xxi ranysi). Cam ne pesyntrar, roro ocxr, ne c
ocxrom manonnx npan, ronapom nin crac nnme y pasi xomepnianisani, ro-
ro roi, xonn orpnmyc cnoxnnuy napricrt.
Honxrrx IB nanirt mnpme sa smicrom, nix nonxrrx manono nnacnocri.
Manona nnacnicrt nonxsana s nennnm ]isnunnm ocxrom, a IB perynmc ni-
nocnnn, xxi nnnnxamrt npn crnopenni, nnxopncranni ra oxoponi posymonnx
rnopin, xxi ne sanxn mamrt ]opmy marepiantnoro ocxra. Ho cyri nnpas
inrenexryantna nnacnicrt c noriunom acrpaxnicm, xxa nnxopncronycrtcx
y saxonoancrni arartox xpan ra mixnaponnx xonnennixx.
Taxnm unnom, nonxrrx IB niopaxyc nenni crocynxn mix nmtmn, xo-
nexrnnamn ra opranisanixmn s npnnoy npncnocnnx, nonoinnx, posnopx-
xennx ra xopncrynannx pesyntrarom ixntnocri cycxra n c]epi nayxono
ra innonanino ixntnocri.
Ocnony nnx ninocnn nnsnaueno cr. 41 ra 54 Koncrnryni Vxpann, a
came:
!#$& '(* +-(/! '3F3*70(, >3$(90<'+0(9. 7 -!0+!-12#(3571 9'3-
YN 'F+9-790N, -$09;<3(3('5 7/!*= @&3$;$B39(;<&!=, 0'3$E3@ 2@1;<&!7-
3@ ra
Z$3;+*.-+; M+$+-0<Y0J9. 9'3W3*+ F70"$+0<$-3@, H<*32-J3@, -+<>3'3@ 7
0"H-7E-3@ 0'3$E3907, 0(C573 @&3$;$B39(;<&!= /;(7&!73@, @H-7H +'03$9J-

10
>(H C$+', ;3$+FJ-(H 7 ;+0"$7+FJ-(H 7-0"$"97', G3 '(-(>+N0J < /''./>< / $7-
/-(;( '(*+;( 7-0"F">0<+FJ-3@ *7.FJ-3907.
S32-(V M$3;+*.-(- ;+Y C$+'3 -+ $"/<FJ0+0( 9'3Y@ 7-0"F">0<+FJ-3@, 0'3-
$E3@ *7.FJ-3907; -7H03 -" ;32" /5B!-573!/9/(35 +W3 +!E5-F/(35 =C G$0
H!I! 0I!25, /+ '(-.0>+;(, '90+-3'F"-(;( /+>3-3;.
Hoantmn posnnrox nnx nopm niopaxeno n Knnsi IV ra posinax 75,
76 Knnrn V HKV.
Hopymennx npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri moxnnne:
y ]opmi i (nocxrannx na npano inrenexryantno nnacnocri);
y ]opmi esixntnocri (nennsnannx npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri
opranamn, uepes xxi y ncranonnennx saxonom nnnaxax mac npononrncx ne-
rirnmanix pesyntrarin inrenexryantno, rnopuo ixntnocri);
y smimani ]opmi (nennsnannx npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri s na-
crynnnm nesaxonnnm nnxopncrannxm rnm xe cy'cxrom pesyntrarin uyxo
inrenexryantno, rnopuo ixntnocri).
Hopymennxm npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri nnsnacrtcx raxox nne-
sennx na mnrny repnropim Vxpann nnpoin (ronapin), n xxnx nnxopncrano
o'cxrn npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri, mo saxnmamrtcx na repnropi
Vxpann, es osnony cy'cxra npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri, s nopymen-
nxm ntoro npana nesanexno ni roro, saxnmanncx un saxnmamrtcx ni o'cxrn
n xpanax noxoxennx.
Hopymnnxom npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri moxe yrn ]isnuna ao
mpnnuna ocoa.
Marepiantnnm nacnixom nopymennx npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri c
noxna xonrpa]axrnnx nnpoin, roro npoyxni (ronapin), nnponennx s nn-
xopncrannxm o'cxra npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri i peanisonannx n me-
xax Vxpann s nopymennxm npana na nnx. Konrpa]axrnnmn nnaxamrtcx ra-
xox nnpon, xxi nnroronneni saxonno, ane posnoncmxeni s nopymennxm
npana cy'cxra inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
3arantni sacan saxncry npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri ni nopyment
ncranonneni u.3 cr.418 HKV, xxa sasnauac, mo raxe npano c nenopymnnm.
Bono nanexnrt oro nonointnm xx npnpone npano, nnacniox uoro nixro
ne moxe yrn nosannenn npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri un omexenn
y oro sicnenni, xpim nnnaxin, nepeauennx saxonom.
Binonino o nnx saca, xxi y cnom uepry rpynrymrtcx na nonoxennxx
Koncrnryni, saxncr npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri sicnmcrtcx cyom.

1.1.1. B>L^" N' $H6U >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>
S LP>NHPH:S "/H@H:>g@H:S $HJPKN/S

V Bcecnirni exnapani inrenexryantno nnacnocri ni 26.06.2000 p. na-
ronomycrtcx, mo n XXI cropiuui cnir crane cnixom npncxopeno inrerpani
exonomixn pisnnx xpan i posnnrxy cycnintcrna, sacnonanoro na snannxx, sa
raxnx ymon IB nnxonynarnme snauno intmy pont n xnrrcixntnocri nmn-

11
nn, nix yt-xonn panime sa ncm icropim ra sasnauacrtcx, mo npana IB c
xnmuonnm i nenicmnnm incrpymenrom n sycnnnxx no nnpimennm ocnonno-
ro sanannx posnnrxy nx ncix.
Hpaxrnuno yt-xxn ronap un nocnyra, mo xopncrymrtcx xoua mini-
mantnnm nonnrom na pnnxy, oonxsxono mac xx cnom cxnaony IB. Bo nxe
xasarn npo nepeoni nayxomicrxi rexnonori, pospoxa ra sacrocynannx xxnx
nnsnauamrtcx pinnem posnnrxy nayxn. Came ni ]axropn nnsnauamrt pinent
coniantno-exonomiunoro posnnrxy yt-xxo xpann.
xmo panime xpana mana nenni nepenarn y cncremi cnironnx rocnoap-
unx nsacmoninocnn xx nacniox naxnnocri npnponnx pecypcin, ro sapas na
nepmn nnan nnxonrt pinent posnnrxy nmctxnx pecypcin (xnani]ixanix,
macrepnicrt, nminnx) i ocnonne ararcrno posnnnyro xpann cxnaac in-
renexryantna enira (ninpncmni, menexepn, ]inancncrn, nayxonni, xnani]i-
xonani inxenepn, inmi ]axinni c]epn nncoxnx rexnonori), posnoncmxennx
in]opmani ra crnopennx nonnx snant. Cnirona npomncnona exonomixa no-
crynacrtcx micnem inrenexryantni ra in]opmanini exonomini, innonani-
nomy cnocoy posnnrxy sa xxoro nayxono-rexniuna in]opmanix crac ronapom
ra npemerom oronipnnx ninocnn.
Innonanix (sa H. Bymnerepom, xxn nnin ne nonxrrx me y 1912 p.) no-
mnpmcrtcx na raxi sminn n cycnintni ixntnocri nnxopncrannx nono rex-
nixn, nonnx rexnonori; nonoro pnnxonoro saesneuennx nnponnnrna,
nnponaxennx npoyxni s nonnmn nnacrnnocrxmn, nonnx nnin cnponnnn,
sminy n opranisani ra marepiantno-rexniunomy saesneuenni nnponnnrna;
sanomnannx (xx nacniox) nonnx pnnxin syry. Toro ne ynn sminn n rexno-
noriunomy posnnrxy nnponnnrna i pnnxy.
Innonanix ne sacrocynannx y npaxrnuni ixntnocri ocxrnent nmct-
xoro posymy ra sanyuennx nonnx nnponnunx cnn i posmnpennx xona nocnyr
ra ronapin.
B ymonax pnnxono exonomixn snnxac nponema e]innry ronapin i no-
cnyr, naromicrt nnnnxac nponema xonxypenni x xxocri. Cyuacnn pnnox c
minnnnnm: npoyxrn i nocnyrn mamrt xoporxn xnrrcnn nnxn. C norpea y
rouni crpareriuni oninni inrenexryantnnx ocxrin. Konxypennix nnpo-
nnxin, xonxypenrosarnn npoyxr nnmaramrt cyuacnnx rexnonori, ocno-
nom xxnx c OHIB.
B ymonax nono exonomixn rnopue mncnennx mac raxy x ninnicrt, xx
npo]ecina niroronxa. Hanpnxna, rnopua nepepoxa i ysarantnennx in]o-
pmani moxyrt nnxnnxarn noxny nonnx ie neennx isnecy ao symonnrn
sminy nanpxmxy ixntnocri ]ipmn, nonn nanpxmox rexniunnx pospoox, nn-
snaunrn ocxrn nxnaannx innecrnni romo.
Menexmenr, cnpxmonann na xonxypenrosarnicrt, nonnnen myxarn
innonanini nponosnni, a crparerim posnnrxy ninpncmcrna yynarn na sa-
esneuenni oxoponn npan IB ra oninni naprocri nnx npan xx onomy s unnnn-
xin mayrntoro ycnixy.
Hanpnxna, n 1997 p. xomnanix Texas Instruments cnnarnna $395 mnn sa
manentxy xani]opnictxy ]ipmy Amati Communications, sacnonany npn

12
Cren]opctxomy yninepcnreri. Bennxa xomnanix n ranysi naninnponinnxin
cnnarnna raxy nennuesny cymy, o ]ipma Amati Communications nonoina 25
xnmuonnmn narenramn, mo crocymrtcx rexnonori nn]pono aonenrctxo
nini (DSL) ra oxonnmmrt exxi onacri moemno rexnonori nacrynnoro
noxoninnx, npnnxro y CBA xx cranapr DSL. Bonoinnx nnmn narenramn
osnonnno ]ipmi Texas Instruments sanxrn nponiny nosnnim n ranysi nonnx
rexnonori ra na pnnxy DSL, a raxox nnrino naarn ninensi inmnm ]ipmam
na nm rexnonorim [15].
Hpo ynary o IB y CBA cniunrt ro ]axr,mo ram npanmc nnstxo
10000 narenrnnx nonipennx, xxi cnenianisymrtcx n ranysi IB. Bonn ocnani
y Amepnxanctxy aconianim saxonoancrna s IB.
3a crarncrnunnmn annmn nnponnnrno npoyxni s nnxopncrannxm nn-
noxoin sintmyc npnyrox n cepentomy na 28 %. 3a cnironnm ocniom
npnyrxn ni nanionantnoro nnxopncrannx OHIB moxyrt nononnnrn ep-
xannn mxer maxe na 1/3, nepernopennx ocxrnent nayxn ra rexnonori
y pnnxonn npoyxr c nennxnm isnecom s npnyrxonicrm 3001200 % i ac
y CBA npnyrox mopiuno o 1 rpnn. onapin. Ocxr roprinni inrenexryant-
nnm npoyxrom y CBA samac pyre micne y sarantnomy ocxsi.
Hopinnxcmo.
1. Komnanix General Electric nennuesna xopnopanix, crnopena 1892 p.,
na ctoroni onn s nasnaunimnx nnponnxin napisnomanirnimo npoyx-
ni: ni enexrponamnouox o onanannx aromnnx enexrpocranni. Ocnyc
250 ninpncmcrn y 26 xpanax, na nnx npanmc 276 rnc. poirnnxin.
2. Komnanix Microsoft onn s riranrin cnirono exonomixn,crnopena
1975 p. i npanmc na ninpncmcrnax 29 rnc. oci, s xxnx 12 rnc. samamrtcx
esnocepento ocnixennxmn ra pospoxom nporpamnoro saesneuennx, a
inmi 17 rnc. samamrtcx npoaxem i ocnyronynannxm rorono npoyxni.
Hpn ntomy xomnanix Microsoft y 1988 p. crana naopoxuom n cniri sa
napricrm axni : 261,2 mnp. $. Axni General Electric onineni y 257,2 mnp.
$.
Bnxopncrannx IB n rocnoapctxi ixntnocri s rouxn sopy exonomixn c
xomepnianisanicm, roro IB posrnxamrt xx ronap i xx xaniran.
Inrenexryantnn xaniran (IK) ne nicymox snant ncix cninpoirnnxin
ninpncmcrna, xxi ]opmymrt xonxperni nepenarn: ie, pospoxn, npoexrn,
rexnonori, meron neennx isnecy, ninocnnn s nocrauantnnxamn ra xopnc-
rynauamn, asn annx romo. Oxpim snant ra in]opmani, o IK ninocnrtcx i
in]pacrpyxrypa, mo saesneuyc xnc nnxopnc-
rannx, nepeauy, sepexennx.
IK ne napricrt ninpncmcrna sa nnnxr-
xom marepiantnnx axrnnin, ne moxe icnynarn
nosa xonxpernnm ninpncmcrnom, ne snannx,
xxi moxyrt yrn onineni ra nepernopeni y
npnyrox.
uacrnna IK, xxy ienrn]ixonano, sa]ixco-
nano ra oxymenronano rax, mo s nem moxna

IK
IA
IB

Pnc. 2. Cxnaoni inrenexrya-
ntnoro xanirany

13
osnaomnrnct, c inrenexryantnnmn axrnnamn (IA), pnc. 2. Fintmy uacrnny
IK cranonnxrt snannx ra ocni poirnnxin, ane nonn ne sa]ixconani i, nino-
nino, ninpncmcrno nnmn ne nonoic. IA raxox crnopeni cninpoirnnxamn,
ane opranisanix nnmn nonoic.
IB raxox c uacrnnom IK: ne inrenexryantni axrnnn, mo x saxnmeno sa-
xonoanuo. Taxnm unnom, IK, IA, IB inxopnoponani, roro one c cxnaonom
uacrnnom pyroro
1
.
IB, n cnom uepry, moxna noinnrn na 2 xareropi : xnacnuni axrnnn, mo
ncranonneni saxonoanuo (narenrn, ropronentni mapxn, anropctxe npano ro-
mo) ra sarantno npanoni ra oronipni axrnnn, mo raxox moxyrt perynmna-
rnct saxonoanuo (cexpern nnponnnrna, yron npo neonymennx xonxype-
nni ra saesneuennx xon]ienninocri, noy-xay romo). 3a ocnixennxmn
nemarepiantni axrnnn, o xxnx nanexnrt IB, cranonnxrt maxe 75 % pnnxo-
no naprocri 500 naniomimnx xomnani.
V nctomy cniri spocrac xintxicrt saxnox na nnauy narenrin. Hanpnxna, n
CBA na 5 %, roro npnnnsno 1000 saxnox, mopiuno. V 2000 poni sa annmn
BOIB xintxicrt saxnox nepennmynana 90 rnc. i spocna na 21 % o pinnx 1998 p.
V cniri nnni ic nona 4 mnn. narenrin i mopiuno noacrtcx nnstxo
700 rnc. saxnox na narenrynannx. 3a 2005 p. y cniri orpnmano 134 rnc. naren-
rin naintma xintxicrt sa ncm icropim BOIB: n ocnonnomy sa paxynox
sintmennx xintxocri saxnox ni rpomaxn noni, Hinenno Kope ra Kn-
ram
2
. Ha 1-my micni CBA (34300 narenrin), ani yrt nonix, Himeuunna,
upannix, Bennxa Fpnranix, Hinenna Kopex, Hiepnann, Bnenix, Bnena-
pix, Knra. Bci inmi xpann pasom orpnmann 5 % narenrin.
V 2008 poni niepom s xintxocri sanarenronannx nnnaxoin crana xom-
nanix IBM - intm sa 4000 narenrin (nrpnui intme, nix y Hewlett-Packard,
intme, nix y pasom y Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Oracle, Apple, EMC,
Acanture ra Google). Cama ]ipma nnaxac nanaxnnnimnmn y 2008 p. rpn na-
renrn: npncrpi nonepexennx nrxunx rpanm npn TH; rexnonorix ninn-
mennx xxocri ]ororpa]i;smenmennx posmipin noprarnnnnx npncrpon; rex-
nonorix mnnxoro crnopennx noryxnnx nanorexnonoriunnx cxem nx enexr-
ponnnx npncrpon. Innecrnni ]ipmn y ocnixennx cranonnxrt npnnnsno
$6 mnp. mopiuno,c a npnyrox ni narenrynannx $1 mnp na pix.
Arenrcrno Economist Intelligence Unit sa xintxicrm narenrin, mo x pe-
ccrpymrt mopiuno s pospaxynxy na 1 mnn. memxannin, oninmc pernnr inno-
nanino npnnannnocri. V 2007p. posrnxann 82 xpann. Ha 1 micni nonix
(1213 narenrin), ani Bnenapix (502), CBA, Bnenix, uinnxnix, Himeu-
unna (300-350). Pocix mac noxasnnx 8 i 37 micne
3
.

1
Honropax A., Hepnep H. Ocnont nnrennexryantno cocrnennocrn. M.: Hs. om Bnntxmc,
2004 208 c.
2
Inrenexryantnn xaniran, 2006, N 2
3
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 7

14
He nci pesyntrarn inrenexryantno ixntnocri, oconnno y nayxono-
rexniuni c]epi, snaxoxrt sacrocynannx y nnponnnrni: y cniri nnxopncro-
nymrt nnme o 30 % nnnaxoin.
Cnoro uacy CPCP nanexano 30 % ni sarantno xintxocri nnnaxoin y
cniri, xoxna uernepra saxnxa naxonna s Vxpann. 3a 1990 - 1999 p. nnxopn-
crannx OHIB n Vxpani smenmnnoct n 3,7 pasin, a xintxicrt oxoponnnx oxymen-
rin smenmnnoct y 5 pasin.
Hporxrom ocrannix 10 poxin n Vxpani noano nona 36 rnc. saxnox na
oepxannx narenrin na nnnaxon. Fnnstxo 60 % saxnox naimno ni nanio-
nantnnx saxnnnxin,a s nnx 70 % ni mpnnunnx oci
1
.
V CBA npnyrxn ni npoaxy ninensi rintxn y 2000 p. cranonnnn no-
na $100 mnp, mo necxrepo intme, nix y 1990 p.
2
V romy x 2000 p. n
Vxpani yno sapeccrponano nnme 372 oronopn, s xxnx 182 ninensi na nn-
xopncrannx ocxrin npomncnono nnacnocri i intma uacrnna oronopin na
nnxopncrannx nnnaxoin (16,6 %) crocynanact nixepo-ropinuannx nnpoin, a
na mamnnoyynannx npnnaano nnme 4,8 %, na enexrponixy 2,4 %.
V 2004 p. npomncnoni ninpncmcrna Vxpann npnann 252 noni rexnonori.
3a xoponom npnano 73 ninensi moo nepeannx npan nnacnocri na ocxr
npomncnono nnacnocri, a npoann 29 ninensi. Bctoro y 2004 p. yno yxnaeno
1453 ninensini yron, roi xx y CBA mopiuno raxnx yro o 500 rnc.
3

Orpnmani poxnri ra ninensini nnnnarn s pospaxynxy na 1 nmnny n
Vxpani cranonnnn y 2004 p. $0,1/nm., n Poci $1,0/nm., n noni
$81,8/nm., y Himeuunni $45,7/nm., y CBA $151,7/nm., y Hmxcemypsi
$274,8/nm. He noxasnnx xapaxrepnsyc pinent xomepnianisani OHIB, so-
xpema, nnponaxennx nnnaxoin ra npoax ninensi na x nnxopncrannx. V
romy x 2004 p. na 1 mnn nacenennx Vxpann npnnaano 99 narenrin, a y Ec-
roni 1 narenr, ane ecronni saponxnn sa paxynox ninensynannx $3,7/nm.
4

3a oninxom RHECKO n exonomini Vxpann socepexeno 6,5 % cnirono-
ro nayxono-rexniunoro norenniany npn 1 % ni nacenennx cniry. Ane n pos-
nnnennx xpanax o nnponnnrna sanyueno 80 % nuennx,a n Vxpani 0,2 %.
Cnaxe sanyuennx innonani o exonomixn xpann npnneno o nnstxo
oninxn Vxpann n Cnironomy sniri sa 2004p. moo xonxypenrocnpomoxnocri
( cepe 104 xpan, xxi posrnxannct): sa inexcom spocrannx xonxypenrocn-
pomoxnocri 86 micne, sa inexcom posnnrxy rexnonori 83, sa inexcom
nnxopncrannx IKT 76, sa cnpomoxnicrm o innonani 39 micne
5
.
3 2003 p. ocxrn ]inancynannx innonaninnx pospoox n Vxpani n o-
cxsi roprinni nayxocmnom npoyxnicm cranonnrt 0,1 % ( nopinnxno is CBA:
36 %). V 2007/2008 p. sanponaxennx innonani n Vxpani cranonnno 8,2 %,
a y CBA, noni, Himeuunni ra upanni ne noxasnnx na pinni 7080 % .

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2007, N 10, c. 29
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 7
3
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2005, N 10
4
B.Cemnnoxenxo: Vxpana n nepio nocrinycrpiantnoro cniry, 2004
http//dialogs.org.ua/ru/material/full/5/1888
5
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2005, N 10

15
3 1000 narenrin, sapeccrponannx n Vxpani, o nnponnnrna oxoxrt 6,
y uinnxni 30 %.
Inrenexryantnn npoyxr nonnnen xapaxrepnsynarncx nonnsnom, xopn-
cnicrm xonxypenrosarnicrm, nixninicrm i r. in., roro nonnnen marn nenny
ninnicrt i npnmarn yuacrt y ronapno-rpomonnx ninocnnax, npnnocnrn
nnacnnxy npnyrox.
xepena npnyrxy ni inrenexryantnoro npoyxry symonneni nacrynnnm:
crnopennx xonxypenrosarnoro npoyxry, sanomnannx pnnxin syry;
npoax OIB, ninensinnx yro na npano nnxopncrannx OIB, rexnono-
riuno micrxi nocnyrn y pamxax inxnnipnnry (inxenepne cynponoxennx npo-
exry) ra xoncanrinry (xoncyntrarnnne cynponoxennx), soxpema uepes me-
pexy Inrepner (enexrponna roprinnx);
xomepnianisanix ocxrin anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan (nnnnxna nina
ranyst cycnintnoro nnponnnrna).
o cepennn XIX cr. anropctxe npano nomnpmnanoct na xonxperni rno-
pn mncrenrna. Crnopennx yninepcnrerin, nyniunnx iniorex, posnnrox
xnnxxono roprinni, posnoncmxennx y mnpoxnx xonax snannx inosemnnx
mon, moxnnnicrt mnnxoro nepecynannx na snauni nicrani romo crnopnno
ymonn nx roro, mo nnannnua cnpana nepernopnnact na nnrinn isnec,
ocxrn anropctxoro npana crann ocxramn nnrinoro nxnaannx xanirany,
rnopn inrenexryantno npani npnann osnaxn ronapy.
Mixnapone anropctxe npano ra cncrema cymixnnx npan sasnamrt ]yn-
amenrantnnx smin nnacniox oxopinnnx rexnonoriunnx nepernopent y
c]epi crnopennx, posnoncmxennx oxoponn rnopin, a raxox spocrannx o-
ro poni n ropronnx ninocnnax, o sa macmraamn nnxopncrannx ra exonomi-
unnm e]exrom soyrxn xyntrypn, xyoxnto nireparypn, mysnunoro i opa-
sornopuoro mncrenrna ne nocrynamrtcx nayxono-rexniunnm ocxrnennxm, a
nepennmymrt x.
Inycrpix crnopennx rnopin, mo oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom, mo-
poxy ac CBA nnstxo $ 240 mnp npnyrxy, a inycrpix, nonxsana s x
posnoncmxennxm $ 120 mnp
1

V 1994 poni epxann, xxi npncnanncx o Ienepantno yron s rapn]in i
roprinni (IAAT), sacnynann Cnirony opranisanim roprinni (COT), a s 1 ciunx
1995 poxy napana unnnocri Vroa npo roproni acnexrn npan na IB (cxopo-
ueno sa apeniarypom anrnictxo nasnn TRIPS). Hx yroa mac nennxe sna-
uennx, o nxnmuac IB o xonrexcry cnirono roprinni. TRIPS crannrt nenni
nnmorn o saxonoancrna y c]epi IB s merom posnnrxy pnnxy IB, roro nno-
nrt minimantni cranaprn y ni c]epi, oonxsxoni nx xpan-unenin COT.
Hocnnennx poni IB mac ninoniarn exonomiunnm npiopnreram xpann.
Ha cyuacnomy erani ne nnme spocrac snauennx IB, ane sminmcrtcx
cyrnicrt ntoro nonxrrx nnacniox posnnrxy cyuacno rnoantno mepexi xo-
mynixani, xxe cynponoxycrtcx spocrannxm pinnx enexrponno roprinni.
In]opmanini rexnonori (xomnmrepne onanannx ra nporpamne saesne-

1
Hayxonn cnir, 2004, N 6, crp.8

16
uennx) ra xomynixanini rexnonori (xaentnn snxsox ra cynyrnnxonn)
nnnnnamrt snaunom mipom na penpoynnpynannx ra posnoncmxennx poir,
saxnmennx anropctxnm npanom.
Fyt-xxa poora, mo moxna nepenecrn y nn]pony ]opmy (oeprannx y
nn]pony ]opmy nrnranisanix) moxe naani sepirarncx ra nnxopncrony-
narncx y nn]ponomy ]opmari, mo pisxo nonermyc xonimnannx ra sintmyc
oro mnnxicrt, ac moxnnnicrt noxpamnrn xxicrt, nnecrn sminn, mnnxo
ocrannrn, xx saxonny, rax i npornsaxonny xonim npaxrnuno y yt-xxe mic-
ne semno xyni i o roro x onouacno nennxi xintxocri oci un sananraxnrn
na omxy oxn, un n neomexeni xintxocri npnmipnnxin pospyxynarn
ao sanncarn na ncxax.
3a saesneuenicrm xomnmrepamn y 2004 p. Vxpana samana 100 micne
y cniri 18,52 xomnmrepa na 1000 oci nacenennx npn cepentocnironomy
pinni 202,3 (pyre micne samac CBA 554, a nepme Can-Mapino,
727,26)
1
.
3a annmn epxsnxsxy na nnnent 2008 p. uncentnicrt inrepner-
aynropin n Vxpani cranonnna nnstxo 10 mnn oci: nm nocnyry mornn nn-
xopncronynarn 55 % yxpanctxnx cime ao 21,6 % nacenennx
2
, a y 2000 p.
pinent inrepnernsani Vxpann cranonnn 1 %, y 2003 p. 7 %.
Vxpana noxn mo nicrac sa pinnem in]opmaninnx rexnonori ni npo-
ninnx xpan cniry.

1.1.2. ;L@HP@> >@LNKNSNK O$'P' IB

Incrnryrn (nnn) npana IB nnsnauamrtcx nnom rnopuo ixntnocri.
V 1967 poni y Croxrontmi yna ninncana Konnennix, xxa sacnynana
Bcecnirnm opranisanim IB (BOIB). V ni Konnenni ano nepenix nnin ix-
ntnocri, npana na xxi nineceno o IB.
Hpano IB mac rpn camocrini incrnryrn, xxi nipisnxmrtcx sa ocxramn
ra cycxramn npana:
npano na ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri (sa c]epom nnxopncrannx
pesyntrarin);
anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana;
npano na nerpannini ocxrn IB.
Hpomncnona nnacnicrt crocycrtcx esnocepento pesyntrarin rnopuo
ixntnocri, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx y npomncnonocri, cintctxomy rocnoapcr-
ni, roprinni. Tepmin npomncnona nnacnicrt ne posnoncmxycrtcx na
ocxrn pyxomo un nepyxomo nnacnocri, xxi saixni y nnponnnrni (ona-
nannx, cnopyn, rpancnopr romo). Honxrrx npomncnono nnacnocri nnsnaue-
no Hapnstxom xonnennicm npo oxopony npomncnono nnacnocri.
Anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana perynmmrt ninocnnn, xxi nnnnxa-
mrt y snxsxy is crnopennxm i nnxopncrannxm nireparypnnx, mysnunnx ra

1
B.Cemnnoxenxo: Vxpana n nepio nocrinycrpiantnoro cniry, 2004
http//dialogs.org.ua/ru/material/full/5/1888
2
http//correspondent/net/tech/technews/526856

17
xyoxnix rnopin, nayxonnx npant romo. Anrnictxom monom anropctxe
npano nosnauamrt repminom xonipar (copyright), o icropnuno n nepmy
uepry manocx na ynasi, mo npano arn osnin na nnroronnennx xoni rnopy
moxe nnme anrop ao oro npanonacrynnnx.
Cymixnnmn nasnnamrt npana na raxi ocxrn, xx nnxonanctxa ixnt-
nicrt aprncrin, ]onorpamn i r. in. Hocnannx nnx nox rpyn npanonnx nino-
cnn noxcnmcrtcx x ricnom nsacmosanexnicrm ra onnmn rnmn camnmn sa-
xonamn, mo perynmmrt ninonini ninocnnn.
Horpea saxonoanuo saxpinnrn npana nnxonannin yna symonnena nn-
nnxnennxm sacoin ]ixcynannx sanncy, nepeaui snyxono ra nieoin]opma-
ni, paio, reneauennx, xino, xxi anann moxnnnicrt ne rintxn sanncynarn
nnxonannx i nirnopmnarn, a penpoyxynarn sanncn. Bnxonannx nepecrano
yrn mnnxonnnnnnm i omexennm nennom aynropicm, nono ocrynne nx
nynixn, neomexeno xonneprnnm sanom ao rearpom.
V xpanax anrnocaxconctxoro npana nonxrrx cymixni npana ne sacro-
conycrtcx, oxopona npan nnxonannin, nnponnxin ]onorpam ra opranisani
monnennx sicnmcrtcx srino nopm anropctxoro npana. Tepmin cymixni
npana i ninonini saxonoanui nopmn nxnnamrt y xpanax xonrnnenrant-
noro npana, o xxnx nanexnrt Vxpana.

1.1.3. ;&W/NK O$'P' IB

Bci pesyntrarn inrenexryantno ixntnocri (yt-xxi pesyntrarn rnop-
uocri) c ocxramn nnnintnoro npana, ane nnme ro rnopun pesyntrar, xxn
ninoniac nnmoram unnnoro saxonoancrna, c ocxrom npana 1B i nnme raxi
ocxrn orpnmymrt npanony oxopony y xxocri ocxra npana IB. Toro no-
nxrrx ocxra nnnintnoro npana ra nonxrrx ocxra npana IB icrorno nipis-
nxmrtcx mix coom.
Hanpnxna, saxnxa na nennn pesyntrar nayxono-rexniuno rnopuocri
noana o Vcranonn, ane sa xxnxoct npnunn nin ne oepxan npanono oxopo-
nn, roro ne cran ocxrom npana IB, ane sasnauena nponosnnix sannmacrtcx
ocxrom nnnintnoro npana, srino xxoro ocxrom npana nnaxamrt re, s
npnnoy uoro nnnnxamrt npana.
Ocxrn npana IB nnsnaueni n cr. 420 HKV (pnc. 3).
Hepenix, oconnno croconno ocxrin anropctxoro npana, ne c nnuepn-
nnm. o nnx ninocxrtcx rexniuna oxymenranix, xaprn, xpecnennx, nncrn,
moennnxn, inrepnm, rnopn, nanncani maremarnunom monom (]opmynn),
snirn npo HP, cnenapni rnopn, rnopn exoparnnno-npnxnanoro mncrenrna,
opoxn ]ontxnopy, ennnxnonei ra anronori romo.
V HKV sasnaueno (cr. 422), mo npana na OIB nnnnxamrt sa ]axrom x
crnopennx ao nnacniox naannx npanono oxoponn ynonnonaxennm epxan-
nnm opranom y nnnaxy i n nopxxy, nepeauennx unnnnm saxonoancrnom.
Tnopn y ranysi nayxn, nireparypn i mncrenrna ne norpeymrt
oonxsxono epxanno xnani]ixani ra peccrpani. Hpana na sasnaueni rnopn
nnnnxamrt nnacniox x crnopennx.

18
Ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri mamrt cnintni osnaxn: x saxncr saes-
neuycrtcx xx nnxnmune npano na nnxopncrannx ra nirnepxycrtcx
oonxsxonnm oxoponnnm oxymenrom, xxn nnacrtcx epxanom y pasi nn-
xonannx nennnx ymon, mo nnsnaueni saxonoanuo.
Ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri norpeymrt i epxanno xnani]ixani, i
epxanno peccrpani. uepes ne npana na ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri nn-
nnxamrt nnme s roro momenry, xxn nnsnaueno ninoninnm saxonom.
HK Vxpann oymonnmc npnarnicrt ocxry nx nayrrx npana IB ra
oxymenr, mo x sacniuyc i nnnaxn nnsnannx npan neicnnmn.
nx ocxrin npomncnono nnacnocri nepenaxne snauennx mac smicr,
iex, xxa n nnx nrinena. uopma rnopy, saxnmenoro anropctxnm npanom, na-
npnxna, nireparypnoro un mysnunoro, c ynixantnom i ne moxe yrn crnope-
na inmom ocoom aconmrno ienrnunom. Ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri
moxyrt yrn crnopeni xintxoma ocoamn nesanexno ona ni ono: nanpn-
xna, pisni xoncrpyxrnnni pimennx, xxi peanisymrt ony ry camy iem. V
snxsxy s nnm neoxina peccrpanina cncrema, xxa nonnnna sacniunrn ne-
pmicrt rnopnx.
Hicnx roro, xx rnopinnx nmctxoro posymy crano naannxm cycnintcr-
na, oro rnopent ne moxe xonrponmnarn nnxopncrannx ieno cxnaono
nnnaxoy, mysnunoro rnopy un ronapnoro snaxy rperimn ocoamn nnacniox
nnme ric ocrannnn, mo nonoic nnmn(xx ne yno moxnnno s marepiant-
nnm ocxrom). Cama nesarnicrt oxoponxrn pesyntrarn inrenexryantno i-
xntnocri nnme nnacniox nonoinnx nnmn c napixnnm xamenem saxonoancr-
na n ranysi IB.
Inrepecn rnopnin inrenexryantnnx ronapin ra nocnyr saxnmamrtcx ep-
xanom mnxxom ncranonnennx y nanionantnomy saxonoancrni nopm moo
naannx rnopnxm nennnx npan, xxi osnonxmrt xonrponmnarn nnxopncrannx
xnix rnopin.

Hi npana ninocxrtcx came o pesyntrary posymono ixntnocri, a ne o
marepiantnoro ocxry, n xxomy ne pesyntrar moxe yrn nirnopeno.
Ocnonnnm cnocoom oxoponn npan c nnaua saxnnnxy oxoponnoro o-
xymenra narenry ao cnionrna na OHIB, srino s xxnm anrop ao pospo-
nnx orpnmyc ni epxann nnxnmuni npana na OIB na nnsnauenn repmin i ni
npana oxoponxmrtcx epxanom. Anrop moxe posxpnrn smicr cnoro OHIB i
rperi ocon moxyrt oro nnxopncronynarn na saxonnnx ymonax, ane nnxnm-
uno sa osnonom nnacnnxa npan s oonxsxonnm nipaxynannxm omy nnna-
ropon sa raxn osnin.
Mera npanono oxoponn - crnopnrn npanonn mexanism saxonnoro sanoi-
rannx moxnnnocri esonnarnoro nnxopncrannx rperimn ocoamn npan na OIB s
xomepninom merom.

19


;V)
Ocxrn npomncnono
nnacnocri
Herpannini ocxrn
inrenexryantno
nnacnocri
Ocxrn anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan
Bnnaxon Coprn pocnnn
Hireparypni rnopn -
xyoxni ra nayxoni
Kopncni moeni Hopon rnapnn
Komnmrepni
nporpamn
Hpomncnoni spasxn
Tonorpa]i inrerpant-
nnx mixpocxem
Fasn annx
Toprinentni mapxn
(snaxn nx ronapin
ra nocnyr
Komepnini
racmnnni
Mysnuni rnopn
nesanexno ni xanpy
Ieorpa]iuni
sasnauennx
Hayxoni nixpnrrx
Ayionisyantni
rnopn
uipmoni (xomepnini)
namenynannx
Panionanisaropctxi
nponosnni
Tnopn opasornop-
uoro mncrenrna
uororpa]iuni rnopn
Tnopn apxirexrypn,
microyynannx ra
caono-napxonoro
mncrenrna
Tnopn xopeorpa]i
ra nanromimn
Hoxini rnopn
(nepexnan, opoxn,
anorani i r.n.)
Bnxonannx rnopin
uonorpamn ra
niiorpamn
Hepeaui opranisani
monnennx

Pnc. 3. Ocxrn npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri



20
V pasi nicyrnocri npanono oxoponn nnacnnx samicrt oarxonoro npn-
yrxy man n snrxn. Komrn nxnaanncx y pospoxy OIB, y nocranonxy npo-
yxni, mo micrnrt OIB, na nnponnnrno. Honepnennx xomrin moxnnne nn-
me nicnx npoaxy npoyxni. xmo neopoconicnn xonxypenr nepexonnrt
iem na crai roronnocri nx npomncnonoro nnponnnrna, ro nin saoma-
nrt xomrn i oro npoyxnix s rnm camnm OIB ye emenmom, roro xonxy-
penrocnpomoxnimom. Oxoponxrn IB sacoamn, mo npnarni nx oxoponn
manono nnacnocri, nemoxnnno. Bnnaxona posmona, npomncnone mnnrync-
rno, in]opmanix n Inrepneri, nynixanix - i iex crana niomom.
Cynponi nayrrx npan na OIB ra nirpnmannx x y cnni raxox norpe-
ymrt xomrin, ane ni nnrparn c nnnpanannmn.
Inrepecn cycnintcrna, nonxsani s nnxopncrannxm IB, nonxramrt y romy,
mo naani rnopnxm npana omexeni y uaci (uepes nennn uac, nnsnauenn
oxoponnnmn oxymenrom narenrom ao cnionrnom, ne oxoponnn oxy-
menr nrpauac mpnnuny cnny i OIB crac cycnintnnm naannxm, roro nnm
moxe cxopncrarncx yt-xxa ]isnuna un mpnnuna ocoa), no repnropi ra
ocxry. Hpana na pesyntrarn inrenexryantno ixntnocri ne mamrt excrepn-
ropiantnocri: roro npana, xxi nnsnamrtcx y mexax onic epxann, nx in-
mnx epxan ne icnymrt, xxmo nicyrni cneniantni mixnaponi yron, sa
xxnmn nepeaueno, mo npana na IB, xxi nnnnxnn na repnropi onic epxa-
nn, oxoponxmrtcx na repnropi inmo epxann.

1.1.4. +KLN":' O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K IB P d/$'7@>

o 1991 poxy n Vxpani ne yno cneniantnnx saxonin npo oxopony IB.
Bnxnmuni npana na nnxopncrannx IB ]axrnuno nanexann epxani. Hpanone
perynmnannx crocynxin y c]epi IB saesneuynanocx nepenaxno nisaxonnn-
mn axramn. Bnnxrox cranonnnn nnme 2 posinn n HK VPCP Anropctxe
npano i Bnnaxinnntxe npano. Anropctxe saxonoancrno osnonxno nintno,
es osnony anropin, nnxopncronynarn xni rnopn na reneauenni, paio, n xi-
nemarorpa]i ra raserax. I anropctxe npano i narenrne nepeauann nnauy n
npnmyconomy nopxxy osnonin na nnxopncrannx npan na OHIB.
Cyuacny saxonoanuy asy Vxpann y c]epi IB cxnaamrt:
1. Koncrnrynix Vxpann (cr. 41, 42, 46, 54).
2. Koexcn Vxpann:
Hnnintnn xoexc (xnnra IV Hpano inrenexryantno nnacnocri,
xnnra V 3oonxsynantne npano) ra Hnnintnn nponecyantnn xoexc;
Iocnoapctxn xoexc ra Iocnoapctxn nponecyantnn xoexc;
Kpnminantnn xoexc ra Kpnminantno-nponecyantnn xoexc;
Koexc npo aminicrparnnni npanonopymennx;
Mnrnn xoexc;
Koexc saxonin npo npanm.

21
3. Cneniantni saxonn Vxpann (12 saxonin):
Hpo oxopony npan na nnnaxon i xopncni moeni;
Hpo oxopony npan na npomncnoni spasxn;
Hpo oxopony npan na snaxn nx ronapin i nocnyr;
Hpo oxopony npan na sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin;
Hpo oxopony npan na coprn pocnnn;
Hpo nneminny cnpany n rnapnnnnnrni;
Hpo oxopony npan na ronorpa]i inrerpantnnx mixpocxem;
Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana;
Hpo saxncr ni neopoconicno xonxypenni;
Hpo saxncr exonomiuno xonxypenni;
Hpo posnoncmxennx npnmipnnxin ayionisyantnnx rnopin ra ]onorpam;
Hpo oconnnocri epxannoro perynmnannx ixntnocri cycxrin roc-
noapmnannx, nonxsano s nnponnnrnom, excnoprom, imnoprom ncxin nx
nasepnnx cncrem sunrynannx.
Oxpemi nopmn, mo crocymrtcx IB, micrxrtcx n arartox inmnx saxonax
Vxpann. Hanpnxna, 3axon Vxpann Hpo oninxy mana, manonnx npan i
npo]eciny oninouny ixntnicrt n Vxpani, xxn napan unnnocri y 2002
poni, nepeauac oninxy naprocri npan na OHIB. o peui, cnnn y Cxini
Cnponi nanuantnn saxna, xxn roryc npo]ecinnx oninmnauin s nnmom
exonomiunom ocnirom Conomonin yninepcnrer, a Incrnryr inrenexryantno
nnacnocri i npana roryc npo]ecinnx oninmnauin npan na OHIB sa ymonn na-
xnnocri nnmo ocnirn ra ocniy poorn oninmnauem.
4. Vxasn ra posnopxxennx Hpesnenra, nocranonn Kainery Minicrpin
Vxpann, niomui nisaxonni axrn romo.
3aranom - 37 saxonin ra 100 nisaxonnnx axrin.
V pasi, xonn rpea nperynmnarn cnopn moo npan na OHIB mix ]isnu-
nnmn ao mpnnunnmn ocoamn Vxpann ra inosemnnx xpan, nepxonencrno
nepe nanionantnnmn saxonamn mamrt mixnaponi oronopn, o xxnx npn-
cnanacx Vxpana. 3apas raxnx oronopin 18 (is 22-ox).
Hicnx soyrrx nesanexnocri Vxpana orpnmana nnme oxpemi ]parmen-
rn cncremn oxoponn IB xonnmntoro CPCP, xxi o roro x norpeynann icro-
rno nepeyonn n ymonax pnnxono exonomixn. 3a poxn nesanexnocri n
Vxpani posyonano epxanny cncremy npanono oxoponn IB (Pnc. 4).
nx xoopnnani ixntnocri opranin nnxonanuo nnan y c]epi oxoponn
IB crnopeno y nmromy 2000 poxy mixniomun xomirer s nponem saxncry
npan na OIB npn Kaineri Minicrpin, a y 2002 poni epxannn enapra-
menr IB Minicrepcrna ocnirn i nayxn Vxpann, s 2011 poxy peopranisonann
y epxanny cnyxy inrenexryantno nnacnocri Vxpann (ani epxanna
cnyxa). epxanna cnyxa c nenrpantnnm opranom nnxonanuo nnan, ix-
ntnicrt xxoro cnpxmonycrtcx i xoopnnycrtcx Kainerom Minicrpin Vxpann

22
uepes Minicrpa ocnirn i nayxn, monoi ra cnopry Vxpann, ocnonnom ]ynxni-
cm xxoro c saesneuennx epxanno nonirnxn y c]epi IB, npornosynannx ra
nnsnauennx nepcnexrnn ra nanpxmin posnnrxy y c]epi IB, posponennx npo-
nosnni moo nopmarnnno-npanono asn ]ynxnionynannx epxanno cncre-
mn oxoponn IB, saesneuennx ymon nneennx IB o rocnoapctxoro oiry,
xoopnnanix niroronxn xapin, mixnapone cninpoirnnnrno. epxanna
cnyxa sicnmc epxanny peccrpanim ra neennx epxannnx peccrpin mo-
o OHIB, nnauy oxoponnnx oxymenrin, peccrpanim oronopin npo nepea-
uy npan na ocxrn IB, mo oxoponxmrtcx na repnropi Vxpann, ra ninensi-
nnx oronopin, opranisonyc posrnx saxn ra cxapr moo nnaui oxoponnnx
oxymenrin na OHIB. (O]ininn car epxanno cnyxn:
http://www.sips.gov.ua).
epxanne ninpncmcrno Vxpanctxn incrnryr npomncnono nnacnocri
(Vxpnarenr) sicnmc excneprnsn saxnox na ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri
na npemer ninoninocri ymonam npanono oxoponn i nnac excneprni nncnon-
xn. Vxpnarenr samacrtcx in]opmaninnm saesneuennxm ]ynxnionynannx cn-
cremn oxoponn npomncnono nnacnocri, soxpema ]opmynannxm ]onin nanio-
nantno narenrno oxymenrani ra mixnaponnm ominom narenrnom in]op-
manicm is sapyixnnmn narenrnnmn niomcrnamn na ocnoni cyuacnnx in]opma-
ninnx rexnonori, npnmac yuacrt y posponi nponosnni moo nocxona-
nennx saxonoancrna n c]epi oxoponn npomncnono nnacnocri.
Ha cari Vxpnarenry (http://www.uipv.org/ua/links_ukr.html) c rinepno-
cnnannx na ocrynni xepena narenrno in]opmani. 3apas narenrne niom-
crno xoxno xpann namaracrtcx noarn na cari sarantnoro xopncrynannx
cni nonnn nanionantnn narenrnn ]on.
Harenrna in]opmanix noacrtcx raxox y xomepninnx mepexax Inrepnery.
Vxpnarenr mac ]inim Vxpanctxn nenrp innonarnxn ra narenrno-
in]opmaninnx nocnyr, xxn na xomepnini ocnoni naac xoncyntrani ra
nocnyrn y nnpimenni nnrant, mo crocymrtcx c]epn npomncnono nnacnocri.
Hi nocnyrn nxnmuamrt:
cxnaannx xomnnexry oxymenrin nx noannx saxnxn na oepxannx
npanono oxoponn ocxry npomncnono nnacnocri (OHB) n Vxpani ra sa
mexamn;
ninonii na sannrn excneprnsn sa noannmn saxnxamn;
orpnmannx inrepecin npanonnacnnxin npn cxnaanni oronopin npo
nepeauy npan na OHB, ninensinnx oronopin npo x nnxopncrannx.
3 xnirnx 2001 poxy y cxna Henrpy nnimon uon narenrno oxymen-
rani rpomactxoro xopncrynannx, xxn nocrino nononnmcrtcx. Ha
1.07.2009 p. ]on naniuynan 19,8 rnc. o]ininnx mnerenin, 13,69 rnc. npn-

23
mipnnxin onncin o narenrin na nnnaxon na naneponomy nocicni, 14,65 rnc.
onrnunnx ncxin
1
.


B>@>LN"$LNPH HLP>NK > @'S/K, :H6H-> N' LOH$NS d/$'7@K
Z"$h'P@' L6Sh&' ) d/$'7@K
Ipomactxi opranisani
Bceyxpanctxa aconianix narenrnnx nonipennx
Bceyxpanctxa aconianix IB
Bceyxpanctxa aconianix anropctxnx i cymixnnx npan
Tonapncrno panionanisaropin i nnnaxinnxin Vxpann
Vxpanctxa aconianix nnacnnxin ronapnnx snaxin Vxpann
Inmi rpomactxi opranisani
(rnopui nanionantni cninxn, nirn, comsn nnctmennnxin,
xomnosnropin, xyoxnnxin, xypnanicrin, xosapin, apxirexropin,
xinemarorpa]icrin, macrpin naponoro mncrenrna romo)
H Vxpanctxn incrnryr
npomncnono nnacnocri
H Vxpanctxe arenrcrno s
anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan
Incrnryr inrenexryantno nnacnocri
OHRA n m. Kncni
H Inrensaxncr
Z"$h'P@>
>@LO"/NH$K J
OKN'@U )

Pnc. 4. epxanna cncrema npanono oxoponn IB

epxanne ninpncmcrno Vxpanctxe arenrcrno s anropctxnx ra cymix-
nnx npan (VAACH) cnocm rononnom ]ynxnicm mac xonexrnnne ynpanninnx
manonnmn npanamn anropin, sa axannxm anropa sicnmc epxanny peccr-
panim ocxrin ACH (anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan); sicnmc onomory
moo saxncry npan anropin ra cycxrin cymixnnx npan Vxpann ra inmnx
xpan y pasi x nopyment, onomarac n yxnaanni ninensinnx yro.
VAACH yxnaac yron s mpnnunnmn ra ]isnunnmn ocoamn na
ynpanninnx manonnmn npanamn na xonexrnnni ocnoni, ]opmyc xaranorn
nirunsnxnnx ra saxoponnnx anropin; sicnmc sip ra posnoin anropctxo
nnnaropon s xopncrynauin rnopin, s xxnmn yxnaac yron, sa nyniune nn-
xopncrannx rnopin (cnonimennx, noxas, nnxonannx, nirnopennx, imnopr) na
nci repnropi Vxpann. 3opom anropctxo nnnaropon samamrtcx incnex-
ropn HC VAACH, xxi npanmmrt y perionax.

1
Hpomncnona nnacnicrt y nn]pax. I ninpiuux 2009 pix, epxenapramenr IB

24
VAACH mac 4 rncxui oronopin na ynpanninnx npanamn s yxpanctxnmn
anropamn ra x cnaxocmnxmn. 3 2005 p. mac craryc opnnapnoro (nocrino-
ro) unena Mixnapono xon]epenni anropctxnx ra xomnosnropctxnx rona-
pncrn (CISAC) neypxonoro ocnannx 217 anropctxnx ronapncrn y 116
xpanax, roro mac ocryn o ncix nocnyr in]opmaninnx pecypcin ra orpn-
myc sa norpeom onomory. V 2006 p. ninncano yroy s CISAC npo ynpan-
ninnx npncnocnnxm mixnaponnx cranaprnnx xoin mysnunnm rnopam
(ISWC), roro orpnmann npano naanarn ninonini xon rnopam yxpanct-
xnx anropin ra posmimynarn x y asi annx IPI (Interested Party Information
System), xxa nnxopncronycrtcx npn posnoini nnnaropon sa nnxopncrannx
rnopin. V 2007 p. VAACH mano 84 oronopn s OKV inosemnnx epxan npo
npecrannnnrno inrepecin i cninnpanmnano s 46 anropctxnmn ronapncrnamn
s Cnponn, Asi, Amepnxn, xxi ynpannxmrt anropctxnmn npanamn inx 1 mnn
anropin [16].
Crarrx 45 3V Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana nepeauac, mo
cycxrn npana moxyrt ynpannxrn cnomn npanamn oconcro, uepes cnoro
nonipenoro ao uepes opranisanim xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx.
Innniyantne ynpanninnx npanamn c npaxrnuno nemoxnnnnm moo e-
xxnx nnin nnxopncrannx rnopin. Anrop ne moxe, nanpnxna, yxnaarn nine-
nsi s xoxnom opranisanicm e]ipnoro monnennx, mo nnanyc nnxopncronyna-
rn oro rnip. I nannaxn, nepeantno nx xoxno opranisani e]ipnoro monnen-
nx sannrynarn osnin y xoxnoro xonxpernoro anropa na nnxopncrannx oro
rnopy. Hanpnxna, na reneauenni mopiuno nnxonycrtcx n cepentomy
60000 mysnunnx rnopin, roro rpea marn osnin ni rncxu npanonnacnnxin.
Bnxx nnpimennx raxo nponemn xonexrnnne ynpanninnx, xxe sicnmcrt-
cx n inrepecax npanonnacnnxin cneniantnnmn opranisanixmn, xxi imrt nnme
n mexax xoponin xpann.
Icnymrt pisni nnn OKV sa xareropixmn ninoninnx rnopin(mysnxa,
pamarnuni rnopn, myntrnmeini npoyxrn romo). OKV ni imeni ra sa o-
pyuennxm cnox unenin ysroxymrt posmip nnnaropon ra ymonn nnxopnc-
rannx i s xopncrynauamn naamrt ninensi na npano nnxopncrannx, snpamrt
ra posnoinxmrt nnnaropoy. Hpanonnacnnxn esnocepento ne npnmamrt
yuacri y nnx ixx.
Inosemni npanonnacnnxn mamrt ri cami npana, mo nirunsnxni. OKV, xxi
icnymrt y ncix xpanax, ynpannxmrt inosemnnm penepryapom na cnox nanio-
nantnnx repnropixx, ominmmrtcx in]opmanicm ra nnnnauymrt nnnaropoy
inosemnnm npanonnacnnxam.
3apas y cniri ic rnoantna mepexa OKV, mo c neypxonnmn opranisanixmn,
nanpnxna, raxi xx Mixnapona xon]eepanix cninox anropin ra xomnosnropin
(CISAC), Mixnapona ]eepanix s npan nirnopennx(IFRRO), na cnponectxo-
my pinni Aconianix cnponectxnx opranisani nnxonannin(AEOI) romo.

25
OKV moxyrt nncrynarn xx cnoncopn xyntrypnnx saxoin s nonynxpn-
sani nanionantnoro penepryapa y xpani ra sa mexamn, cnpnxrn nponeen-
nm rearpantnnx ]ecrnnanin ra mysnunnx xonneprin, niroronni nanionant-
nnx ]ontxnopnnx anronori romo. 3aoxouennx xyntrypnnx saxoin ne c
oonxsxonnm, xoua moxyrt sicnmnarnct sa paxynox nipaxynant s anro-
pctxnx nnnaropo, xxi snpac OKV. 3rino s npannnamn CISAC noini ni-
paxynannx ne nonnnni nepennmynarn 10 % uncroro npnyrxy.
B Vxpani anropamn, nnxonannxmn, nnponnxamn ]onorpam crnopeno 11
opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx npanamn (OKV), xxi sapeccrponani y
IB. Cepe nnx ninpncmnnntxi yrnopennx (H VAACH, Ocnannx ni-
npncmcrn Vxpanctxn mysnunn antxnc (VMA), Ocnannx ninpncmcrn
Vxpanctxa nira mysnunnx npan, Aconianix Iintix nnponnxin nieorpam
i ]onorpam ra in.), rpomactxi opranisani (Bceyxpanctxe ocnannx
cycxrin anropctxnx i cymixnnx npan Oepir, Ocnannx npanonnacnnxin
y c]epi opasornopuoro mncrenrna ra apxirexrypno ixntnocri Craryc, Ii-
ntix xinopexncepin 24/1 ra in.) ra npnnarna opranisanix Vxpanctxe arenrc-
rno s anropctxnx npan. 3a nnnxrxom VAAHC, nci ni opranisani c neepxan-
nnmn i, srino saxonoancrny, crnopeni anropamn un inmnmn cycxramn ACH
ra c nenpnyrxonnmn. Konexrnnne ynpanninnx ne c isnecom sa nnsnauennxm.
OKV c cnonyunom nanxom mix anropamn ra xopncrynauamn rnopin, xxi oxopo-
nxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom. OKV c mpnnunnmn ocoamn [16].
Bceyxpanctxe ocnannx Oepir c nepmom rpomactxom OKV sa-
cnonana y 1990 p. niomnmn mysnunnmn ixuamn Vxpann. Ocnannx nn-
snano na mixnaponomy pinni: s 2004 p. c unenom mixnapono opranisani
SCARP (Pan ronapncrn s ynpanninnx npanamn nnxonannin), xxa ocnyc
OKV npanamn nnxonannin maxe 30 xpan. 3rino s nocroponnimn orono-
pamn Oepir npecrannxc na repnropi Vxpann cycxrin cymixnnx npan
pxy xpan (Poci, Hontmi, Ipeni, Hpnanrnxn romo). OH VMA yno
crnopeno y 2001 p. nxrtma yxpanctxnmn snyxosanncymunmn xomnanixmn.
Cepe unenin VMA xomnani, xxnm na repnropi Vxpann nepeano cymi-
xni manoni npana nnponnxin mysnuno i nieonpoyxni Universal Music
Group, BMG Entertainment, Sony Music International, EMI Music
International, Aprcraps Cryix Coms, ncxo Hnrepnemnn + ra inmnx po-
cictxnx pexopnnronnx xomnani, a raxox yxpanctxnx nnxonannin: Pycna-
nn, Kari uini, Mapixn Fypmaxn, ryprin Iaamaxn, Kpnxirxa Haxec, ra
in. B c]epi renepaiomonnennx VMA ynpannxc npanamn Ani Hopax, Aci
Axar, Iarann, ryprin BB, Oxean Entsn, Cxpxin, pyra Pixa, Ipnnn
Finnx, Bcpxn Cepmuxn ra in. Ha ctoroni intma uacrnna sapyixnoro i ni-
runsnxnoro penepryapy, xxn rpancnmcrtcx crannixmn e]ipnoro monnennx
ra nnxopncronycrtcx xomepnino, c ocxrom ynpanninnx VMA [17].
OH Vxpanctxa nira mysnunnx npan ic s 2003 p. npemerom ixnt-
nocri yn sip ra posnoin nnnaropon sa nnxopncrannx ]onorpam y c]epi

26
noyronoro ocnyronynannx, posnar, rpomactxoro xapuynannx, rpancnopry.
Hx cnenianisanix yna saxpinnena sa nem srino oronopin s inmnmn OKV.
unenamn nirn c npecrannnxn sapyixnnx ra Vxpanctxnx pexopnnronnx
xomnani ra aconiani i OKV, mo npecrannxmrt inosemnnx nnxonannin ra
nnponnxin ]onorpam i n ninomy mamrt npana na nyniune nnxopncrannx
maxe 80 % ]onorpam, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx na repnropi Vxpann. Mamrt
cnox npecrannnxin y intmocri perionin Vxpann, ninncymrt oronopn s
xopncrynauamn saxnaamn rpomactxoro xapuynannx ra osninnx, soxpema,
c raxi oronopn s mepexamn pecropanin Max onants Rxpen Hr,
Bnnxo, na Iycx, omamnx xyxnx ra in. [25].
H Inrensaxncr crnopeno y 2002 poni s merom yocxonanennx oprani-
sani nnaui xonrpontnnx mapox nx mapxynannx npnmipnnxin ayionisyant-
nnx rnopin ra ]onorpam, xomnmrepnnx nporpam, as annx, nocnnennx sa-
xncry npan IB ra nonepexennx npanonopyment y ni c]epi.
Hinpncmcrno nee cnnn peccrp oepxynauin xonrpontnnx mapox nx
mapxynannx OHIB, npnmac yuacrt y nporpami neranisani nporpamnoro sa-
esneuennx. Konrpontna mapxa c ocnonnnm innxaropom nerantnocri posno-
ncmxennx nxasannx ocxrin.
B Vxpani opranamn nnyrpimnix cnpan o aminicrparnnno ninonia-
ntnocri sa posnoncmxennx nemapxonano npoyxni mopiuno npnrxrymrtcx
nnstxo 400 rnc. oci. 3 oiry nnnyueno intme mintona xomnaxr-ncxin
es ronorpa]iunnx xonrpontnnx mapox. Biomi nnnaxn, xonn nesaxonno
orpnmani xonrpontni mapxn nnxopncronynann nx neranisani niparctxo
npoyxni, nacamnepe myntrnmeinoro nporpamnoro saesneuennx
1
.
3pocna xintxicrt xpnminantnnx cnpan, nopymennx sa nesaxonne nnponn-
nrno ra oir ncxin. ocnixennx na samonnennx Aconiani nnponnxin npo-
rpamnoro saesneuennx (BSA Business Soft war Alliance) noxasano, mo y 2008
p. pinent xomnmrepnoro niparcrna y cniri cranonnn 35 %, n Vxpani 84 %.
Brparn ranysi ni xomnmrepnoro niparcrna cranonnnn $ 534 mnn (y 2006 p. $
337 mnn). 3intmennx nrpar yxpanctxnx xomnani npanonnacnnxin ni i ni-
parin symonnene spocrannxm yxpanctxoro pnnxy in]opmaninnx rexnonori ra
ocrynnicrm inrepnery i niparctxoro nporpamnoro saesneuennx
2
.
BSA npnmac saxon nporn rnx, xro xonimc es osnony xomnmrepni
nporpamn xnix xnicnrin: nanpnxna, y 2001 p. uixarctxa ]ipma Traught Works
Inc. cnnarnna BSA $480 rnc. sa nenerantne nnxopncrannx nporpamnoro sa-
esneuennx Microsoft ra IBM.
epxanni incnexropn s nnrant IB c nocaonnmn ocoamn IB i sic-
nmmrt cncremarnunn epxannn xonrpont sa orpnmannxm cycxramn ro-
cnoapmnannx nnmor saxonoancrna y c]epi IB, ra c]epi nnponnnrna, exc-
nopry, imnopry ncxin nx nasepnnx cncrem sunrynannx. Mamrt npano nepe-

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 7
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 6

27
nipxrn ncm oxymenranim, nonxsany s ixntnicrm y c]epi IB, ra ncm ni-
npncmnnntxy ixntnicrt, nonxsany s ncxamn nx nasepnoro sunrynannx, i
x onix. Pimennx epxannoro incnexropa moo ycynennx nnxnnennx nopy-
ment c oonxsxonnmn nx cycxrin rocnoapmnannx i moxyrt yrn ocxap-
xeni y IB ao cyi.
epxanna cnyxa ricno cninnpanmc s rpomactxnmn opranisanixmn, mo
nepemamrtcx nnrannxmn IB.
Bceyxpanctxa aconianix IB mac mixniomun xapaxrep i cnpnxc one-
ennm ocnonnnx nponem y c]epi IB o nioma saxonoanuo ra nnxonanuo
rinox nnan.
Oconnne micne samac Bceyxpanctxa aconianix narenrnnx nonipennx
Vxpann. Came uepes narenrnnx nonipennx sicnmcrtcx narenrynannx nir-
unsnxnnx nnnaxoin sa xoponom i nannaxn. Harenrni nonipeni naamrt ra-
xox nocnyrn ]isnunnm i mpnnunnm ocoam n nnrannxx npanono oxoponn,
nnxopncrannx ra saxncry npan na OHIB.
3 oxoponom IB nonxsana ixntnicrt nnsxn minicrepcrn ra niomcrn:
Anrnmononontnn xomirer (saxncr ni neopoconicno xonxypenni,
nonxsano s nenpanomipnnm nnxopncrannxm OHIB);
Minicrepcrno mcrnni Vxpann (xoopnnyc saxonornopuy ixntnicrt,
ninoniac sa aanranim yxpanctxoro saxonoancrna o mixnaponoro, sox-
pema, Cnponectxoro comsy);
MBC Vxpann (nonepexennx ra posxpnrrx snounnin, nonxsannx s
nopymennxm npan IB, soxpema nonepexennx ra nnxpnrrx ]axrin posmno-
xennx ra posnoncmxennx xonrpa]axrno ayionisyantno npoyxni, neninenso-
nanoro xomnmrepnoro saesneuennx, posnoncmxennx ]antcn]ixonano
npoyxni s nesaxonnnm nnxopncrannxm ronapnnx snaxin). Hpn epxanni
cnyxi oportn s exonomiunom snounnnicrm crnopeno y 2001 poni nipos-
inn no oporti s nopymennxmn y c]epi IB;
epxanna noarxona aminicrpanix (xonrpont na napaxynannxm ra
cnnarom noarxin npn nnesenni ra nnponnnrni (cxnaanni) ayio- ra nieoa-
naparypn na repnropi Vxpann, nnnyuennx ra snnmennx xorpa]axrno npo-
yxni, saxncr IB, n r. u. anropctxnx npan na ayio- ra nieonpoyxnim, nnxn-
nennx ra npnnnnennx ninintnoro nnponnnrna);
epxanna mnrna cnyxa (epxxonrpont na orpnmannxm saxono-
ancrna, saxncrom npan cnoxnnauin). V 2006 p. o Mnrnoro xoexcy ynn
nneceni sminn, xxi ysronnn mnrne saxonoancrno Vxpann s nnmoramn yro
COT, soxpema, yron TRIPS, i cyrrcno sminnnn cnryanim is saxncrom npan
na mnrnomy xoponi. Hanpnxna, nanpnxinni 2007 p. ynn nnxnneni epxa-
nnom mnrnom cnyxom xonrpa]axrni ronapn nap]ymepna npoyxnix s nn-
xopncrannx niomnx ropronentnnx mapox KENZO, GIVENCHI, CHRISTIAN
DIOR romo, ninonino, yno npnsynnneno mnrne o]opmnennx ronapin, mo
naxonnn s Typeuunnn, xoua nnponnxamn nxasani upannix ra Iranix. Fynn

28
nnxonani excneprni ocnixennx i npnnxro cyone pimennx npo snnmennx
xonrpa]axrno npoyxni;
CFV (yuacrt n posponi ra sicnenni saxoin is saxncry epxannnx
racmnnnt, cnpnxc ninpncmcrnam ra ycranonam y sepexenni xomepnino
racmnnni, posronomennx xxo moxe sanarn mxon inrepecam Vxpann, ni-
noniac sa ronorpa]iunn saxncr ronapin i oxymenrin i xonrponmc oro);
epxannn xomirer cranaprnsani, merponori ra ceprn]ixani Vxpa-
nn (xonrpont na orpnmannxm saxonoancrna Vxpann npo saxncr npan
cnoxnnauin i pexnamy y ni c]epi).
V crpyxrypi cyono nnan y 2001 poni crnopena cnenianisonana cyona
xonerix cyin Bnmoro rocnoapctxoro cyy Vxpann s posrnxy cnpan,
nonxsannx is saxncrom npan IB.
31.03.2003 poxy y Bnmomy rocnoapctxomy cyi Vxpann ra n anenxni-
nnx rocnoapctxnx cyax nouann ixrn cnenianisonani cyoni nanarn s posrnx-
y cnpan y rocnoapctxnx cynepeuxax, nonxsannx is saxncrom npan na OHIB.
3anponaxeno cnenianisanim cyin y micnennx rocnoapctxnx cyax.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Bo macrtcx na ynasi ni inrenexryantnom nnacnicrm?
2. V uomy nonxrac nonina npnpoa npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri?
3. Bo raxe oconcre nemanone npano IB i xomy nono moxe nanexarn?
4. Bo raxe manone npano IB i xomy nono mac nanexarn?
5. xi omexennx icnymrt moo npan IB?
6. unm noxcnmcrtcx spocrannx poni IB y cnironomy exonomiunomy pos-
nnrxoni?
7. Hasnarn ra oxapaxrepnsynarn ocnonni incrnryrn npana IB ra x niminnocri.
8. Hasnarn ocxrn npana IB ra oxymenrn, mo x nnsnauac n yxpanctxo-
my saxonoancrni.
9. xi oxymenrn cxnaamrt saxonoanuy asy Vxpann y c]epi IB?
10. x noyonana epxanna cncrema npanono oxoponn IB?
11. Hasnarn ]ynxni ycranon, mo cxnaamrt epxanny cncremy npanono
oxoponn IB.
12. Oxapaxrepnsynarn pont rpomactxnx opranisani n oxoponi npan IB.

1.2. B>h@'$H-@' LKLN":' HQH$H@K O$'P
>@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>

Ocxrnnnom renennicm posnnrxy cnirono exonomixn c rnoanisanix.
Cnironn ocni cniunrt, mo araro nponem moxe yrn nnpimeno nnme na
mixnaponomy pinni, o rintxn mixnaponi mixypxoni opranisani moxyrt
sicnnrn perynmnannx rnoantnnx nponecin.

29
Koncrnrynix Vxpann micrnrt nonoxennx npo re, mo mixnaponi orono-
pn, na oonxsxonicrt xxnx ana sroy Bepxonna Paa, c uacrnnom npanono cn-
cremn Vxpann (cr. 9). Taxnm unnom, mixnapone npano axrnnno nnnnnac na
nanionantne saxonoancrno. 3oxpema, ocxintxn Vxpana c unenom BOIB, nanio-
nantne saxonoancrno y c]epi inrenexryantno nnacnocri nocxonanmcrtcx ni
nnnnnom mixnaponnx yro i n ninomy ninoniac cnironnm cranapram.
Henrpom cncremn mixnaponnx opranisani, xxi imrt ocnrt nesanex-
no ni xonxpernnx epxan ra ypxin, c opranisanix Ocnannx Hani. O-
nnm s nanpxmxin ixntnocri c xoopnnanix i ysroxennx nnrant, mo nino-
cxrtcx o inrenexryantno nnacnocri. 3apas y cncremi OOH imrt na xoop-
nnymui nenrpn BOIB ra COT.
Cncrema mixnapono oxoponn npan IB asycrtcx na xonnenninnx
npnnnnnax, roro cyxynnocri nsacmononxsannx ararocroponnix ra nocro-
ponnix mixnaponnx yro, xxi micrxrt yni]ixonani npanoni nopmn ra nsacmni
npana ra oonxsxn epxan-yuacnnnt moo oxoponn npan na ocxrn IB.
Ocnonom mixnapono cncremn inrenexryantno nnacnocri c 23 yron,
xxi perynmmrt npanoninocnnn y ni c]epi ra aminicrpymrtcx BOIB.
15 mixnaponnx oronopin perynmmrt npanoninocnnn y c]epi npomn-
cnono nnacnocri, a 8 y c]epi anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan.
Hi oronopn moxna noinnrn nacrynnnm unnom.
1. diH-K, _H PLN'@HP6..NU :>h@'$H-@S LKLN":S HQH$H@K (asoni):
Hapnstxa Konnennix npo oxopony npomncnono nnacnocri (1883,
Vxpana s rpynx 1991 p.).
Vroa npo saxonn moo roprinentnnx saxonin (TLT) (1994, Vxpana
03.11.95).
Mapnctxa yroa npo canxni sa nenpannni ra nenpannntni nosna-
uennx noxoxennx nnpoin (1891).
Mixnapona xonnennix npo saxncr nonnx coprin pocnnn (UPON)
(1961, Vxpana 03.11.95).
Bamnnrronctxa yroa, npo inrenexryantny nnacnicrt croconno inrer-
pantnnx cxem (1989, oci ne c unnnom).
Hapoctxn oronip npo oxopony onimnictxoro cnmnony (1981,
Vxpana 20.12.1995).
Fepnctxa xonnennix npo saxncr nireparypnnx i xyoxnix rnopin (1886,
Vxpana 25.10.1995).
Mixnapona xonnennix npo oxopony npan nnxonannin, nnponnxin
]onorpam i opranisani e]ipnoro monnennx (Pnmctxa xonnennix) (1961,
Vxpana 12.06.2002)
Xenenctxa xonnennix npo oxopony inrepecin nnponnxin ]onorpam
ni nesaxonnoro nirnopennx xnix ]onorpam (Konnennix npo ]onorpamn)
(1971, Vxpana 19.02.2002).

30
Fpmccentctxa xonnennix npo posnoncmxennx cnrnanin, mo necyrt
nporpamn uepes cynyrnnx (Konnennix no cynyrnnxax) (1974).
oronip BOIB npo anropctxe npano (AH) (1996, Vxpana
06.03.2002).
oronip BOIB npo nnxonannx ]onorpamn (Bu) (1996, Vxpana
20.05.02).
oronip npo narenrne npano (PLT) (28.04.2005, Vxpana
31.03.2003).
Fyanemrctxn oronip npo mixnapone nnsnannx enonynannx mix-
poopranismin s merom narenrno nponeypn (1977, Vxpana 02.07.1997).
oronip npo mixnapony peccrpanim ayionisyantnnx rnopin (FRT) (1989).
Cinranypctxn oronip npo npano s ropronentnnx mapox (2006, Vxpa-
na 15.04.2009).
2.diH-K, _H OH6"ijS.NU HN$K:'@@] HQH$H@K H-@Hg'L@H P -"/>6U-
/HQ /$'7@'Q:
oronip npo narenrny xoonepanim (PCT) (1970, Vxpana
25.12.1991).
Mapnctxa yroa npo mixnapony peccrpanim snaxin (1891, Vxpana
- 25.12.1991).
Hporoxon o Mapnctxo yron npo mixnapony peccrpanim snaxin
(1989, Vxpana 01.06.2000).
Iaastxa yroa npo mixnapony peccrpanim npomncnonnx spasxin
(1925, Vxpana 1925, Vxpana 17.01.2002).
Hicaonctxa yroa npo oxopony sasnauent micnx noxoxennx nnpoin
ra x mixnapono peccrpani (1958).
3. diH-K, _H PLN'@HP6..NU :>h@'$H-@> /6'LKk>/'^>7:
Hoxapnctxa yroa npo yrnopennx mixnapono xnacn]ixani npomnc-
nonnx spasxin (1968, Vxpana - 07.07.2009).
Hinntxa yroa npo mixnapony xnacn]ixanim ronapin i nocnyr nx
peccrpani snaxin (1957, Vxpana 29.12.2000).
Crpacypstxa yroa npo Mixnapony narenrny xnacn]ixanim (1971,
Vxpana - 07.04.2010).
Bienctxa yroa npo yrnopennx mixnapono xnacn]ixani sopaxy-
nantnnx enemenrin snaxin (1973, Vxpana - 18.02.2009).
BOIB ne aminicrpyc nacrynni yron:
Bcecnirnx xonnennix npo anropctxe npano (1952, Vxpana
23.12.1993).
Vroa npo roprinentni acnexrn npan inrenexryantno nnacnocri
(TRIPS) (1995, Vxpana 16.05.2008).
3aranom, Vxpana npncnanacx o intm nix 20 mixnaponnx oronopin.

31

Mixnaponi yron s npomncnono nnacnocri
Vron, mo ncranonnmrt
mixnapony cncremy
oxoponn(asoni)
Hapnstxa Konnennix
npo oxoopny
npomncnono nnacnocri
Vroa npo saxonn moo
ronapnnx snaxin(TLT)
Mapnctxa yroa npo
neonymennx nenpann-
nnx ao raxnx, mo nno-
xrt n omany, sasnauent
noxoxennx ronapin
Mixnapona xonnennix
npo saxncr nonnx coprin
pocnnn(UPOV)
Bamnnrronctxa yroa
npo inrenexryantny
nnacnicrt croconno
inrerpantnnx cxem
Hapoctxa yroa npo
oxopony onimnictxoro
cnmnony
Vron, mo nonermymrt
orpnmannx oxoponn onouacno n
exintxox xpanax
oronip npo narenrny
xoonepanim(PCT)
Mapnctxa yroa npo
mixnapony peccrpanim snaxin
Hporoxon o Mapnctxo
yron nop mixnapony
peccrpanim snaxin
Iaastxa yroa npo mixnapone
enonynannx npomncnonnx
spasxin
Hicaonctxa yroa npo
oxopony sasnauent micnt
noxoxennx ra xnto
mixnapono peccrpani
Vron, mo ncranon-
nmmrt mixnaponi
xnacn]ixani
Crpacypstxa yroa
npo Mixnapony
narenrny
xnacn]ixanim
Hinntxa yroa npo
mixnapony xnacn-
]ixanim ronapin i
nocnyr nx
peccrpani snaxin
Hoxapnctxa yroa
npo sacnynannx
mixnapono xnacn-
]ixani npomncno-
nnx spasxin
Bienctxa yroa
npo sacnynannx
mixnapono xnacn-
]ixani sopaxy-
nantnnx enemenrin
snaxin nx ronapin
Mixnaponi yron s anropctxoro npana
Fepnctxa xonnennix npo oxopony nireparypnnx i xyoxnix rnopin
oronip BOIB s anropctxoro npana(AH)
oronip npo mixnapony peccrpanim ayionisyantnnx rnopin(FRT)
Bcecnirnx xonnennix npo anropctxe npano
Mixnaponi yron si cymixnnx npan
Mixnapona xonnennix npo oxopony npan nnxonannin, nnponnxin
]onorpam i opranisani e]ipnoro monnennx(Pnmctxa xonnennix)
Konnennix npo oxopony inrepecin nnponnxin ]onorpam ni nesaxonnoro
nirnopennx ]onorpam
oronip BOIB no nnxonannxx i ]onorpamax(Bu)
Fpmcentctxa xonnennix npo posnoncmxennx necyunx nporpam cnrna-
nin, mo nepeamrtcx uepes cynyrnnxn(Konnennix no cynyrnnxax)
Vroa npo roprinentni acnexrn npan na inrenexryantny nnacnicrt
Mixnaponi yron y c]epi inrenexryantno nnacnocri


32
1.2.1. L"LP>N@] H$i'@>J'^>] >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>

Heoxinicrt mixnapono oxoponn IB crana ouennnom, xonn inosemni
yuacnnxn nimonnnnct npnmarn yuacrt y Mixnaponi nncranni y Bini n
1873 p.: uepes noomnannx, mo xni ie yyrt sanosnueni ra xomepnino
nnxopncrani n inmnx xpanax.
Hepmom ararocroponntom mixnaponom yroom y c]epi IB crana Ha-
pnstxa xonnennix s oxoponn npomncnono nnacnocri, ninncana y 1883 p. o-
pasy 14 epxanamn. Konnennix yna cnpxmonana na re, mo onomorrn rpo-
maxnam onic orpnmarn npanony oxopony nx ocxrin npomncnono nnac-
nocri na repnropi inmo epxann sa ymonn, mo onni epxann c yuacnnnx-
mn Konnenni.
V 1886 p. sxnnnacx mixnapona yroa n ranysi anropctxoro npana Fe-
pnctxa xonnennix npo oxopony nireparypnnx ra xyoxnix rnopin. o noxnn
ixnn nocroponni yron, nepmom s xorpnx nnaxacrtcx yroa 1840 p. mix
Ancrpicm ra Capnnicm. V 1886 p. raxnx yro n Cnponi yno 33. Bonn ynn
nee]exrnnni uepes niminnocri n saxonoancrni pisnnx xpan.
V 1967 p. na nnnomarnuni xon]epenni y Croxrontmi ninncana Kon-
nennix, xxa sacnynana Bcecnirnm opranisanim inrenexryantno nnacnocri
(BOIB, mixnapona apeniarypa WIPO). Konnennix nnsnaunna mery, ]yn-
xni, crpyxrypy BOIB.
BOIB sicnmc ynpanninnx 24 yroamn, xxi oxonnmmrt ocnonni acnex-
rn inrenexryantno nnacnocri. noma xnmuonnmn yroamn c Hapnstxa xon-
nennix npo oxopony npomncnono nnacnocri (1883) ra Fepnctxa xonnennix
npo oxopony nireparypnnx ra xyoxnix rnopin (1886).
Mera BOIB noninmennx nsacmoposyminnx i posnnrox cninpoirnnnrna
mix epxanamn n c]epi IB ra saoxouennx o rnopuo ixntnocri. BOIB pe-
ccrpyc nci mixnaponi saxnxn, xepyc narenrnnmn ]onamn, samacrtcx ono-
nnennxm xnacn]ixaninnx cncrem, roryc perionantni ornxn n ranysi IB,
sicnmc nporpamny ixntnicrt s ononnennx mixnaponnx yro, rapmonisa-
ni nanionantnnx saxonoancrn romo.
unenom BOIB moxe yrn yt-xxa xpana, xxa c unenom xxoct Konnen-
ni un yron s mixnapono oxoponn IB, mo aminicrpymrtcx BOIB, ao
unenom OOH, cnenianisonano ycranonn OOH un Mixnaponoro arenrcrna s
aromno eneprernxn, ninncana craryrn Mixnaponoro cyy cnpanennnocri.
epxann samrt na sepexennx cno nipui rpamorn ao oxymenrn npo
npncnannx o BOIB Ienepantnomy npexroponi BOIB.
3 1974 p. BOIB crana cnenianisonanom ycranonom OOH. 3apas BOIB
napaxonyc 179 xpan unenin. Mac mra-xnaprnpy y Xeneni.
Aminicrparnnni oprann BOIB noano na pnc. 5, emnemy BOIB na pnc. 6.
Hpn BOIB ic nenrp no apirpaxy ra nocepennnrny. 3 1999 poxy BOIB
naac nocnyrn no nperynmnannm cynepeuox, xxi nnnnxamrt npn peccrpani

33
ra nnxopncranni naintm nomnpennx rnnonnx nasn omenin n Inrepneri
(com, .net, .org).
Hpn WIPO ic mpnnuna iniorexa Library xxa micrnrt nnstxo 25000
monorpa]i ra 290 nepionunnx nnant, smicr xxnx moxna nepernxnyrn y
pexnmi on-line. 3 1998 p. WIPO mac WIPONET- rnoantny in]opmaniny
mepexy nx spyunocri sepexennx ra mnnxoro ominy niomocrxmn y rany-
si IB sanixannennmn croponamn.


Ienepantnn npexrop (nnxonanun).
Onpacrtcx na 6-rn piunn repmin
Bepxonni oprann Bnxonanun opran Cexperapiar
Ienepantna Acamnex:
cxnaacrtcx s xpan-
unenin yt-xxoro
comsy
Kon]epennix
(nci xpann-
unenn BOIB)
Koopnnaninn
xomirer
(72 xpann)
Mixnapone mpo
~ 650 oci s
67 xpan
Ceci pas na 2 poxn Bopiuna cecix

Pnc. 5 Aminicrparnnni oprann BOIB











Pnc. 6. Emnema BOIB


Ha niminy ni inmnx crpyxrypnnx niposinin OOH BOIB mac icrorni
xepena ]inancynannx, mo ne sanexart ni nnecxin epxan-unenin: sopn
nx ]isnunnx i mpnnunnx oci, mo cxopncranncx mixnaponnmn cncrema-
mn peccrpani OHIB (PCT nx narenrin, Mapnctxa cncrema nx roprinent-
nnx mapox, Iaastxa cncrema nx npomncnonnx spasxin). Hi xomrn nnrpaua-

34
mrtcx na posnnrox mixnapono cncremn oxoponn ra saxncry IB ra nirpnm-
xy xpan, mo posnnnamrtcx.
BOIB cninnpanmc s mixnaponnmn cninxamn ra opranisanixmn, xxi no-
cnymrt npanonnacnnxin y c]epi anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan, s opranisa-
nixmn xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx. Hanpnxna s IFPI Mixnaponom ]eepa-
nicm ]onorpa]iuno inycrpi, xxa oxonnmc 1400 unenin y 72 xpanax ra aco-
niani s 44 xpan. Iononni nini nonynxpnsanix mysnunnx sanncin, saxncr
npan nnponnxin ]onorpam, posmnpennx nnxopncrannx mysnunnx rnopin y
xomepninnx ninxx, anrn niparctxa ixntnicrt romo. unenom ]eepani mo-
xe crarn yt-xxa xomnanix, ]ipma un ocoa, xxa esnocepento samacrtcx
npomcynannxm ayio sanncin ra mysnunnx nieosanncin. Hannnnnonimnmn
unenamn IFPI c xomnani Universal (UMG), Sony, (BMG), WARNER ra EMI.
Universal (UMG) cnironn niep y c]epi sanncy ra posnoncmxennx my-
snxn, soxpema npoaxy nerantno nieo- ra DVD-npoyxni, posnoinoni mysn-
unnx rnopin y Inrepneri, mointnnx cynyrnnxonnx ra xaentnnx mepexax.
Warner Bros. Entertainment (WB) nceoxonnmmua xomnanix crnopennx
posnaxantno npoyxni (ni xyoxnix ]intmin, reneauennx o myntrnnni-
xani , xnnxox, xomixcin), nnroronnennx, posnoiny, ninensynannx ra npo-
axy, rperx sa nennunnom xomnanix-nnponnx ]intmin.
EMI xomnanix, xxa cnenianisycrtcx nnme na mysnni. V 2007 p. crana
nepmom xomnanicm, xorpa sponna mysnxy ocrynnom es nn]ponoro
ynpanninnx npanamn (DRM) nporpamnoro saesneuennx.
SONY, BMG pyra sa nennunnom snyxo-sanncymua xomnanix. 3apas
samacrtcx npocynannxm mysnxn y mointni mepexi.
V pamxax nporpamn BOIB is cninpoirnnnrna y ninxx posnnrxy naamrt
onomory xpanam, mo posnnnamrtcx, soxpema y crnopenni Opranisani xo-
nexrnnnoro ynpanninnx (OKV) ra nnpimenni nponem, xxi nnnnxamrt n nn]-
ponomy cepeonnmi.

1.2.2. Z>]6U@>LNU LP>NHPH7 H$i'@>J'^>7 NH$i>P6> S Lk"$> )

V 1948 p. na Xenenctxi xon]epenni 23 epxann ninncann Ienepant-
ny yroy s rapn]in ra roprinni (GATT) s merom crnopennx npanonnx ocnon
nx niepanisani ropronentnnx ninocnn.
Hanaxnnnimi npnnnnnn GATT:
npnnnnn naintmoro cnpnxnnx;
npnnnnn nanionantnoro pexnmy;
saxncr nanionantno exonomixn nepenaxno s nnxopncrannxm mnrnnx
rapn]in, a ne ropronentno-nonirnunnmn saxoamn.
Hi npnnnnnn ynn niopaxeni y nanionantnnx saxonoancrnax xpan-
yuacnnxin Vron.

35
Hoantmnm posnnrxom ra pesyntrarom nepemonnn crana Vroa, mo sa-
cnynana y 1993 p. Cnirony opranisanim roprinni (COT). unenamn COT anro-
marnuno crann nci xpann-yuacnnni Vron GATT. COT mac craryc nocrino
imuo cnenianisonano ycranonn OOH. unenamn COT c 148 xpan, na xxi
npnnaac ~ 90 % cnirono roprinni.
Vroa COT micrnrt raxox yroy TRIPS ( ni anrn. Agreement on Trade-
Reketed Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) s roprinentnnx acnexrin npan
inrenexryantno nnacnocri, xxa c oonxsxonom nx xpan-unenin COT.
Vroy TRIPS aminicrpyc cama COT. V 1995 p. BOIB ra COT ninncann
yroy npo cninnpanm y c]epi IB, mo nepeauac yrnopennx cnintnoro in]o-
pmaninoro noxy Vron BOIB-COT.
16 rpannx 2008 poxy Vxpana crana nonnonpannnm unenom COT i, xx na-
cniox, s nic arn na repnropi nayna unnnocri Vroa npo roprinentni ac-
nexrn npan inrenexryantno nnacnocri (TRIPS).

1.2.3. cH$HN/' Q'$'/N"$KLNK/' -"]/KQ :>h@'$H-@KQ SiH-

1.2.3.1. V'$KJU/' /H@P"@^>] O$H HQH$H@S O$H:KL6HPH7 P6'L@HLN>

unnna s 01.07.1884 p. Ha 01.01.2010 p. o Konnenni npncnanncx 173
xpann, xxi yrnopmmrt Hapnstxn Coms. Mac aminicrparnnni oprann: Aca-
mnem s npecrannnxin ncix xpan, mo snpacrtcx na cecim onn pas na 3 po-
xn; nnxonanun xomirer (25 % xpan-unenin), xxn snpacrtcx mopiuno; no-
crine imue Mixnapone mpo, ouonmnane Ienepantnnm npexropom, xxe
nnxonyc ]ynxni cexperapiary.
Mera: saesneunrn oxopony ocxrin npomncnono nnacnocri sa cnnnmn
nopmamn nx ncix xpan-yuacnnnt sa ymonn maxcnmantnoro cnpomennx npo-
neypn ncranonnennx mixnapono oxoponn na xni repnropi.
epxann-unenn Comsy soonxsani:
nnecrn neoxini sminn n nanionantne saxonoancrno;
crnopnrn cneniantnn saxna y cnpanax npomncnono nnacnocri ra in-
]opmaniny cnyxy nx osnaomnennx sarany;
nnanarn o]ininn nepionunn mnerent s in]opmanicm npo nna-
ni narenrn ra cnionrna.
Konnennix posnoncmnna nonxrrx npomncnono nnacnocri, oxpim npomnc-
nonocri i roprinni, na cintctxorocnoapctxe nnponnnrno, nnoynny npomnc-
nonicrt, nci npoyxrn npomncnonoro ra npnponoro noxoxennx (nnno, sepno,
]pyxrn, xyoy, xnirn, opomno romo) ra nnsnaunna ocxrn oxoponn, soxpema
ninecna o nnx npnnnnennx neopoconicno xonxypenni.
Ocnonni npnnnnnn mixnapono oxoponn:
1) nanionantnn pexnm (cr. 2): rpomaxnn xoxno s xpan-yuacnnnt
Comsy mamrt n inmnx xpanax Comsy ri cami npana, mo x naano nnacnnm
rpomaxnam. o nnacnnx rpomaxn opinnxno oci, xxi mamrt nocrine mic-

36
ne npoxnnannx ao ne ]ixrnnne i icne npomncnone ao ropronentne ni-
npncmcrno na repnropi xpann.
2) npano npiopnrery (xonnenninn npiopnrer): sa saxnnnxom sepira-
crtcx npano npiopnrery (sa arom noannx nepmo saxnxn) n ycix inmnx xpa-
nax Comsy nporxrom 12 micxnin croconno oxoponn nnnaxoin ra xopncnnx
moene ao 6 micxnin croconno npomncnonnx spasxin ra ronapnnx snaxin.
Hpano npiopnrery sepiracrtcx nanirt npn smini ]opmn oxoponn n saxnni, mo
noacrtcx n inmi xpani (cr. 4).
3) nesanexnicrt narenrin ra ronapnnx snaxin: oxoponni oxymenrn, mo
nnani n oni xpani, ne nonnnni nnnnnarn na nnauy oxoponnnx oxymen-
rin n inmi xpani (cr. 4-bis). Konnennix micrnrt sarantni nonoxennx, mo c
oonxsxonnmn nx nanionantnoro saxonoancrna ncix xpan Comsy.
3oxpema ne:
1) npano nnnaxinnxa na sraynannx oro imeni y narenri na nnnaxi;
2) ymonn noannx saxnxn ra nnaui narenry ao sicnennx peccrpani
nnsnauamrtcx nanionantnnm saxonoancrnom;
3) omexennx npan narenronnacnnxa s merom sanoirannx snonxnnan-
nxm nnxnmunnmn npanamn y pasi nepemxoxannx nnxopncrannm nnnaxoy
ra monononisani nnosy sanarenronannx ocxrin s oxy narenronnacnnxa), a
raxox y cycnintnnx inrepecax (nnaua npnmycono ninensi);
4) npano rnmuacono oxoponn nx ocxrin npomncnono nnacnocri, xxi
excnonymrtcx na o]ininnx mixnaponnx nncranxax na repnropi xpan Co-
msy (nncranxonn npiopnrer).
Oconnni nnnaxn, xxi ne c nopymennxm npan nnacnnxa:
- nintne nnxopncrannx sanarenronannx ocxrin xx uacrnnn rpancnopr-
nnx sacoin inmo xpann, xxi snaxoxrtcx na repnropi i narenry rnmuaco-
no i es namipy npoaxy ao nnponnnrna;
- nnesennx y xpany sanarenronannx y ni npoyxrin ao npoyxrin, nnro-
ronnennx sanarenronannm cnocoom, es namipy xomepninoro nnxopncrannx.
Konnennix micrnrt raxox sarantni nonoxennx mixnapono oxoponn
ropronentnnx snaxin, snaxin nocnyr ra ]ipmonnx namenynant:
1) snaxoni ne moxe yrn nimonneno y peccrpani s ornxy na xapaxrep
npoyxry ao na nicrani roro, mo oro ne sapeccrponano y xpani noxo-
xennx. 3naxn nocnyr ra ]ipmoni namenynannx ne norpeymrt
oonxsxono peccrpani i oxoponxmrtcx sa ]axrom;
2) nimona y peccrpani ao saopona nnxopncrannx ronapnoro snaxy
symonnena nnme moxnnnicrm nneennx n omany cnoxnnaua, soxpema y pasi
smimynannx is sarantnoniomnmn y ni xpani snaxamn.
Bnsnaueno snaxn, xxi saoponeno nnxopncronynarn xx ropronentni. He-
peaueno, mo xpann Comsy uepes Mixnapone mpo cnonimamrt nepenix
snaxin, xxi nonn axamrt saoponnrn o nnxopncrannx n xxocri ronapnnx

37
snaxin. Bnsnaueno raxox nnnaxn, xonn snaxn, sapeccrponani n oni s xpan
Comsy, ne oxoponxmrtcx n inmnx xpanax Comsy.
Hepeaua ropronoro snaxa c icnom, xonn cynponoxycrtcx nepea-
uem uacrnnn npomncnonoro (ao ropronoro) ninpncmcrna ra onouacno
nnxnmunoro npana nnroronnennx un npoaxy npoyxrin, xxi mapxonano sna-
xom, xxn nepeano.
Fyt-xxn npoyxr, nesaxonno mapxonann ronapnnm snaxom, ]ipmo-
nnm namenynannxm ao nenpannnnm cniuennxm noxoxennx ronapy ni-
nxrac apemry npn nneenni n xpany Comsy, e nxasann snax, ]ipmone na-
menynannx ao nasna micnx noxoxennx ronapy mamrt oxopony.
Peccrpanim ronapnoro snaxy moxe yrn anyntonano, y pasi nennxopnc-
rannx nporxrom nennoro crpoxy.
3rino s Hapnstxom Konnennicm nonnnni yrn saoponeni nci i, xxi
nnoxrt n omany xopncrynaua ao nennnpanano ncxpenrymrt ninpncmc-
rno, npoyxnim, npomncnony un roprinentny ixntnicrt xonxypenra (cr. 10-
bis). Kpann Comsy nonnnni npnnnnxrn nesaxonni i ra naanarn e]exrnn-
nn saxncr npanonnacnnxam cnoc xpann ra inmnx xpan Comsy. x saxncr
nepeaueno cyonn nosnn.

1.2.3.2. l"$@LU/' cH@P"@^>] O$H HQH$H@S 6>N"$'NS$@KQ
N' QS-Hh@>Q NPH$>P

unnna s 09.09.1886 p. V 1917 p. yna ononnena oarxonnm posinom
Hapnstxnm axrom, xxn nepeauac nenni nintrn nx xpan, mo posnnnamrt-
cx ra npaxonyc exxi ocxrnennx rexniunoro nporpecy. Ha 01.01.2010 p. yua-
cnnxamn xonnenni c 164 xpann, xxi yrnopmmrt Fepnctxn Coms, mo mac
cno aminicrparnnni oprann.
Mera: saesneunrn oxopony npan anropin na x nireparypni ra xyoxni
rnopn nacrintxn e]exrnnno i onaxono, nacxintxn ne moxnnno.
Konnennix nnpas nireparypni ra xyoxni rnopn posnoncmnna na nci
rnopn n ranysi nireparypn, nayxn i mncrenrn, xxnm n cnocoom i n xxi n
]opmi nonn ne ynn nnpaxeni, nnsnaunna ocxrn oxoponn ne rintxn opnri-
nantni rnopn, a noxini (cr. 2).
Ocnonni npnnnnnn Konnenni:
1. Hanionantnn pexnm.
2. Anromarnune naannx oxoponn (es oonxsxonoro nnxonannx ]op-
mantnnx ymon peccrpani, enonynannx romo).
3. Hesanexnicrt oxoponn: npana inosemnnx anropin s xpann-unena Co-
msy oxoponxmrtcx n inmi xpani Comsy nesanexno ni roro, un oxoponx-
mrtcx nonn y xpani noxoxennx rnopy.
Konnennix nnsnauac cycxrin oxoponn ra crpoxn oxoponn xnix npan:
nect uac xnrrx anropa i 50 poxin nicnx oro cmepri. Crpox oxoponn ]oro-

38
rpa]iunnx rnopin cranonnrt monamenme 25 poxin s uacy crnopennx rnopy, a
nx xinemarorpa]iunnx rnopin 50 poxin s uacy onpnnmnennx ao s uacy
crnopennx, xxmo oro ne yno onpnnmneno. Bnineni oxpemo crpoxn oxo-
ponn rnopin, crnopennx y cninanropcrni, nnnymennx anonimno ao ni ncen-
onimom. Konnennix ne nepemxoxac ncranonnennm nanionantnnm saxono-
ancrnom intmnx crpoxin oxoponn, nix nepeaueno xonnennicm. Tepminn
oxoponn sanxn nounnamrtcx s 1 ciunx poxy, xxn ie sa poxom crnopennx,
poxom cmepri romo.
Konnennix rapanryc sicnennx nnsnauennx nem nemanonnx npan an-
ropa, nnsnauac nnxnmuni manoni npana anropin ra npana, xxi ncranonnmc
nanionantne saxonoancrno moo rnopin, nx xxnx nnrpeycrtcx oxopona.
Konnennix nnsnac nintne nnxopncrannx rnopin (es osnony anropa i nn-
nnarn omy nnnaropon): nnxopncrannx rnopin n ocxsi, nnnpananomy me-
rom, xx inmcrpani y nnannxx, paio- ra renenisinnx nepeauax ao so-
paxennx nanuantnoro xapaxrepy un nnrarn ( is sasnauennxm xepena ra
imeni anropa).
Konnennix nepeauac apemr xonrpa]axrnnx exsemnnxpin rnopy y yt-
xxi xpani Comsy, e ne rnip mac oxopony. He crocycrtcx i sanncin mysnu-
nnx rnopin, nnxonannx es sron anropa i nnnesennx es osnony y xpany, e
nonn nnaxamrtcx nesaxonnnmn.
Hapnstxn axr Fepnctxo xonnenni naac nintrn rintxn xpanam, mo
posnnnamrtcx, croconno ymon naannx ninensi na nepexna ra nirnopennx
rnopin inosemnnx anropin. Hi nonoxennx posmnpxmrt nepenix nnnxrxin is
nepenixy nnxnmunnx npan anropa: nepeaueno oonxsxoni (npnmyconi) ne-
nnxnmuni ninensi na nepexna i nirnopennx rnopin inosemnnx anropin s me-
rom ocnirn i es npana nepeaui inmnm ocoam. Hapnstxn Axr cnpnxc no-
nermenomy ra mnpmomy ocrynoni o rnopin, oconnno n ranysi rexnixn ra
ocnirn. Hoiny ninensim moxe orpnmarn yt-xxn rpomaxnnn xpann, xxa
mac npano na nintrn, no saxinuennm nennoro crpoxy. 3axonoancrno xpann
rapanryc xxicrt nepexnay monom sarantnonxnnanom y xpani, ra rounicrt
nirnopennx. Anrop orpnmyc cnpanennny nnnaropoy, a exsemnnxpn nintro-
nnx nirnopent ra nepexnain saoponeno nnnosnrn s xpann.
V xinni XIX cr. nnnnxnn 2 nanpxmxn oxoponn anropctxnx npan: srino
Fepnctxo xonnenni npo oxopony nireparypnnx ra xyoxnix rnopin (cncrema
sarantnoro npana) ra srino Mixamepnxanctxo xonnenni npo anropctxe
npano na nireparypni, nayxoni ra xyoxni rnopn (cncrema nnnintnoro npana).
Hisnime inrepecn epxan-yuacnnnt oox xonnenni nocnana Bcecnirnx xon-
nennix npo anropctxe npano.
Kpann sarantnoro npana (CBA, Bennxopnranix) posrnxamrt anro-
pctxe npano ]axrnuno xx ]opmy nnacnocri, xxy moxe crnopnrn anrop i xxy
moxna nnxopncrarn s xomepninom merom, xx yt-xxy nnacnicrt. Hpano
anropa crocycrtcx nnxnmuno xopncrynannx manonom cxnaonom npana.

