Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Chng 7 Khuch i thut ton v ng dng ca chng

Ngy nay IC analog s dng rng ri trong k thut in t. Khi s dng chng cn u thm cc in tr, t in, in cm ty theo tng loi v chc nng ca chng. S u cng nh tr s ca cc linh kin ngoi c cho trong cc s tay IC analog. Cc IC analog c ch to ch yu di dng khuch i thut ton nh mt mch khuch i l tng - thc hin nhiu chc nng trong cc my in t mt cch gn - nh - hiu sut cao. chng ny ta xt cc khuch i thut ton v mt s ng dng ca chng. 7.1. Khuch i vi sai Khuch i vi sai l khuch i m tn hiu ra khng t l vi tr tuyt i ca tn hiu vo m t l vi hiu ca tn hiu vo. Khuch i vi sai c s dng khuch i tn hiu c tn s gii hn di nh ( ti vi Hz) , gi l tn hiu bin thin chm hay tn hiu mt chiu. Ta c th coi di thng ca n l 0 fC. Nu s dng khuch i RC khuch i loi tn hiu ny th cc t ni tng phi c tr s rt ln nn bt tin. Khuch i vi sai thch hp cho loi tn hiu ny,ngoi ra ncn c nhiu tnh cht qu bu m ta s ni ti sau ny. Khuch i vi sai l c s xy dng khuch i thut ton nn ta xt l thuyt loi khuch i ny. 7.1.1. S nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai. Xt s nguyn l ca khuch i vi sai trn hnh 7.1. y l mt cu cn bng song song: hai nhnh ca cu l RC1 v RC2, hai nhnh kia l hai transistor T1 v T2. Nu RC1 = RC2 v hai transistor c tham s ht nhau th cu cn bng.Mch c hai u vo V1 v V2, tn hiu ra Ura ly gia hai colecto ca T1 v T2. Nu a vo hai u vo hai tn hiu ging ht nhau c v bin v pha th tn hiu gi l ng pha, cn bin nh nhau nhng ngc pha th gi l tn hiu ngc pha hay tn hiu hiu.Xt phn ng ca mch i vi tn hiu vo ng pha v ngc pha.

R1 V1 R2

RC

RC' URa RE R 2'

+ _ ECC R 1' V2

Hnh 7.1: Khuch i vi sai trn transistor lng cc Nu coi mch hnh 7.1 hon ton i xng ( R1 = R1, R2 = R2, RC1 = RC2, T1 v T2 ging ht nhau) th tn hiu vo ng pha s gy nn phn ng ht nhau c v tr tuyt i v du ca cc dng emitter v colect ca T1 v T2. Nh vy in p hai colect s bin thin nh nhau v in p ra s bng khng, ging nh trng thi tnh. Ni cch khc l mch ra ca khuch i vi sai l tng khng phn ng vi tn
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

hiu vo ng pha. Trong khi gia s ca dng emitter ca T1, T2 s to nn trn RE mt in p hi tip m lm gim lng bin thin ca colect so vi trng hp RE = 0. Khi tn hiu vo l ngc pha t vo hai base th cc dng bin thin nh nhau v tr tuyt i nhng ngc chiu ( ngc du), tc l in p Ura s xut hin. Lc ny in p hi tip m trn RE khng xut hin v dng emitter ca mt transistor tng bao nhiu th dng emitter ca transistor kia gim i by nhiu. Nh vy khuch i vi sai phn ng vi tn hiu vo ngc pha. V khuch i vi sai l tng phn ng vi tn hiu vo ngc pha, khng phn ng vi tn hiu vo ng pha nn tt c nhng bin thin do nhit , lo ho linh kin, tp m, nhiu... c th coi l cc tc ng vo ng pha. Tc l khuch i vi sai s lm vic n nh, t b nhiu tc ng. Trn va phn tch tc dng ca RE ta thy RE cng ln th hi tip m s cng ln, cng c tc dng nn cc tn hiu vo ng pha k sinh. Tuy nhin nu RE chn ln th ngun ECC phi chn ln. Cn chn mt phn t c tr s in tr ln i vi cc bin nhanh ( in tr xoay chiu ln), tr s in tr nh i vi cc bin thin chm ( in tr mt chiu nh) thay vo in tr RE. Phn t nh vy chnh l transistor T3 trong s hnh 7.2a.
IC(mA) 8
IC

IB=80A IB=60A

IC0 4

IB=40A IB=20A

UCE(V) 0 UCE0 4 U CE UCE1 8

a)

b) Hnh 7.2: a) Mch khuch i vi sai c ngun dng b) c tuyn ra ca transistor

c tnh ra ca transistor trnh by trn hnh 7.2b. T hnh ny ta thy in tr mt chiu R =

U CEo U CE nh hn nhiu so vi in tr xoay chiu R ~ = . I Co I C

Transistor T3 c mc vo mch emitter nh hnh 7.2a lm tng thm kh nng ng dng ca khuch i vi sai . Khuch i vi sai c th c hai ngun c lp ECC v E02 nh hnh 7.2a hoc mt ngun chung. Cc in tr R3, R4, R5 c chc nng nh trong cc mch
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