39
Kpann nnnintnoro npana (upannix, Himeuunna) raxox posrnxamrt an-
ropctxe npano xx raxe, mo mac pncn nnacnocri ra oxoponxc manony cxnao-
ny. Ane nnaxamrt, mo rnip yoconmc oconcricrt anropa i nonnnen marn ra-
xy camy oxopony, xx i manona cxnaona rnopy.

1.2.3.3. B>h@'$H-@' /H@P"@^>] O$H HQH$H@S O$'P PK/H@'P^>P,
PK$H&@K/>P kH@Hi$': > H$i'@>J'^>f "k>$@HiH :HP6"@@]
(FK:LU/' /H@P"@^>])

unnna s 1961 p. Ha 01.01.2010 p. yuacnnxamn Konnenni c 88 xpan.
unencrno omexene rintxn unenamn Fepnctxo xonnenni ao Bcecnirnto
xonnenni s anropctxoro npana s onouacnnm unencrnom y OOH.
Cneniantne saxonoancrno y c]epi cymixnnx npan, xxi c npanonom ]op-
mom peanisani npan anropctxnx, crano narantnom nponemom uepes nnnnx-
nennx mixnaponoro pnnxy ayio- ra nieonpoyxni.
Konnennix nixpecnmc, mo oxopona cymixnnx npan nonnnna sicnm-
narnct raxnm unnom, mo ne samxonrn anropctxnm npanam.
Ocnonnn npnnnnn nanionantnn pexnm oxoponn npan, xpnrepi na-
annx xxoro pernamenryc xonnennix.
Aprncr-nnxonanent ra nnponnxn ]onorpam orpnmymrt nanionantny
oxopony y pasi, xxmo nonn c rpomaxnamn nic ao yt-xxo inmo oronip-
no epxann, nnxonannx, nepeaua n e]ip un sannc ]onorpamn y ocrarni
xintxocri nx nynixn nnepme sicneni na repnropi ao npn nnxonanni
cneniantnnx ymon (nanpnxna, nnxonannx rpancnmcrtcx esnocepento (ne s
]onorpamn) y nepeaui, xxa oxoponxcrtcx Konnennicm; ]onorpama, xxa ony-
nixonana y oronipni epxani y repmin, ne intmn sa 30 nin nicnx nep-
mo nynixani y xpani, mo ne c yuacnnnem xonnenni, nnaxacrtcx nnepme
onynixonanom y oronipni xpani; romo).
Opranisanixm e]ipnoro monnennx nanionantnn pexnm naacrtcx, xxmo
nonn mamrt mra-xnaprnpy ra sicnmmrt nepeauy s repnropi oronipno
epxann, ao nnxonana ona s nnx ymon.
Pnmctxa xonnennix ne nepeauac saxncry ni posnoncmxennx nepeau
no xaenm.
Konnennix nnsnauac npana cycxrin oxoponn npan y ]opmi i, xxi nonn
moxyrt osnonnrn ao saoponnrn. 3asnaueno, mo npannna ra ymonn nnxo-
pncrannx sanncin opranisanixmn e]ipnoro monnennx nnsnauac nanionantne
saxonoancrno. ano raxox nepenix nnnxrxin s oxoponn croconno nnxopnc-
rannx nx nnacnnx norpe, nnxnmuno s nanuantnom ra nayxono-
ocninnntxom merom ao y ]opmi xoporxnx ypnnxin n penopraxnnx nepe-
auax. Hanionantne saxonoancrno moxe nnmararn nnxonannx ]opmantnoc-
re xx ymonn naannx oxoponn npan nnxonannxm, nnponnxam ]onorpam ao
m oom. Vmonn nnaxamrtcx nnxonannmn, xxmo nci exsemnnxpn ]onorpamn

40
mamrt cneniantne nosnauennx: snax

P , pix nepmo nynixani, niomocri npo
nnxonannx ao ocoy, mo npecrannxc oro npana, npo nnponnxa ]onorpa-
mn ao nnacnnxa ninensi na nnponnnrno.
Konnennix ncranonnmc minimantnn crpox oxoponn: 20 poxin, nounna-
mun s xinnx poxy, n xxomy mann micne nnxonannx, sannc ]onorpamn ao ne-
peaua n e]ip.

1.2.3.4. )@N"$@"N--HiHPH$K ;)

V nn]ponomy cepeonnmi ynpanninnx npanamn orpnmyc nony ]opmy.
Mepexa Inrepner osnonxc sicnmnarn macone sepexennx ra nepeauy
rnopin, xxi oxoponxmrtcx saxonom, y pexnmi on-nan. Hi mnpoxi moxnnnoc-
ri crnopmmrt araro nponem nx npanonnacnnxin, xopncrynauin ra oprani-
sani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx(OKV).
Posponeni nn]poni in]opmanini cncremn nx naannx y pexnmi on-
nan in]opmani moo smicry rnopin ra xntoro ninensynannx, xonrponm sa
nnxopncrannxm pisnnx xareropi rnopin ra snpannxm nnnaropon sa ni i y
nn]ponomy cepeonnmi. Hpanona oxopona cxeponana na re, mo sanoirrn
ixm moo oxoy rexniunnx sacoin oxoponn ra sminmnannm nn]pono in-
]opmani.
V 1996 poni ynn crnopeni na oronopn BOIB s merom nnpimennx
nponem oxoponn anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan i ynpanninnx nnmn y nn]po-
nomy cepeonnmi. (oronip BOIB s anropctxoro npana (AH) ra oronip
BOIB s nnxonant ra ]onorpam (Bu)). Mera nnx oronopin saesneunrn
oxopony inrepecin npanonnacnnxin n ymonax posnoncmxennx x rnopin ue-
pes Inrepner. oronopn nnmaramrt ni nanionantnnx saxonoannin saesne-
unrn e]exrnnny oxopony rexniunnx sacoin mnxxom saoponn imnopra, nn-
roronnennx ra posnoncmxennx nesaxonnnx npncrpon ao marepianin ra sa-
oponn yt-xxnx i, mo moxyrt nanecrn mxoy cncremam in]opmani npo
ynpanninnx npanamn.

ZHiHP>$ ;) OH PK/H@'@@]Q > kH@Hi$':'Q (ZHiHP>$ Zm, WPPT)

oronip BOIB npo anropctxe npano WCT (AH).
Vxnaeni n pamxax Fepnctxo xonnenni npo oxopony nireparypnnx i xy-
oxnix rnopin i Mixnapono xonnenni npo oxopony inrepecin nnxonannin,
nnponnxin ]onorpam i opranisani monnennx (Pnmctxa xonnennix)
Bixpnri nx yuacri yt-xxnx epxan-unenin BOIB i Cnponectxoro
cninronapncrna.

ZHiHP>$ WPPT (Bu) cran unnnnm s rpannx 2002 p. Ha 01.10.2010 p.
oro ninncann 86 xpann.

41
Mera: yocxonanennx oxoponn npan nnxonannin ra nnponnxin ]onorpam s
npaxynannxm nnnnny in]opmaninnx xomnmrepnnx rexnonori, saesneuennx
anancy mix npanamn nnxonannin ra nnponnxin i inrepecamn mnpoxo nynixn
(c]epa ocnirn, nayxonnx ocnixent, ocryn o in]opmani).
Ocnonnn npnnnnn oxoponn nanionantnn pexnm. oronip ac oa-
rxoni nnsnauennx ao posmnpmc smicr nonxrt nnxonannx, nnponnxa ]ono-
rpam ra e]ipnoro monnennx, sanncy, ]onorpamn, cnonimennx.
oronip posrnxac nemanoni ra manoni npana nnxonannin ra nnponn-
xin ]onorpam. One s npan npano sponrn sanncn nnxonant niomnmn mn-
poxomy sarany ao cnonimennx sarany ]onorpam sacoamn poronoro ra es-
poronoro snxsxy s moxnnnicrm nintnoro ocryny nynixn s yt-xxoro mi-
cnx y yt-xxn uac. He npano oxonnmc inrepaxrnnne cnonimennx sa sann-
rom uepes cncremy Inrepner un Web-TV. Toro nnponnxn ]onorpam mamrt
nnxnmune npano osnonxrn npxme ao nenpxme nirnopennx cnox ]onorpam
yt-xxnm cnocoom i n yt xxi ]opmi.
Bcranonneno oxpemi manoni npana nnxonannin croconno xnix nesannca-
nnx nnxonant. Hepeaueno npano na nnnaropoy sa nropnnne nnxopncrannx
nx e]ipnoro monnennx ]onorpam, onynixonannx s xomepninom merom.
Crpox oxoponn npan cranonnrt monamenme 50 poxin s xinnx roro po-
xy, n xxomy yno sicneno nnxonannx un sannc ]onorpamn.
oronipni xpann nonnnni nepeaunrn y nanionantnnx saxonoancrnax
saxncr ni moxnnnocri oirn rexniuni sacon sanoirannx necanxnionona-
nnm ixm, e]exrnnni sacon nporn nopymennx npan ra sanoixni saxon.

ZHiHP>$ WCT (Z[V) unnnn s 6.03.2002 p. Ha 01.01.2010 p. oro ni-
nncann 88 xpan.
Mera: perynmnannx anropctxoro npana n ymonax nonnx in]opmaninnx
rexnonori. C posnnrxom Fepnctxo xonnenni xx cneniantna yroa.
o AH ne moxe npncnarncx xona epxana, xxa ne saesneuyc pinnx
oxoponn, ncranonnenoro Fepnctxom xonnennicm.
WCT nepeauac, mo y nn]ponomy cepeonnmi nonnicrm sacroconymrtcx:
npano na nirnopennx ra nnnxrxn s ntoro (xx nnsnaueno cr.9 Fepnct-
xo xonnenni), npn ntomy sepirannx rnopy xxe oxoponxcrtcx n nn]poni
]opmi, n enexrponnomy sacoi c nirnopennxm;
nnxnmune npano na posnoncmxennx (oneennx o sarantnoro nio-
ma), crocycrtcx, soxpema, raxoro posnoncmxennx, xonn yt-xxa ocoa mo-
xe marn ocryn o nnx rnopin y yt-xxomy micni i n yt-xxn uac sa nnac-
nnm nnopom, roro nonoxennx oxonnmc inrepaxrnnne cnonimennx sa sann-
rom uepes cncremy Inrepnery ao Web-TV.
Toro nicnx roro, xx npnmipnnx npanomipno naimon o nnnintnoro
oiry, anrop nrpauac npano noantmoro xonrponm sa onem ntoro npnmip-
nnxa sacoamn anropctxoro npana;

42
npano na npoxar (cr. 7), roro nnxnmune npano osnonxrn xomepni-
nn npoxar nx nynixn opnrinanin i npnmipnnxin raxnx nnin rnopin:
xomnmrepnnx nporpam;
xinemarorpa]iunnx rnopin, ane rintxn xxmo npoxar npnsnonrt o
mnpoxoro xonimnannx raxnx rnopin, mo sanac cyrrcno mxon nnxnmunomy
npany na nirnopennx;
rnopin, nrinennx y ]onorpamax;
y saxonoancrni nonnnna nepeauarncx oxopona moo necanxniono-
nanoro nnxopncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan ra sacon
saxncry ni oxoy icnymunx rexniunnx sacoin, xxi nxnnamrtcx anropamn.

Ai>-@H -HiHPH$>P WPPT N' WCT:
- oronipni croponn nepeauamrt sacon mpnnuno ninoniantnocri
sa necanxniononane ycynennx ao sminy yt xxo enexrponno in]opmani
npo ynpanninnx npanamn i, ninonino, yt-xxi neosnoneni i (xx ro no-
mnpennx, imnoprynannx nx posnoncmxennx, nepeauy n e]ip) moo rno-
pin, npo xxi niomo, mo n nnx yna ycynena ao sminena enexrponna in]op-
manix npo ynpanninnx npanamn.

1.2.3.5. B'-$K-LU/' LKLN":' :>h@'$H-@H7 $"WLN$'^>7 NHP'$@KQ J@'/>P

Perynmcrtcx noma mixnaponnmn oronopamn Mapnctxom yroom
moo mixnapono peccrpani snaxin ra Hporoxonom o Mapnctxo yron
moo mixnapono peccrpani snaxin (ani Hporoxon o Mapnctxo yro-
n) .
ac moxnnnicrt nnacnnxy ronapnoro snaxy orpnmarn oxopony cnoro
snaxy onouacno y ncix xpanax, mo ninncann nxasani yron mnxxom no-
annx onic saxnxn onicm monom ra ynnarn onoro naopy mnra n oni
nanmri (mnenapctxi ]panxn). Peccrpanix nirpnmycrtcx n cnni ra noonxy-
crtcx sa onicm nponeypom.
Mapnctxa yroa ic s 1891 p. i nepeauac moxnnnicrt rpomaxn o-
ronipnnx epxan ao rpomaxn, xxi mamrt nocrine micne npoxnnannx un
icne i ne ]ixrnnne npomncnone ao ropronentne ninpncmcrno na repnro-
pi onic s oronipnnx epxan saesneunrn oxopony cnox snaxin n inmnx
xpanax-yuacnnnxx. Oonxsxona ymona: nonepento sicnmcrtcx peccrpa-
nix snaxa y xpani noxoxennx nanionantnomy ao perionantnomy narenr-
nomy niomcrni.
Vroa nnsnauac smicr mixnapono saxnxn, xxa noacrtcx ]pannystxom
monom y Mixnapone mpo. Harenrne niomcrno xpann noxoxennx sacni-
uyc, mo naneeni y saxnni ani ninoniamrt annm nanionantnoro peccrpy.
3axnnnx xopncrycrtcx npanom npiopnrery sa Hapnstxom xonnennicm (6 mi-
cxnin s arn nanionantno noannx saxnxn. arom npiopnrery mixnapono
saxnxn. Bnaxacrtcx ara noannx nanionantno saxnxn).

43
Hicnx mixnapono peccrpani niomocri npo snax nynixymrtcx y nepi-
onunomy mnereni snaxin BOIB-WIPO Gazette of International Marks, no-
niomnxmrtcx oronipni epxann, n xxnx saxnnnx npocnrt oxopony cnoro
snaxa. Koxna raxa epxana nporxrom 12 micxnin mac npano saxnnrn npo ni-
mony y naanni oxoponn snaxy na cno repnropi i nxasarn nicrann cnoro
pimennx. xmo nimona ne naie, mixnapona peccrpanix anromarnuno
orpnmyc unnnicrt nanionantno peccrpani y xoxni s xpan, n xxnx sannry-
nann oxopony, rax, nin nin yn esnocepento saxnnenn n nnx xpanax. To-
napnn snax oxoponxcrtcx srino nanionantnoro saxonoancrna i moxe marn
pisnn craryc y pisnnx xpanax. Mixnapona peccrpanix mac onaxonn
crpox i 20 poxin, s npanom npoonxennx, ne sanexnrt ni crpoxy i pe-
ccrpani srino nanionantnoro saxonoancrna.
xmo nporxrom 5 poxin snax nrpauac nanionantny oxopony n xpani no-
xoxennx, ro mixnapony peccrpanim nx orpnmannx oxoponn n inmi xpa-
ni nnxopncrarn nxe ne moxna.
Mapnctxn nporoxon ic s 1996 p. xx ononnennx o Mapnctxo
yron i ycynac nepemxon nx npncnannx oxpemnx xpan (CBA, nonix,
Bennxopnranix) . Mapnctxn nporoxon nnin nenni nonani: osnonxc no-
anarn saxnxy na mixnapony peccrpanim na asi nanionantnnx saxnox, a ne
nanionantno peccrpani; npnnycxac crpox y 18 micxnin samicrt 12 nx nnne-
cennx pimennx npo nimony n naanni oxoponn ronapnomy snaxy; nepea-
uena moxnnnicrt noanarn saxnxy ne rintxn ]pannystxom, a anrnictxom
monom, a s 2004 p. nneeno xx poouy mony icnanctxy.
Hi nononneennx sponnn Mapnctxy cncremy rnyuximom n npnna-
nnnimom nx xopncrynauin.
Ha nouarxy 2007 p. xintxicrt unenin Mapnctxo cncremn 80 (79 xpa-
n ra Cnponectxa cnintnora), Mapnctxoro nporoxony 72.
Ha ctoroni nacrapima peccrpanix nanexnrt mnenapctxi ]ipmi
(Longiness. 1893 p.). V cepnni 2006 p. peccrpani ropronnx snaxin yno
900 rnc. 3a nepme ninpiuux 2009 p. n Vxpani sapeccrponano sa Mapnctxom
yroom 4827 cnionrn na snaxn nx ronapin ra nocnyr [30]. Ha cari BOIB ic
esonnarna asa annx RoMARIN s mixnaponnx peccrpani snaxin.

1.2.3.6. ZHiHP>$ O$H O'N"@N@S /HHO"$'^>.
(PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty)

unnnn s 31.06.1978 p. Kintxicrt yuacnnxin na 01.01.2010 p. cranonnrt
142 xpann, xxi yrnopmmrt Coms. Bixpnrn nnme nx xpan-yuacnnnt Ha-
pnstxo xonnenni.
Mera: cnpomennx, ninnmennx e]exrnnnocri ra exonomiunocri nponecy
orpnmannx oxoponn nnnaxoin y xintxox xpanax.

44
Mixnapona saxnxa noacrtcx onicm is ncranonnennx mon: anrnict-
xom, icnanctxom, ]pannystxom, nimentxom, pocictxom, xnractxom un
xnonctxom. Hpnnycrnmo nnxopncronynarn ronnanctxy, mnectxy, nopne-
stxy ra ]inctxy monn. Onn exsemnnxp sepiracrtcx nanionantnom ycrano-
nom, xyn noana saxnxa, a pyrn nacnnacrtcx nx peccrpani y Mixnapo-
ne mpo BOIB.
3a niroronxy ra noauy mixnapono saxnxn cnnauymrt mnro n oni
nanmri n ycranony, xyn noano saxnxy.
Hponeypa PCT nepeauac 2 ]asn posrnxy saxnxn.
Mixnapona ]asa nepeauac:
nponeennx ]opmantno excneprnsn saxnxn ricm ycranonom, xxa
orpnmana saxnxy;
nponeennx mixnaponoro nomyxy onicm s nanionantnnx ycranon,
xxi naano craryc mixnaponoro nomyxonoro oprany (Ancrpix, Ancrpanix,
Icnanix, Knra, Pocix, CBA, nonix, Cnponectxa narenrna ycranona). Ko-
xnn nomyxonn opran nnxopncronyc nnsnauenn PCT minimym oxymenra-
ni: narenrni oxymenrn ocnonnnx npomncnonnx xpan s 1920 p. ra ysroxe-
nn nepenix nenarenrno nireparypn;
oneennx o nioma saxnnnxa (uepes 4-5 micxnin) ra nacrynna nyni-
xanix sniry sa pesyntraramn nomyxy pasom is mixnaponom saxnxom. 3axn-
nnx mac npano nnecrn sminn y ]opmyny nnnaxoy (1pas) ra oninnrn mancn
orpnmarn narenr n opannx nnm xpanax. Moxe nonpocnrn sicnnrn none-
penm excneprnsy na ymonn narenronpnarnocri. Hnm samamrtcx ri x
mixnaponi oprann, mo sicnmmrt nomyx). Hynixanix sicnmcrtcx y
crpox 18 micxnin s arn npiopnrery ao panime na npoxannx saxnnnxa.
ninpannennx saxnxn, sniry npo nomyx ra nncnonxy nonepento mix-
napono cncremn n ycranonn xpan, nxasannx y saxnni, sa neoxinocri na-
acrtcx nepexna.
Hanionantna ]asa nounnacrtcx ne panime sa 20 micxnin s arn noaui i
nepeauac nnauy narenry nanionantnom narenrnom ycranonom ninonino
o nanionantnoro saxonoancrna xoxno s opannx xpan o PCT c cncremom
rintxn noannx saxnox, a ne nnaui narenrin.
Mixnapona saxnxa mac cnny nanionantno saxnxn y ncix xpanax-
yuacnnnxx PCT, mo x nxasan saxnnnx. 3axnnnx cnnauyc mnro y nanionantni
ycranonn. Bnaua mixnaponoro narenry nponeypom PCT ne nepeaua-
crtcx. BOIB onynixynana Hacranony no PCT nx saxnnnxa, mo micrnrt in-
]opmanim nx xopncrynauin moo mixnaponoro ra nanionantnoro craryry
B Vxpani xintxicrt saxnox ni inosemnnx saxnnnxin sa cncremom PCT
spocrac: V 2005 p. sa I ninpiuux noano 162 saxnxn sa nanionantnom npone-
ypom ra 855 sa nponeypom PCT, sa I ninpiuux 2008 p. ninonino 157 ra
1258 [30].

45
Bsarani s 2000 no 2006 pp. sa nponeypom PCT noano maxe 11 rnc.
saxnox na narenrn
1
.
1.2.3.7. B>h@'$H-@> /6'LKk>/'^>f@> SiH-K

Koxnn, xro noac nanionantny ao mixnapony saxnxy na nnnaxi, rop-
ronentny mapxy (snax nx ronapin i nocnyr), npomncnonn spasox nonnnen
nponecrn in]opmanine ocnixennx, mo onecrn nonnsny cnoro ocxry, a
nx nnnaxoin me nnnaxinnntxn pinent. Bcranonnmmrt raxox, un ne
noana nxe ananoriuna saxnxa.
nx cnpomennx nic saaui crnopeni mixnaponi cncremn xnacn]ixani
in]opmani :
- -6] PK@'QH->P (/H$KL@KQ :H-"6"f) mixnapona narenrna xnacn]i-
xanix (MHK), mo sacnonana Crpacypstxa yroa npo Mixnapony narenrny
xnacn]ixanim (Crpacypr, 1971);
- -6] NH$iHP"6U@KQ :'$/'Q mixnapona xnacn]ixanix ronapin ra no-
cnyr (MKTH), mo sacnonana Hinntxa yroa npo mixnapony xnacn]ixanim
ronapin i nocnyr nx peccrpani snaxin (1957) ra
mixnapona xnacn]ixanix sopaxynantnnx enemenrin snaxin (MK3E3),
mo sacnonana Bienctxa yroa npo yrnopennx mixnapono xnacn]ixani so-
paxynantnnx enemenrin snaxin (1973);
- -6] O$H:KL6HPKQ J$'J/'Q mixnapona xnacn]ixanix npomncno-
nnx spasxin (MKH3) , mo sacnonana Hoxapnctxa yroa npo yrnopennx mix-
napono xnacn]ixani npomncnonnx spasxin (1968).
Cncremn xnacn]ixani noyonani sa icpapxiunnmn npnnnnnamn i pery-
nxpno nononnmmrtcx. 3apas imrt MHK-2012.01 (peaxnix s 01.2012), 10-ra
peaxnix MKTH (s 01.2012), 9-ra peaxnix MKH3 (s 01.2009), 6-ra peaxnix
MK3E3 (s 01.2008). In]opmanix opranisonana y crpyxrypn, xxnmn spyuno
ynpannxrn. Cncremamn xnacn]ixani WIPO xopncrycrtcx araro xpan, nanirt
xxmo nonn ]opmantno ne c yuacnnxamn yro.
Bci nxasani xnacn]ixanini yron nixpnri nx epxan-yuacnnnt Hapn-
stxo xonnenni. MHK noinxc ncm ranyst rexnixn na 8 ocnonnnx posinin,
20 niposinin, 118 xnacin, 624 nixnacn i nona 70 rnc. rpyn (10 % ocnon-
ni rpynn, pemra nirpynn). Bctoro y MHK npnnnsno 70 rnc. rexnonoriu-
nnx xareropi. Hounnamun s 8- peaxni (01.01.2006 p.) MHK micrnrt 2 rex-
crn pisnoro pinnx eranisani ranyse rexnixn:
1 nepcix MHK s xnacn]ixynannxm sa ocnonnom rpynom, nona 18 rnc.
pypnx;
2 nonnorexcrona nepcix MHK, ~ 70 rnc. pypnx.
3 enexrponnom yxpanomonnom nepcicm MHK s xnacn]ixynannxm sa
ocnonnom rpynom moxna osnaomnrnct esonnarno (http//www.uipv.org).

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2007, N 5

46
Ha xoxnomy narenri crannxrt ninoninn cnmnon MHK. Knacn]ixanix
mac nnxnmuno aminicrparnnnn xapaxrep. epxana mac npano nnxopncro-
nynarn MHK xx ocnonny ao xx oarxony cncremy xnacn]ixani :
Bepcix MHK s xnacn]ixynannxm sa ocnonnom rpynom nepernxacrtcx
pas na 3 poxn, a nonnorexcrona pas na 3 micxni, ane n ntomy pasi minn mo-
xyrt crocynarncx rintxn oxpemnx rpyn ao nirpyn. Hanpnxna , mix 1980
ra 1997p. xintxicrt xareropi no iorexnonorixx spocna s 297 o 706, a no ni-
xapctxnx npenaparax s 839 o 1418.
MKTH micrnrt nepenix s 45 xnacin (34 xnacn nx ronapin s 1-ro no 34- i
11 xnacin nx nocnyr s 35-ro no 45-. 3aranom nnstxo 11 rnc. namenynant
ronapin ra nocnyr srpynonannx no xnacam, a raxox an]anirnn nepenix.
MKTH mac xx anrnomonnn, rax i ]pannystxomonnn napianr ( ayren-
rnuni rexcrn), a raxox o]inini nepexnan ronnanctxom, icnanctxom, ni-
mentxom, nopnestxom, nopryrantctxom ra pocictxom monamn. Koxna xpa-
na Hinntxoro comsy sacroconyc MKTH na cni poscy xx rononny cncremy
ao xx onomixny o nanionantno xnacn]ixani. Homepn xnacin o xxnx
nanexnrt ronapn i nocnyrn, nxasymrt npn peccrpani ropronentnnx mapox.
Hinntxy yroy nnxopncronymrt intm 140 epxan, xoua yuacnnxin
inx 60.

1.2.3.8. diH-' _H-H NH$iHP"6U@KQ 'LO"/N>P O$'P @' >@N"6"/NS'6U@S
P6'L@>LNU (TRIPS)

Vroa TRIPS perynmc mnpoxn cnexrp npan, mo ninocxrtcx o IB i c
oonxsxonom nx ncix xpan unenin COT.
Heoxinicrt noino yron yna nnxnnxana snaunnm posnoncmxen-
nxm npoaxy xoni ra ananorin ronapin, xxi saxnmenni narenramn, ronapnn-
mn snaxamn, anropctxnmn npanamn. Hipoxa ronapin ra nocnyr nepernopn-
nact y mixnaponn isnec. uipmn nnponnxn opnrinantno npoyxni nn-
rpauamrt cno oxon ni excnopry, ronapn naxoxrt o xopncrynaua ni
rnx, xro x cxonimnan. 3arocrpmmrtcx roproni xon]nixrn, xpann nnxopnc-
ronymrt roproni saoponn ra omexennx.
CTO oxonnmc roprinentni acnexrn mixnaponnx ninocnn, rox IB y
pamxax COT posrnxacrtcx nnme n snxsxy is roprinentnnmn acnexramn,
roro nnme n pospisi manonnx npan.
Vroa TRIPS posrnxac IB xx ocxr mixnapono roprinni, a saxncr
xx ony s ]opm sonnimntoropronentnoro perynmnannx.
Vroa TRIPS osnonnna ycynyrn pisnnnm y npanonnx cncremax oxpe-
mnx xpan, soxpema, npnnecrn o cnintnoro snamennnxa xonrnnenrantny cn-
ponectxy ra anrno-amepnxanctxy npanoni cncremn.
Vroa TRIPS asycrtcx na npnnnnnax oxoponn OHIB, sanponaxennx
yroamn, xxi aminicrpymrtcx BOIC, nnme exxi nonoxennx ncranonneni

47
nnepme ra nneeno exxi noni npnnnnnn. Hanirt xxmo moxna yno nnnarn
e]exrnnnimi ]opmn saxncry nix ri, mo imrt sapas, ro snaune sminmnannx
cncremn oxoponn IB nnecno xaoc y mixnaponi exonomiuni ninocnnn, o
intmicrt ranyse yxe sanexart ni nainoro saxncry IB, a yt-xxe ni-
npncmcrno norpeyc saxncry ropronoro snaxy.
Vroa TRIPS ne posnoncmxycrtcx na npana, xxi crocymrtcx nemano-
nnx npan (nanpnxna, cr. 6-bis, 11-2 Fepnctxo xonnenni romo).
Vroa nnepme sacroconyc o IB mnpoxo posnoncmxenn y sonnimni
roprinni pexnm naintmoro cnpnxnnx, xxn nomnpmcrtcx na rpomaxn ncix
xpan unenin COT. B ranysi roprinni ne npnnnnn c soonxsannxm smen-
mynarn mnro na imnopr nx ncix yuacnnxin yron. Croconno IB nepeaueno,
mo xoxna xpana nonnnna rapanrynarn rpomaxnam inmnx xpan yuacnnnt
raxi cami nepenarn, npnnine ra imynirern, xxi nona naac cnom rpomaxnam
ninocno saxncry xnto IB.
Vroa TRIPS nepeauac minimantni cranaprn, xxi crocymrtcx ocxry
ra nnxopncrannx npan IB moo pisnnx ocxrin IB, soxpema oxoponn sa-
xpnro in]opmani ra xonrpont sa anrnxonxypenrnom npaxrnxom y ninensi-
xx. Posrnxnyri raxox rnnn saxncry npan IB, xxi nonnnni icnynarn y xpanax
unenax COT, posnoncmxynarnct na cycxrin IB ra oci, mo imrt sa nine-
nsinnmn yroamn ao ananoriunnmn o nnx. Hponeypn saxncry ne nonnnni
nepemxoxarn saxonni roprinni.
Oymonneni nnmorn o cyonnx ra apirpaxnnx nponeyp, posmipin mn-
ra sa posrnx nosonnnx saxn (5 % ni cymn nosony), sacon saesneuennx cy-
onnx piment, ane nicyrnx nnmora marn oxpemy cyony cncremy nx saxnc-
ry npan IB i nepeauena moxnnnicrt nx rpomaxn sneprarncx o nnnintno-
ro cyy sa saxncrom cnox npan.
Hepeaueni sacon saxncry: nimxoynannx snrxin, nonepnennx nesa-
xonno orpnmannx npnyrxin, nnnyuennx s xomepninoro oiry ronapin, nnro-
ronnennx s nopymennxm npan IB, snnmennx raxnx ronapin, nnnyuennx ona-
nannx ra marepianin, xxi nnxopncronynannct nx nnroronnennx xonrpa]ax-
rno npoyxni.
Bcranonneni raxox nnmorn o i mnrnnni moo nnnaxin nopymennx
npan IB ra oxnano onncani ni i.
Posrnxnyri npnnnnnn orpnmannx npan IB sa ymonn posymnnx nponeyp
ra ]opmantnocre i y posymni crpoxn.
exxi niminnocri Vron TRIPS:
He micrnrt nonoxennx npo cnpanennny nnnaropoy n pasi nropnnno-
ro nnxopncrannx ]onorpamn, nanpnxna, uepes e]ipne monnennx (na ominy
ni Pnmctxo xonnenni).
Hepeaueno crpox oxoponn npan nnxonannin ra nnponnxin ]ono-
rpam y 50 poxin (sa Pnmctxom xonnennicm - 20).

48
Crpox i nepnnnno peccrpani ropronentnoro snaxa ra xoxnoro npo-
onxennx cranonnrt monamenme 7 poxin (na niminy ni yron moo rona-
pnnx snaxin(TLT), e ni nepion cranonnxrt 10 poxin).
Hepeauena oarxona oxopona reorpa]iunnx sasnauent nx nnn ra
minnnx anxorontnnx nanon: saoponeno nnxopncrannx nx nanon, xxi ne
noxoxrt s micnx, nosnauenoro reorpa]iunnm sasnauennxm, ao nnxopncran-
nx reorpa]iunoro sasnauennx xx nxasinxy na rnn nanom, nenpnnycrnmnm c
raxox nnxopncrannx reorpa]iunoro sasnauennx y nepexnai ao pasom s nn-
pasamn rnn, nn, crnnt, imiranix, romo.
He naacrtcx oxopona moo reorpa]iunnx sasnauent roroxnnx sara-
ntnonnsnannm nasnam, croconno npoyxrin nnnopocrna roroxnnx nasnam
coprin nnnorpay, xxi icnymrt na repnropi xpann na ary, xonn xpana crana
unenom COT (nanpnxna, mepno, xaepne, coninton, pxanireni ra in.).
Oxopona reorpa]iunnx sasnauent moo nnn nonnnna sicnmnarncx sa
nepemonnnamn mnxxom ararocroponnto cncremn noniomnent ra peccrpani.
Kpana moxe nnxopncronynarn reorpa]iuni nosnauennx inmo xpann
nx nnn ra minnnx anxorontnnx nanon, xxmo nx nasna nocrino nnxopncrony-
nanact monamenme 10 poxin, xxi nepeynann 15.04.1994p., roro macrtcx na
ynasi repmin, xxn moxna nnaxarn sarantnonxnnanom nacenennxm nasnom.
Hepeauena oxopona rexcrnntnnm spasxam xx npanom npomncnonnx
spasxin, rax i anropctxnm npanom.
Cneniantni nonoxennx crocymrtcx xpan-unenin COT, xxi panim ne
naanann narenrno oxoponn ]apmanenrnuni ra arponomiuni npoyxni i
soonxsani nerano nnecrn rnmuacony cncremy oxoponn.
3 ocxrin narenrno oxoponn nnxnmueni nnnaxon, xomepnine nn-
xopncrannx xxnx nanocnrt mxoy mopani i cycnintnomy nopxxy, oxoponi
xnrrx un soponx nme, rnapnn ra pocnnn, crany onxinnx (nanpnxna, i-
arnocrnuni, repanenrnuni i xipypriuni meron nixynannx nme un rnapnn,
ionoriuni no cyri cnocon nnpomynannx pocnnn un rnapnn).
Hpnmycona ninensix osnonxcrtcx n nepmy uepry nx saesneuennx
norpe nnyrpimntoro pnnxy xpann, xxa osnonnna raxe nnxopncrannx.
Micrnrt maxe nci nonoxennx Bamnnrronctxoro oronopy npo inre-
nexryantny nnacnicrt moo inrerpantnnx mixpocxem (xxn ne c unnnnm), ane
nepeauac crpox oxoponn 10 - 15 poxin (samicrt 8 poxin).
Ona s nepmnx yro, mo nepeauac oxopony xomepnino racmnnni
ra nnsnauac xpnrepi xon]ienninocri.
Hepeaueno, mo yt-xxa xpana unen COT moxe nepeaunrn na-
nionantnnm saxonoancrnom nnnaxn snonxnnannx npanamn IB ra saxon no
xonrponm ao nonepexennm nnx i xx anrnxonxypenrna npaxrnxa croco-
nno ninensi. Cneniantnn posin Vron TRIPS npncnxueno nixniani npax-
rnxn, xonn ninensini yron moo nepeaui rexnonori, xxi yxnaamrt xom-

49
nani pisnnx xpan, micrxrt nonoxennx, xxi unnxrt nepemxon nintni xon-
xypenni. Hanpnxna, saoponxcrtcx excnopr npoyxni, xxy ye nnponeno
sa nicm rexnonoricm ao imnopr y xpany ananoriuno npoyxni. Toro si-
cnmmrtcx cnpon monononisynarn pnnox nennoro ronapy, nnricnnrn s ntoro
xonxypenrin nacnixom nnx i moxe crarn spocrannx nin na ne ronap,
noripmennx oro xxocri, crpnmynannx yocxonanennx rexnonori n nenni
ranysi. xmo rpomaxnn onic xpann-unena COT nopymymrt saxonn, xxi
imrt na repnropi inmo xpann unena COT ao sasnamrt cyonoro nepe-
cniynannx, ro nepeauena moxnnnicrt xoncyntrani, sannrin,naannx in-
]opmani s ntoro nnrannx.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Hoxcnnrn neoxinicrt icnynannx cncremn mixnapono oxoponn npan IB.
2. Hasnarn ocnonni yron, xxi perynmmrt npanoninocnnn n c]epi IB: a-
soni, ri, mo nonermymrt orpnmannx oxoponn onouacno n xintxox xpanax,
ra ri, mo ncranonnmmrt mixnaponi xnacn]ixani.
3. Hasnarn xoopnnanini nenrpn y c]epi IB, xxi imrt y cncremi OOH.
4. o xxnx mixnaponnx oronopin npncnanacx Vxpana?
5. Mera crnopennx, ]ynxni i crpyxrypa BOIB.
6. ixntnicrt cnirono opranisani roprinni y c]epi IB.
7. Hasnarn ocnonni npnnnnnn mixnapono oxoponn npan IB.
8. Oxapaxrepnsynarn Hapnstxy, Fepnctxy ra Pnmctxy xonnenni.
9. Oxapaxrepnsynarn Mapnctxy cncremy mixnapono peccrpani ro-
napnnx snaxin.
10. Mera crnopennx ra ocnonni nonoxennx Inrepner-oronopin BOIB.
11. Mera crnopennx oronopy npo narenrny xoonepanim ra nopxox i
npn noanni saxnxn na narenr sa cncremom PCT.
12. Oxapaxrepnsynarn Vroy npo roprinentni acnexrn IB.


50
FHJ->6 2


VF[;[ ;4;F;2[ ;lncD) VF[[
)2DXbXcDd[be2;a b[+2;+D)

2.1. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' 'PNH$LU/KQ N' LS:>h@KQ O$'P

Exonomiuna mera anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan y saesneuenni:
anropam ra aprncram-nnxonannxm nnnaropon;
nnponnxam npoyxni xyntrypn saonintnn oxi ni xnix xani-
ranonxnaent, roro oxynnicrt.
V npexrnni Cnponapnamenry (rpanent, 2001 p.) O rapmonnsannn ne-
xoroptx acnexron anropcxoro npana n cmexntx npan n nn]opmannonnom
omecrne e mona npo re, mo saxncr ocxrin anropctxoro npana ra cymix-
nnx npan mac nennxe snauennx s rouxn sopy xyntrypn. Bo anropn ra axro-
pn-nnxonanni mornn sicnmnarn rnopuy ixntnicrt, nonn nonnnni orpnmy-
narn nnnaropoy sa nnxopncrannx x rnopin, a nnponnxn sa paxynox oxoin
marnmyrt moxnnnicrt ]inancynarn noantme nnponnnrno. oxi, mo ni-
noniac xaniranonxnaennxm, moxe yrn saesneuenn nnme sa nanexnoro
pinnx oxoponn anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan.
3axonoancrno Vxpann npo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana asycrtcx
na Koncrnryni Vxpann i cxnaacrtcx s ninoninnx nopm HKV (rn. 36, rn.
37), saxony Hpo anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana. Oxpemi nonoxennx
moo oxoponn i saxncry anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan micrxrt saxonn Vxpa-
nn Hpo xinemarorpa]im, Hpo reneauennx i paiomonnennx, Hpo nna-
nnnuy cnpany, Hpo posnoncmxennx npnmipnnxin ayionisyantnnx rnopin,
]onorpam, nieorpam, xomn'mrepnnx nporpam, as annx, Hpo oconnnocri
epxannoro perynmnannx ixntnocri cy'cxrin rocnoapmnannx, non'xsano s
nnponnnrnom, excnoprom, imnoprom ncxin nx nasepnnx cncrem sunrynan-
nx, Hpo pexnamy romo.

2.1.1. ;&W/NK 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

Ocxrn anropctxoro npana (OAH) nnsnaueni cr. 433 HKV ra cr. 8 saxo-
ny Hpo anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana, ocxrn cymixnnx npan cr.
449 HKV ra cr.35 sasnauenoro saxony.
Ocxrn anropctxoro npana (cr. 8 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano ra cy-
mixni npana).
Ocxramn anropctxoro npana c rnopn y ranysi nayxn, nireparypn i mnc-
renrna, a came:

51
1) nireparypni nnctmoni rnopn enerpncrnunoro, nyninncrnunoro, na-
yxonoro, rexniunoro ao inmoro xapaxrepy (xnnrn, pomypn, crarri romo);
2) nncrynn, nexni, npomonn, npononii ra inmi ycni rnopn;
3) xomnmrepni nporpamn;
4) asn annx;
5) mysnuni rnopn s rexcrom i es rexcry;
6) pamarnuni, mysnuno-pamarnuni rnopn, nanromimn, xopeorpa]iuni
ra inmi rnopn, crnopeni nx cneniunoro noxasy, ra x nocranonxn;
7) ayionisyantni rnopn;
8) rnopn opasornopuoro mncrenrna;
9) rnopn apxirexrypn, microyynannx i caono-napxonoro mncrenrna;
10) ]ororpa]iuni rnopn, y romy uncni rnopn, nnxonani cnocoamn, no-
innmn o ]ororpa]i;
11) rnopn yxnrxonoro mncrenrna, y romy uncni rnopn exoparnnnoro
mncrenrna, rxanrna, xepamixn, pistnennx, nnnapcrna s xyoxntoro cxna,
mnenipni nnpon romo, xxmo nonn ne oxoponxmrtcx saxonamn Vxpann npo
npanony oxopony ocxrin npomncnono nnacnocri;
12) inmcrpani, xaprn, nnann, xpecnennx, ecxisn, nnacrnuni rnopn, mo cro-
cymrtcx reorpa]i, reonori, ronorpa]i, rexnixn, apxirexrypn ra inmnx c]ep
ixntnocri;
13) cneniuni opoxn rnopin, sasnauennx y nynxri 1 nic uacrnnn, i o-
poxn ]ontxnopy, npnarni nx cneniunoro noxasy;
14) noxini rnopn;
15) sipnnxn rnopin, sipnnxn opoox ]ontxnopy, ennnxnonei ra an-
ronori, sipnnxn snnuannx annx, inmi cxnaeni rnopn sa ymonn, mo nonn c
pesyntrarom rnopuo npani sa oopom, xoopnnanicm ao ynopxxynannxm
smicry es nopymennx anropctxnx npan na rnopn, mo nxoxrt o nnx xx
cxnaoni uacrnnn;
16) rexcrn nepexnain nx ynmnannx, osnyuennx, cyrnrpynannx
yxpanctxom ra inmnmn monamn inosemnnx ayionisyantnnx rnopin;
17) inmi rnopn.

2.1.2. K@K/@"@@] 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P N' O>-LN'PK -6] HQH$H@K

OAH c rnopn es nnxonannx yt-xxnx ]opmantnocre moo nnx ra ne-
sanexno ni x sanepmenocri, npnsnauennx, ninnocri, ocxry, cnocoy un ]o-
pmn x nnpaxennx ra mern (ocnira, in]opmanix, pexnama, nponarana, posna-
rn romo). Oxopona nomnpmcrtcx xx na onpnnmnenni, rax i na ne onpnnm-
nenni rnopn.
Tnip ne moxe yrn onynixonann, xxmo nopymyc npana nmnnn na ra-
cmnnnm oconcroro i cimenoro xnrrx, sanac mxon rpomactxomy no-
pxxy, soponm ra mopani nacenennx.

52
Hanpnxna, sa nanonxrannxm cninauxn Eirn Hcxn rnpax iorpa]iuno
xnnrn Eira yno nnnyueno s marasnnin: cninauxy ne saonontnnna xxicrt
xnnrn i re, mo anrop ne ysronn s nem ocrarounn napianr iorpa]i.
Oxopona crocycrtcx rnopin, mo mamrt marepiantny ]opmy (nanpnxna,
nenapyxonani, ane sanncani), ane y exxnx nnnaxax i nx ymona ne c
oonxsxonom (nanpnxna, npomonn, nexni, npononii n ycni ]opmi), ane
y ntomy pasi naxxo onecrn anropcrno.
Oxoponxcrtcx raxox i uacrnna rnopy, xxa moxe nnxopncronynarncx ca-
mocrino, soxpema, opnrinantna nasna.
Hpnxna: y 1999 p. cnaxocmni O.Toncroro npnrposnnn Mocxonctxi
xonnrepctxi ]apnni Kpacnt oxrxpt cyonnm nosonom sa nesaxonne
nnxopncrannx nasnn naniomimo xasxn nnctmennnxa 3onoro xnmunx,
nnn Hpnxnmuennx Fyparnno xx nasny ipncox 3onoro xnmunx. o cyo-
noro nponecy ne imno: yno ninncano yroy npo anropctxy nnnaropoy.
Kpnrepi oxoponn rnopin (nx saxncry npan y cyi):
nonnsna (inoi opnrinantnicrt, ne ne cnnonim nonnsnn, moxe saesne-
unrn oxopony cxoxnx rnopin), roro macrtcx na ynasi re, mo rnip ne yn
nnariarom. Honnsna moxe crocynarncx xx smicry, rax i ]opmn.
$(>F+*. Crenant nnxopncronynan nx cnox nonen iranictxi cepe-
ntoniuni xponixn, Bexcnip cmxern anrnunnx anropin, xnnonncni i-
nini cmxern, uacro oni ri cami, ane ]opma nnx rnopin yna inmom;
nnpaxennx y marepiantni ]opmi. Tpaxrycrtcx srino nanionantnnx
saxonoancrn.
$(>F+*(.
CBA: yt-xxa marepiantna ]opma, xxa icnyc sapas un ye nnnae-
na nisnime, sa onomorom xxo rnopn moxyrt cnpnmarncx, nirnopmnarncx,
cnonimarncx esnocepento ao sa onomorom mamnnn un npncrpom. Hx
]opma nonnnna yrn craintnom snaunn nepio.
Pesyntrar: ycni, pamarnuni, xopeorpa]iuni rnopn, ne snxri na nninxy,
ne oxoponxmrtcx. He oxoponxmrtcx rnopn y Mepexi, xxmo onouacno nonn
ne sanncani y pexnmi peantnoro uacy.
Konrnnenrantna Cnpona: ]opma ne oonxsxono marepiantna, a
ocxrnnna, roro raxa, mo osnonxc cnpnmarn rnip opranamn niuyrrx,
roro rnopn, posmimenni y Mepexi, oxoponxmrtcx, nesanexno ni sanncy na
noci in]opmani.
V cyuacnomy cniri rnpaxynannx marepiantnnx nocin ocxrin anropct-
xoro npana c oxpemom ranyssm inycrpi (nnnycx xnnr, xino]intmin, nporpa-
mnoro saesneuennx ra xomnmrepnnx irop, ayio- ra nieosanncin). B e-
xxnx xpanax ocnixennx nnxnnnn, mo uacrxa nanonoro nanionantnoro npo-
yxry, xxa npnnaac na nnponnnrno, mo rpynrycrtcx na anropctxomy npani,
cranonnrt 37 %, soxpema y CBA y 1991p 5,5 %. Hx uacrxa nepennmyc
uacrxy yt-xxo oponmmuo ranysi, nanirt nnroronnennx niraxin, enexr-

53
pnunoro ra inmoro npomncnonoro onanannx. Haintmi npnyrxn y CBA
npnnocnrt came roprinnx anropctxnmn npanamn, a ne narenramn un ronap-
nnmn snaxamn.
Hpanona oxopona srino s 3V nomnpmcrtcx rintxn na ]opmy nnpaxennx
rnopy, ne posnoncmxycrtcx na yt-xxi ie, reopi, meron, nponecn, ma-
remarnuni xonnenni, cnocon, nixpnrrx, xxi onncani, noxcneni, npoinmcr-
ponani y rnopi.
He c ocxramn AH i ne oxoponxmrtcx:
noniomnennx npo nonnnn nx ao norouni noi (npec-in]opmanix);
rnopn napono rnopuocri (]ontxnop), ane oxoponxmrtcx opoxn
]ontxnopy noxini rnopn;
o]inini oxymenrn nonirnunoro, saxonoanuoro, aminicrparnnnoro
xapaxrepy (saxonn, yxasn, nocranonn, epxanni cranaprn) ra x o]inini
nepexnan;
epxanni cnmnonn Vxpann, epxanni naropon, cnmnonn i snaxn op-
ranin epxanno nnan ra nictxonnx ]opmynant, ninpncmcrn, ycranon, op-
ranisani, repnropiantnnx rpoma;
rpomoni snaxn;
posxnan pyxy rpancnopry, posxnan renepaionepeau, rene]onni
oninnxn, asn annx, mo ne ninoniamrt xpnrepim opnrinantnocri i na
xxi nomnpmmrtcx npano sui-generis (cnocpine, oconnnoro poy npano)
Ane: npoexrn o]ininnx cnmnonin i snaxin, soxpema rpomonnx, o x
o]ininoro sarnepxennx posrnxamrtcx xx rnopn i oxoponxmrtcx 3V.
He oxoponxmrtcx, nanpnxna, ]ororpa]i, orpnmani sa onomorom cneni-
antnnx rexniunnx npncrpon es yuacri nmnnn (cynyrnnxoni, mereoponoriuni),
o nonn ne c ocxrom rnopuo npani, roro ne c ocxrom anropctxoro npana.
Ane ]ororpa]i c nnacnicrm opranisani, mo sicnnnn ]ororpa]ynannx.

2.1.3. +S&W/NK 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

Cycxrn anropctxoro npana nnsnaueni cr. 435 HKV ra cr. 7 saxony
Hpo anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana.
1. Anrop rnopy nepnnnnn cycxr anropctxoro npana, sa nicyrnicrm
oxasin inmoro ]isnuna ocoa, sasnauena xx anrop na opnrinani ao npnmi-
pnnxy rnopy (npesymnnix anropcrna), nanirt xxmo rnip onynixonano ni
ncenonimom (sa ymonn, mo nin ienrn]ixyc anropa) roro VAACH ne ne-
penipxc icne anropcrno. Cycxramn anropctxoro npana moxyrt yrn xx
rpomaxnn Vxpann, rax i inosemni. Inosemni rpomaxnn-anropn xopncrymrt-
cx saxncrom anropctxoro saxonoancrna n Vxpani, xxmo crnopeni nnmn rno-
pn snaxoxrtcx n xxict ocxrnnni ]opmi na repnropi Vxpann, a xxmo ni
ro ninonino o mixnaponnx oronopin Vxpann i cnintnnx xonnenni no
anropctxomy npany (Xenenctxo, Fepnctxo). Cycxramn anropctxoro npana

54
moxyrt yrn cninanropn, xxmo rnip crnopenn cnintnom rnopuom npanem
nox ao intme oci.
2. Cnaxocmni. Vcnaxonymrt nnme manoni npana, npano anropcrna,
(npano na anropctxe imx) ne ycnaxonycrtcx. (Bnnxrox: o cnaxocmnin
moxe nepexonrn i oconcre nemanone npano npornixrn yt-xxomy ne-
pexpyuennm, cnornopennm un inmi smini rnopy ao yt-xxomy inmomy
nocxrannm na rnip, mo moxe samxonrn uecri i penyrani anropa).
3. Hpanonacrynnnxn ocon, xxi sa saxonom ao oronopom naynn an-
ropctxoro npana, soxpema, mpnnuni ocon (rearpn, nnannnnrna romo), xxi
samamrtcx nnxopncrannxm rnopin.
4. Opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx, ne c camocrinnmn
cycxramn anropctxoro npana, a imrt ni imeni anropa ra na nicrani oro-
nopy s nnm, ynpannxmrt manonnmn npanamn anropin na xonexrnnni ocnoni,
soxpema snpamrt nnnaropoy sa nnxopncrannx rnopin.

2.1.4. ;LH&6KP> PKO'-/K 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P

1. Tnopn, crnopeni y cninanropcrni.
Anropctxe npano nanexnrt ncim cninanropam nesanexno ni roro, un c
rnip onnm ninnm, un cxnaacrtcx is camocrinnx uacrnn. Binocnnn mix
cninanropamn nnsnauamrtcx yroom mix nnmn, soxpema ne crocycrtcx uac-
rnnn nnnaropon.
xmo rnip c onnm ninnm, ro xoen is cninanropin ne moxe es ocrar-
nix nicran nimonnrn inmnm y osnoni na nnxopncrannx ao sminy rnopy.
xmo rnip cxnaacrtcx s oxpemnx camocrinnx uacrnn, ro xoxen mac npa-
no nnxopncronynarn cnom uacrnny na nnacnn poscy, xxmo cnintna yroa ne
nepeauac inme. Anrop xoxno uacrnnn sepirac cnoc anropctxe npano.
Hanpnxna, ayionisyantnn rnip, anropamn xxoro c mnrni pisnnx xan-
pin pexncep, cnenapncr, anrop nicent, xomnosnrop, xyoxnnx, oneparop-
nocranonnnx [cr.17 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana]. x
cninanropcrno moxyrt posrnxarnct me samonneni rnopn, nanpnxna, my-
snune cynponoxennx, crnopene nx xonxpernoro ]intmy.
Cninanropcrnom c anropctxe npano na inrepnm (ocoa, mo ana in-
repnm i ocoa, mo nsxna). Onynixynannx inrepnm onycxacrtcx nnme sa
sroom ocon, mo oro ana.
xmo yroa npo cninanropcrno nicyrnx, nnnaropoa sa nnxopncrannx
rnopy nanexnrt ncim cninanropam y pinnnx uacrnnax.
2. Cxnaeni rnopn.
He pisnoro poy sipnnxn, anronori, sipnnxn opoox ]ontxnopy ro-
mo sa ymonn, mo nonn c pesyntrarom rnopuo npani no oopy, ynopxxy-
nannm smicry es nopymennx oxoponn npan rnopin, xxi nxoxrt o nnx. An-
ropn mamrt npano nnxopncronynarn cno rnopn nesanexno ni cxnaenoro

55
rnopy, xxmo inme ne nepeauene oronopom. Vnopxnnx mac anropctxe
npano na niip ra posramynannx rnopin.
3. Konexrnnni rnopn.
Ennnxnonei, ennnxnonenuni oninnxn, nepionuni sipnnxn, sip-
nnxn nayxonnx npant, rasern, xypnann romo. Ocon, mo opranisonymrt
crnopennx raxnx rnopin, ne nnsnamrtcx anropamn, ane m nanexart nnxnmuni
npana na nnxopncrannx raxnx rnopin n ninomy, a anropam na nnxopncrannx
cnox uacrnn.
Biminnicrt mix xonexrnnnnm ra cxnaennm rnopom: npn nnxopncranni
xonexrnnnoro rnopy nonnnen yxnaarncx onn oronip s ycima anropamn, a
npn nnxopncranni cxnaenoro oxpemn oronip na xoxnn rnip, mo nxo-
nrt o ntoro.
4. Cnyxoni rnopn.
Crnopeni y snxsxy is rpyonnm oronopom (cr. 429 HKV) ra rnopn,
crnopeni sa samonnennxm (cr. 430 HKV).
B oox nnnaxax nepeaueno, mo:
nemanoni npana nanexart anroponi;
oxpemi oconcri nemanoni npana moxyrt nanexarn mpnnuni un ]i-
snuni ocoi, y xxo npanmc anrop, ao samonnnxoni;
manoni npana na OHIB nanexart npaninnnxoni, xxn crnopnn ocxr
(anroponi) ra pooroanneni cnintno, xxmo inme ne ncranonneno oronopom
(xonrpaxrom) ao saxonom. Hi oronopn mix anropom i pooroannem ncra-
nonnmmrt posmip i nopxox nnnnarn anropctxo nnnaropon sa crnopennx i
nnxopncrannx cnyxonoro rnopy.
Pospisnxmrt axrnnne xomepnine nnxopncrannx npoyxry rnopuo ix-
ntnocri esnocepeni npoax marepiantnoro nocix (xnnr, nieoxacer ro-
mo) ao nyniunn noxas (xino]intm i r.n.) ra nacnnne nnaua ninensi na
nnxopncrannx uacrnn rnopin y xomepninomy oopori. Came raxnm nacnnnnm
nnxopncrannxm c nnxopncrannx niomnx nepconaxin xx penin, xpnnarnx
nncnonin, oxpemnx xapin myntrnnnixaninnx ]intmin, enemenrin oxry nep-
conaxin, opnrinantnnx peue (nasepni meui n 3opxnnx ninax) romo.
5. Hepconaxi.
V ononii BOIB Toprinnx nepconaxamn (1994 p.) sasnaueno, mo nep-
conax cxnaacrtcx s pnc, xxi oro ororoxnmmrt: imx, xapaxrepnn oxr,
pncn sonnimnocri, xonip oue ra nonoccx, xapaxrepna nnmona romo. Vnixa-
ntnn naip pnc osnonxc nnpisnnrn nepconax i ponrt oro ocxrom xo-
mepninoro oopory xx saci innniyanisani.
Hepconax pesyntrar rnopuo ixntnocri anropa, ne nauacrime repo
nireparypnnx rnopin, rnopin opasornopuoro mncrenrna (Mona Hisa), mynt-
rnnnixaninnx xaprnn, ayionisyantnnx rnopin, xino]intmin, xninin romo. He
moxyrt yrn nnraani oconcrocri (xemc Fon) ao icrorn (Binni Hyx).
Xapaxrepna oconnnicrt nnraannx nepconaxin re, mo nonn moxyrt xnrn ca-

56
mi no coi, nioxpemneno ni nepmo ]opmn ]ixcani (nireparypno, rpa]iuno,
xinemarorpa]iuno), c ararorpannnm ocxrom, xxn naxxo saxncrnrn.
Oconnnn rnn nepconaxi peantnnx oconcrocre (nonirnxn, axropn,
cnoprcmenn i r.n.).
Hpana na nepconax nanexart anropy nepmoro rnopy, e nin sxnnncx. Ha-
npnxna, n arartox nnnaxax nepconaxi myntrnnnixaninnx ao xyoxnix ]i-
ntmin crnopeni anropamn xnnr ao cnenapim i came m nanexart npana na nep-
conax. Hacrynne x nnxopncrannx c aanranicm ao inmom nepepoxom, xxa
ac npano na saxncr anropctxnm npanom, ane sa ymon orpnmannx npan nep-
nnnnoro anropa (cr. 20 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana). Ane
xxi came npana nepexoxrt y ntomy nnnaxy?
B Vxpanctxomy saxonoancrni npo ne niuoro ne ronopnrtcx. CBA
(Copyright Act 1976): anropctxe npano nomnpmcrtcx nnme na ro marepian,
xxn nnic anrop nepepoxn, npan na marepian, mo nxe icnynan, ne ac. Oxo-
pona anropctxoro npana na nepepoxy ne sintmyc crpox ra ocxr oxoponn
nepnnnnoro rnopy.
Hepconax noryxnn saci innniyanisani. Moxe crarn ropronom
mapxom es nnrpar rpome na posxpyuynannx, oconnno npn nennxnx ocx-
rax npoaxy neopornx ronapin. 3a cnironnmn oninxamn oopor npoyxni, y
xxi nnxopncronymrtcx myntrnnnixanini nepconaxi xx pen cxnaac
$120200 mnp. Hpnxna: myntrnnnixanina crpiuxa Kopont nen n xino-
npoxari CBA sipana $312 mnn, crintxn x n sapyixnomy npoxari, pasom s
npoaxem rene- ra nieonpan $1,2 mnp, sarantna cyma ni npoaxy ninen-
si na pen $2 mnp.
Fartxinmnna xomepninoro nnxopncrannx nepconaxin CBA: y 20-x
poxax XX cr. npaninnnx cryi Vonra icnex Ke Kamen crnopnn enapra-
menr nropnnnoro xomepninoro nnxopncrannx nepconaxin i cran roprynarn
ninensixmn na nnxopncrannx raxnx nepconaxin, xx Mixi Mayc, onant ax.
Taxi ninensi i oci nonynxpni na pnnxy nnnycxy nocrepin, ]yronox, cymox,
nanon, monouno npoyxni. V 1978 p. enapramenr s npoaxy cryi V. ic-
nex npoan npoyxni is sopaxennxm nepconaxin myntr]intmin na cymy no-
na $27 mnn, a xomnanix Kepnep Hpoaxrc y 1979 p. npoana ronapin,
nonxsannx s nepconaxamn ]intmy 3opxni ninn, na cymy nona $100 mnn.
Pocix: cyonn nponec cryi Comsmyntr]intm ra O. Bontnona croco-
nno npan na nepconax Binni Hyx (Bontnon nnnycxac rnasyponani cnpxn s
nnm sopaxennxm). O. Bontnon nocnnacrtcx na re, mo cneniantno samonnxn so-
paxennx xyoxnnxam (anropam myntrnnnixaninoro sopaxennx) i nono ni-
pisnxcrtcx, ne c ]parmenrom ]intmy, a npano na nnxopncrannx imeni naann
cnaxocmni anropa xnnrn Fopnca 3axoepa.
Bnn saxncry npan na nepconax:
1) 3a onomorom anropctxoro npana.

57
Cr. 9 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana nepeauac nnxo-
pncrannx uacrnnn rnopy, n romy uncni i opnrinantno nasnn, camocrino. B
ntomy pasi nonn posrnxamrtcx xx rnip i oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom.
Ane xx nnsnaunrn ocxr oxoponn? Oxoponxcrtcx ]opma nnpaxennx rnopy, a
ne reopi, npnnnnnn, xonnenni i r.n., nanirt xxmo nonn onncani i npoinmcr-
ponani y rnopi. Ipa]iunn nepconax mac nenny ]isnuny ]opmy, a nireparyp-
nn icnyc n yxni unraua. Fyna nanirt iex saxncry ]opmn nnpaxennx uacrnnn
rnopy xx opasy, mo nnnnxac n nmctxi yxni, mnxxom nponeennx excnep-
rnsn, mo nnxnnrn crynint cxoxocri mix annm nepconaxem i inmnmn, xxi
moxyrt oro imirynarn. Ha npaxrnni ne sponrn yxe naxxo.
Anropctxnm npanom moxna saxncrnrn xapaxrepni pncn nepconaxy:
- imx (cr. 4 saxony Hpo oxopony npan na snaxn nx ronapin i nocnyr:
ne peccrpymrtcx xx snaxn nosnauennx, mo nirnopmmrt nasnn niomnx n
Vxpani rnopin nayxn, nireparypn i mncrenrna, ao nnrarn i nepconaxi s nnx
es sron nnacnnxin anropctxoro npana);
- rpa]iuny ]opmy nnpaxennx nepconaxa: inmcrpanim, mo saxpinnmc
icrorni pncn, sonnimni nnrnx.
B Vxpani rpa]iunn ao namantonann nepconax saxnmacrtcx anro-
pctxnm npanom (cr. 8 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana) xx rnip
opasornopuoro mncrenrna, xx rnip yxnrxonoro mncrenrna (nynxr 8 u. 1 cr.
8), xx inmcrpanix (n.12 u.1 cr. 8) romo (nennuepnnn nepenix).
3axnmacrtcx rintxn ]opma nnpaxennx. Hanpnxna, xxmo nnxopncrony-
crtcx myntr]intm, ro oxoponxcrtcx xoxna oxpema nosa nepconaxa i oro
nncnonn xx uacrnna cnenapim.
2) 3a onomorom npana npomncnono nnacnocri:
sapeccrpynarn nepconax xx snax nx ronapin ra nocnyr (sa sron nnac-
nnxa npan). Crpox oxoponn cxnaac 10 poxin. 3axnmac ne nci pncn. Hanpn-
xna, peccrpymrt norornn ra imx nepconaxy, ane ne oxoponxmrtcx nenni
]pasn, mo nonxsani came s nnm nepconaxem i ocnrt uacro cramrt oxpemnm
ocxrom xomepnianisani. Oxopona nomnpmcrtcx nnme na ri nnn ronapin ra
nocnyr, na xxi peccrpynancx snax, a na nci nnn yxe oporo. Toro saxncr
ropronentnom mapxom omexenn;
orpnmarn narenr na rpa]iuni ao rpnnnmipni xoni nepconaxin xx
npomncnonn spasox.
Oconnna ynara oronopam is xyoxnnxom un cxyntnropom, mo ne
nnmaran nnnaropon sa nnxopncrannx crnopenoro nnm OHIB. Bpaxynarn, mo
oxopona opora, nomnpmcrtcx nnme na nenny repnropim.
3) 3axncr ni neopoconicno xonxypenni (Cr. 4 saxony Hpo saxncr
ni neopoconicno xonxypenni). Vmonn:
rpea yrn rocnoapmmunm cycxrom;
pncn nepconaxa nonnnni micrnrnct y ]ipmonomy namenynanni, rop-
ronentnomy snaxy, pexnamnnx marepianax, ynaxonxax ronapin, nasnax rnopin

58
un nepionunnx nnant romo. Hnme n nnx nnnaxax norpina sroa, o mo-
xe npnsnecrn o smimynannx s ixntnicrm inmoro rocnoapmmuoro
cycxra.
Taxnm unnom spyuno saxnmarn nepconaxi, mo nxe nnxopncronymrtcx
xx saci ienrn]ixani n xomepninomy oopori. E]exrnnno saxncrnrn nepco-
naxa moxna rintxn nocnannxm xintxox ]opm saxncry.
3axncr nepconaxin peantnnx oconcrocre.
TM Oonont sopaxennx Anpix Benuenxo, TM uepnirinctxe -
Biranix Knnuxo. Fararo pexnam, e niomi ixui nnxopncronymrt pisni ronapn
y cnocmy rocnoapcrni ra nayri s merom pexnamn.
Peantna oconcricrt ne c OHIB, saxnmamrt srino nopm, nonxsannx is
neoropxanicrm oconcroro xnrrx.
Inoi peantna oconcricrt aconimcrtcx s xyoxnim nepconaxem: axrop i
oro pont. (Hipc Fpocnan xemc Fon). Ane mpnnuno npana na nepco-
nax nanexart anropy, a ne nnxonannm.
CBA: noson cryi Metro-Goldwin-Mayer o xomnani Honda. Bnxopnc-
rannx n pexnamnomy xnini opasa, cxoxoro na xemca Fona sa sonnimni-
mn osnaxamn ra noneinxom. Cy sasnaunn, mo xemc Fon mac pncn, xxi
nirouynanncx intm nix y 60-ri ]intmax, ne mac snauennx, xxn axrop rpac
pont, nepconax ynixantnn, rononni pncn nnmamrtcx nesminnnmn.
Bnxonanent mac npano saoponnrn npornnpanne nnxopncrannx enemen-
rin cnoc oconcrocri. HKV nepeauac npano na nnxopncrannx imeni, na
oxopony inrepecin ]isnuno ocon, sopaxeno na ]ororpa]ixx ra inmnx xy-
oxnix rnopax, na saxncr inrepecin ]isnunnx oci npn nponeenni ]oro-, re-
ne-, xino- ra nieosomox.
Hanpnxinni 90-x poxin inmcrponann xypnan Los Angeles Magazin ony-
nixynan nony xonexnim monoro oxry. x ]oromoent nnxopncrann, sox-
pema, opas Tyrci y nnxonanni acrina Xo]mana, xxy soxrnynn sa onomo-
rom xomnmrepa. 3a maninynxni s ]ororpa]ixmn, nanecennx mxon oro
imeni, nopymennx anropctxnx npan ra nesaxonnoro nnxopncrannx cneniuno-
ro opasy, roro sa marepiantnn ra mopantnn snrox, cy soonxsan xyp-
nan nnnnarnrn acriny Xo]many $3 mnn.
6. Pexnama.
Pexnama nauacrime crocycrtcx raxnx ocxrin npana IB xx roprinentni
snaxn, ]ipmoni namenynannx, ocxrn narenrnnx npan, a npn nnroronnenni
pexnamn nnxopncronymrt rnopn nayxn, nireparypn ra mncrenrna.
Onnm s ocxrin anropctxoro npana moxe yrn pexnamne noniomnen-
nx, xxmo nono nnpaxene n opnrinantni ]opmi i c pesyntrarom rnopuo ix-
ntnocri. (xmo ne in]opmanine noniomnennx, nanpnxna, npo nepenarn
ronapy, ro anropctxnm npanom ne oxoponxcrtcx) Hpo rnopun xapaxrep cni-
uart opnrinantnicrt ra nenonropnicrt.

59
Pexnama c onnm s nnin rnopin, sasnauennx y saxony Hpo anropctxe
npano i cymixni npana, ao micrnrt x. Hanpnxna:
- nireparypni rnopn: opnrinantni pexnamni noniomnennx, cnenapi pex-
namnnx ponnxin romo;
- mysnuni rnopn: mysnunn px, mo cynponoxyc nci pexnamni noni-
omnennx npo nennn ronap, c oro nisnrnom xaprxom;
- ayionisyantni rnopn: pexnamni nieoponnxn;
- rnopn xnnonncy, cxyntnrypn, rpa]ixn: sonnimnx pexnama, ]opma ra
nsan naxynannx;
- ]ororpa]i: ]ororpa]i ronapy y pyxonannx pexnamnnx nnannxx romo.
ann nepenix ne c nnuepnnnm. V anropctxomy oronopi nepeauamrt
moxnnnicrt anonimnoro nnxopncrannx, roro es imeni anropa, o inaxme
ye marn micne nopymennx onoro s nemanonnx npan anropa.
Hpanonnacnnxom sa snnua c pexnamoanent. Homy nanexart manoni
npana na nnxopncrannx pexnamn n yt-xxi ]opmi ra yt-xxnm cnocoom.
Onax nx ntoro rpea, mo anrop pexnamnoro rnopy (nx ayionisyantnnx
rnopin ne pexncep-nocranonnnx, anrop cnenapim, anrop mysnxn, xyoxnnx
ra in.) yn npaninnnxom pexnamoannx s ninoninnmn cnyxonnmn
oonxsxamn ao s nnm yn yxnaenn anropctxn oronip. Hanpnxna, rpe-
a nxasynarn imx anropa pexnamn, xxmo npn crnopeni pexnamn y anropctxo-
my oronopi ne yno sacrepexennx npo re, mo rnip moxe nnxopncronynarncx
anonimno. Inaxme nopymennx cr.50 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymix-
ni npana moo oconcrnx nemanonnx npan anropa. Bo nnxopncronynarn
n pexnami uyxi rnopn ao x nepepoxn, neoxino yxnacrn anropctxn o-
ronip (anropy nanexnrt oconcre npano na neoropxannicrt cnoro rnopy) s
nnacnnxom nnxnmunnx manonnx npan na rnip. Hpano na imx ra saxncr pe-
nyrani anropa (nemanoni npana) oxoponxcrtcx escrpoxono. He osnonx-
crtcx neernuna pexnama (n Poci c raxa crarrx y saxoni Hpo pexnamy croco-
nno nnxopncrannx naniomimnx rnopin nireparypn ra mncrenrna, xxi c nani-
onantnom un cnironom xyntrypnom cnamnnom). Hanpnxna, pexnama ni-
rysnnxin ni 3acrintny s Tpaniarn x. Bepi c neernunom.
Pexnama npoyxry, mo micrnrt saxnmenn narenrom ocxr, oro noxas
na nncranni, moxyrt yrn nopymennxm nnxnmunnx npan narenronnacnnxa,
xxmo sicnmmrtcx es oro osnony, cnnom ]opmom xxoro c ninensinn
oronip. Tomy n ntomy oronopi rpea nepeaunrn osnin na pexnamy.
Pexnama moxe yrn sacoom posxpnrrx niomocre, s ypaxynannxm xxnx
nnsnauacrtcx nonnsna ra nnnaxinnntxn pinent. Hinpncment cnocm nnac-
nom pexnamom moxe nosannrn cee moxnnnocri sanarenrynarn nennn
npoyxr ao ponrt npasnnnnm mpnnunn oxymenr, xxn orpnmyc. Inoi
pexnamy nnxopncronymrt, mo ycynyrn moxnnnicrt narenrynannx nennnx
piment xonxypenrin.

60
Hauacrime ocxrom pexnamn c ronapni snaxn. Pexnamosarnicrt o-
na s nnmor o ronapnnx snaxin (naxoniunicrt, ecrernunicrt, aconiarnnnicrt,
nonnsna ie, rexnonoriunicrt (roro moxnnnicrt nirnopennx), nerxonnmon-
nicrt romo). Pexnama ne onrocrpoxone innecrynannx y ronapnn snax.
Iononne n pexnami rexcr, nauacrime pospaxonann na emonine
cnpnnxrrx: saxnnx o exonomi (nanimo nnarnrn intme?), o narpiorns-
my (na 100 % yxpanctxn, nirpnmacmo nanionantnoro ronaponnponnxa i
r. in.), o exsornxn (Faynri anexi xpann). He rexcr n ocnonni uacrnni
xnnxc pexnamnn cnoran nireparypnn rnip rax snannx mannx ]opm (eni-
rpa]n, a]opnsmn, npncninx romo). Bo yrn ocxrom anropctxoro npana
nonnnen:
- yrn pesyntrarom rnopuo npani;
- yrn opnrinantnnm.
o peui, cr. 6 saxony Hpo pexnamy nnmarac nepexna nasn ronapnnx
snaxin na yxpanctxy mony (nanpnxna, nyxepxn Hy-xa, ornnmn, opnna
Cospena-xa). B saxinnx xpanax s onaxonom an]anirnom ocnonom na-
rnnnnem ronapni snaxn rpancnnanrymrtcx y pexnamnn rexcr y romy nni,
xx icnymrt y moni opnrinany.
7. uororpa]i.
Vxpanctxe saxonoancrno nepeauac oxopony ]ororpa]i anropctxnm
npanom(cr. 8 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana). Ane saxon ne
micrnrt nnsnauennx repminy ]ororpa]ix, mo symonnmc neonosnauni pimen-
nx, nanpnxna, y cyi moo roro, un nnaxarn ]ororpa]icm sopaxennx, sa]ix-
conane na mixponninni ao cnaoni nninni, roro un posnoncmxycrtcx
npanona oxopona na noini sopaxennx.
Moxna nanecrn xintxa nnsnauent repminy ]ororpa]ix.
uororpa]iunn rnip sopaxennx peantnnx ocxrin, xxe orpnmano
na nonepxnxx, xxi c uyrnnnnmn o cnirna ao inmoro nnnpominmnannx
1
.
uororpa]ixmn rpea nnaxarn nepyxomi sopaxennx, xxi orpnmymrt na
nonepxnxx, xxi c uyrnnnnmn o cnirnonoro ao inmoro nnnpominmnannx, ne-
sanexno ni rexniunoro sicnennx nponecy, xxnm orpnmano sopaxen-
nx(ximiunoro, enexrponnoro ao xxoroct inmoro) sa npnnnnnamn oxoponn
]ororpa]iunnx rnopin, xxi posponeni cnenianicramn BOIB.
Cna]intmn ra ia]intmn raxox no cyri c ]ororpa]iunnmn rnopamn,
o micrxrt ncxperno naany in]opmanim ra nepyxomi opasn na niminy
ni ayionisyantnnx rnopin.
3apas ]ororpa]iuni rnopn oxoponxmrtcx sa nopmamn anropctxoro npa-
na, roro es nnxonannx yt-xxnx ]opmantnocre (panime, o 23.02.1994p.,
oonxsxonom ymonom ynn nxasani na xoxnomy exsemnnxpi imx anropa, mi-
cne ra pix nnnycxy y cnir, n pasi nicyrnocri nic in]opmani na ]ororpa]i ne

1
BOHB: Inoccapn repmnnon no anropcxomy npany n cmexntm npanam Xenena, 1981
281 c.

61
posnoncmxynanoct anropctxe npano i nonn cranann cycnintnnm naan-
nxm).
xmo ]oroxypnanicr ponrt ]ororpa]im s nnacno ininiarnnn, ro omy
nanexart nci anropctxi npana na ne.
xmo ]oroxypnanicr c cninpoirnnxom rasern, uaconncy romo, ro oro ]o-
rorpa]im moxna posrnxarn xx cnyxonn rnip y pasi nnxonannx nennnx ymon:
xypnanicr c cninpoirnnxom sa namom(rpyonn oronip), a ne nosa-
mrarnnm cninpoirnnxom ao nesanexnnm npaninnnxom, xxn naac cno no-
cnyrn srino s nnnintno-npanonnm oronopom;
rnip crnopeno xypnanicrom came xx cninpoirnnxom, mo npanmc sa
namom xx nnxonannx cnox cnyxonnx oonxsxin, i came s merom nyni-
xani y raseri, uaconnci romo;
posmip anropctxo nnnaropon sa xoxnn nn nnxopncrannx cnyxonoro
rnopy oonxsxono ncranonneno n oronopi mix anropom ra pooroannem;
pooroanent mac npano nnxopncronynarn crnopenn xypnanicrom
rnip nnme n nepio, xonn anrop mac s nnm rpyoni crocynxn.
8. Tnopn apxirexrypn [12,14].
3rino saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana rnip apxirexrypn
ne rnip y ranysi mncrenrna cnopyxennx yinent i nanma]rnnx yrnopent
(xpecnennx, ecxisn, moeni, syonani yinni ra cnopyn, napxn, nnann na-
cenennx nynxrin romo).
3a saxonom Vxpann Hpo apxirexrypny ixntnicrt ocxramn anropct-
xoro npana na rnopn apxirexrypn c apxirexrypni pimennx ocxrin apxirexrypn
un microyinnnnrna (rnopin apxirexrypn) na ncix craixx x npoexrynannx ra
yinnnnrna. Cninanropamn rnopy apxirexrypn nnaxamrtcx ocon, pesyntra-
rom rnopuocri xxnx c apxirexrypni pimennx oxpemnx camocrinnx posinin
npoexry (inrepcpn npnmiment, oxpemi ynnxn un cnopyn apxirexrypnnx
xomnnexcin, naroycrpi repnropi romo).
Cninanropamn ne moxyrt yrn ocon, xxi naamrt anropy rexniuny, xon-
cyntrarnnny un opranisaniny onomory ao sicnmmrt opranisanim npoex-
rynannx i yinnnnrna ra xonrpont sa nnxonannxm nnx poir (pexoncrpyxnix,
pecranpanix, xanirantnn pemonr).
Anropam rnopy apxirexrypn nanexart nci nemanoni ra manoni npana
nnsnaueni saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana.
Oconnni nemanoni npana anropa apxirexrypnoro rnopy esnepemxo-
ne ]ororpa]ynannx nnacnoro rnopy apxirexrypn ra sasnauennx na ocxri
apxirexrypn nnacnoro imeni.
Manoni npana anropa apxirexrypnoro rnopy moxyrt crocynarncx ne
nnme npoexry ocxry, a i crnopeno sa nnm poouo oxymenrani ra posno-
ncmxymrtcx na syonann ocxr apxirexrypn.
Anrop npoexry rnopy apxirexrypn, crnopenoro na samonnennx, mac nn-
xnmune npano:

62
na yuacrt y noantmi oro peanisani, xxmo inme ne nepeaueno
ymonamn oronopy is samonnnxom (anropctxn narnx);
na nnecennx smin o ocxry apxirexrypn y pasi sminn oro ]ynxnio-
nantnoro npnsnauennx ao pexoncrpyxni;
na anropctxn ronopap sa crnopennx rnopy apxirexrypn ra oro nnxo-
pncrannx.
Bnxopncrannx apxirexrypnoro npoexry nx peanisani c onopasonnm,
xxmo inme ne nepeauene oronopom na crnopennx npoexry. Honropne sa-
crocynannx npoexry ra oro poouo oxymenrani moxnnne nnxnmuno sa
sroom anropa is nnnnarom anropctxo nnnaropon.
Manoni npana anropa moo npoexry ra syonanoro ocxry apxirexry-
pn sepiramrtcx sa anropom y pasi sminn nnacnnxa ao xopncrynaua ocxra.
Hpnnycxacrtcx nintne nnxopncrannx sopaxennx rnopin apxirexrypn,
xxi nocrino snaxoxrtcx y micni, nixpnromy nx nintnoro niniynannx,
xpim nnnaxin, xonn sopaxennx rnopy c ocnonnnm ocxrom nirnopennx s
xomepninom merom.
9. Kaprorpa]iuni rnopn [12,14].
Kaprorpa]iunnmn rnopamn c nci nnn xapr, arnacin, nnanin, nesanexno
ni x ]opmn ra nny nocix in]opmani: aepoxocmo]oroxaprn, aepoxocmo]o-
ronnann, x noxina npoyxnix; nn]poni xaprn i cxemn (nn]poni moeni mic-
nenocri), x nporpamne saesneuennx; xaprorpa]iunn smicr rnoycin; pex-
namna xaprorpa]iuna npoyxnix; ecxisn inmcrpani, mo crocycrtcx reorpa]i,
ronorpa]i, xaprorpa]i romo.
Ocxramn anropctxoro npana npn crnopenni xaprorpa]iunnx rnopin c
rnopui poorn:
pospoxa npoexry xaprorpa]iunoro rnopy ao cepi nsacmosnxsannx
rnopin ]opma rnopy, npnsnauennx, smicr, cnoci xaprorpa]iunoro sopa-
xennx, meronxa nepeaui in]opmani romo;
pospoxa anropctxoro opnrinany rnopy remarnunn smicr, cncrema
ymonnnx nosnauent, xyoxnc o]opmnennx, nepexna romo;
pospoxa nonnx reoin]opmaninnx rexnonori, nporpamnnx xomnnexcin
nx crnopennx opoxn i sepexennx nn]pono xaprorpa]iuno in]opmani;
pospoxa nonnx rexnonori npn crnopenni rnoycin, pentc]nnx xapr i
nnanin.
Anropctxnm npanom oxoponxmrtcx raxox rnopn xaprorpa]iuno rema-
rnxn: meron crnopennx ao ononnennx xaprorpa]iunnx rnopin; crnopennx
nonnx xaranorin, oninnxin xaprorpa]iuno in]opmani; nynixani ra nay-
xoni pospoxn nic remarnxn.
10. Myseni excnonarn
1
.
Anropctxi npana ninocxrtcx raxox o npemerin mncrenrna, xxi excno-
nymrt y mysexx. Bennxi myse nauacrime excnonymrt rnopn, na xxi cxinun-

1
http://active.wplus.net/copyright-monitoring/museums.html

63
ncx crpox i anropctxoro npana: macrtcx na ynasi ne crpox i manonoro
npana na marepiantni noci cxyntnrypn, nonorno romo, a anropctxe mano-
ne npano na pesyntrar rnopuocri. B ntomy nnnaxy nixro ne mac nnxnmunoro
npana osnonxrn un saoponxrn nirnopennx ra posnoncmxennx ninoni-
no xaprnnn. xmo crpox i anropctxoro npana ne cxinunncx, ro myse se-
pirac marepiantnn noci i nnm nnuepnymrtcx oro nonnonaxennx, xxmo
inme ne nepeaueno oronopom. Ane myse mac npano saoponnrn ocryn
o excnonarin, xxi xx marepiantna nnacnicrt nanexart n oro ocoi epxani.
Myse nonnnen raxox, xx ocoa ynonnonaxena epxanom, nixnynarncx npo
sepexennx excnonarin i, nanpnxna, saoponnrn ]ororpa]ynannx y pasi,
xonn ne sanac mxon mncrentxomy rnopy (nnxopncrannx marnicnoro cnana-
xy). Bxinn iner o mysem c marepiantnnm niopaxennxm naannx no-
cnyr ocryny o excnonarin.
Bnroronnennx mncrentxo, pyxonano, cynenipno ra inmo rnpaxona-
no npoyxni ra ronapin naponoro cnoxnnannx is sopaxennx mysennx
excnonarin, ynnxin mysen i nnxopncrannxm x nasn ra cnmnonixn sicnm-
crtcx nnme sa osnonom xepinnnnrna mysem.
xmo penpoyxnix (]ororpa]ix) excnonary nxe icnyc, ro naani imrt
npana anropa nic xoni i na nirnopennx. Ane neoxino nnxonannx nennnx
ymon: nirnopennx (xonix) mano rnopun xapaxrep i oneennx roro ]axry,
mo came nx xonix (penpoyxnix) nnxopncrana nx noantmoro nirnopennx.
osnin mysem na raxe nirnopennx ra posnoncmxennx ne norpino.

2.1.5. A->fL@"@@] 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

x nxe nxasynanoct panime, anropctxe npano nnnnxac nnacniox crno-
pennx rnopy. Tepmin anropctxe npano na rnip y HKV nxnmuac nci npana,
xxi naamrtcx anroponi: xx oconcri nemanoni, rax i manoni.
Oconcri nemanoni npana (cr. 423, 438 HKV, cr.14 saxony Hpo anro-
pctxe npano i cymixni npana):
a) npano anropcrna;
) npano na imx:
nnmararn sasnauennx cnoro imeni y snxsxy s nnxopncrannxm rnopy,
xxmo ne npaxrnuno moxnnno (sasnauennx imeni na npnmipnnxax rnopy ra y
pasi nyniunoro nnxonannx);
saoponxrn sasnauennx cnoro imeni, xxmo axac sannmnrncx anonimom;
onparn ncenonim i nnmararn oro sasnauennx samicrt cnpanxnto-
ro imeni anropy;
n) npano na ninicnicrt rnopy:
saesneuennx neoropxanocri rnopy (npornixrn nepexpyuennm,
cnornopennm ao yt-xxomy nocxrannm na rnip, mo moxe samxonrn uecri
i penyrani anropa);

64
cynponoxennx rnopy inmcrpanixmn, nepemonamn, nicnxmonamn,
xomenrapxmn romo nnme sa sroom anropa.
Hpano na orpnmannx ninocnocri rnopy nonxrac n romy, mo sminn nno-
cxrtcx y snxsxy s nnponnunm nponecom y pisnnx c]epax rnopuo ixntnocri
(ayionisyantni rnopn, xomnmrepni nporpamn, xonnennix sonnimntoro nn-
rnxy npemerin moennoro nxnrxy romo).
Tpea nipisnxrn ni npana na sminy, xxe c uacrnnom manonnx npan i c
cnocoom nnxopncrannx (aanranix, nepexna romo).
Anrop mac npano y yt-xxn momenr saoponnrn nnxopncrannx cnox
rnopin, xxmo ne mxonrt oro uecri ra penyrani. Tax, nanpnxna, niomn
xynnctxn ]ororpa] Antepro Kopa 40 poxin osnonxn esonnarno nnxo-
pncronynarn cni nerenapnn snimox ue Ienapn, a norim uepes cy saopo-
nnn nnxopncrannx ]ororpa]i nx pexnamn ropinxn Smirnoff.
V pasi cmepri anropa neoropxanicrt rnopy oxoponxcrtcx ocoom, yno-
nnonaxenom anropom, sa nicyrnicrm raxoro ynonnonaxenoro neoropxan-
nicrt oxoponxcrtcx cnaxocmnxmn ao inmnmn sanixannennmn ocoamn.
xmo rnip nepexonrt y cycnintne naannx, ro yt-xxi sminn n ntomy
moxyrt yrn sponeni nintno, ane sa ymonn sasnauennx roro, mo mona e
npo sminenn napianr (nanpnxna, xino]intm sa mornnamn niomoro rnopy).
o nemanonnx npan ninocxrt raxox:
r) neniuyxynanicrt npan;
) npano na onpnnmnennx, xxe nonxrac n romy, mo anrop mac mpnnu-
ny moxnnnicrt nnnecrn rnip na nyniunn poscy.
Oconcri nemanoni npana ne moxyrt yrn nepeani (niuyxeni) inmnm
ocoam. Manone npano na rnip (cr.440 HKV, cr. 15 saxony Hpo anropctxe
npano i cymixni npana):
a) npano na nnxopncrannx rnopy;
) nnxnmune npano osnonnrn nnxopncrannx rnopy;
n) npano nepemxoxarn nenpanomipnomy nnxopncrannm, n romy uncni i
saoponnrn oro, roro npano nepemxoxarn necanxniononanomy xonim-
nannm, npoaxy, nnxonannm, emoncrpani, ao crnopennm noxinnx nepci
anropctxo poorn inmnmn ocoamn.
Cr. 441 HKV nnsnauac, mo nnaxacrtcx nnxopncrannxm rnopy:
onynixynannx;
nirnopennx yt-xxnmn cnocoamn ra y yt-xxi ]opmi;
nepexna;
nepepoxa, aanranix, apanxynannx romo;
nxnmuennx cxnaonom uacrnnom o sipnnxin, as annx, anronori,
ennnxnonei romo;
nyniune nnxonannx;
npoax, nepeannx n nam (openy) ao npoxar romo;

65
imnopr oro npnmipnnxin, npnmipnnxin oro nepexnain, nepepoox
romo.
Bnxopncrannxm c raxox inmi i, nepeaueni saxonom.
Tnip nnaxacrtcx onynixonannm (nnnymennm y cnir), xxmo nin yt-
xxnm cnocoom noniomnenn nennsnauenomy xony oci, y romy uncni nna-
nn, nyniuno nnxonann, nyniuno noxasann, nepeann no paio un re-
neauennm, niopaxenn y sarantnoocrynnnx enexrponnnx cncremax in-
]opmani (cr. 442 HKV). erantnime nnnaxn nnxopncrannx posrnxnyri y 3V
Hpo anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana.
xmo rnip nnnymeno y cnir, anrop ne moxe saoponnrn npnnarnn ao
esonnarnn oro noxas y xoni cim (roro nexomepnine nnxopncrannx).
3axonoancrnom intmocri xpan npnnycxacrtcx moxnnnicrt nimonn-
rncx ni pimennx npo onpnnmnennx (npano na nisnn) ao nnnyuennx rnopy
s oiry. Hornxn anropa nepenaxamrt na npnnnnnom oonxsxono cnnn o-
ronopin ra nonarn o npan nayrnx rperimn ocoamn (mac npano posipnarn
oronip npo nnxopncrannx nanirt nicnx nnannx rnopy s nnnnarom nimxo-
ynannx). B Vxpani raxi i ne nepeaueni.
xmo marepiantnnm ocxrom, n xxomy nrineno rnip (rnopn opasornop-
uoro mncrenrna: cxyntnrypn, xaprnnn romo), nonoic inma ocoa, nona ne
moxe nepemxoxarn anropy n peccrpani anropctxoro npana, o nnacnnx mac
npano na marepiantnn noci xx ocxr npana nnacnocri, a anrop na xyox-
ni smicr rnopy. Anrop mac oarxoni npana, xxmo oro rnip cran nnacnicrm
rperto ocon:
npano ocryny moxnnnicrt nirnopmnarn cno rnopn;
npano cniynannx npano y pasi nepenpoaxy rnopy na nnnaropoy
ni npoannx y nnrnxi nnsnauenoro nicorxa ni nepenpoaxno ninn (n
Vxpani ne 5 %).
Bnacnnx opnrinany rnopy opasornopuoro mncrenrna un apxirexrypn ne
mac npana pynynarn ne ocxr es nonepentoro npononynannx anroponi
sa niny, mo ne nepennmyc naprocri nnrparnnx marepianin ao osnonxc an-
roponi sponrn xonim rnopy, a nx apxirexrypno cnopyn ]ororpa]im.
He nepenix ne c nnuepnnnm, soxpema nnxnmuni npana anropin na nnxo-
pncrannx rnopin apxirexrypn, microyynannx, caono-napxonoro mncrenrna
micrxrt y coi i npano yuacri n npaxrnuni peanisani npoexrin nnx rnopin.
Manoni npana moxyrt yrn nepeani nonnicrm ao uacrxono yt-xxi
inmi ocoi (cr. 31 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana) srino
anropctxoro oronopy (cr. 32 ntoro saxony).
Hpano anropa na oepxannx cnpanennno nnnaropon sa yt-xxe nnxopn-
crannx crnopenoro nnm rnopy (cr. 445 HKV) ne moxe yrn npemerom nepeaui
un nimonn. He npano ne crocycrtcx manonnx npan, ne niuyxycrtcx.

66
Ocoa, xxa mac anropctxe npano (anrop ao ocoa, xxi na saxonnnx ni-
cranax nepeano manone npano na rnip) moxe cnonicrnrn npo cno npana
snaxom oxoponn anropctxnx npan (nesanexno ni naxnnocri peccrpani).
Bnxopncrannx snaxy oxoponn anropctxoro npana ne osnauac nnmorn nn-
xonannx ]opmantnocre xx ymonn nnnnxnennx oxoponn. Hpanona oxopona
anropctxoro npana naacrtcx anromarnuno xx rnopam is snaxom oxoponn, rax
i es ntoro.
3nax oxoponn anropctxnx npan micrnrt:
narnnctxa nirepa C, oneena xonom ;
imx ocon, xxa mac anropctxe npano;
pix nepmo nynixani rnopy.

2.1.6. VH$]-H/ $"WLN$'^>7 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

Peccrpanix ra yt-xxe cneniantne o]opmnennx anropctxoro npana ne
oonxsxoni, ane cycxr AH (anrop ao nnacnnx manonnx npan) nx sacni-
uennx anropctxoro npana na rnip, ]axry i arn onynixynannx rnopy ao o-
ronopin, mo crocymrtcx npana anropa na rnip, moxe sapeccrpynarn y nino-
ninnx epxannnx peccrpax cnoc anropctxe npano n yt-xxn uac nporxrom
crpoxy oxoponn anropctxoro npana. uaxr peccrpani moxe yrn nnxopncra-
nn na xopncrt anropa n cnryanixx, xonn mac micne cynepeuxa npo ncranon-
nennx anropcrna.
3icnmcrtcx peccrpanix:
anropctxoro npana anropin na rnip;
anropctxoro npana pooroannin na cnyxonn rnip;
anropctxnx oronopin npo nepeauy (niuyxennx) manonnx npan na rnip;
anropctxnx oronopin npo nepeauy nnxnmunoro ao nennxnmunoro
npana na nnxopncrannx rnopy.
Hpn peccrpani anropctxoro npana na rnip moxyrt yrn sasnaueni nio-
mocri npo ]axr i ary onpnnmnennx, xxmo nonn naxnni.
Hepenarn peccrpani.
1. 3axncr ni nenpanomipnoro nnxopncrannx rnopy.
2. Moxnnnicrt crxrnennx s nopymnnxa nepeauennx saxonom mrpa]in
ra xomnencani sa nesaxonne nnxopncrannx sapeccrponanoro rnopy (cyma i-
ntme, nix nx nesapeccrponanoro rnopy i onecrn nopymennx nerme).
3. 3icnennx anropctxoro xonrponm.
4. Cnionrna neoxini npn npoaxy npan, yxnaanni pisnnx xonrpax-
rin, oconnno s inosemnnmn naprnepamn, npn yuacri n renepax, orpnmanni
xpenry, nnecenni manonnx npan o craryrnoro ]ony ninpncmcrna.
Peccrpanix c onnm s mexanismin saxncry anropctxnx npan ni nenpano-
mipnoro nnxopncrannx rnopy: sxnnxcrtcx moxnnnicrt onecrn cno anropct-
xi npana, naarn y pasi neoxinocri niomocre xomnerenrnnm opranam

67
(cnopn posnxsymrtcx y cyonomy nopxxy). Oconnno ne crocycrtcx ne-
onpnnmnennx rnopin. Hynixanix niomocre npo peccrpanim c cniuennxm
roro, mo nci rperi ocon nonepexeni npo ninoniantnicrt sa nenpanomipne
nnxopncrannx rnopin (ara noannx rnopy na peccrpanim c nesanepeunnm
]axrom icnynannx rnopy na ne momenr, a oxasarn ary crnopennx rnopy
moxe yrn naxxo).
Hpn yxnaanni yt-xxnx yro neoxino naarn rapanrim, mo nemac
pnsnxy npexnnennx nperensi s oxy cnpanxnix nonoapin anropctxnx
npan. 3axonoancrnom moxe yrn nepeaueno nenni nepenarn nx rnx, xro
sapeccrpynan cno npana.
V CBA moxnnno orpnmarn saxonny xomnencanim $150 rnc. (ao int-
me, npaxonymun onnary nocnyr anoxara) sa symncne nopymennx, xxmo npa-
na yno sapeccrponano nporxrom 3 micxnin nicnx onpnnmnennx ao neony-
nixonana poora sapeccrponana panime sa ]axr nopymennx.
Haxnnicrt peccrpani oonxsxona nx syxennx nosony npo nopymen-
nx, ac moxnnnicrt smenmnrn cyoni nnrparn.
Bapricrt peccrpani y CBA $30. Koni (1 un 2 srino saxony) ne-
peamrtcx o Finiorexn Konrpecy CBA. xmo mona e npo xomnmrepny
nporpamy, ro y xoni moxe yrn nicyrnx snauna uacrnna nporpamn (xx sa-
xncr ni nopyment npan).
Pexomenymrt na ncix poorax crannrn noniomnennx npo saxncr npan
( ao copyright, ara nepmo nynixani, imx), nanirt xonn nemac peccrpani
(nona ne c oonxsxonom ymonom).
Fintmicrt xpan cniry npncnanncx o Fepnctxo xonnenni, srino xxo pe-
ccrpanix anropctxoro npana ne c oonxsxonom ymonom oro oxoponn. B ara-
rtox xpanax cniry ne icnyc mexanismin peccrpani ra ninoninnx ycranon.
B raxnx xpanax, xx Aprenrnna, Hixaparya, Konymix, Hiepix, Haparna
ra in. peccrpanix anropctxoro npana c nepeymonom oro nnnnxnennx. V
CBA ninxramrt oonxsxoni peccrpani rnopn nanionantnnx anropin, ane
ni inosemnnx npanonnacnnxin ntoro ne nnmaramrt (sa nonpanxamn 1989 ra
1990 p.), rax camo niminnnn oonxsxone anropctxe mapxynannx pyxonannx
nnant. Hi i cnpxmonani na nocnnennx saxncry npan anropin CBA sa xopo-
nom mnxxom orpnmannx nonoxent Fepninctxo xonnenni. Ane npnnann-
nicrt peccrpani anropctxnx npan pernamenrycrtcx saxonoanuo, o ac nenni
nepenarn ra oarxonn saxncr, nanpnxna, snauno intmn, nopinnxno s ne-
sapeccrponannm rnopom, posmip xomnencani sa nesaxonne nnxopncrannx, npa-
no nnmararn ni nopymnnxa xomnencani sa nocnyrn anoxara i r..
V exxnx xpanax icnyc oxopona anropctxnx npan mnxxom enonynannx
rnopin, ni uac xxoro rnip sepiracrtcx y enosnrapi i o ntoro mamrt o-
cryn nnme ocon, xxi ninncann nenny yroy s anropom ao enosnrapicm.
enonymrt rnopn na repmin 10 poxin. Taxa ]opma oxoponn anropctxnx npan

68
icnyc, nanpnxna, n Vsexncrani ra n Poci. 3acroconymrt nauacrime mo-
o xomnmrepnnx nporpam.
Hopxox peccrpani anropctxnx npan n Vxpani nnsnauac nocranona Ka-
inery Minicrpin N 1756 (2001 p.) Hpo epxanny peccrpanim anropctxnx
npan i oronopin, xxi crocymrtcx npana anropa na rnip. 3icnmc peccrpa-
nim epxanna cnyxa inrenexryantno nnacnocri Vxpann. Kyn i rpea no-
anarn ninoniny saxnxy.
Hpn noanni n saxnni nonnnni micrnrncx nacrynni oonxsxoni marepiann:
saxna na peccrpanim anropctxoro npana;
npnmipnnx rnopy.
Kpim ntoro, nonnnen yrn cnnauenn epxannn sip sa noannx saxnxn
y ncranonnenomy posmipi.
Hoarn saxnxy na peccrpanim anropctxoro npana moxe anrop, oro cna-
xocment ao xni npanonacrynnnx, xx ]isnuna, rax i mpnnuna ocoa, xx
camocrino, rax i uepes onipeny ocoy. B ocranntomy nnnaxy o marepianin
saxnxn oacrtcx onipenicrt, nnana saxnnnxom na neennx inonocrna.
V nnnaxy, xxmo anropctxe npano o]opmnxcrtcx na ocoy, mo ne c
anropom (na rnip, crnopenn y pesyntrari cnyxonoro sanannx), ro neoxino
naarn oxymenr, mo nirnepxyc nanexnicrt manonnx npan ni ocoi.
Posrnx saxnxn na peccrpanim anropctxoro npana nepeauac rintxn ne-
penipxy naxnnocri npannntnocri o]opmnennx ncix neoxinnx oxymenrin.
Hicnx oepxannx nosnrnnnoro pimennx sa saxnxom saxnnnx nonnnen
onnarnrn epxanne mnro sa nnauy cnionrna y ncranonnenomy posmipi.
Hicnx onnarn niomocri npo nnauy cnionrna na anropctxe npano
nynixymrtcx n o]ininomy mnereni enapramenry inrenexryantno
nnacnocri, sanocxrtcx y ninoninn epxannn peccrp, a saxnnnx oe-
pxyc cnionrno npo peccrpanim anropctxoro npana na rnip. Hponeypa
peccrpani anropctxoro npana n Vxpani samac 2 micxni. (3pasxn Cni-
onrn naneeni n oarxy nanpnxinni ntoro nnannx).
Hpo peccrpanim oronopin, xxi crocymrtcx npana anropa na rnip, nna-
crtcx pimennx epxanno cnyxn. Beertcx epxannn peccrp oronopin,
xxi crocymrtcx npana anropa na rnip. Biomocri npo peccrpanim nynixymrt-
cx y o]ininomy mnereni epxanno cnyxn s nnrant oxoponn anropctxoro
npana i cymixnnx npan Anropctxe npano i cymixni npana ra n Karanosi
epxanno peccrpani, mo nepionuno nnacrtcx.
3a epxanny peccrpanim cnnauymrtcx sopn, posmip xxnx ncranonneno
Kainerom Minicrpin Vxpann.
Cnionrno npo anropctxe npano ra pimennx npo peccrpanim oronopy
nnacrtcx y micxunn crpox ni arn epxanno peccrpani esnocepento
saxnnnxy ao oro onipeni ocoi.

69
Hanpnxna, sa 1995 - 2008 p. IB nnano nona 25000 cnionrn npo
peccrpanim npan anropa na rnip, intme 1000 piment npo peccrpanim oro-
nopin npo nepeannx npan anropa na rnip.

2.1.7. K@'iH$H-' J' PK/H$KLN'@@] 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

Anrop moxe orpnmarn cnom nnnaropoy:
1) srino oronopy, xxn xonxpernsyc nm nnnaropoy nicnx oronopen-
nx xonrparenramn (anropctxn oronip);
2) sanxxn ixm opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx.
V Himeuunni npana opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx perynmmrtcx
oxpemnm 3axonom (3axon o conmennn anropcxnx n cmexntx npan or
9.09.1965).
Ha mixnaponnx xon]epennixx nynac ymxa, mo xonexrnnne ynpannin-
nx, soxpema n c]epi mysnxn, noxn mo nemnnyue, ane y mayrntomy crane
moxnnnnm xonrpont sa onomorom rexniunnx sacoin, nanpnxna, innniy-
antnn onix s nnxopncrannxm Inrepnery s merom nnnnarn nnnaropon na-
nirt y pasi maconoro nnxopncrannx rnopin.
Ane opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx nnxonymrt me inmi ]ynx-
ni, oxpim e]exrnnnoro snpannx nnnaropon, soxpema posnoin nnnaropo-
n sa nennnmn npnnnnnamn (nanpnxna, y upanni sneoconeni nnecxn pos-
noinxmrt srino pernnry nonynxpnocri).

2.1.8. [PNH$LU/Kf -HiHP>$

Anropctxi oronopn ynamrt: (cr.33 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cy-
mixni npana):
npo nepeauy (niuyxennx) manonnx npan;
npo nepeauy nnxnmunoro ao nennxnmunoro npana na nnxopncrannx
rnopin;
oronopn samonnennx;
3a oronopom npo nepeauy npan na nnxopncrannx rnopy cycxr anro-
pctxoro npana ac osnin na nnxopncrannx rnopy yt-xxnm niomnm cnoco-
om ao xxnmoct nennnm cnocoom rperi ocoi, xxa ne c cycxrom AH. Bn-
xopncrannx rnopy onycxacrtcx nnxnmuno na nicrani anropctxoro oronopy
sa nnnxrxom nnnaxin, nepeauennx saxonom.
3a anropctxnm oronopom samonnennx anrop soonxsycrtcx crnopnrn y
mayrntomy rnip srino ymon oronopy i nepearn oro samonnnxoni.
Hepeaua nnxnmunoro npana nepeauac nepeauy npana nnxopncrony-
narn rnip nennnm cnocoom i y ncranonnennx mexax rintxn oni ocoi, xxa
mac npano osnonnrn un saoponnrn noine nnxopncrannx rnopy inmnm
ocoam. 3a ocoom, xxi nanexann anropctxi npana i xxa x nepeana, sann-

70
macrtcx npano na nnxopncrannx rnopy n ri uacrnni, mo ne nepeana (na-
npnxna, nepeano npano nirnopennx ra nyniunoro nnxonannx, a npano o-
snonxrn nepexnan, nepepoxn, nxnmuennx o sipox, imnopr romo ni).
3a oronopom npo nepeauy nennxnmunoro npana na nnxopncrannx rno-
py inmi ocoi nepeacrtcx npano nnxopncronynarn rnip nennnm cnocoom i
y ncranonnennx mexax sa ymonn, mo sa ocoom, xxa nepeac nennxnmune
npano, sepiracrtcx npano na nnxopncrannx rnopy i nepeauy nennxnmunoro
npana nnxopncrannx inmnm ocoam (nanpnxna, osnin sicnmnarn rearpa-
ntny nocranonxy sa nccom naacrtcx pamaryprom xintxom rearpam).
Anropctxi oronopn yxnaamrtcx y nnctmoni ]opmi. Bnnxrox: oronip
npo onynixynannx rnopy n nepionunnx nnannxx (raserax, xypnanax romo)
moxe yxnaarncx n ycni ]opmi.
V oronopi oonxsxono nnsnaueno, xxi came npana na nnxopncrannx
rnopy nepeamrtcx i un c ni npana nnxnmunnmn.
Manoni npana, ne sasnaueni y oronopi xx nepeani, sepiramrtcx sa
cycxrom anropctxoro npana. xmo ne sasnaueno inme, nepeani npana
nnaxamrtcx ne nnxnmunnmn.
V oronopi nxasano icrorni ymonn:
crpox i oronopy;
cnoci nnxopncrannx rnopy;
repnropix, na xxy nomnpmcrtcx nepeane npano;
posmip ra nopxox nnnnarn anropctxo nnnaropon;
3a nnmorom onic s cropin moxyrt yrn i inmi ymonn.
Anropctxa nnnaropoa nnsnauacrtcx:
y nicorxax ni oxoy, orpnmanoro ni nnxopncrannx rnopy (poxnri);
y nnrnxi ]ixconano cymn (naymantnn nnarix);
inmnm unnom.
Minimantna cranxa anropctxo nnnaropon ncranonnena Kainerom Mi-
nicrpin Vxpann.
3axonoancrnom nepeauena anropctxa nnnaropoa y nacrynnnx nnnaxax:
sa npano nnxopncrannx rnopy. Bnnnauycrtcx anropy ao oro cnaxo-
cmnxm sa nnannx, nynixanim, nnxonannx rnopy nayxn, nireparypn ao mnc-
renrna, mo nnaxacrtcx nnxopncrannxm rnopy (cr. 44 1 HKV). Anropctxn
ronopap ne nnnnauycrtcx sa nnannx poir, nnxonannx n nopxxy cnyxono-
ro sanannx, sa nayxoni nnanoni nnannx (sa nnxnmuennxm nipyunnxin, na-
nuantnnx nocinnxin);
sa crnopennx rnopy srino oronopy samonnennx (anropctxn ronopap);
sa crnopennx ra nnxopncrannx cnyxonoro rnopy.
B ycix nnnaxax posmip ra nopxox nnnnarn nnnaropon symonnmcrtcx
oronopom.

71
oronip samonnennx moxe nepeauarn nnnnary samonnnxom anroponi
anancy xx uacrnnn anropctxo nnnaropon.
V ninensinnx yroax nepenaxno sacroconycrtcx naymantnn nnarix
(lump payment), roro nnnnara nnnaropon y nnrnxi sa]ixconano y ninen-
sini yroi cymn nonnicrm ao n poscrpouxy.
Poxnri ncranonnmmrt xx nicorox ni pospino ninn onynixonanoro
rnopy ao ni sarantno xacono nnpyuxn rearpy. Bnnnara poxnri nepionu-
na, ninonino o xintxocri npoannx npnmipnnxin ao nnxonant.
Binoniantnicrt sa nennxonannx anropctxoro oronopy nimxoy-
nannx inmi croponi ncix snrxin, npaxonymun nrpaueny nnroy. Cnopn
moo ninoniantnocri sa nennxonannx ymon anropctxnx oronopin nnpimy-
mrtcx y cyi.
V 2000 p. yna nisnxra 13-rn cepina nepcix cepiany Hpnron Bepnoxa
Xonmca ra oxropa Barcona y nn]ponomy ]opmari ra is nonom cmxernom xa-
nnom. V rnopi cepiany (Hen]intm) ra renexomnani, mo npnana npana na
noxas (Meia-Mocr) nnnnxnn mpnnuni nponemn s posnoinom npan IB. 3a-
pas marepiann cepiany apemronani i ne ninxramrt nnnycxy na expani.
Vmonn oronopy c ne icnnmn, xxmo:
noripmymrt cranonnme anropa (npanonacrynnnxa) y nopinnxnni s
oymonnennm unnnnm saxonoancrnom;
omexymrt npano anropa na crnopennx mayrnix rnopin na sasnaue-
ny n oronopi remy un y sasnaueni ranysi;

2.1.9. ;&:"h"@@] 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P

3axon osnonxc n exxnx nnnaxax nintno nnxopncronynarn rnip es
sron anropa un nirnopmnarn npnmipnnxn rnopy iniorexam ao apxinam,
nx nanuannx ra n oconcrnx ninxx.
3axon osnonxc nintno nnxopncronynarn rnip es sron anropa, ane s
oonxsxonnm sasnauennxm imeni anropa i xepena sanosnuennx y pasi:
nnxopncrannx nnrar, n romy uncni n ]opmi ornxin npecn, nxnmuennx
ypnnxin s nncrynin i rnopin o ]onorpam, nieorpam, nporpam monnennx;
xx inmcrpani y nnannxx, nepeauax monnennx un nepeauax nanua-
ntnoro xapaxrepy;
nirnopennx n npeci (nepepyxynannx) un nyniune nnxonannx ony-
nixonannx n raserax un xypnanax crare s norounnx exonomiunnx, nonirnu-
nnx, penirinnx ra coniantnnx nnrant un rnopin raxoro x xapaxrepy, xxmo
ne cneniantno ne saoponeno anropom (nemac npnmirxn: nepepyx es o-
snony saoponeno);
nirnopennx y xaranorax rnopin, nncrannennx na ocrynnnx nynini
nncranxax, y xonexnixx romo;

72
nnannx onynixonannx rnopin pentc]no-xpanxonnm mpn]rom nx
cninnx;
nyniune nnxonannx mysnunnx rnopin ni uac o]ininnx ra penirinnx
nepemoni, a raxox noxoponin;
Fes sron anropa osnonxcrtcx:
nirnopennx iniorexamn i apxinamn npnmipnnxin rnopy penporpa]i-
unnm cnocoom:
- sa samonnennxmn ]isnunnx oci nx nnxopncrannx s merom ocnirn un
npnnarnoro ocnixennx (mona e npo oxpemi crarri un ypnnxn rnopin);
- nx sepexennx ao sminn nomxoxynanoro un sarynenoro npnmip-
nnxa cnoc iniorexn ao s ]ony ananoriuno iniorexn, xonn ne ne mac
cncremarnunoro xapaxrepy;
penporpa]iune nirnopennx nanuantnnmn saxnaamn nx aynropnnx
sanxrt ao xx inmcrpani nx nanuannx;
nirnopennx nnxnmuno n oconcrnx ninxx ao nx snnuanoro xona cim
(sa nnnxrxom apxirexrypnnx cnopy, xomnmrepnnx nporpam, penporpa]iunoro
nirnopennx xnnr, nornnx rexcrin, rnopin opasornopuoro mncrenrna).
V 1980 p. y Hopneri crnopeno Koninop opranisanim s ynpanninnx
npanamn na penpoyxynannx. Mera: nnpimnrn nponemy necanxniononanoro
]oroxonimnannx xnnr, xypnanin, raser romo. 3anponannn ninensi xopncry-
nauin. V 2002 p. saponnn $29,4 mnn.
Koninop c onnm is sacnonnnxin Mixnapono ]eepani ronapncrn s
oxoponn npan na penpoyxynannx (IFRRO), xxa opranisyc ronapncrna s xo-
nexrnnnoro ynpanninnx n yctomy cniri. Hi opranisani yxnaamrt yron s
npanonnacnnxamn ao x npecrannnxamn i nnamrt ninensi na xonimnannx,
a ronopapn nnnnauymrt nnacnnxam. 3apas raxi opranisani c y 49 xpanax (na
2.2004): CBA, Kanaa, nonix, Fpasnnix, anix, Hontma, uexix, Hopnerix,
Vropmnna, Inix, Pocix, Pymynix, Hnrna, Himeuunna, upannix, Bennxopn-
ranix, Iranix, Ancrpix, Fentrix, Ancrpanix, Hiepnann ra in.
Axryantnicrt spocrac y snxsxy s noxnom nn]ponnx rexnonori. Oprani-
sani samamrtcx raxox ninensynannxm nn]ponoro xonimnannx.
V Hopneri saxon osnonxc nintne xonimnannx nx nnxopncrannx y xoni
cim ra pysin. He rpea nnarnrn, xx npannno, sa xonim n ocxsi 2,57,5 %
opnrinantnoro rnopy. He sponeno, mo ne nnrpauarn uac i xomrn nx no-
myxin npanonnacnnxa, xonn xonim ponxrt nx nanuannx, nayxono poorn i
r.n. Bnnxrox cranonnxrt i iniorexn.
Macone xonimnannx sicnmmrt nx cnyxonoro nnxopncrannx n opra-
nax ocnirn, epxannoro ynpanninnx, isneci, nepxnax, ra inmnx nnnaxax xo-
nimnannx ne nx npoaxy. Toro ertcx ne npo niparcrno (nepepyx s me-
rom npoaxy). nx nnyrpimnix norpe mopiuno nesaxonno xonimcrtcx
~300 mnp crop. xnnr, xypnanin, nor i r.n. V Hopneri s nacenennxm 4,5 mnn
uononix - ~600 mnn crop. (ne 3,2 mnn xnnr ocxrom 200 crop.). Koninop sa-

73
pas snpac nnarnm s 80 % ntoro ocxry, mac yron s mxonamn, yninepcnre-
ramn, xonexamn, ypxonnmn crpyxrypamn, Hapnamenrom, opranamn npano-
cyx, ]inanconnmn ycranonamn, nepxnamn, ninpncmcrnamn.
Bnamrt ninensi na xonimnannx pyxonano npoyxni y nennnx mexax:
15 % ao 1 rnana s xnnrn;
2 crarri s onoro xypnany na 1 ocoy na pix;
cynopi omexennx croconno nornnx rexcrin (inoi 500 xoni na 1
rnip na pix);
na nepionuni nnannx rnny raser es omexent.
Hina cropinxn xoni ni 0,04 o 0,08$ sanexno ni xareropi xopncry-
naua. Hopnestxi anropn nimonnnnct ni sopy nonno in]opmani npo re, xxi
rnopn xonimmrt. 3xconymrt nnme xareropi rnopin i nnant, ronopapn pos-
noinxmrt no ninoninnm aconianixm, nanpnxna, y ]opmi rpanrin, ~20 %
xomrin nepenoxrt sa xopon.
Harononnime nasnaunime omexennx anropctxoro npana nnrynannx.
He cnne oonxsxone omexennx, mo nneene Fepnctxom xonnennicm.
Vmonn nnrynannx:
1. Mera: nayxona, ocninnntxa, nonemiuna, xpnrnuna, in]opmanina.
2. Hnrara nonnnna yrn is onynixonanoro rnopy.
3. Ocxr nnrarn nnsnauacrtcx merom.
4. Oonxsxone nocnnannx na nepmoxepeno.
V Himeuunni c oxpema crarrx ( 51) y 3H npo anropctxe npano. Posrnx-
ac 3 rnnn nnrynannx: s nayxonom merom, npn crnopenni nireparypnnx un
mysnunnx rnopin (ypnnxn s onynixonanoro rnopy y camocrinomy nayxono-
my, nireparypnomy, mysnunomy rnopi)
nx mysnunnx rnopin merom moxe yrn naponpynannx, soxpema nx
imnponisani, ao crnopennx aconiani s nennnm npomixxom uacy n icropi.
3V ne nepeauac nnrynannx y mysnunnx rnopax.
V upanni nnrarn s mysnunnx rnopin nnsnani xx nenpnnycrnmi: nemox-
nnno nxasarn xepeno i anropa rnopy, s xxoro nsxra nnrara, nemoxnnno
ncranonnrn mery, sanx xxo sacroconycrtcx nnrara.
nx ]ororpa]iunnx rnopin ra rnopin mncrenrna nnrynannx moxnnne
nnme n nonnomy ocxsi. V upanni cyona npaxrnxa nimonnxnact ni nnry-
nannx rnopin mncrenrna (xyoxnix ra nnacrnunnx), o xxmo rnip nirnopm-
crtcx uacrxono ne nopymyc mopantni npana anropa, a xxmo nonnicrm, ro ne
ne xoporxa nnrara.
Baxnnnnm c nnrannx npo npnnycrnmn ocxr nnrarn: ne nonnnen nepe-
nnmynarn ro, mo nnnpanann merom.
Cr. 9-bis Fepnctxo xonnenni nepeauac, mo epxann Comsy mamrt
npano osnonxrn nirnopennx rnopy sa ymonn, mo raxe nirnopennx ne nano-
cnrt mxon nopmantnomy nnxopncrannm rnopy ra ne sauinac saxonni inrepe-
cn anropa.

74
Tpea oninmnarn xx mery nnrynannx, smicr ra ocm rnopy, rax i smicr
ra ocm rnopy, n xxomy nnxopncrana nnrara.
Mery nnrynannx nnsnauamrt nanionantni saxonoancrna, ane c cnnn
xpnrepi:
mera nnrynannx nonxsana is smicrom rnopy, n xxomy nnrara nnxopnc-
ronycrtcx;
rnip, xxn nnrycrtcx, nonnnen nnxopncronynarnct xx nirnepxennx
ao xx ocxr xpnrnxn y rnopi, xxn nnrary micrnrt.
Himentxa cyona npaxrnxa sponna nncnonox, mo nnrynannx nnme s me-
rom npnxpamynannx ra ononnennx rnopy, roro es cyrrcno neoxinocri,
c nopymennxm anropctxoro npana. Hnrarn nonnnni nnxopncronynarncx nnme
y rnopax, mo xapaxrepnsymrtcx rnopuom nesanexnicrm (nanirt xxmo noy-
mxn nnnyunrn nnrarn, nnmacrtcx rnip, xxn moxe oxoponxrncx anropctxnm
npanom).
Bicyrnicrt uirxoro saxonoanuoro nnsnauennx ymon ra napamerpin nn-
rynannx npnsnonrt o napaoxcantnnx nncnonxin.
Hanpnxna, srino s cr. 4 Vron BOIB npo anropctxe npano
xomnmrepni nporpamn oxoponxmrt xx nireparypni rnopn y posyminni cr. 2
Fepnctxo xonnenni. Toro moxna sponrn nncnonox npo npnnycrnmicrt
nnrynannx. Ane xxmo npoananisynarn, ro ne sposymino, xxom moxe yrn me-
ra nnrynannx.
Baxxo yxnnrn, mo ]parmenr xomnmrepno nporpamn moxe yrn nn-
xopncrano n inmi xomnmrepni nporpami s nayxonom, ocninnntxom, no-
nemiunom, xpnrnunom ra in]opmaninom merom.
Hporpama mac inapny ]opmy (cxnaacrtcx s nn]p 1 ra 0), xomann,
mo nxoxrt y nporpamy moxyrt yrn sanncani nnme rax, xx nepeaueno
monom nporpamynannx ra rexniunnmn sacoamn. Toro moxnnnicrt i neo-
xinicrt nnrynannx is onic nporpamn n inmy ao n inmn nireparypnn rnip
yxe nponemarnuna.
Oonxsxonnm c nocnnannx na nepmoxepeno sa nennnmn nnmoramn:
anropa nasnnamrt nonnnm imxm;
nasna rnopy nxasana nonnicrm, nnanent rnopy y pasi neoxinocri;
nx nepionunnx nnant nxasymrt nnannnnrno ra nnannx ao ary
onynixynannx;
nx rnopin opasornopuoro mncrenrna nxasymrt anropa, nasny, pix
crnopennx, sa moxnnnicrm micnx nncranxn;
nocnnannx na mysenn excnonar micrnrt nomep, nasny mysem, e
excnonar nncranneno.
Ocoa, xxa npanomipno nonoic npnmipnnxom xomnmrepno nporpamn,
es sron anropa mac npano:

75
nnecrn sminn nx saesneuennx ]ynxnionynannx na rexniunnx sacoax
xopncrynaua (sannc, sepexennx n namxri xomnmrepa, nnnpannennx xnnnx
nomnnox romo);
nnroronnrn ony xonim nx apxinnnx nine ao nx saminn npnmipnn-
xa, mo nrpauenn ao nenpnarnn o xopncrynannx;
exomninmnarn nporpamy (nepernopnrn s ocxrnoro xoy y nnxinn
rexcr), ane nnme s merom saesneunrn nsacmoim s inmom nporpamom i sa
ymonn, mo nixx inaxme nm in]opmanim ne moxna orpnmarn. exomninmcrt-
cx rintxn norpina uacrnna nporpamn i orpnmana in]opmanix ne nnxopncro-
nycrtcx nx crnopennx cxoxo nporpamn.

2.1.10. +N$H/ ->7 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

Anropctxe npano nounnac ixrn s nx crnopennx rnopy. Crpoxn oxoponn
npan anropin ncranonneni saxonoanuo (cr. 446 HKV, cr. 28 saxony Hpo an-
ropctxe npano i cymixni npana).
Oxopona, naana nnm saxonom, ic nporxrom xnrrx anropa ra 70 poxin
nicnx oro cmepri.
Bnnxrxn:
nx rnopin, onpnnmnennx anonimno ao ni ncenonimom, xxn ne
nnxnnxac cymnin moo ocon anropa 70 poxin nicnx onpnnmnennx rnopy;
na rnopn, crnopeni y cninanropcrni nporxrom xnrrx cninanropin ra
70 poxin nicnx cmepri ocranntoro cninanropa;
na rnopn nocmeprno peainironannx anropin 70 poxin nicnx peainirani;
na rnip, mo nynixycrtcx nnepme nporxrom 30 poxin nicnx cmepri an-
ropa 70 poxin nicnx arn npanomipnoro onynixynannx;
xxmo rnip onynixonano (onpnnmneno) nnepme nicnx saxinuennx
crpoxy oxoponn anropctxoro npana, ro ocoa, mo sicnnna onpnnmnennx,
xopncrycrtcx npanamn, pinnoninnnmn manonnm npanam anropa nporxrom 25
poxin s uacy nepmoro onpnnmnennx;
3axinuennx crpoxy oxoponn anropctxoro npana 1 ciunx poxy, nacryn-
noro sa poxom, n xxomy mann micne nxasani mpnnuni ]axrn. Oconcri ne-
manoni npana oxoponxmrtcx escrpoxono.
V cnamnny nepexoxrt rintxn manoni npana, ane cnaxocmni mamrt
npano npornixrn smini rnopy i nocxrannm na rnip, mo moxe sanarn mxon
uecri ri penyrani anropa. Ho saxinuenni crpoxy i anropctxoro npana rnopn
nepexoxrt y cycnintne naannx, roro moxyrt nintno es nnnnarn nnnaropo-
n nnxopncronynarnct yt-xxom ocoom sa ymonn orpnmannx nemanonnx
npan anropa.
Kainer Minicrpin Vxpann moxe ncranonnmnarn cneniantni nipaxy-
nannx o ]onin rnopunx cninox Vxpann sa nnxopncrannx na repnropi
Vxpann rnopin, xxi crann cycnintnnm naannxm.

76
Fepnctxa Konnennix ncranonnmc minimantnn crpox i anropctxnx
npan: nporxrom xnrrx anropa ra 50 poxin nicnx oro cmepri.

2.1.11. ;&W/NK LS:>h@KQ O$'P

Hesanexno ni npnsnauennx, smicry, oninxn, cnocoy i ]opmn nnpaxen-
nx, ne (cr. 449 HKV, cr. 35 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana):
nnxonannx (nireparypnnx, pamarnunnx, mysnunnx, mysnuno-
pamarnunnx, xopeorpa]iunnx, ]ontxnopnnx ra inmnx rnopin);
]onorpamn (nieorpamn);
nepeaui (nporpamn) opranisani monnennx.
Icnyc rpaxronxa cymixnnx npan xx npan, mo naamrtcx nnponnxam
npoyxni xyntrypn: nnponnxam ]onorpam, nieorpam, xinonpoyxni, opra-
nisanixm paiomonnennx (Hanpnxna, y Himeuunni xx cymixne npano posrnx-
amrt saxncr nnponnxin as annx i c ninonina npexrnna 1996 p. Cnpo-
napnamenry (96/9/EC)).
3axncr nnponnxin xinonpoyxni, sa nopmamn cymixnoro npana me ne
mac nennxo mixnapono nirpnmxn, xoua c ninonina npexrnna CC
(92/100/EC), xxa crocycrtcx npan npoxary, openn romo.
Horiuno yno ninecrn o cymixnnx npan raxox npana nnannin, ane
rpannino (icropnuno) x npana saxnmanncx oronopamn, ne yn saxncr,
noxinn ni anropctxoro i nin yn exonomiuno nnrinnm came nnannxm.
Ocrannim uacom sxnnnacx renennix o sminnennx oronipnoro crany anro-
pin. Hanpnxna, y nimentxomy saxonoancrni sxnnncx 3axon o yxpennennn
oronopno nosnnnn anropon n aprncron-ncnonnnrene 22.05.2002 p.
(BGBI N21 ni 28.03.2002p, c. 1155), merom xxoro c sanancynannx oroni-
pnnx nsacmoninocnn.
Cycxrn cymixnnx npan c onouacno xopncrynauamn anropctxnx npan,
ao anropctxnx ra cymixnnx npan inmnx oci (nanpnxna, opranisani mon-
nennx nnxopncronymrt ]onorpamn is ]ixconannmn nnxonannxmn).
Cycxr nnponnxn nieorpam sxnnncx n Vxpani, e nnepme nieor-
pamy ]opmanisonano xx oxpemn ocxr IB. He nci nisnxri pyxomi sopa-
xennx moxna nasnarn ayionisyantnnm rnopom. Ananoriuna cnryanix y rear-
pi: ne xoxna nocranonxa c anropctxnm (pexncepctxnm) nnrnopom. Toro ic-
nymrt nenni ymonn (xpnrepi).


77

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Crarrx 1.
Bnxonanni rnopin
Bnponnxn ]onorpam
Bnponnxn nieorpam
Opranisanix monnennx
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Pnc. 7 Cycxrn cymixnnx npan (CH)


2.1.12. K@K/@"@@] > J->fL@"@@] LS:>h@KQ O$'P

Cymixni npana nnnnxamrt nnacniox ]axry nnnnxnennx rnopy, nnpo-
nnnrna nieorpamn un ]onorpamn, onpnnmnennx nepeaui opranisani mon-
nennx (cr. 451 HKV, cr. 37 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana).
Ocoa, xxa mac cymixni npana, nx cnonimennx npo cno npana moxe na
ncix npnmipnnxax ]onorpam ra nieorpam ao x ynaxonxax nnxopncronynarn
cneniantnn snax, ncranonnenn saxonom, xxn micrnrt:
narnnctxa nirepa P, oneena xonom P ;
imx (nasna) ocon, xxi nanexnrt cymixne npano;
sasnauennx poxy nepmo nynixani ]onorpamn (nieorpamn).
3a nicyrnocri oxasin inmoro, nnxonannem, nnponnxom ]onorpamn un
nieorpamn nnaxamrtcx ocon, imena (nasnn) xxnx sasnaueni na ]onorpami,
nieorpami un x ynaxonni.
Oconcri nemanoni npana.
1. Bnxonannin rnopin:
nnmararn nnsnannx nnxonannem;
nnmararn, mo imx ao ncenonim sasnauanncx ao noniomnxnncx y
snxsxy s xoxnnm nncrynom, sanncom, nnxonannxm;
nnmararn saesneuennx nanexno xxocri sanncy nnxonannx ra npo-
rnixrn yt-xxomy nepexpyuennm, cnornopennm, cyrrcni smini, mo moxe
sanarn mxon oro uecri i penyrani.
2. Bnponnxin ]onorpam (nieorpam):

78
sasnaunrn cnoc imx (nasny) na xoxnomy noci sanncy ao ynaxonni
nopx is sasnauennxm anropin, nnxonannin i nasn rnopin;
nnmararn sraynannx y nponeci nnxopncrannx ]onorpamn (nieor-
pamn).
3. Opranisani monnennx:
nnmararn sraynannx cnoc nasnn y snxsxy is sanncom, nirnopen-
nxm, posnoncmxennxm cnoc nepeaui i nyniunnm nonropnnm cnonimennxm
inmom opranisanicm monnennx;
He rpea nnaxarn oxopony sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana yxe nonep-
xonom. Hanpnxna, oxopona mysnunoro rnopy srino saxony nounnacrtcx s
momenry crnopennx.
Oxoponxc:
nornn rexcr (y yt-xxi ]opmi);
snyuannx rnopy (na yt-xxomy incrpymenri);
pernamenryc:
nirnopennx y yt-xxi ]opmi, soxpema n enexrponni, nanirt y moi-
ntnnx rene]onax;
yt-xxe apanxynannx rnopy;
cneniantno i oxpemo nnxopncrannx sacoamn rene- ra paiomonnennx;
saxnmac ni nnariary (uacrxonoro nnxopncrannx xoua ypnnxy).
3axon oxonnmc nci acnexrn nonxsani s mysnunnmn rnopamn: ni nnxo-
nannx na cneni o nnponnnrna xom naxr-ncxin, xapaoxe, mointnnx rene-
]onin. Toro mysnunn rnip saxnmenn ne rintxn sa ]opmom, a no cyri,
saxnmeni nci ie mysnunoro rnopy. uaxr nesaxonnoro nnxopncrannx ie my-
snunoro rnopy moxna nerxo nepenipnrn.

2.1.13. ;&:"h"@@] :'f@HPKQ O$'P PK/H@'P^>P, PK$H&@K/>P kH@Hi$':
N' P>-"Hi$':, N' H$i'@>J'^>f :HP6"@@]

3axon onycxac nintne nnxopncrannx ocxrin cymixnnx npan, x ]ixca-
nim, nirnopennx i oneennx o sarantnoro nioma sa ymon:
nirnopennx sasnauennx ocxrin s merom nanuannx un nayxonnx o-
cnixent es osnony excnopry sa mexi Vxpann;
sepexennx sa cycxramn cymixnnx npan npana na cnpanennny nn-
naropoy s ypaxynannxm xintxocri nirnopennx npnmipnnxin;
orpnmannx oconcrnx nemanonnx npan cycxrin cymixnnx npan.
onycxacrtcx nintne nirnopennx n omamnix ymonax nnxnmuno n
oconcrnx ninxx rnopin i nnxonant, sa]ixconannx y ]onorpamax ra nieor-
pamax. Bnnnara nnnaropon nnacnnxam anropctxoro i/ao cymixnnx npan sa
ne nirnopennx sicnmcrtcx y ]opmi nipaxynant 5 % ni naprocri ona-
nannx i marepiantnnx nocin, is sacrocynannxm xxnx moxna sicnnrn ni-
rnopennx n oconcrnx ninxx. Bnnxrxamn c onanannx ra marepiantni noci,

79
npnsnaueni nx npo]ecinoro nnxopncrannx, raxi, mo excnoprymrtcx s
Vxpann ao nnosxrtcx na mnrny repnropim es xomepnino mern. 3ip ni-
paxynant sa uncri noci ra onanannx n Vxpani nneeno y 2004 p.
Posmip nipaxynant nnsnauac Kainer Minicrpin, a nepepaxonymrt x
nnponnxn ra imnoprepn onanannx i marepiantnnx nocin (marniro]onin,
nieoxamep, ]nem-xapr, uncrnx xomnaxr-ncxin) nnsnauennm Vcranonom op-
ranisanixm xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx s merom nnnnarn cycxram anropctxnx
ra cymixnnx npan.
3apas sanponononano raxy cxemy posnoiny
1
: nnsnauamrtcx 4 naintmi
ra napenpesenrarnnnimi yxpanctxi mepexi peanisani ayionisyantno npo-
yxni, xxi mopiuno noamrt snirn npo cno npoaxi. 1000 nponosnni (mysn-
xa ra xino]intmn), mo naintme npoananncx, cranonnxrt asy ocxrin, sa xxi
sicnmmrt nnnnarn, o monipno, mo came nonn xonimnanncx y omamnix
ymonax. Posnoin nipaxynant: 50 % anropctxe npano; 25 % nnxonanctxi
npana; 25 % ]onorpamni (nieorpamni) npana.
Hoini nnnnarn nepeaueni nanionantnnmn saxonoancrnamn intmo-
cri xpan i niomi ni nasnom nipaxynant sa npnnarny xonim, a y Cnponi
nnnaropon sa uncri noci.
3axon osnonxc es sron nnponnxa ]onorpam un nieorpam, onynixo-
nannx s xomepninom merom, nyniuno nnxonynarn ni ]onorpamn ao nieo-
rpamn, nyniuno cnonimarn n e]ip ao no nponoax (uepes xaent) nnxonan-
nx, sa]ixconani y ]onorpamax un nieorpamax. Posmip nnnaropon ra nopx-
ox nnnnarn nnsnaueno Kainerom Minicrpin (nocr. N 71 ni 18.01.2003).
o uncna cycxrin, xxi sicnmmrt xomepnine nnxopncrannx ]onorpam ra
nieorpam, ninecenni ninpncmcrna ra opranisani roprinni, roro marasnnn,
yninepmarn, ropronentni nenrpn romo, e sicnmcrtcx npoax ronapin is
mysnunnm cynponoom, rearpn, ncxorexn, niuni xnyn, apn, pecropann,
ynnxn ninounnxy, roreni, nacaxnpctxn rpancnopr.
Tenepaioxomnanix c nnarnnxom nnnaropon sa nnxopncrannx ]ono-
rpam sa onomorom nyniunoro cnonimennx (cr.43 , n saxony) , a opranisani
ra ninpncmcrna roprinni nnarnnxamn sa nyniune nnxonannx ]onorpam
(cr. 43, a saxony) ra nepernx nieorpam.
Cycxr rocnoapmnannx moxe yxnacrn oronip npo nnnnary nnnaropo-
n sa cnom nnopom s onicm s ynonnonaxennx opranisani xonexrnnnoro
ynpanninnx i noronrn posmip nnnaropon.
Heyxnaennx oronopy i nennnnara nnnaropon c nopymennxm npan
cycxrin anropctxoro ra cymixnnx npan.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 3

80
Bnxnmune npano
nnxopncrannx
Bnponnxam cnox ]onorpam ra nieorpam
Opranisanixm monnennx cnox nporpam yt-xxnm cnocoom
Bnxnmune npano
osnonxrn ao
saoponxrn
uixcanim
nnxonant y ]onorpamax ra nieorpamax
nporpam opranisani monnennx na marepiantnomy nocicni
Posnoncmxennx
nnxonant, sa]ixconannx y ]onorpamax, uepes yt-xxi sacon snxsxy s
nintnnm ocrynom yt-xxo ocon ao mnxxom nepeaui npan nnacnocri
]onorpam ra nieorpam mnxxom nepmoro npoaxy ao inmo
nepeaui npan nnacnocri
Hyniune
cnonimennx
nesa]ixconannx nnxonant (npxmn e]ip)
]onorpam ra nieorpam uepes yt-xxi sacon snxsxy s nintnnm
ocrynom yt-xxo ocon*
nporpam opranisani monnennx mnxxom rpancnxni ra perpancnxni
Birnopennx
nnxonant, sa]ixconannx y ]onorpamax ra nieorpamax
]onorpam ra nieorpam n yt-xxi ]opmi ra yt xxnm cnocoom
Komepnine
nnxopncrannx
npoxar ao manonn nam nnxonant
npoxar ]onorpam ra nieorpam
Hyniune nnxonannx ra emoncrpanim nporpam opranisani
monnennx y micnxx s nnarnnm nxoom
Bnosminmnannx sa]ixconannx ]onorpam ra nieorpam.
Bnesennx na mnrny repnropim Vxpann ]onorpam ra nieorpam s merom nomnpennx cepe
nynixn (xomepnine nnxopncrannx).
Homnpennx na repnropi Vxpann ao s repnropi Vxpann cnrnany is cynyrnnxa, mo nece
nporpamy opranisani monnennx.
Hpano nicrynarn
cno npana
*) Hi nintnnm ocrynom
yt-xxo ocon macrtcx
na ynasi, mo yt-xxa
ocoa moxe orpnmarn
ocryn o yt-xxoro
micnx i n yt-xxn uac sa
nnacnnm nnopom.

B'f@HP> O$'P'

Pnc. 8 Manoni npana cycxrin cymixnnx npan
81
3a nyniune nnxopncrannx nnnnauymrt: 1 % oxoin, oepxannx s roro
nny ixntnocri, n nponeci xxo sicnmcrtcx nnxopncrannx ocxrin cymix-
nnx npan, ao 2,5 % sarantno cymn nnrpar na sasnauenn nn nnxopncrannx
y pasi nicyrnocri oxoin (nanpnxna, cynponoxennx mysnxom ra nicnxmn
cnxrxonnx saxoin, xxi niynamrtcx na nynnnxx ra maanax).
3a nyniune cnonimennx mnxxom rpancnxni i perpancnxni sa]ixcona-
nnx y ]onorpamax nnxonant ra ]onorpam, onynixonannx s xomepninom
merom y nepeauax e]ipnoro ra cynyrnnxonoro paiomonnennx ra renea-
uennx 2 % oxoin, oepxannx s nny ixntnocri, n nponeci xxo sicnm-
crtcx nnxopncrannx OHIB, a sa nyniune cnonimennx uepes Inrepner 5 %
oxoin. V nnctmoni ]opmi naamrt niomocri npo nnxopncrani ]onorpamn
ra sa]ixconani n nnx nnxonannx nx posnoiny nnnaropon.
Posnoin nnnaropon mix cycxramn npan: nnxonannxm 50 %, nnpo-
nnxam ]onorpam ra nieorpam 50 % nnnaropon.
Posnoinxmrt nopinny: no 50 % mix yxpanctxnmn ra inosemnnmn nnxo-
nannxmn.
Hpn opranisani xonneprin, ]ecrnnanin ra in., e nnanycrtcx nnxopnc-
rannx ]onorpam, naamrt in]opmanim sa 5 nin o noi.
Hanpnxna, y 2005 p. Vxpanctxa nira mysnunnx npan sipana poxnri y
2,5 pasn intme, nix o roro: 500 rnc. s 500 oronopin: 1 % ni npnyrxy a-
pin, pecropanin, ncxorex, xnyin, cynepmapxerin, rpancnoprnnxin sa npo-
cnyxonynannx mysnxn. Ha 2006 p. nnanynann poxnri sintmnrn o 1 mnn.
3a xoponom nnxonanni orpnmymrt poxnri na pinni npnyrxy ni npo-
axy ncxin.
Paiocranni, TV-xanann nonnnni necrn onix, nanpnxna, sannc cnox
nepeau, i marn moxnnnicrt nanecrn x npn nepenipni. Honnnni nnarnrn ne
nnme anropam, a i nnxonannxm npn nnxopncranni xnix nnxonant (nanpnxna,
nnxonymrt rnopn Monapra. Anropctxi npana nnuepnanncx, ane nnxonannxm
nanexnrt nnarnrn.)
Hanpnxna, renenisini xanann, xxi posponxmrt cno nporpamn, nnxo-
pncronymrt ]onony mysnxy. Icnyc 2 mnxxn saxonnoro nnxopncrannx norpi-
nnx mysnunnx rnopin: samonnrn y xomnosnropa s ninoninnm anropctxnm
ronopapom ao snepnyrncx o rax snanoro anxy mysnxn, oparn sa xara-
norom norpiny ra xynnrn. Hanionantna renexomnanix Vxpann (HTKV) ni-
nncana yroy s npecrannnnrnom Focus music n Vxpani, nocnyramn xxo
xopncrymrtcx raxi xomnani xx BBC, CNN, Discovery, MTV ra in.. HTKV
mac npano na nnxopncrannx 12000 ninensinnx mysnunnx rnopin. 3 nirunsnx-
nnmn anropamn yxnaamrt oronopn npo npano nnxopncrannx xnix rnopin n
e]ipi s nnnnarom rpomono nnnaropon ao na esonnarni ocnoni.
Tpea nnponrn snnuxy nonarn o saxony y cycxrin rocnoapmnannx. Ha-
npnxna, y Ionnani nopymnnxin nnme 2 %, a n Vxpani nporxrom 2004 -2006

82
poxin orpnmynannct saxony npo nnxopncrannx xomepninnx ]onorpam ~1 %
1
.
V nac nxe nopmantno cnpnmamrt ninensim na npano noxasy ]intmy.
V cr. 1 saxony Hpo anropctxe npano i cymixni npana nnsnaueno, mo
opranisanix xaentnoro monnennx ne renepaioopranisanix, xxa sicnmc
nyniune cnonimennx paio- ra renenisinnx nepeau i nporpam monnennx
(cnox ra uyxnx).
Hyniune cnonimennx ne oneennx o sarantnoro nioma, nepeaua sa
sroom cycxrin anropctxoro npana i/ao cymixnnx npan n e]ip sa onomo-
rom paioxnnnt (nasepnnx npomenin, ramma-npomenin romo), y romy uncni
s nnxopncrannxm cynyrnnxin ao nepeaua na niant sa onomorom pisnnx
nnin nasemnoro, nisemnoro un ninonoro xaenm (nponinnxonoro, onro-
nonoxonnoro un inmoro nny), nnxonant rnopin, yt-xxnx snyxin, x sanncin
y ]onorpamax ra nieorpamax, nporpam opranisani monnennx). Vmona: nepe-
auy moxe cnpnnxrn neomexena xintxicrt oci y pisnnx micnxx, niane-
nicrt xxnx ni micnx nepeaui raxa, mo es sasnaueno nepeaui sopaxennx
un snyxn ne moxyrt yrn cnpnnxri.
Hocranona Kainery Minicrpin (ni 18.01.09 N 72, oarox I) sa nyni-
une cnonimennx ao perpancnxnim (sa Pnmctxom xonnennicm ne onouacna
ao nonropna nepeaua inmom opranisanicm monnennx) nepeauac minima-
ntny cranxy nnnaropon sa nnxopncrannx rnopin nayxn, nireparypn i mncre-
nrna (n r. u. xomnmrepnnx nporpam ra as annx) 5% oxoy, oepxanoro
s roro nny ixntnocri, y nponeci xxo niynacrtcx nyniune cnonimennx
(xaentne reneauennx, paiomonnennx, uepes Inrepner). Hx nnnaropoa (po-
xnri) napaxonycrtcx i nnnnauycrtcx sanexno ni rpnnanocri nyniunoro cno-
nimennx (y nennnx nnnaxax moxe yrn smenmena n. 6 oarxa II o nic
nocranonn).
Cr. 179 Iocnoapctxoro xoexcy Vxpann perynmc yxnaannx oronopy
oneparopom xaentnoro monnennx s opranisanicm monnennx, mo naac npo-
rpamn nx perpancnxni. 3micr oronopy nintno nnsnauamrt croponn.
Bnnaropoa nnsnauacrtcx xx % oxoin, xxi c xepenom nx nnnnarn.
Cr. 44 3V Hpo reneauennx ra paiomonnennx" ncranonneno, mo xepena
]inancynannx renepaioopranisani ne mxerni acnrnynannx, aonenrct-
xa nnara, xomrn sa nnponnnrno ra rpancnxnim pexnamn, nepeau na samon-
nennx romo. nx oneparopin xaentnoro monnennx oxon ne nacamnepe
aonenrctxa nnara. B npnnnnni, n nnarexi sa nocnyrn xaentnoro renea-
uennx nonnnna nepeauarnct nnara sa nnxopncrannx OHIB.
Oonxsxonom ymonom c naannx in]opmani npo nnxopncrannx OHIB
oneparopamn xaentnoro monnennx.
Hanpnxna, y 2008 p. opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx sa orono-
pamn s xaentnnmn oneparopamn sipann 32 mnn. rpn. nnnaropon
2
.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2006, N 11
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2005, N 7
83
Ananoriuni nnnnarn nnnaropon nepeauamrt nanionantni saxonoan-
crna inmnx xpan
1
.
Hanpnxna, sa ony xnnnnny paiorpancnxni y Hontmi anropy nnnna-
uymrt ~$20.
B Vropmnni nnnaropoa sanexnrt ni smicry nporpam renepaioxomna-
ni: sa rpancnxnim nonnn nnnaropoa ne napaxonycrtcx, sa rpancnxnim mysnxn
nporxrom 2550 % e]ipnoro uacy 1 % ni oxoy, a nporxrom uacy, mo ne-
pennmyc 504 % ni oxoy.
V uexi nnnaropoa cxnaac 1,3 % oxoin renexomnani ra 5 % oxoin
paioxomnani. Bnnaropoa, xxy nnnnauymrt xa]e, pecropann, rpancnoprni
sacon sanexnrt ni naxnnocri anaparypn paio ao renenisopa ra uacy x
nnxopncrannx.
Opranisaropn ncxorex y upanni un uexi cnnauymrt 45 % ni xom-
rin, sipannx sa xnnrxn.
V upanni sa nyniune nnxonannx ]onorpam y xa]e, apax romo ra n
renepaionepeauax y 2004 p. sipann ~ t20 mnn, a nsarani sa nyniune nnxo-
pncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan mopiuno snpamrt
cymy, xxa nepennmyc t600 mnn.
2
. V upanni s xoxnoro xnnrxa na xinonoxas
11 % naprocri nipaxonymrt na posnnrox xinomncrenrna, s xoxnoro npnnar-
noro xonimnannx 25 % y ]on xyntrypnoro posnnrxy ra coniantno ni-
rpnmxn anropin. Anropctxa nnnaropoa sa nnxopncrannx rnopin y rearpi 12
% oxoin y Hapnxi ra 10% n inmnx paonax, 10 % ni npoaxy cnexraxnm
sa xopon.
Fesnicranna nennnnara ycranonnennx saxonom xomrin, nunnena symnc-
no xepinnnxom ninpncmcrna un opranisani nesanexno ni ]opmn nnacnocri
rxrne sa coom xpnminantny ninoniantnicrt y nnrnxi mrpa]y ao nosan-
nennx npana oimarn nenni nocan.
B Vropmnni ra uexi, nanpnxna, npn nopymenni crpoxin nnnnarn cyma
nonomcrtcx. V uexi imrt 65 xonrponepin, xxi sicnmmrt moniropnnr nn-
xopncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan, soxpema n xa]e ra
apax. V upanni imrt 650 arenrin y 85 perionantnnx npecrannnnrnax.

2.1.14. +N$H/ ->7 LS:>h@KQ O$'P

3rino nanionantnoro saxonoancrna Vxpann, npana nnxonannin, nnpo-
nnxin ]onorpam ra nieorpam ra opranisani monnennx oxoponxmrtcx 50 po-
xin ni arn nepmoro sanncy nnxonannx, onynixynannx ]onorpamn un ny-
niunoro cnonimennx nepeaui.
Crpox oxoponn saxinuycrtcx 1 ciunx poxy, nacrynnoro sa rnm, n xxomy
saxinuymrtcx nepeaueni crpoxn oxoponn.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 7
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 3

84
Cnpocoms oronocnn namip sintmnrn crpox i anropctxnx npan na my-
snuni rnopn o 95 poxin. Taxnm unnom, anropn ra nnxonanni moxyrt orpn-
mynarn ronopapn ni t150 o t2000 sa xoxny nicnm nporxrom ncic cnoc
xapcpn ra nicnx npnnnnennx xonneprno ixntnocri. Ininiaropom nnx i
crana xomnanix EMI, y xxo n 2012 p. nnuepnymrtcx npana na panni rnopn
rpynn Beatles.

2.1.15. dO$'P6>@@] :'f@HPK:K O$'P':K LS&W/N>P 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'
N' LS:>h@KQ O$'P

Cnocon ynpanninnx manonnmn npanamn:
oconcro;
uepes cnoro nonipenoro;
uepes opranisanim xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx (OKV).
Opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx crnopmmrtcx cycxramn anro-
pctxoro i/ao cymixnnx npan. Mamrt craryc mpnnuno ocon. He c xomep-
ninnmn opranisanixmn. He mamrt npana nnxopncronynarn OHIB, onipeni
m nx ynpanninnx. Honnonaxennx na ynpanninnx manonnmn npanamn
orpnmymrt na ocnoni oronopin, yxnaennx nnctmono. Mamrt npano ynpan-
nxrn na repnropi Vxpann manonnmn npanamn inosemnnx cycxrin AH ra
CH srino oronopin s ananoriunnmn inosemnnmn opranisanixmn. Opranisani
xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx yxnaamrt oronopn npo nnxopncrannx npan, ne-
peannx n ynpanninnx, noroxymrt posmip nnnaropon ra snpamrt, posno-
inxmrt ra nnnnauymrt sipany nnnaropoy sa nnxopncrannx ocxrin AH
i/ao CH.
Hauacrime OKV oxoponxmrt npana:
na nyniune nnxonannx (mysnxa, mo nnxonymrt n pecropanax,na n-
cxorexax, n inmnx rpomactxnx micnxx);
na e]ipne monnennx (xnni ao sanncani nnxonannx no paio ra re-
neauennm);
na nirnopennx mysnunnx rnopin (na xacerax, xomnaxr-ncxax, nnari-
nxax ra inmnx marepiantnnx nocixx);
na nnxonannx pamarnunnx rnopin;
na penporpa]iune nirnopennx nireparypnnx i mysnunnx rnopin (]o-
roxonimnannx);
nnxonannin i nnponnxin ]onorpam na nnnaropoy sa e]ipne monnen-
nx ao nnxopncrannx ]onorpam.
OKV neyrt cnpann s xopncrynauamn xinorearpamn, paiocrannixmn,
pecropanamn i naac m ninensi na nnxopncrannx rnopin anropin, s xxnmn mac
oronopn npo neennx cnpan. Orpnmany anropctxy nnnaropoy OKV posno-
inxc cepe cnox unenin srino ncranonnennx npannn posnoiny.
85
Croconno pamarnunnx rnopin, o xxnx ninocxrt raxox xinocnenapi,
nanromimy, onepn romo, OKV ic xx arenr, mo npecrannxc anropa i noro-
xyc xonrpaxr s ymonamn nnxopncrannx rnopin.
B ranysi nireparypnnx rnopin, roro rnopin pyxonannx nesanexno ni
xanpy, OKV samacrtcx npanamn na ]oroxonimnannx iniorexamn, nanua-
ntnnmn saxnaamn, rpomactxnmn opranisanixmn i raxox posnoinxc nnna-
ropoy.
V 2004 p. sanouarxonano sip ra posnoin nnnaropon sa nirnopennx n
omamnix ymonax rnopin ra nnxonant, sa]ixconannx y ]onorpamax, nieor-
pamax (nocranona Kaminy 992 ni 27.06.2003) xx sip nipaxynant (nico-
rxin ni naprocri) s imnoprepin ra nnponnxin onanannx ra nocin. 3 2004 p.
nnnaropoy sa nnxopncrannx ocxrin ACH cnnauymrt rene- ra paiooprani-
sani ra nponaepn nporpamno nocnyrn. (VAACH sicnmc moniropnnr re-
ne- ra paionepeau, nanpnxna, xananin VT-1, 1+1, H, CTF, Inrep romo,
cxnaac axrn npo nopymennx ACH, noac cyoni nosonn).
3a nocranonom Kaminy sa perpancnxnim mysnxn ra xninin y nepeauax
xaentnoro reneauennx oneparopn renep nonnnni nepepaxonynarn npano-
nnacnnxoni 5 % cnoro piunoro oxoy. Kaentni oneparopn sapas nnarxrt
poxnri esnocepento renepaioxomnanixm sa nnxopncrannx xnix ]onorpam
ra nepeau, a nxe renepaioxomnani soonxsani nnpimynarn nnrannx anro-
pctxo nnnaropon
1
.
Bnsnauennx roro, xxi came OKV yyrt ynonnonaxennmn opranisanix-
mn, mo sicnmnarnmyrt snpannx i posnoin nnnaropon (poxnri) sa nnxo-
pncrannx onynixonannx s xomepninom merom ]onorpam ra nieorpam ra
sa]ixconannx y nnx nnxonant, c npeporarnnom MOHV i nineceno o xom-
nerenni IB (Haxas MOHV 1175 ni 22.12.08)
V 2009 raxnmn OKV ynn OH VMA ra OH Vxpanctxa nira mysnu-
nnx npan i, snicno, H VAACH. Pnnox sopy nnnaropon posinenn sa x
sroom mix noma ynonnonaxennmn cycxramn: VAACH samacrtcx so-
pom i posnoinom nnnaropon sa nyniune cnonimennx rnopin y apax, pec-
ropanax, ncxorexax, a VMA renepaiomonnennxm
2
.
Hanpnxna, Vxpanctxn mysnunn antxnc (VMA), mo nonoic npa-
namn na rnopn nona 600 nirunsnxnnx ra sapyixnnx aprncrin, noan inx 30
nosonin o cyin nporn oneparopin xaentnoro reneauennx sa nesaxonne,
es cneniantnoro oronopy, nnxopncrannx mysnunnx rnopin, npana na xxi na-
nexart ocnannm.
V 2008 p. OKV sipann intm 32 mnn rpn. nnnaropon, mo intme na
19 % nix y 2007 p.
3
. 3a annmn Paxynxono nanarn OKV mopiuno snpamrt
nnstxo 3,5 mnn t anropctxo nnnaropon, mo cxnaac 3 % norennino cymn

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 8, c. 63
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 8, c. 63
3
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 7

86
naxoxent o sopn sa nnxopncrannx anropctxoro npana cnnauymrt rintxn
7 % xopncrynauin. Tintxn y c]epi mysnxn Hontma snpac 67 mnn t, uexix
27 mnn t, (nacenennx 10,3 mnn) Vropmnna 38 mnn t (nacenennx 10,1 mnn),
Hnrna 3,7 mnn t (nacenennx 3,4 mnn)

2.1.16. A'QKLN 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' N' LS:>h@KQ O$'P

3V nnsnauac, xxi i nnaxamrtcx nopymennxmn anropctxoro npana
ra/ao cymixnnx npan:
yt-xxi i, mo nopymymrt nemanoni ra manoni npana cycxrin an-
ropctxoro npana ra/ao cymixnnx npan.
niparcrno onynixynannx, nirnopennx, nnesennx na mnrny repnro-
pim Vxpann ra nnnesennx, posnoncmxennx xonrpa]axrnnx npnmipnnxin
rnopin (n romy uncni xomnmrepnnx nporpam i as annx).
nnariar onynixynannx, nonnicrm ao uacrxono, uyxoro rnopy ni
imenem ocon, xxa ne c oro anropom.
Hnariar c nopymennxm xx nemanonnx npan (npano nnaxarncx anropom)
rax i manonnx (nnxopncrannx rnopy es osnony ra nnnnarn nnnaropon);
yt-xxi i nx cniomoro oxoy rexniunnx sacoin saxncry AH ra
CH, soxpema nnroronnennx, nnesennx s merom posnoncmxennx romo saco-
in nx raxoro oxoy.
niponennx, smina un nnnyuennx in]opmani npo ynpanninnx npanamn.
Ocrannim uacom nnsnaunnocx 2 nanpxmn saxncry anropctxoro npana
xonipar ra xonine]r.
Konipar ne xnacnunn nanpxm saxncry rnopin, xxn ne nnmarac o-
xymenrantnoro nirnepxennx ni epxann. He spyunn yninepcantnn sa-
xncr, nnsnann n yctomy cniri. Tepmin saxncry npan snaunn i npnsnonrt
o roro, mo nennxi ocxrn in]opmani cramrt neocrynnnmn o nnxopncran-
nx, nanirt roi, xonn cam anrop x ne nnxopncronyc. 3oxpema, ne crocycrtcx
noxinnx rnopin. Hanpnxna, xomnanix Blizzard saoponnna sminmnarn sa-
con ynpanninnx y nonynxpni rpi Star Craft, xoua cama nxe ne posnnnac
ne npoexr. Hnariarom i, ninonino, nopymennxm anropctxnx npan, moxe
yrn nnsnano cmxerni nini pomanin, menoi, pxxn nicent, nasnn, romo.
Hounnamun s 80-x poxin XX cr. axrnnno saxnnn npo cee inmn nixi
o saxncry IB xonine]r. (Copy Left) nina xonix ao sayra xonix, nerxa
xonix. Cnouarxy repmin osnauan, mo uacrnna nporpamnoro xoy moxe nnxo-
pncronynarnct onintno. 3apas ne nonxrrx nomnpnnoct na nireparypni rno-
pn. 3a nicm cncremom manoni npana sepiramrtcx sa anropom ne intm sa 14
poxin, a inmi ocon moxyrt onouacno nnxopncronynarn rnopn, orpnmym-
unct nennnx npannn. Ie xonine]ry saxonoanuo ne saxpinneni n xoni
xpani. 3apas mpnnuno ne nnrannx moxe nnpimynarnct nacrynnnm unnom:
anrop saxpinnmc manoni npana sa coom uepes xonipar (cnmnontne nosna-
87
uennx na exsemnnxpi rnopy) ra crnopmc nyniunn ninensinn oronip, sa
xxnm nepeac uacrnny cnox npan inmnm. Icnymrt rnnoni ninensini orono-
pn: BSD ninensix
1
GNU Free Documentation License (nnxopncronymrt
OC Linux ra ennnxnoneix Wikipediya.org), GNU General Public License,
MIT-ninensix.
Hanpnxna GNU FDL ne ninensix nintno oxymenrani GNU, npnsna-
uena nx nacranon, nipyunnxin, oxymenrani, xxa cynponoxyc
xomnmrepni nporpamn. Hx ninensix moxe yrn sacroconana nx yt-xxnx
rexcrin nesanexno ni remarnxn. B ocnoni ninensi xonnennix xonine]ry,
srino xxo yt-xxi xoni saxnmenoro nem rexcry(soxpema mon]ixonani)
posnoncmxynanncx sa rnmn x ymonamn. Haintmn npoexr, mo nnxopnc-
ronyc GNU FDL xx ninensim Bixineix.
Vxpanctxe saxonoancrno sasnauac xx oonxsxony ymony, nnnaropoy
sa nnxopncrannx nepmoxepena npn crnopenni nonnx ocxrin IB, mo rpea
npaxonynarn npn nnxopncranni xonine]ra.
Cycxrn anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan mamrt npano:
nnmararn nnsnannx ra nononnennx cnox npan i saoponxrn i, mo x
nopymymrt un crnopmmrt raxy sarposy;
noanarn nosonn npo nimxoynannx snrxin, nxnmuamun ynymeny
nnroy, ra mopantno mxon;
nnmararn npnnnnennx niroronunx i o nopymennx anropctxoro
npana ra cymixnnx npan, n romy uncni mnrnnx nponeyp;
nnmararn ni nopymnnxin in]opmanim npo oci, saixnnx y nnponn-
nrni, ra npn posnoncmxenni xonrpa]axrno npoyxni ra xanann posno-
ncmxennx.
Cy mac npano yxnannrn pimennx npo nimxoynannx mopantno mxon
ra snrxin, npo crxrnennx s nopymnnxa oxoy, orpnmanoro nnacniox no-
pymennx, npo nnnnary xomnencani (ni 10 o 50000 minimantnnx sapoirnnx
nnar), npo saopony onynixynannx rnopin, nnxonant nocranonox, nnnycxy
]onorpam, npnnnnennx x posnoncmxennx, xon]icxanim xonrpa]axrnnx
npnmipnnxin ra onanannx i marepianin, npnsnauennx nx x nnroronnennx s
moxnnnom nepeauem nosnnaueni, nynixanim n npeci in]opmani npo no-
pymennx ra pimennx cyy romo.
Cy moxe naxnacrn na nopymnnxa oarxonn mrpa] n posmipi 10 %
cymn, npncyxeno na xopncrt nosnnaua. Cyma mrpa]y nepeacrtcx o
epxannoro mxery Vxpann.
V arartox xpanax nepeauena xpnminantna ninoniantnicrt sa no-
pymennx anropctxoro npana ra/ao cymixnnx npan: y uexi o 5 poxin no-
sannennx noni, y upanni raxox ni 3 o 5 poxin nosannennx noni ra
mrpa]n ni t300 rnc. o t500 rnc.

1
nepexna BSD ninensi naneeno n xypnani Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2008, N 8, c. 56

88
Pospisnxmrt nacrynne
1
:
xonrpa]axrna npoyxnix npoyxnix, mo nirnopena i/ao posnoncm-
xena s nopymennxm anropctxoro npana i/ao cymixnnx npan;
niparcrno nesaxonne rnpaxynannx nerirnmno sanncannx mysnunnx
ao ayionisyantnnx rnopin, soxpema, xomninxnix ]onorpam y sipxn. Xapax-
repnsycrtcx nnstxom xxicrm ra nonirpa]icm nxnaox i ncxin, mo nipisnx-
mrtcx ni opnrinany;
nipoxa nesaxonne nnroronnennx CD-ncxin s maxcnmantnnm na-
nnxennxm o opnrinany, s nnxopncrannxm niponennx ropronentnnx sna-
xin, norornnin pexopnnronnx xomnani.
Osnaxn niponennx CD ra DVD-ncxin nicyrnicrt perionantnoro
xoy, mo nxasyc sony posnoncmxennx anoro ncxa (nctoro 6 son, Vxpa-
na y 5 soni), xxn nxasymrt y npanomy nnxntomy xyri na sopaxenni sem-
no xyni. Hinensini ncxn ne moxyrt marn perionantnn xo "ALL". Icny-
mrt me cneniantni xon ra ienrn]ixanini snaxn, mo nxasymrt micne sann-
cy ]onorpamn, sano-nnponnx, nomep y xaranosi romo.
V Poci posnouaro nepmy cnpany ninocno cary, mo mac ronnanctxoro
nponaepa i saponxc na niparctxomy nieo n Poci
2
.
Bnepme n icropi Poci MBC Pu sarpnmani cninpoirnnxn Interfilm.ru,
xxi nnxnaann n Inrepneri niparctxi xoni nonnx ]intmin. Cryix snimana ]i-
ntmn n xinorearpax, a raxox mana yron s rptoma saxinnmn niparctxnmn
yrpynonynannxmn npo omin marepianamn, xxi nona nepexnaana pocictxom
monom. 3aponxna cryix na posmimenni Inrepner-pexnamn ra crxrynana
rpomi sa nncoxy mnnxicrt cxauynannx. 3a nonom peaxnicm Hnnintnoro
xoexcy Pu, mo napan unnnocri y 2008 p., niparn orpnmamrt onnnynauy-
nantnn nnpox: o 6 poxin nosannennx noni.
Bsarani, Inrepner-niparcrno y Poci ocxrno nennuesnnx macmrain. Ha-
npnxna, ]intm Hmont-mopxont 2 s 240 carin cxauann 1,6 mnn. pasin.
Iintix npomcepin Poci mac namip ininimnarn saxonoanui nonpanxn, xxi
npnmycxrt nponaepin nicrexynarn nenerantni cxauynannx.
Be exintxa npnxnain.
V 2008 p. n Poci yno nnneceno nepmn nnpox nipary sa posramynannx
rpn Assassins Greed y Mepexi sa micxnt o o]iniantnoro nnxoy: cryenr
MIV orpnman 2 poxn ymonno. Posponnx rpn oninnn snrxn y $10 mnn.: y-
no peanisonano 700 rnc. niparctxnx xoni ra nctoro 40 rnc. nerantnnx.
Onyxa noera Kopnix uyxonctxoro noana nosnn na xomnanim
Procter&Gambel, xxa nnxopncronyc opas Mnonpa y pexnami es nnnnarn
nnnaropon.

1
Inrenexryantnn xaniran, 2005, N3, c 41-43
2
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 6
89
Amepnxanctxn pexncep ra axrop Byi Annen noan nosnn na xomna-
nim no nnponnnrny ra npoaxy oxry American Apparel Inc. sa nesaxonne
nnxopncrannx cnoro opasy na pexnamnnx mnrax ra n Inrepneri. Bxoy oni-
nnn xx minimym y $10 mnn.
Komnanix xopxa Hyxaca, rnopnx 3opxnnx nin, snepnynacx s nosn-
nom moo npan na pexnisnr, xxn crnopeno y 1976 p. ra nnxopncrano y ]int-
mi. Cnenianicr s xinopexnisnry crnepxyc, mo ini monomn ra ponx ne nn-
rnip mncrenrna, a npoyxr npomncnonoro nsany i npana ]ipmn LucasFilm
na ntoro nxe nnuepnani.
V 1985 p. sa mornnamn xnnr upenxa Fayma yno snxro xino]intm Ho-
nepnennx y xpany Os, mo yn nominonann y 1986 p. na npemim Amepnxan-
ctxo xinoaxaemi sa xpami nisyantni e]exrn. uintm c nanincixnenom ]intma
1939 p. cryi MGM uapinnnx xpann Os. Hona nepcix snimanacx xinocryi-
cm Walt Disney Pictures es yuacri MGM. osnin n ntomy nnnaxy ne yn
norpinnm,o o 1985 p. nci xnnrn npo xpany Os crann cycnintnnm naan-
nxm. A oct sa nnxopncrannx uapinnnx uepnonnx uepennuox, xxi nnmanncx in-
renexryantnom nnacnicrm MGM, onenocx cnnarnrn snaunn ronopap.
V Crnnri nnaa snpacrtcx nnecrn anropctxe npano na anni monymenrn
ni nipami o c]inxcin. im saxony, sa xxnm sa nirnopennx y romy un in-
momy nnrnxi nnx ocxrin xpani nonnnni nnnnauynarn anropctxi ronopapn,
nnanymrt posnoncmnrn na nci xpann cniry.
V Hiepnanax saoponnnn xnnry . Emnx Tanx Iporrep n marnuecxn
xonrpaac, n xxi nnxopncrano cmxern Iappi Horrepa.
Fpmccentctxn cy nnsnan, mo nicnx Maxna xexcona You Are Not
Alone, nnxonana y 1995 p., c nnariarom. icni anropn nicni 12 poxin namara-
nncx onecrn ienrnunicrt cno nicni i npemri-pemr nnrpann noson.
upannystxn cy snnnynarnn y nnariari xona Iantxno moentcpa
oma Christian Dior ra soonxsan nnnnarnrn $270 rnc. xx xomnencanim mo-
pantno mxon amepnxanctxomy ]ororpa]y sa nnxopncrannx y pexnami oro
]ipmonnx npnomin rexnixn nanecennx manmnxa nonepx ]ororpa]i.
V 1950 p. 23 cnponectxi rene- ra paioxomnani cepesemnomopctxoro
periony yrnopnnn EBC cnponectxn coms monnennx (anrn. European
Broadcastig Union, EBU), xxn c naintmnm ocnannxm nanionantnnx op-
ranisani monnennx y cniri. EBC c opranisaropom mopiunoro xonxypcy nicni
cnpoauennx, nrxuoro xonxypcy nicni Cnpoauennx ra Tannmnantnoro xon-
xypcy Cnpoauennx. Taxox Coms c nnacnnxom ncic inrenexryantno nnacno-
cri, mo sxnnxcrtcx y pamxax xonxypcin Cnpoauennx.

2.1.17. [PNH$LU/" O$'PH N' LS:>h@> O$'P'
P >@kH$:'^>f@H:S LSLO>6ULNP>
Posnnrox xomnmrepnnx mepex cyrrcno sminmc ymonn nepeaui in]op-
mani i, ninonino, ymonn nirnopennx, posnoncmxennx ra ynpanninnx in-

90
renexryantnom nnacnicrm. Bnxopncrannx xnacnunoro saxonoancrna uacro
nemoxnnne, a cneniantne nicyrnc i na mixnaponomy, i na nanionantnomy
pinnxx. Tpea marn soncim inmy xonnennim posnoncmxennx IB, xxa cy-
nponoxynanacx opranisaninnmn i rexniunnmn nopmamn.
V mepexi Inrepner niynacrtcx ymonne posmnpennx ocxrin IB. Fyt-
xxe npecrannennx in]opmani n mepexi Inrepner rnopua npanx. Hanirt
ocxrn, xxi ne c oxoponosarnnmn srino anropctxoro npana, nanpnxna,
xxi-neyt nopmarnnni epxanni oxymenrn, rpanc]opmymrtcx i cramrt
ocxramn inrenexryantno npani.
B Inrepneri sipani nennxi pecypcn xomepnino in]opmani, crnopeno
nonn mexanism rnoantnoro mapxernnry s nnxopncrannxm emeno nc-
rpnmropctxo mepexi. Crpimxe spocrannx nnxopncrannx Inrepner nx ni-
ne enexrponno roprinni ra ominy in]opmanicm ponrt naxnnicrt naino
cncremn oxoponn IB naxnnnom cxnaonom posnnrxy cnironoro nn]ponoro
cycnintcrna.
Posnnrox Inrepner crnopnn nenni nponemn nx iniorex. Cnna mox-
nnnicrt seperrn pont iniorexn xx ocepexy posnoncmxennx snant y cyc-
nintcrni ne ncranonnrn nainn snxsox mix iniorexamn ra rnoantnom
in]opmaninom mepexem. nx ntoro moxnnni nacrynni mnxxn:
posmnpennx nomenxnarypn in]opmaninnx pecypcin, o xxnx saes-
neueno ocryn. Finiorexa ]opmyc cni ]on, cxnaac iniorpa]i ra xara-
norn i naac ocryn xopncrynauy o Inrepner;
naannx ocryny o cnox in]opmaninnx pecypcin nianennm xopn-
crynauam uepes mepexy Inrepner.
Oxpemnm nnrannxm c enexrponne xonimnannx in]opmani s Inrepner,
pospyxonynannx, crnopennx rineprexcronnx nocnnant romo. Hi nnrannx
nnnnxamrt xx nacniox inrerpani inioreuno-in]opmaninoro cepnicy ra
Inrepner.
V 2004 p. napan unnnocri 3axon Pocictxo ueepani O anropcxom
npane n cmexntx npanax. Onicm s ymon esonnarnoro naannx enexrpo-
nnnx nepci rnopin y iniorexax c re, mo nonn moxyrt naanarncx y rnmua-
cone esonnarne nnxopncrannx nnme y npnmimennxx iniorex sa ymonn nn-
xnmuennx moxnnnocri crnopmnarn xoni nnx rnopin y nn]poni ]opmi.
Kopnopanix Google crnopnna Haprnepctxy nporpamy, srino xxo sa o-
snonom npanonnacnnxin crnopmnanact enexrponna xonix xnnrn s emoncrpa-
nicm n Inrepneri cropinox nx nonepentoro osnaomnennx s xnnrom ra mo-
xnnnicrm npnarn .
3 2004 p. xopnopanix Google posnouana es sron npanonnacnnxin cxa-
nynannx xnnr s ]onin xintxox iniorex s merom crnopennx enexrponno i-
niorexn Google, ane exxi anropn noann nosonn moo nopymennx xnix
npan. Toi yna crnopena Cnirona Vroa, xxa posnoncmnnact nnme na xnn-
rn, mo nnsnani rnopom Cnonyuennx Brarin ao sapeccrponani y Fmpo an-
91
ropctxnx npan CBA. unenn Cnirono Vron osnonxmrt xopnopani Google
cxanynarn xni rnopn, npoanarn ycranonam nepennary na xnnxxony a-
sy,naanarn enexrponnn ocryn o oxpemnx xnnr ra sicnmnarn sa sron
npanonnacnnxa s merom crnmynxni noxynxn nepenpoaxnn nepernx o
20% xnnrn es npana xonimnannx un pospyxynannx.
Kopnopanix soonxsycrtcx crnopnrn peccrp npan na xnnrn s in]opmani-
cm npo npanonnacnnxin (nninnna na ne $34,5 mnn) ra naanarn 63 % oxo-
in xopnopani ni xomepninoro nnxopncrannx na nnnnary nnnaropon an-
ropam. Hpanonnacnnx mac npano nnmararn ni xopnopani xomnencanim sa
cxanynannx es osnony, nnnyunrn cno xnnrn s xnnxxono asn, saoponnrn
emoncrpanim uacrnnn xnnrn, sicnmnarn xonrpont sa nnxopncrannxm cno-
c xnnrn.
V CBA sxnnnacx nona renennix: npn napoxenni nrnnn artxn ni-
pasy xynymrt omy nepconantnn omen ra sanoxrt apecy enexrponno
nomrn. Hanirt onpamun imx nepenipxmrt, un nintnn ninoninn omen y
xxict is nonynxpnnx son. 3xnnnncx nanirt cnenianisonani pecypcn rnny
TotSites.com un BabyHomePages.net, xxi sroni rpnmarn nrxui cropinxn s
ocnonnom in]opmanicm sa nenennxy nnarnm y xintxa onapin ao nanirt
esxomronno.
Hpaxrnuno nci ocxrn AH moxyrt yrn nnxopncrani y Inrepneri, roro
o nnx nixpnnacrtcx nintnn ocryn, orxe moxnnnicrt parn nnary sa o-
cryn nx npanonnacnnxa pisxo cxopouycrtcx.
Tpannina cxema naannx ocryny o rnopy:
nixpnrn esnocepeni ocryn o rnopy: nanpnxna, nnxonarn oro;
nnroronnrn nenny xintxicrt exsemnnxpin rnopy ra posnoncmnrn x;
nepeanarn rnip n e]ip ao no xaenm.
Xapaxrepnnm c re, mo came anrop nnxonyc nenni i, cnpxmonani na re,
mo rnip cnpnmann rnxaui, unraui ao cnyxaui.
3 merom onynixynannx marepiany n Inrepneri nnxonymrt nacrynni i:
nepeneennx rnopy n nn]pony ]opmy, saxomnononany y
xomnmrepnn ]an;
nepecnnxa raxoro ]any na cepnep, xxn c ocrynnnm nx mnpoxoro
xona xopncrynauin.
Hi i moxe nnxonarn croponnx ocoa.
3 rouxn sopy anropctxoro npana nepeneennx rnopy n nn]pony ]opmy c
nepepoxom rnopy ao oro nepernopennxm. 3axonoancrno intmocri xpan
(i n Vxpani raxox) nepeauac, mo nepepoxa rnopin es sron anropin i es
nnnnarn ronopapy c nopymennxm anropctxnx npan sa nnnxrxom nnnaxy, xo-
nn raxe nnxopncrannx sicnmcrtcx nnxnmuno n oconcrnx ninxx.
O]ininn rnocapi BOIB rpaxryc oconcre nnxopncrannx" xx onopa-
sone nepernopennx, nepexna, nepepoxy, apanxynannx ao me xxect nepe-

92
ponennx nnxnmuno n ninxx cnoro oconcroro nnxopncrannx, y raxnx nnna-
xax, xx: nnacni ocnixennx, ocnira un posnara.
Toro uirxo nnsnaueni xintxicrt xoni, xxi moxna nnxopncrarn es sro-
n anropa, ra moxnnni c]epn nnxopncrannx.
Iononna oconnnicrt nnxopncrannx rnopin y Mepexi x enexrponna
]opma. Toro onintnimnm yno orpnmynarn osnin npano nnacnnxa na
nepeneennx rnopy n enexrponny ]opmy, mo c nnosminmnannxm opnrinant-
noro rnopy. Hanpnxna, Hapnstxn anenxninn cy y rpanni 2000 p. y
cnpani ninocno rasern He uirapo soonxsan nnannx orpnmynarn osnin
xypnanicrin na nepernopennx rnopy n enexrponny ]opmy.
Be y 1995 p. Komicix CC npononynana oxpemo nninnrn camocrini
npana na nn]pone nnxopncrannx rnopin. B yxpanctxomy saxonoancrni y
nonxrrx nirnopennx nxonrt sannc rnopy nx nocrinoro un rnmuaconoro
sepexennx n enexrponni (n r.u. nn]poni), onrnuni un inmi ]opmi, mo
moxe yrn sunrana xomnmrepom.
Hpn nepenecenni na xonxpernn marepiantnn noci enexrponnoro sa-
nncy nirnopmcrtcx opnrinantnn rnip.
B yxpanctxomy saxonoancrni c crarrx npo re, mo onnm s nnin nnxo-
pncrannx rnopy c naannx oro o sarantnoro nioma raxnm unnom, mo
yt-xxa ocoa mana ocryn o ntoro s yt-xxoro micnx ra y yt-xxn uac
sa nnacnnm nnopom. Taxnm unnom moxna posrnxarn npano na ocryn o
rnopy uepes Mepexy.
Ha niminy ni xnacnunoro nirnopennx, xonn anrop cam nirnopmc rnip,
soxpema na nn]ponnx nocixx in]opmani, ra naac roronn exsemnnxp xon-
rparenry, npn xonimnanni rnopy s web-cary came xopncrynau, a ne anrop
nirnopmc rnip y cee na xomnmrepi. V ntomy nnnaxy manomonipno
orpnmarn rpomi sa nirnopennx, xia mo ncm in]opmanim naanarn n xoo-
nanomy nnrnxi i posmn]ponynarn npn nirnepxenni npan na orpnmannx
rnopy. V Mepexi ne nnxonarn naxxo.
Hpano na posnoncmxennx raxox sminmc smicr, xxmo mona e npo
Mepexy ra ocoy, mo posramynana rnip y Mepexi. He npano nepeauac xo-
nrpont sa oirom exsemnnxpin rnopy. V Mepexi n ntomy posyminni mona mo-
xe rn nnme npo enexrponny roprinnm uepes Mepexy (xnnramn, rnopamn
xnnonncy romo).
Ane inoi cyi nocnnamrtcx came na npano posnoncmxennx. Hanpn-
xna, na onomy is cepnepin BBS (computer billboard system) ynn nintno o-
crynni ]ororpa]i s xypnany Playboy. Oneparop BBS ne nnxonynan nixxnx
i s ]ororpa]ixmn, ne yna nnme enexrponna nepcix, a xonimnann ra nnn-
nnct ]ororpa]i niniynaui cepnepa camocrino. Ane oneparopa yno nn-
snano nopymnnxom nnxnmunoro npana posnoncmxennx i noxasy.
Tax camo inmi nnnaxn nirnopennx rnopin y c]epi Mepexi rpea pos-
rnxarn inaxme.
93
V saxinocnponectxi ra ninniunoamepnxanctxi npaxrnni Inrepner ne
nnsnacrtcx sacoom macono in]opmani.
exxi nnaxamrt yt-xxe posmimennx marepianin n Inrepneri npnpinnx-
nnm o nynixani y 3MI, a Inrepner sacoom macono in]opmani. Vxpan-
ctxe saxonoancrno nnsnauac Inrepner, xx rnoantny in]opmaniny mepe-
xy, a ne saci macono in]opmani.
Hornx cnenianicra y ranysi in]opmaninoro npana A. Cepro:
x xomnmrepna nporpama npnpinnmcrtcx o nireparypnoro rnopy, rax
i nireparypnn rnip, crnopenn y nn]poni ]opmi, moxna posrnxarn xx
xomnmrepny nporpamy.
Perynmnannx nnxopncrannx xomnmrepnnx nporpam cyrrcno nipisnx-
crtcx ni perynmnannx nnxopncrannx nireparypnnx rnopin. Hi nnxopncran-
nxm macrtcx na ynasi nnroronnennx onoro ao intme npnmipnnxin rnopy
(nieorpamn, ]onorpamn) n yt-xxi marepiantni ]opmi (cr. 11). 3annc
rnopy n namxrt xomnmrepa raxox c nirnopennxm, roro nnxnmunnm
npanom anropa (cr. 15). 3axon saoponxc nirnopennx n oconcrnx ninxx
xomnmrepnnx nporpam es osnony anropa, a noino saoponn na nnxopn-
crannx nireparypnnx rnopin nemac (cr. 25).
Enexrponna nynixanix moxe sxnnrncx na expani moniropa (yrn onpn-
nmnena) nnme xx cxnaona ne-cropinxn.
Be-car c nireparypnnm rnopom, ane xomnmrepnom nporpamom o-
nouacno.
Hporpamni ]ann ocnani y cncremy i posmimeni sa nennom apecom y
omeni. xmo nnaxarn ne-cropinxy nireparypnnm rnopom, ro saxonnnm c
nirnopennx n oconcrnx ninxx, a xxmo npnpinnmnarn o xomnmrepno
nporpamn, ro xonimnannx yt-xxoro xomnonenry s oconcrom merom es
sron anropa ye nesaxonnnm. 3epexennx nipryantno in]opmani na ma-
repiantnomy nocicni ninuecrepi xomnmrepa c nesaxonnnm i sa ni i Kpn-
minantnn xoexc nepeauac noxapannx.
Posmimennx nynixani na cari 3MI nopymyc npana anropa npano na
ninicnicrt rnopy: nirnopennx na expani xomnmrepa nnosminmc rnip i oro
cnpnnxrrx. exxi ocninnxn nnaxamrt, mo nirnopennx na expani
xomnmrepa c noxinnm rnopom i na oro crnopennx norpien osnin anropa
opnrinany.
Be-car mac noniny npnpoy:
pesyntrar rnopuo ixntnocri , roro ninxrac oxoponi, xx OHIB;
in]opmaninn pecypc.
Toro moxna nninnrn enemenrn, xxi c pisnnmn ocxramn npanono
oxoponn:
- nsan, roro anropctxa xomnosnnix rpa]ixn, mpn]rin, crpyxrypa
posmimennx annx r.n.;

94
- inmi anropctxi rnopn, xxi moxyrt yrn posmimeni n crpyxrypi cara
crarri, ]ororpa]i, snyxosanncn romo;
- nixpnri niomocri, xxi ne nnsnamrtcx pesyntrarom ynixantno rnop-
uo ixntnocri: rexcrn saxonin, rexniuni xapaxrepncrnxn npncrpon, xxi nn-
ponnxn nynixymrt nixpnro, epxanni cnmnonn (npanopn, repn, naropo-
n), rpomoni snaxn, nnnomn ra oarxn o nnx;
- niip ra xomnonynannx nnx annx, xomenrapi o nnx rnopua npanx.
Anropctxi npana inmnx oci, un marepiann posramonani na cari, nonnnni
yrn orpnmani.
Hpana unraua Web-cropinxn cneniantnnmn nopmamn ne nepeaueni.
3arantni saxonoanui nopmn npo anropctxe npano osnonxmrt nnme unrarn
ra sepirarn marepiann na cnocmy cari. Anrop moxe osnonnrn na cnocmy
cari xonimnarn marepiann s ntoro. Ane nemac nixxo rapanri, mo sanrpa nin
ne osnin ne snime, a nicnxsanrpa ne snepnertcx s nosonom na roro, xro cxo-
nimnan marepiann na cni car.
x npannno, na carax, na xxnx posmimeni ocxrn anropctxoro npana,
nxasymrtcx ymonn, na xxnx ni rnopn moxyrt nnxopncronynarnct rperimn
ocoamn.
Hanpnxna, Konimnannx marepianin osnoneno nnxnmuno sa ymonn no-
cnnannx na nam pecypc. He nponosnnix yxnaannx oronopy. Ao sasna-
ueno, mo nnxopncrannx moxnnne nnme s osnony anropa.
V yt-xxomy nnnaxy oonxsxono nocnnarncx na anropa rnopy. Ane ne
moxnnno na xoxnomy s enemenrin cara (nanpnxna, rpa]iunomy sopaxen-
ni) nxasarn anropcrno. Hi enemenrn moxyrt snaxonrnct na pisnnx carax i
xonimnarnmyrtcx oxpemo onn ni onoro.
Bnsnaunrn xonxpernoro nopymnnxa y mepexi naxxo, rox i maxe ne-
moxnnno saxncrnrn npana.
Myntrnmeini rexnonori nepeauamrt 3 xareropi npanonnx ra xome-
pninnx nnrant:
npnannx npan, neoxinnx nx crnopennx myntrnmeinnx npoyxrin;
npnannx ninensi y rperto ocon nx crnopennx ra posnoncmxennx
myntrnmeinnx npoyxrin;
oxopona npan cnoro myntrnmeinoro npoyxry;
Bnxonannx ncix nnmor saxony ninocno IB nncoxonapricne saononen-
nx. Hanpnxna, Microsoft sannarnna $500 rnc. sa npano nnxopncronynarn
]ororpa]i y cno myntrnmeini ennnxnonei Encarta,mo cxnaac ~ 10%
mxery ntoro npoexry.
Meron saxncry anropctxnx npan nepeauamrt cnocon saxncry in]o-
pmani i saxncry npan n mepexi Inrepner.
1. 3annc in]opmani is cropinox carin na nasepnn ncx s noantmnm
enonynannxm y web-enosnrapi (y Poci c). 3annc sicnmcrtcx raxox na
95
marniroonrnunn noci, xxn c nesminnnm sa cnocm npnpoom, y norpino-
my ]opmari.
V enosnrapi enonymrtcx y esymonnomy nopxxy nci naani marepi-
ann. Ocoa noac saxnxy, mo nona c nnacnnxom, i onncyc marepian.
Oonxsxono ]ixcycrtcx ara npnomy marepiany (nx ncranonnennx npiopn-
rery). 3axnnnxy nnamrt cnionrno npo re mo marepian npnnxro na sepi-
rannx ra saxncr npan y cnipnnx cnryanixx.
2. B enexrponnnx xonixx sopaxent ra ]ororpa]i nanocxrt cneniant-
ni noxni snaxn (sa onomorom cneniantnoro nporpamnoro saesneuennx, xxe
incranmc racmnn xo nnsnauenoro ]opmary y ]ann). Bisyantno ne xo
noaunrn nemoxnnno (xx npannno, snax xonipary, imx anropa, pix nnannx
i r..), ane cneniantne nporpamne saesneuennx noxasyc oarxoni ani npo
ocoy, mo sanncana in]opmanim.
Boxni snaxn c crixnmn moo onepani is sopaxennxm (sxnmannx,
smina posmipy, ]opmary, xontopy), nonn ne snnxamrt, xia mo x moxna uac-
rxono nomxonrn.
Orxe, xxmo cxonionano xxect sopaxennx i posmimeno na inmomy ca-
ri un cepnepi, ro sa onomorom noxnnx snaxin moxna nxasarn na icnoro
nnacnnxa. Taxa cncrema c y ]ipm IBM ra NetRights.
3. Oepxarn anropctxe cnionrno na nporpamny xomnonenry Be-cary
i na rpa]ixy, enemenrn nsany.
4. Vnemoxnnnnennx xonimnannx. 3acrocynarn cneniantni xomann, xxi
saesneuymrt nemoxnnnicrt xonimnannx ne-cara npn nonni cnooi
osnaomnennx.
Ane icnymrt sacon snxrn in]opmanim, nanirt i n ntomy pasi.
5. uopni cnncxn, xxi inexcymrtcx nomyxonnmn cncremamn i nixpnri
nx ncix xopncrynauin Inrepnery micrxrt ani npo xopncrynauin, mo nopy-
mnnn npana npanonnacnnxin. Honepexynantna ]ynxnix; ne saci nenpxmoro
nnnnny na nopymnnxin. Ocoa, xxa norepnana ni nopymnnxa, mac npano na-
arn in]opmanim npo nopymnnxin o uopnoro cnncxy, rax camo moxe
nnnyunrn, xxmo npanonopymennx npnnnnnnncx ra snrxn norameni.
6. Ceprn]ixanix ne-pecypcin: sacniuycrtcx, mo ocoa ao xomnanix y
cno ixntnocri orpnmycrtcx nonirnxn nenopymennx inrenexryantno nna-
cnocri xopncrynauin mepexi Inrepner. epxanna cncrema ceprn]ixani noxn
mo ne rorona o poorn s ne-pecypcamn, ane sxnnnncx ceprn]innpymui cn-
cremn Very Sign, Truste ra in. xmo na ne-cari c nosnauxa nnx cncrem, ro
ne nnxnnxac nosnrnnny peaxnim y xnicnrin.
7. Crnopennx xoanini Inrepner-oneparopin, xxi npocynamrt ie nonarn o IB.
8. Bnxopncrannx xocrinr-nponaepin: mamrt npano srino rnnonnx
yro npnnnnnrn ocnyronynannx Be-carin nopymnnxin npan IB.
Posmimennx rnopin y mepexi ra x posnoncmxennx s nnxopncrannxm
c nasnaunimnm cnocoom nnxopncrannx rnopin (a s uacom moxe crarn ocno-

96
nnnm). Tintxn ocxr mopiunnx npoaxin mysnunnx sanncin uepes Mepexy
oninmcrtcx n $10 mnp. 3a annmn crpareriuno xoncyntrarnnno pan s inre-
nexryantno nnacnocri (SABIP) nnstxo 7 mnn. xnrenin Bennxopnrani (no-
na 10 % nacenennx) perynxpno sananraxymrt s ]anoominnnx mepex ma-
repiann, saxnmenni anropctxnm npanom (nauacrime mysnxy), i nnm sana-
mrt npanonnacnnxam snrxn na cymy nnstxo t138 mnp
1
Icnymrt raxox
cnyxn, mo naamrt moxnnnicrt xopncrynauam Mepexi snarn ra cxauarn
mysnuny xomnosnnim. Ho annm, sa cepnent 2002 p. xintxicrt xopncrynauin,
xxi cxauymrt mysnxy, nepennmyc 32 mnn oci. Hanpnxna, web-car Napster
ne posnoncmxyc mysnuni sanncn, ane opranisynan ronapncrno, unenn xxoro
ominmmrtcx snyxosanncamn. Napster saesneuynan nocnyrn cepnepa, ni-
rpnmynan asy annx, n xxi yna in]opmanix, e moxna snarn ri un inmi
sanncn. Taxi i ne ynn nopymennxm anropctxnx npan, ane snyxosanncymui
xomnani nicnx rpnnano oportn nsxnn ropy na Napster, xoua noxasann
me pas many e]exrnnnicrt icnymuoro saxonoancrna. Komnanim yno nnsna-
no ninoniantnom sa cnpnxnnx nopymennxm anropctxoro npana, ixntnicrt
nnsnana cnpxmonanom na oepxannx xomepnino nnron. ixntnicrt
xomnani nerarnnno nosnaunnacx na saxonnnx npoaxax xomnaxr-ncxin.
Cnpana posrnxanacx y CBA, ane crana ocnonnnm npeneenrom y saxono-
ancrni, mo rpynrycrtcx na nonoxennxx oronopin AH ra Bu, nono-
xennx sacroconymrt ne nnme nx mysnunnx rnopin, ane i o ]intmin, nieoi-
rop, nireparypnnx rnopin romo.
Icnymrt meron nepenipxn xintxocri nnnaxin nnxopncrannx rnopin,
posmimennx n Inrepneri, ra crxrnennx nnarni sa raxe nnxopncrannx:
xon ocryny, xxi osnonxmrt nimnxarn saxncni mexanismn ra ]y-
nxni omexennx (nanpnxna, ocryn o in]opmani npnnnnxncx nicnx nepe-
rnxy ]any saany xintxicrt pasin); xon nonnnni yrn npnani sa pasony
nnary ao nnocnrtcx nnara sa xo, xxn nepionuno sminmcrtcx;
anaparni sacon: nnmora npnannx ra ncranonnennx nennoro npn-
crpom, nanpnxna, xopncrynau xynyc xaprxy, na xxi sanncana cnnauena nnm
cyma, ra incranmc y xomnmrep;
nnxonynani nporpamn, xxi sananraxymrtcx na xomnmrep xopncrynaua
s Inrepnery sa npnnnnnom nnxopncra ra nnxnnt, roro nporpama npanmc
ni uac xonxpernoro ceancy snxsxy ra crnpacrtcx s oneparnnno namxri
xomnmrepa no oro saxinuenni. Bnnaxn nnxopncrannx nporpam nerxo ni-
paxynarn;
nn]poni ceprn]ixarn, xxi nnac ceprn]ixaninn opran xopncrynaue-
ni xx nocniuennx nn]ponoro ninncy (xnmua) i npan, mo nanexart nenni
ocoi (soxpema, ocryn o nennnx pecypcin);

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 6
97
xnipnnroni nenrpn cnoro poy opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx:
nonointni anropctxnx npan na rnopn, posmimeni n Inrepneri, naamrt xni-
pnnronnm nenrpam nonnonaxennx no ninensynannm cnox npan na rnopn.
Kopncrynau cnnauyc sip sa nnauy ninensi xnipnnronomy nenrpy, a ro
posnoinxc orpnmani xomrn cepe nonointnin anropctxnx npan;
npoax ]isnunnx xoni, xxi moxyrt yrn xxicnimi ra emenmi sa ca-
mocrine pospyxonynannx enexrponno xoni, exonomnxrt uac croconno ne-
nnxnx sa ocmom ]anin orxe, mamrt nonnr.
Icnymrt raxox rexniuni ra npanoni npnomn, xxi anropn moxyrt nnxopnc-
rarn nx oneennx nopymennx cnox npan na rnopn, posmimeni n Inrepneri.
B ymonax in]opmaninoro cycnintcrna y anropctxoro npana sxnnnncx
cynpornnnnxn, xxi nnaxamrt mo nono:
c nepemxoom na mnxxy ominy in]opmanicm;
npnsnonrt o xonnenrpani (rnoanisani) npoyxni xyntrypn (na-
npnxna, monononix xonnepnin 3MI);
ne ninoniac cyuacnomy xyntrypnomy nnponnnrny, e ominyc xo-
nexrnnna rnopuicrt, a ne oxpema oconcricrt.
V Bneni s ciunx 2006 p. icnyc nanirt naprix inrepner-niparin Hiparct-
xa yxra, xxa nncrynac nporn anropctxnx npan i sa neranisanim x nopymen-
nx. 3a nicymxamn ronocynannx y uepnni 2009 p. nx naprix orpnmana one
micne y Cnponapnamenri is 18, nninennx na Bnenim
1
.
exro nnaxac anropctxe npano sannm n ymonax in]opmaninoro cycni-
ntcrna, ocryn o rnopin i nnxonant nonnnen perynmnarncx nnxnmuno rex-
niunnmn sacoamn xonrponm ra inrepner-yroamn. B ntomy pasi anropctxe
npano moxna yno c]opmynmnarn nacrynnnm unnom: Oxi rexniunnx
sacoin saxncry saoponenn i nece sa coom ninoniantnicrt (Hi nornxn
nnxnaeni y npexrnni Cnponapnamenry Hpo npanonn saxncr nocnyr s xe-
ponannm ocrynom ra nocnyr xepynannx ocrynom (nncrona 1998 p.), a y
2002 p. sxnnncx noinn saxon y Himeuunni).
Be xintxa npnxnain:
1. V uepnni 2009 p. cy Minneanonisy nnsnaunn, mo xemi Tomac, xxa
nnxnana y nipinrony mepexy CBA mysnuni ]ann, nonnnna cnnarnrn sa na-
nmncne nopymennx anropctxnx npan na 24 rpexax no $80 rnc. CBA sa xox-
ny sananraxeny nicnm. Hoson noann xomnani Capitol Records, Soni BMG
Music, Aris-a Records, Interescope Records, Warner Bros. Records ra UMG
Recordings (sa in]. Internet UA).
2. Fpnranctxa nnaa sanpononynana nocnnnrn saxonoancrno npo opo-
rty s niparcrnom n Inrepneri: nixnmuarn ni Inrepnery xopncrynauin, nn-
xpnrnx n omini nenerantnnmn xonrenrom.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 6

98
Honnonaxennx moo npnnxrrx noinnx piment npononycrtcx naarn
Minicrepcrny nnyrpimnix cnpan.
Fpnranctxi nponaepn ne axamrt samarncx inrepner-nensypom, a
meia xomnani npoonxymrt snparn ani, xxi sa nonnm saxonom osnonxrt
nasnarn snounnnxmn 7 mnn anrninin: xoxnn nananxrn pnranent sana-
nraxyc mysnxy i ]intmn s Mepexi esxomronno (sa in]. Lenta.ru).
3. Foporta s nenerantnnm ]anoominom nocnnmcrtcx y nctomy cniri.
Hanpnxna, cenar upanni y rpanni 2009 p. npnnxn saxon, xxn osnonxc
nixnmuarn xopncrynauin ni Inrepnery nicnx rptox nonepexent npo no-
pymennx, ane ne saxon nixnnnn Koncrnryninn cy xx raxn, mo cynepe-
unrt exnapani npan nmnnn. Ane Cenar snony nonepnyncx o ntoro saxo-
nonpoexry i npnnxn oro y noni nepci: nnacnnxn anropctxoro npana mo-
xyrt nepeanarn cxaprn o epxannoro arenrcrna HADOPI.
Hopymnnxin noniomnxrnmyrt npo moxnnne noxapannx sa npoonxennx
npornnpannnx i. Hicnx noxparnoro noniomnennx HADOPI noanarnme
cyonn noson. 3axon nepeauac moxnnnicrt nixnmuennx xopncrynaua ni
ocryny o Inrepnery i sanecennx oro o nanionantnoro uopnoro cnncxy,
naxnaannx mrpa]y y posmipi t300 rnc. ao ynxsnennx crpoxom na 2 poxn.
xmo nponaepn yyrt naanarn ocryn o Inrepnery xopncrynauam is
uopnoro cnncxy, ro x ocryn o Inrepnery noxymrt crpoxom na 1 micxnt
i naxnayrt mrpa] t1500 (sa in]. ITC onlain).
4. Biynamrtcx ryuni cyoni nponecn na caramn, mo cnpnxmrt posnnr-
xy ]anoominy, xxn nopymyc monononim meiamarnarin na in]opmanim.
Onn s naniomimnx cxananin crocycrtcx mnectxoro pecypcy thepi-
ratebay.org (Hiparctxa yxra s anrn.) Kintxicrt sapeccrponannx xopncry-
nauin cary na nepecent 2008 nepennmnna 3 mnn. 3a micnennmn saxonamn
car nonnicrm nerantnn. Bin nnxopncronyc rax snany rexnonorim irropen,
sa xxom marepiann, uacrnna s xxnx icno nopymyc npana na IB, snaxoxrtcx
na noxantnnx mamnnax xopncrynauin, a thepiratebay.org crnepxyc, mo nin c
nomyxonnxom no roppenr-]anam noino Google. Hamarannx npnrxrnyrn
car o cyono ninoniantnocri ne ynn ycnimnnmn, o ne nanocx onec-
rn npnuernicrt o posnoncmxennx xonrpa]axrno in]opmani c Kopncrynau
nnxopncronyc cneniantny nporpamy, ane nona micrnrt nnme onncn ]anin, a
ne cami ]ann, xxi nporpama moxe cxauynarn y inmnx xopncrynauin. He smo-
rnn onecrn raxox xomepninn xapaxrep cara: nin-ro car saponxc na
anepni pexnami.
One is sanepeuent anoxarin saxncry crocynanoct roro, mo raxnm ca-
mnm unnom moxna noarn cyonn nosnn na Google, o s oro nnxopncran-
nxm moxna snarn xonrpa]axrny in]opmanim, soxpema, ri cami roppenr-
]ann.
5. Haintmn Inrepner-marasnn nerantno nn]pono mysnxn n Pyneri
MUZ. RU sanycrnn anrnniparctxn on-nan npoexr Tepnropix Herantno
99
Mysnxn (htfpill legalmuzic.muz.ru) nx nonynxpnsani nerantno mysnxn ce-
pe xopncrynauin Pynery (sa in].www.tv.net/ua).
V CBA npnnxro Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), xxn cran
nacyrrcnimnm nepernxom cncremn anropctxo-npanono oxoponn sa ocranni
25 poxin. Hinn posin npncnxueno npanoni oxoponi rexniunnx sacoin sa-
xncry anropctxnx npan.
Cnponectxa xomicix sanpononynana npexrnny no oxoponi anropctxnx
ra cymixnnx npan n in]opmaninomy cycnintcrni, y xxi nnsnauamrtcx ymo-
nn npnannx npan na penpoyxnim, nnroronnennx naannx uepes Inrepner
marepianin ra x posnoncmxennx is saxncrom ni niparcrna. Mamrtcx na
ynasi cnocon, xx mpnnunoro, rax i rexniunoro saxncry.
3apas naxnni 2 renenni:
oronipni ninocnnn is rnepnm saxncrom npan nnacnnxa;
esxomronna posaua anropctxnx rnopin, xxi onouacno c pexnamom
nocnyr raxnx, xx nirpnmxa xopncrynaua, nanuannx, niipxa in]opmani-
nnx ocxrin ra xni ananis romo, xxi xxpas i c ronapom. Pexnama y npxmomy
cninxynanni npoannx ra noxynnx ye npncroconynarncx o apecara,
xxicrt nocnyr ye sanexarn ni oepxanoro nimxoynannx. Cnenn]ixa
nonxrac y romy, mo ynpannxrn rpea ne xonimnannxm, a ninocnnamn is xni-
cnrom, nanpnxna, uepes ninncxy, mo rapanryc nocranxy naino cyuacno
in]opmani. Moxnnnn, snicno, i napianr nenennxo nnarn sa macone xonim-
nannx, e npoanent epe rpomi sa nnxopncrannx, roro sa xintxicrt xopnc-
rynauin, a ne xintxicrt xoni.
Bnacnnxn npan (anropn) yyrt oepxynarn nnnaropoy sa opoxy i
nocnyrn, nonxsani s x npanxmn, a ne sa nonoinnx xx raxe (ananorix s nnac-
nicrm na semnm: mo oepxynarn oxo, norpini nocrini innecrnni, ne
moxna cnirn i snparn openny nnary; pienropn intme nixannxrtcx posra-
mynannxm nepyxomocri, ne posmipom inxnxn, a in]pacrpyxrypom ra
ocxramn nepyxomocri nanxono).
3a annmn epxxomsnxsxy n Vxpani cyrrcno spocrac ocxr in]opma-
ninnx pecypcin: na xinent 1999 p. xintxicrt ne-carin y omeni ua opin-
nmnana 2 rnc., 2001 p. 20 rnc., cranom na epesent 2004 intm sa 30 rnc.
Ane nopmarnnna asa, mo perynmc ninocnnn y Mepexi, npaxrnuno nicyr-
nx, saxncr nopymennx npan (soxpema cyonn) nponemarnunn. Be intme
nponem y pasi xon]nixrnnx cnryani mix pesnenramn pisnnx xpan, o o
nic nponemn ne icnyc cnnoro mixnaponoro nixoy.
Hanpnxna, cepnep snaxonrtcx n inmi xpani i na ntoro ne nomnpm-
crtcx mpncnxnix xpann, xopncrynaui xxo nnxopncronymrt marepian, mo
snaxonrtcx na web-cari (ne moxe yrn yt-xxa rouxa nnanern, yt-xxa
xpana). Moxnnne me crnopennx nipryantnoro cepnepa, pisni uacrnnn xxo-
ro snaxoxrtcx na pisnnx ]isnunnx cepnepax. B ntomy pasi pisni uacrnnn
web-cropinxn ninaamrt ni mpncnxnim pisnnx xpan. Cnrnan, xxn nece

100
in]opmanim, moxe npoxonrn no xaenxx, roro no repnropi xintxox xpan,
rpea posmexonynarn xomynixanini ninomennx s nnxopncrannxm Mepexi
ra rexniune saesneuennx s npoxoxennx cnrnany. Tyr moxna nunnnrn sa
ananoricm s mixnaponnmn rene]onnnmn posmonamn: epxana moxe nnsna-
unrn npanonn pexnm npoxoxennx cnrnanin uepes cnom repnropim, ane
npanone none ne posnoncmxycrtcx na in]opmaninn smicr cnrnanin.
He sposymino raxox, xx rpaxrynarn micne nopymennx": micne, e yno
cxocne nopymennx, mo npnsneno o snrxin, ao micne, e norepninomy ynn
naneceni snrxn. Micne nopymennx moxe nnsnauarncx sa naxnnicrm ocryny
o web-cary. Ane ne rex neonosnauno. Hpnxna: noson nporn web-cary
Yahoo! npo saopony ocryny pesnenrin upanni o ayxnionin web-cary,
na xxnx npoamrt ronapn s nanncrctxom cnmnonixom. V upanni saopone-
no npoax raxnx ronapin, a y CBA ni. Car yn opicnronann nepenaxno
na amepnxanctxnx rpomaxn. upannystxn cy nnsnan, mo car nonnnen
ninoniarn ]pannystxomy saxonoancrny. He pimennx nnxnnxano araro
sanepeuent, xx npeneenr posnoncmxennx nanionantnoro saxonoancrna na
ncm Mepexy.
Moxnnnn nnnaox: ocoa-pesnenr CBA posmimyc in]opmanim n soni
ua" i nnm nanocnrt snrxn inmomy pesnenroni CBA. yxe cymninno, mo
ye ncranonneno mpncnxnim Vxpann na ninocnnn nnx pesnenrin.
Pnsnx nnsnannx inmo mpncnxni smenmycrtcx, sa paxynox nnopy mo-
nn web-cara, peccrpani xnicnrin, npxmoro noniomnennx na cari romo.
Oxopona anropctxnx npan n mepexi Inrepner crocycrtcx xintxox rpa-
nninnx ocxrin n anropctxoro npana ra/ao cymixnnx npan: xnnrn, mysn-
uni rnopn, ayionisyantni rnopn, xino]intmn, nporpamne saesneuennx, in-
repaxrnnni irpn i nporpamn nx osninnx ra ocnirn, inrepaxrnnni ncxn sa-
micrt ennnxnonei romo. x i n pai inmnx ]opm rnopin, mo oxoponxmrtcx
anropctxnm npanom, rononnnmn nponemamn ano ranysi c niparcrno ra xo-
nrpa]axnix. Bnponaxennx yocxonanennx nonnx in]opmaninnx rexno-
nori ra nocin in]opmani nocrino xnamrt nnxnnx saxonoancrny npo an-
ropctxi npana.
Ocxintxn, cranom na uac nnannx anoro nipyunnxa, saxonoancrno
Vxpann ocrarntom mipom ne nperyntonyc nnrannx nnxopncrannx anro-
pctxnx npan n mepexi Inrepner ao neranisani nnxopncrannx nporpamnoro
saesneuennx nintnoro ocryny, onintno xopncrynarncx ninoninnmn Pe-
xomenanixmn epxanno cnyxn, xxi posmimeni sa apecom
http://sips.gov.ua/ua/authors_rights.html, a came raxnmn:
Pexomenani moo sacrocynannx nintnnx nyniunnx ninensi na
nnxopncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan.
Pexomenani moo onnan-ninensynannx.
101
Pexomenani moo saesneuennx npanomipnocri nnxopncrannx
xomnmrepnnx nporpam y ixntnocri cycxrin rocnoapmnannx.
Pexomenani nx Inrepner-nponaepin, xonrenr-nponaepin ra xo-
pncrynauin ]anoominnnx mepex ra inmnx ne-cepnicin moo npanomipno-
ro nnxopncrannx o'cxrin anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan y mepexi In-
repner.
Pexomenani moo nocxonanennx mexanismy perynmnannx nn]po-
noro nnxopncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan uepes me-
pexy Inrepner.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Hasnarn ocxrn anropctxoro npana.
2. xi ymonn norpino nnxonarn nx nnnnxnennx anropctxoro npana?
3. Hasnarn nnnaxn, n xxnx nireparypnn rnip ne moxe yrn onynixonann.
4. xi ocxrn ne oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom?
5. Hasnarn cycxrin anropctxoro npana.
6. Oconnni nnnaxn anropctxoro npana.
7. Bo ninocnrtcx o anropctxoro npana na rnip?
8. Bo nnaxacrtcx nnxopncrannxm rnopy?
9. 3 xxom merom i xxnm unnom sicnmmrt peccrpanim anropctxoro npana?
10. Bo raxe anropctxn oronip i anropctxa nnnaropoa?
11. xi omexennx anropctxnx npan nepeaueno saxonom?
12. Hanecrn crpox i anropctxoro npana.
13. Bo xnnxc coom snax oxoponn anropctxnx npan?
14. Hasnarn ocxrn cymixnnx npan.
15. xnm snaxom cnonimamrt npo cno npana cycxrn cymixnnx npan?
16. V xxnx nnnaxax nnnnxamrt cymixni npana i n uomy nonn nonxramrt?
17. xi i nepeauac nnxnmune npano osnonxrn ao saoponxrn?
18. V uomy nonxrac xomepnine nnxopncrannx?
19. xi icnymrt omexennx manonnx npan nnxonannin, nnponnxin nieo-
rpam ra ]onorpam i opranisani monnennx?
20. B xxnx nnnaxax nepeaueni nipaxynannx na xopncrt nnacnnxin cy-
mixnnx npan?
21. Hasnarn crpoxn i cymixnnx npan.
22. xnm unnom sicnmcrtcx ynpanninnx manonnmn npanamn cycxrin
anropctxoro npana ra cymixnnx npan?
23. xi i nnaxamrtcx nopymennxm anropctxoro i/ao cymixnoro npana?
24. Hanpxmn ra moxnnnocri saxncry anropctxoro npana, moxnnni i
cycxrin AH ra CH.
25. Oconnnocri ra nponemn anropctxoro ra cymixnoro npana n in]opma-
ninomy cycnintcrni.

102
2.2. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' H&W/N>P O'N"@N@HiH O$'P'

2.2.1. ;&W/NK O'N"@N@HiH O$'P'

Ocxrn narenrnoro npana:
nnnaxon;
xopncni moeni;
npomncnoni spasxn.
Oxoponnn oxymenr narenr, mo nnacrtcx epxanom i sacniuyc na-
yrrx npana IB.
Be pas nixpecnnmo, mo narenrne npano, xx i nsarani npano inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri, perynmc ne rnopuy ixntnicrt is crnopennx nnnaxoin, xopn-
cnnx moene un npomncnonnx spasxin, a cycnintni ninocnnn, mo cxnaamrt-
cx n nponeci crnopennx, nnxnnennx, nnxopncrannx i oxoponn pesyntrarin nay-
xono-rexniuno rnopuocri. Cama rnopuicrt nixxomy perynmnannm ne ninxrac,
ane npano moxe crnopmnarn cnpnxrnnni ymonn nx ycnimno rnopuocri.
Hpnnnnnn oxoponn npomncnono nnacnocri ncranonneni Hapnstxom
xonnennicm, a nponeypy, xpnrepi, crpoxn noannx oxymenrin romo ncra-
nonnmc nanionantne saxonoancrno. Hpnnnnnn oxoponn:
1. Hanionantnn pexnm (pinni npana nanionantnnx ra inosemnnx saxnnnxin).
2. Hpnnnnn npiopnrery (npiopnrer ncranonnmmrt sa arom nepmo no-
aui saxnxn, xxa nipno o]opmnena, y yt-xxe niomcrno xpann unena
Konnenni, nin sepiracrtcx sa nnnaxoom 12 micxnin, sa npomncnonnm spa-
sxom ra ronapnnm snaxom 6 micxnin).
3. Bnnaxinnx ao anrop npomncnonoro spasxa nonnnen yrn nasnann
ninocno cnoro nnnaxoy un spasxa.
Ocxrn narenrnoro npana norpeymrt epxanno xnani]ixani i epxa-
nno peccrpani. Hpana na ni ocxrn nnnnxamrt s momenry, nnsnauenoro
ninoninnm saxonom. 3axon nnsnauac i ymonn naannx npanono oxoponn.

1. K@'Q>- (/H$KL@' :H-"6U) - pesyntrar inrenexryantno ix-
ntnocri nmnnn n yt-xxi c]epi rexnonori.
Ocxrn nnnaxoy (xopncno moeni):
npoyxrn (npncrpi, peuonnna, mram mixpoopranismy, xyntrypa xnirnn
pocnnn i rnapnn romo);
nponec (cnoci);
none sacrocynannx niomoro npoyxry un nponecy.
o npncrpon nanexart xoncrpyxni ra nnpon - mamnnn, mexanismn,
npnnan, rpancnoprni sacon, incrpymenrn romo.
o peuonnnn ninocxrt innniyantni ximiuni cnonyxn (xapaxrepnsymrt
xxicnnm ra xintxicnnm cxnaom aromin, snxsxom mix aromamn ra x nsacm-
nnm posramynannxm y monexyni nnpaxamrt ximiunom ]opmynom ao xpnc-
raniunom pemirxom), nncoxomonexynxpni cnonyxn ra ocxrn renno inxene-
103
pi, xomnosnni (cnonyxn, cymimi, cnnann, posunnn), npoyxrn xepnoro ne-
pernopennx. nx peuonnn nennsnauenoro cxnay ao nennsnaueno crpyxry-
pn (nanpnxna, innniyantna ximiuna cnonyxa s nennsnauenom crpyxrypom
- anrniornx) nxasymrt osnaxn cnocoy oepxannx.
o innniyantnnx mramin ninocxrt mramn mixpocxoniunnx rpnin,
pixxin, mixpocxoniunnx noopocre, nnmannxin, esxpeernnx rnapnn,
nexnirnnni crpyxrypn nipycin ra ]arin, mramn, mo necyrt HK (PHK). Hare-
nrymrt raxox ripnni comarnuni xyntrypn ra xnirnnn pocnnn i rnapnn, mo
xyntrnnymrtcx ra xyntrnnonani xnirnnn, mo necyrt HK (PHK). He naren-
rymrtcx renn nmnnn, marepiann ao peuonnnn, xxi icnymrt y npnpoi.
o cnocoin xx ocxrin nnnaxoin nanexart nponecn nnxonannx i na
marepiantnnm ocxrom sa onomorom marepiantnnx ocxrin, roro ne i
na cnponnnom, saroronxom romo. Tpannino ne pisni cnocon mexaniuno
opoxn, ximiuni rexnonori, nnponnnrno ra nepeaua enepri, sopaxent
romo, nnnnn na pocnnnn ra inmi ocxrn xnno npnpon s merom noxpamen-
nx x cnoxnnantxnx nnacrnnocre, ninnmennx npoxanocri.
Cnoci ocnonnn ocxr narenrnoro npana n menuni ranysi: cnocon
nixynannx, iarnocrnxn, npo]inaxrnxn, npornosynannx, ocnixennx, oep-
xannx nixapctxoro npenapary romo. Maxe sanxn nci ni cnocon nepea-
uamrt excnepnmenrantni ao xniniuni ocnixennx, xxi nirnepxymrt mo-
xnnnicrt ra onintnicrt nnxopncrannx.
ix narenry, mo nnann na cnoci, posnoncmxycrtcx i na npoyxr,
xxn nnm cnocoom orpnmano.
Hone sacrocynannx niomoro npoyxry un nponecy nepeauac 3 xapax-
repni osnaxn xonxperno nxasanoro npoyxry un cnocoy:
- npnsnauennx, sa xxnm sacrocynancx ann npoyxr un cnoci;
- none npnsnauennx;
- nosnrnnni niminnocri nnxopncrannx npoyxry un cnocoy sa nonnm
npnsnauennxm.
3rino s n. 1 cr. 6 saxony "$3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ '(-+H3*( 7 >3$(9-7
;3*"F7" npanona oxopona naacrtcx nnnaxoy (xopncni moeni), mo ne cy-
nepeunrt nyniunomy nopxxy, npnnnnnam rymannocri i mopani ra
ninoniac ymonam narenrosarnocri.
3rino s u. 3 cr. 6 saxony "$3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ '(-+H3*( 7 >3$(9-7 ;3*"-
F7" @" :HhSNU orpnmarn npanony oxopony xx nnnaxon:
1) pesyntrarn xyoxntoro xoncrpymnannx (oxoponxmrtcx xx npomn-
cnoni spasxn);
2) ronorpa]i inrerpantnnx mixpocxem (oxoponxcrtcx cneniantnnm sa-
xonom);
3) coprn pocnnn i nopon rnapnn (oxoponxcrtcx cneniantnnm saxo-
nom);

104
4) ionoriuni y cno ocnoni nponecn nirnopennx pocnnn i rnapnn, mo
ne nanexart o neionoriunnx ra mixpoionoriunnx nponecin.
Kpim ntoro, y ninoninocri o n. 2.5 $+'(F 9>F+*+--. 0+ C3*+--. /+-
.'>( -+ '(-+H7* 0+ /+.'>( -+ >3$(9-< ;3*"FJ, ne nnaxamrtcx nnnaxoamn
(xopncnnmn moenxmn):
- nixpnrrx, nayxoni reopi ra maremarnuni meron;
- meron inrenexryantno, rocnoapctxo, opranisanino ra xomepnino
ixntnocri (nnanynannx, ]inancynannx, nocrauannx, onixy, xpenrynannx,
npornosynannx, nopmynannx romo);
- npannna nnxonannx ]isnunnx nnpan, nponeennx irop, xonxypcin, ayx-
nionin;
- npoexrn ra cxemn nnanynannx cnopy, ynnxin, repnropi;
- ymonni nosnauennx (opoxni snaxn, mapmpyrn, xon, mpn]rn romo),
posxnan, incrpyxni;
- xomnmrepni nporpamn;
- ]opma npecrannennx in]opmani (nanpnxna, y nnrnxi rannni, i-
arpamn, rpa]ixa, sa onomorom axycrnunnx cnrnanin, nnmonnennx cnin, nisy-
antnnx emoncrpani, xnnr, ayio- ra nieoncxin).
o o nnecennx smin n saxon "$3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ '(-+H3*( 7 >3$(9-7
;3*"F7" n rpanni 2003 poxy ra npnnxrrx unnnoro HKV npnnnnnona nimin-
nicrt nnnaxoy ra xopncno moeni yna came n ocxri: xopncnom moennm
nnsnananocx rintxn xoncrpyxrnnne nnxonannx npncrpom. 3apas niminnicrt
nonxrac n ymonax narenrosarnocri (*('(9J *+F7 ' C. 2.2.3) ra nponeypax
orpnmannx narenry (*('(9J *+F7 ' C. 2.2.5). One rex came rexnonoriune
pimennx na Vxpani moxe oxoponxrnct ao xx nnnaxi, ao xx xopncna mo-
ent.
Cni sasnaunrn, mo raxn ocxr npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri xx
xopncna moent oxoponxcrtcx rintxn n 77 xpanax (nx nopinnxnnx: unenamn
oronopy npo narenry xoonepanim c 146 xpan i perionantnnx opranisani.).
Bin, nanpnxna, nicyrni y CBA, Bennxi Fpnrani, Kanai, ane oxoponx-
crtcx n inmnx npomncnono posnnnennx xpanax, nanpnxna, upannix, no-
nix, Himeuunna , Pecnynixa Kopex, Knra, Pocix romo. x xopncni moeni n
nnx xpanax oxoponxmrtcx pisni ocxrn, ane seintmoro oxopona posno-
ncmxycrtcx na xoncrpyxrnnni nnxonannx npncrpon.
2. V$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ pesyntrar rnopuo ixntnocri nmnnn y ra-
nysi xyoxntoro xoncrpymnannx, a came: ]opma, manmnox un pos]apy-
nannx ao x nocnannx, xxi nnsnauamrt sonnimni nnrnx npomncnonoro
nnpoy i npnsnaueni nx saononennx ecrernunnx ra epronomiunnx norpe
(cr. 1 ra u. 3 cr. 6 saxony $3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ C$3;(9F3'7 /$+/>(). He
npanonn saxncr pesyntrarin rnopuo npani nsanepin.
105
Ocxrn npomncnonoro spasxa (cr. 461, HKV): ]opma, manmnox un pos]ap-
ynannx ao x nocnannx, mo nnsnauamrt sonnimni nnrnx npomncnonoro nn-
poy (Pnc. 9).


a) Inrep]ec xopncrynaua (xn. MKH3 14-04)



) Emnema (xn. MKH3
32-00)
n) Hnpxynt (xn. MKH3 10-02) r) Ionnnnx
(xn. MKH3 10-
02)

Pnc. 9. Hpnxnan nnpoin, nsan xxnx oxoponxcrtcx na Vxpani xx npomncnonn spasox

Bnxopncrannx rintxn xyoxnix (nanpnxna, sminmnannx xontopy) ao
xoncrpyxropctxnx (nanpnxna, sminmnannx posmipin) sacoin neocrarnto,
oonxsxonom ymonom c nsacmoononnennx nnx sacoin.
Orxe rononna osnaxa npomncnonoro spasxa nsanepctxe pimennx,
roro nnsnauennx sonnimntoro nnrnxy nnpoin, xxi saonontnxmrt nmctxi
norpen, moxyrt cnpnmarncx nisyantno ra sarni sepirarn cni sonnimni
nnrnx. Ocxrn nsany ne npomncnoni nnpon (nnponnue onanannx,
noyrona rexnixa, meni, nocy, oxr romo), enemenrn ra cncremn cepeo-
nnma na nnponnnrni, y micri, nomemxannxx, nisyantna in]opmanix ra in.

106
Ocxramn npomncnonoro spasxa ne moxyrt yrn nponosnni, xxi sa cno-
m smicrom cynepeuart cycnintnnm inrepecam, npnnnnnam rymannocri i mo-
pani xx sa cnom npnsnauennxm (nanpnxna, snapxx xarynannx), rax i sa so-
nnimnim o]opmnennxm (nanpnxna, manmnxn ao nanncn nopnorpa]iunoro
un opasnnnoro xapaxrepy).
He nnsnamrtcx narenrosarnnmn npomncnonnmn spasxamn:
pimennx nnpoin, sonnimni nnrnx xxnx symonnenn xntom rexniu-
nom ]ynxnicm (nanpnxna, rnnnrn, sa nnnxrxom exoparnnnnx);
ocxrn apxirexrypn (oxpim mannx apxirexrypnnx ]opm), npomncnoni
riporexniuni ra inmi cranionapni cnopyn. o mannx apxirexrypnnx ]opm
ninocxrt sonnimni nnrnx xiocxin, rpancnoprnnx synnnox, rene]onnnx
yox romo. Ocxrn apxirexrypn oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom;
pyxonana npoyxnix - xnnrn, rasern, npocnexrn, yxnern, xxi oxopo-
nxmrtcx nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
ocxrn, xxi ne mamrt crano ]opmn, roro c pixnmn, rasonoinnmn,
cnnxnmn i romy noinnmn peuonnnamn.
Hpomncnoni spasxn moxyrt yrn:
- ocmni ocmno-npocroponi crpyxrypn, nanpnxna, sonnimni nn-
rnx nepcrara, menin, romo;
nnomnnni xomnosnni, n ocnoni xxnx enemenrn, xxi ne mamrt ocmy:
nanpnxna, sonnimni nnrnx xycrxn un xnnnma, manmnxn;
xominonani ne nocnannx enemenrin. Hanpnxna, sonnimni nnrnx
in]opmaninoro rano, nn]epnary ronnnnxa, yinentno osonmnantno
nnnrxn;
onoocxrni ne oxpemn nnpi (onnnunn), ao uacrnna nnpoy,
xxmo nona mac sanepmeny xomnosnnim, ]ynxnionantno camocrina, moxe
yrn nnxopncrana s inmnmn nnpoamn (nanpnxna, ]apn s pisnnmn moenx-
mn anromoinin, pyuxn i r.n.)
araroocxrni. Hanpnxna, xomnnexr nnpoin, xxi cxnaamrt nine y cy-
xynnocri: nci cxnaoni nnxonymrt pisni ]ynxni, nipisnxmrtcx ona ni o-
no, ane cnpxmonani na nnxonannx onic saaui xomnnexrom n ninomy. Ha-
npnxna, rapniryp menin, xomnnexr innsnn, cepnis, inrepcp pisnnx npnmi-
ment i rpancnoprnnx sacoin xamrn, canonn, xainn, pyxn, romo.
3axnmamrt raxox napianrn nnpoin: xyoxnto-xoncrpyxropctxe pi-
mennx onoro roro x nnpoy, xxi mamrt pisni cyrrcni osnaxn npn onnx i
rnx xe ecrernunnx i epronomiunnx oconnnocrxx nnpoy. Hanpnxna, exi-
ntxa anromoinin, xxi nipisnxmrtcx onn ni onoro ]opmom pyuox, ]ap,
onnuxynannxm: exintxa crintnin, mo nipisnxmrtcx ]axrypom ra xontopom
onnouno rxannnn.
Hpnnnnnona niminnicrt npomncnonoro spasxa y xapaxrepi saau, xxi
nnpimymrtcx. V xoncrpyxrnnnomy pimenni npncrpom oxoponxcrtcx ne son-
nimni nnrnx, a rexniuna cyrnicrt, xxa moxe nonxrarn n oconnni ]opmi,
107
cnocpinomy posramynanni un cnonyuenni oxpemnx uacrnn, nysnin, erane.
Hpomncnonn spasox, nannaxn, nnpimyc saauy sonnimntoro nnrnxy nnpoy
sa onomorom xoncrpyxropctxnx ra xyoxnix sacoin.

2.2.2. +S&W/NK O'N"@N@HiH O$'P'

1. Anropn (nnnaxinnxn) ]isnuni ocon, inrenexryantnom npanem
xxnx crnopeno ocxrn npana IB. Mamrt npano na naannx cnoro imeni ao
cneniantno nasnn crnopenomy ocxry.
xmo anropin xintxa, roro nonn cninanropn, ro ninocnnn mix nnmn i
posnoin uacrox y npanax, mo m nanexart, nnsnauac oronip mix nnmn. Mo-
xyrt ixrn cnintno, ao opyunrn neennx npan narenrnomy nonipenomy ao
naarn nonnonaxennx onomy is cninanropin. Cynepeuxn mix cninanropamn
nnpimyc cy.
Anrop moxe nepearn npano na narenr inmi ocoi srino oronopy ao
sanoniry.
2. Bnacnnxn narenrin ]isnuni ao mpnnuni ocon, xxi nonoimrt na-
renrom ra ninoninnmn nnxnmunnmn npanamn na x nnxopncrannx.
Harenronnacnnxom moxe yrn anrop (nnnaxinnx un anrop npomncnonoro
spasxa), oro pooroanent, samonnnx un x npanonacrynnnx.
Harenronnacnnxamn moxyrt yrn xintxa oci onouacno (nsacmnnn mix
nnmn perynmmrtcx yroom), a raxox inosemni ]isnuni un mpnnuni ocon.
xmo inosemni narenronnacnnxn c rpomaxnamn xpan yuacnnnt Hapnstxo
xonnenni ao mamrt y nnx xpanax nocrine micnesnaxoxennx un icne
ninpncmcrno, ro xopncrymrtcx rnmn camnmn npanamn, mo nanionantni
narenronnacnnxn.
3. Hpanonacrynnnxn ]isnuni ao mpnnuni ocon xxnm narenronnac-
nnx nepeac cno npana na narenr srino oronopy.
Ocoa, xxa oepxyc npana no nnxopncrannm nnnaxoy sa nnary ninensi-
ar, a xomepninn oronip, mo nnsnauac ocxr nepeannx npan ne ninensix.
V pasi cmepri anropa ao narenronnacnnxa oro manoni npana ycnaxo-
nymrt cnaxocmni srino saxony ao sa sanonirom. Cnaxocment mac npano
nepearn npana sanixannennm ocoam.
Hpana npanonacrynnnxin nonnnni yrn ninoninnm unnom o]opmnenni
(cnionrnom npo cnamnny, pimennxm cyy ao oronopom romo).
4. Ocon, xxi ne c cycxramn narenrnoro npana, ane niirpamrt naxnn-
ny pont n nayrri npanono oxoponn, - npecrannnxn n cnpanax inrenexrya-
ntno nnacnocri (narenrni nonipeni). He arecronani cnenianicrn, xxi sa opy-
uennxm ]isnunnx ra mpnnunnx oci nnxonymrt samicrt nnx i no orpn-
mannm oxoponnnx oxymenrin na ocxrn npana IB, npecrannxmrt x inre-
pecn y narenrnnx ycranonax, cyax romo, naamrt xoncyntrani.

108
Fintmicrt narenrnnx ycranon, i Vxpana y romy uncni, neyrt cnpann s
inosemnnmn saxnnnxamn nnme uepes narenrnnx nonipennx, xxnx sapeccrpo-
nano y annx xpanax. Harenrna ycranona arecryc ra peccrpyc narenrnnx no-
nipennx ninonino o nanionantnoro saxonoancrna, niomocri npo nnx ny-
nixymrt n o]ininomy mnereni. Harenrni nonipeni imrt sa opyuennxm,
xni nonnonaxennx sacniuymrtcx oronopom ra onipenicrm.
Vxpanctxi narenrni nonipeni imrt ninonino o nocranonn Kainery
Minicrpin Vxpann ni 10 cepnnx 1994 p. N 545 Hpo sarnepxennx Hono-
xennx npo npecrannnxin y cnpanax inrenexryantno nnacnocri (narenrnnx
nonipennx) (7/ /;7-+;().
V arartox xpanax (nanpnxna, y Hontmi, Vropmnni, Himeuunni) icny-
mrt cneniantni saxonn, xxi perynmmrt ixntnicrt narenrnnx nonipennx
(patent attorney).
Hepma aconianix narenrnnx nonipennx yna crnopena y Bnenapi n
1888 p. 3apas y CBA napaxonycrtcx inx 18 rnc. narenrnnx nonipennx, y
Himeuunni inx 6 rnc., n noni intm sa 3 rnc., y Knra inx 5 rnc., Cn-
ponectxa narenrna ycranona arecrynana na snannx cnponectxoro narenr-
noro nonipenoro 5,5 rnc. oci [3]. B Vxpani imrt 240 narenrnnx nonipennx.
Harenrnn nonipenn nonnnen yrn rpomaxnnnom Vxpann i nocrino xnrn
n Vxpani, marn nnmy ocniry y ranysi IB ra ocni npaxrnuno poorn n c]epi
oxoponn IB ne menme sa 5 poxin. Harenrnoro nonipenoro arecryc Arecrani-
na xomicix epxanno cnyxn, nnocnrt oro n epxannn peccrp npecran-
nnxin y cnpanax IB i nnac cnionrno.
V CBA narenrnn nonipenn mac mpnnuny ra rexniuny ocniry, sac
peccrpaninn icnnr ao mac ocni poorn y Harenrni ycranoni moname-
nme 4 poxn. Moxe npecrannxrn inrepecn xnicnra y Harenrni ycranoni ra n
cyi, anarn npanoni nncnonxn npo icnicrt narenry ao oro nopymennx,
rorynarn ninensini oxymenrn. Oxpim narenrnnx nonipennx, c raxox naren-
rni arenrn, xxi ne mamrt mpnnuno ocnirn, ane cxnaamrt cneniantnn ic-
nnr y Harenrni ycranoni. Moxe npecrannxrn inrepecn xnicnra y Harenrni
ycranoni, ane ne n cyi, ne cxnaac ninensini yron.

2.2.3. d:HPK @'-'@@] HQH$H@K

Harenr cneniantnn oxymenr, xxn nirnepxyc anropcrno, npiopn-
rer, npano nnacnocri na sasnauenn ocxr.
Harenr moxe yrn nanionantnnm, roro nnannm ni imeni onic ep-
xann ao perionantnnm: cnponectxi narenrn nnac Cnponectxa narenrna
ycranona, icnymrt narenrn cnpasictxi ra raxi, mo nnani A]pnxanctxom
opranisanicm IB.
Harenr nnacrtcx nnme y pasi, xxmo OHB ninoniac ymonam narenros-
arnocri, nnsnauennm unnnnm saxonoancrnom (ran. 1).
109
Tannnx 1

Ocxr npomncnono
nnacnocri
Kpnrepi oxoponosarnocri
Tepmin npanono oxoponn
(poxn)
Bnnaxi
Honnsna
Bnnaxinnntxn pinent
Hpomncnona npnarnicrt
20
Kopncna moent
Honnsna
Hpomncnona npnarnicrt
10
Hpomncnonn spasox Honnsna
10 s npanom npoonxennx
na 5 poxin

2.2.3.1 Z6] PK@'QH->P > /H$KL@KQ :H-"6"f
1.2HPKJ@'. K@'Q>- (/H$KL@' :H-"6U) nnsnacrtcx nonnm, xxmo nin
ne c uacrnnom pinnx rexnixn. O'cxrn, mo c uacrnnom pinnx rexnixn, nx
nnsnauennx nonnsnn nnnaxoy nonnnni npaxonynarncx nnme oxpemo. Pinent
rexnixn nxnmuac nci niomocri, xxi crann sarantnoocrynnnmn y cniri
o arn noannx saxnxn o Vcranonn ao, xxmo saxnneno npiopnrer, o arn
npiopnrery.
3axonn pisnnx xpan nnpimymrt nnrannx pinnx rexnixn ra nonnsnn no-
pisnomy. o nnnaxoy moxyrt crannrn nnmory aconmrno un ninocno cniro-
no nonnsnn ao noxantno (micneno) nonnsnn. B Vxpani, xx i n intmocri xpa-
n, nnmaramrt aconmrny cnirony nonnsny, roro cyrnicrt nnnaxoy ne nonn-
nna yrn posxpnra ni y xpani narenrynannx, ni sa mexamn nixxnm cnocoom
(roro ne nonnnno yrn nynixani un nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy y xpani un sa
mexamn). B exxnx xpanax sacroconycrtcx npnnnnn noxantno nonnsnn,
mo nepeauac neniomicrt nnnaxoy ao xopncno moeni nnme y mexax ni-
c xpann.
Hpn ocnixenni nonnsnn nnxopncronymrt nnme sarantnoocrynni ni-
omocri, roro raxi, xxi ocrynni saxonnnm unnom nennsnauenomy xony oci.
(xmo niomocri npo cyrnicrt nnnaxoy micrxrtcx y marepianax, xxi ocryn-
ni omexenomy xony oci, nanpnxna, y saxpnrnx nnannxx, inonomy nnc-
rynannx romo, ro raxe posronomennx ne sanepeuyc nonnsny).
Hanpnxna, n Ini nnamrt narenrn na nnnaxon, niomocre npo xxi
nema y Koponinctxi inioreni Bennxopnrani. Ha nepmn nornx ne - no-
xantna nonnsna, ane nx iniorexa mac yxe snaunn in]opmaninn ]on.
Taxe came ]opmynmnannx i n anrnictxomy saxonoancrni. B nam uac intme
80 % in]opmani npo noni rexniuni pimennx ]axinni orpnmymrt s onncin na-
renrin. 3apas n cniri ic intme 4mnn. narenrin i monx noacrtcx nnstxo
2 rnc. narenrnnx saxnox.
Tpannino naintm narenromicrxa c]epa xomnmrepna. Komnanix
IBM (CBA) ncranonnna nonn pexop no uncny narenrin, orpnmannx nporx-
rom poxy: sa 2003 p. nona orpnmana 5386 narenrin n pisnnx ranysxx nayxn i
rexnixn. Cepe nanaxnnnimnx - cncrema anromarnunoro ycynennx necnpa-

110
nnocre n cxnannx xomnmrepnnx cncremax, sacon sanoirannx maxpact-
xnm onepanixm s xpenrnnmn xaprxamn.
V 2008 p. IBM nnmanact niepom s xintxocri sanarenronannx nnnaxo-
in: intm sa 4 rnc. narenrin.
B onacri enexrponixn niepamn c xnonctxi ]ipmn Hitachi, Matsushita,
Canon. Fnnstxo nox rpernn in]opmani, xxa posxpnnacrtcx y narenrax, ni-
xonn ne nynixycrtcx n inmnx xepenax.
Harenrni ocnixennx osnonxmrt orpnmarn in]opmanim npo icnymui
nonani saonro o noxnn nonaropctxo npoyxni na pnnxy.
Harenrnn nomyx moxe nnxopncronynarnct nx xonxypenrnoro anani-
sy. Harenrn xonxypenrin nnsnauamrt xx minimym rexnonorim un npoyxr, n
xxomy nonn sanixannenni, roro moxnnnn nanpxmox mayrnto oro axrn-
nnocri. Hocnnannx y saxnni na crapi narenrn xx na nporornnn nauacrime
nxasyc na ixntnicrt posponnxin n nanpxmi noninmennx crapo rexnonori,
nocnnannx na noni narenrn na axrnnny nayxono-ocninnntxy poory.
xmo na nam narenr nocnnamrtcx xx na nannxun ananor ($+-7&" -
nporornn), oconnno y narenri xonxypenra, onintno sxcynarn, un nnxopnc-
ronycrtcx ne narenr i un ne nopymeni npn ntomy nami npana.
Hepma (pesnenrctxa) narenrna peccrpanix c noxasnnxom (xou i npn-
nnsnnm) innonanino ixntnocri xpann, a peccrpanix narenrno saxnxn na
ro camn nnnaxi n inmi xpani noxasnnxom inrepnanionanisani rexno-
nori ra pnnxin.
Harenrni saxonoancrna intmocri xpan mamrt nonoxennx, srino s
xxnmn ne c sanepeuennxm nonnsnn nnnaxoy posxpnrrx oro cyri ao in]op-
mani, xxa mac o ntoro ninomennx, anropom, saxnnnxom ao inmom oco-
om, xxa orpnmana ni nnx nm in]opmanim, xxmo n nennn crpox nicnx pos-
xpnrrx in]opmani yno noano saxnxy. Hauacrime ne 6 ao 12 micxnin.
xmo nm in]opmanim posxpnna inma ocoa, ro saxnnnx nonnnen onecrn,
mo in]opmanix orpnmana ni ntoro, nanirt xonn nynixanix niynact es
oro nioma, ao re, mo nin osnonnn nm nynixanim. Henpanomipne pos-
xpnrrx cyri nnnaxoy nporn noni mayrntoro saxnnnxa ne nnnnnac na nare-
nrosarnicrt, xxmo saxnxy noano y nennn crpox nicnx ntoro.
Ha Vxpani noina nintra no nonnsni nx nnnaxoin i xopncnnx moe-
ne ncranonnena na repmin ne intme 12 micxnin.
2.K@'Q>-@K^U/Kf $>P"@U. 3axonoancrnom Vxpann nnaxacrtcx, mo
PK@'Q>- mac nnnaxinnntxn pinent, xxmo nx ]axinnx nin ne c ouennnnm,
roro ne nnnnnnac xnno is pinnx rexnixn. Hpn oninni nnnaxinnntxoro pin-
nx smicr saxnox, noannx, ane me ne onynixonannx, o ynarn ne epertcx.
Hpn nnsnauenni nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx saxnnenn nnnaxi nopinnmcrt-
cx ne rintxn s oxpemnmn oxymenramn ao x uacrnnamn, a s xominanicm
oxymenrin ao x uacrnn (rax snannm sipnnm nporornnom), xonn moxnn-
nicrt o'cnannx oxymenrin ao x uacrnn ouennna nx ]axinnx.
111
Hpn nepenipni nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx ncranonnmmrt niomicrt s pi-
nnx rexnixn nnnnny cyxynnocri osnax saxnnenoro nnnaxoy na ocxr-
nennx sasnauenoro saxnnnxom rexniunoro pesyntrary. xmo raxa ni-
omicrt ne ncranonnena, ro nnnaxi nnsnacrtcx xx raxn, mo ninoniac
ymoni nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx.
3a nnnaxinnntxnm pinnem narenrosarnn nnnaxi nnpisnxcrtcx s-
nomix snnuannx inxenepnnx pospoox. Bnnaxi c nrinennxm rnopuo ie ra
ac nepexi na nonn rexnonoriunn pinent.
Bnnaxinnntxn pinent nepeauacrtcx narenrnnm saxonoancrnom i-
ntmocri xpan cniry. Hanpnxna, y Himeuunni ra Hiepnanax nirnepxen-
nxm nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx c sacrocynannx niomoro cnocoy n xnno inmi
ranysi rexnixn ao ocxrnennx neouixynanoro rexniunoro pesyntrary.
o ouennnnx piment, xxi xnno nnnnnnamrt s pinnx rexnixn, nanexart
pimennx, xxi orpnmani mnxxom snnuanoro inxenepnoro npoexrynannx na
ocnoni niomnx sacoin i meroin, mo amrt niomn pesyntrar. Fasom nx
nnsnauennx nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx raxox c pinent rexnixn na ary npiopn-
rery saxnxn (ne onynixonani saxnxn ne posrnxamrt).
Cnponectxa narenrna xonnennix nepeauac onomixni xpnrepi nx
nnsnauennx nnnaxinnntxoro pinnx. Bnaxacrtcx, mo nnnaxi mac nnnaxi-
nnntxn pinent, xxmo nin:
nnpimnn nponemy, xxa onrn uac ne mana nanoro posnxsannx no-
npn nci cnpon;
niomi nnnaxon ne moxyrt saonontnnrn icnymuy norpey;
npn crnopenni nnnaxoy onenocx noonarn snauni rexniuni ycxnanennx.
3.V$H:KL6HP' O$K-'N@>LNU. K@'Q>- un /H$KL@' :H-"6U nnsnamrtcx
npomncnono npnarnnmn, xxmo x moxe yrn nnxopncrano y npomncnonoc-
ri, cintctxomy rocnoapcrni, mennnni ao n inmi c]epi ixntnocri.
Toro nepenipxmrt, mo yno nxasano, nx nnxopncrannx y xxi ranysi
npnsnaueno nnnaxi, mo yna nirnepxena moxnnnicrt oro sicnennx sa
onomorom onncannx y saxnni ao niomnx o arn npiopnrery sacoin i me-
roin ra oneena moxnnnicrt orpnmarn nxasann rexniunn pesyntrar.
Harenrne saxonoancrno CBA nepeauac 3 nnn narenrin: narenr na
pocnnny, nsan-narenr (na npomncnonn spasox) ra narenr xopncnocri
(utility patent).
Vmonn narenrosarnocri: nonnsna; neouennnicrt (ne c xominanicm ni-
omnx enemenrin, xxa c ouennnom); xopncnicrt.

2.2.3.2 Z6] O$H:KL6HPKQ J$'J/>P
Ocnonna nnmora o npomncnonoro spasxa mo yn nonnm ra opnrina-
ntnnm, roro man innniyantni xapaxrepncrnxn symonneni rnopunm nnec-
xom anropa y ]opmynannx sonnimntoro nnrnxy npomncnonoro nnpoy.
B Vxpani saxonoancrno nepeauac, mo O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ nonn-
nen yrn nonnm.

112
Hpomncnonn spasox nnsnacrtcx nonnm, xxmo cyxynnicrt oro cyrrcnnx
osnax ne crana sarantnoocrynnom y cniri o arn noannx saxnxn o
Vcranonn ao, xxmo saxnneno npiopnrer, o arn npiopnrery. Kpim ro-
ro, y nponeci ncranonnennx nonnsnn npomncnonoro spasxa epertcx o
ynarn smicr ycix panime oepxannx Vcranonom saxnox, sa nnnxrxom rnx,
mo na sasnaueny ary nnaxamrtcx nixnnxannmn, nixnnxani ao sa nn-
mn Vcranonom npnnxri pimennx npo nimony y nnaui narenrin i nnuep-
nani moxnnnocri ocxapxennx raxnx piment.
x i nx nnnaxoin (xopncnnx moene), nx npomncnonnx spasxin rex
ncranonnmcrtcx nintra no nonnsni, ane nona cranonnrt ne intme 6 micxnin.
B exxnx inmnx xpanax xpnrepicm narenrosarnocri npomncnonoro
spasxa c oro opnrinantnicrt.
Ha xinent 2001 p. n cniri yno 1,35 mnn imunx peccrpani npomncno-
nnx spasxin. He noxcnmcrtcx posnnrxom nsany: cnoxnnaui nparnyrt, mo
xopncnicrt nocnynanact is npncmnnm sonnimnim nnrnxom.
Oxpim xpacnnoro sonnimntoro nnrnxy c me nnmorn o nnpoin, nanpn-
xna, epronomiuni noxasnnxn, cnyxone npnsnauennx nnpoy. 3onnimni nn-
rnx ronounoro anromoinx, oro ]opma nnsnauacrtcx rexniunnm npnsna-
uennxm, ]opma xpnn niraxa - raxox. Panime ni nnmorn nonaann ni pypnxy
npomncnona npnarnicrt. 3apas excneprnsa ne posrnxac epronomiunicrt,
ane mac na ynasi ne npocro xpacy, a spyunicrt, onintnicrt, o nnponnx y-
e sanixannenn y nonnri.
V xpanax Cnpocomsy npomncnonn spasox raxox moxe oxoponxrncx y
mexax anropctxoro npana, repmin oxoponn 3 poxn, es peccrpani. Hisnime
mac npano orpnmarn oxopony, ane naxxo, o nxe ne c nonnm. Taxa oxopona c
spyunom, xxmo ocrarnto nenennxoro crpoxy, nanpnxna, na ronapn, mo
mnnxo nnxoxrt s mon.
Moxe yrn sasnaueno copyright, nanpnxna, na cymni, roro oxoponx-
crtcx ]opma.
V CBA nepeaueno raxn ocxr npana IB xx sapeccrponann nsan.
He noni pimennx, ane neocrarnto neouennni xx na npomncnonn spasox
(nsan-narenr) i s manom rpnnanicrm pnnxonoro xnrrx y nopinnxnni s nepi-
oom npoxoxennx saxnxn na nsan-narenr.
Opnrinantnn nsan nx xopncnoro nnpoy peccrpymrt yxe cxoxe na
peccrpanim anropctxoro npana. Crpox oxoponn cranonnrt 10 poxin, ane saxn-
xa nonnnna yrn noana nporxrom poxy s nx nepmoro onpnnmnennx.
Moxe yrn nosnauenn snaxom D ao D is sasnauennxm poxy, s xxoro
ic saxncr, imeni un nosnauennx npano nnacnnxa. Hpana moxyrt yrn sacni-
uenni nanncom Protd Des (Protected Design).
He nnxnmueno nnnaox, xonn, nanpnxna, opnamenr orpnmyc oxopony
xx npomncnonn spasox i onouacno anropctxo-npanony oxopony.
113
exxi npomncnoni spasxn moxyrt raxox yrn saxnneni xx ocmni rona-
pni snaxn (nn. npnxna na Pnc. 10.) un xx nnrnip exoparnnno-npnxnanoro
mncrenrna.



a) )
Pnc. A. Hpnxna onouacno oxoponn OHIB: a) i xx O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' HAKET
H HAHOB sa Harenrom Vxpann na npomncnonn spasox N 7738 HAKET H
HAHOB (MKH3 09-03; oxonnmc 8 napianrin: nepcnxonn, myntrnnnramnnnt,
romarnt, mopxonnoxnount, cnnnont, nnnorpant, xnount, mynt-
rn]pyxront),
) i xx NH$iHP"6U@H7 :'$/K (Cnionrno Vxpann na o'cmnn rpnnnmipnn snax nx ro-
napin i nocnyr N 39551 nx ronapin xn. 32 MKTH Onoueni ra ]pyxroni coxn)

xmo ocxr orpnmyc oxopony onouacno y nox xxocrxx, ro nx xox-
noro nnnaxy oxpemo i no-pisnomy o]opmnmmrt oxymenranim.

2.2.4. ;&L]i HQH$H@K

Hepeauacrtcx nanionantnnm saxonoancrnom y nnrnxi repnropiant-
nnx, uaconnx ra npemernnx mex.
D"$KNH$>'6U@> :"h> nnsnauamrtcx repnropicm xpann, n xxi sapeccr-
ponano narenr (roro sanarenronano nnnaxi) ao repnropicm exintxox
xpan, xyn yna noana saxnxa (mixnapona saxnxa) i xxi naann oxopony
OHB. V xpanax, e nnnaxi ne sanarenronano, oro moxe nintno nnxopnc-
ronynarn yt-xxa ocoa.
Harenrn, xxi nnano na onn i ro camn nnnaxi y pisnnx xpanax, c ne-
sanexnnmn (cr. 44 ter Hapnstxo xonnenni), roro xxmo narenr npnnnnnn
im (anyntonann) n oni xpani, ne ne posnoncmxycrtcx na inmi xpann.
Icnymrt raxox i perionantni narenrn (Cnponectxn, Cnpasictxn ro-
mo), ix xxnx nomnpmcrtcx na repnropim rpynn xpan. Mixnaponnx naren-
rin ne icnyc.

114
='LHP> :"hK nnsnauamrtcx crpoxom i narenry, xxn ncranonneno na-
nionantnnm saxonoancrnom, ra arom nayrrx unnnocri nnxnmunnx mano-
nnx npan. B Vxpani, xx i y intmocri xpan, crpox i narenry nounnac oun-
cnmnarnct s arn noaui saxnxn ao s arn npiopnrery, xxmo nin yn saxnne-
nn. He crpox cnnnnac nx nnnaxoin uepes 20 poxin, nx xopncnnx moe-
ne uepes 10 poxin, a nx npomncnonnx spasxin uepes 15 poxin.
Bnxnmuni x manoni npana (nnxnmune npano osnonxrn i nnxnmune
npano nepemxoxarn nnxopncrannm) c unnnnmn s arn nacrynno sa arom
epxanno peccrpani. Hicnx nic arn nopymennx nnxnmunnx npan narenro-
nnacnnxa rxrne sa coom ninoniantnicrt, nepeaueny saxonoancrnom.
Oconnnnm nnnaxom c, rax snana, rnmuacona oxopona PK@'QH->P xxa
nounnacrtcx ni arn nynixani niomocre npo noany saxnxy na nnnaxi.
V$"-:"N@> :"h> nnsnauamrtcx nacrynnnm unnom:
1.Z6] PK@'QH-S (/H$KL@H7 :H-"6>) ocxr npanono oxoponn, mo
naacrtcx, nnsnauacrtcx x ]opmynom . Tnymauennx ]opmynn nonnnno
sicnmnarncx n mexax onncy nnnaxoy (xopncno moeni) ra ninoni-
nnx xpecnent.
ix narenry, nnanoro na cnoci oepxannx npoyxry, nomnpmcrtcx
i na npoyxr, esnocepento oepxann nnm cnocoom.
2.nx O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' ocxr npanono oxoponn, mo naacrt-
cx, nnsnauacrtcx cyxynnicrm oro cyrrcnnx osnax, npecrannennx na so-
paxenni (sopaxennxx) nnpoy, nnecenomy o epxannoro peccrpy, i
sacniuycrtcx narenrom s naneenom y ntomy xonicm nnecenoro o ep-
xannoro peccrpy sopaxennx nnpoy. Tnymauennx osnax npomncnonoro
spasxa nonnnno sicnmnarncx n mexax oro onncy.

2.2.5. ;N$K:'@@] (@'&SNN]) O$'P @' H&W/NK O'N"@N@HiH O$'P'

Hpana na OHB o]opmnmmrtcx srino s unnnnm saxonoancrnom ra
Hpannnamn no cxnaannm ra noannm saxnxn (pnc. 11).
Heoxini i:
1. VH-'NK ninoninnm unnom o]opmneny J']P/S n epxanny cnyxy
IB - na apecy Vxpanctxoro incrnryry npomncnono nnacnocri.
Icnymrt 2 cncremn noannx saxnxn:
nnnaxinnntxa (anropctxa) npano na orpnmannx narenry mac nep-
mn i icnn nnnaxinnx. Taxa cncrema ic y CBA. 3axnnnx npn noanni
saxnxn npncxrac moo cnoro anropcrna;
saxnnnntxa narenr nnacrtcx nepmomy saxnnnxy es nepenipxn o-
ro nonnonaxent ninocno nnnaxoy. He ninoniac meri narenrno cncremn:
cnpnxrn monamnnmomy posxpnrrm nnnaxoy.


115
Cnnara sopy sa n
d/$'7@LU/Kf >@LNKNSN
O$H:KL6HPH7 P6'L@HLN>

3minn ra/ao
ononnennx (sa
norpen)
Cnnara ep-
xannoro mnra
sa nnauy
narenry ra
sopy sa
nynixanim
onncy o
narenry
3.VHO"$"-@>f $HJi6]-
J']P/K
4.LN'@HP6"@@]
-'NK OH-'@@] '&H
-'NK O$>H$KN"NS

7.cP'6>k>/'^>f@'
"/LO"$NKJ'
1.A']P/'
6.VS&6>/'^>] J']P/K (uepes
18 micxnin s arn noannx)
Haannx rnmuacono
oxoponn
8.Z"$h'P@' $"WLN$'^>]
9.VS&6>/'^>] P Hk>^>f@H:S
&.6"N"@>
10.K-'g' O'N"@NS
A']P@K/ Z"$h'P@' L6Sh&'
>@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>
C
3
/
(
0
(
'
-
7

$
7
&
"
-
-
.

5.mH$:'6U@'
"/LO"$NKJ' J']P/K
$7&"--.
n3'7*3;F"--.

/+C(0, $7&"--.
/+C(0,
C3'7*3;F"--.,
$7&"--.
nporxrom micxnx
>F3C30+--. + /W7$
2.F"WLN$'^>]
:'N"$>'6>P J']P/K
Cnnara sopy
sa noannx
saxnxn
Cnnara sopy
sa xnani]ixa-
niny
excneprnsy

Pnc. 11. Cxema nponecy naannx npanono oxoponn nnnaxoy

V cnponectxnx xpanax cxnanact npomixna cncrema: orpnmarn narenr
mac npano anrop ao oro npanonacrynnnx, nepeaueno sasnauennx imeni
anropa y saxnni. Onax nixxo nepenipxn nonnonaxent ne nepeaueno, rax
camo xx i roro, un c saxnnnx icno anropom. 3rino EHK saxnnnx so-
onxsann nxasarn y saxnni imx nnnaxinnxa, xxmo saxnnnx ne c nnnaxi-
nnxom, ro naarn oxymenr, e nxasano ocoy anropa ra oro apecy. Ane ni
ani ne nepenipxmrtcx. xmo ocxr crnopeno xintxoma anropamn nesanexno
onn ni onoro, ro ic npano nepmoro saxnnnxa (cr. 11 saxony Hpo oxopo-
ny npan na nnnaxon i xopncni moeni).
Ha Vxpani saxnxy na orpnmannx narenry moxe noarn nnnaxinnx ao
oro cnaxocment, pooroanent, ao npanonacrynnnx nnnaxinnxa ao po-
oroannx; sa opyuennxm saxnnnxa saxnxy moxe noarn npecrannnx y
cnpanax inrenexryantno nnacnocri (narenrnn nonipenn) ao inma onipe-
na ocoa.
Inosemni ra ocon es rpomaxncrna noamrt saxnxn nnme uepes narenr-
nnx nonipennx, xxmo nonn nocrino npoxnnamrt sa mexamn Vxpann.

116
xmo ocxr crnopeno xintxoma anropamn nesanexno onn ni onoro,
ro ic npano nepmoro saxnnnxa: npano na orpnmannx narenry mac ocoa, sa-
xnxa xxoro mac intm pannm ary noannx o Vcranonn ao, xxmo saxnne-
no npiopnrer, intm pannm ary npiopnrery.
2. B'N"$>'6K J']P/K, mo naimnn o Vxpnarenry, $"WLN$S.NUL]
raxnm unnom:
-npocrannxcrtcx ara naxoxennx marepianin saxnxn, xxmo nonn
micrxrt, npnnamni, saxny npo nnauy narenry n onintni ]opmi, nnxna-
eny yxpanctxom monom;
-npncnomcrtcx peccrpaninn nomep.
xmo marepiann ne micrxrt saxnn npo nnauy narenry, nnxna-
eno yxpanctxom monom, ro nonn nonepramrtcx ocoi, xxa x noana.
3apeccrponani marepiann saxnxn nepenipxmrtcx na naxnnicrt oxyme-
nra npo cnnary sopy sa noannx saxnxn n ycranonnenomy posmipi.
3. o ncranonnennx arn noannx saxnxn sicnmcrtcx OHO"$"-@>f
$HJi6]-. 3axnxa posrnxacrtcx na npemer naxnnocri n ni marepianin, xxi
moxyrt yrn nineceni o epxanno racmnnni. epxannn incnexrop s
nnrant epxanno racmnnni nacnnac cnoc pimennx O$HN]iH: :>L]^] ni
arn oepxannx nnm marepianin saxnxn. xmo epxannn excnepr npnnxn
pimennx npo ninecennx saxnnenoro nnnaxoy (xopncno moeni) o ep-
xanno racmnnni, ro Vxpnarenr y :>L]g@Kf crpox noniomnxc npo ne saxn-
nnxa. Hicnx ntoro nect nacrynnn posrnx saxnxn sicnmcrtcx n pexnmi
cexpernocri.
4. LN'@HP6"@@] -'NK OH-'@@] J']P/K sa arom naxoxennx
sicnmcrtcx, xxmo marepiann saxnxn micrxrt:
-saxny n onintni ]opmi npo nnauy narenry, nnxnaeny yxpanct-
xom monom;
-niomocri npo saxnnnxa ra oro pecy, nnxnaeni yxpanctxom mo-
nom;
-marepian, mo cnpannxc npaxennx onncy nnnaxoy (xopncno mo-
eni);
-uacrnny marepiany, xxy moxna npnnxrn sa ]opmyny nnnaxoy
(xopncno moeni).
xmo marepiann saxnxn ninoniamrt sasnauennm nnmoram, Vxpna-
renr nacnnac saxnnnxy pimennx npo ncranonnennx arn noannx saxnxn.
xmo saxnnnx saxnnxc O$>H$KN"N sa arom noannx nonepento saxn-
xn, ro nepenipxmrt marepiann nic nonepento saxnxn na orpnmannx ymon
moo ncranonnennx npiopnrery.
5. mH$:'6U@' "/LO"$NKJ' J']P/K. Honxrac y nepenipni nnxonannx
nnmor nanionantnoro narenrnoro saxonoancrna o saxnxn na nnauy naren-
ry. Hanpnxna, un nanexnrt ocxr, mo saxnnxcrtcx, o ocxrin nnnaxoy
117
(ne c ocxrom nnnaxoy copr pocnnn ao pesyntrar xyoxntoro xoncrpym-
nannx romo), un micrnrt saxnxa nci neoxini posinn, un o]opmnena nona
nanexnnm unnom, un micrnrt niomocri npo nnnaxinnxa, un cnnaueno mnro
i r. in.
V exxnx xpanax ic xnouna (peccrpanina) cncrema excneprnsn (y Cn-
poni ne, nanpnxna, Ipenix ra Iranix). B nnx saxnxn ninxramrt nnme ]op-
mantni excneprnsi i, xxmo nona ninoniac ncranonnennm saxonoancrnom
]opmantnnm nnmoram, narenrna ycranona nnac narenr saxnnnxy.
Ha Vxpani sa pesyntraramn ]opmantno excneprnsn nnamrtcx nnme
narenri na xopncni moeni i narenri na npomncnoni spasxn.
Taxn narenr uoroct naprn nnme y pasi, xonn saxnnnx c in]opmonannm
ra xomnerenrnnm. Harenr nnacrtcx yxe mnnxo, yxe mnnxo
sxnnxcrtcx in]opmanix npo nayxono-rexniuni ocxrnennx, a posponnx moxe
xomepnianisynarn cni nnnaxi.
xmo n xoi excneprnsn sa ]opmantnnmn osnaxamn nnxnneno ]opmant-
ni nomnnxn, xxi moxna nnnpannrn, saxnnnxy npononymrt x nnnpannrn.
6.3a nosnrnnnnmn pimennxmn ]opmantno excneprnsn, uepes 18 micxnin
s arn noannx saxnxn ao s arn npiopnrery J']P/S @' PK@'Q>- OS&6>-
/S.NU, xxmo nona ne nixnnena i ne nixnnxana.
3 arn onynixynannx saxnxn nepeauena rnmuacona oxopona npan sa-
xnnnxa. V nonni mipi npana narenronnacnnxa saxnmamrtcx nnme s arn
onynixynannx niomocre npo nnauy narenry.
7.cP'6>k>/'^>f@' "/LO"$NKJ' PK@'QH-S. Hepenipxcrtcx ]opmyna nnna-
xoy na orpnmannx ncranonnennx nnmor, nponanrtcx narenrnn nomyx s
merom nnxnnennx penenanrnnx oxymenrin-ananorin ra ncranonnmcrtcx ni-
noninicrt saxnnenoro nnnaxoy ymonam narenrosarnocri.
B pisnnx xpanax cniry narenrn nnamrt, is sacroconannxm pisnnx cnc-
rem. xmo narenr nnacrtcx sa pesyntraramn rintxn ]opmantno excneprn-
sn, ro raxy cncremy nasnnamrt xnounom. xmo, xpim ]opmantno excneprn-
sn, nponaxrt me i xnani]ixaniny (xcneprnsa no cymecrny, patent ex-
aminations romo.), ro raxa cncrema nnaui narenrin nasnnacrtcx nepenipou-
nom.
Hepenipouna cncrema cxnanima ra nncoxonapricna, ane sa nem nna-
mrt cnntnn" narenr. Horpini excneprn ra ]on narenrno oxymenrani.
Tepmin posrnxy saxnxn 3-5 poxin, mo snnxyc in]opmaniny ninnicrt naren-
ry. Hx cncrema ic n CBA, Ancrpani, Bneni, Hopneri ra inmnx xpanax.
uipma IBM, xxa c niepom s xintxocri orpnmannx narenrin, npononyc
nnecrn noni cranaprn npn narenrynanni: cnpocrnrn o]opmnennx, ane saes-
neunrn xopcrxy ]intrpanim, mo narenrn orpnmynann nnme innonanini
pimennx. Taxox npononymrt nixpnricrt uacrnnn narenrin : osnin nintnoro
xopncrynannx es npana narenrynarn, roro ne nopymynarn anropctxi npana.
Hnanymrt nixpnro onynixynarn nnstxo 3 rnc. nnacnnx narenrin, soxpema

118
narenrn na nporoxonn ominy annmn ra inx 500 narenrin, xxi crpnmymrt
posnnrox nporpamnoro saesneuennx s nixpnrnm xoom. Toro ne i n na-
npxmxy anrnmonononisani, saxncry onxinnx, saesneuennx coniantnnx cra-
naprin.
B Vxpani ic nepenipouna cncrema s nicrpouenom xnani]ixaninom ex-
cneprnsom, xxa nnxonycrtcx sa xnonorannxm saxnnnxa. Taxe xnonorannx ra oxy-
menr npo cnnary sopy sa nponeennx xnani]ixanino excneprnsn mac yrn noa-
nnm ne nisnime 3-x poxin s arn noaui saxnxn na nnnaxi. 3a ne uac saxnnnx mo-
xe oarxono nnennnrnct y xomepnini ninnocri nnnaxoy.
8, 9. B pasi nosnrnnnoro pimennx sa pesyntraramn xnani]ixanino exc-
neprnsn ra sa ymonn cnnarn epxannoro mnra sa nnauy oxoponnoro oxy-
menry i sopy sa nynixanim onncy o narenry, epxanna cnyxa onouacno
sicnmc -"$h'P@S $"WLN$'^>. ra OS&6>/'^>. P Hk>^>f@H:S &.6"N"@>
Hpomncnona nnacnicrt.
10. V'N"@N PK-'WNUL] ao nacnnacrtcx saxnnnxy (ao oro npecran-
nnxy) nporxrom micxnx nicnx epxanno peccrpani. (3pasxn narenrin Vxpa-
nn ra exxnx inmnx xpan naneeni n oarxy nanpnxinni ntoro nnannx).
B Vxpani moo saxnox na O$H:KL6HP> J$'J/K nonepeni posrnx sa-
xnxn ne nponanrtcx. V'N"@NK @' /H$KL@> :H-"6> ra O'N"@NK @' O$H:KL-
6HP> J$'J/K nnamrtcx ni ninoniantnicrt saxnnnxn rintxn sa pesyntra-
ramn ]opmantno excneprnsn sa ymonn cnnarn epxannoro mnra sa nnauy
oxoponnoro oxymenry (nx xopncnnx moene - i sopy sa nynixanim onn-
cy o narenry) ninonino o nponeyp 8, 9 i 10, onncannx nnme.
V pasi nesron saxnnnxin s nennnmn ixmn saxnay excneprnsn ao pi-
mennxm epxanno cnyxn sa saxnxamn nonn mamrt npano ocxapxnrn raxe
pimennx n aminicrparnnnomy nopxxy n Anenxnini nanari epxanno
cnyxn. 3anepeuennx nporn peccrpani npan ra cnopn croconno nxe nnannx
oxoponnnx oxymenrin moxyrt posrnxarncx nnme n cyi.
Harenronnacnnx nirpnmyc narenr n cnni: sicnmc nepeaueni saxo-
nom nnnnarn.
3a crarncrnxom nnme npnnnsno nononnna narenrin nepexnnac mexy y
10 poxin.
V CBA mnro sa nirpnmxy y cnni narenry nnarxrt uepes 3,5, 7 ra 11,5
poxin nicnx nnaui, ninonino, $450, $890 ra $1340 nx xopnopani, emo
menme nx mannx ]ipm ra npnnarnnx oci (ani na 2003 p.). Cepenx nap-
ricrt anrnictxnx ra ]pannystxnx narenrin na nouarxoni crai cranonnrt
~$7000, a n Himeuunni - $17000. 1020 % narenrin mopiuno npnnnnxmrt
icnynannx.
B Vxpani 16.05.2008 p. nayna unnnocri nona peaxnix Hopxxy sopin
sa i, nonxsani s oxoponom npan na ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri, symon-
nena ncrynom Vxpann o COT.
119
3opn, nonxsani s oxoponom npan na PK@'Q>- (/H$KL@S :H-"6U) crano-
nnxrt:
sa noannx saxnxn na nnnaxi (xopncny moent), ]opmyna xxoro mic-
rnrt ne intme rptox nynxrin 800 rpn; sa xoxnn oarxonn nynxr 80
rpn;
sa nponeennx xnani]ixanino excneprnsn saxnxn na nnnaxi, ]opmy-
na xxoro mac onn nesanexnn nynxr 3000 rpn; sa oarxonn xoxnn ne-
sanexnn nynxr 3000 rpn.;
sa nynixanim npo nnauy narenry 200 rpn;
- piunn sip sa nirpnmannx unnnocri narenry na nnnaxi (xopncny
moent): sa 1- ra 2- poxn no 300 rpn, a, nanpnxna, s 9-ro no 14- poxn
no 2100 rpn, s 15-ro no 20 poxn no 3800 rpn mopiuno.
3opn, nonxsani s oxoponom npan na O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ cranonnxrt:
- sa noannx saxnxn na npomncnonn spasox, xxa micrnrt onn napi-
anr spasxa 800 rpn; oarxono sa xoxnn napianr: s pyroro no ecxrn
nxnmuno 100 rpn; nona ecxrn 350 rpn.;
- sa nynixanim npo nnauy narenry y uopno-inomy sopaxenni
150 rpn; oarxono sa nynixanim y xontoponomy sopaxenni 100 rpn.;
piunn sip sa nirpnmannx unnnocri narenry: sa 1- ra 2- poxn no
100 rpn, a, nanpnxna, sa 7- - 900 rpn.; sa 10- i 11- poxn no 1800 rpn,, a
sa 15- 3300 rpn mopiuno.
Binonino o nocranonn Kainery Vxpann ni 23 rpyni 2004 p. N
1716:
- xxmo saxnnnxamn moo nnnaxoin (xopncnnx moene) i npomnc-
nonnx spasxin c nci nnnaxinnxn ao anropn npomncnonoro spasxa, ro saxno-
uni sopn i sopn sa nirpnmannx unnnocri narenrin cnnauymrtcx xx 5% ni
nranonnennx cym;
- xxmo saxnnnxamn c nenpnyrxoni mpnnuni ocon, ro 10% ni
nranonnennx cym.
Ha nicrani yro npo cninpoirnnnrno napricrt narenrynannx moxe yrn
snauno menmom. Hanpnxna, Vxpana mac raxi yron s Pocicm ra Finopycicm.
Bomicxnx n Vxpanctxn incrnryr npomncnono nnacnocri naxonrt
~500 saxnox na nnnaxon ra ~850 na xopncni moeni.
Bsarani sa poxn nesanexnocri nnano intm nix 100000 narenrin na nn-
naxon, maxe 75000 narenrin na xopncni moeni ra maxe 24000 narenrin
na npomncnoni spasxn (cranom na 01.11.2012), nnstxo 60 % saxnox yno no-
ano mpnnunnmn ocoamn - ninpncmcrnamn ra opranisanixmn
[http://sips.gov.ua/ua/vsjogo8].

2.2.6. V$'P' O'N"@NHP6'L@K/'


120
Harenronnacnnx mac npano:
1) camocrino nnxopncronynarn nnnaxi, narenr na xxn omy nane-
xnrt;
2) naarn npano na oro nnxopncrannx inmnm ocoam (moxnnno exint-
xom onouacno);
3) nepearn nci cno nnxnmuni npana croconno anoro nnnaxoy - ni-
crynnennx narenry. xmo narenr nanexnrt xintxom ocoam, ro x crocynxn
nnsnauamrtcx yroom mix nnmn. 3a nicyrnocri raxo yron xoxen is cnin-
nnacnnxin moxe nnxopncronynarn OHB na cni poscy, ane ne mac npana na-
arn na ntoro ninensim ao nepearn narenr inmi ocoi es sron inmnx
cninnnacnnxin.
B nanionantnnx saxonoancrnax nnsnauamrt nonxrrx nnxopncrannx.
uacro ne ne rax nnsnauennx i, na xxi mac npano narenronnacnnx, xx oxna-
nn nepenix rnx i, xxi saoponeni rperim ocoam i c nopymennxm narenry.
Hanpnxna, y narenrnomy saxoni noni nnsnaueno, mo y nnnaxy, xonn
mona e npo nnnaxi xx npoyxr, ro nnxopncrannx osnauac: nnponnnrno, sa-
crocynannx, nepeauy, sauy y nam, npononynannx nepeaui ao saui y nam,
nnesennx npoyxry. Konn mona e npo nnnaxi cnocoy, ro osnauac sacrocy-
nannx ntoro cnocoy, nnesennx npoyxrin, nnroronnennx nnm cnocoom.
Bnxopncrannxm PK@'QH-S (/H$KL@H7 :H-"6>) n Vxpani nnsnacrtcx:
- nnroronnennx npoyxry is sacrocynannxm sanarenronanoro nnnaxoy
(xopncno moeni),
- sacrocynannx raxoro npoyxry,
- npononynannx nx npoaxy, n romy uncni uepes Inrepner,
- npoax,
- imnopr (nnesennx) ra
- inme nneennx oro n nnnintnn oopor ao
- sepirannx raxoro npoyxry n sasnauennx ninxx;
- sacrocynannx nponecy, mo oxoponxcrtcx narenrom, ao
- npononynannx oro nx sacrocynannx n Vxpani, xxmo ocoa, xxa npo-
nonyc ne nponec, snac npo re, mo oro sacrocynannx saoponxcrtcx
es sron nnacnnxa narenry ao, nnxoxun s ocrannn, ne i rax c ouenn-
nnm.
Hpoyxr nnsnacrtcx nnroronnennm is sacrocynannxm sanarenro-
nanoro nnnaxoy (xopncno moeni), xxmo npn ntomy nnxopncrano xo-
xny osnaxy, nxnmueny o nesanexnoro nynxry ]opmynn nnnaxoy (xopnc-
no moeni), ao osnaxy, exninanenrny .
Hponec, mo oxoponxcrtcx narenrom, nnsnacrtcx sacroconannm, xxmo
nnxopncrano xoxny osnaxy, nxnmueny o nesanexnoro nynxry ]opmynn
nnnaxoy, ao osnaxy, exninanenrny .
Fyt-xxn npoyxr, nponec nnroronnennx xxoro oxoponxcrtcx naren-
rom, sa nicyrnicrm oxasin npornnexnoro nnaxacrtcx nnroronnennm
121
is sacrocynannxm ntoro nponecy sa ymonn nnxonannx npnnamni onic s
nox nnmor:
-npoyxr, nnroronnenn is sacrocynannxm nponecy, mo oxoponx-
crtcx narenrom, c nonnm;
-icnymrt nicrann nnaxarn, mo sasnauenn npoyxr nnroronneno is sa-
crocynannxm anoro nponecy i nnacnnx narenry ne n smosi mnxxom npn-
nxrnnx sycnnt nnsnaunrn nponec, mo sacroconynancx npn nnroronnenni
ntoro npoyxry.
B raxomy pasi oon'xsox oneennx roro, mo nponec nnroronnen-
nx npoyxry, ienrnunoro romy, mo nnroronnxcrtcx is sacrocynannxm
nponecy, xxn oxoponxcrtcx narenrom, nipisnxcrtcx ni ocranntoro, no-
xnaacrtcx na ocoy, moo xxo c ocrarni nicrann nnaxarn, mo nona
nopymyc npana nnacnnxa narenry.
Bnxopncrannxm O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' nnsnacrtcx:
- nnroronnennx nnpoy is sacrocynannxm sanarenronanoro npomnc-
nonoro spasxa,
- sacrocynannx raxoro nnpoy,
- npononynannx nx npoaxy, n romy uncni uepes Inrepner,
- npoax,
- imnopr (nnesennx) ra
- inme nneennx oro n
nnnintnn oopor ao
- sepirannx raxoro nnpoy n sasnauennx ninxx.
Hpano narenronnacnnxa saoponxrn nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy inmnm
ocoam nasnnamrt nnxnmunnm. Bnxnmune npano osnonxc nonepenrn no-
pymennx (necanxniononane nnxopncrannx sanarenronanoro nnnaxoy) ra
orpnmarn npnyrox ni nepeaui (nonno un uacrxono) npan na nnnaxi.
Hpano na nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy nepeacrtcx inmnm sanixannennm oco-
am srino ninensi. Hinensix - ne osnin, srino xxoro ocoa, xxa nonoic nn-
xnmunnm npanom na nnnaxi (ninensiap), osnonxc inmi ocoi (ninensiary) sa
ysroxeny nnnaropoy i y nennnx mexax nnxopncronynarn ocxr ntoro npana.
Ocnonni nini npoaxy ninensi:
orpnmarn rapanronann npnyrox;
xomnencynarn rpomoni nnrparn na nayxono-ocninnntxi poorn;
saxonnrn uacrnny pnnxy;
omexnrn xintxicrt xonxypenrin;
npnarn naprnepa nx nacrynno cnintno ixntnocri;
orpnmarn cnpnxrnnnn pexnm ni epxann sanxxn naannm ninensi.
Bnroa npnannx ninensi:
mnnxe sacnocnnx nono rexnonori s minimantnnm pnsnxom ra nino-
cno nnstxnmn nnrparamn (ninensix mac napricrt nnxuy, nix nnacni ocni-
nnntxi pospoxn);

122
crnmynmcrtcx nanionantne nnponnnrno;
spocrac excnopr.
3rino saxoponno xomepnino in]opmani naxoxennx ni peanisani
ninensi y 10,5 pasin nepennmymrt nnarexi sa x npnannx.
Hinensinn oronip ne nn xomepnino yron, oconnna ]opma yron
xyninni-npoaxy OHB,soxpema, nepeaui rexnonori (rpanc]ep rexnonori).
3a sacoom oxoponn ocxrin ninensi:
Harenrni yron nepeauamrt nepeauy npan na nnxopncrannx OHB,
xxi saxnmeni narenramn.
Fesnarenrni yron nepeauamrt nepeauy npan na noy-xay, nocnyr
rnny inxnnipnnr. oronip moo noy-xay icnyc xx oxpemn nn ninensi ao
y nnrnxi cneniantnnx nonoxent y ninensinomy oronopi. Hoyxay naamrt
y marepiantni ]opmi ao n nemarepiantni. Oonxsxono ysroxymrt cno-
con saxncry noy-xay ni posxpnrrx neynonnonaxennmn ocoamn.
Oconnnn nn ninensinnx yro onnina. Onnion osnauac npano
nnopy ao saminn, noxynxa sa nnsnaueny nnary y nnsnauenn crpox sa ymo-
nn nnecennx sanarxy. Taxa yroa yxnaacrtcx, xxmo noxynent (ninensiar)
ne nnennenn y romy, mo npemer ninensi roronn o nnponaxennx, a npo-
anent ne xoue posxpnrn oro cyrt. 3a onninom yroom norenninn nine-
nsiar nnnnauyc nenny cymy i orpnmyc npano na osnaomnennx s noy-xay, na
norpini omy nnnpoynannx ocxra ao rexnonori. V rexcri onnino yro-
n nxasano, mo norenninn ninensiar ne mac npana nepeanarn xomyct ni-
omocri, xxi nin orpnman ni ninensiapa, ra ne mac raxox npana nnxopncrony-
narn x camocrino y pasi, xxmo ocnonna ninensina yroa ne ye yxnaena.
xmo ninensina yroa yxnaena, ro xomrn, nnnnaueni srino onnino
yron, npaxonymrt npn nnsnaueni ninensino nnnaropo. xmo x ninensi-
na yroa ne yxnaena, ro ni xomrn (sa snnua 2030 % naprocri mayrnto
ninensi) nonepnennm ne ninxramrt.
Komepnina nepeaua ra npnannx rexnonori moxyrt cynponoxyna-
rnct npoaxem, noxynxom ra imnoprom onanannx ra inmnx ocnonnnx ]o-
nin. Cnponnna, nanin]apnxarn, xomnnexrymui raxox posrnxamrtcx xx
ocnonni ]onn, o nonn neoxini nx nnponnnrna. Hi i moxyrt nepea-
uarncx ninensinnmn yroamn ao yroamn moo noy-xay, o nonn cynpono-
xymrtcx nepeauem neoxino rexniuno in]opmani (incrpyxni no ncra-
nonnennm, excnnyarani, rexniunomy ocnyronynannm, cnenn]ixani, xapax-
repncrnxn cnponnnn, romo), mo moxna opinnxrn o nepeaui rexnonori.
Hinensina yroa micrnrt ymonn, xxi nnsnauamrt:
1) ocxr npan, mo nepeamrtcx:
omexennx y uaci (uac, nporxrom xxoro excnnyaranix ocxra ninensi
c npnyrxonom);
omexennx repnropi nnxopncrannx ocxra ninensi (y mexax onic
xpann, ao rpynn xpan);
123
omexennx c]epn nnxopncrannx ocxra (nnxopncrannx y pisnnx o-
nacrxx rexnixn);
omexennx xona osnonennx i (nanpnxna, osnonxcrtcx nnponn-
nrno npoyxni es npana syry);
omexennx ocxry nnponnnrna npoyxni sa ninensicm (sasnauacrt-
cx xonxperna nennunna).
2) oarxoni soonxsannx cropin.
Oonxsxn ninensiapa:
rapanrynarn rexniuny moxnnnicrt nnponnnrna npoyxni sa ymonn
nnxonannx rexniunnx ymon ra xxicrt (nepeac xomnnexrny rexniuny oxy-
menranim ra rexnonoriuni incrpyxni, naac rexniuny onomory y nanaro-
xynanni nnponnnrna, nanuanni nepconany, saesneuenni cnocuacno no-
cranxn cnponnnn, onanannx, erane romo);
nirpnmynarn y cnni narenr nect repmin i ninensi;
saxnmarn inrepecn ninensiara y pasi nenpanomipnoro nnxopncrannx
pospoxn rperimn ocoamn, y pasi neoxinocri npnmarn yuacrt y cyonomy
posrnxi;
Oonxsxn ninensiara:
nuacno sicnmnarn ninensini nnnnarn;
sicnmnarn nnponnnrno npoyxni sa ninensicm ra xomepniny
peanisanim;
saesneuynarn xxicrt npoyxni;
nnxonynarn omexennx, mo oymonneni yroom.
Hepeauacrtcx raxox nsacmna in]opmanix npo yocxonanennx ocxra
ninensi ra nimxoynannx nnrpar, xxmo ninensix nopymyc npana rperix oci,
npo xxi ninensiapy ne yno niomo.
oronopn npo nepeauy npana na nnxopncrannx OHB (ninensini yron)
nonnnni yxnaarncx y nnctmoni ]opmi s oonxsxonom peccrpanicm y nani-
onantni narenrni ycranoni. Vmonn peccrpani ninensi nnsnaueni saxono-
ancrnom.
Bnn ninensinnx nnnnar (ninensinnx nnnaropo).
1) Haymantni nnnnarn - nnnnara ninensiapy sa]ixconano n yroi nenno
cymn o nouarxy maconoro nnnycxy npoyxni, onopasono ao uacrnnamn.
Hanpnxna, ymonn yro mix amepnxanctxnmn ra xnonctxnmn ]ipmamn
sasnnua nepeauamrt: 50 % cymn nnnnauymrt nicnx ninncannx yron, 40
% - nicnx nocranxn onanannx, 10 % - nicnx nycxy onanannx.
Haymantni nnnnarn nnxnmuamrt xonrpont s oxy ninensiapa sa nnpo-
nnnrnom y ninensiara ra peanisanicm npoyxni. xmo ninensix nnxnnrtcx
xomepnino nnrinom, ro nect npnyrox nnmacrtcx y ninensiara. Ane nx
onopasono nnnnarn ninensiar nonnnen marn snauni xomrn i c pnsnx, mo ni-
nensix ne npnnece snaunoro npnyrxy.

124
nx ninensiapa ne moxnnnicrt opasy orpnmarn ncm cymy npnyrxy i
ne pnsnxynarn y pasi spnny nnponnnrna ao nexonxypenrosarnocri npoy-
xni. Ane posmip nnnnar sasnnua menme, nix nnnnarn y ]opmi poxnri.
2) Poxnri ne nnnnarn, xxi ninensiar nnnnauyc ninensiapy nporxrom
nctoro crpoxy i yron. uacrxa ninensiapa y npnyrxy ninensiara nnsnaua-
crtcx nipaxynannxmn ni xoxno onnnni npoyxni, mo nnroronnena sa ni-
nensicm.
Bnnnarn y ]opmi poxnri nnxopncronymrt y 90 % ninensinnx yro.
3) Kominonani ninensini nnnnarn nocnymrt onopasoni nnnnarn ra
nepionuni nipaxynannx.
Komepnina nepeaua rexnonori moxe sicnmnarncx sa xomepninom
xonnecicm ao sa oronopom npo xomepnine nocepennnrno y posnoncm-
xenni ronapin ra nocnyr.
Komepnina xonnecix ne nsacmoninocnnn, sa xxnx ona ocoa naac
cnom penyranim, rexniuny in]opmanim ra ocni, a inma nxnaac xaniran s me-
rom saesneuennx ronapin ao naannx nocnyr. Taxi ronapn ra nocnyrn cynpo-
noxymrtcx ronapnnmn snaxamn un ]ipmonnmn namenynannxmn, ynaxonxom,
na xxi nnacrtcx ninensix xonnecionepy ao xomepninomy nocepennxy. inoni
nsacmoninocnnn, npaxonymun posnoin npnyrxy, ysroxymrtcx y oronopi
npo xomepniny xonnecim ao xomepnine nocepennnrno.
Hpnannx rexnonori moxe symonnrn neoxinicrt oarxonnx xoncy-
ntrani croponnto ocon ao s oxy ocon, mo nepeac rexnonorim. 3 nicm
merom sanyuamrt innniyantnnx xoncyntranrin ao xoncyntranini ]ipmn.
V nennomy posyminni noini xoncyntrani moxna posrnxarn xx ]opmn noy-
xay i, ninonino, o]opmnmnarn xx oronip moo noy-xay ra yroy moo
rexniunnx nocnyr.
Hpano nnacnocri na narenr (roro nci nnxnmuni npana) moxna nepearn
yt-xxi ]isnuni un mpnnuni ocoi srino yroam xyninni-npoaxy, no-
cnyr, minn, apynannx romo. Hepeaua nnxnmunnx npan na sanarenronann
ocxr moxe yrn nxnaom ocon y craryrnn ]on cnintnoro ninpncmcrna,
mo niopaxycrtcx n oronopi npo cnintne ninpncmcrno.
oronopn npo nicrynnennx narenrnoro npana oonxsxono peccrpymrt-
cx y nanionantnnx narenrnnx ycranonax.

2.2.7. ;&:"h"@@] O$'P O'N"@NHP6'L@K/'

Bnxnmuni npana narenronnacnnxa omexymrtcx s merom:
1) orpnmynannx inrepecin epxann ra cycnintcrna;
2) nnxonannx mixnaponnx npanonnx soonxsant;
3) posnnrxy nayxono-rexniunoro nporpecy n xpani, soxpema sanoirannx
snonxnnannm nnxnmunnmn npanamn.
Omexennx npan narenronnacnnxa moxnnne n nacrynnnx nnnaxax:
125
nnsnannx sa rpertom ocoom npana nonepentoro xopncrynannx ao
nicnx-xopncrynannx;
nnxopncrannx sanarenronannx ocxrin, xxi c uacrnnom rpancnoprnnx
sacoin, mo rnmuacono nepeynamrt na repnropi i narenry;
nnxopncrannx nnnaxoin sa nasnnuannx ymon ao n oconcrnx ninxx;
pasone nnroronnennx nixin n anrexax sa penenrom nixapx;
nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy nx nayxonnx ocnixent ao excnepnmenrin
na ocxrom nnnaxoy;
nnaua npnmyconnx ninensi.
Hpano nonepentoro xopncrynaua nnnnxac, xxmo onouacno naxnni raxi
ymonn:
na roroxni pimennx crnopeni nesanexno onn ni onoro xx nacni-
ox camocrino rnopuo poorn;
ocoa, xxa nperenyc na npano nonepentoro xopncrynaua, sacroconyc
y nnponnnrni roroxne pimennx ao sicnnna snauny niroronxy o raxoro
nnxopncrannx oarn npiopnrery nnnaxoy;
nci nasnani i sicnmmrtcx na repnropi Vxpann.
xmo nnnaxi crnopeno, ane ne nnxopncrano npano ne nnnnxac. Bci ni
i ne nonnnni sanepeuynarn nonnsny nnnaxoy (roro ]axr nnxopncrannx
ne c mnpoxo niomnm). Bxasani ymonn nonnnni nnxonynarncx onouacno.
Hpano nonepentoro xopncrynannx c esonnarnnm (roro nonepeni
xopncrynau ne nonnnen nnarnrn sa nnxopncrannx sanarenronanoro nnnaxo-
y), ane omexene rnm ocxrom nnxopncrannx, ao rnm ocxrom npnrory-
nant, xxi yno ocxrnyro na ary noaui saxnxn ao ary npiopnrery. ane
npano ne moxe yrn nepeane inmnm ocoam inaxme, nix pasom is nnponn-
nrnom, e nnxopncronynancx nnnaxi ao sponeni npnrorynannx (nanpn-
xna, npoax ao ycnaxynannx).
Hpano nicnxxopncrynannx nnnnxac y xpanax, e nepeauene ninon-
nennx narenry nicnx npnnnnennx oro i nnacniox necnnarn mnra. xmo y
npomixox uacy nicnx anynmnannx narenry xxact ocoa nouana nnxopncrony-
narn nnnaxi ao sponna snauni npnrorynannx o ntoro nnnnxac npano ni-
cnxxopncrynannx, xxe c omexennm sa ocxrom ane inoi nepeacrtcx sa nn-
nnary inmnm ocoam.
Hpana nnacnnxa narenry na nnnaxi, xopncny moent ra nnacnnxa cni-
onrna na ronorpa]im IMC moxyrt yrn omexeni na nicrani npnmycono
ninensi. Icnymrt 3 nnn npnmyconnx ninensi:
na narenr, xxn ne nnxopncronycrtcx;
na sanexnn narenr;
ninensix, xxa naacrtcx y cycnintnnx inrepecax.
Hpnmycona ninensix y saxonoancrnax ncix epxan rpaxrycrtcx xx me-
xanism nnnnny na neopoconicnoro narenronnacnnxa, xxn ne nnxopncronyc
nnnaxi ao nnxopncronyc neocrarnto.

126
xmo OHB ne nnxopncronycrtcx nporxrom 3 poxin s arn nynixani ni-
omocre npo nnauy narenry ao ni arn npnnnnennx nnxopncrannx, ro
yt-xxa ocoa, xxa mac axannx i nnxnnxc roronnicrt o nnxopncrannx nto-
ro nnnaxoy y pasi nimonn nnacnnxa npan ni yxnaannx ninensinoro oro-
nopy moxe snepnyrncx s saxnom npo naannx raxoro osnony.
Hpnmycona ninensix nnacrtcx raxox na sanexni nnnaxon, xxi ne mo-
xyrt nnxopncronynarnct es nopymennx npan x nnacnnxin: nnacnnx ocxra
soonxsann arn osnin (nnarn ninensim) na nnxopncrannx OHIB nnacnn-
xy nisnime nnanoro narenry, xxmo nnnaxi (xopncna moent, npomncnonn
spasox) ocranntoro npnsnauenn nx ocxrnennx inmo mern ao mac snauni
nepenarn i ne moxe nnxopncronynarnct es nopymennx npan nnacnnxa pani-
me nnanoro narenry. Bnacnnx panime nnanoro narenry mac npano orpnma-
rn ninensim na nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy, mo oxoponxcrtcx nisnime nnannm
narenrom.
Oonxsxonom c ymona, mo nnnaxi, xxn saxnneno nisnime, mac peantni
rexniuni nepenarn. He nonnnno nonepenrn snonxnnannx: nanpnxna, nare-
nrycrtcx nesnaunn nnnaxi i sa npnmyconom ninensicm nnxopncronycrtcx
snaunn nnnaxi.
Bnacnnx npnmycono ninensi:
- ne mac nnxnmunoro npana na nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy;
- ne mac npana nnanarn cyninensi (roro ninensi inmnm ocoam).
Maxe y ncix epxanax nepeaueno omexennx npan narenronnacnnxa
n inrepecax cycnintcrna. B raxnx c]epax, xx nanionantna esnexa, naniona-
ntna exonomixa ra oxopona soponx, xapuona npomncnonicrt nauacrime
moxnnna npnmycona ninensix (rax snana oonxsxona ao o]inina).
B exxnx xpanax moxnnne raxox npnmycone niuyxennx narenry n cy-
cnintnnx inrepecax: narenr sannmacrtcx imunm, ane nnxnmuni npana nane-
xart epxani. Bnnaxinnx ne moxe nnponxrn ao nnosnrn npoyxr es o-
snony ypxy, ane mac npano na xomnencanim. 3axonoancrnom Vxpann ne
nepeauena moxnnnicrt npnmyconoro niuyxennx narenry.
Bnnaxon, xxi crocymrtcx yocxonanennx spo, moxyrt nnxopncrony-
narncx y nictxoni npomncnonocri maxe n ycix xpanax nsarani ne naren-
rymrt, a xon]icxymrt y nnacnicrt epxann.
Ananoriune omexennx npan icnyc i nx nnacnnxin ronapnnx snaxin [cr.4
3V Hpo oxopony npan na snaxn nx ronapin i nocnyr].
Hopxox naannx npnmycono ninensi nnsnaueno saxonoancrnom.
Bnxxn naannx npnmycono ninensi:
1) n aminicrparnnnomy nopxxy;
2) n cyonomy nopxxy.
Aminicrparnnnn nopxox (ncranonneno nocranonom Kainery Minic-
rpin Vxpann N 8 ni 14.01.2004 p.) sacroconycrtcx s merom saesneuennx:
soponx nacenennx;
127
exonoriuno esnexn;
inmnx inrepecin cycnintcrna.
Vmona: esnicranna nimona nnacnnxa oxoponnoro oxymenra y nnaui
ninensi na nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy, xopncno moeni un ronorpa]i IMC.
osnin na nnxopncrannx ocxra npan IB es sron nnacnnxa oxoponno-
ro oxymenra, ane s nnnnarom xomnencani na ymonax nennxnmuno ninensi
moxe yrn nnano Kainerom Minicrpin yt-xxi mpnnuni ocoi, xxa mac
namip oro nnxopncronynarn.
Taxn osnin ne nosannxc nnacnnxa oxoponnoro oxymenra oro npan,
soxpema i npana naanarn osnin na nnxopncrannx inmnm ocoam.
Oconnnicrt: nnxopncrannx osnonxcrtcx nepenaxno nx saesneuennx
norpe nnyrpimntoro pnnxy.
Pimennx Kainery Minicrpin Vxpann moxe yrn ocxapxeno n cyonomy
nopxxy.
Cyonn nopxox sacroconycrtcx, xxmo OHIB ne nnxopncronycrtcx ao
neocrarnto nnxopncronycrtcx.
Vmona: nimona nnacnnxa nnarn ninensim. Fyt-xxa ocoa, mo axac nn-
xopncrarn OHIB, moxe snepnyrncx o cyy. Cy acrt osnin, xxmo nnacnnx ne
onee, mo nennxopncrannx OHIB symonnene nonaxnnmn npnunnamn.
Cy nnsnauac ocxr nnxopncrannx, crpox i osnony, posmip ra nopxox
nnnnarn nnnaropo nnacnnxy. uaxrnuno yxnaacrtcx ninensinn oronip,
ane oro ymonn nnsnauamrt ne croponn ni uac neperonopin, a cy.
Bnaua npnmyconnx ninensi nepeauena raxox nopmamn mixnapono-
ro saxonoancrna, soxpema Hapnstxom xonnennicm, ane na nanionantnomy
pinni ni nnrannx moxyrt nnpimynarnct s nennnmn oconnnocrxmn.
Hanpnxna, y noni nennxy ynary npninxmrt npaxrnunomy nnxopnc-
rannm innonani, nepmouepronom saauem c ne rax saesneuennx npan no-
nointnx IB, xx nirpnmxa rnx nonani, xxi mamrt "cycnintny xopncnicrt",
soxpema ypx nirpnmyc xnonctxi ]ipmn, xxi yocxonanmmrt saxoponni
rexniuni ocxrnennx. Minicrepcrno mixnapono roprinni ra npomncnonocri
noni nnmarac ni inosemnnx ]ipm, mo imrt y xpani, nnanarn ninensi
ncim xnonctxnm xomnanixm, xxi axamrt orpnmarn ocryn o x rexnonori,
o roro x sa xopcrxnmn cranxamn ninensinnx nnarexin. nonctxi xomnani,
n cnom uepry, nonnnni nirnepnrn cno moxnnnocri nnxopncrarn ni rexno-
nori y nnponnnrni ra excnopri cnoc npoyxni ra cnpnxrn noantmomy
posnoncmxennm noxpamennx nnmn saxinnx rexnonori y cno xpani.
Came s nicm merom crpox o]opmnennx narenry y noni cxnaac 5 - 7 poxin
(n inmnx xpanax 2-3 poxn). 3a ne uac xnonctxi xomnani ncrnramrt no-
xpamnrn saxiny rexnonorim ra nirorynarn nnponaxennx y nnponnnr-
no, a norim orpnmarn npnmycony ninensim na npano nnxopncrannx.



128
2.2.8. VH$Sj"@@] O$'P O'N"@NHP6'L@K/'

Moxe yrn:
- npxmnm: esnocepeni i, xxi c nroprnennxm y c]epy mononontnnx
npan;
- nenpxmnm (noiunnm): i, mo cnpnxmrt npxmomy nopymennm naren-
rnnx npan.
Hanionantni saxonoancrna nnsnauamrt npana, xxi naani narenronnacnn-
xy, ra i mo saoponeni rperim ocoam i xxi nnaxamrtcx nopymennxm npan.
i, na xxi rpea marn osnin narenronnacnnxn sanexart ni nny OHB.
Toro nopymennx npan ne i, xxi saoponeni y xonxperni xpani, n
xxi ic narenr i icnyc nnxnmune npano na nnnaxi, a n saxoni ne ncranonneni
nnxnmuennx nx annx i ao nintrn nx ano ocon.
Hanpnxna, xomnanix Nokia onnnynauyc Apple y nopymenni cnox na-
renrnnx npan na 10 narenrin y ranysi renexomynixani, mo moxe xomrynarn
Apple $ 1 mnp. 3a nepcicm Nokia nopymennx Apple npoonxymrtcx s 2007
poxy, xonn yna npecrannena nepma moent cmapr]ony iPhone. B cnom
uepry uepes xintxa micxnin Apple noana sycrpiunn nosnn nporn xomnani
Nokia, snnnynarnnmn ocrannm y nopymenni npan opasy na 13 cnox naren-
rin, nonxsannx s mointnnmn rexnonorixmn.

2.2.9. +"/$"N@> PK@'QH-K N' /H$KL@> :H-"6>

Hpanona oxopona cexpernomy nnnaxoy (cexperni xopncni moeni)
naacrtcx ninonino o saxony Hpo oxopony npan na nnnaxon i xopncni
moeni.
Cexpernn nnnaxi (xopncna moent) ne raxn, mo micrnrt in]opma-
nim, nineceny o epxanno racmnnni. Binecennx in]opmani o epxanno
racmnnni sicnmc epxannn excnepr s nnrant ninonino is 3V Hpo ep-
xanny racmnnnm ra npnnxrnmn na oro ocnoni nopmarnnnnmn axramn.
Excnepr nnsnauac:
- crynint cexpernocri in]opmani;
- crpox nporxrom xxoro ic pimennx npo ninecennx in]opmani, nnxna-
eno y saxnni, o epxanno racmnnni;
- xono oci, xxi moxyrt marn ocryn o nic in]opmani;
3axna excneprnsn noniomnxc saxnnnxa npo pimennx excnepra i ani
inonocrno sicnmcrtcx y pexnmi cexpernocri. xmo saxnnnx ne sronn,
nin moxe noarn mornnonane xnonorannx npo poscexpeuennx o saxnay ex-
cneprnsn ao nosnnny saxny o cyy.
Hpana na cexpernn nnnaxi ra xopncny moent peccrpymrtcx y epxa-
nnomy peccrpi npan na cexperni nnnaxon ao y epxannomy peccrpi npan na
cexperni moeni. uepes micxnt nnamrt narenr ra xonim. Pimennx epxan-
129
noro excnepra moo epxannoro oprany, xxn nnpimynarnme, xxnm ninpn-
cmcrnam ra ycranonam naacrtcx ocryn o cexpernoro nnnaxoy.
Ho saxinuenni crpoxy cexpernocri nonoap narenry nporxrom poxy mac
npano noarn xnonorannx npo nnauy narenry na crpox, mo sannmnncx o
saxinuennx i narenry na cexpernn nnnaxi.
Manoni npana omexeni 3V Hpo epxanny racmnnnm i pimennxm ep-
xexcnepra. Hinensix moxe nnanarnct nnme ocoi, xxa mac osnin na ocryn o
ntoro nnnaxoy. Kainer Minicrpin moxe naarn npomncnony ninensim.
B arartox xpanax xx cexperni oxoponxmrt nnme nnnaxon. Excneprn-
sy no cyri, nanpnxna n CBA, moxyrt saoponnrn, mo ne nomnpmnarn xi-
ntxicrt nracmnnuennx oci.

2.2.10. K@'QH-K P i'6SJ> &>HN"Q@H6Hi>7

3nauennx n iorexnonori cyrrcno spocno ocrannim uacom, a nnnaxon y
ranysi iorexnonori snaunnm unnom nnnnnamrt na mennnny, xapuony npo-
mncnonicrt, saxncr onxinnx, eneprernxy romo. Fiorexnonorix crocycrtcx
xnnnx opranismin pocnnn, rnapnn, mixpoopranismin ra ne xnnoro ionoriu-
noro marepiana nacinnx, xnirnnn, ensnmn, nnasminn (cnaxoni renernuni
enemenr, mo posramonani nosa xpomocomamn i xnnxmrt coom monexynn
HK, mo sarni o anronomnoro posmnoxennx) romo.
Fiorexnonoriuni nnnaxon oxonnmmrt cnocon crnopennx ao sminm-
nannx xnnnx opranismin ra ionoriunoro marepiana, orpnmani pesyntrarn ra
nnxopncrannx nnx pesyntrarin.
Hennn uac nnaxanocx, mo iorexnonorix ne niacrtcx xepynannm s
oxy nmnnn, y ncxxomy pasi is npornosonannm pesyntrarom. Ocrannim ua-
com orpnmann posnnrox ionoriuni nponecn, xxi saesneuymrt xeponane nm-
nnom maninynmnannx xnnnmn opranismamn. Haniomimi s nnx nponecin
renna inxenepix ra xnonynannx. Merom c crnopennx, nnosminennx opranis-
min is sasanerit saannmn napamerpamn. Hanpnxna, mixpoopranismn, sa-
rni nornnnarn na]ry, xxa sapynmc oxeann ra piuxn. Bepxonnn cy CBA
nnsnan ne ocxr narenrnosarnnm.
Bnsnannx moxnnnocri crnopennx nnnaxoin n ranysi iorexnonori no-
rpeyc nnpimennx nnsxn nnrant:
naxnnicrt ynpanninnx iorexnonoriunnmn nponecamn ra nacrintxn o-
xnann onnc, mo cnenianicr y ni ranysi moxe nirnopnrn sa nnm onncann
iorexnonoriunn ocxr;
rpannino xnni opranismn ne nxoxrt o pinnx rexnixn i ne c
ocxramn nnnaxoy, roro rpea mnpme posrnxarn cam nnpas nnnaxi,
mo saesneuynarn oxopony iorexnonoriunnx nnnaxoin;
nnsnauennx, un ne c nnnaxi nixpnrrxm, o xx pesyntrar cxnanoro
rexnonoriunoro nponecy moxe yrn orpnmano neniomn panime mixpoopra-

130
nism, roro ne nixpnrrx, ane, s inmoro oxy, nnpimennx rexniuno npone-
mn, mo c merom nnnaxoy.
V Cnponectxi narenrni xonnenni (1973 p.) exxi xareropi iorexno-
noriunnx nnnaxoin nnxnmueni s narenrno oxoponn. 3oxpema, ne crocycrtcx
coprin pocnnn ra nopo rnapnn, xxi ninxramrt cneniantnomy saxonoancr-
ny, mo nipisnxcrtcx ni narenrno oxoponn sa ocxramn i ymonamn nayrrx
oxoponn ra cncremom npan, xxi nx oxopona naac. Coprn pocnnn ra nopon
rnapnn, a raxox ionoriuni sacon xntoro nnpomynannx nnnyuamrt s oxo-
ponn nanionantni saxonoancrna Kyn, Mexcnxn, Bpi-Hanxn, Tanany,
Rrocnani romo, xxi ne nxoxrt o Cnponectxo narenrno xonnenni. Ha-
renrni saxon Knram nnnyuac oxopony coprin pocnnn ra nopi rnapnn, ane
npnnycxac narenrynannx ionoriunnx nponecin xntoro nnpomynannx. V
CBA ne mamrt narenrno oxoponn nnme coprn pocnnn, a y noni, e ne-
yrtcx snauni ocnixennx y ranysi iorexnonori noinnx omexent nsara-
ni nemac, roro narenrna oxopona ononnmc oxopony npan na coprn pocnnn.
Oconnnom xareropicm iorexnonoriunnx nnnaxoin c mixpoopranismn:
cnocon orpnmannx, cami mixpoopranismn ra x xonxperne sacrocynannx.
Onncarn mixpoopranismn cxnano, a y arartox nnnaxax i nemoxnnno. V
arartox xpanax nx orpnmannx narenry ne nnmaramrt ni saxnnnxa onnc,
ocnrt sponrn nocnnannx na enonynannx mixpoopranismy y nnsnann e-
nosnrapnn opran. Hx cncrema noxnaena n ocnony Fyanemrctxoro orono-
py moo mixnaponoro nnsnannx enonynannx mixpoopranismin y ninxx na-
renrno nponeypn.
Mixnaponn enosnrapnn opran c nayxonom ycranonom, xxa mac
xonexnim xyntryp. V 2001 p. raxnx opranin y cniri yno nnsnano 33, sox-
pema no 3 n Poci (Bcepocictxn nayxonn nenrp anrniornxin, Bcepoci-
ctxa xonexnix mixpoopranismin, Bcepocictxa nanionantna xonexnix npomnc-
nonnx mixpoopranismin) ra Kope, no 2 y CBA, Knra, Hontmi, Irani.
Vxpana mac cno oprann enonynannx mixpoopranismin, ane nonn ne mamrt
crarycy mixnaponnx i npnarni nnme nx nanionantnoro narenrynannx.

2.2.11. ;LH&6KPHLN> HQH$H@K 6>/'$LU/KQ J'LH&>P

Harenrni saxnxn na ]apmanenrnuni npenaparn noamrt na panni crai
pospoxn nixapctxoro sacoy o oneennx npenapary moxe rpnnarn 10-12
poxin. Hauacrime na ]apmanenrnunn npenapar noamrt xintxa saxnox na
narenrn: na nony ximiuny cnonyxy, ani, nanpnxna, na craintnn cran cno-
nyxn, na npomncnonn cnoci cnnresy, na cnoci cnnresy, xxn exonomnrt
xomrn ao sepirac onxinnx i r. . Hepmnm cnnnnac crpox i narenry na xi-
miuny cnonyxy i inmi xomnani moxyrt nnnycxarn npenaparn-renepnxn, xxi
micrxrt nm axrnnny cxnaony, ane sa ymonn, mo ne nopymymrt inmi narenrn
(roro ne ye inmn nponec nnponnnrna, inma nixapctxa ]opma romo).
131
Hanapricnima uacrnna pospoxn nixin xniniuni nnnpoynannx, ani
xxnx nonnnni oxoponxrncx xx ocxrn IB, o inaxme nnnnxac moxnnnicrt
mnnxoro xonimnannx nixin i nnnycxy snauno emenmnx renepnxin. 3arantni
nnrparn na ocnixennx i pospoxy nixin n cepentomy $ 400 mnn, xxmo
npaxonynarn nenani cnpon, ro ysarantneni nnrparn nx xoxnoro nny ni-
xin, xxi oxoxrt o pnnxy - $ 800 mnn. Komnani, mo nnnycxac renepnx, mo-
xe nncraunrn pinnx innecrnni y $ 2 mnn.
1

C npexrnna CC, sa xxom osnin na peanisanim nixin-renepnxin, oconn-
no y pasi cxoxocri na opnrinan, naacrtcx ne panim sa 6 ao 10 poxin nicnx
osnony na peanisanim opnrinany.
V xpanax CC nneeno Cnionrno npo oarxony oxopony: npoonxennx
crpoxy i narenry na ]apmanenrnunn npenapar (ximiuny cnonyxy) crpoxom
o 5 poxin. Ananoriuni Cnionrna nepeaueni nx sacoin saxncry pocnnn
(necrnnnin).
B Vxpani, ninonino o as. 5 u. 4 cr.6 saxony Hpo oxopony npan na
nnnaxon i xopncni moeni, nepeaueno npoonxennx crpoxy i narenry
na nnnaxi, nnxopncrannx xxoro norpeyc osnony ninoninoro xomnerenr-
noro oprany (roro na nixapctxn saci, saci saxncry rnapnn ao pocnnn
romo) na crpox, mo opinnmc crpoxy mix arom noannx saxnxn ra arom
oepxannx raxoro osnony, ane ne intme nix na 5 poxin.
3 ]apmanenrnunnmn npenaparamn nonxsani anropctxi npana (mapxy-
nannx, xaranorn, pexnamni yxnern) ra npana na npomncnonn spasox (npn-
crpo noaui nixin inranxropn, inxexropn, ynaxonxn nirynox ra xancyn, na-
npnxna, ynaxonxa s xanenapem, o]opmnennx nirynox ra xancyn).
uipma IBM, xxa c niepom s xintxocri orpnmannx narenrin, npononyc nnecrn
noni cranaprn npn narenrynanni: cnpocrnrn o]opmnennx, ane saesneunrn
xopcrxy ]intrpanim, mo narenrn orpnmynann nnme innonanini pimennx.
Taxox npononymrt nixpnricrt uacrnnn narenrin: osnin nintnoro xopncry-
nannx es npana narenrynarn, roro ne nopymynarn anropctxi npana. Iapan-
rymrt nixpnro onynixynarn nnstxo 3 rnc. nnacnnx narenrin, soxpema na-
renrn na nporoxonn ominy annmn ra inx 500 narenrin, xxi crpnmymrt
posnnrox nporpamnoro saesneuennx s nixpnrnm xoom. Toro ne i n na-
npxmxy anrnmonononisani, saxncry onxinnx, saesneuennx coniantnnx cra-
naprin.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Hasnarn ocxrn narenrnoro npana.
2. arn nnsnauennx nonxrrx "nnnaxi" ra oxapaxrepnsynarn ocxrn nn-
naxoy.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2004, N 3

132
3. Hoxcnnrn, mo raxe npomncnonn spasox, xxi ocxrn nin oxonnmc. Ha-
snarn pisnonnn npomncnonnx spasxin, xxi moxyrt orpnmarn npanony oxopo-
ny ra xxi ne nnsnamrtcx narenrosarnnmn.
4. Oxapaxrepnsynarn cycxrin narenrnoro npana.
5. Vmonn naannx ra crpoxn narenrno oxoponn.
6. Bo macrtcx na ynasi ni nonnsnom, nnnaxinnntxnm pinnem ra npomn-
cnonom npnarnicrm?
7. Hopxox nayrrx npan na ocxrn narenrnoro npana.
8. Hpana narenronnacnnxa.
9. Bo raxe ninensina yroa, s xxom merom nona yxnaacrtcx ra xxi ymo-
nn micrnrt? Bnn ninensinnx nnnnar.
10. Mera ra nnnaxn omexennx npan narenronnacnnxa.
11. xi i nnaxamrtcx nopymennxm npan narenronnacnnxa?
12. Oconnnocri oxoponn cexpernnx nnnaxoin.
13. Bnnaxon y ranysi iorexnonori ra nponemn, mo nnnnxamrt y snxsxy
s x oxoponom.


133
2.3. ;QH$H@' > J'QKLN /H:O.N"$@KQ O$Hi$':

Hnrannx oxoponn ra saxncry xomnmrepnnx nporpam ctoroni c rocrpo
ncxycinnm i ne mac onosnaunoro nnpimennx ni na pinni nanionantnnx sa-
xonoancrn, ni na pinni mixnaponnx xonnenni ra yro.
Ha CBA npnnaac, nanpnxna, inx 70 % nctoro ocxry cnironoro nn-
ponnnrna xomnmrepnnx nporpam. V 1989 - 1990 pp. mopiunn npoax nic
npoyxni na cnironomy pnnxy cranonnn $12 mnp, a nrparn ni mixnapono-
ro niparcrna $810 mnp na pix. 3 merom saxncry nirunsnxno IB sa xop-
onom CBA nnxopncronymrt ropronentno-exonomiuni naxeni, soxpema o-
mexennx imnopry is xpan-nopymnnxin, cxopouennx innecrnni n xnm exo-
nomixy, nimina xpenrynannx, sroprannx nporpam cninpoirnnnrna ra o-
nomorn na nocroponni ocnoni sa yuacri mixnaponnx opranisani.
unenn Cnpocomsy rpannino opicnrymrtcx na cncremy comsin ra yro
n c]epi saxncry npan na IB, xxa c]opmynanact nporxrom snaunoro uacy na
ocnoni cnponectxnx npanonnx rpanni. Ane y ninonit na nopymennx
cnoc inrenexryantno nnacnocri sa xoponom, xxi nouacrimann, saxino-
cnponectxi epxann raxox nouann sacroconynarn exonomiuni mipn nnnnny
moo saxncry cnoc IB.
3acon nporn xpan, mo nnxopncronymrt nenpanomipny roprinentny
npaxrnxy, nepeauanncx npexrnnom CC, xxy yno npnnxro y nepecni
1984 p. Kpann-unenn CC naanann cxaprn y Cnponectxy Komicim (CK).
xmo cxapra nirnepxynanact, ro CK posrnxana moxnnnicrt sacrocynannx
nporn xpann nopymnnni cneniantnnx mip: nimina ropronentnnx npnninen,
sintmennx mnrnnx sopin, nneennx xintxicnnx omexent na nnesennx
ronapin.
3rino s Tnnonnm nonoxennxm s oxoponn nporpamnoro saesneuennx
(H3), posponennm BOIB me y 1977 p., H3 micrnrt xintxa xomnonenrin:
- nporpama nx EOM cyxynnicrt xoman, xxi, xxmo x sanncarn na
mamnnosunrynanomy nocicni, moxyrt saesneuynarn nnxonannx mamnnom,
mo sarna oponmnarn in]opmanim, nennnx ]ynxni;
- onnc nporpamn nonne nnxnaennx anropnrmy y cnonecni, cxemni
ao inmi ]opmi, nacrintxn erantno, mo osnonxc sxcynarn xomann, xxi
crnopmmrt smicr nporpamn;
- onomixnn marepian yt-xxn marepian, mo oro crnopeno s me-
rom nonermennx posyminnx un sacrocynannx H3 (nanpnxna, incrpyxnix nx
xopncrynannx).
Fyt-xxn s nnx xomnonenrin moxna nosnaunrn xx nporpamne saes-
neuennx, ane ni onn s nnx ne mac crarycy camocrinoro ocxry npanonoro
perynmnannx. Taxnm ocxrom c nnme nporpamnn saci roro marepiant-
nn ocxr y nnrnxi mamnnosunrycmoro nocix in]opmani is sanncanom y
ntoro nporpamom.

134
Cam ocxr oxoponn mac noniny npnpoy: marepiantnn ocxr (nc-
xn, marnirna crpiuxa, romo) ra nemarepiantnn xomnnexc onepani, mo nri-
neni y anropnrmi ra nporpami i xnnxmrt coom pesyntrar rnopuo ixntnocri,
roro ocxr inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
Komnmrepni nporpamn,esymonno, c ocxrom IB xx pesyntrar rnop-
uo ixntnocri, ane mamrt px cnenn]iunnx niminnocre i ni ocxrin an-
ropctxoro npana: nonn npnsnaueni nx ynpanninnx poorom rexniunoro npn-
crpom xomnmrepa, ane npn ntomy c pimennxm ne rexniunoro sanannx, a
norixo-maremarnunoro. Ocxrnnna ]opma nnpaxennx xomnmrepno npo-
rpamn osnonxc mnnxo i emeno nnroronnxrn xxicni xoni, romy n oxoponi
xomnmrepnnx nporpam npnnnnnone snauennx mac saxncr ni xonimnannx.

2.3.1. V'N"@NK @' /H:O.N"$@> O$Hi$':K

Harenrn na nnnaxon n xomnmrepni ranysi, a no cyri narenrn na
nporpamne saesneuennx (rax snani co]rnepni narenrn), naamrt saxnnnxy
nnxnmune npano na nnxopncrannx, noannx annx y nporpami, neennx is-
necy s nnxopncrannxm xomnmrepin ra xomnmrepnnx mepex romo. He
]axr samacxonano onncom nnnaxoy xx exxoro acrpaxrnoro npncrpom,
xxn no cyri c snnuannm xomnmrepom is ncranonnenom na ntomy nporpa-
mom, ao onncom nponecy nnxonannx nporpamn na xomnmrepi. Hepmn
co]rnepnn narenr yno nnano y 1962 p. ]ipmi British Telecom, ane cncre-
marnuno x nouann nnanarn y cepenni 1980-x y CBA.
Ha nouarxy 90-x poxin XX cronirrx cneniantno crnopenn nx narenr-
nnx cnpan ]eepantnn oxpyxnn cy ncranonnn, mo xxmo nnnaxi cxnaa-
crtcx rintxn s maremarnunnx anropnrmin, ro nin ne narenrycrtcx, ane xxmo
nnnaxi nnxopncronyc narenr nx maninynmnannx uncnamn, mo mamrt xonx-
perny ninnicrt (nanpnxna, nporpama, xxa nepenonrt enexrpo-
xapiorpa]iuni cnrnann nx sanoirannx apnrmi ao ananisyc cecmiuni nn-
mipn), ro raxn nnnaxi c ninxom narenrocnpomoxnnm.
V CBA npnnnsno 15 % narenrin npnnaamrt na narenrn moo H3.
V CBA y 1980 p. yno npnnxre yrounennx o saxony npo anropctxe
npano, n xxomy osnonxcrtcx nnanarn narenrn na cnoci nrinennx nporpam-
nnx anropnrmin na xomnmrepi. Toro cami anropnrmn nanexart o marema-
rnunnx ocxrin, xxi c pesyntrarom posymono ixntnocri i ne ninxramrt na-
renrynannm, nporpamn oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom, a ie, peanisona-
ni y roronomy npoyxri, saxnmamrtcx narenrom.
Ha npaxrnni ne npnsneno o narenrynannx ouennnnx ie, xxi ne ma-
mrt ninomennx ni o H3, ni o nnnaxoin. Hanpnxna, sanarenronani:
- onnanoni nnarexi s xpenrnnx xaprox;
- cncrema mixnaponnx omennnx imen;
- nnanennx neaxannx annx s ncxa;
135
- ]ynxnix npnnnacnennx cxopouent onrnm cnonam ra ]pasam;
- npnnnnn ynpanninnx cranom nporpamn xnanimem Caps Lock (narenr
(BM));
- nnamiuna renepanix ne-cropinox s asn ;
- gif-]opmar (xomnpecix LZW);
- nnxopncrannx cookies nx sepexennx annx;
- naprnepctxi nocnnannx na carax;
- ]intrpanix cnamin ra nipycin na nomronomy cepnepi;
- cnnnnamui nixonnx y paysepax, romo.
Fyt-xxe H3, mo peanisyc es osnony xxn-neyt is nnx npnnnnnin, y
CBA moxe yrn npnrxrnyre o cyono ninoniantnocri sa nopymennx na-
renrnnx npan.
Hacnixom crann uncnenni cyoni nosonn:
- o xomnani Microsoft: sa nnxopncrannx y paysepi Internet Explorer
moynin, xxi nixnmuamrtcx; sa nnxopncrannx xonnenni Auto Play (nepenip-
xa ncranonnenoro y xomnmrep CD ra anromarnunn sanycx nporpam un my-
snxn) y ncix nepcixx Windows, nounnamun s 95-, npn ntomy cy ne npaxynan
aprymenrn, mo narenr crocycrtcx anaparnoro pimennx, a Windows npo-
rpama; sa nnxopncrannx y rexcronnx peaxropax Word03 ra Word07 sana-
renronannx rexnonori, xxi osnonxmrt sminmnarn crpyxrypy ra smicr o-
xymenrin, xxi ninxramrt anromarnuni oponi (nosnnau nnmarac
$200 mnn). Kintxa pasin xomnanim Microsoft nnsnanann nnnnom y nopymenni
narenrin i soonxsann nnnnarnrn snauni xomnencani (y 2008 p. -
$367,4 mnn, y 2009 p. - $388 mnn);
- o xomnani Dell: sa re, mo uacrnna npnyrxy xomnani (nnstxo
$5 mnp) naxonrt ni inosemnnx naprnepin uepes onnanoni nnarixni cny-
xn (xomnanix-nnacnnx narenry na iem nirpnmxn mixnaponnx rpansax-
ni sa onomorom xomnmrepa nperenynana na nicorox ni npoaxin);
- o 12 nponinnx npoannin xomnmrepnnx irop (Electronic Arts, Lucas
Arts, Sega, Atari ra inmi) sa nopymennx anropctxoro npana na mero nirno-
pennx na expani rpnnnmipnnx ocxrin, sanarenronann y 1988 p. Hosnnau
nperenynan na nicorox ni npoaxin xoxno s 3D-nporpam, mo ynn nn-
nymeni sa ocranni 16 poxin;
- o ncix amepnxanctxnx xonexin s nnmorom onnarn y $5 rnc., xxmo
nnxopncronymrt cncremn is sanarenronannm npnnnnnom ncranninoro na-
nuannx is sacrocynannxm nieoxon]epenni.
Ha niomy i mnpoxo posnoncmxeny cxemy peccrpani oxymenrin 3-ro
pinnx ra npncnocnnx inrepner-apec (rnny www.as.office.com) ra apec enex-
rponno nomrn y 2003 p. yno nnano narenr, nnacnnxn xxoro noann nosnn
nporn nox naintmnx amepnxanctxnx peccrparopin Network Sobition ra
Register.com. moo nimxoynannx snrxin. Mera: npnmycnrn ni xomnani

136
xynnrn ninensim. Hi x narenronnacnnxn noann me xintxa saxnox, xxi cro-
cymrtcx Inrepner-rexnonori.
Bctoro Harenrne mpo CBA nnano intme sa 4 mnn. narenrin i na cto-
roni c]epa narenrynannx H3 spocrac namnnme s ycix.
V 1991 p. Cnponectxa Cnintnora (CC) npnnxna cneniantne saxono-
ancrno s oxoponn H3. o ntoro y cemn epxanax s nananxrn oro nsarani
ne oxoponxnn, a ri cranaprn, mo icnynann, yxe pisnnnncx, sacroconynano-
cx anropctxe npano, soonxsynantne npano, saxonn moo xon]iennino
in]opmani.
Hnrannx oxoponn ra saxncry xomnmrepnnx nporpam ctoroni c rocrpo
ncxycinnm i ne mac onosnaunoro nnpimennx ni na pinni nanionantnnx sa-
xonoancrn, ni na pinni mixnaponnx xonnenni ra yro.
Ha CBA npnnaac, nanpnxna, inx 70 % nctoro ocxry cnironoro nn-
ponnnrna xomnmrepnnx nporpam. V 1989 - 1990 pp. mopiunn npoax nic
npoyxni na cnironomy pnnxy cranonnn $12 mnp, a nrparn ni mixnapono-
ro niparcrna $810 mnp na pix. 3 merom saxncry nirunsnxno IB sa xop-
onom CBA nnxopncronymrt ropronentno-exonomiuni naxeni, soxpema o-
mexennx imnopry is xpan-nopymnnxin, cxopouennx innecrnni n xnm exo-
nomixy, nimina xpenrynannx, sroprannx nporpam cninpoirnnnrna ra o-
nomorn na nocroponni ocnoni sa yuacri mixnaponnx opranisani.
unenn Cnpocomsy rpannino opicnrymrtcx na cncremy comsin ra yro
n c]epi saxncry npan na IB, xxa c]opmynanact nporxrom snaunoro uacy na
ocnoni cnponectxnx npanonnx rpanni. Ane y ninonit na nopymennx
cnoc inrenexryantno nnacnocri sa xoponom, xxi nouacrimann, saxino-
cnponectxi epxann raxox nouann sacroconynarn exonomiuni mipn nnnnny
moo saxncry cnoc IB.
3acon nporn xpan, mo nnxopncronymrt nenpanomipny roprinentny
npaxrnxy, nepeauanncx npexrnnom CC, xxy yno npnnxro y nepecni
1984 p. Kpann-unenn CC naanann cxaprn y Cnponectxy Komicim (CK).
xmo cxapra nirnepxynanact, ro CK posrnxana moxnnnicrt sacrocynannx
nporn xpann nopymnnni cneniantnnx mip: nimina ropronentnnx npnninen,
sintmennx mnrnnx sopin, nneennx xintxicnnx omexent na nnesennx
ronapin.
V Cnponi nnnaxon, mo nxnmuamrt anropnrmn, narenrymrtcx rintxn n
romy nnnaxy, xonn nonn npnsnoxrt o rexniunoro pesyntrary. Bnaxacrtcx,
mo xomnmrepna nporpama mac rexniunn xapaxrep, xxmo nona c xepenom
rexniunoro nnnnny npn poori na xomnmrepi, roro mac micne intme nix
snnuana ]isnuna nsacmoix mix nporpamom ra xomnmrepom. 3 1976 no
2003 p. Cnponectxa Harenrna Opranisanix (CHO) nnana nnstxo 170 rnc.
narenrin na xomnmrepni nporpamn. V 2003 p. yno npnnxro npoexr npex-
rnnn npo narenrocnpomoxnicrt nnnaxoin, nnponaxennx na xomnmrepi
(2002/0047/COD).
137
npexrnna CC nnsnauac i, xxi c nopymennxm:
yt-xxi i s nneennx n oir xomnmrepno nporpamn, moo xxo ni-
omo, mo ne nopymyc npana nnacnnxa;
npnannx s xomepninom merom xomnmrepno nporpamn, xxmo ni-
omo ao c nicrann nnaxarn, mo ne npnmipnnx nopymyc npana nnacnnxa;
yt-xxy im s nneennx n oir ao nonoinnx s xomepninom merom
yt-xxnx sacoin, cnnnm npnsnauennxm xxnx c nonermennx necanxnionona-
noro ycynennx ao oxoy rexniunnx sacoi oxoponn xomnmrepno nporpamn.
npexrnna CC 91/250 (2003 p.) nnsnaunna yanism npanono oxoponn
xomnmrepnnx nporpam: nporpamne saesneuennx moxe saxnmarncx xx na-
renrnnm, rax i anropctxnm npanom.
Harenrom saxnmamrt nonn npnnnnn (mero, nponec, npoyxr) nnpi-
mennx icnymuo rexniuno nponemn, nenicmnom uacrnnom xxoro c nnxo-
pncrannx cneniantno crnopeno xomnmrepno nporpamn. Texniuna uacrnna
ra nporpamne saesneuennx mamrt ninnicrt nnme sa ymonn ocnannx n
cnny cncremy. Taxi nnnaxon nasnnamrt nnnaxoamn n xomnmrepni rany-
si ao nnnaxoamn, nonxsannmn s xomnmrepom (computer-implemented
inventions). Ocxrom noinoro nnnaxoy moxe yrn npoyxr (nporpamona-
nn xomnmrep, nporpamonana xomnmrepna mepexa romo) ao nponec, xxn
nnxonyc raxn xomnmrep, xomnmrepna mepexa un nporpamonann npn-
crpi sanxxn poori nporpamnoro saesneuennx. o nic rpynn nnnaxoin
nanexart raxox nnnaxon, mo x nnponaxeno na xomnmrepi. Hanpnxna,
raxn enemenr xopncrynantxoro nsany yt-xxo nporpamn, xx cmyra npo-
xpyuynannx, mo osnonxc e]exrnnno nnxopncronynarn npocrip moniropa.
Texniuna uacrnna nonnnna marn pncn oxoponosarnocri nnnaxoy. Bnnaxo-
n, nnponaxeni na xomnmrepi, ninocxrtcx o ranysi rexnonori. Harenr
saxnmac nnnaxi, mo asycrtcx na nennomy anropnrmoni i ne nomnpmcrtcx
na inmi ocxrn, xxi raxox nnxopncronymrt ro camn anropnrm. Hporpam-
nn npoyxr posrnxamrt xx npoyxr rexniunoro xapaxrepy, xxn moxe
cnpnunnnrn rexniunn e]exr, xonn nporpama ye saixna y xomnmrepi.
Hpn ntomy rexniunn e]exr nnxonrt sa mexi snnuano nsacmoi mix npo-
rpamnnm saesneuennxm ra xomnmrepom.
Hporn raxoro nixoy is sanepeuennxmn nncrynac aconianix Euro Linux
Alliance, xxa ocnyc cnponectxnx nnponnxin ra posnoncmxynauin es-
nnarnoro co]ry. exxi sanepeuennx: raxn nixi symonnrt narenrynannx
posymonnx meroin, xxi nnxopncronymrt y xomnmrepnnx nporpamax, ra
npnsnee o posnoncmxennx ocxrin, xxi narenrymrtcx, y c]epax isnecy,
ynpanninnx, xyntrypn, ocnirn n in]opmaninomy cycnintcrni, a raxox npn-
snee o snrxin nx mannx i cepenix posponnxin H3 ra nopymnrt cymic-
nicrt H3. 3anpononynann exxi nonoxennx, mo nnxnmuarn cynepeuxn mix
mononontnnmn npanamn narenronnacnnxin ra anropctxnmn npanamn [sa in].
Patent.km.ua].

138
Hi rncxom co]rnepnnx monononicrin narenrn na H3 nene ne crann y
Cnponi peantnicrm. xn nnaua narenrin yna nernrnmisonana, ro ne spo-
nno pnnox nporpamnnx npoyxrin ynixantnnm: narenrni npana ne osno-
nxmrt rperim ocoam crnopmnarn ananoriuni npoyxrn es ninonino nine-
nsino yron, roro xoxna ]ipma-posponnx anromarnuno cranana mono-
nonicrom y anomy xnaci H3 na nannxui 20 poxin. Croconno
xomnmrepnnx nporpam 20 poxin ne cnnonim cnona nasanxn.
V 2005 poni Cnponapnamenr nixnnnn npexrnny moo narenrynannx
xomnmrepno-peanisonannx nnnaxoin [sa in]. rusdoc.ru]. Hnrannx moo
npanounnnocri co]rnepnnx narenrin nnmacrtcx rocrpo ncxycinnm, ane
ctoroni saxonoanuo nonn ne icnymrt ni n Cnponi, ni n Pocictxi ueepa-
ni, ni n Vxpani. Heranisanix narenrin na H3 symonnna nxrar nennxnx
amepnxanctxnx xomnani na cnponectxomy pnnxy, xxn y snauni mipi c]o-
pmonann mannm ra cepenim isnecom, mo ne moxe xonxypynarn is nennxn-
mn ]ipmamn-narenronnacnnxamn ( Microsoft, IBM, Hewlett-Packard), Bennxi
]ipmn moxyrt nnricnnrn s pnnxy xonxypenrin micnennx posponnxin, npo-
rpamn xxnx micrxrt, nanpnxna, sanarenronann nynxr menm Save As
(seperrn xx) ao nipaxonymrt snauennx sa ]opmynamn y rannnxx (yx-
ranrepctxi nponoxennx) ouennnnm cnocoom ni nepmnx uapynox y na-
nnmxxy pospaxynxy o ocrannix, ane ne cnoci pospaxynxy y npnponomy
nopxxy c sanarenronannm.
Harenrna oxopona croconno o nporpamno npoyxni mac neonixn:
narenrynannx c nponeypom onrorpnnanom ra napricnom;
nnme nesnauna uacrnna H3 moxe ninoniarn xopcrxnm xpnrepixm
narenrosarnocri;
crpox oxoponn narenra ne ninoniac rpnnanocri xomepninoro
xnrrx H3;
nx sicnennx xnani]ixonano excneprnsn n narenrni ycranoni no-
rpina yxe perentna niroronxa saxnxn.
Ocnonnom nepenarom c re, mo narenrynannx posnoncmxyc oxopony na
cyrt, iem nporpamn, xxy nrineno y anropnrmi, ane ]axr nesaxonnoro nnxo-
pncrannx ie xomnmrepnnx nporpam naxxo nnxnnrn ra nemoxnnno oninnrn
es sanyuennx excneprin ra xomnerenrnoro ocnixennx. He nnpimeni nys-
noni nnrannx: nomyxn ananorin ra nporornnin saxnnenoro anropnrmy, cxna-
annx onncy ra ]opmynn, nnsnauennx nonnsnn anropnrmy. He nnsnauena
moxnnnicrt ncranonnennx npornnpannoro nnxopncrannx anropnrmy.
Harenr nepeauac nnxnmuni npana na nnxopncrannx. Harenronnacnnx
moxe saoponnrn nnxopncrannx narenry y nporpamax inmnx ]ipm, a sa o-
snin sanpocnrn onintny niny. Harenr nnacrtcx nepmomy saxnnnxy, a ne
icnomy anropy, mo symonnrt npomncnone mnnryncrno. Harenr moxe
orpnmarn nmnna, xxa ne mac nixxoro nporpamnoro npoyxry, i naani nn-
rpanarn cyoni nosonn.
139
Harenronnacnnx ne nonnnen peanisynarn narenr, xxe nennxe coniantne
snauennx nin ne man, a xxmo peanisyc, ro ne ninoniac sa xxicrt: axe xon-
xypenrin nemac.
Bnaua narenrin na H3 crana nponecom, xxn ne mac niuoro cnintnoro is
saxncrom inrepecin posponnxin. Hannaxn, ncix es nnnxrxy posponnxin
crocycrtcx neesnexa cyonoro nepecniynannx sa nopymennx co]rnepnnx
narenrin: sa crarncrnxom ]axrnuno yt-xxa peanisanix H3 ropxacrtcx n ce-
pentomy 25 narenrin [sa in]. www.patenting.org ]. Oconnno essaxncnnmn
c nenennxi ]ipmn.
Hpaxrnxa narenrynannx H3 noana ymxy ninpncmnxm croconno nare-
nrynannx isnec-meroin . Hpeneenr yno crnopeno y 1998 p, xonn yn nn-
ann narenr na iem pospaxynxy naprocri ninnnx nanepin nanpnxinni an-
xinctxoro nx. Taxi narenrn ysaxonmmrt narenrynannx ne nnnaxoin, a npo-
necin, mo c nnnpanannm nnme ninonino o xonxperno saaui ra xonxper-
nnx ymon nnxopncrannx, roro sa ymonn ricnoro snxsxy reopi ra npaxrnxn,
xx ne c npn narenrynanni cnocoin y ximiuni ranysi romo. Inaxme ni naren-
rynannx nponecin ninaamrt maremarnuni anropnrmn.
Hanenne c onintnnm narenrynarn npoexrn, e anropnrmn nepospnnno
nonxsani is nporpamnom peanisanicm (sa xpnrepixmn nonnsna, xopncnicrt,
neouennnicrt), ane npano na raxi i nonnnni marn nnme icni anropn, ni-
paxynannx sa xopncrynannx narenrom ne nonnnni nepennmynarn snnuani
anropctxi cranxn, a narenronnacnnx ne nonnnen marn npano saoponn nnxo-
pncrannx narenry.
Harenr saxnmac nnxopncrannx snant ao noy-xay n npaxrnuni ixnt-
nocri. Hpnnnnnono moxnnni na nnnaxn, nonxsani is H3.
1. Hponec, mo oro onncyc xomnmrepna nporpama, moxna saxnmarn xx
cnoci, xxmo nin nnpimyc nenny rexniuny saauy.
Toro narenr saxnmac ni nenpanomipnoro nnxopncrannx nnme cam
nponec, xxn nnxonycrtcx xomnmrepom ni xepynannxm nenno nporpamn.
Henpxmnm unnom naacrtcx narenrna oxopona i nporpami, sananraxeni n
xomnmrep un sanncani na mamnnosunrynanomy nocicni.
2. Ocxr oxoponn anropnrm na ocnoni xxoro crnopena nporpama.
Bneena y xomnmrep nporpama saesneuyc nnnnxnennx nenno nocnionno-
cri enexrpnunnx cnrnanin, xxi nnsnauamrt ]ynxnionynannx xomnmrepy, mo
cniunrt npo rexniunn xapaxrep nponecy, symonnmc rexniunn xapaxrep
posnxsano nnnaxoom saaui. nx raxo oxoponn nanirt ne c oonxsxonnm
icnynannx nporpamn, ocnrt onecrn, mo sa naneennm anropnrmom moxna
crnopnrn. Bo posxpnrn, xx ne sponrn, nnxopncronymrt cnoci.
xmo npaxynarn nce naneene nnme, ro c sposyminom onintnicrt nnxo-
pncrannx nopm anropctxoro npana nx oxoponn H3.


140
2.3.2 cH:O.N"$@' O$Hi$':' ]/ H&W/N 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'

CC naana npiopnrer anropctxomy npany. Ona s npnunn moxnnnicrt
sacroconynarn nxe nnponeni npnnnnnn, nicyrnicrt ]opmantnocre. oa-
nanacx crarrx moo osnony na snoporni inxnnipnnr, roro exomninxnim
nporpam s merom ocxrnennx moxnnnocri nsacmosnxsxy mepex. Bci ni no-
noxennx nisnime nnimnn o yron TRIPS ra AH.
Bisnauanocx, mo anropctxe npano saxnmac nnpaxennx xomnmrepno
nporpamn y yt-xxi ]opmi, ane ne ie ra npnnnnnn, roro saxnmac yt-
xxy ]opmy (nepnnnnoro) un ocxrnoro xoy nporpamn i saoponxc oro
snaune xonimnannx, ane ne sanoirac nnpaxennm rnx camnx ie antrepna-
rnnnnm mnxxom sa paxynox pospoxn ienrnuno ao noino nporpamn
Binonino o 3axony Vxpann Hpo anropctxe npano ra cymixni npana
H3 moxe oxoponxrncx xx xomnmrepna nporpama ao asa annx.
3rino ntoro saxony:
xomnmrepna nporpama ne naip incrpyxni y nnrnxi cnin, nn]p,
xoin, cxem, cnmnonin un y yt-xxomy inmomy nnrnxi, nnpaxeni y ]opmi,
npnarni nx sunrynannx xomnmrepom, xxi npnnoxrt oro y im nx ocxr-
nennx nenno mern ao pesyntrary;
asa annx (xomninxnix annx) cyxynnicrt rnopin, annx ao yt-
xxo inmo nesanexno in]opmani y onintni ]opmi, n romy uncni enexr-
ponni, niip i posramynannx cxnaonnx uacrnn xxo ra ynopxxynannx c
pesyntrarom rnopuo npani, i cxnaoni uacrnnn xxo c ocrynnnmn innniy-
antno i moxyrt yrn snaeni sa onomorom cneniantno nomyxono cncre-
mn na ocnoni enexrponnnx ao inmnx sacoin. Toro asa annx ne cyxyn-
nicrt marepianin, mo rnopuo oponeni i moxyrt yrn npounrani mamnnom.
3axon posrnxac (cr.5 saxony) xomnmrepny nporpamy xx nnctmonn ni-
reparypnn rnip, ane ne ne osnauac nonnoro ororoxnennx, a mac merom nnme
naannx npanono oxoponn. Ocxrom anropctxoro npana na H3 c ]opma
xomnmrepno nporpamn incrpyxni, xon, cnmnonn, cxemn, xxi unrac ma-
mnna. Ie, reopi, nayxoni pospoxn, noxnaeni n ocnony nporpamn, roro
smicr, ne oxoponxmrtcx anropctxnm npanom, roro anropctxnm npanom sa-
xnmacrtcx rexcr 9 xo) nporpamn, a ne ]ynxni, xxi nona nnxonyc.
3axonom nepeauena raxox oxopona anropctxnx npan cxnaennx rno-
pin, soxpema, sipox. x sipxn rnopin oxoponxmrtcx asn annx , xxmo ne
ne unnnrt mxon oxoponi rnopin, mo cxnaamrt sipxy. Komnmrepni npo-
rpamn, xxi no cyri raxox c cxnaennmn rnopamn, peccrpymrtcx posponnxom
xx onn rnip. Posponnx cam onpac xx omy oxoponxrn cni nporpamnn
npoyxr: xx xomnmrepny nporpamy ao xx asy annx.
Anropctxe npano nomnpmcrtcx raxox na ayionisyantni niopaxennx,
orpnmani xx nacniox pospoxn nporpamn.
141
o H3 uacro nxnmuamrt snyxoni ]ann, xxi srino 3V Hpo anropctxe
npano ra cymixni npana ninocxrt o ]onorpam. 3nyxonn ]an oxoponxmrt:
anropctxnm npanom mysnunn rnip s rexcrom ra es ntoro ra cam
snyxonn ]an xx asy annx;
cymixnnm npanom npana nnxonannx ra nnponnxa ]onorpam.
Oxopona cymixnnx npan ne nnmarac nnxonannx yt-xxnx ]opmantnoc-
re, ocnrt nci exsemnnxpn ]anin cynpononrn saxonom oxoponn (narnnct-
xa yxna R y xoni, imx ocon, xxi nanexart cymixni npana, ra pix crnopen-
nx snyxonoro ]any).
Ocoa, xxa mac anropctxe npano na H3, moxe sapeccrpynarn oro y ep-
xannnx peccrpax y yt-xxn uac nporxrom i anropctxoro npana. nx nto-
ro rpea cnnarnrn peccrpaninn sip ra noarn saxny ncranonnenoro spas-
xa, o xxo oamrt onn exsemnnxp nnxinnx rexcrin, ]parmenrin
xomnmrepno nporpamn ao asn annx.
Hpo peccrpanim npan anropa ao oro npanonacrynnnxa nnamrt cnio-
nrno. Peccrpanix nnsnacrtcx cyom xx mpnnunn oxas anropcrna oxn cy-
om ne ye oneeno inme.
Anropctxn oronip na crnopennx i nnxopncrannx xomnmrepnnx npo-
rpam mac cnenn]iuni ymonn [14]:
moxnnnicrt nepenicrynnennx anropctxoro oronopy;
rnnn HK, nx xxnx moxe yrn nnxopncrana xomnmrepna nporpama, x
xintxicrt ra micnesnaxoxennx;
npana cropin na nacrynni mon]ixani;
xintxicrt nnroronnennx xoni;
saesneuennx ocryny o nnxinoro xoy;
nopxox nnxopncrannx rnopy rperimn ocoamn;
crpoxn i nopxox nanuannx xopncrynaua;
Anropctxn oronip moxe micrnrn: rexcr oronopy, rexniune sanannx;
rexniuni ymonn; xanenapnn nnan poir; nepenix nnxopncronynanoro ona-
nannx romo.
xmo H3 crnopeno anropom xx cnyxonn rnip, ro oconcri nemanoni
npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri na ne npoyxr nanexart npaninnnxoni,
xxn c esnocepenim anropom, a manoni npana na raxy nporpamy nanexart
cnintno npaninnnxoni ra pooroanneni, xxmo inme ne ncranonneno orono-
pom. Te came crocycrtcx nporpamn, crnopeno na samonnennx.
Hpana na H3 nauacrime nanexnrt pooroannm, ane sa ymonn o]opm-
nennx yro, mo perynmmrt nopxox crnopennx H3 (rpyoni yron) ra nepe-
auy anropctxnx manonnx npan.
npexrnna Pan CC N 91/250/CC (1991) npo npanony oxopony
xomnmrepnnx nporpam sasnauac, mo nci xomepnini i y ninomenni H3,
crnopenoro n nopxxy nnxonannx cnyxonnx oonxsxin, npanomounn si-
cnmnarn nnme pooroanent. 3 merom aanrani yxpanctxoro saxonoancr-

142
na o nnmor saxonoancrna CC y noni peaxni 3V ye nepeaueno noi-
ny nopmy.
o oconcrnx nemanonnx npan anropin xomnmrepnnx nporpam nane-
xart npano na nnsnannx nmnnn anropom xomnmrepno nporpamn, npano
nnmararn un saoponxrn sasnauennx cnoro imeni y snxsxy s nnxopncrannxm
nporpamn, npano onparn ncenonim, npano na neoropxanicrt nporpamn ra
npano nepemxoxarn yt-xxomy ocxrannm na npano IB, sarnomy sanarn
mxon uecri un penyrani anropa nporpamn.
Hpano na neoropxanicrt xomnmrepno nporpamn nepeauac neony-
mennx necanxniononannx anropom mon]ixani, sarnnx sminnrn rexnonoriuni
xapaxrepncrnxn nporpamn. Taxe nrpyuannx moxe sanoixrn mxoy uecri, ri-
nocri ra penyrani anropa.
Oconcri nemanoni npana ne moxyrt niuyxynarnct ni anropa, ane sa-
xon nepeauac nnnxrxn s ntoro npana.
Komnmrepni nporpamn crnopmmrtcx, xx npannno, na samonnennx mpn-
nunnx oci, nennxnmn anropctxnmn xonexrnnamn y nopxxy nnxonannx
cnyxonoro sanannx. Anropn me na nouarxy niroronxn nporpamn nepea-
mrt yci manoni npana pooroanneni. Rpnnuna ocoa npocynac H3 na pn-
nox ni cnom imxm ra ropronentnom mapxom, nocxrannx na ope imx c
neesneunnm s rouxn sopy isnecy. Ocxintxn noini nopymennx npan c no-
mnpennm xnnmem, ro saxonoancrno Vxpann nepeauac nepeauy oxpemnx
oconcrnx nemanonnx npan na ocxr crnopenn, xx cnyxonn rnip, mpn-
nuni ao ]isnuni ocoi, y xxo npanmc anrop.
o anropctxnx manonnx npan nanexart nnxnmune npano nnxopncrannx
H3 n yt-xxi ]opmi i yt-xxnm cnocoom, nnxnmune npano osnonxrn nn-
xopncrannx ra npano nepemxoxarn nenpanomipnomy nnxopncrannm, a came:
nirnopennx (xonimnannx) nporpamn;
nyniunn noxas;
nepepoxn, aanrani ra inmi sminmnannx nporpamn (noxini rnopn);
posnoncmxennx nporpamn mnxxom npoaxy, npoxary romo;
imnopr exsemnnxpin nporpamn ra nneennx n xomepninn oir.
Hpo cno npana nnacnnx cnonimac snaxom xonipary na ynaxonni xoxnoro
exsemnnxpy nporpamn ra npn sanycxy nporpamn na ncnne (nopx s nasnom).
Croconno H3 noxinnmn rnopamn moxyrt yrn:
peanisanix nporpamn inmom monom nporpamynannx;
noxanisanix nporpamn (nepexna nporpamnoro inrep]ecy noniom-
nent, oniox romo monom inmo xpann);

peanisanix nporpamn nx inmoro xnacy xomnmrepin, onepaninnx cncrem.
Anropctxe npano na noxini rnopn nanexnrt anropam noxinnx rnopin,
ane sa ymonn orpnmannx nnmn npan anropa nepnnnnoro rnopy.
143
Hpana na H3 moxyrt yrn nepeani nnacnnxom inmi ocoi ao oprani-
sani uacrxono ao n nonnomy ocxsi.
Ha npaxrnni nauacrime yxnaamrt yroy na nepeauy uacrnnn npan na
H3 npano nnxopncrannx xomnmrepno nporpamn ao npano peanisani ma-
repiantnnx nocin s nicm nporpamom.
xmo c norpea crnopnrn H3 intm. nix n onomy exsemnnxpi, ro ne
moxnnno nnme sa naxnnocri y nnponnxa manonnx npan na nirnopennx ra
posnoncmxennx. Fintmicrt H3 o xopncrynaua norpannxc uepes nannmxox
nocepennxin. Hpoax H3 nipisnxcrtcx ni npoaxy yt-xxoro inmoro ro-
napy, o H3 mac marepiantny cxnaony (noci, na xxnx sanncano
xomnmrepny nporpamy) ra nemarepiantny anropctxe npano. 3rino 3V (cr.
12) anropctxe npano ra npano na marepiantnn ocxr c nesanexnnmn. xmo
H3 npnan nocepennx s merom nepenpoaxy, ro H3 posrnxacrtcx xx ro-
nap, xxn orpnmano sa yroom xyninni-npoaxy, i oronip na nepeauy npan
yxnaarn ne rpea, o ocxrom npoaxy c marepiantnn noci. xmo H3
nnanycrtcx nxnmunrn y nporpamnn npoyxr nnacnoro nnponnnrna, ro,
xpim yron xyninni-npoaxy, rpea yxnaarn oronip npo nepeauy npan na
nnecennx smin y H3 y nnsnauenomy ocxsi.
H3, xxe npnane na saxonnnx ymonax y nnacnnxa ao inmo ocon, xxa
mac na nicrani ninensino yron npano peanisani H3 ao marepiantnnx no-
cin s raxnm H3, c ninensinnm. V momenr npnannx raxoro H3 noxynent
yxnaac s npoannem ninensiny yroy na ymonn oro nnxopncrannx ao
posnoncmxennx
Konn xopncrynau nerantno xynyc H3 i ncranonnmc oro na cni
xomnmrep, ro oronip na nepeauy npan yxnaarn ne rpea, o ymonn nnxo-
pncrannx H3 nxasani na ynaxonni, y nacranoni xopncrynaua H3, y ninensini
yroi, xxy nxnaeno n xopoxy. Bce ne c ]axrnuno nnxnmunom ninensicm,
xxa n ocnonnomy ncranonnmc xintxicrt osnonennx incranxni i ne nepea-
uac yt-xxnx smin s oxy cnoxnnaua.
Tepmin ninensix n sacrocynanni o maconnx mnpoxonxnnannx
xomnmrepnnx nporpam cxopime c osnonom npanonnacnnxa na xopncrynan-
nxm npnmipnnxom nporpamn, roro ne nepeauena nepeaua yt-xxnx
npan, a naacrtcx npano orpnmynarn xopncni nnacrnnocri npoyxry. Taxa ni-
nensix ne nnctmone nonnonaxennx na nnxopncrannx H3 nennnm cnocoom.
3a nopymennx nnxnmunoro npana nnacnnxa H3, soxpema, sa nnxopnc-
rannx neninensonanoro H3, nepeauena ninoniantnicrt. Hanpnxna, Ipo-
maxnctxn xoexc Pu nepeauac (sa pimennxm cyy) nanirt nixnianim
opranisani ao npnnnnennx ixntnocri innniyantnoro ninpncmnx y pasi
xintxapasonoro ao rpyoro nopymennx nnxnmunoro npana na H3.
Fyt-xxa opranisanix, xxa posponmc ra posnoncmxyc H3, nonnnna no-
arn npo saxncr nporpamn ni necanxniononanoro xonimnannx. Cnnn

144
mnxx ne sponrn rax, mo xopncrynaueni yno nnrino xynynarn nporpamy
ra marn ni ntoro nenni nepenarn. 3 nicm merom moxna:
npnnanrn noxynnx nnstxom ninom H3, oxymenranicm, mo nanncana
monom, sposyminom ne]axinneni, rapxuom ninicm nirpnmxn (hot-line), nint-
ramn na npnannx nacrynno nepci H3, moxnnnicrm nanunrncx poori s H3
na cneniantnnx xypcax romo;
nonepenrn norenninoro noxynnx npo moxnnni nacnixn nx ntoro y
pasi nnxopncrannx necanxniononano xoni H3 ra sanpononynarn omy rax
snany oroprxony ninensim (Wrapping license): na ynaxonni exsemnnxpa H3
noano rexcr ninensino yron s xopncrynauem, xxn npnan ne exsemn-
nxp nporpamn. Haneeni npana xopncrynaua ra oro soonxsannx nepe pos-
ponnxom. Kopncrynau nacnnac posponnxy peccrpaniny xaprxy, xxa sna-
xonrtcx n ynaxonni, i nnm saxnnxc npo cno npana. Kaprxa ienrn]ixyc no-
xynnx. uipma-posponnx nnxonyc ninensine cynponoxennx: ocnyronyc,
npononyc noni nepci H3, naac nocnyrn nnepa ao ncrpnmropa, xxn
ocnyronyc H3 na micni, naac xoncyntrani, romo.
Hpn ntomy y pasi, xonn na pnnxy sxnnxmrtcx nenerantni xoni, pospo-
nnx moxe nnsnaunrn, xxn nerantno npoann exsemnnxp nporpamn yno
nnxopncrano npn necanxniononanomy xonimnanni i xomy npexnnxrn npere-
nsi moo nopymennx soonxsant.
3axon Vxpann nepeauac nnnaxn nintnoro xonimnannx, mon]ixani ra
exomninxni xomnmrepnnx nporpam nx npanomipnoro nonointnx (cr. 24):
nnecrn sminn (mon]ixani), xxi saesneuart ]ynxnionynannx nporpa-
mn na rexniunnx sacoax ocon, xxa npanomipno npnana, sannc i sepe-
xennx n namxri xomnmrepa, nnnpannennx xnnnx nomnnox;
nnroronnrn ony xonim nporpamn nx apxinnnx nine ao saminn npa-
nomipno npnanoro npnmipnnxa y pasi nomxoxennx (pesepnna xonix);
exomninmnarn nporpamy (nepernopnrn s ocxrnoro xoy y nnxinn
rexcr) s merom oepxarn in]opmanim, xxa c neoxinom nx nsacmoi s in-
mom nporpamom, sa ymonn, mo exomninmcrtcx nnme neoxina uacrnna
nporpamn, orpnmana in]opmanix ne yna ocrynnom s inmnx xepen, ye
nnxopncrana nnme s nxasanom merom, ne ye nepeana inmnm ocoam un
nnxopncrana nx pospoxn cxoxo xomnmrepno nporpamn.
Texcr exomnintonano nporpamn nixpnnac anropnrm ra npnnnnn poo-
rn nporpamn i ac in]opmani intme, nix rpea nx saesneuennx nsacmoi
s inmnmn nporpamamn. Bo nanirt ]opmantno nnxnmunrn nicrany nx exo-
mninxni, in]opmanim, xxa moxe snaonrtcx nx saesneuennx nsacmoi s
inmnmn nporpamamn, naamrt y cyxynni oxymenrani ao cnonimamrt,
nanpnxna, n Inrepneri.
Hporpamne saesneuennx moxe yrn inxopnopnponano y xomnmrep ao
crnopmnarncx, nirnopmnarncx ra posnoncmxynarncx na nocixx (ncxerax,
145
xomnaxr ncxax ao uepes mepexy y pexnmi on-nan), xxi nioxpemneni ni
anaparypn.
H3 moxe nnxopncronynarnct nx opoxn nayxonnx, ]inanconnx, exo-
nomiunnx ao coniantnnx annx, s merom, nanpnxna, nirnepxennx nono
nayxono reopi ao nx orpnmannx maxcnmantnoro npnyrxy ni innecrnni.
3anexno ni mayrntoro nnxopncrannx nnsnauacrtcx in]opmanix, xxa no-
rpeyc oxoponn.
Hpaxrnxa noxasyc, mo nae]exrnnnimn pesyntrar ac oxopona
xomnmrepnnx nporpam n ycix rptox c]epax inrenexryantno nnacnocri: an-
ropctxe npano, narenrne npano, noy-xay.
Vmonom ycnimno xomepnino peanisani pospoox nirunsnxnnx npo-
rpamicrin i orpnmannx cnocuacno npanono oxoponn cnox innonani n ranysi
xomnmrepnoro isnecy c raxi oxymenrn:
cnionrno npo anropcrno na rexcr nesminno uacrnnn nporpamn;
narenr na cnoci, xxnm nx nporpama peanisycrtcx (oxopona cyri);
narenr na npncrpi, mo mac nporpamny i anaparny uacrnnn;
onnc o narenry, xxn micrnrt rexcr uacrnnn xomnmrepno nporpamn;
narenr na npomncnonn spasox, xxnm nnacnnx saxnmac nsan pospo-
nennx opnrinantnnx expannnx ]opm i mpn]rin;
cnionrno na snax nx ronapin i nocnyr, ni xxnm nporpama crane niomom
na pnnxy;
anropctxa yroa s anropamn xomnmrepno nporpamn s onncom npo-
rpamn, naneennxm rexcry s nesminnnx uacrnn;
snir npo oninxy xomnmrepno nporpamn s onncom nporpamn, sasna-
uennxm ]ynxnionantnnx moxnnnocre nporpamn, naneennxm rexcry ne-
sminnnx uacrnn;
yxranrepctxa oxymenranix npo onpnyrxynannx xomnmrepno npo-
rpamn.
Ho ninomennm o oxpemo rpynn ninensi, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx nx
nporpamnoro saesneuennx (a raxox oxymenrin ra xyoxnix poir), nxnna-
mrt repmin "xonine]r" (copyleft). Hinensix copyleft ac moxnnnicrt xoxno-
my, xro orpnmyc xonim un noxiny s poorn, nnxopncronynarn, mon]ixyna-
rn ra posnoncmxynarn , roro nnocnrn cni nxna y nocxonanennx ra/un
posmnpennx pospoxn, ane sa ymonn soonxsannx posnoncmxynarn cnom
pospoxy nnme s rnm camnm rnnom ninensi, mo opnrinan. Vmonn xoni-
ne]r-ninensi ynemoxnnnnmmrt nepemxoxannx nintnomy nnxopncrannm,
xonimnannm ra posnoncmxennm marepianin. Bci ocon, mo sponnn cni
nnecox y xonine]r-poory, cramrt cninanropamn cninnnacnnxamn anropct-
xoro npana na poory, ane, sa ymonamn ninensi, nimonnxmrtcx ni nennnx
npan, mo noxoxrt s anropctxoro npana.
3acnonnnxom onoro s naycnimnimnx na ctoroni xonine]r-npoyxrin
c Hinyc Topnantc, xxn sacrocynan GNU General Public License (GPL) ni-

146
nensi nx nporpamnoro saesneuennx Linux. n cnocmy inrepnm (xypnan
Business Week, 2004) Hinyc Topnantc nopinnxn nayxy ra marim: n nayni no-
ni nixpnrrx asymrtcx na nixpnrrxx nonepennxin, a n mari sanxn c
xroct, xro nonoic cexperom i ne ac inmnm sarnyrn oro cyrt ra nnxopnc-
rarn nx noyonn uoroct nonoro. x nacniox marix snnxna, mo uexac i na
rpannine nporpamne saesneuennx, na ymxy H. Topnantca.
Hinensi na nixpnrn xo nporpamnoro saesneuennx, nanpnxna, ra-
xnx, mo nnxopncronymrtcx y onepaninnx cncremax (OC) BSD, X Window
System, Apache, ne c xonine]r-ninensixmn, o ne nnmaramrt y ninensiara
posnoncmxynarn mon]ixonani poorn na ymonax rnx camnx ninensi.
Icnyc raxox rax snann uacrxonn xonine]r, xxn osnauac, mo osnin na
neomexeni mon]ixani ne posnoncmxycrtcx na uacrnny marepiany (na-
npnxna, xonine]r na mncrentxi rnopn c inoi npocro nemoxnnnnm). Toro
ni ninensi ninopxxonymrtcx ymoni oxpemi npana sacrepexeno (samicrt
nci npana sacrepexeno, mo ninoniac xonipary).
uac ra ocni onenn moxnnnicrt sacnynannx isnecy nanxono xoni-
ne]r-npoyxrin.

2.3.3. A'QKLN O$'P @' /H:O.N"$@S O$Hi$':S

Ha napnamenrctxnx cnyxannxx 2008 p. nisnaunnoct, mo y rintonomy
cermenri pnnxy H3 ra xomnmrepnnx irop npanmmrt 2035 rnc. cnenianic-
rin, a pinent neninensinoro H3 c onnm s nannmnx y Cnponi. 3xnnncx no-
nn rnn xomnmrepnoro niparcrna: nesaxonne ncranonnennx H3 na
xomnmrepny rexnixy , xxa norim peanisycrtcx y roprinentni mepexi. 3a a-
nnmn npanooxoponnnx opranin, y Kncni socepexeno nona 60 % xonrpa]a-
xrno ayio- ra nieonpoyxni: nxnx rouox posnoncmxennx y micri
23 rnc. Hanomnpenimnm niparctxnm npoyxrom c DVD s nieo]intmamn:
o 80 % na ymxy nesanexnnx excneprin. V 2007 p. sa o]ininnmn annmn n
Vxpani nnnyunnn niparctxo npoyxni na cymy nona 10 mnn rpn, a ne, na
ymxy excneprin, maxcnmym 20 % peantnoro xonrpa]axry.
Hiparctxn isnec nanpouy nnrinn. Coinapricrt xonrpa]axrnoro
ncxa y 3-4 pasn menma sa niny, no xxi oro peanisonymrt.
Oxpim niparctxo npoyxni icnyc rax snann cipn xonrpa]axr. He cro-
cycrtcx npoyxni, xxa naxonrt o nac is Poci, e nona (npoyxnix) mac
ninensim na posnoncmxennx na repnropi Pu ra CH, a nnyrpimnc ninen-
synannx, xx ne nanexnrt sa yxpanctxnm saxonoancrnom, ne npoxonrt. 3o-
xpema, ne crocycrtcx xomnmrepnnx irop ra nieo]intmin (o 30 % xonrpa-
]axrnnx DVD - ne cipn xonrpa]axr). B Vxpani npanmmrt 8 ninpncmcrn,
mo nnroronnmmrt ayio- ra nieonpoyxnim, ane npnuernicrt o xonrpa]ax-
ry ne oneena, naromicrt na xonrpa]axrnnx ncxax xo IFPI (Mixnapona
147
]eepanix ]onorpa]iuno inycrpi), xxn cniunrt npo pocictxe noxo-
xennx.
V nmromy 2009 p. mininix nepexpnna uepronn xanan nocrauannx n
Vxpany xonrpa]axrnnx xomnaxr-ncxin is sanncom nporpamnoro saesne-
uennx (nporpam Adobe, npoyxrin Photoshop ra Illustrator). Ionona npecra-
nnnnrna Adobe Systems n Vxpani nnaxac, mo ninensina napricrt nnnyue-
nnx nporpamnnx npoyxrin cranonnna nnstxo 5,5 mnn rpn. Ctoroni n
Vxpani moxna npnarn npaxrnuno yt-xxy xomepniny nporpamy es ni-
nensi i oiertcx nona y 10 - 30 pasin emenme sa nerantny.
Inoi ni nnom ninensinoro H3 xxicno ynaxonann ]antcn]ixar, mo
ponrt ne isnec nanpnyrxonnm.
3 2001 p. Vxpana y cnncxy 301 xx xpana is necnpnxrnnnom cnryanicm
na pnnxy IB, pesyntrarom uoro crano omexennx yxpanctxoro imnopry, sox-
pema, y CBA. Hnme y 2006 p. Vxpana sanxxn nennnm saxonoanunm smi-
nam nepemna o xareropi npiopnrernoro cnocrepexennx, a y 2008 p. o
cnncxy xpan, mo noxasann ceposnn nporpec y oporti is niparcrnom
(cnncox cnocrepexennx)
3apas naintmi ]inanconi nnrparn nnponnxn H3 mamrt y Knra.
Pnnox nerantnoro H3 n Vxpani spocrac, oro ocxr y 2007 p. cranonnn
nnstxo $150 mnn, a y 2008 nnstxo $190 mnn. A s npaxynannxm niparcrna
norenninn pnnox H3 n Vxpani nonnnen cranonnrn $1 mnp. Hanirt ne-
snaune snnxennx pinnx niparcrna ac snaune sintmennx oopory nnponn-
xin: y 2006-2007 p. oopor Microsoft spic na $67 mnn sa paxynox cxopo-
uennx pinnx niparcrna na 1 % He snauno nnrinime, nix npoanarn nporpamn
s ncxonrom un napomynarn oopor.
Bncoxn pinent niparcrna n Vxpani onnm s unnnnxin mac neonixn sa-
xonoancrna moo saxncry npan IB.
Tpea pospisnxrn nonxrrx saxncry IB ra oxoponn IB. Bci i moo saxn-
cry IB ninocxrtcx o xomnerenni cyin. i no oxoponi npan IB nnxonymrt-
cx sanixannennmn ocoamn (nauacrime anropamn ao ninpncmnxmn-
posponnxamn).
Bnxopncrannx xomnmrepno nporpamn es osnony (ninensi) anropa c
nenpanomipnnm (nenerantnnm), roro c nopymennxm anropctxnx npan i moxe
yrn nicranom nx npnrxrnennx nopymnnxa srino unnnoro saxonoancrna
Vxpann o ninoniantnocri:
nnnintno-npanono (manono) sa cr. 431 HKV ra cr. 52 3V Hpo an-
ropctxe npano i cymixni npana;
aminicrparnnno - sa cr. 52 Koexcy Vxpann npo aminicrparnnni
npanonopymennx (KVnAH);
xpnminantno sa cr. 176 Kpnminantnoro xoexcy Vxpann (KKV).
Crarrx 2.2 HKV sasnauac:

148
1. Ocoa, xxi sanano snrxin y pesyntrari nopymennx nnnintnoro
npana, mac npano na x nimxoynannx.
2. 3nrxamn c:
nrparn, xxnx ocoa sasnana y snxsxy si snnmennxm ao nomxo-
xennxm peui ra nnrparn, xxi norpini nx ninonnennx nopymenoro npana
(peantni snrxn);
oxon, xxi ocoa morna peantno oepxarn, xxn npano ne yno
nopymene (ynymena nnroa).
3. 3nrxn nimxoonymrtcx y nonnomy ocxsi xxmo oronopom ao sa-
xonom ne nepeaueno sintmennx ao smenmennx nimxoynannx. xmo
ocoa nopymnnx oepxana oxon, ro posmip ynymeno nnron, mo ninx-
rac nimxoynannm, ne moxe yrn menmnm ni oxoin nopymnnxa.
Aminicrparnnna ra xpnminantna ninoniantnicrt nipisnxcrtcx cymom
xomnencani sanano mxon. Hicranom nx xoncrarani snounny ra npnrxr-
nennx o xpnminantno ninoniantnocri c naxnnicrt marepiantno mxon,
sanano npanonnacnnxy y snaunomy, nennxomy ao oconnno nennxomy pos-
mipax, ra naxnnicrt n ixx nopymnnxa ymncny.
nx nnsnauennx posmipy mrpa]y ao posmipy sanano mxon sacroco-
nymrt xx ymonny onnnnm neonoarxonann minimym oxoin rpomaxn
(nosnaunmo HM). 3a KVnAH: mrpa] cranonnrt (10200) HM; sa KK:
npn snauni mxoi (>20 HM) (2001000) HM, npn mxoi y nennxomy
posmipi (>200 HM) mrpa] (10002000) HM, n oconnno nennxomy
posmipi (>1000 HM) mrpa] (20003000 ) HM. Oxpim mrpa]y noxa-
pannx moxe yrn y ]opmi nnnpannnx poir ao nosannennx noni (o 6 poxin
npn mxoi n oconnno nennxomy posmipi). B ycix nnnaxax raxox xon]icxy-
mrt ra snnmymrt nci npnmipnnxn xonrpa]axrno npoyxni, marepiann ra
onanannx nx nnroronnennx.
B ycix nnnaxax sacrocynannx KK noxapannx sintmycrtcx, xxmo npo-
rnnpanni i nunneni nonropno ao sa nonepentom smonom rpynom oci.
nx nnsnauennx posmipy snrxin moxe sacroconynarncx Hanionantnn
cranapr N 4 Oninxa manonnx npan IB (2007 p.). 3arantnonpnnxro, mo
onn xonrpa]axrnn npnmipnnx rnopy nnricnxc s pnnxy onn ninensinn
npnmipnnx rnopy. Posmip manono mxon, sanano npanonnacnnxoni nesa-
xonnnm nirnopennxm npnmipnnxin xomnmrepnnx nporpam, nnsnauamrt sa
napricrm ninensinnx npnmipnnxin xomnmrepnnx nporpam na nnyrpimnto-
my pnnxy Vxpann cranom na ary cxocnnx npanonopymennx
1
.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Bo ninocnrtcx o nporpamnoro saesneuennx (H3)?

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2009, N 8, c. 57-59
149
2. Bo posymimrt ni narenramn na nnnaxon y xomnmrepni ranysi?
3. Oxapaxrepnsynarn nponemn narenrno oxoponn croconno H3.
4. xnm unnom nepeauena oxopona H3 n Vxpani?
5. xi oarxoni ocxrn moxyrt nxonrn o H3 i xxnm unnom x oxopo-
nxmrt n Vxpani?
6. Bo xnnxc coom anropctxn oronip na crnopennx i nnxopncrannx H3?
7. x nnpimycrtcx nnrannx moo H3, xxe crnopeno xx cnyxonn rnip?
8. Hasnarn nemanoni ra manoni npana na H3 ra i, na xxi rpea marn
osnin anropa ra npanonnacnnxa.
9. 3axncr H3 ni necanxniononanoro xonimnannx.
10. xi i srino is saxonoancrnom Vxpann moxna sicnmnarn es o-
snony npanonnacnnxa H3?
11. Bo raxe ninensix copileft?
12. xi nacnixn nepeauac saxonoancrno Vxpann sa necanxniononane
nnxopncrannx H3?




























150
2.4. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' J'LH&>P >@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7 Sg'L@K/>P
^KP>6U@HiH H&>iS, NHP'$>P N' OHL6Si

o ocxrin IB, xx sacoin innniyanisani yuacnnxin nnnintnoro oiry,
ronapin ra nocnyr (ao xomepninnx nosnauent) ninocxrtcx:
xomepnine (]ipmone) namenynannx;
ropronentna mapxa (srino s HKV) ao snax ronapin i nocnyr (srino is
3axonom Vxpann Hpo oxopony npan na snaxn nx ronapin i nocnyr);
reorpa]iune sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin.
V mixnaponnx npanonnx yroax s nnrant IB ni nonxrrx oxonnmmrtcx
npanom npomncnono nnacnocri, xoua n rounomy snauenni ntoro nonxrrx no-
nn ne c raxnmn, o ne c rexnonoriunnmn (rexniunnmn) pimennxmn, xxnmn c
nnnaxon, xopncni moeni i r. in. x onintno nninnrn n oxpemy rpyny.
Ha xinent 2008 p. y cniri sapeccrponano nona 27 mnn ropronnx mapox i
sa npornosamn excneprin xintxicrt x spocrarnme na 1 mnn mopiuno. 10 xpan
mamrt nnstxo 50 % sapeccrponannx mapox: CBA (11,3 %), nonix (10 %),
Knra (8 %), Pecnynixa Kopex (4 %), Fpasnnix (3,7 %), upannix (3,3 %),
Himeuunna (3,3 %), Aprenrnna (2,5 %), unni (1,9 %)
1
.
o 80 % npoyxni y posnnnennx xpanax npoacrtcx s ronapnnmn mapxamn.
Iasera Financial Times onpnnmnnna cnncox nanoryxnimnx penin
y 2008p. (100 ropronnx mapox s 31 xpann, mo oxonnmmrt 85 % cnironoro
BBH). He Google (napricrt peny $86,1 mnp), General Electric ($71,4 mnp)
Microsoft ($70,8 mnp) Coca-Cola ($58,208 mnp), China Mobil
($ 57,225 mnp), IBM ($ 55,335 mnp), Apple (remnn spocrannx 123 %),
McDonalds, Nokia, Marlboro.
3arantna napricrt mapox is Top-100 nopinnxno is 2007 p. spocna na 21 %.
Hepma pocictxa xomnanix, mo ynimna y nepenix 100 nanoryxnimnx penin
BAT Mointni Tene Cncremn MTC (micne 89, napricrt $8,1 mnp).
V 2008 poni nrperc nipx naxpyrimnm penom Bennxo Fpnrani nn-
snano Aston Martin anromoint xemca Fona. Ha pyromy micni xomy-
nixarop iPhon,rperc micne sanxna xopnopanix Apple, a y pernnry opranisa-
ni nasnaunimnm penom nnsnano You Gov Google, xxa nnnepenna
Microsoft.

2.4.1. ;&W/NK J'LH&>P >@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7

1.cH:"$^>f@" (k>$:HP") @'f:"@SP'@@]. Tyr npnnnnnonnm c posme-
xynannx raxnx nonxrt, xx o]inine @'f:"@SP'@@] .$K-Kg@H7 HLH&K i /H-
:"$^>f@" (k>$:HP") @'f:"@SP'@@]: nic ocon.

1
Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt, 2008, N 12
151
Tax, o]ininnm namenynannxm mpnnuno ocon nnaxacrtcx nasna,
xxa innniyanisyc mpnnuny ocoy n cyxynnocri oro npan i oon'xsxin xx
camocrinoro cy'cxra npana. Taxe namenynannx c nx mpnnuno ocon
rnm xe, unm c nx ]isnuno ocon oro im'x, roro oconcrnm (mopantnnm)
npanom, xxe ne moxe yrn npemerom oopory.
Komepninnm (]ipmonnm) namenynannxm c nasna, xxom ]isnuna ao
mpnnuna ocoa nosnauac ninpncmcrno, xxe nin nnxopncronyc nx ienrn-
]ixani cnox rocnoapctxnx (xomepninnx) ninocnn. Tomy ]ipmone na-
menynannx, xx o'cxr npomncnono nnacnocri, moxe nepeanarncx, roro
yrn npemerom oopory, ane rintxn pasom s s ninicnnm manonnm xomnnex-
com ao oro uacrnnom, xxe nono nosnauac.
Cnouarxy posrnxnemo nnrannx moo epxannoro perynmnannx nx @'-
f:"@SP'@U .$K-Kg@KQ HL>& i ]isnunnx oci-ninpncmnin, a norim snepnemo
ynary na re, mo s namenynannx moxe yrn ocxrom npana IB, a came: xome-
pninnm (]ipmonnm) namenynannxm, i xx nono oxoponxcrtcx na Vxpani.
2'f:"@SP'@@] .$K-Kg@H7 HLH&K i ]isnuno ocon-ninpncmnx ne
nasna ao imx, ni xxnm ninpncment nncrynac y nnnintnomy oiry, roro
crane nosnauennx ninpncmcrn: ronapncrn, ]ipm, xomnani, xonnepnin i r..,
ao oxpemnx oci-ninpncmnin.
Binonino o u. 1 cr. 90 HKV mpnnuna ocoa OHPK@@' :'NK cnoc na-
menynannx, xxe micrnrt in]opmanim npo opranisanino-npanony ]opmy.
Hamenynannx xx cnonecne nosnauennx cxnaacrtcx sa nennnmn npann-
namn (u. 1 cr. 90 HKV, u. 7 crarri 8 saxony Vxpann $3 *"$2+'-< $"Y90-
$+X7N N$(*(E-(H 397W 0+ \7/(E-(H 397W-C7*C$(Y;X7' ra O+>+/< 57-790"$-
90'+ N90(X7@ ?>$+@-( '7* 05.03.2012 K 368/5 $3 /+0'"$*2"--. ](;3M
G3*3 -+C(9+--. -+V;"-<'+--. N$(*(E-3@ 393W( +W3 @@ '7*3>$";F"-3M3 C7*-
$3/*7F<).
Hamenynannx ycranonn mac micrnrn in]opmanim npo xapaxrep ix-
ntnocri.
Hamenynannx mpnnuno ocon nnxnaacrtcx epxannom monom ra
oarxono anrnictxom monom (sa naxnnocri).
Hasna mpnnuno ocon epertcx y nanxn ra sasnauacrtcx esnocepe-
nto nicnx opranisanino-npanono ]opmn cy'cxra rocnoapmnannx (xpim op-
ranin epxanno nnan, opranin micnenoro camonpxynannx, opranin nnan
Anronomno Pecnynixn Kpnm, epxannnx, xomynantnnx opranisani, saxna-
in, ycranon).
Bnxopncrannx nanox y namenynanni mpnnuno ocon ne c osnaxom
nx nnsnauennx roroxnocri namenynant.
Hpn nanncanni namenynannx mpnnuno ocon nnxopncronymrtcx:
Hirepn yxpanctxoro an]aniry - npn nanncanni namenynannx yxpanct-
xom monom.

152
Hirepn narnnctxoro an]aniry - npn nanncanni namenynannx anrnict-
xom monom.
Posinoni snaxn ra cnmnonn: nanxn (" "), xpanxa (.), xoma (,), noxpanxa
(:), yxxn /( )/, anocrpo] ('), e]ic (-), rnpe (-), xoca pncxa (/), snax oxnnxy
(!), snax nnrannx (?), nomep (N), nnmc (+), snax pinnxnnx (=), sipouxa (*), er
xomepnina (@).
Hn]pn: apactxi (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0) ra pnmctxi (I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
VII, VIII, IX, X, L, C, D, M).
Bnxopncrannx inmnx cnmnonin, posinonnx snaxin y namenynanni
mpnnuno ocon ne onycxacrtcx.
V namenynanni mpnnunnx oci J'&H$H@]WNUL] PK/H$KLN'@@]:
- nonnnx un cxopouennx namenynant opranin epxanno nnan ao op-
ranin micnenoro camonpxynannx, ao noxinnx ni nnx namenynant, ao
icropnunnx epxannnx namenynant, nepenix xxnx ycranonnmcrtcx Kaine-
rom Minicrpin Vxpann, - y namenynannxx mpnnunnx oci npnnarnoro
npana.
- repminin, apeniaryp, noxinnx repminin, saopona nnxopncrannx xxnx
nepeauena saxonamn Vxpann.
Taxnm unnom, namenynannx mpnnuno ocon mac yrn:
1. Bnpaxene epxannom monom ra oarxono anrnictxom monom (sa
naxnnocri). xmo n nasni nnxopncronymrtcx inosemni cnona, ro x nanoxrt
yxpanctxnmn nirepamn.
Hanpnxna, Hpnnarne axnionepne ronapncrno xe Ti Inrepnemnn
Vxpana.
2. Micrnrn nxasinxy na opranisanino-npanony ]opmy ninpncmcrna Ha-
npnxna, Kasenne ninpncmcrno, Tonapncrno s omexenom ninoniantnic-
rm, Hyniune axnionepne ronapncrno (panime Bixpnre axnionepne rona-
pncrno), Hpnnarne axnionepne ronapncrno (panime 3axpnre axnionepne
ronapncrno) romo.
3. Micrnrn cneniantny nasna ninpncmcrna, xxa osnonxc nipisnnrn o-
ro ni inmnx. He moxyrt yrn opnrinantni cnona (Cnanyrnu, Oonont),
nnacni imena (Maxcnm), reorpa]iuni nasnn (onac, ninpo romo).
4. Biopaxarn rnn ninpncmcrna (epxanne, Komynantne, Hpnnarne).
5. Micrnrt nxasinxy na npo]int ixntnocri (Bnponnue, Hayxono-
nnponnue, Hayxone, Komepnine).
6. 3a axannxm micrnrn oarxn rnny nxasinox (yninepcantnn, cnenia-
ntnn, nenrpantnn romo), ao cxopoueni namenynannx ]ipmn un apenia-
rypn (HVM, CKF, Crpoopmam, Hinenmam, Morop-Ciu).
Kpim ntoro, mpnnuna ocoa moxe marn xpim nonnoro namenynannx
cxopouene namenynannx. Hanpnxna, nonne namenynannx: epxanne ni-
npncmcrno Vxpanctxn incrnryr npomncnono nnacnocri i cxopouene:
153
epxanne ninpncmcrno Vxpnarenr. B inoni oxymenrani ra pexnami
moxyrt nnxopncronynarnct cxopoueni sasnauennx opranisanino-npanono
]opmn ninpncmcrna: TOB samicrt Tonapncrna s omexenom ninoniantni-
crm, HH samicrt Hpnnarnoro ninpncmcrna romo.
Cni namxrarn, mo onicm s npnunn nimonn n epxanni peccrpani
mpnnuno ocon moxe yrn naxnnicrt n Cnnomy epxannomy peccrpi
(CPHOV) namenynannx, xxe roroxne namenynannm mpnnuno
ocon, xxa mac namip sapeccrpynarncx.
Oxopona xx ocxry npana IB /H:"$^>f@H:S (k>$:HPH:S) @'f:"@SP'@-
@. o]inino sanponaxycrtcx nnme nonnm HKV (u. 2 cr. 90 ra cr. 489 - 491).
o ntoro n Vxpani ne yno cneniantnoro saxony npo oxopony ntoro ocxry.
uaxrnuno oxopona sicnmnanact Honoxennxm npo ]ipmy ni 22.06.1927 p. ra
3V Hpo ninpncmcrna n Vxpani ni 27.03.1991 p.
Hpano inrenexryantno nnacnocri na xomepnine namenynannx c unn-
nnm s momenry nepmoro nnxopncrannx ntoro namenynannx ra oxoponx-
crtcx es oon'xsxonoro noannx saxnxn na ntoro un oro peccrpani i ne-
sanexno ni roro, c un ne c xomepnine namenynannx uacrnnom ropronent-
no mapxn.
HKV (cr. 489) ac nnsnauennx xomepninomy namenynannm: nosna-
uennx, mo ac moxnnnicrt nnpisnnrn ony ocoy s-nomix inmnx ra ne nno-
nrt n omany cnoxnnauin moo cnpanxnto ixntnocri.
Hesnaxamun na re, mo nonne namenynannx ninpncmcrna moxe yrn,
nanpnxna, Hpnnarne axnionepne ronapncrno Oonont, xx ocxr IB
nono moxe oxoponxrn cnoc xomepnine namenynannx y nnrnxi nosnauennx
3ano Oonont.
Ane ocon moxyrt marn onaxoni xomepnini namenynannx, xxmo ne
ne nnonrt n omany cnoxnnauin moo ronapin, xxi nonn nnponxmrt ra (ao)
peanisonymrt, ra nocnyr, xxi nnmn naamrtcx.
xmo ninpncmcrna imrt y pisnnx inonnx c]epax, repnropiantno pos-
mexonani, ro nonn moxyrt marn onaxoni xomepnini namenynannx. Ha-
npnxna, pasom s xomepninnm namenynannxm 3ano Oonont moxe
oxpemo oxoponxrnct xomepnine namenynannx inmo ocon Hepyxapnx
Oonont.
Komepnini namenynannx Hepyxapnx uapinnnnx pisnnx nnacnnxin
Hpnnarnoro ninpncmcrna Hepyxapnx uapinnnnx s m. Kncna ra Tona-
pncrna s omexenom ninoniantnicrm Hepyxapnx uapinnnnx s m. Oe-
ca ninxom moxyrt oxoponxrnct camocrino nx xoxnoro s x nnacnnxin. Ane,
xxmo, nanpnxna, Tonapncrno s omexenom ninoniantnicrm Hepyxapnx
uapinnnnx (m. Oeca) xnnxc coom mepexy nepyxapent s x posramynan-
nxm n pisnnx micrax Vxpann, y romy uncni i n m. Kncni, ro moxe nnnnxnyrn
xon]nixr. Hepenara ye y roro ninpncmcrna, xxe nepmnm nouano nnxopnc-
ronynarn raxe namenynannx.

154
xmo cneniantna nasna ninpncmcrna c opnrinantnom, nanpnxna,
Morop-Ciu, ro y nnacnnxa nnnnxac npano nepemxoxarn inmnm nnxopn-
cronynarn ne namenynannx n nesanexnocri ni niminnocre n sasnauennxx
opranisanino-npanono yonn ocon ra repnropi.
V nnnaxy nnnnxnennx cnopin y snxsxy s nnxopncrannxm cxoxnx ao
roroxnix namenynant nanexnrt s'xcynarn: xxnm nnom ixntnocri sama-
mrtcx ocon, un ]ynxnionymrt nonn na onomy pnnxy ronapin ao nocnyr ra
un moxyrt cnoxnnaui smimynarn nocnyrn, mo naac ona ocoa, i nocnyrn,
mo naac inma.
Komepnine (]ipmone) namenynannx nonnnno:
nipisnxrncx ni noinnx, mo nxe nnxopncronymrtcx roro nino-
niarn npnnnnny nnxnmunocri.
ne cninnaarn s ronapnnmn snaxamn ao reorpa]iunnmn sasnauennxmn,
mo nanexart rperim ocoam;
yrn craintnnm: ne sminmnarnct nporxrom rpnnanoro uacy, noxn ic
ninpncmcrno ra icnyc mpnnuna ocoa.
uipma sanixannena y nesminnocri cnoro ]ipmonoro namenynannx, unn-
nicrt oro ne omexycrtcx nennnm crpoxom. Hinpncment moxe marn xintxa
xomepninnx namenynant ao cneniantne xomepnine namenynannx nx
uacrnnn ninpncmcrna.
Komepnine (]ipmone) namenynannx moxe:
yrn nnxopncrane mpnnunom ocoom y snaxy nx ronapin ra nocnyr,
xxn nanexnrt (nanpnxna, ninpncmcrna Intel corporation (CBA) i
Mars Incorporated (CBA, Bipxnnix) mamrt ropronentni mapxn Intel

i
MARS

ninonino, xxi siramrtcx s x xomepninnmn namenynannxmn). B

nnx nnnaxax sicnmcrtcx npanona oxopona i xomepninoro namenynannx,
i ropronentno mapxn;
nnxopncronynarnct na ronapax, xni ynaxonni, n pexnami, npocnexrax,
pyxonannx nnannxx, o]ininnx nanxax, nnnicxax, pisni oxymenrani,
nonxsani s ixntnicrm ninpncmcrna, npn emoncrpani ronapin na nncranxax
romo.
Cycxrom npana na xomepnine (]ipmone) namenynannx moxyrt yrn
nnme ninpncmnnntxi ronapncrna (3rino s crarrem 42 Iocnoapctxoro xo-
excy Vxpann ninpncmnnnrno - ne camocrina, ininiarnnna, cncremarnuna,
na nnacnn pnsnx rocnoapctxa ixntnicrt, mo sicnmcrtcx cy'cxramn ro-
cnoapmnannx (ninpncmnxmn) s merom ocxrnennx exonomiunnx i coniant-
nnx pesyntrarin ra oepxannx npnyrxy).
2. DH$iHP"6U@' :'$/' yt-xxe nosnauennx ao yt-xxa xominanix
nosnauent, xxi npnarni nx nnpisnennx ronapin (nocnyr), mo nnponxmrtcx
(naamrtcx) pisnnmn ocoamn.
Ocxrom ropronentno mapxn c cnona, nirepn, nn]pn, sopaxynantni
enemenrn, xominani xontopin (cr. 492 HKV).
155
Posramynannx: na camnx ronapax, na ynaxonni, na oxymenrax.
uynxni ropronentno mapxn:
innniyanisanix ronapin i nocnyr;
nxasinxa na nenny xxicrt ronapin i nocnyr;
nxasinxa na xepeno noxoxennx;
pexnama (cnpomyc nx cnoxnnaua opannx ronapin norpino xxocri).
Toro ropronentna mapxa xxomct mipom saminxc xomepnine nameny-
nannx. Komepnine namenynannx moxe yrn onrnm, cxnannm i norano sa-
namxronynarnct, oconnno xonn mona e npo rpancnanionantni xomnani s
mnpoxnm ocxrom nocnyr ra nomenxnarypom ronapin. Komnanix moxe nnpo-
nxrn ronap ni pisnnmn ropronentnnmn mapxamn. Hanpnxna, roprinentni
mapxn Snikerc, Whiskas, Uncle-Benz nci nanexart oni xomnani
Marc Incorporated, a xomnanix Procter and Gamble nnponxc ronapn ni ro-
pronentnnmn mapxamn ARIEL, HEAD & SHOULDERS, PANTENE, BLEND-
A-MED, MAX FACTOR. exxi xomnani nnxopncronymrt nx nosnauent ci-
mecrno s oxpemnx ropronentnnx mapox, nanpnxna, xx
Intel

Celeron

Duo.
3nauennx nx exonomixn:
crnmynmc nonnr, excnopr, sanomnannx nonnx pnnxin, xonxypennim
(noxpamennx xxocri ra snnxennx ninn);
cnpnxc saxncry cnoxnnauin ni neopoxxicno roprinni;
c sacoom cyonoro saxncry npan cnoxnnaua (cnnnm, xxmo nicyrnc
saxonoancrno s oxoponn npan cnoxnnaua);
xepeno crarncrnuno ra exonomiuno in]opmani (sanxxn peccrpa-
ni), soxpema nx epxannnx opranin, mo ninoniamrt sa nepenipxy xxocri
ronapin ra nocnyr.
Topronentni mapxn ynamrt:
A. _F3'"9-7 nanomnpenimi ra nae]exrnnnimi (nnroma nara 70 % s
renennicm o spocrannx). Hepenarn:
nerxicrt cnpnnxrrx (sopona, cnyxona);
nnpasnicrt;
nerxo sanamxronymrtcx, nnmonnxmrtcx, nepexnaamrtcx.
Bnxopncronymrt imena mi]iunnx repon, nepconaxi s niomnx rnopin
(Kapmen, Orenno romo) nasnn snipin, nraxin, oporoninnnx xamenin, reorpa-
]iuni nasnn, acrponomiuni ra mereoponoriuni xnnma (Komera, 3opx, Benepa
romo), imena niomnx nme s x osnony.
Konn nnxopncronymrt cnona inosemnoro noxoxennx, snepramrt ynary
na x nepexna ra na re, xx cnono cnpnmacrtcx y xonrexcri. Hanpnxna, na-
sna rypncrnuno xomnani Enerix (n nepexnai s rpentxo cym) neaexna-
rna ie, mo nonnnna npnnanrn xnicnra i nece nerarnnny in]opmanim sa-
micrt smicronoro nananraxennx.

156
B CPCP anromoini Bonstxoro anrosanoy nnnycxannct ni ropronent-
nom mapxom oKiS6K. Ane n exxnx xpanax, xyn mancx namip excnop-
rynarn anromoini, rpancnirepanix oKiS6K narnnnnem Zhiguly nnxnn-
nacx ]onernuno cxoxom o cnin Zhigolo (anrn.), Gigolp (icnan.), Gigolo
(iran.), xxi osnauamrt xirano, mo ne oanano npecrnxy nnacnnxy raxo-
ro anromoinx. Tomy na excnopr ni anromoini nocrauannct ni inmom rop-
ronentnom mapxom: LADA.
B 90-x poxax na pocictxn ra yxpanctxn pnnxn nnnonnact minepa-
ntna noa Blue Water (naxnrna noa). Cmaxoni xxocri Blue Water nn-
xnnnncx cnoxnnauam ne oninennmn, a cam npoyxr ne saxpinnncx a ni na po-
cictxomy, a ni na yxpanctxomy pnnxax, romy, mo anrnomonne Blue
Water ]onernuno cnpnmanocx xx FnmBore. Cami posymicre, mo cnoxn-
narn l6.HN" araro axamunx ne snamnocx.
Inoi, na nepmn nornx, nerpantne cnonocnonyuennx FEHOuKA:
HPHBHA! (Pnc. 12), mo xx sapeccrponana ropronentna mapxa, nanecena
na


a) )
Pnc. 12. Hpnxna xominonano ropronentno mapxn:
a) npn ennomy cnirni; ) n rempxni.
nenni npoyxni (nanpnxna, ropinuani nnpon), moxe npnsnecrn o nporn-
nexnoro pesyntrary. B ntomy nnnaxy, nesnaxamun na nerarnnni aconiani
nxnnannx ropinuannx nnpoin xnopoa ina rapxuxa (inouxa), moxe
cnpanmnarn ncnxonoriune: cnntnn! Mene ne ne crocycrtcx! ne o-
ney nxnnamun came nm ropinxy!. x nacniox, ninnmennx inrepecy cno-
xnnauin came o raxo npoyxni.
Pospisnxmrt 2 rnnn cnonecnnx snaxin:
snaxn, n xxnx oxoponxcrtcx came cnono, nanpnxna, Cnanyrnu, atlantic
romo (Pnc. 13,a);
snaxn, nnxonani n oconnni mpn]roni manepi, n xxnx oxoponxcrtcx
mpn]r, xapaxrep posramynannx yxn, x ninocnn posmip, ]on i r.. (Pnc.
13,)

157

atlantic

Atlantic
a) )


n) r)


c) x)


s) i)
Pnc. 13. Hpnxnan ropronentnnx mapox


Cnono, xxe nnxopncronycrtcx, nonnnno nerxo nnmonnxrncx ra unrarncx,
yrn xoporxnm: ne intme 7 nirep na ymxy excneprin. Mac naxnnne snauen-
nx i nece nennn smicr, mo cnpnmacrtcx nicniomo, xontopona ramma sna-
xa. ocnixennxmn nnnnny xontopy na ncnxixy y XX cr. samancx M. Hm-
mep, meronxn xxoro nnxopncronymrt npo]ecini posponnxn ronapnnx
snaxin ra ]ipmonoro crnnm. Hepmi emoni ra aconiani y noxynnx nnxnnxac
nxe xonip ynaxonxn. Mac snauennx raxox i nocnannx xontopin.
Tax, nanpnxna, uepnonn xonip syxyc anernr i ernxerxn na xoncepn-
nnx nxmanxax uacro ponxrt came uepnonnmn. Hpoyxrn s inom ernxer-
xom cnpnmamrtcx xx nnstxoxanopini. 3enenn xonip panime nnaxann ne-
npnarnnm nx naxynannx npoyxrin, ane sapas oro cnpnmamrt xx cnmnon
exonoriuno uncrorn ra xopncri nx soponx. cxpano-xonrn xonip uacro
nnxopncronymrt nx conoomin ra neopornx npoyxrin.
Bnxopncronymrt raxox cepi cnonecnnx snaxin, mo npnnxsani s mnpoxom
nomenxnarypom onopinnx ronapin i sapeccrponani na onoro nnponnxa.

158
Topronentni snaxn ne cni nnyrarn s mapxynannxm. V roprono mapxn i
mapxynannx ona ra cama mera: nonxsarn ronap s xonxpernnm nnponn-
xom. Ane y ronapnomy snani ne nnme ymonne nosnauennx, a npn mapxynanni
o nioma cnoxnnaua onoxrt niomocri npo ronap i oro nnponnxa
F. a3W$+2<'+FJ-7. He xyoxni, rpa]iuni i r.n. nosnauennx. Hi snaxn
naannimi. Brineni y manmnox, xpecnennx (Pnc. 13,n ra Pnc. 13,r).
3opaxennx moxe micrnrn ]irypn nme, rnapnn, nraxin, xnnxrn coom
opnamenr, crnnisonane sopaxennx. uacro cnmnoniuno nepeamrt xapaxrep ro-
napy ao ninpncmcrna. Honnnen nerxo sanamxronynarnct, nnaarn n oxo,
npnneprarn ynary opnrinantnicrm, yrn npocrnm, ecrernunnm, rexnonoriunnm.
Topronentnom mapxom moxe yrn xnna icrora onnuux ronapy ao
xomnani. Ane peccrpanix, nanpnxna, npo]inm axropa xx roprono mapxn (sa
oro sroom) ne moxe nepemxonrn axropy sxnnrnct na npesenrani nnpoy
xonxypenra ao na somxax ]intmy sanannrn ne ry cnrapery. B ntomy nn-
naxy imrt xonrpaxr ra nopmn nnnintnoro npana moo oro nopymennx.
B. bWY;-7. He rpnmipne o]opmnennx ronapy, nanpnxna, ynaxonxa
(Pnc. 13,s) un ynaxonxa i ]opma ]naxony nap]ymin (Pnc. 13,i). exxi ocmni
ronapni snaxn nannxamrtcx o npomncnonnx spasxin i moxyrt oxoponxrncx
onouacno xx npomncnoni spasxn (Pnc. 14).



a) )
Pnc. 14. Hpnxna onouacno oxoponn OHIB: a) i xx O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' HAKET
H HAHOB sa Harenrom Vxpann na npomncnonn spasox N 7738 HAKET H
HAHOB (MKH3 09-03; oxonnmc 8 napianrin: nepcnxonn, myntrnnnramnnnt,
romarnt, mopxonnoxnount, cnnnont, nnnorpant, xnount, mynt-
rn]pyxront),
) i xx NH$iHP"6U@H7 :'$/K (Cnionrno Vxpann na o'cmnn rpnnnmipnn snax nx ro-
napin i nocnyr N 39551 nx ronapin xn. 32 MKTH Onoueni ra ]pyxroni coxn)


159
Hpomncnonn spasox c cxnaonom uacrnnom nnpoy (]opma, xonip i
r.n.), a ronapnn snax (cnono, manmnox ) npocrannxmrt na nnpoi. Ocmnn
ronapnn snax - nnnxrox.
Haniomimi sapeccrponani ocmni snaxn: nnxmxn Coca Cola ra xo-
ntxxy Napoleon, ]irypxa xryapa na xanori anromoinx.
Ocmna roprona mapxa ne moxe npocro nonropmnarn sonnimni nnrnx
niomoro npemery, a nonnnna nipisnxrncx nonnm i opnrinantnnm nnrnx-
om. uopma ne nonnnna nnsnauarncx ]ynxnionantnnm npnsnauennxm , no-
nnnna ninoniarn xapaxrepy ronapy, crnnm ninpncmcrna, ynooannxm
cnoxnnaua.
xmo saxonoancrno osnonnrt sapeccrpynarn snax, ]opma xxoro nn-
snauena xoncrpyxrnnnnmn oconnnocrxmn nnpoy, ro smycnrt inmnx nnpo-
nnxin nimonnrnct ni nennnx rexniunnx piment, o nonn, n cnom uepry, nn-
snauamrt i ]opmy. 3mina ]opmn norpeynarnme nnrpar, roro nnacnnx rop-
rono mapxn mac nennnpanany xonxypenrny nepenary, raxa cnryanix nino-
niac nin-ro naxnnocri narenry, ane sapeccrpynarn roprony mapxy npocrime
ra emenme, repmin i neomexenn (sa ymonn noonxennx oxoponn).
Topronentna mapxa moxe marn enemenrn, xxi cninnaamrt uacrxono s
xomepninnm namenynannxm. Ane ropronentna mapxa moxe yrn nepeana
inmnm xopncrynauam sa oronopom, a xomepnine namenynannx ni, nnme
pasom s uacrnnom nnponnnrna.
He moxyrt yrn sapeccrponani xx ronapnn snax nosnauennx, mo c ro-
roxnnmn ao cxoxnmn o cnnyrynannx s ]ipmonnm namenynannxm, mo na-
nexart inmnm ocoam.
I. S3;W7-3'+-7 nocnannx cmxerno i xomnosnnino nonxsannx cno-
necnoro i sopaxynantnoro nosnauent (Pnc. 13,c i Pnc. 13, x).
Icnymrt raxox rax snani nerpannini nnn ropronentnnx mapox (rono-
rpamni, myntrnmeini, cnirnoni, snyxoni, nmxoni, rexcrypni, cmaxoni ra in.).
. _'70F3'7 0+ /'<>3'7 C3/-+E"--.. Cnirnoni micrxrt xapaxrepncrnxy,
nocnionnicrt, rpnnanicrt cnirnonnx cnrnanin, oacrtcx nieoxacera. 3ny-
xoni y nnrnxi ]onorpam (nanpnxna, nramnnn cnin). 3nyxoni nosnauennx
sacroconymrt xx nosnnni paiocranni (Homocxonnte neuepa paiocra-
nnix Maxx) un renenporpam, xxi perynxpno nnxoxrt n e]ip. Taxi nosnnni
sacroconymrt rpnnann uac. Bonn mamrt menoim, xxa nerxo sa-
namxronycrtcx ao c mnpoxo niomom.
Hponema npn peccrpani raxnx nosnauent ]opma, n xxi x npecran-
neno. Hanpnxna, yxpanctxe saxonoancrno nepeauac nornn sannc, ane
ne xoxnn sannc moxna rax nnpasnrn (nanpnxna, xpnx ninnx ocnrt
cxnano). Taxe npecrannennx mac norany pospisnmnantny sarnicrt, o sa-
nexnrt ni rnny incrpymenry, na xxomy nnxonycrtcx menoix.
3nyxoni ropronentni mapxn peccrpymrtcx y cniri nxe xintxa ecxrnpiu.

160
E. +H<E7 /-+>( (-NH3'7 C3/-+E"--.). Peccrpymrtcx xx roproni mapxn
sanaxn (naxomi), xxi ne npnramanni ronapy i romy osnonxmrt nipisnxrn ro-
napn pisnnx nocrauantnnxin.
22 cecix Hocrinoro xomirery BOIB s ropronentnnx mapox npomncnonnx
spasxin ra reorpa]iunnx sasnauent (SKT), xxa niynact n nncronai 2009 p.
sa yuacrm Vxpann, yxnannna, mo nanionantni niomcrna nnsnamrt nerpan-
nini nnn ropronentnnx mapox ra peccrpymrt npana na nnx nnme sa naxn-
nocri rexniunnx moxnnnocre.
Ceprn]ixaninn snax ne snax nx ronapin ra nocnyr, mo naacrtcx sa
ninensicm nnacnnxom snaxa ninpncmcrnam, xorpi ninoniamrt rexniunnm
nnmoram ao npomnn ceprn]ixanini nnnpoynannx. Pasom is saxnom npo
peccrpanim noacrtcx erantna incrpyxnix npo ceprn]ixanim ra xonrpont
npoyxni, a raxox xapaxrepncrnxn xopncrynauin. Ceprn]ixaninn snax
moxe nanexarn npnnarni ocoi ao epxanni opranisani, ane nnacnnx ne
mac npana oro nnxopncronynarn. Bnxopncronymrt snax nnponnxn, xxi o-
rpnmymrtcx cranaprin nnponnnrna, mo x nnsnaunn nnacnnx snaxy: npo-
crannxmrt ceprn]ixaninn snax nopx is nnacnnm ronapnnm snaxom.
Bnacnnx ceprn]ixaninoro snaxy moxe cam yrn nnponnxom un nc-
rpnmropom anoro ronapy i nepeac ninensim na snax inmnm nnponnxam,
mo nnponxmrt noini ao cnopineni nnpon.
Hanpnxna, Color Sync sapeccrponann snax nx ronapin i nocnyr
xomnani Apple Computers, sacniuyc, mo nporpamne saesneuennx ninoni-
ac ycrarxynannm ]ipmn Apple. Komnanix Apple nnana ninensim na noro-
rnn 3poneno pasom s Color Sync (anrn. Made with Color Sync) inmnm
xomnanixm, mo c ninensiaramn rexnonori nnponnnrna nporpamnoro saes-
neuennx.
Hinensix nnme na rexnonorim, es moxnnnocri cnonicrnrn cnoxnnaua
npo nnxopncrannx raxnm naounnm cnocoom ne mana raxo ninnocri, xx
pasom is snaxom, mo mac nimirny sarnicrt. Texnonoriuni nonani ]ipmn sa-
xnmeni narenramn, ane xonn unnnicrt x cxinunrtcx, ro sannmacrtcx snax
nx ronapin ra nocnyr, mo yn pymicm ninensino nporpamn ]ipmn. He
snax moxe yrn cnnonimom cyuacno rexnonori n ranysi i norornn crac nax-
nnnnm nx onanannx nennoro rnny, sacniuyc oro cyuacny xxicrt. Ceprn-
]ixaninn snax moxe cnrnanisynarn noxynnxm, mo nnpi c cymicnnm s in-
mnmn nnpoamn s raxnm xe snaxom. Hanpnxna norornn Microsoft y nnrnxi
npanopnx is cnmnonom Windows sanennxc noxynnin, mo nci npoyxrn, no-
snaueni nnm, npanmnarnmyrt onn s onnm, a raxox s onepaninom cncre-
mom Windows. Komnanix Microsoft npocynac cni pen, xonn ninensiarn
posmimymrt oro na cno npoyxni, a ninensiarn emoncrpymrt cni nsac-
mosnxsox is niomom xomnanicm i yrnopmmrt ponny npoyxrin
Microsoft.
161
X. S3;CF">9-7 03$M3'"FJ-7 ;+$>(. Bonn crnopmmrtcx cneniantno nx
xonxpernoro nnnaxy. Hanpnxna, penom (ropronom mapxom) c inmn ro-
nap ao nocnyra: xomnmrepna rpa sa mornnamn xyoxntoro ]intmy, xxn
yno crnopeno s nnxopncrannxm nepconaxin anno niomo xomnmrepno
rpn s ricm x nasnom. A nx ararononepxona xoncrpyxnix n cnom uepry nnxo-
pncronycrtcx nx pexnamn mointnnx rene]onin (xomnmrepna rpa Tomb
Reider (n namomy npoxari Hapa Kpo]r pacxnrnrentnnna rponnn, nn-
xopncronycrtcx nx pexnamn rene]onin Ericsson).
Icnymrt raxox: 3naxn ocnyronynannx nnxonymrt ri cami ]ynxni, mo i
roprinentni, ane innniyanisymrt nocnyrn, a ne ronapn. 3a npanonnm pexnmom
npnpinnmmrtcx o ropronentnnx mapox (cr. 12 Hapnstxo xonnenni).
Konexrnnni ronapni snaxn 3V ne nnsnamrtcx, ane n exxnx xpanax x
peccrpymrt. 3rino Hapnstxo xonnenni (cr. 7) xpann Comsy nonnnni npn-
marn saxnxn na xonexrnnni snaxn i naanarn m oxopony. Hpano na xonex-
rnnnn snax naacrtcx cninxam, rocnoapctxnm opranisanixm ra inmnm o-
ponintnnm ocnannxm ninpncmcrn, a ne ]isnunnm ocoam. unencrno y
aconiani nnponnxin nnmarac orpnmannx nennnx npannn: nanpnxna, cran-
apr nnponnnrna ao onacrt noxoxennx ronapy. Hpano na xonexrnnnn
snax i na oro nnxopncrannx ne nepeacrtcx rperim ocoam. Mamrt oconn-
nn nopxox peccrpani: o saxnxn oamrt niomocri npo ocnannx, nepe-
nix ninpncmcrn, mo nxoxrt o oro cxnay i mamrt npano snaxom xopncry-
narncx. Konrpont sa nnxopncrannxm nnsnauac craryr.
3. 0"Hi$'k>g@> J'J@'g"@@] ninonino o saxony $3 3H3$3-< C$+'
-+ /+/-+E"--. C3H3*2"--. 03'+$7' oxonnmmrt (pnc. 15).
Hpocre sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin.
Knani]ixonane sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin.


Ieorpa]iuni sasnauennx
Knani]ixonane
sasnauennx
noxoxennx
ronapin
Hpocre
sasnauennx
noxoxennx
ronapin
Ieorpa]iune
saesneuennx
noxoxennx
ronapin (I3H)
Hasna micnx
noxoxennx
ronapy (HMH)

Pnc. 15. Ieorpa]iuni sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin


162
Hpocre sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapin yt-xxe cnonecne ao so-
paxynantne (rpa]iune) nosnauennx, mo npxmo ao onocepexonano nxasyc
na reorpa]iune micne noxoxennx ronapy. Hanpnxna 3poneno n Vxpa-
ni, Made in USA. Hpanona oxopona nonxrac y neonymenni nenpannnnx
sasnauent i raxnx, mo nnoxrt cnoxnnaua n omany. 3opaxennx E]eneno
nexi aconimcrtcx is Hapnxem, roro ]pannystxnm sa noxoxennxm rona-
pom, mo moxe ne ninoniarn icnocri.
Peccrpani ne ninxrac, oxopona naacrtcx na nicrani nnxopncrannx.
Knani]ixonane sasnauennx micnx noxoxennx ronapy ne nasna reorpa]iu-
noro micnx, xxa nxnnacrtcx nx nosnauennx ronapy, mo noxonrt came s
ntoro reorpa]iunoro micnx, ra mac nenni oconnnocri (xxocri, nnacrnnocri,
penyranim romo), nnxnmuno ao rononnnm unnom symonneni xapaxrepnnmn
nx ntoro micnx npnponnmn ymonamn ra/ao nmctxnm ]axropom. Oxon-
nmc i"Hi$'k>g@" J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@@] (I3H) ra @'JPS :>L^] OHQH-
-h"@@] (HMH) ronapy.
I3H ne reorpa]iuna nasna nennoro periony, xxa nxasyc na oconnni
xxocri ronapy, ane ne soonxsyc ne ronap nnponxrn came y ni micnenocri.
Hanpnxna, rnopn exoparnnno-npnxnanoro mncrenrna, xxi symonneni rex-
nonoricm, mo nnnnxna y nenni micnnni, ra nmtmn, xxi nnxopncronymrt,
ane nnponnnrno ntoro ronapy moxe yrn socepexeno soncim n inmomy mi-
cni (xoxnomctxn posnnc, nonoroctxe mepexnno, Ixentctxn nocy
(IXEHI)), ao nxasyc na noxoxennx cnponnnn (ypantctxi camonnirn). He
saxncr xonexrnnnoro peny rpanninnx npomncnin.
HMH nepeauac nenni oconnnocri ronapy, xxi moxyrt yrn saesneueni
nnme y xonxperni micnenocri (roro orpnmannx rexnonori ra naxnnicrt nm-
e, xxi nem nonoimrt ymonn neoxini, ane neocrarni). Hauacrime ne
crocycrtcx cintctxorocnoapctxnx ra npnponnx npoyxrin (nnna, minepantna
noa xonxpernoro nny, nanpnxna, TPVCKABEHIKA i nanirt is xonxperno
cnepnonnnn, nanpnxna, FOPXOMI-6 romo). Toro nnponnx nonnnen ma-
rn nnponnnrno came y ntomy micni, o xxicrt ra opnrinantni nnacrnnocri ro-
napy, npnramanni nnme omy, saesneuycrtcx came nicm ymonom. Mona moxe
rn npo cnponnny (xonxperni coprn nnnorpay, xxn nnpic y nennnx ymonax i
came nin symonnmc xxicni xapaxrepncrnxn nnna, nanpnxna, FOPO).
Ieorpa]iuni sasnauennx nnnnxamrt icropnuno ao ncranonnmmrtcx
ninoninnmn opranamn epxanno nnan ao micnenoro camonpxynannx.
He, o peui, c onnm s onoin na xopncrt roro, mo reorpa]iuni sasnauennx
ne moxna ninocnrn o ocxrin IB: ne c pesyntrarom inrenexryantno ao
rnopuo npani [5].
x HMH moxe yrn nnxopncrano:
reorpa]iuna ao nereorpa]iuna nasna, xxa nnxopncronycrtcx nx ro-
napin, mo noxoxrt s nennoro micnx;
163
nasna reorpa]iunoro micnx, e nnxopncronycrtcx cnponnna, orpnmana
sa oro mexamn, s oconnnnmn ymonamn nnponnnrna ra moxnnnicrm xonr-
ponm na nnmn;
nosnauennx, xxe ne c ienrnunnm ao raxnm, mo moxna cnnyrarn s
ropronnmn mapxamn, xxi naynn penyranim ra niomicrt n Vxpani (roro
cnoxnnau moxe yrn nneenn n omany).
Pont HMH spocrac is posnnrxom pnnxonnx ninocnn. HMH uacro nnxo-
pncronymrt s xomepninnm namenynannxm. Toro ne xx npocro nosnauen-
nx, a raxe, mo sasnauac ope niomn ronap ope niomoro nnponnxa.
Hpoyxrn ra cintctxorocnoapctxi ronapn ne HMH. exoparnnno-
npnxnane mncrenrno, ranrynannx, openypstxi xycrxn romo I3H: penyra-
nix ronapy ne sanexnrt ni micnx, e oro nnponxmrt.
3arantni oconnnocri ne I3H, a HMH ne apean xonxperno cnepno-
nnnn. Hinensim na nnxopncrannx cnepnonnnn epxana naac na 5 poxin.
Moxnnno, rax ye sa nonnm 3V. HMH Mnpropoctxa noa, I3H ]pan-
nystxi nap]ymn.
V Poci sapeccrponano 74 nasnn micnx noxoxennx ronapin: Hapsan,
Eccenryxn, Honmcrpono, Bonorocxoe macno, Openyprcxn nyxo-
nt nnarox, Ixent, Xoxnoma, Bonorocxoe xpyxeno, Tyntcxn
npxnnx romo. C xyposni nnnaxn: Pyccxax noxa, Mocxoncxax xona-
ca, cnp Atrecxn. Hi nasnn c sarantnonxnnannmn nnonnmn, o ni ro-
napn rpnnann uac nnponxnncx pisnnmn nnponnxamn [1].
HMH moxe yrn nxasana xx enemenr roprono mapxn. Hanpnxna, noa
Mnpropoctxa: xxmo nnponnx icno nnponxc ne ronap i ne nepemxo-
xac inmomy nnponnxoni. He cnoro poy xonexrnnnn snax, o oro moxyrt
nnxopncronynarn nci nnponnxn sa ymonn saesneuennx nxasano xxocri.
V CBA, nanpnxna, peccrpymrt xonexrnnnn snax na ycix nnponnxin,
ncranonnmmrt cranapr i epxana crexnrt sa xxicrm s merom sepexennx
penyrani ronapy. Hanpnxna, xani]opnictxi anentcnnn.
B Ipysi, nanpnxna, na nosnauennx Fopxomi epxanna nnacnicrt,
naamrt npano nnxopncrannx nnponnxy.
B Vxpani sapas saxon npo reorpa]iuni sasnauennx ]axrnuno ne ic, o
nepeaueni yxe ]opmantni ymonn. Hanpnxna, noa Tpycxanentxa: ona
nasna na pisny sa xxicrm noy. 3apas nnoxrt HMH Tpycxanentxi non i
xoxen nnponnx nonnnen nxasarn xonxperno s xxo cnepnonnnn oro noa
un me xxoct nosnaunrn came cnoc nnponnnrno.
HMH, xxe oxoponxcrtcx nanexnnm unnom, sacrepirac snonmncnnxa ni
neopoconicnnx i moo nnxopncrannx HMH ra nipoxn ronapy. Toro
HMH oxoponxc manoni i oconcri nemanoni npana saxonnoro xopncrynaua
ni nenpanomipnnx nocxrant, oxoponxc ronapn ni nipoxn, a cnoxnnauin
ni ]antcn]ixonannx ronapin.
uynxni HMH:

164
- posnisnanantna ocnonna ]ynxnix;
- in]opmarnnna (micne nnponnnrna, nnponnx, xxicni xapaxrepncrnxn
romo);
- pexnamna (npocynannx ronapy na pnnox);
- oxoponna (saxncna) oxopona ni nipoox, naxnnna nx nnyrpimnto-
epxanno ra mixnapono roprinni;
- xxicna (rapanrina): naxnaac nenni soonxsannx na nnponnxa un pe-
anisaropa ronapy, xxi xopncrymrtcx nosnauennxm;
- crnmynmmua smymyc nixnynarnct npo oconnny xxicrt ronapy.
14.07.1992 poxy npnnxro Pernamenr Pan CC N 2081 npo oxopony
reorpa]iunnx sasnauent i namenynant micnt noxoxennx cintctxorocno-
apctxnx npoyxrin i npoonontunx ronapin, xxn saxnan cnintny npanony
ocnony. Crocycrtcx I3H rintxn rnx ronapin, nx xxnx icnyc nennn snxsox
mix x nnacrnnocrxmn i npnnanexnicrm o nenno micnenocri. 3rino s Per-
namenrom ]opmantne npano na oxopony HMH ra I3H naynac unnnocri nic-
nx nnecennx ocxry o o]ininoro peccrpy, neennx xxoro opyueno Komici
CC, xxy xpann-yuacnnni CC noniomnxmrt npo nci sapeccrponani n x xpa-
nax namenynannx. 3apas n peccrpi npnnnsno 320 reorpa]iunnx nameny-
nant: mxco i mxcni npoyxrn, mo nocrannxmrtcx s upanni, Icnani, Irani,
Hopryrani; cnp (nepenaxno s Ipeni, Icnani, Hopryrani, upanni ra Icnani);
me i macnnnona onix, onoui i ]pyxrn, nnno, minepantna noa, xonnrepctxi
nnpon. Oxoponosarnnmn nnaxamrtcx cintctxorocnoapctxi npoyxrn ra
npoyxrn xapuynannx, nnroronneni un nepeponeni n ani micnenocri, xxi
cnomn nnacrnnocrxmn sanxuymrt nepenaxno un nnnxrxono reorpa]iunnm
(npnponnm un nmctxnm) ]axropam, nnacrnnnm ni micnenocri. 3a Hica-
onctxom yroom sapeccrponano s nepecnx 1966 p. nctoro 835 nasn micnt
noxoxennx, 766 icni i onnni.
He peccrpymrtcx pooni nosnauennx reorpa]iuni sasnauennx, xxi ma-
mrt crocynox o nnsnaueno reorpa]iuno micnenocri, e nnroronnxnncx un
npoananncx npoyxrn, ane ncrnrnn nepernopnrnct na sarantno nxnnani".
V sasnauennx HMH s uacom moxe nepernopnrncx npocra nasna, mo ne
micrnrt reorpa]iunnx enemenrin.
Hasna Ipentxoro cnpxa Feta ne nonxsana s reorpa]iunom micnenicrm,
ane cnpnmacrtcx xx nasna cnpy, mo nocrauacrtcx came s Ipeni. Hasna yna
sapeccrponana y Ipeni, oepxana oxopony n Ancrpi sa nocroponntom yro-
om, y 1996 poni sapeccrponana Komicicm CC xx HMH, ane peccrpanix cxa-
conana sa pimennxm Cnponectxoro cyy nicnx cxaprn ani, upanni ra Hi-
meuunnn, na repnropi xxnx Feta cnpnmacrtcx xx poona nasna nennoro
copry. Ocnonnnm xpnrepicm nx ninecennx nasnn o poonnx (nnonnx) c
ysaxonenn npoax ronapy ni nicm nasnom na pnnxax xpan CC. 3a pesynt-
raramn onnrynannx 12800 oci cnoxnnauin y xpanax CC nononnna nnaxana
Feta poonom nasnom.
165
3apeccrponannm I3 naacrtcx aconmrna oxopona, xxa sanoirac nnxopnc-
rannm x nx nosnauent inmnx nnpoin, nanirt ananoriunnx. 3axnmacrtcx ne
rax cam nnpi, xx penyranix. Henpnnycrnmi raxox nenpxmi narxxn na spasox
rnny, nny, cnocoy, nacniynannx romo ra nepexnan s inmnx mon.
Hanpnxna, xon]nixr nasn nox coprin cnpy Gorgonzola/Cambozola.
Cnponectxn cy sasnaunn, mo nacniynannxm moxna nnaxarn naxnnicrt n
oox nasnax sarantno uacrnnn, mo naac sopono ra ]onernuno noinocri
i crnopmc y cnoxnnaua npaxennx npo snxsox nnx coprin. Gorgonzola sapecc-
rponana sa Pernamenrom. Cy npnpinnxn craryc nnx cnpin.
Bsarani nopymennx npan onoxrt oxpemo y xoxni s xpan, sa npaxrn-
xom Cnponectxoro cyy y cyax xpan npoxnnannx nopymnnxin npan.
Hpn napanentnnx cnyxannxx y pisnnx xpanax pimennx cyin moxyrt yrn
npornnexni.
Hepeaueno npiopnrer nanionantnoro saxonoancrna: nixnnennx sa-
xnxn na peccrpanim srino s Pernamenrom ne npnsnonrt o nrparn naniona-
ntnoro saxncry.
exxi epxann namaramrtcx nepemxonrn nnxopncrannm cnox HMH
ronapin, x posmnnannm, nepernopennm y pooni nasnn i nnxopncronymrt
mixnaponi npanoni mexanismn.
Hasnnuano araro ynarn npninxc HMH ronapin upannix, xxa xonrpo-
nmc 3 rpynn ronapin: nnna, xontxxn i cnpn. 3rino s unnnnm saxonoancrnom
craryc nonxsannx s nnmn namenynant pernamenrymrt epxanni expern.
upannix nee oporty nporn nenpanomipnoro nnxopncrannx inmnmn xpanamn
cnox HMH. Hanpnxna, nona nnrpana nponecn croconno nenpanomipnoro nn-
xopncrannx nosnauennx Bamnanctxe y Bennxi Fpnrani ra Kanai.
Hpemerom inrepecy y Hopryrani c HMH nnn Hoprnen i Maepa.
Koxna nnxmxa nnna Hopro mac rapanriny mapxy ni Incrnryry nnn, xxn c
xoopnnaninnm opranom i xonrponmc xxicrt nnn. Henpanomipno nnxopnc-
ronymrt nasny Hoprnen" nx nnna y Bennxi Fpnrani, CBA, Kanai, An-
crpi, Poci, Vxpani. Ha 2-my micni Xepec (Sherry), ocnrt mnpoxo pos-
noncmxeni Fyprynctxe, Penctxe, Maepa. Hosnauennx Kontxx
nenpanomipno nnxopncronymrt rintxn na repnropi xonnmntoro CPCP.
Hannxunm uacom moxnnno npnnnnennx nnponnnrna mamnanctxoro,
noprneny ra xontxxy, srino s pimennxm CC npo ninonnennx excxnmsnnnnx
npan na nnxopncrannx reorpa]iunnx nasn npoyxrin, xxi nnsnani ncecnirnto
niomnmn (41 nosnauennx) i norpeymrt oxoponn s oxy COT. Bnxopncrannx
nnx nasn n inmnx xpanax nerarnnno nnnnnac na penyranim nnponnxin opnri-
nantnoro npoyxry ra snyxyc moxnnnocri npoaxy n inmnx xpanax.
exxi npnxnan:
1. Xnreni cena Bamnant, posramonanoro inx osepa Henmarant n
Bnenapi, xxi nnpomymrt nnnorpa ra nnroronnxmrt nnno, nasna xxoro si-
racrtcx s nasnom cena, snepnynncx o Cnponectxoro cyy (Hmxcemypr) sa

166
saxncrom nopymennx npan. Cnpany nnpimnnn ne na xopncrt cena: nnno s na-
snom Bamnant" moxe nnponxrncx rintxn y upanni y micnenocri Bam-
nant. Tox nporxrom 2-x poxin nasna Bamnant" nonnnna snnxnyrn s ernxe-
rox, ]inanconi snrxn y snxsxy is nrparom crano nasnn nnna oninmmrtcx n
1 mnn. mnenapctxnx ]panxin na pix (n ceni 600 xnrenin).
2. V 1953 poni rpomaa Pox]opy (oxpyr y upanni) sapeccrpynana y
CBA nx cnpy s oneuoro monoxa snax Pox]op. V 1960 poni xomnanix Bi-
ntxm uaenpix Inxopnopemn imnoprynana y CBA oneun cnp s naxnr-
nom nninnm, nnroronnenn n Vropmnni ra Irani, s ernxerxamn Imnoprona-
nn cnp Pox]op s narypantnoro oneuoro monoxa. Ipomaa (xxa mac camo-
npxynannx) nopymnna cnpany nporn xomnani sa nnxopncrannx snaxy Pox-
]op. Binoniau saxnnn, mo Pox]op nnone nonxrrx. Ane yno onee-
no, mo ne HMH, o y pxi xpan (Ispant, Tynic, Vropmnna, uexocnonau-
unna) nnroronnxmrt noini cnpn, ane nonn mamrt inmi nasnn (nanpnxna, n
Vropmnni raxn cnp snertcx Mepnno]op).
3. Biomi cnryani, xonn roroxni reorpa]iuni nasnn nanexart pisnnm xpa-
nam, nanpnxna, nnacniox posnoiny repnropi. Hpnxna nnno Toxa. 3
posnoinom Ancrpo-Vropmnnn 9/10 onacri Toxa niimno o Vropmnnn, a
1/10 - o uexocnonauunnn. 3 npanono rouxn sopy n oox xpanax c npanomip-
nnm nnxopncrannx reorpa]iuno nasnn nx nosnauennx nnna. Ane npaxrnuno
nx nasna sepernacx sa Vropmnnom, uectxn Toxa na cnironn pnnox ne
onycxancx. Hanirt c in]opmanix, mo Vropmnna sa cnironnmn ninamn cxynony-
nana y uexocnonauunnn ncm npoyxnim nnnorpaapin y ni onacri.
Hpnnnnnono reorpa]iuna nasna moxe yrn sapeccrponana saxnnnxamn pis-
nnx xpan un perionin, ane s ymonom oonxsxonoro nxnmuennx y namenynannx
HMH. Taxn mnxx nepeaueno yroom TRIPS. Onaxoni reorpa]iuni sasna-
uennx yyrt nipisnxrncx i ne nnonrnmyrt n omany cnoxnnauin.
Hosnnix Cnpocomsy nnxnnxac sanepeuennx s oxy CBA i me exxnx
unenin CTO, xxi nnaxamrt rnoantnn saxncr exxnx cnponectxnx ronapin
nporexnionismom, cnpoom smenmnrn xonxypennim nx ronapin, nasnn ara-
rtox s xxnx crann nnonnmn i ne ninxramrt saoponi na nnxopncrannx.

2.4.2. d:HPK @'-'@@] HQH$H@K

cH:"$^>f@" @'f:"@SP'@@] orpnmyc oxopony s momenry nepmoro nn-
xopncrannx es oonxsxono peccrpani, ane moxe yrn nneceno o peccrpy.
Hpn ntomy nemac snauennx, un c xomepnine namenynannx uacrnnom rop-
ronentno mapxn.
3 1.07.2004 nayn unnnocri saxon Hpo epxanny peccrpanim mpnnu-
nnx ra ]isnunnx oci-ninpncmnin, sa xxnm nepeaueno nnecennx o Cn-
noro epxannoro peccrpy ninpncmcrn ra opranisani Vxpann (CPHOV)
167
ncix yuacnnxin ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri. Came ryr naxonnuycrtcx na-
nonnima in]opmanix npo xomepnini namenynannx.
DH$iHP"6U@' :'$/' sacniuycrtcx cnionrnom.
Hpano na orpnmannx cnionrna na ropronentnn snax mamrt:
yt-xxi ]isnuni un mpnnuni ocon;
ninpncmcrna ncix ]opm nnacnocri;
opranisani, mo sicnmmrt pemonr ra cepnicne ocnyronynannx;
ycranonn mo ]inancymrtcx s epxmxery (nanpnxna, HI, BH3, sa-
xnan xyntrypn), ane mamrt npano samarncx rocnpospaxynxonom ixntnicrm.
Inosemni mpnnuni ra ]isnuni ocon mamrt npano na ronapnn snax na
rnx camnx ymonax, mo i rpomaxnn Vxpann.
Oxopona naacrtcx snaxy:
xxn ne cynepeunrt cycnintnnm inrepecam, npnnnnnam rymannocri i
mopani roro nnm ymonam ninoniamrt nosnauennx, mo c ocxrom ropro-
nentno mapxn. Macrtcx na ynasi: ne micrnrt sopaxennx nopnorpa]iunoro
xapaxrepy, anrnepxannnx, ]amncrctxnx nosynrin, emnem, ra/ao na-
menynant excrpemicrctxnx opranisani, nenensypnnx nnpasin, cnin romo;
na xxn ne nomnpmmrtcx nicrann nx nimonn n naanni npanono
oxoponn, ncranonneni saxonom.
Hanionantni saxonoancrna moxyrt nepeauarn cno nicrann nx ni-
monn y naanni oxoponn.
Hanpnxna, Foninix nnmarac ni Coca-Cola ra inmnx saxinnx xomnani
nimonnrnct ni cnona xoxa y cnox ropronnx mapxax. Koxanonn xym c
cnxmennom pocnnnom Fonini i camnm onininxm saoponeno excnopr npo-
yxni, xxa micrnna xoxy.
Bcecnirnto niomn monn im Valentino npoac, soxpema y upanni,
oxr ni penom Marlboro Classics. Cy sa nosonom epxannoro xomirery
oportn s rmrmnonaninnxm upanni omrpa]ynan Valentino na t60 rnc. sa
nesaxonny pexnamy cnraper: oporta s rmrmnonaninnxm neertcx y upan-
ni y sarantnonanionantnomy ocxsi i s 1.01.08 nannrn saoponeno y ncix a-
pax ra xa]e xpann.
Oconnnicrm 3V Hpo oxopony npan na snaxn nx ronapin i nocnyr c
re, mo ani ne nnmorn o ropronentno mapxn, a nepenix nosnauent, xxi ne
moxyrt oepxarn oxopony, roro nicrann nx nimonn.
He moxyrt oepxarn oxopony, ane moxyrt yrn nxnmueni o snaxy xx
enemenrn, mo ne oxoponxmrtcx, xxmo na ne c sroa ninoninoro xomneren-
rnoro oprany ao x nnacnnxin, nosnauennx, xxi sopaxymrt, ao imirymrt:
1) epxanny cnmnonixy (npanopn, repn, emnemn);
2) o]inini nasnn epxan;
3) emnemn, namenynannx mixnaponnx, mixypxonnx opranisani;
4) naropon ra inmi nisnaxn;
5) o]inini xonrpontni, rapanrini ra npoipni xnema, neuarxn.

168
Honni ra cxopoueni nasnn mixypxonnx opranisani (MVO) oxoponx-
mrtcx ninonino o cr. 6 ter Hapnstxo xonnenni, Vron TRIPS ra inmnx
nonoxent mixnaponnx xonnenni (nanpnxna cr. 53 Xenenctxo xonnenni
saoponxc nnxopncrannx nasnn uepnonn xpecr). Hapnstxa xonnennix ne-
peauac noannx o BOIB noniomnennx ni MVO npo neoxinicrt oxo-
ponn, peccrpanim MVO ra nonepexennx epxan unenin BOIB. 3apas ne-
penix micrnrt 102 nasnn MVO.
He moxyrt oepxarn oxopony nosnauennx, xxi:
1) ne mamrt pospisnxntno sarnocri;
2) cxnaamrtcx nnme s nosnauent, xxi c sarantnonxnnannmn xx nosna-
uennx ronapin i nocnyr nennoro nny, ao sarantnonxnnannmn (sarantnoni-
omnmn) cnmnonamn i repminamn;
3) cxnaamrtcx nnme s nosnauent un annx, mo c onnconnmn moo sa-
snauennx y saxnni ronapin i nocnyr (nxasymrt na nn, xxicrt, cxna, xint-
xicrt, nnacrnnocri, npnsnauennx, ninnicrt ronapin i nocnyr, micne i uac nnro-
ronnennx romo). Hanpnxna cnono xonaca;
4) c omannnnnmn, ao raxnmn, mo moxyrt nnecrn n omany moo ronapy,
nocnyrn ao ocon, xxa nnponxc ronap un naac nocnyry;
5) niopaxymrt nnme ]opmy, mo oymonnena npnponnm cranom ro-
napy un neoxinicrm orpnmannx rexniunoro pesyntrary, ao xxa naac ro-
napam icrorno ninnocri.
Bxasani nnme nosnauennx moxyrt nxonrn o snaxa xx enemenrn, mo ne
oxoponxmrtcx, ane nonn ne nonnnni samarn ominymue nonoxennx y so-
paxenni.
Cr.6 bis Hapnstxo Konnenni soonxsyc xpann Comsy nixnnxrn ao
nnsnarn neicnom peccrpanim ra saoponnrn nnxopncrannx ronapnoro sna-
xy, xxn c nirnopennxm, imiranicm ao nepexnaom inmoro ronapnoro snaxy,
i moxe nnxnnxarn smimynannx s inmnm snaxom, xxn nnsnano xomnerenrnnm
opranom xpann nnxopncrannx xx sarantnoniomn i raxn, mo nnxopncrony-
crtcx nx ienrnunnx, ao cxoxnx npoyxrin. Taxi cami i nepeauamrtcx,
xxmo imirycrtcx cyrrcna uacrnna snaxy.
Hi sarantnonxnnannmn repminamn posymimrt nosnauennx ronapy, xxe
nxonrt n oir xx nnone nonxrrx i nounnac ienrn]ixynarn ne nnponnxa, a
cami ronapn, niynacrtcx posmnnannx snaxa, nin nrpauac pospisnxntny
sarnicrt. Hanpnxna, xcepoxc, repmoc, ecxanarop, marniro]on, namnepo, ni-
noneym romo. Hauacrime ne niynacrtcx, xonn ronap c nepmnm ntoro nn-
y, me ne mac nnonoro repminy i s uacom nnonnm repminom crac roprone-
ntnn snax (repmoc, xcepoxc ra inmi ropronentni snaxn ]ipm).
Ananoriuna cnryanix, xxmo nnonn repmin rpomisxn ra ne spyunn.
Hanpnxna, anernncaninnnona xncnora nnmna na pnnox ni nasnom Acni-
pnn roprona mapxa ]ipmn Facp A.I. V pyri nononnni XX cr. peccrpa-
nix snaxa n arartox xpanax yna anyntonana, o cran sarantnonxnnannm
169
repminom. Taxn repmin moxe nxonrn y cxna ronapnoro snaxy xx enemenr,
mo ne oxoponxcrtcx. Hanpnxna, ronapnnm snaxom c npnxmernnx npn nno-
nomy repmini: Acnipnn
rm
sneonmmun. Osnaxom posmnnannx snaxy c
noxna nnpasin rnny ronap raxn camn xx ....
xmo snax nrpauac pospisnxntny sarnicrt, ro nin nnsnacrtcx sarantno-
nxnnannm (nnonnm) sa pimennxm cyy ao xnasicyonoro oprany xpann pe-
ccrpani ao xpann nnxopncrannx ra n snxsxy s nnm neicnnm. B Vxpani
raxnm opranom, oxpim cyy, c Anenxnina nanara npn epxcnyxi IB. 3ri-
no nanionantnoro saxonoancrna ni i cnpnunnmc saxna sanixanneno ocon
ao ininiarnna aminicrpani.
Cni npaxonynarn, mo niomi nnnaxn, xonn nnsnannx snaxa sarantno-
nxnnannm omaramrtcx xonxypenrn. Hanpnxna, cnoro uacy yno nimonne-
no y nosoni croconno snaxin nanion ra xopnanon, o ni nasnn crocymrt-
cx xonxpernnx nixin ra ne c nnonnmn.
Oxpim sarantnonxnnannx pospisnxmrt me sarantnoniomi snaxn ra mn-
poxoniomi n Vxpani.
BOIB pasom is Hapnstxnm Comsom nnsnaunna ymonn, sa nnxonannx
xxnx snax c sarantnonxnnannm ra sarantnoniomnm. Icnyc nepenix snaxin, x
nnstxo 100. Hi snaxn oxoponxmrtcx es peccrpani na repnropi epxan Ha-
pnstxoro comsy.
xmo snax nnsnano sarantnonxnnannm, ro ne ne osnauac, mo nin nio-
mn aconmrno nctomy nacenennm. Posrnxamrt xono xopncrynauin: icni
ao norennini xopncrynaui, inoni xona, xxi mamrt isnec, nonxsann s nnm
ronapom (posnoncmxynaui i r.n.) Kono xopncrynauin sanexnrt ni ronapy.
Hanpnxna, xopncrynaui onanannx ripctxonnxnoro cnopry ao xocmernxn.
C ronapn, xxi niomi ncim: nixn, nnno, ropinxa i r.n. xmo ertcx npo nixn,
mo x sacroconymrt sa penenrom nixapx, ro ne xono omexycrtcx nixapxmn,
menpaninnnxamn, ]apmanenramn, xnopnmn ra x nnstxnmn. Biomn snax
snamrt 80 % xopncrynauin. Hanpnxna Coca-Cola. Hanirt ocon, xxi ne nxn-
namrt ne nani, snax ra nasny snamrt.
Tpea pospisnxrn snaxn sarantnonxnnani xx nosnauennx ronapin i no-
cnyr nennoro nny, xxi ne moxyrt yrn sapeccrponani xx roprona mapxa, ra
ope niomi n Vxpani, xxi anromarnuno orpnmymrt oxopony rax, nin ynn
saxnneni n Vxpani. B ntomy pasi ic cr. 6 bis Hapnstxo xonnenni i ni snaxn
na inmy ocoy ne peccrpymrtcx.
Oxopona snaxin, xxi c ope niomnmn n Vxpani, posrnxacrtcx oxpemo
(cr. 25 saxony $3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ /-+>( *F. 03'+$7' 7 C39F<M). uaxropn,
mo x npaxonymrt npn nnsnanni snaxa ope niomnm (mxxe saxonoancrno,
roro sa pexomenanixmn BOIB ra Hapnstxoro comsy):
crynint niomocri n nennomy cexropi cycnintcrna;
rpnnanicrt ra ocxr nnxopncrannx;

170
reorpa]iunn paon, xxn oxonneno peccrpanicm i e nnxopncrony-
crtcx snax;
crynint niomocri snaxa, xxn sapeccrponano na nenni repnropi, na
cycini repnropi (nanpnxna, niomicrt pocictxoro snaxy na repnropi
Vxpann);
npocynannx snaxy na inmy repnropim;
cniuennx ycnimnoro nicromnannx npan na snax (cyoni nponecn xxi
crocynanncx snaxy i nnxnnxann ynary o ntoro);
ocxr ra e]exrnnnicrt pexnamn;
Moxyrt posrnxarncx oxpemi ]axropn ao nci pasom, moxyrt nanonrn-
cx soncim inmi ]axropn nx nnsnannx snaxy sarantnoniomnm y xoxnomy
xonxpernomy nnnaxy. Pimennx anenxnino nanarn npo nnsnannx snaxa sa-
rantnoniomnm moxe yrn ocxapxeno n cyonomy nopxxy.
3nax, xxn nnsnano cyom un Anenxninom nanarom sarantnoniomnm n
Vxpani, orpnmyc s arn ntoro pimennx npanony oxopony raxy camy, xxy
orpnman n y pasi saxnnennx na peccrpanim n Vxpani.
He moxyrt yrn sapeccrponani xx snaxn nosnauennx, xxi c roroxnnmn
ao cxoxnmn nacrintxn, mo x moxna cnnyrarn s:
a) snaxamn, panime sapeccrponannmn n Vxpani na imx inmo ocon nx
raxnx camnx ao cnopinennx ronapin i nocnyr;
) snaxamn inmnx oci, xxmo ni snaxn oxoponxmrtcx es peccrpani sri-
no mixnaponnx oronopin, yuacnnxom xxnx c Vxpana soxpema, snaxamn,
nnsnannmn ope niomnmn n Vxpani;
r) ]ipmonnmn namenynannxmn, mo niomi n Vxpani i nanexart inmnm
ocoam, xxi oepxann ne npano o arn noannx saxnxn moo raxnx xe ao
cnopinennx ronapin i nocnyr;
) xnani]ixonannmn sasnauennxmn noxoxennx ronapin, mo oxoponx-
mrtcx saxonom $3 3H3$3-< C$+' -+ /+/-+E"--. C3H3*2"--. 03'+$7'.
Taxi nosnauennx moxyrt yrn enemenramn, xxi ne oxoponxmrtcx n snaxax
oci, xxi mamrt npano xopncrynarncx nnmn nosnauennxmn;
e) snaxamn ninoninocri (ceprn]ixaninnmn snaxamn), sapeccrponann-
mn y ncranonnenomy nopxxy.
He peccrpymrtcx xx snaxn nosnauennx, xxi nirnopmmrt:
- npomncnoni spasxn, npana na xxi n Vxpani nanexart inmnm ocoam;
- nasnn niomnx n Vxpani rnopin nayxn, nireparypn i mncrenrna ao
nnrarn i nepconaxi s nnx, rnopn mncrenrna ra x ]parmenrn, es sron nnac-
nnxin anropctxoro npana ao x npanonacrynnnxin;
- npisnnma, imena, ncenonimn ra noxini ni nnx, noprpern i ]axcnmine
niomnx n Vxpani oci es x sron.
Bnmorn o snaxy:
- nonnsna, roro neniomicrt n Vxpani;
- npnarnicrt nx mapxynannx (rexnonoriunicrt);
171
- ninoninicrt nnmoram npomncnono ecrernxn ra epronomixn.
Ocnonnom merom saxonin npo ronapni snaxn c nonepexennx nneennx
n omany cnoxnnauin. B nacranoni BOIB Ocnonni xonnenni saxonoancrna n
c]epi oxoponn ronapnnx snaxin snaxn, mo nnoxrt n omany posineno na 2
xareropi:
snaxn, mo micrxrt niomocri, xxi nnoxrt n omany ninocno nnponnxa
(xpana) ao ronapin (xxicrt, xapaxrepncrnxn). Hanpnxna, cnonecnn snax
ORLWOOLA nx mapxynannx oxry, nnroronnenoro s xnonxy ao cnnrernu-
nnx rxannn (anrn. Wool nonna), ao snax is sopaxennxm nemonnxrn nx
mapxynannx ropinxn;
snaxn, xxi cxoxi na snax, sapeccrponann na imx inmoro nnponnxa
noinnx ao nenoinnx ronapin.
V nacranoni BOIB ano npnxna: snaxn RUS ra SANRUS nx map-
xynannx nernn . Xou snaxn ne c cxoxnmn ni nisyantno, ni ]onernuno, ane
nicniomo cnoxnnaui yyrt nnaxarn nerny s mapxom SANRUS pisnonn-
om nernn RUS. uacro sycrpiuamrtcx nnnaxn, xonn monomn snax
(xxn orpnman peccrpanim nisnime) nipisnxcrtcx ni crapmoro naxnnicrm
pyroro cnona (CAP CAP STAR (Bnenapix), STYLE ITALIAN STYLE
(CBA), PLUS VITA PLUS (CBA) romo) ao, nannaxn, nnxnmuennxm o-
noro s xomnonenrin (CENTURE 21 - CENTURE (Ispant), FUMED MED
(Himeuunna) romo). Bce ne nopymyc npana crapmoro snaxa, a y cnoxnnaua
moxe cxnacrnct npaxennx nin ronapn mamrt onoro nnponnxa, roro mac
micne nesaxonne nnxopncrannx penyrani.
xmo cnintnn enemenr mac onnconn xapaxrep no ninomennm o ro-
napy, ro raxi snaxn moxyrt cninicnynarn na pnnxy. Hanpnxna, Coca-Cola
ra Pepsi-Cola: cnintna uacrnna nxasyc na epeno s nnoamn, mo mamrt ro-
nisymun e]exr. Hm cnpany posrnxnyn cy y Kanai me n 1942 p.
V npoexri nonoro saxony nnsnaueni nicrann nx nayrrx npana IB na
TM:
- noannx saxnxn, mo micrnrt nosnauennx, xxe ninoniac saxony o
Vcranonn;
- mixnapona peccrpanix TM;
- nnsnannx TM ope niomom n Vxpani;
- nepeannx npan na sapeccrponann snax;
- nepexi npan (npnnnnennx icnynannx mpnnuno ocon, ycnaxynan-
nx i r..);
- pimennx cyy moo ncranonnennx nnacnnxa npan;
Oxpim nepmoro nynxry, ne norpeyc sacniuennx cnionrnom.
Hpn peccrpani TM n inosemnnx epxanax srino Mapnctxo yron
npo mixnapony peccrpanim snaxin saxnxa noacrtcx uepes nanionantny
ycranony, nci nnrparn npn ntomy nece saxnnnx.
unnnicrt manonnx npan na TM moxe yrn npnnnnena ocrpoxono.

172
Bsarani crpox oxoponn TM ]axrnuno ne omexenn sa ymonn, mo
nuacno noonxymrt ra cnnauymrt ncranonnenn sip. Icnymrt TM, mo oxo-
ponxmrtcx intme nix 100 poxin.
3V nepeauac npano nnacnnxa cnionrna na TM npocrannxrn nopx si
snaxom nonepexynantne mapxynannx, xxe nxasyc, mo nin sapeccrponann n
Vxpani. He npano a ne oonxsox (cr. 5d Hapnstxo xonnenni). V nac n 3V ne
xonxpernsonana ]opma ntoro mapxynannx. V mixnaponi npaxrnni npnnxro:
R ao ao Reg TM (ni anrn. Registered trademark) osnauac peccrpa-
nim xx nosnauennx snaxa nx ronapin i nocnyr. Bnxopncronymrt raxox cxo-
pouennx M (Mark), TM (Trade Mark) MR (Mark Registered), SM (service
mark mapxa ocnyronynannx), cnona Trademark, Registered Trademark (3a-
peccrponann snax Bennxa Fpnranix), Mark Registered i inoi nirepa L
(ni anrnictxoro Logo norornn).
Bnacnnx cnionrna cam onpac nn i ]opmy nonepexynantnoro mapxy-
nannx. Moxyrt nnxopncronynarn npxmy nxasinxy na re, mo nosnauennx c sa-
peccrponannm snaxom, nx ronapin i nocnyr: nanpnxna, micrnrn cnona 3a-
peccrponann snax nx ronapin i nocnyr ao npocro 3nax nx ..., ao no-
snauxy (*) s posmn]ponxom y npnmirni. 3apeccrponann snax nauacrime
nosnauamrt .
uacro nosnauennx TM (nx nocnyr SM) c nnme cniuennxm, mo xroct
saxnnxc npana nnacnocri, a ne roro, mo nin x mac. Hesapeccrponani snaxn
moxyrt yrn raxox ocnrt cnntni i xni npana ne cni irnopynarn.
Bnxopncrannx nonepexynantnoro mapxynannx crnopmc y nepeciunoro
cnoxnnaua nicniome npaxennx npo nncoxn pinent xxocri ronapy, cnpnxc
spocrannm nonnry. (Moxnnno sa ananoricm s nnxopncrannxm nnx cnmnonin
nopyu is ropronnmn nasnamn nncoxoxxicnnx ronapin niomnx inosemnnx nn-
ponnxin) Toro nonepexynantne mapxynannx sicnmc pexnamny ]ynx-
nim. Bnxopncrannx oro moo nesapeccrponanoro snaxy npoxn neopoco-
nicno xonxypenni. V exxnx xpanax sa ne nepeaueno ninoniantnicrt,
nanirt xpnminantny.
0"Hi$'k>g@" J'J@'g"@@] raxox nonnnno ninoniarn nennnm nnmoram:
oxopona naacrtcx nnme xnani]ixonanomy sasnauennm noxoxennx
ronapin;
sacroconycrtcx rintxn o ronapin i ne sacroconycrtcx o nocnyr;
sasnauennx micrnrt nasny micnx noxoxennx ronapy ao micnx, e nnpo-
nxcrtcx ao nepeponmcrtcx cnponnna; Ocxrnnno n ntomy micni icnymrt
oconnni ymonn ra ]axropn, mo cnpnunnmmrt oconnni nnacrnnocri ra xxocri
nnponnnrno (nnoynannx) i nepepoxa nosnauynanoro nicm nasnom ronapy
ao xoua ocnonno cxnaono sicnmcrtcx n mexax sasnauenoro reorpa]iu-
noro micnx (n nepmomy nnnaxy ne HMH, a n pyromy I3H).
nx nonepexynantnoro mapxynannx xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx no-
xoxennx ronapy nnxopncronymrt oneeny onanom apeniarypy I3H ao
173
HMH. 3amicrt mapxynannx ao oarxono o ntoro rexcr 3apeccrponane n
Vxpani reorpa]iune sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy ao 3apeccrponana n
Vxpani nasna micnx noxoxennx ronapy.
Hpanona oxopona moxe yrn naana onaxonnm sa snauennxm noxo-
xennx, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx nx nosnauennx pisnnx sa nnacrnnocrxmn o-
nopinnx ronapin, xxmo niminnocre ocnrt nx ienrn]ixani nnponnxa
(cr.7 3V). He c nicranom nx nimonn n naanni oxoponn HMH ao I3H sa-
peccrponann n Vxpani snax nx ronapin i nocnyr, mo cxnaacrtcx rintxn s
ntoro nosnauennx ao micrnrt ne nosnauennx xx enemenr.
B Vxpani saxon Hpo oxopony npan na sasnauennx noxoxennx rona-
pin ic s 1999 p., imrt i nisaxonni axrn, ane nennxa xintxicrt sasnauent
noxoxennx ronapin sapeccrponana xx cnonecni ao xominonani ronapni
snaxn. He crocycrtcx nacamnepe nasn minepantnnx no Tpycxanentxa,
Mnpropoctxa, Mopmnnctxa, Hapsan, Ha]rycx (ronapnnx snaxin
Ha]rycx sapeccrponano nanirt exintxa i xoen ne mac ninomennx o
xonxperno minepantno non).
Hexonrpontonane nnxopncrannx npnsnonrt o posmnnannx nosnauent,
nrparn onipn ra penyrani, o xon]nixrin mix nnponnxamn, neopoconic-
no xonxypenni, nneennx n omany cnoxnnauin.
V arartox xpanax c aminicrparnnni cncremn saxncry npan IB, xxi xon-
rponmmrt ra sarnepxymrt ernxerxn, soxpema s nornxy nnxopncrannx reo-
rpa]iunnx sasnauent. Hi aminicrparnnni oprann nnamrt osnin na npoax.
B Vxpani raxo cncremn nemac, romy sxnnxmrtcx xontxx Mapcent,
ropinxa HELSINKI (sapeccrponana xx na ronapnnx snaxn HEL ra
SINKI), nnna Toxa, Xnanuxapa yxpanctxoro nnponnnrna romo.
Vmonn naannx npan IB ra repmin oxoponn nnx npan noani y ran. 2.

2.4.3. ;LH&6KP> PKO'-/K HQH$H@K NH$iHP"6U@KQ :'$H/

1. Topronentni mapxn na 6>/'$LU/> O$"O'$'NK. 3 merom ienrn]ixani
axrnnno cxnaono nixapctxnx npenaparin y yt-xxomy npenapari, xxn
micrnrt, nepe rnm, xx noni nixn orpnmymrt osnin na nnnycx, BOO3 naac
ni axrnnni cxnaoni mixnapony nasny, xxa ne narenrycrtcx, ne nnxopnc-
ronycrtcx xx ropronentna mapxa i c poonnm imxm. Crnopena cncrema INNS
mixnaponnx nasn nixapctxnx npenaparin. 3anponononani BOO3 nasnn ny-
nixymrtcx i nporxrom 4 micxnin moxna noarn sanepeuennx, xxmo nasna no-
ina o sapeccrponano ropronentno mapxn. Hixn, mo micrxrt nm axrnnny
cxnaony, moxyrt nnnycxarncx ni pisnnmn ropronentnnmn mapxamn. Ha-
npnxna, napaneramon nnnycxamrt ni ropronentnnmn mapxamn
PANADOL, CALPOL, TYLENOL, a exxi xomnani ni poonnm
imxm. Hpenapar naminyin nnnycxamrt ni ropronentnom mapxom
EPIVIR. x rintxn cnnnne crpox i narenrno oxoponn na naminyin, oro

174
Tannnx 2
2'-&'@@] O$'P >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> J'LH&':K >@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7 Sg'L@K/>P ^KP>6U@HiH H&>iS NHP'$>P N' OHL6Si

Ocxrn npana inrenex-
ryantno nnacnocri
Bnsnauennx
unm sacniuycrtcx nayrrx
npan i sa xxnx ymon
Konn cramrt unnnnmn
npana IB
Tepmin oxoponn npan
Komepnine nameny-
nannx
Crane nosnauennx ni-
npncmcrna ao oxpemnx
ninpncmnin, ni xxnm no-
nn nncrynamrt y nnnintno-
my oiry ra nnpisnxmrtcx
s nomix inmnx
Oxoponxcrtcx es noannx
saxnxn un peccrpani, ne-
sanexno ni roro, un c
nona uacrnnom roprono
mapxn. Moxe nnocnrnct
n peccrp
3 momenry nepmoro nn-
xopncrannx namenynan-
nx
Fescrpoxono, npnnnnx-
crtcx y pasi nixniani
mpnnuno ocon. Hepe-
acrtcx inmi ocoi pa-
som s ninicnnm manonnm
xomnnexcom
Toprinentna mapxa Fyt-xxe nosnauennx
ao yt-xxa xominanix
nosnauent, xxi npnarni
nx nnpisnennx ronapin un
nocnyr ra nnponxmrtcx
un naamrtcx pisnnmn
ocoamn
Cnionrnom (sa nnnxrxom

nnsnano sarantnonio-
mom). Vmonn: 1) nona;
2) npnarna nx mapxy-
nannx; 3) ne cynepeunrt
nopmam mopani ra cycni-
ntnnm inrepecam;
4) ne ninaac ni ni-
crany nx nimonn
Bi arn, nacrynno sa
arom noannx saxnxn.
Ocxr npan nnsnauacrtcx
sopaxennxm y cnionrni
ra nepenixom ronapin ra
nocnyr
10 poxin, s npanom npo-
onxennx mopasy na 10
poxin
Ieorpa]iuni sasnauennx Ocxr npan nnsnauacrtcx
xapaxrepncrnxamn ronapy i
mexamn reorpa]iunoro mi-
cnx oro noxoxennx sa-
]ixconannmn peccrpanicm
Ha reorpa]iune sasna-
uennx epxannom pe-
ccrpanicm, na npano nn-
xopncrannx epxannom
peccrpanicm ra cnionr-
nom
Ha reorpa]iune sasna-
uennx - s arn, nacrynno
sa arom epxanno pe-
ccrpani, na npano na nn-
xopncrannx (cnionrno)
ni arn noannx saxnxn.
Peccrpanix reorpa]iunoro
sasnauennx escrpoxona, sa
ymonn sepexennx xapax-
repncrnx ronapy, nosna-
uenoro nnm sasnauennxm.
Cnionrno na npano nn-
xopncrannx 10 poxin s
npanom npoonxennx mo-
pasy na 10 poxin

175
moxyrt nnnycxarn xx npenapar-xenepix inmi nnponnxn, ane ni inmom
ropronentnom mapxom.
2. Bnxopncrannx sacoin innniyanisani n Inrepneri. Ocrannim uacom
xx saci innniyanisani posrnxamrt omenne imx n Inrepneri. omenni
imena mamrt noniny npnpoy: innniyanisymrt macnn in]opmani i ocoy,
xxa any in]opmanim posmimyc. omenne imx nxasyc na imx nnponnxa,
noxoxennx oro ronapin ra nocnyr, xapaxrepnsyc penyranim ninpncmcrna.
Hpo snauennx omennnx imen n enexrponni roprinni ra neenni isnecy
cniunrt, nanpnxna, nacrynne. Haopoxunm omenom y pnranctxi soni
c cruises.co.uk, xxn yno xynneno pnranctxom rypncrnunom xomnanicm sa
$1,1 mnn. o ntoro xomnanix nxe nonoina omenom cruise.co.uk, xxn nipi-
snxncx na ony nirepy.
Ionona xomnani noxcnnn, mo y cnona cruises pernnr y Google nnmn,
nix y cruise, renep xomnanix ne ye nrpauarn xnicnrin i nnmnrtcx niepom n
opranisani pecin na oxeanctxnx nanepax.
3apas y cniri icnyc inx 140 mnn omenin, sarantna pnnxona napricrt
xxnx, sa oninxom excneprin, o 2010 poxy ocrnrne $4 mnp. omennnx imen,
xxi cxnaamrtcx is nanoro nocnannx yxn, nnmnnocx soncim mano i nci no-
nn ninymrtcx yxe nncoxo xx cnoro poy nepyxomicrt. XXI cr. xoxnoro
nx yxnaacrtcx inx 90 rncxu yro s xyninni-npoaxy omenin. omenn s
oconnno nannmn imenamn, rax snani omenn npemiym-xnacy, xomrymrt
snauni cymn. Hanpnxna, Vodka.com yna npoana sa $3,5 mnn, a Com-
puter.com sa $2,1 mnn.
3 2008 p. ic nporpama ASIA Celebrity Pioneers, sanponononana aminic-
rparopom omena ASIA xomnanicm dot ASIA. Mera nporpamn naarn
rnopunm ocoam moxnnnicrt saxncry cnoc IB ni xiepcxnorrepin.
3rino s yxpanctxnm saxonoancrnom xoxen, xro mac npano na ]ipmone
namenynannx ao snax nx ronapin i nocnyr, moxe nnmararn uepes cy npn-
nnnennx nnxopncrannx roroxnoro ao cxoxoro nosnauennx xx omennoro
imeni s oxy inmnx oci, a raxox nimxoynannx nrpar nnacniox raxoro nn-
xopncrannx. Bnxopncrannx es osnony uyxoro imeni, ]ipmonoro nameny-
nannx, roprinentno mapxn romo moxe npnnecrn o smimynannx cycxrin
rocnoapmnannx. Hi i c nenpanomipnnmn i xnani]ixymrtcx xx neopoco-
nicna xonxypennix. Toro omenne imx moxna niiparn y nnacnnxa, xxmo
nin nopymnn nnxnmuni npana IB.
B Vxpani peccrpanix omennoro imeni (.ua) ao oro xomnonenrin py-
roro pinnx sicnmcrtcx nnme sa naxnnocri oxymenrin, mo nirnepxymrt
npana na roroxnn omennomy imeni ronapnn snax. uaxrnuno saxon Vxpa-
nn ncranonnmc esymonnn npiopnrer ronapnoro snaxy na omennnm
imxm ra inmnmn sacoamn innniyanisani.

176
Hpaxrnuno y mepexi Inrepner nnnnxamrt sirxnennx inrepecin ronapnnx
snaxin. Tonapni snaxn oxoponxmrtcx nnme sa ymonn x peccrpani, sa nnnxr-
xom sarantnoniomnx.
ix ronapnnx snaxin omexena repnropiantno, roro moxyrt icnynarn
ienrnuni snaxn, xxmo repnropi x i ne nepernnamrtcx.
ix ronapnnx snaxin omexena ronapom ra nocnyramn croconno xxnx
nonn sapeccrponani, roro moxyrt icnynarn ienrnuni snaxn, sapeccrponani
nx pisnnx xareropi ronapin ra nocnyr sa ymonn nemoxnnnocri x smimy-
nannx, roro ne c nnxnmuenom moxnnnicrt nperensi na one omenne imx
saxonnnx nnacnnxin ienrnunnx ropronnx snaxin.
Ocoa, xxa axac sapeccrpynarn omenne imx, ne soonxsana nepenipx-
rn opann napianr moo moxnnnnx xon]nixrin s icnymunmn sacoamn in-
nniyanisani. Peccrparopn raxox ne nparnyrt nepenipxrn sapeccrponani y
cniri sacon innniyanisani. Tomy yxe naxnnnnmn c xpnrepi nperynm-
nannx xon]nixrin.
BOIB posponeni yni]ixonani npannna posrnxy cynepeuox croconno
omennnx imen (uniform domain name dispute resolution policy UDRP), xxi
crocymrtcx ne nnme ronapnnx snaxin, a i ncix sacoin innniyanisani y
cxnai omennnx imen.
Inrepner-xopnopanix s npnnnacnennx apec ra imen (ICANN) npnnxna
cnny nonirnxy (UDRP), srino xxo nnacnnxn ropronnx mapox s merom saxnc-
ry cnox npan mamrt npano noanarn o cyy na xiepcxnorrepin ra omennnx
cnexynxnrin. Ane onoro cninnainnx omennoro imeni s inmnm sacoom inn-
niyanisani samano nx nosannennx nnacnnxa oro omennoro imeni. Hosnnau
nonnnen onecrn, mo onouacno icnymrt nacrynni ocrannnn:
omenne imx ninoniaua ienrnune ao cxoxe o smimynannx s ro-
napnnm snaxom, npana na xxn nanexart nosnnauy;
ninoniau ne mac saxonnoro sanixannennx came y raxomy omennomy
imeni;
omenne imx yno sapeccrponano ra nnxopncronynanocx neopoconicno.
Hi ymonn nnxoxrt s roro, mo omenni imena ne c pisnonnom ronapnnx
snaxin, a c camocrinnm sacoom innniyanisani.
Hponinom ycranonom no nperynmnannm cnipnnx nnrant croconno pe-
ccrpani ra nnxopncrannx omennnx imen n mepexi Inrepner nnsnano Henrp s
apirpaxy ra nocepennnrna BOIB (WIPO), xxn yno sacnonano y 1994 p.

2.4.4. VH$]-H/ H-"$h'@@] HQH$H@@KQ -H/S:"@N>P @' J'LH&K
>@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7

Oxoponnnm oxymenrom croconno NH$iHP"6U@KQ :'$H/ ra reorpa]iu-
nnx sasnauent noxoxennx c cnionrno, xxe nnacrtcx epxanom n ocoi
177
epxanno cnyxn. Hopxox i s merom nayrrx npan na ropronentny map-
xy (pnc. 16).
3axnxa crocycrtcx onoro snaxa. x oarxoni oxymenrn oamrtcx
oxymenr npo cnnary sopin sa noannx saxnxn ra sa excneprnsy, sacniueni
oxymenrn croconno xonnenninoro ra nncranxonoro npiopnrerin, xxmo no-
nn mann micne, nirnepxennx osnony na nnxopncrannx raxnx enemenrin xx
epxanni repn, npanopn, o]inini nasnn epxan romo, craryr xonexrnnnoro
snaxa, xxmo saxnnnxom c ocnannx oci, mo nnponxmrt ronapn ao na-
amrt nocnyrn is cnintnnmn xapaxrepnnmn osnaxamn.
3opn sa i, nonxsani s oxoponom npan na snax nx ronapin i nocnyr, nn-
snaueni nocranonom KMV N 1148 ni 19.09.2007, unnno s arn ncryny
Vxpann o COT.
Hanpnxna, sa noannx saxnxn cnnauycrtcx 1000 rpn, sa xoxnn oar-
xonn xnac MKTH me 1000 rpn, sa noannx xontoponoro sopaxennx sna-
xa 500 rpn, sa nxnmuennx o snaxa nosnauennx nasnn epxann Vxpana
6000 rpn, sa nynixanim npo nnauy cnionrna y uopno-inomy sopaxenni
150 rpn, sa xoxnn xnac ra oarxono 100 rpn sa nynixanim xontoponoro
sopaxennx snaxa, epxanne mnro sa nnauy cnionrna 85 rpn.
xmo cnonecnn snax noacrtcx inosemnom monom, ro oacrtcx nepe-
xna ra rpancnirepanix nirepamn yxpanctxoro an]aniry.
Knani]ixanina excneprnsa saxnxn nepeauac nepenipxy moo naxnno-
cri nicran nx nimonn n naanni npanono oxoponn, nomyx roroxnnx ao
cxoxnx nosnauent.
Hi uac nponeennx excneprnsn snaxa no cyri soxpema:
- nepenipxcrtcx cxoxicrt saxnnenoro nosnauennx s nxe sapeccrponann-
mn ropronentnnmn mapxamn, nnxnnennmn npn sicnenni nomyxy sapeccr-
ponannx nosnauent ra
- nnsnauacrtcx onopinicrt (cnopinenicrt) ronapin ra/ao nocnyr, nx
xxnx saxnneno snax, s ronapamn ra/ao nocnyramn, nx xxnx sapeccrponani
ao saxnneni roroxni i cxoxi snaxn, nnxnneni ni uac nomyxy.
Hpn ntomy npn ncranonnenni cxoxocri cnonecnnx nosnauent npaxony-
crtcx snyxona (]onernuna) cxoxicrt, rpa]iuna (nisyantna) cxoxicrt ra cmn-
cnona (cemanrnuna) cxoxicrt.
Hanpnxna: npn ]onernunomy nopinnxnni nosnauent

N- R- gizer

ye nnxnnena x ]onernuna cxoxicrt en-ep-xa-sep ra en-ep-xa-
sep, mo moxe nnecrn cnoxnnaua n omany.

178

3axnnnx
3axna npo
peccrpanim
snaxa s
nepenixom
ronapin ra
nocnyr sa
MKTH,
sopaxennx
snaxa 8x8 cm.
oarxoni
oxymenrn
Cnnara sopy
sa nnauy
cnionrna,
crpox - 3 micxni

Vxpanctxn incrnryr
npomncnono nnacnocri
Excneprnsa
saxnxn
Bcranonnennx
arn noannx
saxnxn
Excneprnsa sa
]opmantnnmn
osnaxamn
Knani]ixanina
excneprnsa
nosnauennx
Pimennx npo
peccrpanim
snaxa ao
nixnnennx
saxnxn
epxannn enapramenr
inrenexryantno nnacnocri
Peccrpanix
snaxa n
epxannomy
peccrpi
Hynixanix n
o]ininomy
mnereni
Hpomncnona
nnacnicrt
Bnaua
cnionrna
na snax
1 micxnt
uepes 3 micxni nicnx naxoxennx
oxymenra npo cnnary sopy

Pnc. 16. Hopxox i s merom nayrrx npan na roprinentnn snax


Hesnaxamun na ]onernuny niminnicrt nosnauent pn-ra ra ny-ma,
um" PUmA

npn x rpa]iunomy nopinnxnni ye ncranonneno, mo pisnnnx nonxrac rintxn
n sopaxenni onic nirepn u i U, ane nosnauennx n ninomy nisyantno
cxoxi.





179
Hesnaxamun na re, mo nosnauennx
epuan Kapma

CARTE NOIRE

nipisnxmrtcx ]onernuno (uep-na-x-xap-ra - xapr-nyap) ra nisyantno
(sacrocynannx xnpnnnni - narnnnni, npxmn mpn]r noxnnn, nouarox cnin
nennxnmn nirepamn nci nennxi nirepn), nonn moxyrt yrn nnsnani cxoxn-
mn sa cemanrnunnmn osnaxamn, ocxintxn osnauamrt one rex came uopny
xapry.
Ocxintxn oxopona snaxa moxe posnoncmxynarnct i na cnopineni ro-
napn ra/ao nocnyrn, naxnnnnm c ncranonnennx raxo cnopinenocri. Hpn
ntomy n nepmy uepry o ynarn npnmamrt nacrynne: pi (nn) ronapin ao
nocnyr; nn marepiany, s xxoro nonn nnroronneni; xnc npnsnauennx; ymonn i
xanann syry; xono cnoxnnauin.
DHP'$ NHP'$. Hanpnxna, ronapn 14 xnacy MKTH B$;5C5 0 2!-!I!-
J@&&5C '$3(;@/ i +!+@;<&5J@ 0 2!-!I!J@&&5C '$3(;@/ c cnopinennmn
ronapamn romy, mo, xoua nonn i ninocxrtcx o pisnnx nnin ronapin, nonn c
mnenipnnmn nnpoamn..
Binonino, ronap 14-ro xnaccy MKTH +!+@;<&5J@ 0 2!-!I!J@&&5C
'$3(;@/ ne c cnopinennm s ronapom 34-ro xnacy MKTH +!+@;<&5J@ &$ 0
2!-!I!J@&&5C '$3(;@/, xoua ni ronapn ninocxrtcx o onoro nny ronapin
i mamrt one npnsnauennx, npore, y ntomy nnnaxy marepian, s xxoro nnro-
ronneni ni ronapn, mac cyrrcne snauennx npn ncranonnenni cnopinenocri.
VHL6Si' OHL6Si'. Hanpnxna, cni nnsnarn cnopinennmn nocnyry
40-ro xnacy MKTH B-(/$J<B@ +!7;9I5 i nocnyry 42-ro xnacy MKTH
'!2$;F/(&&1 !21I9, rax xx nonn ninocxrtcx o onic ranysi - E5331
!21I9.
DHP'$ OHL6Si'. Hanpnxna, ronap 3-ro xnaccy MKTH B!7'$35B(
moxna nnaxarn cnopinennm s nocnyrom 44 xnacy MKTH 7(;!&5 B-(75,
romy mo, xx xocmernuni ronapn, rax i nocnyrn s xocmernunoro ornxannx,
mo naamrtcx canonamn xpacn, npnsnaueni nx onic i ric x nini ornx-
annx sonnimntoro nnrnxy nmnnn, i y canonax xpacn xocmernuni ronapn c
ocnonnnm sacoom nx sicnennx raxnx nocnyr.
Taxox, ronap 12-ro xnacy MKTH (/3!'!G@;@ moxe nnaxarncx cnopi-
nennm s nocnyrom 37-ro xnacy MKTH 3$C&@K&$ 2!I;12(&&1 @ ;(I!-
2#$&&1 (/3!'!G@;@/, xx raxn, mo nonxsann s nnm nnom nocnyr.

180
B ninomy x, nnaxacrtcx, mo xpecnonymunmn xnacamn ronapin i nocnyr
c nacrynni. Cepe nnx i rpea perentno nnsnauarn cnopinenicrt:
c6'L
BcDV
cH$"LOH@-S.gKf
J @K: /6'L BcDV
c6'L
BcDV
cH$"LOH@-S.gKf
J @K: /6'L BcDV
1 2, 3, 5, 17, 19 17 1, 2, 6, 19
2 1, 3, 17 18 25
3 1, 2, 5, 21 19 1, 17
5 1, 3, 10 20 6
6 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 21 21 3, 6
7 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 24 25
8 7, 12 25 18, 24
9 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 29 30
10 5, 9 30 29
11 6, 7, 9 32 33
12 1, 2, 5, 19 33 32

Hopxox i npn peccrpani /P'6>k>/HP'@HiH J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@-
@] NHP'$S ra/ao npana na nnxopncrannx xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx (pnc.
17).
unnne saxonoancrno ne osnonxc nnsnaunrn nnacnnxa reorpa]iunoro
sasnauennx: xoxen is cycxrin npanoninocnn, xxi crocymrtcx reorpa]iunnx
sasnauent mac samano nonnonaxent nx nnsnauennx oro nnacnnxom.
Bnponnxn ronapy ne mamrt npana posnopxxarncx reorpa]iunnm sa-
snauennxm ra cnomn npanamn na ntoro (mamrt npano na peccrpanim i nnxo-
pncrannx) i ne moxyrt yrn nnacnnxamn.
epxana ne c nnacnnxom, o ne mac xono s osnax, xapaxrepnnx nx
nnacnnxa: nonoinnx, xopncrynannx, posnopxxennx. He c nnacnnxom napo:
reorpa]iuni nasnn ninocxrtcx o xyntrypno cnamnnn, a ne c ocxrom
nnacnocri. I nce x raxn came epxana nnac npano nnxopncrannx sasnauennx
cycxram ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri.
Hpano na peccrpanim xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy
mamrt npano:
ocoa un rpyna oci, xxi n sasnauenomy micni nnponxmrt ronap s oco-
nnnnmn xxocrxmn, xxi nonxsani s nnm micnem;
aconiani cnoxnnauin;
ycranonn, mo mamrt esnocepenc ninomennx o nnponennx un nn-
nuennx ninoninnx nnpoin, rexnonoriunnx nponecin ao reorpa]iunnx micnt.
Hpano na nnxopncrannx sapeccrponannx HMH ra I3H mamrt nnponn-
xn nnpoin s oconnnnmn xxocrxmn, symonnennmn oconnnocrxmn reorpa]i-
unoro micnx. Vmonn:
oonxsxona peccrpanix npana na nnxopncrannx;
oconnni xxocri nnpoin ninoniamrt rnm, mo nneceni o Peccrpy.
181

Vxpanctxn incrnryr npomncnono
nnacnocri

epxannn enapramenr
inrenexryantno nnacnocri
Excneprnsa
saxnn
Bncnonox
excneprnsn
(nosnrnnnn)
Bcranonnennx
arn noannx
Binoninicrt
ymonam naannx
oxoponn
Hicrann nx
nimonn
C nnonom
nasnom ronapy
Cynepeunrt
nyniunomy
nopxxy,
npnnnnnam
rymannocri i
mopani
Crnopmc
nomnnxone
yxnnennx, mo
ronap
nnroronneno n
inmomy micni
Peccrpanix y peccrpi.
Bxasymrt:
saxnnene sasnauennx s xon-
xpernsanicm I3H un HMH;
nasna ronapy onnc
oconnnnx xxocre;
ara pimennx npo
peccrpanim I3H un HMH;
niomocri npo oci, mo
nnxopncronymrt,
sasnauennx i ara pimennx.
Hynixanix n
o]ininomy mnereni
Bnaua cnionrna na
npano nnxopncrannx
3axnnnx

oarxoni marepiann

3axna npo peccrpanim
HMH, I3H ra/ao npana
na x nnxopncrannx.
Micrnrt:
saxnneni HMH un I3H
nasny ra mexi micnx,
e nnponxrnmertcx
ronap s oconnnnmn
xxocrxmn;
onnc oconnnnx
xxocre ra x snxsox s
reorpa]iunnm micnem.
Hirnepxennx, mo saxnnnx nnponxc ronap,
nx xxoro npocnrt sapeccrpynarn HMH, I3H
ra/ao npano na x nnxopncrannx.
Bncnonxn ynonnonaxenoro oprany npo
snxsox xxocre ronapy s reorpa]iunnm micnem,
ra croconno mex ntoro micnx.

Pnc. 17. Hopxox i npn peccrpani xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx
ra nayrrx npan na oro nnxopncrannx

3apeccrpynarn npano na nnxopncrannx xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx no-
xoxennx moxe yt-xxa xintxicrt oci, xxi nnponxmrt npoyxnim is saxn-
nennmn oconnnocrxmn y anomy reorpa]iunomy micni.
Inosemni pasom is saxnxom samicrt nxasannx oarxonnx marepianin no-
amrt nirnepxennx oxoponn xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx ro-
napy y ninonini inosemni epxani ra cnoro npana na oro nnxopncrannx.

182
2.4.5. V$'P' N' H&HP]J/K P6'L@K/>P LP>-H^NP @' J'LH&K
>@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7

Hpana nnacnnxin cnionrn na NH$iHP"6U@S :'$/S naneeni na pnc. 18.
Hinensinn oronip nnsnauac ymonn, na xxnx nepeacrtcx npano nnxopnc-
rannx ronapnoro snaxy.
Hanpnxna: Volkswagen Group npnana nci axrnnn Rolls Royce Motor
Car Company (sano, onanannx, erani, incrpymenrn), ane na cni nonn ne
smorna npnarn niomn ronapnn snax Rolls Royce. Bnxnnnoct, mo nnm
ronapnnm snaxom nonoic xomnanix no posponi niraxin Rolls Royce, nesa-
nexna onnnnx. 3a ymonom yron ix ninensi na snax npnnnnxcrtcx npn
smini nnacnnxa anromointno xomnani.
Hinensinn oronip nonnnen micrnrn ymony npo sepexennx xxocri
ronapin i nocnyr, nnroronnennx un naannx sa ninensinnm oronopom ra
xonrpont sa nnm s oxy nnacnnxa snaxa.
In]opmanix npo nnani ninensi ra nepeauy npana nnacnocri na snax
nynixycrtcx n o]ininomy mnereni niomcrn. xmo nepeacrtcx npano
nnacnocri uacrxono, ro na nm uacrnny nnacrtcx cnionrno na imx ocon,
xxi nepeano ne npano.
Bnacnnx cnionrna, xxn sicnmc nocepennntxy ixntnicrt, mac npa-
no na ocnoni oronopy s nnponnxom ronapin ao ocoom, mo naac nocnyrn,
nnxopncronynarn cni snax nopx ao samicrt snaxy sasnauennx oci.
Onnm s napianrin saxonnoro nnxopncrannx uyxoro ronapnoro snaxy c
]panuasnnr (xomepnina xonnecix) [28]: yroa, sa xxo nnponnx un posno-
ncmxynau ronapy ao nocnyrn, saxnmennx ronapnnm snaxom, ac excxnm-
snnni npana na posnoncmxennx cnoc npoyxni un nocnyr nesanexnnm ni-
npncmnxm (pospinnm roprinnxm) sa ymonn orpnmannx ymon nnponnnrna
ao ocnyronynannx i orpnmyc sa ne onnary (poxnri).
Haintma xintxicrt ]ipm, mo npanmmrt sa cncremom ]panuasnnry,
cepe ninpncmcrn xapuynannx ra marasnnin. Hanpnxna: n Ancrpi 90% sa-
rantno roprinni na ninpncmcrnax mnnxoro ocnyronynannx sicnmcrtcx
na ymonax ]panuasnnry. V Poci ]panuasnnr sanouarxynann Bononmnp
onrant i nayxono-nnponnua ]ipma oxa s peanisanicm nporpam oxa-
nina ra oxa-xni. Hoxynni ycrarxynannx nx ninepi ra mini-
xnionexapent na ocnoni ]panuasnnry nnxopncronymrt ronapnn snax
oxa-nina ra oxa-xni xx nnnicxy ra arpnyr pexnamn, nepconan nnnuac
rexnonorim y cnenianisonanomy nenrpi, saesneuymrtcx ynaxonxom, pospo-
nmmrtcx isnec-nnann romo.

183

Bnxopncronynarn
ropronn snax
Hpocrannxrn
nonepexynantne
mapxynannx
Bnacnnx cnionrna
na snax nx
ronapin ra nocnyr
mac npano
3aoponxrn inmnm
ocoam es oro
sron
Bnmararn npnnnnen-
nx nopymennx cnox
npan ra nimxoynan-
nx sanoixnnx snrxin
Bnanarn ninensi
na nnxopncrannx
Hepeanarn npano
nnacnocri na snax
Bimonnrnct ni
cnionrna
Hanocnrn na ronap, nx
xxoro sapeccrponano,
ynaxonxy, nnnicxy,
ernxerxy romo
3epirarn mapxonann
ronap s merom npoaxy
imnopry ra excnopry
3acroconynarn n inoni
oxymenrani, pexnami,
mepexi Inrepner,
omennnx imenax
Bnxopncronynarn
croconno naneennx y
cnionrni ronapin i nocnyr
Bnxopncronynarn snax
croconno cnopinennx
ronapin i nocnyr, xxmo ne
moxe nnecrn n omany
Bnxopncronynarn nosna-
uennx, cxoxi is sapeccrpo-
nannm snaxom, croconno
naneennx y cnionrni ra
cnopinennx ronapin i
nocnyr, xxmo ne npnsno-
nrt o cnnyrynannx
Oconcro
arn sroy na ne ocoi,
xxa npnana ninensim
Honnicrm
Binocno uacrnnn ronapin
i nocnyr, sasnauennx y
cnionrni

Pnc. 18. Hpana nnacnnxin cnionrn na ropronentny mapxy

184
Hpanoni i inoni ninocnnn mix cycxramn ]panuasnnry nnsnauamrt-
cx ]panmnsnom yroom, sa xxom ]panuasep, mo mac posponeny cncremy
neennx nenno ixntnocri, osnonxc inmi ocoi (]panuasi) nnxopncrony-
narn nm cncremy ninonino o cnox nnmor n omin na nnnaropoy.
Inoi ]panuasnnr rpaxrymrt, xx cxnany ]opmy ninensino yron
ninensicm na nnxopncrannx cncremn, xxa nxnmuac npana IB, ane ne omexy-
crtcx nnmn.
V CBA ]panmnsa ne nepenaxne npano na nnxopncrannx ropronoro
snaxa ra inmnx emnem, cnmnonin, nsany, norornnin ra inmnx sacoin ie-
nrn]ixani; meroin pexnamn ra neennx isnecy; crnnm ra o]opmnennx in-
repcpy; narenrin i noy-xay romo. Bci ni ocxrn saxnmeni xx inrenexryantna
nnacnicrt.
V upanni ]panmnsa ne cninnpanx ninpncmcrna-]panuasepa i ono-
ro ao xintxox ninpncmcrn ]panuasi. upanuasep posnopxxacrtcx ro-
napnnm snaxom, snaxom ocnyronynannx, nnnicxom i oconnno noy-xay, xxn-
mn ]panuasi nonnnen xopncrynarncx ni oro xonrponem.
Fpnranctxa aconianix ]panuasnnry raxox nisnauac, mo ]panmnsa ac
osnin nnxopncronynarn cnenn]iune namenynannx, mo aconimcrtcx ao na-
nexnrt ]panuasepy.
B Vxpani raxox posnnnacrtcx ]panuasnnronn isnec: mepexa cneni-
anisonannx marasnnin npoaxy i cepnicnoro ocnyronynannx xomnmrepin,
renenisopin, noyrono enexrponno rexnixn niomnx ]ipm, ninpncmcrna
cepnicnoro ocnyronynannx anromoinin inosemnnx mapox, peanisani ra o-
poxn ]oromarepianin (Koax, uyxi ra in.), cromaronoriunnx xainerin
Cabot. Ha ocnoni ]panuasnnry npanmmrt ninpncmcrna, mo nnroronnx-
mrt ra peanisymrt esanxorontni nano Koxa-Kona i Henci-Kona (m no-
crannxmrt nenrpanisonano nnroronnenn ]panuasepom xonnenrponann
cnpon), mepexa pecropanin McDonalds.
ix cnionrna na snax npnnnnxcrtcx:
sa nimonn nnacnnxa ni cnionrna;
npn necnnari sopy sa npoonxennx crpoxy oro i;
sa pimennxm cyy y snxsxy is nepernopennxm snaxa y sarantnonxnna-
ne nosnauennx;
y pasi esnicrannoro nennxopncrannx nporxrom 3 poxin ni arn ny-
nixani npo nnauy cnionrna.
Hicnx npnnnnennx i cnionrna nixro inmn, oxpim xonnmntoro nnac-
nnxa cnionrna, ne mac npana na nonropny peccrpanim snaxa nporxrom 3-x
poxin nicnx npnnnnennx i cnionrna.
Oonxsox nnacnnxa cnionrna na ropronentny mapxy opoconicno
xopncrynarncx npanamn, mo nnnnnnamrt is cnionrna.
Bnacnnx cnionrna na npano nnxopncrannx /P'6>k>/HP'@HiH J'J@'g"@-
@] OHQH-h"@@] NHP'$S raxox mac npano nnxopncronynarn sapeccrponane sa-
185
snauennx noxoxennx, saoponxrn raxe nnxopncrannx ocoam, xxi ne mamrt
na ne npana ra nnmararn npnnnnennx nnx nopyment i nimxoynannx marepi-
antno i mopantno mxon, mac npano nanocnrn nonepexynantne mapxynan-
nx.
Posnopxxennx reorpa]iunnm sasnauennxm nemoxnnne. Hi npana ne c nn-
xnmunnmn (mononontnnmn), o ninocxrtcx o xona cycxrin npana: peccrpa-
nix npan na nnxopncrannx xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy ne
omexyc npan inmnx oci na peccrpanim x npan na oro nnxopncrannx.
unnne saxonoancrno ne osnonxc nnsnaunrn nnacnnxa reorpa]iunoro
sasnauennx: xoxen is cycxrin npanoninocnn, xxi crocymrtcx reorpa]iunnx
sasnauent mac samano nonnonaxent nx nnsnauennx oro nnacnnxom. Bnpo-
nnxn ronapy ne mamrt npana posnopxxarncx reorpa]iunnm sasnauennxm
ra cnomn npanamn na ntoro (mamrt npano na peccrpanim i nnxopncrannx) i
ne moxyrt yrn nnacnnxamn. epxana ne c nnacnnxom, o ne mac xono s
osnax, xapaxrepnnx nx nnacnnxa: nonoinnx, xopncrynannx, posnopxxen-
nx. He c nnacnnxom napo: reorpa]iuni nasnn ninocxrtcx o xyntrypno
cnamnnn, a ne c ocxrom nnacnocri. I nce x raxn came epxana nnac npa-
no nnxopncrannx sasnauennx cycxram ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri.
Bnacnnx cnionrna na npano nnxopncrannx sapeccrponanoro xnani]ixo-
nanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy ne mac npana nnanarn ninensim na
nnxopncrannx nosnauennx i ne mac npana nepemxoxarn ynonnonaxennm
opranam sicnmnarn xonrpont xxocri ronapy.
Bin soonxsann saesneuynarn ninoninicrt xxocri i oconnnnx nnac-
rnnocre ronapy, mo nnponxcrtcx, x onncy n Peccrpi.
ix peccrpani xnani]ixonanoro sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy moxe
yrn npnnnnena cyom:
y pasi nrparn xapaxrepnnx nx reorpa]iunoro micnx oconnnocre i
moxnnnocre nnroronnennx ronapy;
nnsnannx sasnauennx nnonom nasnom ronapy;
Hpano na nnxopncrannx reorpa]iunoro nosnauennx nrpauacrtcx;
pasom s npnnnnennxm i peccrpani oro nosnauennx;
y pasi nixniani mpnnuno ocon;
y pasi noannx nnacnnxom cnionrna saxnn npo nimony ni npana na
nnxopncrannx sasnauennx;
npn necnnari sopy sa npoonxennx crpoxy.

2.4.6. VH$Sj"@@] N' J'QKLN O$'P P6'L@K/' LP>-H^NP'
@' J'LH&K >@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7

Hopymennx npan nnacnnxa cnionrna na ropronentny mapxy ao reo-
rpa]iune sasnauennx noxoxennx c yt-xxi nocxrannx na oro npana, nn-

186
snaueni saxonoancrnom, soxpema nunnennx i, na xxi norpino marn osnin
nnacnnxa cnionrna ao niroronxa o nnx i.
Kintxa npnxnain.
1. Cyona cnpana n Inano-upanxinctxy (2005p.): ninpncment na nnnic-
xax marasnny anrosanuacrnn ra xonrenepy na anroasapi posmicrnn nororn-
nn anromoinin: Lanos, Sens, Cnanyra, Tanpix, 3A3. Anromointna
xopnopanix Vxp. Anro, xyn nxonrt 3AT 3A3 noana nosnn sa nesa-
xonne nnxopncrannx ropronentno mapxn, ocxintxn roprinent anrosanuacrn-
namn ne c o]ininnm nnepom.
Kpnminantnn xoexc (u.1 cr. 229) nepeauac mrpa] ni 200 o 1000
neonoarxonannx minimymin oxoin rpomaxn (3,417 rnc. rpn) ao nnnpa-
nni poorn crpoxom o 2-ox poxin ao nosannennx noni na ro camn crpox,
s xon]icxanicm ninonino npoyxni ra snapxt i marepianin, xxi nnxopnc-
ronynannct nx nnroronnennx. 3A3 nnmaran 10 rnc. rpn.
2. na anrncrn s Bennxo Fpnrani nnrpann nponec nporn ]pannystxo
]ipmn Lacoste sa npano nnxopncronynarn xpoxonna, xx ronapnn snax.
Hponec rxrnyncx 3 poxn. Cy nnpimnn, mo ninoniau ra nosnnau nacrintxn
nianeni onn ni onoro, mo nepennyrarn x nemoxnnno: noxynent oxry
ni Lacoste nanpx un norpannrt y manentxn cromaronoriunn xainer y
rpa]crni Inocrepmnp.
3. upannystxa xomnanix Louis Vuitton nnrpana nosnn nporn Fpirni
Cnipc, xxy snnnynarnnn y ]antcn]ixani ronapnoro snaxy: y xnini cninauxa
cnnrt sa xepmom poxenoro Xammepa i na xintxa cexyn y xapi
sxnnxcrtcx npnopna omxa, xxa narayc ]ipmonn nsan Louis Vuitton.
Cy soonxsan Sony BMG ra MTV Online npnnnnnrn rpancnxnim npoax
ponnxa ra nnnnarnrn mrpa] y t 80 rnc. s xoxno.
x nopymennx npana na ronapnn snax BOIB posrnxac:
peccrpanim ao nnxopncrannx uyxoro ronapnoro snaxy, nauacrime
sarantnoniomoro inosemnoro, xxn ne sapeccrponano ao ne nnxopncrony-
crtcx y xpani;
xonrpa]axrnn ronap roro nipoxa;
nipoxa ernxerox ra ynaxonxn.
Konrpa]axrnn (niponenn) ronap mac cenc y pasi, xonn icnn ro-
naponnponnx ra oro npoyxnix niomi xopncrynauam. Konrpa]axrnn ro-
nap me cnpannxc npaxennx cnpanxntoro. uacro ne ronapn, xxi ninocxrtcx
o npemerin posxomi ra mamrt sarantnoniomi ronapni snaxn, ao, nannaxn,
cnenianisonani ronapn (anromointni sanuacrnnn, necrnnnn romo).
Bnpoxo niomnmn npnxnaamn c niponeni cymxn Louis Vuitton, ro-
nnnnxn Rolex, Cartier, cnoprnnne nsyrrx Puma ra Reebok, cnoprnnni maxn
Lacoste romo.
Cnironn npoax niponennx cymox Louis Vuitton ra ronnnnxin Rolex
nepennmyc ocxr npoax cnpanxnix ronapin. Toro xonrpa]axnix c rnoa-
187
ntnnm exonomiunnm xnnmem i cranonnrt intm sa 5 % ni ocxry cnirono
roprinni. Hiponnxn ronapin ne rintxn nnoxrt n omany xopncrynaua, ane
raxox mxoxrt penyrani cnpanxntoro nnponnxa, ne nnarxrt noarxn ep-
xani romo. Konrpa]axnix c exonomiunnm snounnom.
Hiponmmrt raxox ernxerxn ra naxynannx xonxypenrnosarnnx rona-
pin, ane npn ntomy nipoxa ne crnopmc npaxennx cnpanxnocri ronapy.
Hauacrime niponnx nnxopncronyc imix inmoro ronaponnponnxa, oro
penyranim, ane npononyc ronap ni cnoro imeni xx neopoconicnn xon-
xypenr. uacro nnxopncronycrtcx ronapnn snax, xxn cxoxn o smimynan-
nx, nanpnxna, nnxopncronyc cnonecnn snax, xxn nnme exxom mipom
cxoxn, ane smimynannx nnnnxac xx nacniox nnxopncrannx cxoxnx un ie-
nrnunnx xontopin un rpa]iunnx enemenrin na ernxerni ao ynaxonni. Ernxe-
rxn ra ynaxonxa peccrpymrtcx xx ronapni snaxn pixo, rox posrnxarn nm
cnryanim moxna y ninoninocri is saxonoancrnom npo neopoconicny
xonxypennim.
un ne naintme norepnamrt ni mixnaponoro niparcrna y c]epi IB
CBA, mo symonneno rnm, mo CBA c cnironnm niepom s ]ynamenrantnnx
ra npnxnannx ocnixent i ocxr excnopry IB c snaunnm (me y xinni 80-x
poxin XX cr. nepennmynan 25 % nctoro ocxry amepnxanctxoro excnopry.
V nocrauanni xonrpa]axry o Cnponn c niepom Knra: 56 % ncic ne-
saxonno nnroronneno npoyxni. Cnncox nipoox ouonmmrt xomnaxr-
ncxn is sanncamn mysnxn i ]intmin (44 % ni sarantno xintxocri xonrpa]a-
xrin), cnrapern (23 %), oxr (10 %). 3pocrac xintxicrt niponennx irpamox
(na 136 % sa 2008 p.), enexrponpnnain, nixin. Bsarani-ro niepom nipone-
nnx menpenaparin c Inix.
3a nipaxynxamn exonomicrin ni nipoox cnponectxa npomncnonicrt
mopiuno sasnac snrxin na t35 mnp. Excneprn nnaxamrt, mo sminnrn cnry-
anim moxe xopcrxime saxonoancrno, o sapas nnponnnrno nipoox ]ax-
rnuno c esxapnnm [15, 26].
3a annmn incrnryry ocnixent pnnxy Valid Research y Himeuunni,
Ancrpi, Bnenapi ra Ionnani 60 % pecnonenrin nnsnann, mo cniomo
xynymrt niponeni ronapn. Ocnonna npnunna nina npoyxry.
Bnponnxn mopiuno nrpauamrt o t35 mnn, mo cranonnrt 2 % ni piu-
noro oopory.
V 2007 p. n m. 3oninren (Himeuunna) nixpnncx nepmn y cniri myse
]antcn]ixonannx ronapin (npomncnonoro nnariary), e npecranneno 250
excnonarin oxr, nsyrrx, noyrona rexnixa, enexrponixa. He nipoxn xx
cnironnx penin, rax i neopornx mapox ronapin, mo npoamrtcx y niment-
xnx cynepmapxerax
1
.

1
sa marepianamn xypnany "Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt", 2009 p. N 2

188
Oconnnom ]opmom nnxopncrannx ronapnnx snaxin c x nnxopncrannx
y mepexi Inrepner, soxpema y omennnx imenax (cr. 16 3V).
uopmn nopymennx npan nnacnnxa sapeccrponanoro snaxa, nonxsani s
Inrepnerom:
nanmncna peccrpanix omennnx imen, xxi cxoxi ao ienrnuni snaxam,
mo nanexart inmi ocoi, s merom oepxannx ni ne rpome xiepniparc-
rno ao xiepsaxonnennx (anrn. cyber squatting);
peccrpanix omenin, cninsnyunnx s npisnnmamn, imenamn, ncenoni-
mamn niomnx nme, s merom nacrynno nepenpoaxi ao ncxpenrani
ocon. Bicynrn raxn omen moxna rintxn npn peccrpani cnoro npisnnma
xx roprono mapxn (xx ne sponnn Maonna ra xynix Poeprc);
saxonnennx omenin, cninsnyunnx s omenamn nxe nonynxpnnx In-
repner-pecypcin nipisnxmrtcx onicm-noma nirepamn, naxnnicrm e]ica
romo (tape squatting). Tancxnorrepn mamrt nennxn rpa]ix na carax sa
paxynox nomnnox xopncrynauin npn naopi. Haniomimn rancxnorrep
xon Hyxxapini mac xintxa rncxu omennnx imen, cxoxnx s niomnmn ca-
ramn. 3a paxynox Inrepner-pexnamn mac oxi $ 1 mnn mopiuno. Homy nane-
xart raxi carn xx rikymartin.com, britiney spears.com romo. 3apas nporn
Hyxxapini neyrtcx ecxrxn cnpan. Mixnaponn apirpaxnn ]opym nn-
snan Hyxxapini xiepcxnorrepom i nonepnyn exxi omenni imena sanixanne-
nnm ocoam. Horo ixntnicrt nnsnana maxpactxom i cy soonxsan nnnna-
rnrn $ 1,9 mnn mrpa]in na xopncrt nosnnauin.
V 2007 p. xomnanix Microsoft nncrynnna is saxnom, mo y cyonomy no-
pxxy ye nepecniynarn nnacnnxin omennnx imen, mo mamrt ninomennx
o penin ra inrenexryantno nnacnocri inmnx xomnani: oronocnna niny
xiepcxnorrepam CBA ra Cnponn.
Be xintxa npnxnain.
1. Onn s nepmnx npnxnain rancxnorrinry: car penquin.com na ony
yxny nipisnxcrtcx ni nasnn niomoro y Bennxi Fpnrani nnannnnrna
Penquin Books. Cy nepean omen nnannnnrny.
2. 3ipxa Hanionantno xoxeno nirn (NHL) xomana Pittsburgh Penguins
nicynna omen NHL Penguins.com y pocictxo xomnani, xxa posramynana
ram nocnnannx na nopnocarn ra nponosnnim moo npoaxy omena. Exc-
neprn BOIB sponnn nncnonox, mo car yno sapeccrponano s merom nepe-
npoaxy. Hanionantna xoxena nira s 1924 p. nnxopncronyc snax NHL, a
cnono Penguins sapeccrponane xx ronapnn snax nircyprctxo xomann
me y 1967 p.
3. Hpo]ecionantnn xiepcxnorrep Crinen Iperopi s Operona c nnacnn-
xom corent omenin, cninsnyunnx s reorpa]iunnmn nasnamn, xxi nin nncrannn
na npoax. Ha ncix apecax snaxoxrtcx nocnnannx na nopnocarn. Bapricrt
omenin ni $ 2200 o $ 350 000. 3oxpema omenn, mo cninnaamrt s na-
snamn micr ra mrarin CBA, ne smornn nicynrn, xoua mano micne sanoi-
189
xnnx mxon imixy y nnrnxi posramynannx nopnorpa]i. 3 11 cyonnx npo-
necin, mo synn ypx, nanocx nicynrn nnme omen barcelona.com.
4. Anenxninn cy CBA nnsnan sa xonnepnom Volkswagen npano na
omen vw.net, xxn saxonnna xomnanix Virtual Works Inc, xxa ne ixna ni
mapxom VW, a snpanacx nepenpoarn omen Volkswagen of America. Cy
nnsnan snounnnn ymncen.
5. B Poci y 2002 p. Hnrepner-mpo Well sapeccrpynano inx 5000 o-
menin, xxi cninnaamrt s ]aminixmn niomnx nonirnxin, nuennx, aprncrin ra
inmnx nyniunnx ixuin ninro nx xxoroct nexomepninoro npoexry, ane
nxe opasy x rorone yno o oronopennx ninn, sa xxy carn yyrt nepe-
ani nnm ocoam ao x xonxypenram. o peui y CBA sxnnnacx nona rene-
nnix: npn napoxenni nrnnn artxn opasy noxynamrt omy nepconantnn
omen ra sanoxrt apecy enexrponno nomrn. Hanirt onpamun imx nepe-
nipxmrt, un nintnn ninoninn omen y xxict is nonynxpnnx son.
3xnnnncx nanirt cnenianisonani pecypcn rnny Tot Sites.com un Baby Home
Pages.net, xxi sroni rpnmarn nrxui cropinxn s ocnonnom in]opmanicm sa
nenennxy nnarnm y xintxa onapin ao nanirt esxomronno.
6. V cepenni 90-x poxin oxpemi ocon neopoconicno sasanerit sa-
peccrpynann y sonax com.ua, kiev.ua romo, snauny xintxicrt omennnx imen,
xxi micxrt ronapni snaxn mo m ne nanexart, ra nasnn ]ipm s merom nepe-
npoax nnacnnxam ]ipmonnx namenynant ra ronapnnx snaxin, xonn nonn
npnyrt na pnnox Vxpann.
7. Conomxnctxn paonnn cy Kncna 03 xonrnx 2012 poxy saonont-
nnn noson nnacnnxa naintmoro n cniri Inrepner-ayxniony amepnxanct-
xo eBay Inc., mo c nnacnnxom ropronentnnx mapox sa Cnionrnamn Vxpann
NN 28607 i 111782 (Pnc. 19,a i Pnc. 19,), o epxanno cnyxn inrenexry-
antno nnacnocri Vxpann, ]isnuno ocon i xomnani-peccrparopa omennnx
imen ebay.com.ua ra ebay.co.ua. Cy nnsnan neicnnm cnionrno na sapeccr-
ponany n Vxpani cxoxy na eBay ropronentny mapxy (Pnc. 19,n), xxa nane-
xnrt ]isocoi, a raxox soonxsan nepearn npana nnacnocri na cnipni o-
menni imena amepnxanctxi xomnani.




Cnionrno Vxpann N
28607
Cnionrno Vxpann N
111782
Cnionrno Vxpann N
150439
a) ) n)
Pnc. 19. Topronentni mapxn, mo nanexart xomnani eBay I nc. (a) i ), ra cnipna ropro-
nentna mapxa, mo nanexnrt ]isnuni ocoi (n)



190
Be onicm ]opmom nnxopncrannx ropronentnnx mapox n Inrepneri c x
posramynannx y ne-carax raxnm unnom, mo na nnx y nepmy uepry snep-
rann ynary nomyxoni cncremn i sintmynann xintxicrt niniynauin.
Biomi raxox nnnaxn imirani ne-carin nnacnnxa sacoy innniyani-
sani s uacrxonom saminom oro smicry.
Hanpnxna, npornnnnxn rnoanisani crnopnnn ne-car, mo imiryc ne-
car COT.
Bnxopncrannx snaxin nx ronapin i nocnyr ninnac sminn n mapxernnry
ra isneci.
V xnnsi Kamina Ipica [15], renepantnoro npexropa BOIB, nxasani
J P'h6KP> N"@-"@^>7.

1. 3pocrannx rexnonoriuno cxnanocri arartox nnpoin, mo npono-
nymrtcx o npoaxy.
2. Hepenara Inrepnery xx xanany mapxernnry ra ncrpnmni.
3. Hoxna rexnonori crnopennx penin xx rnoantnoro mapxernnronoro
xyntrypnoro ]enomena .

Hami cyuacnnxn nnpimymrt saauy npnannx npoyxni snauno rex-
nonoriuno cxnanocri i xopncrymrtcx penamn, xxi nnxnnxamrt y nnx o-
nipy, onpamrt xapuoni npoyxrn, y xxocri xxnx nnenneni sanxxn penam
ao ceprn]ixaninnm xonexrnnnnm snaxam.
Ceprn]ixanini snaxn in]opmymrt cnoxnnaua npo re, mo ann nnpi
noninmeno sa onomorom rexnonori, mo nnaxacrtcx nepeonom y ranysi.
Bnacnnx snaxa c nnacnnxom ocnonnoro npoyxry, a xonn nepeac snax, ro
ouonmc niny nnsxy onomixnnx npoyxrin, xxi ope npanmmrt y cnony-
uenni s nnm ocnonnnm npoyxrom.
Toro snax nx ronapi i nocnyr nnxonyc ]ynxnim crnmynmnannx, crno-
pennx nsacmoimunx rexniunnx cncrem ra onouacno cnpnxc nnpoy ronapin
cnoxnnauem.
Xapaxrep i ymonn npoaxy ronapin i nocnyr ninxonnro sminnnncx sa-
nxxn Inrepnery. Hi sminn rnnoxo nnnnnynn na snaxn nx ronapin ra no-
cnyr. Cnoxnnaui nennxom mipom noxnaamrtcx na snaxn xx saci ienrn]i-
xani nocrauantnnxin, oconnno sa ymonn nipryantnnx pnnxin, xonn nemox-
nnno ornxnyrn ronap nepe npnannxm. 3a nnx ymon ninpncmcrna smymeni
]opmynarn cnom penyranim (rynin) i snaxn c nenicmnom uacrnnom enexr-
ponno xomepni ra moxyrt marn intmn nnnnn ra intmy ninnicrt, nix y
marepiantnomy cniri. 3nauno sintmnnacx xintxicrt saxnox na peccrpanim
snaxin nx ronapin i nocnyr xxi nomnpmmrtcx na npoyxrn i nocnyrn, posno-
ncmxynani uepes Inrepner.
191
Bnnnxnn xon]nixrn nnacnnxin snaxin nx ronapin i nocnyr, mo nnxopn-
cronymrtcx n enexrponni roprinni, sa nnacnnxamn omennnx imen, xxi c ie-
nrnunnmn ao cxoxnmn s icnymunm snaxom. Inma nponema nonxrac y romy,
mo snax nx ronapin i nocnyr mac repnropiantny peccrpanim, a Inrepner c
rnoantnnm. B pisnnx xpanax moxyrt yrn sapeccrponani onaxoni snaxn,
mo mamrt pisnnx nnacnnxin ra inme snauennx, ane nci nonn nperenymrt na
onaxone omenne imx.
Bnnnxamrt ananoriuni nponemn i croconno nnxopncrannx ocinnx
imen, reorpa]iunnx sasnauent noxoxennx, ]ipmonnx namenynant, nasn
mixnaponnx opranisani, mixnaponnx nasn nixin.
Hanpnxna, xomnanix Lexus y 2007 p. noana nosnn na nnacnnxin no-
pnocary Lexus Cash s snnnynauennxm y nopymenni npan na ropronentny
mapxy Lexus ra nanecenni mxon imixy anronnponnxa. Ha cari snaxo-
xrtcx ]ororpa]i amepnxanctxo nopnosipxn Hexcyc Kem ra nopyr. Hac-
nixom crano snaune spocrannx niniynauin cary.
Cnenn]iunom renennicm c xyntronn xapaxrep penin: xomnani
crnopmmrt ninnocri ne y cnox nnpoax, a y cnox penax, nonn synamrt
ne ronapn, a imix. uacro crnepxymrt, mo pen c ninnimnm nx cnoxnna-
ua nix cam nnpi, niomn pen nnpoin, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx, cnpnxc ca-
mocrnepxennm. Hynixa nounnac cynrn npo pen ra xomnanim sa x imi-
xem, a ne sa rnm, xxi xxocri mac npoyxr i un c nin rapnnm. Toro rpea
oxoponxrn ycraneny penyranim ra xopnoparnnnn imix, nirpnmynarn nin-
nn pen, ane esnocepento moxe ne crocynarncx xxocri ra xapaxrepncrnx
npoyxrin.
x nopymennx npan nnacnnxa cnionrna na sasnauennx noxoxennx ro-
napin xnani]ixycrtcx nnxopncrannx sapeccrponanoro sasnauennx:
ocoom, xxa ne mac cnionrna npo npano na oro nnxopncrannx;
nx ronapy, xxn ne noxonrt is sapeccrponanoro nx ntoro reorpa]i-
uno sasnauenoro micnx;
nx niminnnx ni onncannx y Peccrpi onopinnx ronapin, xxmo ne
nnonrt n omany cnoxnnauin moo noxoxennx ra oconnnnx nnacrnnocre
ronapy ao sanac mxon penyrani sapeccrponanoro sasnauennx un nenpano-
mipno nnxopncronyc nm penyranim. 3acrepexennx crocycrtcx raxox i nosna-
uent, mo c noinnmn o sapeccrponanoro. Hanpnxna, Hyxancxax-7 ra
Hyxancxax;
y nepexnai na inmi monn (cnenn]iuna ]opma nopyment);
n cnonyuenni s raxnmn nnpasamn xx pi, rnn, imiranix romo, a ra-
xox xx nnono nasnn.
Hopymennx npana nnacnnxa cnionrna na saci innniyanisani rxrne sa
coom nnnintny, aminicrparnnny ao xpnminantny ninoniantnicrt. Bnac-
nnx cnionrna mac npano nnmararn ni nopymnnxa:

192
npnnnnennx i, mo nopymymrt npano ao crnopmmrt sarposy oro
nopymennx;
nnnyuennx s oiry ao xon]icxanim ronapy, nenpanomipno mapxonanoro;
nimxoynannx snrxin nxnmuamun neoepxani oxon.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Hasnarn ocxrn sacoin innniyanisani nnnintnoro oiry, ronapin ra
nocnyr.
2. arn nnsnauennx xomepninoro namenynannx ra nasnarn cycxrin
nnacnocri na ntoro.
3. xnm nnmoram nonnnno ninoniarn xomepnine namenynannx?
4. Hasnarn ocxrn ropronentno mapxn ra rnnn ropronentnnx mapox.
5. Bo macrtcx na ynasi ni reorpa]iunnm sasnauennxm? unm nipisnx-
mrtcx oro pisnonnn?
6. Vmonn naannx ra crpox oxoponn xomepninoro namenynannx, ropri-
nentno mapxn ra reorpa]iunoro sasnauennx noxoxennx.
7. xi nosnauennx ne moxyrt oepxarn oxopony, ane moxyrt nxonrn o
snaxy xx enemenrn, xxi ne oxoponxmrtcx?
8. xnm unnom oxoponxmrt sarantnoniomi snaxn ra ri, xxi c ope ni-
omnmn n Vxpani?
9. Bo xnnxc coom nonepexynantne mapxynannx moo roprinentnoro
snaxy i xonn oro sacroconymrt?
10. xi nponemn nnnnxamrt croconno nnxopncrannx sacoin innniyani-
sani n Inrepneri?
11. Hopxox oepxannx oxoponnnx oxymenrin na sacon innniyanisani.
12. xi npana mac nnacnnx cnionrna na TM?
13. Bo c nopymennxm npan nnacnnxa cnionrna na ropronentnn snax un
reorpa]iune sasnauennx?
14. uopmn nopyment, nonxsani s Inrepnerom.












193
2.5. V$'PH O$KOK@"@@] @"-H&$HLHP>L@H7 /H@/S$"@^>7

Heopoconicna xonxypennix c enemenrom npomncnono nnacnocri. 3a
Hapnstxom xonnennicm (nn. 10 bis(3)) xpann-yuacnnni nonnnni saoponx-
rn yt-xxi i, mo moxyrt yt-xxnm cnocoom nnxnnxarn smimynannx ni-
nocno ninpncmcrna, npoyxrin, npomncnono un roprinentno ixntnocri
xonxypenra.
Hapnstxa xonnennix nasnnac rnnn neopoconicno xonxypenni:
1) nci i, mo moxyrt yt-xxnm unnom nnxnnxarn smimynannx
]ipmonnx namenynant, npoyxrin, npomncnono i roprinentno ixntnocri
xonxypenra.
Hauacrime smimynannx nnxnnxcrtcx y nox c]epax:
nxasinxa xomepninoro noxoxennx;
sonnimni nnrnx ronapy ra cnoci naannx nocnyr;
2) nenpannni rnepxennx, mo moxyrt ncxpenrynarn ninpncmcrno,
npoyxnim, npomncnony ra roprinentny ixntnicrt xonxypenra;
3) nxasinxn ao rnepxennx, nnxopncrannx xxnx moxe nnecrn cycnint-
crno n omany croconno xapaxrepy, cnocoy nnroronnennx, nnacrnnocre,
npnarnocri o sacrocynannx ra xintxocri ronapin, soxpema nenpanomipne
nnxopncrannx ocxrnent inmo ocon (napasnrynannx sa paxynox imirani
nxasinox, npoyxrin, nnpoin, mo mamrt pnnxony napricrt), nnxopncrannx
uyxo penyrani;
4) nopymennx xomepnino racmnnni.
Bnonrn n omany moxyrt nanirt no cyri npannni rnepxennx. Hanpn-
xna, y arartox xpanax saoponeno oanarn o xnia ximiuni peuonnnn. Pex-
namne sanennennx moo roro, mo nennn copr xnia nnponennx es oa-
nannx ximiunnx peuonnn cy moxe rpaxrynarn xx nenpannne, o raxa pexna-
ma crnopmc npaxennx , nin pexnamonann npoyxr c unmoct ynixantnnm.
3rino s Hapnstxom xonnennicm (cr. 10 bis (1)) epxann Hapnstxoro
comsy nonnnni saesneunrn e]exrnnnn saxncr ni neopoconicno xonxy-
penni, xoua ne nonnnni sanx ntoro nnonrn cneniantne saxonoancrno.
>-OHP>-@H. Ha yt-xxn npoyxr, mo nenpanomipno nosnauenn ro-
napnnm snaxom ao ]ipmonnm namenynannxm, naxnaamrt apemr npn nne-
senni y xpany, e ni snaxn ra namenynannx mamrt saxonny oxopony, ra y
xpani, e sicnmnanocx nesaxonne mapxynannx, sa nnnxrxom nnnaxin npo-
nesennx rpansnrom. xmo nanionantne saxonoancrno ne npnnycxac naxna-
annx apemry, ro oro saminmmrt saoponom nnesennx. Ananoriuni i cy-
nponoxymrt npxme un noiune nnxopncrannx nenpannnnx nxasinox croco-
nno noxoxennx npoyxrin ao ocon nnponnxa.
Fintmicrt xpan mamrt cneniantni saxonn croconno saxncry ni neo-
poconicno xonxypenni.

194
3axon $3 /+H(90 '7* -"*3W$393'79-3@ >3-><$"-X7@ nnsnauac neo-
poconicny xonxypennim xx yt-xxi i, mo cynepeuart npannnam uecno ro-
pronentno ao ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri.
3axon raxox xonxpernsyc, xxi i mamrtcx na ynasi.
1. Henpanomipne nnxopncrannx inono penyrani ninpncmnx (cr. 4...7 nn-
mesraanoro saxony):
uyxnx nosnauent, pexnamnnx marepianin, ynaxonxn;
ronapy inmoro nnponnxa ni cnom nosnauennxm;
xonimnannx sonnimntoro nnrnxy nnpoy;
nopinnxntna pexnama, sa nnnxrxom nnnaxin, xonn naneeni y pexnami
niomocri npo ronapn un nocnyrn nirnepxeni ]axrnunnmn annmn, c
ocxrnnnnmn i xopncnnmn nx cnoxnnaua.
Bsarani nopinnxntna pexnama moxe yrn nox nnin:
nosnrnnne nocnnannx na uyxn npoyxr (rnepxennx, mo cni npo-
yxr raxn camo opn, xx i uyxn), moxe cynponoxynarncx nenpanomip-
nnm npnnnacnennxm uyxo penyrani;
nerarnnne nocnnannx (rnepxennx, mo cni npoyxr c xpamnm sa uy-
xn), roro xpnrnxycrtcx (ncxpenrycrtcx) npoyxr xonxypenra. x axr
ncxpenrani moxe posrnxarncx nanirt cam ]axr sraynannx xonxypenra
ncynepeu oro noni. V pxi xpan nopinnxntny pexnamy nnsnamrt axrom ne-
opoconicno xonxypenni, ane icnyc renennix moo osnony na npannny
nopinnxntny pexnamy.
B Poci, nanpnxna, ic saxon moo xonxypenni ra omexennx monono-
nicrnuno ixntnocri na ronapnnx pnnxax. Hporn neopoconicno xonxype-
nni cnpxmonano i px crare 3axony Pocictxo ueepani Hpo pexnamy,
xxi soxpema, crocymrtcx i, mo nnoxrt cnoxnnaua n omany: imirani (xo-
nimnannx ao nacniynannx sarantnoro npoexry, pexnamnnx rexcrin, sopa-
xent, mysnxantnnx ao snyxonnx e]exrin, mo nnxopncrani n pexnami inmnx
ronapin, nanirt xxmo x ne sapeccrponano xx ronapni snaxn), nanmncno ne-
npannna pexnama (nanpnxna, nnxopncrannx uyxnx, roprinentnnx snaxin),
neocronipna pexnama. Bnponnx ne mac npana sa onomorom nonepexyna-
ntnoro mapxynannx nxasynarn y pexnami, mo roprinentnn snax sapeccrpo-
nano, xxmo ne ne ninoniac icnocri.
2. Crnopennx nepemxo ninpncmnxm y nponeci xonxypenni i ocxr-
nennx nenpanomipnnx xonxypenrnnx nepenar (cr. 8...15 3V):
ncxpenranix ninpncmnx (nomnpennx y yt-xxi ]opmi nenpann-
nnx cniuent npo xonxypenra, xxi sanann ao moxyrt sanarn mxon oro
inoni penyrani);
xyninnx-npoax ronapin, naannx nocnyr s npnmyconnm acoprnmen-
rom, roro sa ymonn xyninni-npoaxy inmnx ronapin un naannx nocnyr, ne
norpinnx cnoxnnauy ao xonrparenry;
195
cxnnennx o oxory ninpncmnx-xonxypenra, roro o nimonn ni
ncranonnennx oronipnnx snxsxin;
cxnnennx nocrauantnnxa o ncxpnminani noxynnx (samonnnxa), roro
o naannx xonxypenry noxynnx nennnx nepenar es ocrarnix na re nicran;
cxnnennx ninpncmnx o posipnannx oronopy s xonxypenrom ao o
nnxonannx oronipnnx soonxsant nenanexnnm unnom s npononynannxm
marepiantno nnnaropon, xomnencani un inmnx nepenar;
nixyn npaninnnxa, nocrauantnnxa ao noxynnx, xxn mac ninonini
nonnonaxennx, s merom orpnmarn nenni nepenarn moo xonxypenra;
3. Henpanomipne snpannx, posronomennx ra nnxopncrannx xomepni-
no racmnnni.
Henpanomipnnm snpannxm niomocre nnaxacrtcx oynannx x npo-
rnnpannnm cnocoom, soxpema cxnnennx o posronomennx in]opmani oco-
n, xxi ni niomocri ynn onipeni y ncranonnenomy nopxxy.
3axonoancrno Vxpann nepeauac ninoniantnicrt sa neopoconicny
xonxypennim:
mrpa]n, xxi naxnaac Anrnmononontnn xomirer Vxpann (o 3% nn-
pyuxn ni peanisani ronapin un naannx nocnyr sa ocranni snirnn pix, mo
nepeynan poxy, n xxomy naxnaacrtcx mrpa] ao o 2000 neonoarxonannx
minimymin oxoin rpomaxn croconno mpnnunnx oci, mo ne c rocnoa-
pmmunmn ocxramn);
aminicrparnnna ninoniantnicrt rpomaxn sa nunneni i.
Hemoanno Anrnmononontnn xomirer Vxpann omrpa]ynan HpAT
Htninctxn nixepo-ropinuann sano na 100 rnc. rpn sa neopoconicny
xonxypennim. Birunsnxnn nnponnx ropinuano npoyxni nnxopncronynan
nosnauennx ABSOLUT ra nsan sonnimntoro o]opmnennx nnxmxn, xxi
panime nouan sacroconynarn y rocnoapctxi ixntnocri oro xonxypenr
inosemna xomnanix Absolut Company AB (m. Croxrontm, Bnenix) (Pnc.
20,a). He crocycrtcx npoyxni Htninctxoro nixepo-ropinuanoro sanoy ni
nasnamn: ABSOLUTE LVOV (Pnc. 20,), ABSOLUTE LVOV GOLD ra
ABSOLUTE LVOV PLATINUM. Ocxintxn xomnanix Absolut Company
AB ne naanana ninonino sron na nnxopncrannx ntoro nosnauennx, sa-
snaueni i ronapncrna nnsnani nopymennxm xonxypenrnoro saxonoancrna.
Taxa nenpanomipna noneinxa morna npnsnecrn o smimynannx ixntnocri
oox nnponnxin. Hi uac nnsnauennx posmipy mrpa]y npaxonano, mo rona-
pncrno nnsnano ra npnnnnnno nopymennx.

196


a) )
Pnc. 20. Hpoyxnix opnrinantna (a) ra xonrpa]axrna ()

3nrxn, sanoixni nnacniox neopoconicno xonxypenni, ninxramrt
nimxoynannm. V pasi ncranonnennx ]axry nenpanomipnoro nnxopncrannx
uyxnx nosnauent, pexnamnnx marepianin, ynaxonxn, ]axry xonimnannx nn-
poin sa saxnom norepninoro o Anrnmononontnoro xomirery ni ronapn nn-
nyuamrt xx y nnponnxa, rax i y npoannx. V pasi ncranonnennx ]axry nc-
xpenrani ninpncmnx Anrnmononontnn xomirer npnmac pimennx npo
o]inine cnpocrynannx sa paxynox nopymnnxa nomnpennx nnm nenpann-
nnx niomocre.

2.6. V$'PHPKf J'QKLN "/H@H:>g@H7 /H@/S$"@^>7

3V Hpo saxncr exonomiuno xonxypenni naronomyc, mo cycxrn ro-
cnoapmnannx, oprann nnan, ynpanninnx ra xonrponm pisnoro pinnx so-
onxsani cnpnxrn posnnrxy xonxypenni i ne nunnxrn nixxnx i, mo mo-
xyrt nnnnnyrn na ne nerarnnno.
Bnsnaueni anrnxonxypenrni i:
ncranonnennx nin un inmnx ymon npnannx ao peanisani ronapin;
omexennx nnponnnrna, pnnxin ronapin ao ncranonnennx xonrponm
na nnmn;
posnoin pnnxin un xepen nocrauannx sa xonom npoannin, cnoxn-
nauin un inmnmn osnaxamn;
cnornopennx pesyntrarin roprin, ayxnionin, xonxypcin, renepin;
ycynennx s pnnxy ao omexennx ocryny inmnx ninpncmnin, noxy-
nnin, npoannin;
197
sacrocynannx pisnnx ymon nx pinnosnaunnx yro, roro ncranonnen-
nx nennrinoro cranonnma y xonxypenni, ao yxnaennx yro sa ymonn
npnnxrrx oarxonnx soonxsant.
Bunnennx anrnxonxypenrnnx ysroxennx i saoponxcrtcx i rxrne sa
coom ninoniantnicrt.
VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. xa mixnapona yroa posrnxac nnrannx moo neopoconicno xon-
xypenni?
2. un c oonxsxonnm sa mixnaponnmn nopmamn cneniantne saxonoan-
crno moo neopoconicno xonxypenni? un c noinn saxon n Vxpani?
3. xi i nineceno o neopoconicno xonxypenni?
4. xa ninoniantnicrt nepeauena sa neopoconicny xonxypennim?
5. 3 xxom merom sacroconymrt npanonn saxncr exonomiuno xonxypenni?


























198
2.7. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' @"N$'-K^>f@KQ H&W/N>P
>@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>

2.7.1. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' /H:OH@SP'@@] >@N"i$'6U@H7 :>/$HLQ":K

Haip mixpocxem, mo saesneuyc opoxy in]opmani, nexnrt n ocnoni
yt-xxoro enexrponnoro npncrpom.
Inrerpantna mixpocxema (ani IMC) mixpoenexrponnn nnpi xinne-
no ao npomixno ]opmn, npnsnauenn nx nnxonannx ]ynxni enexrpo-
nno cxemn, enemenrn i scnannx xxoro nenointno c]opmonani n ocmi
(ao) na nonepxni marepiany, mo cranonnrt ocnony raxoro nnpoy, nesanex-
no ni cnocoy nnroronnennx.
Icnymrt pisni napianrn xnacn]ixani IMC, ane nn mixpocxemn ne mac
npanonoro snauennx: oconnnocri xonxperno IMC nnsnauac naip ra nsacm-
ne posramynannx enemenrin. B mpnnuni npaxrnni snamon nnxopncran-
nx repmin ronorpa]ix (xomnonynannx) IMC.
Tonorpa]ix IMC sa]ixconane na marepiantnomy nocicni npocropono-
reomerpnune posmimennx cyxynnocri enemenrin inrerpantno mixpocxemn ra
scnant mix nnmn.
Taxe npocropono-reomerpnune posramynannx yrnopmcrtcx xx pesyntrar
nocnionnoro nanecennx uncentnnx mapin.
Pospoxa IMC norpeyc snaunnx inrenexryantnnx sycnnt, nnxopncran-
nx napricnoro onanannx, nennxnx nnrpar uacy ra xomrin, ane npaxrnuno
yt-xxy ronorpa]im IMC moxna mnnxo i emeno cxonimnarn mnxxom
nomaponoro ]ororpa]ynannx. He noxcnmc neoxinicrt npanono oxoponn
came ronorpa]i IMC.
Tonorpa]im IMC ne moxna posrnxarn xx npomncnonn spasox, o nona
nnsnauac ne sonnimni nnrnx IMC, a nsacmne posramynannx oxpemnx ene-
menrin ra snxsxin mix nnmn. Cnocon ra rexnonori nnroronnennx IMC,
xoncrpyxni xpncranin, xxi c marepiantnnm nocicm ronorpa]i, moxyrt yrn
nnsnani nnnaxoom ao xopncnom moennm, xxmo ninoniamrt xpnrepixm
narenrosarnocri, ane ne ynac ne sanxn: uacro ne ninoniac ymoni nnna-
xinnntxoro pinnx (neouennnicrt). o roro x nxe nporxrom 2-3 poxin rono-
rpa]ix IMC moxe nrparnrn xonxypenrosarnicrt, a crpox npoxoxennx na-
renrno saxnxn c snaunnm.
V CBA n 1984 poni npnnxro ]eepantnn saxon Axr npo oxopony
naninnponinnxonoro uiny, mo crnopnno nonn ocxr npana IB, xxn nnst-
xo nonxsann is anropctxnm npanom (peccrpycrtcx niomcrnom s xonipa-
rom), ane nonouac y exxnx acnexrax narayc narenrne npano (nnmarac sa-
esneuennx opnrinantnocri i ne moxe yrn napianicm icnymunx spasxin).
Crpox oxoponn cranonnrt 2 poxn s momenry nouarxy xomepnino excnnya-
199
rani (npoax, yt-xxe onpnnmnennx), xxmo sa ne crpox noano saxnxy
na peccrpanim, ro oxopona cranonnrnme 10 poxin.
Cnoro uacy CBA npnnxnn pimennx, xxe nirpnmann xomnmrepni xo-
pnopani, moo omexennx excnopry xomnmrepin s nponecopamn, xxi nepe-
nnmymrt nennn pinent npoyxrnnnocri. Merom ntoro pimennx yna oxo-
pona nonnx rexnonori, mo niopaxeni y IMC. 3a naxnnocri mixnapono
oxoponn IMC norpea y raxnx omexennxx ninaac.
V 1989 poni ninncano mixnaponn Bamnnrronctxn oronip npo in-
renexryantny nnacnicrt croconno inrerpantnnx mixpocxem, ane nin rax i ne
cran unnnnm. exxi oro nonoxennx nnimnn n Vroy TRIPS.
B Vxpani ic saxon Hpo oxopony npan na ronorpa]i inrerpantnnx mi-
xpocxem.
epxana sicnmc npanony oxopony ronorpa]i IMC mnxxom peccr-
pani y epxannomy enapramenri IB ra sacniuyc ne cnionrnom. Ocxr
npanono oxoponn nnsnauacrtcx sopaxennxm xomnonynannx IMC na mare-
piantnomy nocicni.
Oxopona ne nomnpmcrtcx na ie, cnocon, cncremn, rexnonori, saxo-
onany in]opmanim, xxi moxyrt yrn nrineni y ronorpa]i IMC.
Vmona oxoponosarnocri ronorpa]i IMC: 3$(M7-+FJ-790J.
Tonorpa]ix IMC nnsnacrtcx opnrinantnom, xxmo nona ne crnopena
mnxxom npxmoro nirnopennx (xonimnannx) inmo ronorpa]i IMC, mac ni-
minnocri, mo naamrt noni nnacrnnocri, i ne yna niomom y ranysi mixpo-
enexrponixn o arn noannx saxnxn ao o arn nepmoro nnxopncrannx.
He moxe yrn nnsnana opnrinantnom ra ronorpa]ix IMC, saxnxa na peccr-
panim xxo noana nisnime nix uepes na poxn ni arn nepmoro nnxopnc-
rannx, ao ni arn posxpnrrx in]opmani anropom un ocoom, xxa oepxana
nm in]opmanim ni anropa.
Cycxrn npana na xomnonynannx IMC (HKV, cr. 473):
anrop xomnonynannx ao cninanropn;
inmi ocon, xxi naynn npana sa saxonom ao oronopom.
Anropctxe npano na xomnonynannx IMC nnsnacrtcx raxox i sa inosem-
nxmn ra ocoamn es rpomaxncrna (saxon $3 3H3$3-< C$+' 0+ 03C3M$+-
\7N 7-0"M$+FJ-(H ;7>$39H";, cr. 3).
Rpnnuna ocoa npan anropcrna nayrn ne moxe, nx ne moxnnne nn-
me nonoinnx npanom na nnxopncrannx.
Cycxrom npana na xomnonynannx moxe yrn pooroanent (xxmo xom-
nonynannx crnopeno xx cnyxonn rnip) ao samonnnx (srino oronopy).
Manoni npana anropa ao pooroannx nepexoxrt oro cnaxocmnxm.
Bnacnnx npan na sapeccrponany ronorpa]im IMC mac npano cnonimarn
npo peccrpanim ronorpa]i IMC nonepexynantnnm mapxynannxm: na rono-
rpa]im ao nnpon, mo micrxrt, nanocxrt nirepy T is sasnauennxm arn
nouarxy crpoxy i nnxnmunoro npana ra in]opmanicm npo nnacnnxa npan.

200
Hpana npanononointnin xomnonynannx IMC noxasani na pnc. 21, a no-
pxox x nayrrx na pnc. 22.


Hpano na
nnxopncrannx
xomnonynannx IMC
Bnxnmune npano
osnonxrn (sa
ninensicm)
Hepeaua npan
nonoinnx na
xomnonynannx IMC
Bnxnmune npano
nepemxoxarn
nenpanomipnomy
nnxopncrannm ra
saoponxrn
Manoni npana

Hpano na sacrocynannx
nonepexynantnoro
mapxynannx
Hpano na anropctxe
imx
Hpano na peccrpanim
xomnonynannx
Hpana npanononointnin xomnonynannx IMC
Hemanoni npana
Hpano anropcrna Konimnannx xomnonenrin
IMC
Bnroronnennx IMC is
sacrocynannxm
xomnonynannx
Hpononynannx o npoaxy
(n r. u. uepes Inrepner),
npoax, sepirannx n
sasnauennx ninxx
sapeccrponannx
xomnonynant IMC ra
nnpoin, nnroronnennx s x
sacrocynannxm
Bnesennx sapeccrponannx
IMC ra nnpoin, mo x
micrxrt, na mnrny
repnropim Vxpann
Bnroronnennx yt-xxnx
nnpoin, mo micrxrt
sapeccrponany IMC

Pnc. 21. Hpana npanononointnin n xomnonynanni IMC

201

epxannn enapramenr IB





1 micxnt
Peccrpanix y
epxannomy peccrpi
Hynixanix n o]ininomy
mnereni
Bnaua cnionrn
Vxpanctxn incrnryr npomncnono
nnacnocri

Bcranonnennx arn noannx saxnxn
Excneprnsa na ninoninicrt
]opmantnnm nnmoram, nepenipxa
oxymenrin npo cnnary sopin
Pimennx npo peccrpanim
saxnnenoro xomnonynannx IMC
Cycxr npana (anrop onipena
ocoa, narenrnn nonipenn)

3axnxa na
peccrpanim s
marepianamn, mo
ienrn]ixymrt
xomnonynannx
IMC, spasxn IMC
uepes 1 micxnt

Pnc. 22. Hopxox nayrrx npan na xopncrynannx IMC

Omexennx npan npanononointnin. Kainer Minicrpin Vxpann moxe
osnonnrn nnsnaueni ocoi nnxopncrannx sapeccrponanoro xomnonynannx
IMC es sron npanonointnx s merom saesneuennx soponx nacenennx,
exonomiuno esnexn ra inmnx inrepecin cycnintcrna, a raxox y pasi nennxo-
pncrannx sapeccrponanoro xomnonynannx nporxrom 3 poxin ni arn nyni-
xani npo peccrpanim. Toro mona e npo npnmycony ninensim.
He nnsnamrtcx nopymennxm npan nnxopncrannx sapeccrponanoro xom-
nonynannx IMC
y xoncrpyxni rpansnrnoro rpancnoprnoro sacoy;
es xomepnino mern;
s nayxonom merom.
Hpnnycrnmnm c npano nonepentoro xopncrynaua. Peccrpanix ronorpa]i
IMC sicnmcrtcx ni ninoniantnicrt saxnnnxa moo oxoponosarnocri.
Crpox oxoponn npan na xomnonynannx IMC cranonnrt 10 poxin s arn
noannx saxnxn ao arn nepmoro nnxopncrannx.

202
Anrop ronorpa]i IMC mac npano na peccrpanim ronorpa]i n inosemnnx
epxanax ninonino o mixnaponnx oronopin Vxpann ra nanionantno-
ro saxonoancrna inosemnnx epxan. Ane o noannx saxnxn n inosemni
epxani saxnnnx soonxsann noarn saxnxy n Vxpani ra noniomnrn ep-
xanny cnyxy npo namipn sicnnrn oxopony n inosemni epxani.

2.7.2. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' /H:"$^>f@H7 N'W:@K^>

2.7.2.1. cH:"$^>f@' N'W:@K^]

HKV ac nnsnauennx xomepnino racmnnni (cr. 505) xx niomocre
rexniunoro, opranisaninoro, xomepninoro, nnponnuoro ra inmoro xapax-
repy, sa nnnxrxom rnx, mo sa saxonom ne moxyrt yrn nneceni o xomepni-
no racmnnni. Hx in]opmanix c cexpernom n romy posyminni mo c neniomom
ra ne c nerxoocrynnom nx rperix oci, a ocoa, mo xonrponmc, nxnnac
saxon moo sepexennx cexpernocri.
Toro HKV nnsnauac xpnrepi, xxnm nonnnna ninoniarn xomepnina
racmnnnx:
niomocri, mo cranonnxrt xomepniny racmnnnm, noani y ]opmi in-
]opmani;
cexpernicrt in]opmani (neocrynnicrt nx osnaomnennx es osno-
ny nennsnauenomy xony oci);
xomepnina ninnicrt;
saesneuennx aexnarnnx sacoin oxoponn s oxy ocon, xxa saxonno
xonrponmc nm in]opmanim.
Tintxn sa nnxonannx nnx ymon ninpncment mac npano na cyonn sa-
xncr cnox inrepecin.
V nonxrri xomepnino racmnnni nocnymrt ymonno:
inony in]opmanim;
cnyxony racmnnnm;
ropronentnn cexper (Trade secrets);
neposxpnry in]opmanim noy-xay (ni anrn. know-how snarn xx);
xon]ienniny in]opmanim.
Bci ni nonxrrx yxe nnstxi, ane ne c cnnonimamn i mamrt cnoc sacro-
cynannx, xoua intmicrt s nnx sxnnnact n Vxpani is posnnrxom pnnxonnx
ninocnn ra xonxypenni ninpncmcrn.
Hanpnxna, y saxoni Hpo in]opmanim sasnaueno, mo xon]iennina
in]opmanix ne niomocri, mo nanexart oxpemnm ]isnunnm ao mpnnu-
nnm ocoam, xxi x nnxopncronymrt ao posnopxxymrt nnmn, soxpema pos-
noncmxycrtcx sa cnom axannxm ra y ninoninocri s ymonamn, xxi nnsna-
uamrt cami.
203
3axonoancrno nnsnauac, xxa in]opmanix ne moxe ninocnrnct o xo-
mepnino racmnnni: oxymenrn na npano samarncx ninpncmnnnrnom,
ycranni oxymenrn, snirn npo ]inancono-rocnoapctxy ixntnicrt, oxymen-
rn, mo osnonxmrt nepenipnrn napaxynannx ra nnnnary noarxin, niomocri
moo sapynennx onxinnx, nopymennx anrnmononontnoro saxonoancrna,
peanisani npoyxni, mo mxonrt soponm romo. Honnn nepenix micrnrt
nocranona KMV ni 9 cepnnx 1993 p. N 611 Hpo nepenix niomocre, mo ne
cranonnxrt xomepnino racmnnni.
Komepnina racmnnnx xx ocxr IB ne nnmarac o]ininoro nnsnannx
oxoponosarnocri, epxanno peccrpani, nnxonannx yt-xxnx ]opmantnoc-
re ra cnnarn epxannnx sopin.
Cycxrn npana na xomepniny racmnnnm:
cycxrn ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri, roro ]isnuni ra mpnnuni
ocon, xxi sicnmmrt cnom ixntnicrt s merom oepxannx npnyrxy i c
xomepninnmn opranisanixmn;
mpnnuni ocon nexomepnini opranisani, xxi n xoi cnoc ixntno-
cri orpnmann pesyntrarn (ocni, snannx romo), mo moxyrt sanixannrn in-
mnx oci.
uisnuna ocoa, xxa ne c innniyantnnm ninpncmnem, ne moxe nonoi-
rn xomepninom racmnnnem, o xomepninom racmnnnem nnaxacrtcx nnme
ra in]opmanix, mo crocycrtcx ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri. Ane raxa ]isnu-
na ocoa moxe npnarn npano na nnxopncrannx xomepnino racmnnni.
Inosemni rpomaxnn ra inosemni mpnnuni ocon mamrt ri cami npana,
mo nanionantni cycxrn npana.
Bonoinent manonnx npan na xomepniny racmnnnm mac npano:
nnxopncronynarn nci onycrnmi saxonom cnocon nx saesneuennx
cexpernocri in]opmani;
nnmararn ni inmnx oci yrpnmynarnct ni nponnxnennx y xomepni-
ny racmnnnm;
posnopxxarncx in]opmanicm, mo cranonnrt xomepniny racmnnnm
(posronomynarn nepe nynixom, npoanarn, nepenicrynarn romo).
Hepenix niomocre, mo cranonnxrt xomepniny racmnnnm, crynint
xon]ienninocri i opranisanicm oxoponn nnsnauac cycxr ninpncmnnnt-
xo ixntnocri.
Oxopona xomepnino racmnnni mac yrn uacrnnom cncremn ynpanninnx
ninpncmcrnom i cncremn esnexn. Cncrema esnexn esnocepento
nonxsana s mapxernnrom, narenrynannxm, in]opmaninnm saesneuennxm.
Oconnno naxnnna cncrema esnexn nx ninpncmcrn-excnoprepin.
Oonxsxn npaninnnxa moo sepexennx xomepnino racmnnni orono-
pmmrt y rpyonomy xonrpaxri. V arartox xpanax nepeaueno ninncannx
poirnnxom oronopy npo neposronomennx: soonxsannx ne posronomynarn

204
niomy in]opmanim xx ni uac poorn y xomnani, rax i nporxrom nennoro
crpoxy nicnx snintnennx.
Hanpnxna, y CBA mix pooroannem ra namannm poirnnxom yxna-
acrtcx yroa npo nenpnnycrnmicrt xonxypenni,mo omexyc npano poir-
nnxa npanmnarn y xonxypenra. Taxnm unnom pooroanent saxnmac inrene-
xryantnn xaniran cnoc ]ipmn. 3 ymon coniantnnx nnmor yron omexeni:
sa uacom nauacrime 3 poxn;
reorpa]iuno n sanexnocri ni omexenocri isnecy pooroannx ne-
nnnmn reorpa]iunnmn pnnxamn, sa mexamn xxnx ixntnicrt poirnnxa ne
ye mxinnnom; crocycrtcx noxantnoro isnecy napnxmaxepn, ximuncrxn,
xocmeronorn, mann isnec romo;
sa macmraom xxmo c nennxa xintxicrt xonxypenrin nnacniox xint-
xox nnin exonomiuno ixntnocri.
Hepm nix osnaomnrnct is xon]ienninom in]opmanicm, rpea nnen-
nnrncx, mo nona ne nepemxonrt nnxopncronynarn in]opmanim, xxa nioma
s inmnx xepen. 3 yron npo xon]ienniny in]opmanim nnnyuamrt in]op-
manim, xxa:
nnaxacrtcx sarantnoocrynnom;
posxpnra nnacnnxom in]opmani rperi ocoi es soonxsannx xon]i-
enninocri;
nxe snaxonrtcx y posnopxxenni sanixanneno ocon, moxe norpa-
nnrn o ne n mayrntomy is nesanexnnx xepen ao moxe yrn crnopena
nicm ocoom es nnxopncrannx xon]ienninnx marepianin. He nynxr mo-
xe asynarncx nnme na onipi.
Kon]iennina in]opmanix nonnnna yrn onncana yxe uirxo i ocnrt
nystxo i xonxperno. 3oonxsannx snnxamrt, xonn in]opmanix nrpauac axry-
antnicrt, ane n yroi nxasymrt uaconi mexi ( nanpnxna, y CBA ne 3 poxn).
Hpn yxnaanni ninensinnx yro nepeauamrt oarxoni ymonn croco-
nno soonxsannx cropin no sepexennm pexnmy xon]ienninocri, ocxr
ra cnocon nnxopncrannx raxnx niomocre, nnnaropoa nnacnnxy ra mrpa-
]ni canxni sa posronomennx.
Icnymrt npanomipni cnocon oepxannx xomepnino racmnnni.
1. Hesanexne nixpnrrx. Hpn ntomy nonoinent nesanarenronanoro nn-
ponnuoro cexropy moxe oro nrparnrn. xmo xonxypenr, xxn nesanexno
nixpnn in]opmanim, sacexpernrt, ro nnnnxac na nonointni onic i ric
camo xomepnino racmnnni.
2. 3nopornn rexniunn ananis (snoporna inxenepix) nnxnnennx ce-
xperin poorn ao nnroronnennx y nponeci ocnixennx npoyxni, mo c y
mnpoxomy npoaxy. Oepxann cexper moxna nnxopncrarn, ane ne sanare-
nrynarn xx nnnaxi.
3. opoconicne npnannx y ocon, xxa ne mana npana nepeanarn in-
]opmanim. V pasi nicyrnocri ymncny, xonn ocoa ne snana, mo orpnmyc in-
205
]opmanim nenpanomipno, nona snintnxcrtcx ni sacrocynannx yt-xxnx ca-
nxni. xmo neopoconicnicrt noxynnx niomocre ne oneena, nin mac
npano nintno nnxopncronynarn x y cno ixntnocri.
nx saxncry cnox npan nonoinent xomepnino racmnnni moxe sacrocynarn:
camosaxncr nopymennx npan camocrina nerpanisanix ra nnneen-
nx s nay rexniunnx sacoin, mo nesaxonno ncranonneni, esin]opmanix oci,
xxi nesaxonno oepxann cexperny in]opmanim;
aminicrparnnno-npanonn saxncr npana y nnnaxax, nepeauennx
saxonom. 3axon Vxpann Hpo saxncr ni neopoconicno xonxypenni ne-
peauac snepnennx o Anrnmononontnoro xomirery;
nnnintno-npanonn saxncr npan nepeauac snepnennx s nosonom npo
nopymennx npan o cyy;
xpnminantno-npanonn saxncr, xxmo snpannx cexpernnx niomocre
sicneno mnxxom norpos, nixyny, nnxpaennx oxymenrin romo,a raxox
posronomennx un nnxopncrannx nnx niomocre s xopncnnnom merom i s sa-
nannxm nennxo mxon.

2.7.2.2. 2HS-Q'S

Ona is cxnaonnx xomepnino racmnnni, xxa sasnnua ninocnrtcx o
npomncnono nnacnocri. Mamrtcx na ynasi rexniuni snannx, ocni, cexpern
nnponnnrna, xxi c neoxinnmn nx nnpimennx nnponnuo saaui i nane-
xart o xon]ienniantno in]opmani, roro c ninnnmn nnme romy, mo ne-
niomi rperim ocoam.
Hpnunna nocnnennx poni noy-xay n romy, mo nm ]opmy oxoponn sacro-
conymrt samicrt narenrynannx: n ymonax pnnxono exonomixn onintno na-
renrynarn nnnaxon, mo ninocxrtcx o xinnennx npoyxrin nnponnnrna i
nopymennx manonnx npan na nnx moxna nnxnnrn ananisom nnnymennx na
pnnox ronapin. Bce inme xpame sepirarn xx cyxynni nnnaxoam noy-xay.
Xapaxrepnn npnxna rexnonoriuni cexpern, xxi moxna posxpnrn
mnxxom ananisy npoyxni. Hauacrime ne crocycrtcx [21]:
xpnrepin nnopy cnponnnn, cxnay (nanpnxna, maxra n meranyp-
ri, cymim npn nnponnnrni rymn, cxna CMO nx opoxn pisannxm romo);
as annx, noriunnx ao maremarnunnx anropnrmin i cxnaennx na x
ocnoni nporpam (nanpnxna, anropnrmn i nporpamn xepynannx rexnonoriu-
nnmn nponecamn, CAHP);
xpnrepin nnopy incrpymenrin, rexnonoriunoro ocnamennx.
xmo sanarenrynarn cxna cnponnnn ao rexnonoriunn nponec, ro o-
ro moxna oirn, a onecrn ]axr nopymennx xonxypenrom cxnano.
Crpox oxoponn noy-xay rpnnac orn, oxn imrt ymonn cexpernocri.

206
Pisnonnnicrt noy-xay oconcrn ocni. He niuyxycrtcx ni noci-
n nnponnunx cexperin. Moxe nepeanarncx pooroannm pasom is ]isnu-
nnmn ocoamn npaninnnxamn.
o noy-xay ne ninocxrtcx:
in]opmanix moo coinaprocri ronapin ra xpenrocnpomoxnocri ni-
npncmcrn;
ani norounoro yxranrepctxoro onixy;
smicr pexnamn o onapoynannx;
in]opmanix npo neesneuni nx nme ao onxinnx nnacrnnocri ronapin;
in]opmanix npo saxon esnexn, xxnx rpea orpnmynarnct npn exc-
nnyarani, sepexenni, yrnnisani ronapin.
Moxnnni ocxrn noy-xay:
narenrocnpomoxni ane ne saxnneni ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri
ao saxnneni, ane me o]inino ne onynixonani;
nnnaxon narenrocnpomoxni, ane ne saxnneni nanmncno, nanpnxna,
uepes nemoxnnnicrt nerantnoro nnxnnennx nopymennx npan narenronnacnn-
xa ( cnocon iarnocrnxn i nixynannx, nnmipy ]isnunnx ra ximiunnx nennunn
es snxsxy is npnnaamn, cnocon nepernopennx enepri nosa snxsxom s
anaparnnmn sacoamn);
nenarenrocnpomoxni nnnaxon (anropnrmn, xomnmrepni nporpamn,
cnocon opranisani nnanynannx nnponnnrna ra syry ronapin, xepynannx
nnponnnrnom i syrom ronapin, cnocon yxranrepctxoro onixy;
in]opmanix rexcrono ra rpa]iuno rexniuno oxymenrani (xpecnen-
nx, penenrypa marepianin, rexnonoriuni nponecn, rexnonoriuni xaprn, in-
crpyxni, isnec-nnann, snirn npo HKP romo).
Hoy-xay moxyrt yrn crnopeni i npn nnxonanni oronopy na crnopennx
nayxono-rexniuno npoyxni: samonnnx mac npano nnxopncronynarn nepe-
ani omy nnxonannem pesyntrarn poorn, ane sa nnxonannem nnmacrtcx
npano nnxopncronynarn y nnacnomy nnponnnrni noy-xay, orpnmani npn nn-
xonanni oronopy, es npana nepeaui croponnim ocoam.
Hoy-xay moxe yrn npemerom oronopy xyninni-npoaxy, ane sa ymo-
nn, mo noy-xay icnyc n marepiantni ]opmi:
smicr noy-xay sapeccrponano na marepiantnomy nocicni s merom
sepexennx ra moxnnnicrm osnaomnennx;
nosnaueno imx anropa na nocicni in]opmani ao na cynponinomy
oxymenri o ntoro.
Hicrana nx nnnnxnennx manonnx npan icnynannx nepnnnnoro
ocxra y nnrnxi in]opmani: opnrinantni (nnroronneni anropamn) oxymen-
rn, narypni spasxn romo, xoni opnrinantnnx nocin in]opmani.
Pospisnxmrt:
npano nonoinnx: sepirac opnrinantnn noci i naac ocryn y pe-
xnmi xon]ienninocri;
207
npano xopncrynannx: moxnnnicrt xonimnarn i npoanarn xoni nocix
in]opmani, moxe nnroronnxrn npoanarn ronapn, naanarn nocnyrn na
ocnoni noy-xay;
npano posnopxxennx: mac npano npnmarn pimennx npo nnxopnc-
rannx, naannx ninensi romo.
Hoy-xay moxe icnynarn raxox y nemarepiantni ]opmi y nnrnxi snant,
nepeaua xxnx sicnmcrtcx xx nanuannx nepconany, xoncyntrani cnenianicrin,
ornx ra onomora y nanaroxenni nnponnuoro onanannx romo.

2.7.3. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' @'S/HPKQ P>-/$KNN>P

Mixnapono oxoponn nayxonnx nixpnrrin ne icnyc, xoua me y 1978
poni epxann-yuacnnxn BOIB npnnxnn Xenenctxn oronip npo mixnapo-
ny peccrpanim nayxonnx nixpnrrin, xxn rax i ne napan unnnocri. Hanio-
nantny oxopony nixpnrrx mann y xpanax conianicrnunoro raopy (CPCP,
uexocnonauunna, Fonrapix, Monronix, Kya). B CPCP nepme nixpnrrx sape-
ccrponano 26.06.1957 poxy s npiopnrerom ni 15.03.1947 p. Bsarani n CPCP
yno sapeccrponano nnstxo 400 nixpnrrin s intm xx 12 rncxu saxnox.
Bixpnrrx xx ocxrn IB nxnmueno y HK Vxpann, xxn cran unnnnm s
01.01.2004 p.
Binonino o cr. 457 HKV.
Bixpnrrx ne ncranonnennx neniomnx panime, ane ocxrnnno icnym-
unx saxonomipnocre, nnacrnnocre ra xnnm marepiantnoro cniry, xxi nno-
cxrt oxopinni sminn y pinent nayxonoro nisnannx.
Bixpnrrxmn y ntomy posyminni ne nnsnamrtcx reorpa]iuni, apxeonori-
uni, naneonronoriuni nixpnrrx, a raxox nixpnrrx poonnm xopncnnx xona-
nnn ra nixpnrrx n ranysi cycnintnnx nayx.
Bixpnrrx ne c ocxrom nnxnmunnx npan, nono nenarenrosarne.
Mix nonxrrxmn nixpnrrx ra nnnaxoy cyrrcna pisnnnx. Anrop ni-
xpnrrx nperenyc na cycnintne nnsnannx, anrop nnnaxoy pasom s narenrom
orpnmyc manoni npana na oro nnxopncrannx y mexax, nnsnauennx naren-
rom, roro orpnmyc mononontne npano na pnnxy i o roro x mac npano sao-
ponxrn raxe nnxopncrannx inmnm.
Hpano na nixpnrrx sacniuycrtcx nnnomom.
Anrop nixpnrrx mac oconcri nemanoni npana (cr. 458 HKV):
npano anropcrna npano nnaxarncx nepmonixpnnauem nennnx snant;
npano na imx npano naarn nixpnrrm cnoc imx ao cneniantny nasny.
3apas n Vxpani epxanna excneprnsa, peccrpanix ra ninoninn npano-
nn saxncr nixpnrrin ne sicnmcrtcx. Icnyc rpomactxa crpyxrypa na oc-
noni Pocictxo axaemi npnponnunx nayx ra Mixnapono aconiani anro-
pin nayxonnx nixpnrrin, xxa peccrpyc saxnxn, nnac nnnomn ra sicnmc
nynixani y nayxonnx nnannxx.

208
2.7.4. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' $'^>H@'6>J'NH$LU/KQ O$HOHJK^>f

Panionanisaropctxi nponosnni n CPCP ynn naintm maconnm
ocxrom rexniuno rnopuocri: na ninpncmcrnax icnynann mpo panionani-
sani ra nnnaxinnnrna, xxi nnponaxynann nnnaxon ra panionanisaropctxi
nponosnni. Panionanisaropctxi nponosnni nnocnnn s merom nocxonanennx
nnpoin, sicnennx moepnisani onanannx romo.
Panionanisaropctxa ixntnicrt c ocnrt macmranom, ne norpeyc sna-
unnx xomrin ra uacy na nnponaxennx.
Hanpnxna , n Vxpani y 2001 poni ni nnponaxent pannponosnni
orpnmano nnstxo 65 % sarantnoro npnyrxy ni nnxopncrannx ocxrin
npomncnono nnacnocri, xoua cepeni npnyrox ni nnxopncrannx nnnaxoy
cranonnn 46,4 rnc. rpn, a ni pannponosnni 6,8 rnc. rpn.
3axonoanue nperynmnannx panionanisaropctxo ixntnocri sicnm-
crtcx y Himeuunni, Poci, Mononi, Finopyci, noni, CBA, Vropmnni.
3rino s nocranonom Bepxonno Pan Vxpann (1991 p.) o npnnxrrx
ninoninnx nopmarnnnnx axrin n Vxpani sacroconymrt axrn saxonoancrna
CPCP s nnrant, xxi ne nperyntonani saxonoancrnom Vxpann, a raxox ni-
nonini rnmuaconi nonoxennx ra meronuni pexomenani.
V unnnomy HKV nnsnaueni npnnnnnono noni sacan oxoponn npana na
pannponosnnim, xxy nnsnano ocxrom npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri na-
pinni s inmnmn ocxramn npomncnono nnacnocri.
HKV nnsnauac (cr. 481):
- panionanisaropctxom nponosnnicm c nnsnauena mpnnunom ocoom
nponosnnix, xxa micrnrt rexnonoriune (rexniune) ao opranisanine pimennx
n yt-xxi c]epi ixntnocri.
Ocxr panionanisaropctxo nponosnni marepiantnn ocxr ao nponec.
Kpnrepi nnsnauennx nponosnni panionanisaropctxom [10]:
rexniune ao opranisanine pimennx;
micnena nonnsna (neniomicrt na xonxpernomy ninpncmcrni);
xopncnicrt.
Panionanisaropctxa nponosnnix mac micrnrn ne nocranonxy saaui, a
xonxperne nnpimennx is saesneuennxm nennoro pesyntrary. Bnpimennx ne
nnaxacrtcx nonnm, xxmo o noannx saxnxn raxe ao noine yno pospo-
neno rexniunnmn cnyxamn ninpncmcrna, pexomenonane nnmom opranisa-
nicm, onynixonane n in]opmaninnx nnannxx is posnoncmxennx nepeo-
noro ocniy n ranysi, nepeauene oonxsxonnmn nx ninpncmcrna nopma-
rnnamn.
Hponosnnim nnsnauamrt xopncnom nx ninpncmcrna, xxmo nona o-
snonxc n ymonax xonxpernoro ninpncmcrna oepxarn exonomiunn, rexniu-
nn ao inmn nosnrnnnn e]exr (noninmennx ymon ra esnexn npani, snn-
xennx nerarnnnoro nnnnny na onxinnx romo).
209
Ocxr npan nnsnauacrtcx onncom panionanisaropctxo nponosnni ra
xpeoicnennxmn, xxmo nonn noani (cr. 482 HKV).
Cycxrn npana IB na panionanisaropctxy nponosnnim:
anrop ao cninanropn (ne oonxsxono npaninnnxn ninpncmcrna,
xxomy nooacrtcx saxnxa);
mpnnuna ocoa, xxi nx nponosnnix noana ra xxa nnsnana.
Hpano IB na panionanisaropctxy nponosnnim anrop nepeac ninpn-
cmcrny sa oronopom ra sa nnnaropoy.
Hpana cycxrin npana IB na panionanisaropctxy nponosnnim:
anrop mac npano na opoconicne saoxouennx ni mpnnuno ocon,
xxi noano nponosnnim ra xxa nnsnana panionanisaropctxom;
mpnnuna ocoa, xxa nnsnana nponosnnim panionanisaropctxom, mac
npano na nnxopncrannx n yt-xxomy ocxsi.
O]inina xnani]ixanix nponosnni xx panionanisaropctxo ac anropy:
npano anropcrna;
npano na anropctxe imx;
npano na yuacrt y nnponaxenni nponosnni.
Anrop orpnmyc cnionrno na panionanisaropctxy nponosnnim, xxa ic
escrpoxono y mexax roro ninpncmcrna, xxe oro nnano.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Bo raxe ronorpa]ix inrerpantno mixpocxemn i n uomy nonxramrt
nponemn saxncry?
2. Vmonn oxoponosarnocri ronorpa]i IMC ra crpox oxoponn.
3. Hopxox nayrrx npan na ronorpa]im IMC.
4. arn nnsnauennx nonxrrm xomepnino racmnnni.
5. Cycxrn npana xomepnino racmnnni.
6. i, mo na nnx mac npano nonoinent manonnx npan na xomepniny
racmnnnm.
7. Hpanomipni sacon oepxannx xomepnino racmnnni.
8. Cnocon saxncry npan na xomepniny racmnnnm.
9. Hoy-xay: moxnnni ocxrn, ra ocxrn, mo ne nnsnamrtcx sa noy-xay.
10. Bnnnxnennx manonnx npan moo noy-xay ra x sicnennx.
11. Oconnnocri npanono oxoponn nayxonoro nixpnrrx.
12. Hpanona oxopona panionanisaropctxnx nponosnni: ocxrn, xpnrepi
nnsnauennx, ocxr npan, cycxrn npan.






210
2.7.5. V$'PHP' HQH$H@' L"6"/^>f@KQ -HL]i@"@U

Cenexninnmn ocxrnennxmn c pesyntrarn nayxono-npaxrnuno ixnt-
nocri no crnopennm coprin i ripnin pocnnn ra nopo rnapnn is saannmn
osnaxamn.
Moxnnnicrt nnxopncronynarn noni noxpameni coprn pocnnn yxe nax-
nnna nx cintctxoro rocnoapcrna ra cainnnnrna, o saesneuyc xonxypen-
rnosarnicrt ranysi. Honi coprn pocnnn sxnnxmrtcx xx nacniox araropiu-
no npani nncoxoxnani]ixonannx ]axinnin ra snaunnx xaniranonxnaent. Ane
ocxrnennx cenexnionepin yxe npasnnni: pocnnnn sarni o camo nirno-
pennx i, xxmo nnnycrnrn nanirt nenennxy xintxicrt cainnoro marepiany no-
noro copry, ro nin crac ocrynnnm nx ncix. Cenexnionep ne moxe saesne-
unrn raxy npnyrxonicrt ni nepmoro nnnycxy copry, xxa xomnencyc nrpa-
ueni xomrn ra uac. Bnxnmune npano cenexnionepa na nnxopncrannx nonoro
copry crnmynmc npnnarni innecrnni y cenexnim pocnnn.
B Vxpani, xx i n intmocri xpan cniry, cenexnini ocxrnennx posrnx-
amrt xx oconnni ocxrn IB.
V 1978 poni yrnopeno Mixnaponn coms s oxoponn cenexninnx ocx-
rnent (UPOV). Kpann unenn UPOV soonxsani crnopnrn nanionantne sa-
xonoancrno, xxe saesneunrt npana cenexnionepin sa cnnnmn nx ncix xpa-
n npnnnnnamn. Vxpana c unenom s UPOV 1995 poxy.
Hpanona oxopona cenexninnx ocxrnent sicnmcrtcx saxonamn Hpo
oxopony npan na coprn pocnnn (1993 p., unnnn s 1.07.2002 p.) ra Hpo nne-
minny cnpany y rnapnnnnnrni (1993 p.). Ocnonni npnnnnnn oxoponn nnsnaue-
no HKV.
+H$N $HL6K@ ne oxpema rpyna pocnnn (xnon, ninix, ripn nepmoro
noxoninnx, nonynxnix), xxa:
moxe yrn nninena y rpyni pocnnn, cnopinennx mix coom cnintnn-
mn osnaxamn ra nnacrnnocrxmn (y mexax oraniunoro raxcony);
mac xoua ony niminnicrt ni niomo rpynn pocnnn, xxa xapaxrepn-
sycrtcx cnaxonicrm;
npnarna nx nirnopennx pocnnn copry n nesminnomy nnrnxi.
VH$H-' NP'$K@ ne crnopena nnacniox rnopuo ixntnocri rpyna rna-
pnn (ninix, cimx, noponn rnn), xxa mac crixi renernuni osnaxn, mo nepe-
amrtcx xnim namaxam.
Bnn npan IB na cenexnini ocxrnennx naneeni y ran. 3.





211
Tannnx 3

K-K O$'P ) @' L"6"/^>f@> -HL]i@"@@]

Bnn npan
inrenexryantno nnacnocri na copr
pocnnn, nopoy rnapnn
unm sacniuy-
crtcx npano
Crpox unnnocri npan
Oconcri nemanoni npana
epxannom
peccrpanicm
imrt escrpoxono s arn
epxanno peccrpani
Manoni npana na cenexnini
ocxrnennx (na copr pocnnn ra
nopoy rnapnn)
Harenrom
Ha copr pocnnn, nopoy rnapnn
30 poxin; na epena, nnnorpa 35
poxin (s 1 ciunx poxy, nacrynnoro
sa poxom peccrpani npan)
Manoni npana na nomnpennx
copry pocnnn, nopon rnapnn
epxannom
peccrpanicm
3 arn pimennx npo
epxanny peccrpanim

Kpnrepi oxoponosarnocri copry pocnnn (cr.11 saxony Hpo oxopony
npan na coprn pocnnn):
nonnsna;
niminnicrt (nnpisnxntna sarnicrt);
onopinicrt;
craintnicrt.
Copr nnaxacrtcx nonnm, xxmo o arn noannx saxnxn saxnnnx ao in-
ma ocoa sa oro osnonom ne nnxopncronynann marepian copry s xomepni-
nom merom:
na repnropi Vxpann sa 1 pix o arn noannx;
na repnropi inmo epxann sa 6 poxin moo epennnx ra uarapnn-
xonnx xyntryp i nnnorpay, moo inmnx nnin sa 4 poxn o nic arn.
Copr ne nrpauac nonnsny, xxmo oro marepian synann (u. 4 cr. 11 nn-
mesasnauenoro saxony):
is snonxnnannxm na mxoy saxnnnxy;
sa oronopom npo nepeauy npana na noannx saxnxn;
sa oronopom npo posmnoxennx marepiany copry i oro excneprnsn na
npnarnicrt o nomnpennx sa ymonn, mo orpnmann marepian nepeacrtcx
nnme saxnnnxoni i ne nnxopncronycrtcx nx nnponnnrna copry;
y ninxx ionoriuno esnexn un ]opmynannx Peccrpy coprin;
xx noiunn ao nixinn npoyxr, xxn nnxopncronycrtcx nnme
nx cnoxnnannx es nocnnannx na copr.
Copr c niminnnm, xxmo sa osnaxamn uirxo nipisnxcrtcx ni yt-xxoro
copry, sarantnoniomoro na ary saxnxn, roro raxoro, mo c nomnpennm na
nenni repnropi yt-xxo epxann, niomocri npo oro osnaxn c onpnnm-
neni ao nin npecrannenn y sarantnoocrynni xonexni, mac npanony oxo-
pony y yt-xxi epxani.

212
Copr nnaxacrtcx onopinnm, xxmo nicnx neonopasonoro posmnoxen-
nx pocnnnn ntoro copry sannmamrtcx cxoxnmn sa cnomn osnaxamn, ni-
snauennmn n onnci copry.
Copr nnaxacrtcx craintnnm, xxmo sannmamrtcx nesminnnmn nicnx ne-
onopasonoro posmnoxennx oro ocnonni osnaxn.
Vmonn epxanno peccrpani copry:
niminnicrt;
onopinicrt;
craintnicrt;
naxnnicrt nasnn, xxa oro onosnauno ienrn]ixyc i nipisnxcrtcx ni
yt-xxo inmo nasnn n Vxpani ra n xpanax yuacnnnxx UPOV;
npnarnicrt o nomnpennx n Vxpani.
Ha repnropi Vxpann moxyrt nomnpmnarncx nnme coprn, nneceni o
Peccrpy.
3axon Hpo oxopony npan na coprn pocnnn nnsnauac nnmorn o nasnn
copry ra npnarnocri copry nx nomnpennx n Vxpani. Hasna nonoro copry
pocnnn ninxrac excneprnsi moo ninomennx o roprinentnnx snaxin ra sa-
snauent noxoxennx ronapin.
Hepenix poin ra nnin coprin pocnnn, xxi ninaamrt ni oxopony, nn-
snauacrtcx Kainerom Minicrpin Vxpann.
Hpano na noannx saxnxn mamrt:
anrop copry (cenexnionep) ao cninanropn;
cenexnionep ra pooroanent cnintno, xxmo copr crnopeno sa rpyonnm
oronopom ao sa samonnennxm, s nnxopncrannxm noy-xay pooroannx;
pooroanent, xxmo rax nepeaueno oronopom nporxrom 60 nin
ni arn orpnmannx noniomnennx anropa npo crnopennx nonoro copry, in-
axme npano noannx saxnxn ra oepxannx narenry nepexoxrt o anropa;
npanonacrynnnxn anropa ra pooroannx.
Pooroanent moxe npnnxrn pimennx npo saesneuennx niomocre
npo copr xx xon]iennino in]opmani. Bin soonxsann yxnacrn s anro-
pom copry nnctmonn oronip npo posmip ra ymonn nnnnarn omy nnnaropo-
n (poxnri).
Ha nayrrx npan na nomnpennx sapeccrponanoro copry, es npan inre-
nexryantno nnacnocri na ntoro, mac npano yt xxa ocoa.
Hpana na copr naynamrt n Vxpani nacrynnnm unnom (pnc. 23):
1. Hoacrtcx saxnxa, xxa crocycrtcx rintxn onoro copry, o Vcranonn -
ypxonoro oprany epxannoro ynpanninnx s nnrant npanono oxoponn IB na
coprn pocnnn, xxa ic y cxnai nenrpantnoro oprany nnxonanuo nnan s nn-
rant arpapno nonirnxn.

213

3axnnnx
3axnxa na copr
Cepe inmoro micrnrt
sanponononany nasny
copry;
rexniuny anxery copry;
noxasnnxn npnarnocri
copry nx nomnpennx n
Vxpani;
niomocri npo
noxoxennx copry.
3pasxn nocaxonoro
marepiany
Hpnsnauac
excneprnn
saxnay
Excneprnsa
saxnxn
uopmantna excneprnsa
nnsnauacrtcx ara
noannx saxnxn;
nepenipxcrtcx cxna
oxymenrin;
nnocnrtcx o
peccrpy saxnox
Hosnrnnnn
excneprnn nncnonox
nouarox
xnani]ixanino
excneprnsn
Hynixanix niomocre
npo saxnxn n
o]ininomy nnanni
Knani]ixanina excneprnsa
moo peccrpani copry ra
npan na ntoro:
1. Excneprnsa
sanponononano nasnn
copry na ninoninicrt
nnmoram 3V;
2. Bnsnauacrtcx:
nonnsna;
ninoninicrt
niminnocri;
onopinocri;
craintnicrt.
3. Excneprnsa na
npnarnicrt nx
nomnpennx n Vxpani
Vcranona
Hosnrnnnn excneprnn
nncnonox npo epxanny
peccrpanim copry ra
nnauy narenry
3arnepxennx
nasnn copry
epxanna
peccrpanix npan
na copr
Bnocxrt n peccrp
narenrin
epxanna
peccrpanix npana
na nomnpennx
copry
Bnocxrt n peccrp
coprin
xmo nonnsna
nrpauena, excneprnsa
npoonxycrtcx s
merom nayrrx npana
na nomnpennx copry
pocnnn
Hosnrnnnn
excneprnn
nncnonox rintxn npo
npano na nomnpennx
copry n Vxpani
O]inina nynixanix onncy copry ra
niomocre, nnecennx o Peccrpin
Bnaua n micxunn crpox s arn peccrpani:
cnionrna npo anropcrno na copr pocnnn;
cnionrna npo epxanny peccrpanim copry;
narenrn na copr pocnnn

Pnc. 23. Hopxox nayrrx npan IB na copr pocnnn

214
Peccrp narenrin micrnrt o]inini niomocri moo epxanno peccrpani
manonnx npan IB na copr pocnnn (pnc. 24), soxpema niomocri npo nepe-
auy npan na copr ra npo naannx ninensi na nnxopncrannx copry.
Peccrp coprin micrnrt o]inini niomocri moo epxanno peccrpani
manonoro npana IB na nomnpennx copry pocnnn (pnc. 25), a raxox reorpa-
]iuni i sononi pexomenani nnxopncrannx copry.




nemanoni npana
npano oepxarn
cnionrno na anropcrno
npano npononynarn
nasny copry i nxnmunrn
cnoc imx
npano nepemxoxarn
npnnnacnennm ra
cnornopmnannm anropcrna
Bnmararn ne posrono-
mynarn imx anropa
nnmararn sasnauennx
imeni npn nnxopncranni
copry
manoni npana
npano na nnxopncrannx
copry
nnxnmune npano na
osnin un saopony
nnxopncrannx copry
inmnmn ocoamn
nnxnmune npano na
osnin un saopony
nnxopncrannx copry,
xxn c noxinnm ni
copry nnacnnxa
narenry
nepeaua npana na
nnxopncrannx copry
nirnopennx s merom
posmnoxennx
Bnesennx na mnrny
repnropim Vxpann
ra nnnesennx s ne
sepirannx s yt-xxom
s nasnannx nine
oneennx o xonnni
s merom posmnoxennx
npoax ao inmn
xomepninn oir
Hpana IB na copr pocnnn

Pnc. 24. Hpana IB na copr pocnnn

npano na nomnpennx copry
npano osnonxrn un
saoponxrn nomnpennx copry
npano sicnmnarn i moo
nocaxonoro marepiany
npononynannx o npoaxy
Hpoax ao inmn xomepninn
oir
sepirannx nx yt-xxo s nine
xomepninoro nnxopncrannx
Manoni npana na nomnpennx copry

Pnc. 25. Manoni npana na nomnpennx copry


Peccrpn nixpnri nx sarantnoro osnaomnennx.
215
Bneceni o Peccrpin niomocri ra onnc copry nynixymrtcx n o]inino-
my nnanni Vcranonn.
Harenrn na coprn pocnnn i cnionrna npo anropcrno na coprn pocnnn
nnac nenrpantnn opran nnxonanuo nnan s nnrant arpapno nonirnxn y
c]epi oxoponn npan na coprn.
3ip sa nirpnmannx unnnocri manonnx npan na copr pocnnn ao na
nomnpennx copry pocnnn cnnauycrtcx momicxuno.
Bonoinent narenry na copr pocnnn mac npano noarn o Vcranonn nx
o]inino nynixani saxny npo roronnicrt naarn osnin yt-xxi ocoi na
nnxopncrannx copry (nixpnry ninensim). V ntomy pasi sip sa nirpnmannx
unnnocri nnxnmunoro npana nonointnx narenry smenmycrtcx na 50 % s po-
xy, nacrynnoro sa poxom onynixynannx raxo saxnn.
xmo xona ocoa ne nnxnnxc axannx nnxopncronynarn copr, saxna
nixnnxacrtcx, posmip sopy ninonnmcrtcx.
xmo nnpoonx rptox poxin ni arn epxanno peccrpani copr n
Vxpani ne nnxopncronycrtcx ao nnxopncronycrtcx neocrarnto, ro sa pi-
mennxm cyy moxe yrn nnana npnmycona ninensix na crpox o 4 poxin
yt-xxi ocoi, xxa nnxnnrt axannx.
Hoxinnmn copramn c raxi, mo nipisnxmrtcx ni nnxinoro copry, ane:
- sepiramrt npoxn ocnonnnx osnax, nopoxennx renornnom;
- mamrt niminnocri, symonneni noxoxennxm;
- orpnmani mnxxom niopy npnponoro myranra, niopy pocnnn nn-
xinoro copry, snopornnm cxpemynannxm ao meroom renno inxenepi.
Omexennxm manonnx npan na copr pocnnn c i, xxi ne nnaxamrtcx
nopymennxm nnx npan:
- npnnarni ra s nexomepninnmn ninxmn;
- n excnepnmenrantnnx ninxx;
- s merom crnopennx noxinnx coprin.
nx nnacnnx norpe yt-xxa ocoa moxe posmnoxynarn cainnn ma-
repian, oepxann nnpomynannxm y cnocmy rocnoapcrni, sa ymonn, mo nin
nanexnrt o nnsnauennx oraniunnx poin i nnin (47 saxony Hpo oxopony
npan na coprn pocnnn). He raxi pon xx on, ropox, xnro, nmennnx, xap-
ronnx, xonmmnna, nton, onec, pinax, petxa, pnc romo. Bnacnnx manoro ro-
cnoapcrna ne cnnauyc nnnaropoy nonointnm narenry, xxmo rocnoapcrno
mac omexeny nnomy.
Hepeaueno npano nonepentoro xopncrynannx i nicnx xopncrynannx
(cr. 44 saxony Hpo oxopony npan na coprn pocnnn). V ntomy saxoni pos-
rnxnyro nnnaxn npnnnnennx unnnocri manonnx npan ra nnsnannx npana na
copr neicnnm (cr. 50 52), a raxox nnrannx saxncry npan ra ninoniant-
nocri sa nopymennx npan na coprn.

VKN'@@] -6] L':HO"$"P>$/K

1. Bo nineceno o cenexninnx ocxrnent?

216
2. Bnn npan, cnocon sacniuennx ra crpoxn unnnocri npan na cenex-
nini ocxrnennx.
3. Kpnrepi oxoponosarnocri copry pocnnn.
4. Xro mac npano na noannx saxnxn na copr pocnnn?
5. Hopxox nayrrx npan IB na copr pocnnn.
6. Bo ninocnrtcx o npan IB na copr pocnnn?
7. xi npana icnymrt moo nomnpennx copry pocnnn?
8. xi omexennx manonnx npan na copr pocnnn nepeauac saxonoancrno?

217
+b;2`c-Z;)Z2`c

[PNH$ ]isnuna ocoa, rnopuoro npanem xxo ocoa, nesanexno ni ni-
xy, icsarnocri, rpomaxncrna. Anropom c raxox nepexnaau ao ocoa, xxa
aanryc rnip (sa ymonn, mo ne nopymymrtcx npana anropa opnrinantnoro
rnopy). 3axonoancrnom Vxpann nepeaueno, mo mpnnuni ocon moxyrt
nnme npnarn manoni anropctxi npana i ne moxyrt nnaxarncx anropamn.
[PNH$ >6.LN$'^>7 -H NPH$S ne c cninanropom anropy rnopy, xoua rnip
i inmcrpani moxyrt nnxopncronynarnct cnintno sa naxnnocri sron na re
oox anropin.
[PNH$ NPH$S ocoa, xxa sasnauena na npnmipnnxy rnopy ao anropcr-
no xxo oneeno o nioma nynixn xxnm-neyt inmnm cnocoom y snxsxy
is posnoncmxennxm rnopy.
[PNH$ k>6U:S ]isnuna ocoa. Oconcra npanx xxo nnsnauac rnopun
saym i/ao cnocon oro peanisani y ]intmi. Fintmicrt nanionantnnx saxo-
noancrn anropamn ]intmy nnaxamrt pexncepa-nocranonnnxa, anropa cne-
napim i anropa mysnxn, nanncano cneniantno nx ]intmy.
[PNH$LU/' PK@'iH$H-' yci nnn nnnaropo ao xomnencani, mo nn-
nnauymrtcx anropam sa yt-xxe nnxopncrannx x rnopin, xxi oxoponxmrtcx
n mexax, ncranonnennx anropctxnm npanom. Posmip i nopxox ouncnennx
nnnaropon ncranonnmcrtcx oronopamn s xopncrynauamn.
[PNH$LU/Kf -HiHP>$ nnctmonn oronip moo yt-xxoro nicryn-
nennx manonnx npan, ninncann anropom ra ocoom, na xopncrt xxo ni-
crynamrtcx manoni npana, uirxo sasnaueni n oronopi.
[-'ON'^>] nnxopncrannx uyxoro rnopy nx crnopennx nonoro, rnop-
uo camocrinoro. Hanpnxna, expanisanix pomany ao oro nocranonxa na
cneni nnmaramrt cneniantnnx snant ra rnopunx sycnnt, xxi ponxrt rnip
ocxrom anropctxoro npana.
Hpnxnan aanrani: mysnuni apanxynannx, incnenisani, snyxosanncn,
cnenapi expanisani, xoni rnopin opasornopuoro mncrenrna, pe]eparn, nipy-
unnxn is sminennmn ao ononnennm rexcrom s merom x ocrynnocri, mon]i-
xanix xomnmrepno nporpamn ra npncrocynannx o onepanino cncremn.
[@NH6Hi>] sipnnx nnpannx rnopin ao ypnnxn s nnx pisnnx anropin,
sipannx s nennom merom. Hanexart o cxnaennx rnopin, npana ynopxnn-
xin xxnx oxoponxmrtcx. nx nmimennx n anronori rnopin, mo oxoponxmrtcx
anropctxnm npanom, neoxinn osnin anropin.
[S->HP>JS'6U@Kf NP>$ rnip, mo ]ixcycrtcx na nennomy marepiantno-
my noci (xinonninni, marnirni nninni un marnirnomy ncxy, xomnaxr-ncxy
romo) y nnrnxi cepi nocnionnnx xapin (sopaxent) un ananoronnx ao

218
ncxpernnx cnrnanin, xxi niopaxamrt (saxoonymrt) pyxomi sopaxennx
(xx is snyxonnm cynponoom, rax i es ntoro), i cnpnnxrrx xxoro c moxnn-
nnm nnxnmuno sa onomorom roro un inmoro nny expana (xinoexpana, re-
nenisinoro expana romo), na xxomy pyxomi sopaxennx nisyantno niopa-
xamrtcx sa onomorom nennnx rexniunnx sacoin. Bnamn ayionisyantnoro
rnopy c xino]intmn, rene]intmn, nieo]intmn, ia]intmn, cnao]intmn
romo, xxi moxyrt yrn irponnmn, animaninnmn (myntrnnnixaninnmn), ne-
irponnmn un inmnmn.
l'J' -'@KQ (/H:O>6]^>] -'@KQ) cyxynnicrt rnopin, annx ao yt-
xxo inmo nesanexno in]opmani y onintni ]opmi, n romy uncni enexr-
ponni, niip i posramynannx cxnaonnx uacrnn xxo ra ynopxxynannx c
pesyntrarom rnopuo npani, i cxnaoni uacrnnn xxo c ocrynnnmn innniy-
antno i moxyrt yrn snaeni sa onomorom cneniantno nomyxono cncre-
mn na ocnoni enexrponnnx sacoin (xomnmrepa) un inmnx sacoin.
K/6.g@" O$'PH mononontne npano, xonn xona ocoa, oxpim ric,
xxi nanexart npana na ocxr IB, rapanronano ne moxe nnxopncronynarn
ne ocxr, ne mamun na re ninoninoro osnony, sa nnnxrxom nnnaxin,
nepeauennx saxonom.
xmo nnxnmuni npana oepxani nnannnnrnom, nono crac saxonnnm mo-
nononicrom na pnnxy, cnnom ocoom, xxa mac npano nnnycxarn y cnir rnip
nporxrom crpoxy, na xxi oepxani npana.
K/H@'P"^U axrop (rearpy, xino romo), cninax, mysnxanr, rannmpncr
ao inma ocoa, xxa nnxonyc pont, cninac, unrac, exnamyc, rpac na mysnu-
nomy incrpymenri, rannmc un yt-xxnm inmnm cnocoom nnxonyc rnopn ni-
reparypn, mncrenrna un rnopn napono rnopuocri, nnpxoni, ecrpani, nxnt-
xoni nomepn, nanromimn romo, a raxox npnrenr mysnunnx i mysnuno-
pamarnunnx rnopin.
K/H$KLN'@@] HLH&KLN" onopasone nirnopennx ocxry IB nnxnm-
uno s merom nnacnoro innniyantnoro nnxopncrannx s merom npnnarnnx
ocnixent, oconcro ocnirn un posnarn.
K/H$KLN'@@] kH@Hi$':K, HOS&6>/HP'@H7 J /H:"$^>f@H. :"NH.
npnnycxacrtcx es sron nnponnxin ]onorpamn ra nnxonannin, mo sanncani
na ]onorpami, ane s nnnnarom nnnaropon, xxy, xx npannno, snpamrt s xo-
pncrynauin (nanpnxna, opranisani e]ipnoro un xaentnoro monnennx) ra
posnoinxmrt opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx anropctxnmn ra cymix-
nnmn npanamn. Posmip nnnaropon ncranonnmcrtcx oronopamn, ninonini
cranxn sarnepxymrtcx Kainerom Minicrpin sa xoxnn nn nnxopncrannx.
K$H&@K/ P>-"Hi$':K ]isnuna ao mpnnuna ocoa, xxa nsxna na ce-
e ininiarnny i nece ninoniantnicrt sa nepmn nieosannc nnxonannx ao
yt-xxnx pyxomnx sopaxent (xx is snyxonnm cynponoom, rax i es ntoro).
219
K$H&@K/ kH@Hi$':K ]isnuna ao mpnnuna ocoa, xxa nsxna na ce-
e ininiarnny i nece ninoniantnicrt sa nepmn snyxosannc nnxonannx rno-
py ao yt-xxnx snyxin.
>-NPH$"@@] nnroronnennx onoro ao intme npnmipnnxin rnopy,
nieorpamn, ]onorpamn n yt-xxi marepiantni ]opmi, a raxox x sannc
nx rnmuaconoro un nocrinoro sepirannx n enexrponni (y romy uncni nn-
]poni), onrnuni ao inmi ]opmi, xxy moxe sunrynarn xomnmrep.
>6U@" P>-NPH$"@@] NPH$>P P HLH&KLNKQ ^>6]Q nirnopennx ]isnu-
nom ocoom npanomipno onynixonannx rnopin n onnnunnx npnmipnnxax
nnxnmuno n oconcrnx ninxx es osnony anropa ao npano nonointnx, es
nnnnarn nnnaropon. Honoxennx ne nomnpmcrtcx na nirnopennx rnopin
apxirexrypn, as annx, xomnmrepnnx nporpam, nornnx rexcrin i xnnr (no-
nnicrm) mnxxom penpoyxynannx. 3a nirnopennx ayio-nisyantnnx rnopin i
]onorpamn anropn, nnxonanni ra nnponnxn ]onorpam orpnmymrt nnnaro-
poy y ]opmi nipaxynant, xxi nnnnauymrt nnponnxn onanannx ra mare-
piantnnx nocin (xacern, nasepni ncxn, xomnaxr-ncxn romo) sa nnnxrxom
rnx, mo ne npnsnaueni nx nnxopncrannx n omamnix ymonax ao nneeni
ocoom n oconcrnx ninxx.
L"LP>N@] H$i'@>J'^>] >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> (WiPO) crnopena
y 1967 poni mixypxona opranisanix, cnenianisonana ycranona OOH. Hoxnn-
xana cnpnxrn inrenexryantni rnopui ixntnocri i oxoponi inrenexryantno
nnacnocri y nctomy cniri mnxxom mixnaponoro cninpoirnnnrna.
0S-P>6 (->6HP' $"OSN'^>]) xomnnexc saxoin, cnpxmonannx na sint-
mennx npnyrxy ninpncmcrna sa paxynox ynpanninnx, ominymuo nosnni
na pnnxy, nonnx rexnonori romo. C nemarepiantnnm axrnnom, napricrm ax-
rnnin ninpncmcrna ra napricrm manonoro xomnnexcy.
Z"/H:O>6]^>] /H:O.N"$@H7 O$Hi$':K aanranix nx saesneuennx
cnintno poorn s inmnmn nporpamamn sa ymonn, mo oepxana npn exom-
ninxni in]opmanix ne ye nnxopncronynarnct nx crnopennx ananoriunnx
xomnmrepnnx nporpam, ao inmnx nopyment anropctxoro npana.
Z"OHJKN'$>f o]inino nnsnana epxanna opranisanix-cxonnme.
Z"OH@SP'@@] npnmipnnxin rnopin, pyxonncin, exsemnnxpin
xomnmrepnnx nporpam naxery oxymenrin romo nepeaua na sepexennx.
Moxe cynponoxynarn peccrpanim anropctxoro npana, sacroconynarnct o
nystxo cneniantnnx poir, xxi neonintno posmnoxynarn pyxom, nx no-
nonnennx in]opmaninnx oxasin xx cniuennx npo ]axr ra ary crnopennx
ocxry IB (soxpema croconno noy-xay). nx nine narenrno nponeypn e-
nonymrt mixpoopranismn nnsnauennx BOIB enosnrapixx.
A'i'6U@HP>-H:Kf J@'/ (well-known mark) ronapnn snax, mo n pe-
syntrari nnxopncrannx cran ope niomnm mnpoxomy xony cnoxnnauin, mo
nnsnaueno xomnerenrnnm (aminicrparnnnnm un cyonnm) opranom xpann

220
peccrpani ao xpann nnxopncrannx. Taxn snax orpnmyc saxncr es
oonxsxono peccrpani.
A'OKL (JPS/HJ'OKL, P>-"HJ'OKL) ]ixcanix sa onomorom cneniantnnx
rexniunnx sacoin (y romy uncni sa onomorom uncnonoro npecrannennx)
na ninoninomy marepiantnomy noci snyxin i (ao) pyxomnx sopaxent, xxa
osnonxc sicnmnarn x cnpnnxrrx, nirnopennx ao cnonimennx sa ono-
morom ninoninoro npncrpom.
A'k>/LHP'@Kf NP>$ nrinenn y nnrnxi npnmipnnxa y yt-xxi mare-
piantni ]opmi ao y ]opmi ]onorpamn, crnopeno camnm anropom, ao s o-
ro osnony raxnm unnom, mo c ocrarnto onroniunnm, osnonxc cnpnnxrrx
nirnopennx ao cnonimennx inmnm cnocoom.
A-'P'@@] S :'f@HPKf @'f: nepeaua npana xopncrynannx i (ao)
nonoinnx opnrinanom un npnmipnnxom rnopy, ]onorpamn, nieorpamn na
nennn crpox s merom oepxannx npxmo un onocepexonano xomepnino
nnron.
):] 'PNH$' cyxynnicrt cnin un snaxin, mo ienrn]ixymrt anropa:
npisnnme ra imx anropa; npisnnme, imx ra no artxoni anropa; ininiann an-
ropa; ncenonim anropa; npnnxrn anropom snax (cyxynnicrt snaxin) romo.
)@hK@>$K@i naannx na xomepnini ocnoni (sa xonrpaxrom) inxene-
pno-xoncyntraninnx nocnyr ( nponeennx nonepenix ocnixent, niroro-
nxa rexnixo-exonomiunnx orpynrynant, pospoxa pexomenani no oprani-
sani nnponnnrna i ynpanninnx, peanisani rorono npoyxni romo. uacro
nonxsann s npoaxem onanannx nennxnmn ]ipmamn. Micrnrt nepenpo-
exrni, npoexrni, nicnxnpoexrni nocnyrn.
)@@HP'^>] nonocrnopeni (sacroconani) ao nocxonaneni rexnonori,
npoyxnix ao nocnyrn, opranisanino-rexniuni pimennx nnponnuoro, a-
minicrparnnnoro, xomepninoro xapaxrepy, xxi icrorno sminmmrt ocxrn,
crpyxrypy ra xxicrt nnponnnrna.
)@kH$:'^>] O$H SO$'P6>@@] O$'P':K in]opmanix, n romy uncni n
enexrponni (nn]poni) ]opmi, mo ienrn]ixyc ocxr anropctxoro npana i
(ao) cymixnnx npan i anropa un inmy ocoy, xxa mac na ne ocxr anropct-
xe npano i (ao) cymixni npana, ao in]opmanix npo ymonn nnxopncrannx
ocxra anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan, ao yt-xxi nn]pn un
xon, y xxnx npecrannena raxa in]opmanix, xonn yt-xxn is nnx enemen-
rin in]opmani npnxnaenn o npnmipnnxa ocxra anropctxoro npana i
(ao) cymixnnx npan ao nmimenn y ntoro un sxnnxcrtcx y snxsxy s oro
noniomnennxm o sarantnoro nioma.
cH:O>6]^>] rnip, crnopenn nennnm posramynannxm niipanoro pa-
nim icnymuoro marepiany rax, mo oepxann pesyntrar c opnrinantnnm an-
ropctxnm rnopom. Pisnonnom xomninxni c xonexrnnnn rnip. Anropctxe
npano ne nomnpmcrtcx na panim icnymun marepian.
221
cH@N$'k'/N@Kf O$K:>$@K/ NPH$S, kH@Hi$':K, P>-"Hi$':K npn-
mipnnx rnopy, ]onorpamn un nieorpamn, nirnopenn, onynixonann i
(ao) posnoncmxynann s nopymennxm anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx
npan, y romy uncni npnmipnnxn saxnmennx n Vxpani rnopin, ]onorpam i ni-
eorpam, mo nnosxrtcx na mnrny repnropim Vxpann es sron anropa un in-
moro cycxra anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan, soxpema s xpan, n
xxnx ni rnopn, ]onorpamn i nieorpamn nixonn ne oxoponxnncx ao nepecra-
nn oxoponxrncx.
b>^"@J>] ne osnin na nnxopncrannx ocxra IB, mo naacrtcx na ni-
crani ninensinoro oronopy ao aminicrparnnnoro pimennx xomnerenrnoro
epxannoro oprany ao pimennx cyy (npnmycona ninensix).
2HS-Q'S nonnicrm ao uacrxono xon]iennini snannx, mo nxnmua-
mrt niomocri rexniunoro, exonomiunoro, aminicrparnnnoro, ]inanconoro
xapaxrepy, nnxopncrannx xxnx saesneuyc nenni nepenarn ocoi, mo x oe-
pxana.
;O$K6.-@"@@] ($HJ/$KNN] OS&6>^>) NPH$S sicnena sa sroom an-
ropa un inmoro cycxra anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan ix, mo
nnepme ponrt rnip ocrynnnm nx nynixn mnxxom onynixynannx, nyni-
unoro nnxonannx, nyniunoro noxasy, nyniuno emoncrpani, nyniunoro
cnonimennx romo.
;OS&6>/SP'@@] NPH$S, kH@Hi$':K, P>-"Hi$':K nnnycx n oir sa
sroom anropa un inmoro cycxra anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan
nnroronnennx nonirpa]iunnmn, enexrponnnmn un inmnmn cnocoamn npn-
mipnnxin rnopy, ]onorpamn, nieorpamn y xintxocri, sarni saonontnnrn, s
ypaxynannxm xapaxrepy rnopy, ]onorpamn un nieorpamn, posymni norpen
nynixn, mnxxom x npoaxy, sanannx n manonn nam, noyronoro un
xomepninoro npoxary, naannx ocryny o nnx uepes enexrponni cncremn
in]opmani raxnm unnom, mo yt-xxa ocoa moxe oro orpnmarn s yt-
xxoro micnx i y yt-xxn uac sa nnacnnm nnopom ao nepeaui npana nnac-
nocri na nnx un nonoinnx nnmn inmnmn cnocoamn. Onynixynannxm rno-
py, ]onorpamn, nieorpamn nnaxacrtcx raxox enonynannx pyxonncy rnopy,
]onorpamn, nieorpamn y cxonnmi (enosnrapi) s nixpnrnm ocrynom ra
moxnnnicrm oepxannx n ntomy npnmipnnxa (xoni) rnopy, ]onorpamn, ni-
eorpamn.
;O^>H@ @' 6>^"@J>. npano nporxrom nepeauenoro onnionom crpoxy
posrnxnyrn moxnnnicrt yxnaannx oronopy (ninensi) na npnannx npan
na ocxr na IB.
;$i'@>J'^>] "k>$@HiH :HP6"@@] renepaioopranisanix, mo sicnmc
nyniune cnonimennx paio- un renenisinnx nepeau i nporpam monnennx
(xx nnacnoro nnponnnrna, rax i nnponnnrna inmnx opranisani) mnxxom
nepeaui n e]ip sa onomorom paioxnnnt (a raxox nasepnnx npomenin, ra-

222
mma-npomenin romo) y yt-xxomy uacrornomy ianasoni (y romy uncni s
nnxopncrannxm cynyrnnxin).
;$i'@>J'^>] /'&"6U@HiH :HP6"@@] renepaioopranisanix, mo sic-
nmc nyniune cnonimennx paio- un renenisinnx nepeau i nporpam mon-
nennx (xx nnacnoro nnponnnrna, rax i nnponnnrna inmnx opranisani)
mnxxom nepeaui na niant cnrnany sa onomorom roro un inmoro nny na-
semnoro, nisemnoro un ninonoro xaenm (nponinnxonoro, onrononoxon-
noro un inmoro nny).
V6'i>'N neosnonene sanosnuennx, nirnopennx uyxoro nireparypno-
ro, xyoxntoro ao nayxonoro rnopy un oro uacrnnn ni cnom imenem ao
ncenonimom. Hepecniycrtcx sa saxonom.
VHQ>-@Kf NP>$ rnip, mo c rnopuom nepepoxom inmoro icnymuoro
rnopy es sananannx mxon oro oxoponi (anoranix, aanranix, apanxynan-
nx, opoxa ]ontxnopy, inma nepepoxa rnopy) un oro rnopunm nepexna-
om na inmy mony (o noxinnx rnopin ne nanexart ayionisyantni rnopn,
oepxani mnxxom ynmnannx, osnyuennx, cyrnrpynannx yxpanctxom un
inmnmn monamn inmnx ayionisyantnnx rnopin).
V$K:>$@K/ NPH$S xonix rnopy, nnxonana y yt-xxi marepiantni ]opmi.
VS&6>g@' -":H@LN$'^>] 'S->HP>JS'6U@HiH NPH$S, P>-"Hi$':K ny-
niune onopasone un araropasone npecrannennx nynini sa sroom
cycxrin anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan y npnmimenni, n xxomy
moxyrt yrn npncyrnimn ocon, xxi ne nanexart o xona cim' ao nnstxnx
snaomnx nic cim, ayionisyantnoro rnopy un sa]ixconanoro y nieorpami
nnxonannx ao yt-xxnx pyxomnx sopaxent.
VS&6>g@" PK/H@'@@] noannx sa sroom cycxrin anropctxoro npa-
na i (ao) cymixnnx npan rnopin, nnxonant, ]onorpam, nepeau opranisani
monnennx mnxxom exnamani, rpn, cniny, rannm ra inmnm cnocoom xx es-
nocepento (y xnnomy nnxonanni), rax i sa onomorom yt-xxnx npncrpon
i nponecin (sa nnnxrxom nepeaui n e]ip un no xaenxx) y micnxx, e npncyr-
ni un moxyrt yrn npncyrnimn ocon, xxi ne nanexart o xona cim ao
nnstxnx snaomnx nic cim, nesanexno ni roro, un npncyrni nonn n ono-
my micni i n onn i ro camn uac ao n pisnnx micnxx i n pisnn uac.
VS&6>g@" LOHP>_"@@] (-HP"-"@@] -H J'i'6U@HiH P>-H:') nepeaua
sa sroom cycxrin anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan n e]ip sa o-
nomorom paioxnnnt (a raxox nasepnnx npomenin, ramma-npomenin romo), y
romy uncni s nnxopncrannxm cynyrnnxin, un nepeaua na niant sa onomo-
rom nponoin ao yt-xxoro nny nasemnoro un nisemnoro (ninonoro)
xaenm (nponinnxonoro, onrononoxonnoro ra inmnx nnin) rnopin, nnxo-
nant, yt-xxnx snyxin i (ao) sopaxent, x sanncin y ]onorpamax i nieor-
pamax, nporpam opranisani monnennx romo, xonn sasnauena nepeaua moxe
yrn cnpnnxra neomexenom xintxicrm oci y pisnnx micnxx, nianenicrt
223
xxnx ni micnx nepeaui c raxom, mo es sasnaueno nepeaui sopaxennx ni
snyxn ne moxyrt yrn cnpnnxri.
VS&6>g@Kf OH/'J yt-xxa emoncrpanix opnrinany ao npnmipnnxa
rnopy, nnxonannx, ]onorpamn, nieorpamn, nepeaui opranisani monnennx sa
sroom cycxrin anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan esnocepento
ao na expani sa onomorom nninxn, cnaa, renenisinoro xapy romo (sa nn-
nxrxom nepeaui n e]ip un no xaenxx) ao sa onomorom inmnx npncrpon un
nponecin y micnxx, e npncyrni un moxyrt yrn npncyrnimn ocon, xxi ne na-
nexart o xona cim' un nnstxnx snaomnx nic cim' ocon, xxa sicnmc no-
xas, nesanexno ni roro, un npncyrni nonn n onomy micni i n onn i ro ca-
mn uac ao n pisnnx micnxx i n pisnn uac (nyniunn noxas ayionisyantno-
ro rnopy un nieorpamn osnauac raxox emoncrpanim oxpemnx xapin ayioni-
syantnoro rnopy un nieorpamn es orpnmannx x nocnionnocri).
F"O$Hi$'k>g@" P>-NPH$"@@] ($"O$H-S/SP'@@]) ]axcnmintne ni-
rnopennx y yt-xxomy posmipi (y romy uncni sintmenomy un smenmenomy)
opnrinany nnctmonoro un inmoro rpa]iunoro rnopy ao oro npnmipnnxa
mnxxom ]oroxonimnannx ao inmnmn noinnmn cnocoamn, xpim sanncy n
enexrponni (y romy uncni nn]poni), onrnuni un inmi ]opmi, xxy sunryc
xomnmrep.
FHJOHPL.-h"@@] H&W/N>P 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' > ('&H) LS:>h@KQ O$'P
yt-xxa ix, sa onomorom xxo ocxrn anropctxoro npana i (ao) cymix-
nnx npan esnocepento un onocepexonano npononymrtcx nynini, n romy
uncni oneennx nnx ocxrin o nioma nynixn raxnm unnom, mo npe-
crannnxn moxyrt sicnnrn ocryn o nnx ocxrin s yt-xxoro micnx i n
yt-xxn uac sa nnacnnm nnopom.
+6Sh&HPKf NP>$ rnip, crnopenn anropom y nopxxy nnxonannx cny-
xonnx oonxsxin ninonino o cnyxonoro sanannx un rpyonoro oro-
nopy (xonrpaxry) mix nnm i pooroannem.
D"Q@>g@> J'LH&K J'QKLNS rexniuni npncrpo i (ao) rexnonoriuni pos-
poxn, npnsnaueni nx crnopennx rexnonoriuno nepemxon nopymennm an-
ropctxoro npana i (ao) cymixnnx npan npn cnpnnxrri i (ao) xonimnanni
saxnmennx (saxoonannx) sanncin y ]onorpamax (nieorpamax) i nepeauax
opranisani monnennx un nx xonrponm ocryny o nnxopncrannx ocxrin
anropctxoro npana i cymixnnx npan.
Hpn cxnaanni cnonnnxa nnxopncrani marepiann [12, 14].







224
b)DXF[DdF[

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2005. - N 4. C. 32 - 38.
22. 57><FJ3-3> T.b. Ocnonn inrenexryantno nnacnocri: Hanuantnn noci-
nnx. - K.: IBH "Bnannnnrno "Honirexnixa", Hipa-K., 2010. 232 c.
23. 5(->3' d.5. Mexynaponax oxpana nnrennexryantno cocrnenno-
crn / A.M. Mnnxon. CH.: Hnrep, 2001. 720 c.
24. Hanionantna innonanina cncrema Vxpann: nponemn ]opmynannx ra
peanisani / Vnop. I.O. Anpomyx, M.M. Benuenxo. K.: Hapnamenrctxe
nn-no, 2007. 304 c.
25. bM7Y->3 L. Hpanone perynmnannx saxncry xomepnino racmnnni
/ . Oricnxo // Inrenexryantnn xaniran. 2004. - N 4. C. 7 15.
26. Opranisani xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx posnoniamrt npo cee // Inre-
nexryantna nnacnicrt. 2008. - N 8. - C. 31 - 40.
27. Ocnont nnrennexryantno cocrnennocrn. K.: Bnannnun im In
Rpe, 1999. 600 c.
28. Ocnonn npanono oxoponn inrenexryantno nnacnocri n Vxpani: ni-
pyun. nx cry. nempn. nysin / 3a pe. O.A. Hionpnropn, O.. Cnxrontxo-
ro. K.: Bnannnun im In Rpe, 2003. 236 c.
29. Oxopona npomncnono nnacnocri n Vxpani / 3a pe. O..Cnxrontxoro,
B.H. Herpona. K.: Bnannnun im In Rpe, 1999. - 398 c.
30. Hpano inrenexryantno nnacnocri: Axaem xypc: nipyun. nx cry.
nnmnx nanu. saxnain / 3a sar. pe. O.A. Hionpnropn, O.. Cnxrontxoro.
K.: Bnannnun im In Rpe, 2004. 672 c.
31. Hpomncnona nnacnicrt y nn]pax, noxasnnxn ixntnocri epxannoro e-
napramenry inrenexryantno nnacnocri sa I ninpiuux 2009 p. K.: IB, 2009.
32. _>+E>3 ]. Boo xomepninnx namenynant / B. Cxauxo, A. Cxauxo,
O. Cxauxo // Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt. 2009. - N 6. - C. 60 - 62.
33. _3F3G<> 5. 3aounn ceminap / M. Conomyx, M. Kaninoc, E. Hepanro-
nnu //Inrenexryantna nnacnicrt. 2008. - N 1 7. - C. 9 12; 2009. - N 1 - 6.
34. i(W<FJ3' .5. Vnpanninnx inrenexryantnom nnacnicrm / H.M. Hny-
nton, B.H. ueorapton, B.I. 3inon, R. Cyini. K.: K.I.C, 2005. 448 c.
35. Hnnintnn xoexc Vxpann (K435-T? '7* 16.01.2003 (7/ /;7-+;() //
]]j '7* 03.10.2003 2003 $., K40). Kn. IV, posinn 75, 76 Kn. V.

226
Z;Z[Dc`

F"/H:"@-'^>7 _H-H -"$h'P@H7 $"WLN$'^>7 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' > -HiH-
PH$>P, ]/> LNHLS.NUL] O$'P' 'PNH$' @' NP>$
epxanna peccrpanix sicnmcrtcx ninonino o 3axony Vxpann Hpo
anropctxe npano i cymixni npana (ani 3axon) i Hocranonn KMV ni
27.12.2001p. N 1756 Hpo epxanny peccrpanim anropctxoro npana i oro-
nopin, xxi crocymrtcx npana anropa na rnip (onynixonano n mnereni
O]ininn nicnnx Vxpann" N 52 ni 11.01.2002 p.) (ani Hocranona).
). K-K $"WLN$'^>f:
F"WLN$'^>] 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'.
1. Peccrpanix anropctxoro npana anropin na rnip.
2. Peccrpanix anropctxoro npana pooroannx na cnyxonn rnip.
F"WLN$'^>] -HiHPH$>P, ]/> LNHLS.NUL] O$'P' 'PNH$' @' NP>$.
3. Peccrpanix oronopy npo nepeauy (niuyxennx) manonnx npan na
rnip.
4. Peccrpanix oronopy npo nepeauy nnxnmunoro npana na nnxopnc-
rannx rnopy.
5. Peccrpanix oronopy npo nepeauy ne nnxnmunoro npana na nnxopnc-
rannx rnopy.
II. ZH/S:"@NK, _H OHN$>&@> -6] $"WLN$'^>7 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' N'
-HiHPH$>P, ]/> LNHLS.NUL] O$'P' 'PNH$' @' NP>$. (VH-'.NUL] /H:O6"/-
N@H P O'O"$HP>f O'O^>!).
1. A']P/' @' $"WLN$'^>. 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' 'PNH$>P @' NP>$ OHPK-
@@' :>LNKNK:
a) saxny, nnxnaeny yxpanctxom monom, mo cxnaacrtcx sa ncranon-
nenom ]opmom;
b) npnmipnnx rnopy;
c) oxymenr, mo cniunrt npo ]axr i ary onpnnmnennx rnopy (sa na-
xnnocri);
d) oxymenr ao xonim oxymenra npo cnnary sopy sa niroronxy o
peccrpani anropctxoro npana ao xonim oxymenry, mo nirnepxyc naxn-
nicrt nintr;
e) oxymenr npo cnnary sopy sa o]opmnennx i nnauy cnionrna (noa-
crtcx nicnx oepxannx anropom nnctmonoro pimennx npo peccrpanim anropct-
xoro npana na rnip), ao xonim oxymenra, mo nirnepxyc naxnnicrt nintr;
f) onipenicrt, o]opmneny y ncranonnenomy nopxxy, xxmo saxnxa no-
acrtcx onipenom ocoom.
2. A']P/' @' $"WLN$'^>. 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' $H&HNH-'P^] @' L6Sh-
&HPKf NP>$, xpim nepepaxonannx nnme marepianin, nonnnna micrnrn me
oxymenr, mo nirnepxyc, mo nnxnmune manone npano na cnyxonn
rnip nanexnrt pooroannm (ninonino o cr. 16 3axony).
227
3. A']P/' @' $"WLN$'^>. -HiHPH$S, ]/Kf LNHLSWNUL] O$'P' 'PNH$'
@' NP>$, nonnnna micrnrn:
a) saxny, nnxnaeny yxpanctxom monom, mo cxnaacrtcx sa ncranon-
nenom ]opmom;
b) npnmipnnx rnopy;
c) npnmipnnx anropctxoro oronopy, mo sacniuyc nepeauy (niuy-
xennx) manonoro npana na rnip (ninonino o cr. 31 3axony) ao npnmip-
nnx anropctxoro oronopy npo nepeauy npana na nnxopncrannx rnopy (ni-
nonino o cr. 32, 33 3axony);
d) oxymenr, mo nirnepxyc naxnnicrt manonnx npan, mo nepea-
mrtcx (sa neoxinocri);
e) oxymenr ao xonim oxymenry npo cnnary sopy sa niroronxy o
peccrpani oronopy;
f) onipenicrt, o]opmneny y ncranonnenomy nopxxy, xxmo saxnxa no-
acrtcx onipenom ocoom.
III. FHJi6]- J']P/K, PK-'g' LP>-H^NP N' $>j"@U.
F"WLN$'^>] 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'.
Posrnx saxnxn i npnnxrrx pimennx npo peccrpanim anropctxoro npana
na rnip ao npo nimony n peccrpani sicnmcrtcx nporxrom micxnx ni arn
naxoxennx npannntno o]opmnennx oxymenrin saxnxn.
xmo saxnxa ninoniac ncranonnennm nnmoram, npnmacrtcx pimennx
npo peccrpanim anropctxoro npana. B inmomy nnnaxy saxnnnxy naacrtcx
orpynronane pimennx npo nimony n peccrpani.
3axnnnx y rpnmicxunn repmin ni arn oepxannx pimennx npo peccr-
panim anropctxoro npana na rnip nonnnen noarn oxymenr npo cnnary so-
py sa o]opmnennx i nnauy cnionrna.
Ha nicrani pimennx npo peccrpanim ra sa naxnnocri oxymenra npo
cnnary sopy sa o]opmnennx i nnauy cnionrna niomocri npo peccrpanim
anropctxoro npana na rnip sanocxrtcx o epxannoro peccrpy cnionrn npo
peccrpanim anropctxoro npana na rnip.
arom peccrpani anropctxoro npana na rnip c ara sanecennx niomoc-
re npo peccrpanim o epxannoro peccrpy cnionrn.
Bnaua cnionrna sicnmcrtcx epxannom cnyxom IB y micxunn
crpox ni arn peccrpani. Cnionrno nnacrtcx esnocepento saxnnnxy,
oro onipeni ocoi, ao nacnnacrtcx na apecy, sasnaueny n saxni.
F"WLN$'^>] -HiHPH$>P, ]/> LNHLS.NUL] O$'P' 'PNH$' @' NP>$.
Posrnx saxnxn i npnnxrrx pimennx npo peccrpanim oronopy, xxn
crocycrtcx npana anropa na rnip, sicnmcrtcx nporxrom micxnx ni arn
naxoxennx npannntno o]opmnennx oxymenrin saxnxn.
xmo saxnxa ninoniac ncranonnennm nnmoram, npnmacrtcx pimennx
npo peccrpanim oronopy. B inmomy nnnaxy saxnnnxy naacrtcx orpynro-
nane pimennx npo nimony n peccrpani.

228
Ha nicrani pimennx npo peccrpanim oronopy niomocri npo oro pe-
ccrpanim sanocxrtcx o epxannoro peccrpy oronopin, xxi crocymrtcx npa-
na anropa na rnip.
arom peccrpani oronopy c ara sanecennx niomocre npo peccrpa-
nim o epxannoro peccrpy oronopin.
Bnaua pimennx npo peccrpanim oronopy sicnmcrtcx epxannom
cnyxom IB y micxunn crpox ni arn epxanno peccrpani. Pimennx nna-
crtcx esnocepento saxnnnxy, oro onipeni ocoi ao nacnnacrtcx na
apecy, nxasany n saxni.

ZXrc) A[+;l` c;2DF;bt A2[2e
D"LNK
Haneeni ani recrn cxnaeni raxnm unnom, mo na nnrannx moxnnna
naxnnicrt intme sa ony nipny ninonit ao nonna nicyrnicrt raxnx.

D"LN u 1

1. V$K@^KOK HQH$H@K O$H:KL6HPH7 P6'L@HLN> PLN'@HP6"@>:
a) Fepnctxom xonnennicm;
) Hapnstxom xonnennicm;
n) Hanionantnnm saxonoancrnom.
2. ;QH$H@' O$'P @' /H$KL@S :H-"6U J'&"JO"gSWNUL]:
a) cnionrnom;
) narenrom;
n) epxannom peccrpanicm.
3. r/ J->fL@..NU HQH$H@S O$'P @' :'6> '$Q>N"/NS$@> kH$:K?
a) sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
) narenrom na npomncnonn spasox;
n) cnionrnom npo epxanny peccrpanim;
4. 4S-Hh@UH-/H@LN$S/NH$LU/> $>j"@@] H-@HiH f NHiH h PK$H&S, ]/> :'.NU $>J-
@> LSNNWP> HJ@'/K HN$K:S.NU HQH$H@S ]/:
a) araroocxrnn npomncnonn spasox;
) napianrn npomncnonnx spasxin;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
5. +N$H/ HQH$H@K /H$KL@H7 :H-"6> P d/$'7@> LN'@HPKNU (P/'J'NK).
6. =K: PKJ@'g'WNUL] H&L]i O$'P P6'L@K/' O'N"@NS @' PK@'Q>- (H&6'LNU O'N"@-
N@H7 :H@HOH6>7)?
a) pimennxm xnani]ixanino excneprnsn;
) ]opmynom nnnaxoy;
n) nynixanicm n o]iniantnomy mnereni Hpomncnona nnacnicrt;
r) smicrom cneniantno yron s epxannom ycranonom.
7. 2'JP>NU ->7, ]/> PK/H@SW Z"$h'P@' L6Sh&' ) O>L6] OHJKNKP@HiH $>j"@@]
/P'6>k>/'^>f@H7 "/LO"$NKJK.
8. Z" $"WLN$S.NUL] 6>^"@J>f@> SiH-K O$H O"$"-'gS O$'P' @' PK/H$KLN'@@]
H&W/N' O$H:KL6HPH7 P6'L@HLN>?
a) n nanionantni narenrni ycranoni;
229
) n epxannomy enapramenri IB;
n) n minicrepcrni mcrnni.
9 r/Kf -"$h'P@Kf H$i'@ :Hh" O$Kf@]NK $>j"@@] O$H PK-'gS O$K:SLHPH7 6>^"@J>7?
a) epxanna cnyxa IB;
) Minicrepcrno npomncnono nonirnxn;
n) Cy;
r) Kainer Minicrpin Vxpann.
10. =K W P>$@K: NP"$-h"@@], _H NH$iHP"6U@' :'$/' J:>@.W /H:"$^>f@" @'-
f:"@SP'@@]?
a) rax, nonnicrm; ) ni; n) uacrxono.
11. m>iS$/' ]iS'$' @' /'OHN> 'PNH:H&>6]?
a) ocmnn ropronentnn snax;
) npomncnonn spasox;
n) ne peccrpycrtcx oxpemo ni anromoinx.
13. vH J @'JP'@HiH @Khg" @" W H&W/N':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'?
a) npec-in]opmanix;
) rnopn ]ontxnopy;
n) npononii;
r) oconcri nncrn.
14. vH J @'JP'@HiH W /H6"/NKP@K: NPH$H:?
a) ennnxnonenuni oninnxn;
) anronori;
n) sipnnxn nayxonnx npant;
r) xypnann;
) sipnnx opoox ]ontxnopy;
15. ;LH&', ]/' O$'PH:>$@H PH6H->W O$K:>$@K/H: /H:O.N"$@H7 O$Hi$':K, &"J JiH-K
'PNH$' :'W O$'PH:
a) exomninmnarn nporpamy ninxom; ) nnroronnxrn xoni nx nnacnoro nnxopncrannx;
n) nnecrn sminn nx aanrani o rexniunnx sacoin.

D"LN u 2
1. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" P>-@HLKNUL] -H H&W/N>P /H$KL@H7 :H-"6>?
a) npoyxrn;
) nponec y xonxperni c]epi rexnonori;
n) nponec y yt-xxi c]epi rexnonori;
r) none sacrocynannx niomoro npoyxry un cnocoy;
) xoncrpyxrnnne nnxonannx npncrpom.
2. r/ J->fL@..NU HQH$H@S O$'P @' '$Q>N"/NS$@> NPH$K?
a) narenrom na npomncnonn spasox;
) sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
n) cnionrnom npo oonxsxony epxanny peccrpanim.
3. ;L@HP@> J'L'-K J'/H@H-'PgH7 &'JK d/$'7@K P Lk"$> ) :>LNKNU:
a) Koncrnrynix Vxpann;
) Iocnoapctxn xoexc;
n) Hnnintnn xoexc.
4. =K :Hh" HQH$H@]NKL] ]/ H/$":Kf O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ >@N"$W$ L'6H@S 'P-
NH:H&>6]?
a) rax;
) ni;

230
n) sa ymonn, mo (nxasarn).
5. +N$H/ O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K PK@'QH-S P d/$'7@> LN'@HPKNU (P/'J'NK).
6. r/' H$i'@>J'^>] PK-'W O'N"@N O$K OH-'@@> :>h@'$H-@H7 J']P/K J' LKLN":H. F+D?
a) BOIB;
) Vnonnonaxena narenrna ycranona;
n) Hanionantna narenrna ycranona xpann noxoxennx (s xxo naimna saxnxa);
r) Hanionantna narenrna ycranona xpann.
7. r/K: gK@H: :Hh@' HQH$H@]NK O$'P' O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/', ]/_H @" PK/H-
@SWNUL] S:HP' O$H:KL6HPH7 O$K-'N@HLN>?
a) ne oxoponxmrtcx;
) xx nnrnip mncrenrna;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
8. V$K:SLHP' 6>^"@J>] @' PK/H$KLN'@@] PK@'QH-S W:
a) nnxnmunom;
) nennxnmunom;
n) cynponoxycrtcx xomnencanicm narenronnacnnxy.
9. cH:"$^>f@" @'f:"@SP'@@]:
a) micrnrt nocnnannx na ronapn un nocnyrn, xxi nocrannxmrtcx na pnnox;
) cxnaacrtcx sa nennnmn npannnamn;
n) micrnrt nxasinxy na opranisanino-npanony ]opmy ixntnocri ninpncmcrna.
10. r/> NH$iHP"6U@> :'$/K @'fOHjK$"@>j>?
a) cnonecni;
) sopaxynantni;
n) ocmni.
11. V$HLN" J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@@] NHP'$>P:
a) ne oxoponxcrtcx;
) ninxrac peccrpani;
n) mac npanony oxopony na nicrani nnxopncrannx.
12. 6'L@K/ LP>-H^NP' @' O$'PH PK/H$KLN'@@] i"Hi$'k>g@HiH PKJ@'g"@@] :'W O$'PH:
a) nnxopncronynarn oro na ernxerni;
) nanocnrn nonepexynantne mapxynannx;
n) nnanarn ninensim na nnxopncrannx sasnauennx noxoxennx ronapy;
r) saoponxrn yt-xomy nepenipxrn naxnnicrt oconnnnx nnacrnnocre ronapy.
13. [PNH$LU/" O$'PH @' ;) PK@K/'W:
a) sa ]axrom crnopennx;
) nicnx oonxsxono epxanno peccrpani;
n) nicnx nnaui cnionrna.
14. 2' NP>$, LNPH$"@Kf S LO>P'PNH$LNP>, 'PNH$LU/" O$'PH @'6"hKNU:
a) ncim cninanropam y yt-xxomy nnnaxy;
) ncim cninanropam, xxmo rnip c onnm ninnm;
n) xoxnomy is cninanropin na oro uacrnny y rnopi, mo cxnaacrtcx is oxpemnx ca-
mocrinnx uacrnn;
r) xxoct inaxme.
15. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" W OH$Sj"@@]: 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P?
a) nnrynannx nenennxoro ypnnxy es sasnauennx imeni anropa;
) sannc xoni xomnaxr-ncxy na marnirny crpiuxy nx nporpanannx n anromoint-
nomy nnecpi;
n) xonimnannx xnnrn iniorexom nx saminn nomxoxenoro exsemnnxpy.


231
D"LN u 3

1. ;&W/NK O'N"@N@HiH O$'P':
a) norpeymrt epxanno xnani]ixani;
) norpeymrt epxanno peccrpani;
n) anromarnuno orpnmymrt oxopony.
2. r/K: gK@H: J'QK_'.NU JHP@>j@>f PKi6]- PK$H&S, _H JS:HP6"@Kf fHiH
N"Q@>g@H. kS@/^>W.?
a) narenrom na npomncnonn spasox;
) nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
3. mS@/^>]:K -"$h'P@HiH O>-O$KW:LNP' )@N"6J'QKLN W:
a) saxncr npan nnacnnxin narenrin;
) nonepexennx nopyment y c]epi npomncnono nnacnocri;
n) nnaua xonrpontnnx mapox nx mapxynannx npnmipnnxin ayionisyantnnx rnopin,
xomnmrepnnx nporpam romo;
r) in]opmanini nocnyrn s nnrant nayrrx ra peanisani npan na OHIB.
4. 2'JP'NK /$KN"$>7 HQH$H@HJ-'N@HLN> PK@'QH-S.
5. +N$H/ HQH$H@K NH$iHP"6U@H7 :'$/K P d/$'7@> LN'@HPKNU (P/'J'NK).
6. F>P"@U N"Q@>/K O$K O'N"@NSP'@@> PKJ@'g'WNUL]:
a) BOIB mopiuno ononrt o nioma epxannnx unenin;
) nanionantnom narenrnom ycranonom y mopiunnx snirax;
n) ni uac narenrnnx ocnixent excneprin;
r) ni uac ocnixennx niomocre, xxi c sarantnoocrynnnmn saxonnnm unnom na
uac noannx saxnxn.
7. ]/KQ PKO'-/'Q PK-'.NU O$K:SLHPS 6>^"@J>. @' O$'PH PK/H$KLN'@@] PK-
@'QH-S?
8. r/_H O'N"@N @' ;V @'6"hKNU />6U/H: HLH&': > P>-LSN@] SiH-', _H PKJ@'-
g'W 7Q LNHLS@/K, NH /Hh"@ LO>PP6'L@K/ :Hh" PK/H$KLNHPSP'NK ;V @' LP>f $HJLS-,
O$K ^UH:S:
a) nicyrni yt-xxi omexennx;
) icnymrt omexennx (nasnirt).
9. cH:"$^>f@" @'f:"@SP'@@]:
a) ne nonnnni cninnaarn, nanirt xonn ninpncmcrna imrt y pisnnx inonnx c]epax;
) moxyrt cninnaarn, xonn ninpncmcrna imrt na pisnnx repnropixx;
n) moxyrt cninnaarn s ronapnnmn snaxamn, mo nanexart rperim ocoam.
10. 2'JP>NU H&W/NK NH$iHP"6U@H7 :'$/K.
11. +"$"- @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" PK&"$>NU O$HLN" i"Hi$'k>g@" J'J@'g"@@]:
a) sponeno n Vxpani;
) noa Mnpropoctxa;
n) nnno Xnryninctxe.
12. 4NH >J @'JP'@KQ @Khg" LS&W/N>P :'W O$'PH @' $"WLN$'^>. /P'6>k>/HP'@HiH
i"Hi$'k>g@HiH J'J@'g"@@]?
a) nnponnxn ronapin, xxocri ra penyranix xxoro nonxsani s nnm reorpa]iunnm micnem;
) aconiani cnoxnnauin;
n) ycranonn, mo mamrt ninomennx o nnponennx un nnnuennx npoyxrin ao rex-
nonoriunnx nponecin, nonxsannx s nnm reorpa]iunnm micnem.
13. ;QH$H@' J' @H$:':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' @" OHjK$.WNUL]:
a) na ne onynixonani rnopn;

232
) na ne onpnnmneni rnopn;
n) na rnopn, xxi ne sa]ixconani na marepiantnomy nocicni.
14. cH:S @'6"hKNU 'PNH$LU/" O$'PH @' L/6'-"@> NPH$K (@'JP>NU N'/Kf NP>$)?
a) xoxnomy s anropin;
) ynopxnnxy;
n) cnintno ncim anropam;
r) xxoct inaxme.
15. =K W O$Hi$':>LN LO>P'PNH$H: NPH$S, LNPH$"@HiH J' -HOH:HiH. /H:O.N"$'?
a) rax essacrepexno;
) ni essacrepexno;
n) rax (un ni) sa ymonn (nxasarn).

D"LN u 4

1. r/> J @'P"-"@KQ H&W/N>P W H&W/N':K O'N"@N@HiH O$'P':
a) roprinentni mapxn;
) nnnaxon;
n) cnocon opoxn;
r) npomncnoni spasxn.
2. vH N'/" :'6Kf O'N"@N?
a) narenr na rexniune pimennx;
) narenr na xopncny moent;
n) narenr na npomncnonn spasox;
r) narenr na peuonnny.
3. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" W kS@/^>]:K Z"$h'P@H7 L6Sh&K ):
a) rorymrt excneprni nncnonxn npo ninoninicrt OHIB ymonam npanono oxoponn;
) nnac narenrn na ocxrn npomncnono nnacnocri;
n) nnac cnionrna npo peccrpanim ocxrin anropctxoro npana;
r) npononrt cnny epxanny nonirnxy n onacri oxoponn npan na OHIB.
4. V$HLO"/NK; &S/6"NK HQH$H@].NUL]:
a) sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
) narenrom na npomncnonn spasox;
n) srino saxony Hpo pexnamy.
5. 2'JP'NK /$KN"$>7 HQH$H@HJ-'N@HLN> O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/'.
6. r/_H LSN@>LNU PK@'QH-S &S6H $HJ/$KNH S ->6HPH:S 6KLNSP'@@>, NH ^" J'O"-
$"gSW @HPKJ@S O$K OH-'@@> J']P/K @' O'N"@N gK @>?
a) rax;
) ni.
7. 2'JP>NU PK-K 6>^"@J>f@KQ PKO6'N. r/> PK/H$KLNHPS.NU @'fg'LN>j"?
8. =K W OH$Sj"@@]: O$'P O'N"@NHP6'L@K/' PK/H$KLN'@@] J'O'N"@NHP'@HiH
@K: H&W/N' ]/ g'LNK@K N$'@LOH$N@KQ J'LH&>P, _H NK:g'LHPH O"$"&SP'.NU @' N"-
$KNH$>7 ->7 O'N"@NS?
a)rax;
) ni;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
9. d $'J> PK-'g> O$K:SLHPH7 6>^"@J>7 O'N"@NHP6'L@K/:
a) nrpauac npano nnxopncronynarn nnnaxi camocrino;
) nrpauac npano naanarn osnin na nnxopncrannx inmnm ocoam;
n) sepirac nci cno npana.
233
10. =K :Hh" /H:"$^>f@" @'f:"@SP'@@] PK/H$KLNHPSP'NKLU .$K-Kg@H. HLH-
&H. S J@'/S -6] NHP'$>P N' OHL6Si?
a) rax essacrepexno;
) rax, sa ymonn (nxasarn);
n) ni.
11. vH W H&W/NH: HQH$H@K S L6HP"@LU/>f NH$i>P"6U@>f :'$^>?
a) cnono;
) mpn]rona manepa;
n) posmip yxn.
12. +"$"- @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" P>-J@'gN" @'JPS :>L^] OHQH-h"@@]:
a) openypstxa xycrxa;
) ypantctxi camonnirn;
n) noa Tpycxanentxa.
13. /'h>NU LS&W/N>P 'PNH$LU/HiH @":'f@HPHiH O$'P':
a) mpnnuna ocoa;
) opranisanix xonexrnnnoro ynpanninnx manonnmn npanamn anropin;
n) cnaxocmni.
14. 2' /H6"/NKP@> NPH$K (-'fN" O$K/6'-) 'PNH$LU/> O$'P' @'6"h'NU:
a) opranisaropy crnopennx;
) anropam oxpemnx cxnaonnx cnintno;
n) xxoct inaxme.
15. ;LH&KLN> @":'f@HP> O$'P' HQH$H@].NUL] J' @H$:':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P':
a) nporxrom xnrrx anropa;
) escrpoxono;
n) 70 poxin nicnx cmepri anropa.

D"LN u 5

1. V$'PH >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> $"iS6.W:
a) rnopuy ixntnicrt is crnopennx ocxrin IB;
) cycnintni ninocnnn, mo cxnaamrtcx nporxrom xnrrcnoro nnxny OIB;
n) rintxn ninocnnn, mo cxnaamrtcx y nponeci nayrrx npan IB ra x oxoponn.
2. r/K: gK@H: J->fL@..NU O$'PHPKf J'QKLN $"JS6UN'N>P NPH$gH7 O$'^> -KJ'f@"$>P?
a) narenr na npomncnonn spasox;
) sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
n) cnionrno npo oonxsxony epxanny peccrpanim;
r) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
3. 0H6HP@H. kS@/^>W. d/$'7@LU/HiH 'i"@NLNP' J 'PNH$LU/KQ > LS:>h@KQ O$'P W:
a) excneprnsa noannx saxnnnxamn marepianin;
) xonexrnnne ynpanninnx npanamn anropin;
n) sacniuennx ocon anropa.
4. DH$i>P"6U@' :'$/' P d/$'7@> HQH$H@]WNUL]:
a) escrpoxono;
) 15 poxin;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
5. 2'JP'NK /$KN"$>7 HQH$H@HJ-'N@HLN> /H$KL@H7 :H-"6>.
6. 2'P"->NU O$K/6'- ;V), ]/Kf :Hh" @'&SNK HQH$H@S H-@Hg'L@H J' />6U/H:'
@'O$]:/':K (S />6U/HQ ]/HLN]Q).
7. cP'6>k>/'^>f@' "/LO"$NKJ' PK@'QH-S:
a) nepenipxc nnxonannx nnmor nanionantnoro saxonoancrna o saxnxn;

234
) naxnnicrt oxymenrin, xxi nirnepxymrt cnnary mnra;
n) ninoninicrt ymonam narenrosarnocri;
r) nonnory posxpnrrx nnnaxoy n onnci.
8. =K O>-6]i'.NU 6>^"@J>f@> SiH-K H&HP]J/HP>f -"$h'P@>f $"WLN$'^>7?
a) rax;
) ni.
9. 2'JP>NU j6]QK @'-'@@] O$K:SLHPH7 6>^"@J>7 @' PK/H$KLN'@@] ;V.
10. /'h>NU H&W/NK >@-KP>-S'6>J'^>7 Sg'L@K/>P ^KP>6U@HiH H&>iS NHP'$>P N' OHL6Si.
11. A@'/K H&L6SiHPSP'@@]:
a) ne oxoponxmrtcx nsarani;
) oxoponxmrtcx rax camo, xx roprinentni mapxn;
n) oxoponxmrtcx sa cneniantnnm saxonoancrnom.
12. +"$"- J'J@'g"@HiH @Khg" H&"$>NU i"Hi$'k>g@" J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@@] NHP'$S:
a) Tpycxanentxi non, cnepnonnna N 17;
) upannystxi nap]ymn;
n) Xoxnomctxn posnnc.
13. r/> H&W/NK HQH$H@].NUL] J' @H$:':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P':
a) nepexnan;
) cranaprn;
n) cnmnonn repnropiantnnx rpoma;
r) posxnan rene- ra paio nepeau.
14. +N$H/ HQH$H@K 6>N"$'NS$@KQ NPH$>P J' @H$:':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' LN'@HPKNU:
a) 70 poxin;
) nporxrom xnrrx anropa;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
15. AiH-' 'PNH$' W @"H&Q>-@H. @':
a) cynponoxennx rnopy nepemonom;
) nyniune nnxonannx onynixonannx crare s norounnx exonomiunnx nnrant;
n) nxnmuennx cxnaonom uacrnnom o anronori;
r) nyniune nnxonannx mysnunoro rnopy ni uac o]ininnx nepemoni.

D"LN u 6

1. V$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ ^" PK$>j"@@] JHP@>j@UHiH PKi6]-S PK$H&S, ]/" PK-
J@'g'WNUL]:
a) xyoxnimn enemenramn;
) xoncrpyxrnnnnmn enemenramn;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
2. r/' H$i'@>J'^>] W iH6HP@K: H$i'@H: S Lk"$> >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN>?
a) epxanna cnyxa IB;
) Minicrepcrno ocnirn i nayxn Vxpann;
n) epxanne ninpncmcrno Inrensaxncr;
r) Minicrepcrno mcrnni.
3. ;L@HP@> :>h@'$H-@> SiH-K S Lk"$> ) '-:>@>LN$S.NU:
a) COT;
) BO IB;
n) OOH.
4. ;&W/NH: O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' W:
a) ]opma;
) npocropone posramynannx enemenrin nnpoy;
n) pos]apynannx;
235
r) niminnocri nnxopncrannx nnpoy;
5. +N$H/ O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K O$H:KL6HPHiH J$'J/' P d/$'7@> LN'@HPKNU (P/'J'NK).
6. =K PQH-KNU P S:HPK O'N"@NHLO$H:Hh@HLN> /H$KL@H7 :H-"6> PK@'Q>-@K^U/Kf
$>P"@U?
a) rax;
) ni.
7. 2'JP>NU, ]/> :'f@HP> O$'P' :'W P6'L@K/ O'N"@NS @' PK@'Q>-.
8. =K W OH$Sj"@@]: O$'P O'N"@NHP6'L@K/' PK/H$KLN'@@] PK@'QH-S -6] @'S-
/HPKQ -HL6>-h"@U '&H "/LO"$K:"@N>P @'- H&W/NH: PK@'QH-S:
a) rax;
) ni;
n) Horpien osnin narenronnacnnxa, ane es nnnnarn nnnaropon omy.
9. A' ]/KQ S:HP PK-'.NU O$K:SLHPS 6>^"@J>. @' PK/H$KLN'@@] PK@'QH-S?
10. =K W OH$Sj"@@]: O$'P' >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> H-@'/HP> @'JPK iHN"6>P?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) ni, xxmo (nxasarn).
11. mH$:S O6]j/K :Hh@' HQH$H@]NK ]/:
a) npomncnonn spasox;
) ocmnn roprinentnn snax;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).
12. +N$H/ HQH$H@K i"Hi$'k>g@HiH J'J@'g"@@] LN'@HPKNU:
a) 10 poxin;
) 20 poxin;
n) c escrpoxonnm es ycxxnx ymon;
r) c escrpoxonnm sa ymonn (nasnarn).
13. vH J @'JP'@HiH @Khg" W H&W/N':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'?
a) opoxa ]ontxnopnnx rnopin;
) aminicrparnnni oxymenrn;
n) rpomoni snaxn;
r) ennnxnonei.
14. cH:S @'6"hKNU 'PNH$LU/" O$'PH @' OHQ>-@> NPH$K:
a) anropy ocnonnoro rnopy (nepmoxepena);
) anropy noxinoro rnopy;
n) oom anropam xx cninanropam;
r) norpino nnxonarn nenni ymonn (nxasarn).
15. =K O>-O'-'W O>- HQH$H@S Ji>-@H 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'?
a) nepepoxa nporpamn inmom monom nporpamynannx;
) nepexna monom inmo xpann;
n) nepepoxa nporpamn nx inmoro xnacy xomnmrepin.

D"LN u 7

1. vH ]P6]W LH&H. J@'/, ]/Kf LOHP>_'W O$H LS:>h@> O$'P'?
2. cH6K S/6'-'WNUL] -HiHP>$ $H&HNH-'P^] J O$'^>P@K/H:, ]/Kf LNPH$.W
H&W/NK ) S JP]J/S J PK/H@'@@]: L6Sh&HPKQ H&HP]J/>P?
a) npn npnomi na poory;
) xx oarox o xonrpaxry;
n) n nponeci nnxonannx sanannx;
r) nicnx crnopennx ocxry IB.

236
3. mH$:' O6]j/K :Hh" @'&SNK O$'P >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> ]/:
a) npomncnonn spasox;
) roprinentna mapxa;
n) rnip exoparnnno-npnxnanoro mncrenrna.
4. r/_H j/>6U@' $'->HLN'@^>] N$'@L6.W O$Hi$':S H$i'@>J'^>7 :HP6"@@], gK W
^" OH$Sj"@@] LS:>h@KQ O$'P?
a) rax;
) ni (noxcnnrn).
5. =K :Hh" 'PNH$ J'&H$H@]NK J'J@'g"@@] LPHiH >:"@> S JP]J/S J PK/H$KLN'@-
@]: LPHiH NPH$S?
a) rax, es ncinxxnx ymon;
) rax, sa ymonn mo (nxasarn);
n) ni, es ncinxxnx ymon;
r) ni, sa ymonn mo (nxasarn);
6. 4H$"Hi$'k>g@> NPH$K HQH$H@].NUL] J' @H$:':K:
a) anropctxoro npana;
) cymixnnx npan;
n) npan na nerpannini ocxrn.
7. 2'&>$ >@LN$S:"@N>P :Hh" HN$K:'NK O$'PHPS HQH$H@S ]/
a) nnnaxi;
) xopncna moent;
n) npomncnonn spasox;
r) ocxr anropctxoro npana.
8. r/> J'QH-K O"$"-&'g"@> S $'J> @"PK/H@'@@] PK@'QH-S?
a) mrpa]ni canxni;
) nnaua npnmycono ninensi sanixanneni ocoi;
n) nnsnannx narenry neicnnm.
9. r/_H :SJKg@Kf NP>$, J'OKL'@Kf @' kH@Hi$':S, O"$"-'WNUL] P "k>$, NH:
a) rpea marn sroy nnxonannx ra nnponnxa ]onorpamn y yt-xxomy nnnaxy;
) ne rpea marn sroy;
n) ne rpea marn sroy, xxmo (nxasarn).
10. V$'PH @' HN$K:'@@] LP>-H^NP' @' NH$iHP"6U@S :'$/S :'.NU:
a) ninpncmcrna nenno ]opmn nnacnocri;
) ninpncmcrna yt-xxo ]opmn nnacnocri;
n) opranisani, xxi samamrtcx pexnamom.
11. 2HP" PK$>j"@@] /H@/$"N@KQ N"Q@>g@KQ O$H&6": N' H/$":KQ J'-'g, ]/"
i$S@NSWNUL] @' P>-H:KQ P6'LNKPHLN]Q gK J'/H@'Q :'N"$>'6U@HiH LP>NS ^":
a) npomncnonn spasox;
) nayxone nixpnrrx;
n) nnnaxi.
12. r/K: gK@H: P d/$'7@> HQH$H@].NU /H:"$^>f@> @'f:"@SP'@@]?
a) srino Hnnintnoro xoexcy;
) srino 3axony Vxpann Hpo oxopony ]ipmonnx namenynant;
n) srino s Vxasom npesnenra.
13. r/K: gK@H: S NH$i>P"6U@S :'$/S :Hh@' PP"LNK OHJ@'g"@@], _H P>-NPH-
$..NU O$H:KL6HP> J$'J/K?
a) anynmnarn narenr na npomncnonn spasox;
) nxnmunrn nemoxnnno;
n) nxnmunrn xx enemenr, mo ne ninxrac oxoponi.
237
14. r/_H J']P/' @' $"WLN$'^>7 NHOHi$'k>7 )B+ &S6' OH-'@' g"$"J $>/ O>L6] -'-
NK O"$jHiH PK/H$KLN'@@], NH gK HN$K:'W N'/Kf H&W/N O$'PHPS HQH$H@S?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) n sanexnocri ni oarxonnx ymon (naneirt).

D"LN u 8

1. r/> ->7 N$"&' PK/H@'NK J NHg/K JH$S 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P', _H& NP>$ LSO$HPH-
-hSP'PL] >6.LN$'^>]:K N' O"$"-:HPH.?
2. r/_H PK@'Q>- HOKL'@H S 6>N"$'NS$@H:S NPH$>, gK OHjK$.WNUL] @' @UHiH HQH$H@'?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) xxoct inaxme.
3. K/H@'@@] NPH$S LN'W H&W/NH: O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K 6Kj" P NH:S $'J>, /H6K:
a) nnxonynanoct npo]ecionanom;
) nnxonynanoct yt-xxom ocoom npo]ecionanom un nmnrenem;
n) ynn nnxonani nenni ]opmantnocri.
4. =K W H&W/NH: 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' OHP>-H:6"@@] O$H @HPK@K -@]?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) n sanexnocri ni oarxonnx ocrannn.
5. =K :Hh" :'NK O$'PH @' H-"$h'@@] O'N"@NS PK@'Q>-@K/, ]/_H PK@'Q>-
LNPH$"@H S JP]J/S J PK/H@'@@]: L6Sh&HPKQ H&HP]J/>P?
a) rax, xxmo (nxasarn);
) ni, xxmo (nxasarn);
n) ni, xxmo (nxasarn).
6. r/> SiH-K O"$"-&'g'.NU HQH$H@S /H:O.N"$@KQ O$Hi$': @' :>h@'$H-@H:S $>P@>?
a) Fepnctxa xonnennix;
) Hapnstxa xonnennix;
n) oronip BOIB s anropctxoro npana;
r) Pnmctxa xonnennix;
7. 2' ]/>f O>-LN'P> HQH$H@].NUL] >@N"$"LK /@KiHPK-'P^>P?
a) na nicrani npan, mo nepeani anropom;
) na nicrani npnannx ninensi;
n) na nicrani saxnxn o ninonino ycranonn is cnnarom mnra.
8. r/_H O'N"@NHPH6H->6U^]:K W H-@Hg'L@H />6U/' HL>&, PH@K :'.NU O$'PH:
a) nnxopncronynarn OHIB na cni poscy;
) nnxopncronynarn OHIB rintxn sa ysroxennxm mix cninnnacnnxamn;
n) nicrynarn narenr na cni poscy;
r) nnanarn ninensim na nnxopncrannx OHIB es sron inmnx cninnnacnnxin.
9. 2"HOS&6>/HP'@> 6>N"$'NS$@> NPH$K:
a) oxoponxmrtcx sa nopmamn anropctxoro npana;
) ne oxoponxmrtcx nsarani;
n) oxoponxmrtcx sa naxnnocri cneniantno yron.
10. V$'PH @' HN$K:'@@] LP>-H^NP' @' NH$i>P"6U@S :'$/S :'.NU:
a) ]isnuni ocon;
) opranisani, xxi sicnmmrt cepnicne ocnyronynannx ra pemonr;
n) nnmi nanuantni saxnan.
11. /'h>NU LN$H/ ->7 HQH$H@K @' O"$"-'g> LN'@^>f "k>$@HiH :HP6"@@].

238
12. +KLN":' OH-'g> :>h@'$H-@KQ J']PH/ F+D O$KJ@'g"@' -6]:
a) noaui mixnaponnx saxnox;
) nonepentoro sopy marepiany sa saxnxom;
n) nnaui narenrin.
13. =K W H&W/N':K /H:"$^>f@H7 N'f@K?
a) inona in]opmanix;
) pesyntrarn mapxernnronnx ocnixent;
n) pospaxynxn ninn na ronap, mo nnnonrtcx na pnnox.
14. =K W '/NH: @"-H&$HLHP>L@H7 /H@/S$"@^>7 OHi$HJ' OH-'NK OHJHP LNHLHP@H
OH$Sj"@@] O$'P @' PK@'Q>-?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax n sanexnocri (nxasarn).
15. r/' :>h@'$H-@' SiH-' $"iS6.W O$'PHP> OKN'@@] _H-H N'/HiH ;V) ]/ NH-
OHi$'k>] :>/$HLQ":?
a) Hapnstxa xonnennix;
) Bamnnrronctxn oronip;
n) Iaastxa yroa.

D"LN u 9

1.;QH$H@' Ji>-@H 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' OHjK$.WNUL] @':
a) smicr rnopy;
) ]opma rnopy;
n) rintxn napyxonana;
r) n sanexnocri ni xanpy un npnsnauennx rnopy.
2. m>$:', ]/' J'f:'WNUL] @'-'@@]: OHL6Si P 'PNHL"$P>L>, OH-'6' J']P/S @' $"-
WLN$'^>. /H:"$^>f@HiH @'f:"@SP'@@]. A]LSP'6HLU, _H N'/" L':" @'f:"@SP'@@]
:'W :"-Kg@' k>$:'. =K &S-" J'$"WLN$HP'@H /H:"$^>f@" @'f:"@SP'@@]?
a) rax;
) ni, noxcnirt napianrn ninonii.
3. r/K: gK@H: :Hh" @'&SNK O$'P >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HLN> g'f@Kf L"$P>J?
a) xx xopncna moent;
) xx npomncnonn spasox;
n) xx ocxr anropctxoro npana;
r) ne ninxrac nayrrm npan IB.
4. +S&W/NH: NPH$gH7 ->]6U@HLN> :Hh" &SNK:
a) oxpema nmnna;
) rpyna (xonexrnn) nme;
n) mpnnuna ocoa;
r) epxana.
5. ;&L]i O$'PHPH7 HQH$H@K $'^>H@'6>J'NH$LU/> O$HOHJK^>7 PKJ@'g'WNUL]:
a) cyxynnicrm cyrrcnnx osnax;
) ]opmynom;
n) onncom;
r) epxannom peccrpanicm;
) xpecnennxmn.
6. =K N$"&' PK/H@SP'NK O"P@> ->7 OH O>-N$K:'@@. P LK6> O'N"@NS P -'@>f /$'7@>?
a) o saxinuennx mpnnuno i narenry nixxnx;
239
) no saxinuenni mpnnuno i narenry oarxono sicnnrn o]opmnennx oxyme-
nrin; n) mopiuno cnnauynarn mnrn.
7. ;6>:O>fLU/Kf LK:PH6:
a) moxe nnxopncronynarnct yt-xnm s xomepninom merom;
) ne moxe nnxopncronynarnct s xomepninom merom ni sa xxnx ymon;
n) moxe nnxopncronynarnct sa ymonn (nxasarn).
8. V"$"j/H-KNK $"WLN$'^>7 NH$i>P"6U@H7 :'$/K :Hh":
a) xapaxrep ronapin un nocnyr, nx xxnx nnanycrtcx nnxopncrannx snaxy;
) ro ]axr, mo roprinentna mapxa ne nnxopncronycrtcx nicnx noaui saxnxn;
n) nicyrnicrt nisyantnoro cnpnmannx;
r) naxnnicrt nxasinox na nn, xxicrt, xintxicrt, ninnicrt ronapin i nocnyr romo.
9. r/_H P LN'NN> $HJ/$KNH J:>LN PK@'QH-S NH gK &S-" OH$Sj"@@]: 'PNH$LU/H-
iH O$'P', /H6K N$"N] HLH&' PK/H$KLN'W PK/6'-"@> >-"7?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax un ni sa nennnx ymon.
10. r/_H J'O'N"@NHP'@Kf P d/$'7@> PK@'Q>- PK/H$KLN'@H &"J -HJPH6S O'N"@-
NHP6'L@K/' P /H@LN$S/^>7 N$'@LOH$N@HiH J'LH&S, ]/Kf NK:g'LHPH O"$"&SP'W @' N"-
$KNH$>7 d/$'7@K, NH ^":
a) nnaxacrtcx nopymennxm npan narenronnacnnxa;
) ne nnaxacrtcx nopymennxm npan;
n) ne nnaxacrtcx nopymennxm npan, xxmo (nxasarn).
11. r/_H PK@'Q>- &S6H LNPH$"@H O$K PK/H@'@@> L6Sh&HPKQ H&HP]J/>P, NH gK
:Hh" 'PNH$ HN$K:'NK O'N"@N?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax un ni sa ymonn (nxasarn).
12. >-OHP>-@H -H ]/HiH :>h@'$H-@HiH -HiHPH$S J'&"JO"gSWNUL] HQH$H@'
H&W/N>P O$H:KL6HPH7 P6'L@HLN> @' Hk>^>f@H PKJ@'@KQ :>h@'$H-@KQ PKLN'P/'Q?
a) Hicaonctxa yroa;
) Hapnstxa xonnennix;
n) Mapnctxa yroa.
13. mS@/^>7 H$i'@>J'^>f J /H6"/NKP@HiH SO$'P6>@@] 'PNH$LU/K:K N' LS:>h@K-
:K O$'P':K:
a) naannx ninensi na nnxopncrannx rnopin;
) snpamrt s xopncrynauin nnnaropoy ra posnoinxmrt mix npanonnacnnxamn;
n) sicnmmrt nnxopncrannx rnopin ra ]onorpam;
r) xonrponmmrt ymonn oronopin anropin croconno manonnx npan.
14. cH:"$^>f@' N'W:@K^] HQH$H@]WNUL] ]/:
a) epxanna;
) ocxr inrenexryantno nnacnocri;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).

D"LN u 10

1. +^"@'$@> NPH$K LN'.NU H&W/NH: 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' S $'J>, ]/_H PH@K:
a) c pesyntrarom nepepoxn uyxoro posnoninoro rnopy;
) c nepepoxom uyxoro pamarnunoro rnopy;
n) c opnrinantnnmn.
2. D"Q@>g@> /$"L6"@@] W :

240
a) onomixnnmn marepianamn;
) ocxrom anropctxoro npana;
n) pesyntrarom rnopuo npani es moxnnnocri nayrrx npan IB.
3. r/_H 'PNH$ O"$"-'P &"J/HjNHP@H '&H J' O6'NS LP>f NP>$ (H$Ki>@'6, ' @" :'f-
@HP> O$'P') >@j>f HLH&>, /HN$', P LPH. g"$iS, PK$>jK6' ^"f H$Ki>@'6 O$H-'NK, NH:
a) anrop mac npano na nenny rpomony cymy. xmo rax, ro xxy?
) anrop ne mac nixxnx npan, oxpim nemanonnx (nxaxirt xxnx).
4. =K :Hh" &SNK LS&W/NH: 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' .$K-Kg@' HLH&'?
a) rax, xxmo (nxasarn);
) rax, es oarxonnx ymon;
n) ni, ni n xxomy pasi.
5. cH6K :K@'W N"$:>@ ->7 O'N"@NS, P>@:
a) oxoponxcrtcx nacrynni 20 poxin nicnx o]opmnennx ninoninnx oxymenrin;
) anromarnuno oxoponxcrtcx nacrynni 20 poxin, xxmo ni narenronnacnnxa ne na-
imno sanepeuennx;
n) crac ocrynnnm nx nintnoro nnxopncrannx; r) nnxopncronycrtcx inmnmn ocoa-
mn sa esonnarnom ninensicm.
6. +KLN":' F+D -HJPH6]W:
a) orpnmarn ncecnirni narenr;
) onouacno oepxarn oxopony n narenrnnx ycranonax xintxox xpan;
n) orpnmarn narenr y Mixnaponomy mpo BOIB.
7. r/> SLN'@HPK PKJ@'g'.NU gK W NH$i>P"6U@Kf J@'/ J'i'6U@HP>-H:K: S ^>f /$'7@>?
a) aminicrparnnni oprann;
) cyoni ycranonn;
n) opranisani, xxi sicnmmrt conionoriune onnrynannx;
r) opranisani, xxi sicnmmrt mapxernnroni ocnixennx.
8. A' ]/KQ S:HP :HhSNU NH$i>P"6U@> :'$/K :>LNKNK OH$N$"NK P>-H:KQ P d/$'-
7@> HL>&?
a) ne moxyrt micrnrn nixxnx ymon;
) sa ymonn sron nxasannx oci;
n) sa ymonn sron Mixniomuo xomici s ysroxennx nnrant npanono oxoponn rop-
ronentnnx mapox.
9. /'h>NU LN$H/ ->7 O$'P PK$H&@K/>P kH@Hi$':.
10. r/_H PK@'Q>- LNPH$"@H O$K PK/H@'@@> L6Sh&HPHiH J'P-'@@], NH:
a) sa anropom sepiramrtcx oconcri manoni npana;
) oconcri nemanoni npana niuyxymrtcx.
11. r/> /$KN"$>7 HQH$H@HJ-'N@HLN> O"$"-&'g"@> P d/$'7@> -6] /H$KL@H7 :H-"6>?
a) ninoninicrt cnironomy pinnm rexnixn;
) opnrinantnicrt;
n) npomncnona npnarnicrt;
r) neouennnicrt cepentomy ]axinneni.
12. b>^"@J>] @'-'W O$'PH 6>^"@J>'NS:
a) nnxopncronynarn OHB es omexent o saxinuennx i narenry;
) nnxopncronynarn OHB na yt-xxi repnropi, e ic narenr;
n) nnxopncronynarn OHB n sasnauenn crpox, n sasnauenomy ocxsi, na nnsnaueni
repnropi.
13. ;&W/N':K LS:>h@KQ O$'P W:
a) xino]intmn;
) ]onorpamn;
n) xomnmrepni nporpamn.
14. =K W '/NH: @"-H&$HLHP>L@H7 /H@/S$"@^>7 '/^>7 >J J@Kh"@@]: ^>@?
241
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax, xxmo (nxasarn).

D"LN u 11

1. LN'NN> PK/6'-"@' @HP' /H@^"O^>] $HJPKN/S i'6SJ>. =K W PH@' H&W/NH: 'P-
NH$LU/HiH O$'P'?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) xxoct inaxme.
2. r/> 'N$K&SNK LOHP>_'.NU O$H @']P@>LNU 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P Ji>-@H J L"LP>N-
@UH. cH@P"@^>W. O$H 'PNH$LU/" O$'PH 1952$.?
3. =K :'.NU O$'PH 'PNH$LNP' 'PNH$K Hk>^>f@KQ -H/S:"@N>P?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) n sanexnocri ni ocrannn.
4. V$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/ PK$>jSW J'-'gS:
a) rexniuno cyrnocri;
) xoncrpyxrnnnoro pimennx no cnocpinomy posramynannm ra nocnannm oxpe-
mnx uacrnn, nysnin, erane;
n) sonnimntoro nnrnxy;
r) nirnopennx y npomncnonnx ocxrax.
5. =K PK-'.NUL] J' LKLN":H. F+D O'N"@NK?
a) rax;
) ni;
6. r/' :"N' i"Hi$'k>g@HiH J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@@] NHP'$S?
a) oxoponxrn nnponnun nponec;
) naanarn anropctxe npano na norornn;
n) cnpnxrn roprinni mnxxom in]opmynannx noxynnin npo noxoxennx ronapin.
7. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" :Hh" &SNK PKJ@'@H P d/$'7@> O$H:KL6HPK: J$'J/H:?
a) nnpimennx sonnimntoro nnrnxy nnpoy;
) sminmnannx rintxn xontopy nnpoy;
n) sminmnannx rintxn posmipy nnpoy;
r) sminmnannx ]opmn nnpoy;
8. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" :Hh" HN$K:'NK P d/$'7@> O$'PHPS HQH$H@S ]/ PK@'Q>-?
a) cnoci nnnnny na pocnnnn s merom noxpamennx x cnoxnnunx xxocre;
) ocxrn renno inxenepi;
n) cnoci nepeaui sopaxent;
r) ronorpa]i inrerpantnnx mixpocxem.
9. d ]/KQ PKO'-/'Q HQH$H@' OHjK$.WNUL] @' NH$i>P"6U@S :'$/S, ]/' S ^>f
/$'7@> @" W J'$"WLN$HP'@H.?
10. ;QH$H@' PK$H&@K/': kH@Hi$': @'-'WNUL]:
a) s momenry nnxonannx rnopy;
) s momenry crnopennx ]onorpamn;
n) s nouarxy xanenapnoro poxy, y xxomy mano micne nnxonannx un yn sponenn sannc;
r) s nouarxy xanenapnoro poxy, mo nacrac sa poxom, y xxomy mano micne nnxonan-
nx un sponeno sannc.
11. /'h>NU LN$H/ ->7 :'f@HPKQ O$'P PK/H@'P^>P.
12. DH$i>P"6U@' :'$/' :>LNKNU:
a) ymonne nosnauennx ronaponnponnxa;
) nonnn ocxr niomocre npo ronaponnponnxa;

242
n) mapxynannx; r) xomepnine namenynannx.
13. =K W '/NH: @"-H&$HLHP>L@H7 /H@/S$"@^>7?
a) pexnama, n xxi nopinnmmrtcx ronapn un nocnyrn pisnnx nnponnxin;
) nnxopncrannx cxoxo ynaxonxn;
n) sanpomennx o cee na poory cninpoirnnxin xonxypenra.
14. 2'JP>NU S:HPK, J' ]/KQ NHOHi$'k>] >@N"i$'6U@H7 :>/$HLQ": PKJ@'WNUL] @HPH..
15. r/' SLN'@HP' :Hh" PK-'NK LP>-H^NPH O$H @'S/HP" P>-/$KNN]?
a) epxanna cnyxa IB;
) Minicrepcrno ocnirn i nayxn;
n) xxact inma (nxasarn).

D"LN u 12

1. 4NH O$KJ@'WNUL] 'PNH$H: 'S->HP>JS'6U@HiH NPH$S?
a) cnenapncr;
) anrop nicent (cnin ra mysnxn);
n) nnxonanent nicent;
r) nocranonnnx.
2. =K W H&W/N':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' J'/H@K?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) sanexno ni ocrannn.
3. AiH-' 'PNH$' OHN$>&@', ]/_H NP>$:
a) nxnmuamrt y sipnnx anronorim;
) nnxopncronymrt xx nnrary uacrnny rnopy;
n) nxnmuamrt y nipyunnx xpecromarim;
r) nnxopncronymrt y nanuantni renenepeaui.
4. DPH$K W H&W/N':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P':
a) es nnxonannx yt-xxnx ]opmantnocre;
) rintxn nicnx sanepmennx poorn na rnopom;
n) n sanexnocri ni cnocoy nnpaxennx;
r) nicnx peccrpani y ninoninnx incrannixx.
5. K&"$>NU J @'P"-"@KQ O$K/6'->P i"Hi$'k>g@> J'J@'g"@@]:
a) noprnen;
) xoxa-xona;
n) inictxn ua;
r) coyc Xepconctxn;
) pocictxn cnp.
6. r/K: gK@H: PKJ@'g'.NU OH$]-H/ /H$KLNSP'@@] O$'P':K :>h LO>P'PNH$':K?
a) yroom mix cninanropamn;
) cyom sa nosonom onoro is cninanropin;
n) cyom sa cnintnnm nosonom ncix cninanropin;
r) crynenem yuacri xoxnoro is cninanropin y crnopenni OIB.
7. ]/H:S $'J> J@'/, ]/Kf $HJN'jHP'@H @' O$H-S/^>7 '&H 77 SO'/HP^> W NH$i>-
P"6U@H. :'$/H.?
8. Ai>-@H J l"$@LU/H. /H@P"@^>W. 'PNH$ :'W:
a) nnme mopantni npana;
) nnme manoni npana;
n) mopantni ra manoni npana onouacno.
243
9. r/_H kH@Hi$':' LNPH$.P'6'LU J /H:"$^>f@H. :"NH., NH gK OHN$>&@' JiH-'
PK/H@'P^] N' PK$H&@K/' kH@Hi$':K @' OS&6>g@" PK/H@'@@] ^>W7 kH@Hi$':K?
a) rax;
) ni.
10. ZH ]/HiH O$'PHPHiH >@LNKNSNS @'6"hKNU /H:"$^>f@' N'W:@K^]?
a) cymixni npana;
) nerpannini ocxrn IB;
n) npomncnona nnacnicrt.
11. vH O>-6]i'W HQH$H@> S L6HP"L@H:S OHJ@'g"@@> NH$i>P"6U@H7 :'$/K?
a) came cnono;
) smicr;
n) enemenrn, xxi mamrt nisyantne snauennx.
12. =K :Hh" &SNK J'$"WLN$HP'@H NH$i>P"6U@S :'$/S, ]/_H O$H-'h NHP'$>P, OH-
J@'g"@KQ @"., S /$'7@> J'&H$H@"@H?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax un ni sa nennnx ymon (nxasarn).

D"LN u 13

1. F"WLN$'^>] NPH$S >, P>-OHP>-@H, LPH7Q 'PNH$LU/KQ O$'P, 'PNH$H: W:
a) oponintnom;
) oonxsxonom;
n) sanexno ni ocrannn.
2. 0"Hi$'k>g@> /'$NK W:
a) pesyntrarom rnopuo npani, mo ne moxe naynarn npan inrenexryantno nnacnocri;
) ocxrom anropctxoro npana;
n) rnopom exoparnnno npnxnanoro mncrenrna.
3. V>L6] J'/>@g"@@] LN$H/S gK@@HLN> :'f@HPKQ O$'P >@N"6"/NS'6U@H7 P6'L@HL-
N> @' NP>$ P>@:
a) crac nnacnicrm epxann;
) moxe nnxopncronynarnct yt-xxom ocoom es ymon ra omexent;
n) moxe nnxopncronynarnct yt-xxom ocoom sa ymonn rpomono nnnnarn na xo-
pncrt epxann;
r) moxe nnxopncronynarnct yt-xxom ocoom sa sroom namaxin.
4. [PNH$LU/" O$'PH @' NP>$, LNPH$"@Kf S LO>P'PNH$LNP>, J->fL@.WNUL]:
a) nesanexno xoxnnm is cninanropin;
) sanxn cnintno ncima cninanropamn;
n) srino s oronopom;
r) cnintno ncima cninanropamn sa nennnx ymon.
5. ]/KQ PKO'-/'Q PK@'Q>-@K/ @" :'W O$'P' J'OH&>i'NK PK/H$KLN'@@. fHiH
PK@'QH-S >@jK:K HLH&':K?
a) nnnaxi nesaxonnnm npncrpocm;
) cxinunncx crpox i narenry;
n) xonn narenr niuyxeno na xopncrt nnx oci;
r) xonn nnnaxinnx camocrino nnnaxi ne nnxopncronyc.
6. =K: P>-$>J@].NUL] H&W:@Kf NH$i>P"6U@Kf J@'/ N' O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/?
7. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" :Hh" HN$K:'NK P d/$'7@> O$'PHPS HQH$H@S ]/ PK@'Q>-?
a) nayxona reopix;
) ximiuna rexnonorix;

244
n) maremarnuni meron;
r) nncoxomonexynxpni cnonyxn.
8. [PNH$ :'W O$'PH P>-LNSOKNK LPHW O$'PH @' HN$K:'@@] O'N"@NS:
a) nnme cninanropy;
) yt-xxi ]isnuni ocoi;
n)yt-xxi mpnnuni ocoi;
r) cnaxocmnm.
9. 4NH W P6'L@K/H: O$'P @' i"Hi$'k>g@" J'J@'g"@@] OHQH-h"@@] NHP'$>P?
a) mpnnuna ocoa;
) nnacnnx oxoponnoro oxymenry na ronap, na xxomy nxasymrt reorpa]iune sasnauennx;
n) cycxr ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri;
r) epxana.
10. B>h@'$H-@' J']P/' @' O'N"@N :'W LK6S @'^>H@'6U@H7 J']P/K:
a) y ncix epxanax yuacnnnxx oronopy PCT;
) y ncix epxanax yuacnnnxx oronopy PCT, xxi nxasani saxnnnxom y mixnapo-
ni saxnni;
n) y ncix epxanax yuacnnnxx perionantnnx cncrem, xxmo ona s nnx epxan nxa-
sana y mixnaponi saxnni.
11. =K :Hh" HN$K:'NK O$'PHPS HQH$H@S &S-U-]/Kf PK@'Q>-?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) sa ymonn orpnmannx nennnx ymon.
12. ]/H:S $'J> H&W/N 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P', @'O$K/6'-, H$@':"@N, :Hh" HN$K-
:'NK HQH$H@S ]/ O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/?
13. V$K/6'-H: NH$i>P"6U@H7 :'$/K, _H PPH-KNU P H:'@S, W:
a) naxnexa, xxa micrnrt nasny periony, s xxoro ]axrnuno npoyxr ne noxonrt;
) sopaxennx, xxe nerouno onncyc npoyxr (nanpnxna, Apple y ninomenni
xomnmrepa); n) nasna, mo onncyc npoyxr.
14. cH:"$^>f@' N'f@' W H&W/NH::
a) npomncnono nnacnocri;
) anropctxoro npana;
n) xxoct inaxme (nxasarn).

D"LN u 14

1. [@HN'^>] W:
a) pesyntrarom rnopuo npani, mo ne moxe nayrn npana inrenexryantno nnacnocri;
) ocxrom anropctxoro npana;
n) ocxrom anropctxoro npana, xxmo ocxrom anropctxoro c rnip, na ocnoni xxoro
nona crnopena.
2. r/_H SL@S O$H:HPS J'OKL'6' > OHg'6' PK/H$KLNHPSP'NK LNH$H@@] HLH&', _H
OHPK@"@ $H&KNK 'PNH$?
3. =K >-"@NKg@> OH@]NN] 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' @' NP>$ N' O$'P' @' :'N"$>'6U@Kf
@HL>f (@'P"->NU O$K/6'-)?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) n sanexnocri ni ocrannn.
4. r/> J O$'P J'6Kj'.NUL] P 'PNH$' O>L6] O"$"-'g> :'f@HPKQ O$'P?
a) npano na nirnopennx;
) npano na cnonimennx nx sarantnoro nioma;
245
n) npano na xxicnn sannc nnxonannx;
r) npano na anropctxe imx.
5. r/' J :>h@'$H-@KQ SiH- LNHLSWNUL] :>h@'$H-@HiH -"OH@SP'@@] O$H:KL6H-
PKQ J$'J/>P?
a) Hapnstxa xonnennix;
) Xenenctxn nporoxon;
n) Iaastxa yroa;
r) Fyanemrctxn oronip.
6. vH J @'P"-"@HiH @Khg" @" :Hh" HN$K:'NK P d/$'7@> O$'PHPS HQH$H@S ]/
PK@'Q>-?
a) cnoci mexaniuno opoxn;
) npoyxr xepnnx nepernopent;
n) mero opranisani ra ynpanninnx rocnoapcrnom;
r) xomnmrepna nporpama;
) copr pocnnn.
7. =K W O$K:SLHP' 6>^"@J>] @' PK/H$KLN'@@] PK@'QH-S PK/6.g@H.?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) sanexnrt ni ymon.
8. d P>-OHP>-@HLN> -H ]/KQ @H$: O$'P' :Hh@' J'&"JO"gKNK HQH$H@S N"Q@>g@KQ
/$"L6"@U?
a) nopmn anropctxoro npana;
) nopmn npomncnono nnacnocri;
n) nopmn ra nerpannini ocxrn IB.
9. r/_H ]/>LU >-"7 &S6K PKiH6Hj"@> S OS&6>g@H:S PKLNSO>, NH ]/K: gK@H: 'P-
NH$ :Hh" O"$"j/H-KNK $"'6>J'^>7 ^KQ >-"f &"J fHiH -HJPH6S?
a) ne moxe nepemxonrn;
) rintxn sa naxnnocri narenry;
n) y ninoninocri o nopm anropctxoro npana;
r) npn nnxonanni oarxonnx ymon (nanecrn).
10. [PNH$ :'W O$'PH P>-LNSOKNK O$'PH @' HN$K:'@@] O'N"@NS:
a) sa cneniantnom saxnxom o noaui saxnxn na narenr;
) xxmo nxaxe imx narenronnacnnxa n saxnni na narenr;
n) sa yroom nicnx orpnmannx narenry.
11. r/> ->7 W O>-LN'PH. -6] PK@K/@"@@] LO>P'PNH$LNP'?
a) cnintna rnopua ixntnicrt;
) rexniune cnpnxnnx;
n) sicnennx ocnino nepenipxn.
12. =K W O$K:SLHP' 6>^"@J>] PK/6.g@H. ?
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax un ni sa nennnx ymon (nxasarn).
13. r/H. OHJ@'g/H. :Hh" J'LP>-gSP'NKLU O$'PH @' NH$i>P"6U@S :'$/S, ]/'
:'W HQH$H@S?
14. 2"-H&$HLHP>L@' /H@/S$"@^>] $HJi6]-'WNUL] ]/:
a) ocxr npomncnono nnacnocri;
) nerpanninn ocxr IB;
n) sa nopmamn anrnmononontnoro saxonoancrna.


246
D"LN u 15

1. vH W H&W/NH: HQH$H@K S NPH$'Q '$Q>N"/NS$K?
a) npoexrna oxymenranix;
) esnocepenx peanisanix;
n) ecxisn ra pospaxynxn.
2. =K :'W O$'PH 'PNH$ NPH$S, ]/Kf PP>fjHP -H '@NH6Hi>7, PK/H$KLNHPSP'NK
LP>f NP>$ @"J'6"h@H P>- ^>W7 '@NH6Hi>7?
a) rax,essacrepexno;
) ni, essacrepexno;
n) xxoct inaxme.
3. =K :Hh" &SNK O$H:KL6HPK: J$'J/H: g'LNK@' PK$H&S?
a) rax, es ncxxnx ymon;
) ni, es ncxxnx ymon;
n) sa nnxonannx nennnx ymon (nxasarn).
4. r/' J @'LNSO@KQ ->f @" O>-O'-'W O>- PKJ@'g"@@] OS&6>g@" PK/H@'@@]?
a) xomnaxr-ncx, mo nporpacrtcx uepes mysnuny cncremy n pecropani;
) noxas nonoro xino]intmy y xinorearpi rnxauam, xxi sannarnnn sa xnnrxn;
n) mysnunn rnip, xxn nnxonycrtcx xomnosnropom nepe unenamn cnoc ponnn ra
pysxmn na cimenomy cnxri.(sarantna xintxicrt 70 oci.);
r) noxas nonoro xino]intmy nepe npnmantnom xomicicm.
5. ;L@HP@' :"N' ZHiHPH$S O$H O'N"@N@S /HHO"$'^>. OH6]i'W P:
a) cnpomennx i ninnmennx e]exrnnnocri nponecy noaui saxnox na narenr;
) nnaui ncecnirnix narenrin;
n) sicnennx xonrponm sa noauem narenrnnx saxnox n yctomy cniri.
6. r/_H NH$iHP"6U@' :'$/' :>LNKNU JH&$'h"@@] -"$h'P@HiH O$'OH$', '6" PH-
@H @" W -H:>@S.gK:, NH gK HN$K:'W PH@' HQH$H@S?
a) rax;
) ni.
7. Ai>-@H >J -HiHPH$H: ;) O$H 'PNH$LU/" O$'PH @H$:':K 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P'
HQH$H@].NUL] &'JK -'@KQ. V$K ^UH:S HQH$H@' OHjK$.WNUL] @':
a) in]opmanim, xxy micrxrt asn annx;
) cami asn annx;
n) nenny crpyxrypy posramynannx in]opmani.
8. V$'PH @' O"$"/6'-:
a) c nnxnmunnm manonnm npanom anropa;
) c nnacnnm mopantnnm npanom anropa;
n) ne perynmcrtcx nopmamn anropctxoro npana.
9. =K :'.NU O$'PH @' HN$K:'@@] LP>-H^NP' @' NH$iHP"6U@S :'$/S SLN'@HPK,
]/> k>@'@LS.NUL] >J -"$h&.-h"N' (2A, 2Z), SLN'@HPK /S6UNS$K NH_H):
a) rax;
) ni;
n) rax un ni sa ymonamn (nxasarn).
10. 2" PP'h'WNUL] OH$Sj"@@]: O$'P O'N"@NHP6'L@K/' PK/H$KLN'@@] PK@'QH-S:
a) s nayxonom merom;
) es xomepnino mern;
n) sa npanom nonepentoro xopncrynannx sa ymon posmnpennx ocxry nnponnnrna.
11. r/> ->7 W O>-LN'PH. -6] PK@K/@"@@] LO>P'PNH$LNP'?
a) nnroronnennx spasxin;
247
) yuacrt y crnopenni ocxry;
n) nnxonannx xpecnent.
12. V$K:SLHP' 6>^"@J>] @'-'W O$'PH 6>^"@J>'NS:
a) naanarn cyninensi;
) nnxopncronynarn nnnaxi;
n) nnxonannx xpecnent.
13. 4NH J @'JP'@KQ HL>& W P6'L@K/H: LS:>h@KQ O$'P?
a) xomnosnrop;
) nnanent rasern;
n) aprncr-nnxonanent.
14. DHOHi$'k>] )B+ O$HLNH$HPHi"H:"N$Kg@" $HJ:>_"@@] LS/SO@HLN> "6"-
:"@N>P, ]/>:
a) scnani mix coom nenointno;
) scnani s marepiantnnm nocicm;
n) posramonani n ocmi marepiany, xxn cranonnrt ocnony nnpoy.


248
u 1
1 3
2
4
4 5
7 8
6

9 10
12
11
13 15
14

16 17

18
19

0H$KJH@N'6U@H.
2. Posnoncmxennx exsemnnxpin rnopy cepe nynixn.
4. Cneniantnn osnin na sicnennx xonxpernoro nny ixntnocri sa
ymonn oonxsxonoro oepxannx ymon ra omexent, xxe nnacrtcx mpnn-
uni ocoi ao innniyantnomy ninpncmnm.
5. Onn s ocxrin npomncnonoro spasxa, xxomy naacrtcx npanona oxopona.
6. xa xonnennix n c]epi IB yna yxnaena n 1886 poni?
9. Crnopennx nono rexniuno ie i ]isnunnx sacoin nrinennx.
11. 3nax nx ronapin ra nocnyr, mo naacrtcx nnacnnxom sa ninensim,
ninpncmcrnam, xorpi ninoniamrt ncranonnennm rexniunnm nnmoram.
14. Ienrnuna necanxniononana xonix rnopy ao nnpoy, mo oxoponx-
crtcx xx ocxr IB.
16. Ocon, xxi crnopnnn rnip cnintnom rnopuom npanem.
17. Hinpncmcrno, xxe sicnmc marepiantno-rexniune saesneuennx
nnnycxy npoyxni sacoin macono in]opmani.
18. Ona s ymon narenrosarnocri nnnaxoy.
19. Tnip, xxn c niopxom ra ysarantnennxm marepianin, xxi icnynann panime.

"$NK/'6U@H.
1. Vmona, sa xxo nnnaxi ne moxe orpnmarn narenr, ocxintxn cepeni
]axinent y nxasani ranysi rexnixn moxe nnnecrn Horo is niomo in]opmani.
249
3. Biomocri, noniomnennx, ani nesanexno ni ]opmn x naneennx.
4. Cnmnon, rpa]iunn snax xomnani, opranisani, ronapy.
7. Cyxynnicrt osnax rexniunoro pimennx, xxa nnsnauac ocxr oxoponn
nnnaxoy.
8. Hopmamn xxoro npana oxoponxmrtcx yxnern?
10. exnamanix, xopeorpa]iuna ao axropctxa peanisanix rnopy, xxn
oxoponxcrtcx anropctxnm npanom.
12. In]opmanix, xxa posnoncmxycrtcx yt-xxnm cnocoom y yt-
xxi ]opmi, s nnxopncrannxm yt-xxnx sacoin, npnsnauena nennsnauenomy
xony oci, cxeponana na npnneprannx ynarn o ocxry. nirpnmxy nixanocri
o ntoro i oro npocynannx na pnnxy.
13. Haannx epxanom nnnaxinnxy nnxnmunoro npana saoponxrn in-
mnm nnxopncronynarn oro nnnaxi.
15. Ocoa, xxa crnopnna rnip, mo oxoponxcrtcx anropctxnm npanom.

u 2
2
1

3
4 6 7
5 8
10
11
13
12 14

15

16 17

18
19


0H$KJH@N'6U@H.
1. e yna npnnxra xonnennix npo yrnopennx BOIB?
3. Cyxynnicrt osnax rexniunoro pimennx, xxi neoxini ra ocrarni nx
nnsnannx oro nnnaxoy.

250
5. Oconnnn ocxr IB xyoxnx xonexrnnna rnopua ixntnicrt napo-
y, mo niopaxac oro xnrrx, nornxn, ieann.
8. Onpnnmnennx, nonnicrm ao uacrxono, uyxoro rnopy ni imenem
ocon, xxa ne c oro anropom.
9. xi npana moxyrt nanexarn rnopnm ao inmi ]isnuni un mpnnu-
ni ocoi ra mamrt uaconi ra repnropiantni omexennx.
12. Hinensix, mo naacrtcx nnme onomy ninensiary i nnxnmuac moxnn-
nicrt nnxopncrannx ocxra ninensiapom y c]epi, mo omexena ninensicm.
14. Ocxr nnnaxoy ao xopncno moeni roro x npnsnauennx, mo ro,
xxn saxnnxcrtcx, cnopinenn s nnm sa rexniunom cyrrm ra pesyntrarom.
16. Koexc, xxn perynmc ninocnnn y c]epi IB.
17. Ocxr npana npomncnono nnacnocri.
18. Tnn npan na IB, cnpxmonannx na oxopony inrepecin ]isnunnx ra
mpnnunnx oci, xxi saesneuymrt oneennx rnopin o mnpoxoro sarany.
19. Inma nasna oronopy xomepnino xonneci.

"$NK/'6U@H.
2. xa yroa ncranonnmc mixnapony peccrpanim npomncnonnx spasxin?
4. Bnponnnrno ao npoax ronapin, na xxnx symncne ra cniomo ni-
rnopmcrtcx ronapnn snax inmo ocon.
6. Konnennix npo oxopony npomncnono nnacnocri, ninncana Vxpanom.
7. oxymenr, mo sacniuyc anropcrno na nnnaxi ra nnxnmune npano na
oro nnxopncrannx nporxrom nennoro crpoxy.
8. i ymncno nunneni ocoom, xxa posymic x npornsaxonnicrt, cnpx-
monani na npornnpanne nnxopncrannx ocxrin npana IB, mo nanexart in-
mnm ocoam s merom orpnmannx marepiantno nnron.
10. xi rnopn ne norpeymrt epxanno xnani]ixani ra oonxsxono
peccrpani.
11. Bn nnarexy, mo nanpannxmrtcx nnacnnxy ocxry IB sa nerantne
nnxopncrannx manonnx npan, nepeannx inmi ocoi no ninensi.
13. osnin nnxopncronynarn npano IB y mexax nennnx i, crpoxin, ao
repnropi.
15. Axr, mo nnacrtcx nnmnm saxonoanunm opranom epxanno nnan
i ncranonnmc nanaxnnnimi ra npnnnnnoni nopmn npana.








251
u 3
1 2

3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
15
14
16

17
18


0H$KJH@N'6U@H.
3. Hireparypna un nayxona npanx, noyonana na nnxopncranni uyxnx
rnopin.
6. xa s ninensi nannrinima nx ninensiapa?
7. Hepeaua na sepirannx n epxanny ycranony naxery oxymenrin
8. Ipomona cyma, xxa cnnauycrtcx sa nirpnmannx unnnocri nnanoro
oxoponnoro oxymenra, ncranonnena saxonoanuo.
11. xa xonnennix posmnpmc nonxrrx npomncnono nnacnocri na cintct-
xorocnoapctxe nnponnnrno ra npoyxrn npomncnonoro noxoxennx?
12. xa xonnennix c asonom moo oxoponn npan nnxonannin ra nnpo-
nnxin ]onorpam?
14. oxymenr, mo sacniuyc mpnnune npano anropa na nayxonn rnip.
16. oxymenr, s xxoro ponxrtcx xoni.
17. Haannx nnnaxinnxy omexenoro y uaci nepenaxnoro npana na
orpnmannx narenry
18. Honxrrx, mo oxonnmc npana nonoinnx, xopncrynannx ra posnopx-
xennx pisnnmn nnamn marepiantnnx ra nemarepiantnnx ocxrin.



252
"$NK/'6U@H.
1. Ocoa, xorpa nepeac cno nnxnmuni manoni npana, nonnicrm ao ua-
crxono, inmi ocoi na oronipnnx ymonax.
2. Hepenix nayxono-rexniuno ra narenrno in]opmani s nxasinxom nn-
xinnx annx.
4. Hopmarnnno-npanonn axr, xxn nnsnauac ymonn nayrrx npana IB.
5. 3micr yt-xxoro noniomnennx.
7. Ocoa, rnopuom npanem xxo crnopmcrtcx npomncnonn spasox.
9. Onn s ocxrin narenrnoro npana.
10. epxannn oxymenr, xxn micrnrt nepenix nennnx oxoponnnx o-
xymenrin Vxpann na ocxrn IB.
12. Pisnonn anropctxo nnnaropon, mo cranonnrt uacrxy anropa ni
oxoin, oepxannx ni nnxopncrannx oro rnopin.
13. Bnxopncrannx uyxoro rnopy ao oro uacrnnn es nocnnannx na
xepeno.
15. Hopinnxno xoporxn ypnnox s yt-xxoro onynixonanoro rnopy,
xxn nnxopncronycrtcx es osnony anropa.

u 4

1 2 4
3
5
7 8
6 9
10
11
12 13

14 15

16

17 18

19

20


253
0H$KJH@N'6U@H
3. uisnuna ao mpnnuna ocoa, xxi nanexnrt narenr na ocxr npo-
mncnono nnacnocri
6. Onn s cycxrin anropctxoro npana.
9. Kpnrepi oxoponosarnocri, xxn nnsnauacrtcx pinnem rexnixn.
11. Opnrinantnn npnmipnnx nireparypnoro rnopy, n romy nnrnxi, n
xxomy oro sa]ixcynan anrop.
15. Ocnonnn saxon Vxpann, n xxomy ertcx npo npano nmnnn na in-
renexryantny nnacnicrt.
16. Heosnonene sanosnuennx, nirnopennx ni cnom imenem uyxoro ni-
reparypnoro (xyoxntoro ao nayxonoro) rnopy.
17. oxymenr, xxn nnsnauac ninocnnn mix xintxoma narenronnacnn-
xamn.
18. Hepenipxa marepianin saxnxn na ninoninicrt nnmoram, ncranonne-
nnm saxonom.
19. Hosnauennx, sa xxnmn ronapn i nocnyrn onnx oci nipisnxmrtcx
ni ronapin i nocnyr inmnx oci.
20. Binoninicrt ocxra npomncnono nnacnocri saxonoanuo nnsnaue-
nnm xpnrepixm, xxi neoxini nx naannx ocxry npanono oxoponn.

"$NK/'6U@H.
1. Hireparypnn repo, repo ]intmy, xxn c ocxrom inrenexryantno
nnacnocri.
2. xn ocxr npomncnono nnacnocri sa sonnimnimn osnaxamn narayc
xopncny moent ane c snaunimnm sa nxnaom y pinent rexnixn.
4. Cxnaenn rnip.
5. Cyxynnicrt oxymenrin, cxnaennx ninonino o nnmor unnnoro saxo-
noancrna, xxi noamrtcx o Vcranonn na nnauy oxoponnoro oxymenra.
7. Hopymennx cymixnnx npan y pesyntrari nirnopennx i posnoncmxennx
uyxoro rnopy.
8. Onn s ocxrin npomncnonoro spasxa, xxomy naacrtcx npanona oxo-
pona.
10. Konnennix npo posnoncmxennx cnrnanin, mo necyrt cnrnann uepes
cynyrnnx.
12. 3arnicrt o mncnennx i panionantnoro nisnannx.
13. Hnctmone nonnonaxennx, xorpe naacrtcx npanonnacnnxom inmi
ocoi na nnxopncrannx ocxra IB n nenni oymonneni c]epi.
14. Ocxr cymixnoro npana.





254
u 5
1 2
3 2 4 5
6 7
9
8

10 11


12 13 15
14
16
17


18

19

0H$KJH@N'6U@H.
2. xa ninensix moxe yrn nnana y cycnintnnx inrepecax?
8. Cycxr, o xxoro moxyrt nepern npana narenronnacnnxa.
12. xn oronip xonxpernsyc nnnaropoy anropa sa nnxopncrannx oro
rnopy?
14. Cyxynnicrt oxymenrin, n cxna xxnx nxonrt onnc nnnaxoy, ]op-
myna nnnaxoy, xpecnennx ra in.
16. xa osnaxa rnopy oxoponxcrtcx anropctxnm npanom?
17. 3asnauennx, mo ienrn]ixyc ronap, xxn noxonrt s nenno micne-
nocri.
18. xn rnn xomepninoro nnxopncrannx ocxrin anropctxoro npana
nepeauac nnauy ninensi na nnxopncrannx uacrnnn n xomepninomy oo-
pori?
19. xa ix epxannoro enapramenry IB nepeyc nynixani n o]ini-
nomy mnereni?

"$NK/'6U@H.
1. xi pesyntrarn posymono ixntnocri nanexart o nenarenrycmnx
maremarnunnx ocxrin?
255
2. Hecanxniononane nenerantne nirnopennx n xomepninomy macm-
rai nnpoy s ronapnnm snaxom ao rnopy, mo oxoponxcrtcx anropctxnm
npanom.
3. xa in]opmanix micrnrtcx y noy-xay?
4. xi ropronentni snaxn oxoponxmrtcx es peccrpani?
5. Ocnonna ]ynxnix roprinentno mapxn.
6. Bo c npemerom oxoponn n inrerpantni mixpocxemi?
7. xe nirnopennx ocxry anropctxoro npana osnonxcrtcx nanuant-
nnm saxnaam nx aynropnnx sanxrt es sron anropa?
9. Omexennx n oxoponi inrenexryantno nnacnocri.
10. xn nnnaox nintnoro nnxopncrannx ocxry anropctxoro npana
nnmarac oonxsxonoro nocnnannx na nepmoxepeno?
11. Bnpimennx yrnnirapnnx sanant n yt-xxi ranysi npomncnonocri,
mo ninoniac nnsnauennm saxonoancrnom ymonam naannx npanono oxo-
ponn.
13. Hanomnpenimi roprinentni mapxn.
15. xi i nnxonymrt moo npoyxry, nenpanomipno nosnauenoro ro-
napnnm snaxom, npn nneseni y xpany e ne snax mac saxonny oxopony?



256



257




258
A$'J/K HQH$H@@KQ -H/S:"@N>P

A$'J/K HQH$H@@KQ -H/S:"@N>P d/$'7@K

Hpnxnan +P>-H^NP O$H $"WLN$'^>. 'PNH$LU/HiH O$'P' @' NP>$



o nepecnx 2011 p. cyuacnn nnrnx

Hpnxnan O'N"@N>P d/$'7@K @' PK@'QH-K





o 2000 poxy o cepnnx 2006 p. o nepecnx 2011 p. cyuacnn nnrnx

Hpnxnan O'N"@N>P d/$'7@K @' /H$KL@> :H-"6>




o 2000 poxy o cepnnx 2006 p. o nepecnx 2011 p. cyuacnn nnrnx


A$'J/K HQH$H@@KQ -H/S:"@N>P d/$'7@K (npoonxennx)
259


Hpnxnan O'N"@N>P d/$'7@K @' O$H:KL6HP> J$'J/K
Hpnxna O'N"@NS
d/$'7@K @' LH$N
$HL6K@




o 2000 poxy o nepecnx 2011 p. cyuacnn nnrnx cyuacnn nnrnx

Hpnxnan +P>-H^NP @' J@'/ -6] NHP'$>P > OHL6Si




o 2000 poxy o cepnnx 2006 p. o nepecnx 2011 p. cyuacnn nnrnx





[PNH$LU/> LP>-H^NP' N' O'N"@NK +F+F @' PK@'QH-K


xinent 70-x nouarox 80-x
poxin XX cr.
xinent 80-x poxin XX cr. xinent 80-x poxin XX cr.



260
A$'J/K HQH$H@@KQ -H/S:"@N>P FHL>fLU/H7 m"-"$'^>7


Hpnxnan O'N"@N>P Pocictxo ueepani @' PK@'QH-K



nouarox 90-x poxin
XX cr.
nouarox 2000-x poxin cyuacnn nnrnx

Hpnxnan +P>-H^NP' Pocictxo ueepani @' /H$KL@S :H-"6U ra O'N"@N>P @' /H$KL@S
:H-"6U N' O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/



/H$KL@' :H-"6U O$H:KL6HPKf J$'JH/
nouarox 2000-x poxin cyuacnn nnrnx cyuacnn nnrnx

Hpnxnan +P>-H^NP Pocictxo ueepani @' NHP'$@Kf J@'/


Cnionrno (nouarox
2000-x poxin)
Cnionrno (cyuacnn nnrnx) oarox npo npoon-
xennx peccrpani




261
V$K/6'-K $"i>H@'6U@KQ O'N"@N>P



Cnponectxn narenr Cnpasictxn narenr

V$K/6'-K O'N"@N>P @' PK@'QH-K -"]/KQ /$'7@ LP>NS





Ancrpani Finopyci Ecroni Kasaxcrany




Knram Mononn Pecnynixn Kopex



CBA noni



262





Hanuantnn nocinnx

)$K@' )P'@>P@' "$&', >/NH$ ;6"/L>fHPKg cHP'6U


3a peaxnicm =>/>@' +"$i>] >/NH$HPKg'


;+2;` )2DXbXcDd[be2;a b[+2;+D)

2-" '(*+--., C"$"$3WF"-" 7 *3C3'-"-"






Peaxrop
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