khuch i xt. Diode D mc thun vo phn p base ca T3 nhm tng kh nng n nh nhit, s ni n cc phn sau. Xt cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra mch hnh 7.2a. Tn hiu vo c th a vo cc u vo k hiu V1, V2, V3 v V4 theo cc phng n sau: - Tn hiu vo c th a vo hai cc V1 v V2. Lc ny hai cc ca ngun tn hiu hoc l phi cch in vi "mt", hoc l phi c cc tnh i xng qua "mt". Cch a tn hiu vo nh vy gi l a vo i xng,cc u vo ny ca khuch i vi sai gi l u vo i xng. - Tn hiu vo c th a vo V1 ( hoc V2 ), lc V2( hoc V1) phi u qua mt in tr nh hoc u trc tip xung mt. Khuch i vi sai trong trng hp ny gi l c u vo khng i xng vi tn hiu vo khng i xng. - Tn hiu vo c th a vo cc V3 hoc V4 v im "mt". Nu ngun tn hiu c hai cc cch ly vi "mt" th c th a vo hai im V3 v V4. -Tn hiu ra ly hai im ra1 v ra2 - ly ra i xng hoc ly ra gia ra1 hoc ra2 so vi "mt". Nu tn hiu vo a vo V1 khng i xng th tn hiu ra ra1 quay pha 1800, lc ny ra1 gi l u ra o, ra2 gi l u ra khng o. 7.1.2. c tnh truyn t ca khuch i vi sai Nu tn hiu vo i xng a vo V1 v V2 k hiu l Uh th c tnh truyn t s l s ph thuc ca cc dng colect vo tn hiu ny. Nu u vo V3 v V4 khng a tn hiu no vo th T3 c th coi l mt ngun dng I0 c ni tr R0 ti im cng tc. in tr ny thc t c tr s kh ln so vi cc in tr trong mch nn c th coi ngun dng IO l l tng. Ta tm c tnh truyn t IC = f(Uh). Dng colect trong transistorr ch khuch i c biu thc:
IE = IE0e
U BE UT

Trong IE 0 l dng emitter khi UBE ngc. UT - in p nhit ( 0,25mV), lc ny: U U BE1 BE2 UBE1 U UT I0 = IE01 + IE02 = IE01e T 1 + e

(7.1) = 0 v mt ghp colect phn cc

(7.2)

in p vo Uh = UV1 - UV2 = UBE1 - UBE2 v IC IE nn I0 IC1 = (7.3) U h / UT 1+ e I 0 IC2 = (7.4) Uh UT 1+ e

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

I C / I 0

UC / UT

Hnh 7.3: c tuyn truyn t ca KVS

tin c th quy chun IC theo IO v Uh theo UT th th (7.3) v (7.4) c dng nh hnh 7.3 C th xc nh h dn ( dc) ca c tuyn truyn t hnh 7.3
S1 = dIC1 = dU h I 0 e Uh U T 1 + e U T
Uh UT

(7.5)

V IC1 + IC2 IO = const m theo (7.3) v (7.4) th dIC1 = - dIC2 nn

S2 = dIC2 = S1 dU h

(7.6)

C th d dng xc nh S1 (2) t max ti Uh/UT = 0 v:

I0 S = 1(2) max 4U T

(7.7)

7.1.3. Phn tch ph ca tn hiu ra trong khuch i vi sai . Vi c tnh truyn t khng phi l ng thng nh hnh 7.3 th r rng khuch i vi sai s gy mo phi tuyn, c bit khi Uh > UT. Ta xc nh cc thnh phn hi ca dng colect khi tn hiu vo l dng hnh sin (7.8) UV(t) = U0 + Umcost Trong U0 - in p nh thin ( base) Thay (7.8) vo (7.3) v (7.4) ta c:

i c1 (t) = 1+ e

o U 0 + U m cos t UT

(7.9)

i c2 (t) = 1+ e
s c:

I o
U 0 + U m cos t UT

(7.10)

Cc hm (10.9) v (10.10) l hm chn nn phn tch thnh chui Furrier

a i C1 (t) = I0 o + a n cos nt 2 n =1 b i C2 (t) = I0 o + b n cos nt 2 n =1

(7.11) (7.12)

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm
2

an =

cos nt 1+ e
U + U m cos t 0 UT

dt

(7.13)

bn =

cos nt 1+ e
U0 + U m cos t UT

dt

(7.14)
sin n nn n = 0 th a0 + b0 = 2, n

T (7.13) v (7.14) c th thy an + bn = 2.

n 0 th a0 + b0 = 0 nn an = bn. Nh vy vi n 0 th cc thnh phn hi dng colect ca T1 v T2 trong khuch i vi sai hnh 7.2a c tr s nh nhau v pha ngc pha nhau .
Ura Ura v(t) 0 Tn hiu ra

Uvo

Tn hiu vo

v(t) Uvo

Hnh 7.4: Ch hn bin ca khuch i vi sai

Cn ch mt c im ca khuch i vi sai l nu U0 = 0 th trong cc dng IC1 v IC2 s khng c cc hi bc chn. Mt khc nu thay i cc tnh ca U0 th pha ca cc hi chn s bin i mt lng l 1800 , cn pha cc hi bc l vn gi nguyn. Cc kt lun trn rt ra t vic phn tch cc biu thc (7.11 7.14). Thc t khi Uh = (5 6)UT th cc dng iC c dng nh hnh 7.4, tc l tng khuch i vi sai lm vic nh mt mch khuch i - hn bin. tng tuyn tnh ca khuch i vi sai , tc l m rng di thng ca n ngi ta thng gy hi tip m bng cch mc vo mch emitter ca T1, T2 cc in tr rE1 v rE2 nh hnh 7.2a.

7.1.4. Ngun dng trong khuch i vi sai . Nh ni trn T3 trong khuch i vi sai hnh 7.2a ng vai tr ca ngun dng. ( dng C th phn tch mch hnh 7.2a xc nh tr s ca ngun dng I0 colect ca T3) nh sau:
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

R 4 (E 02 U BE 3 ) + ( U 0 U BE3 ) R 3 (7.15a) R 3R 4 [R 5 + rE 3 + (1 3 )(rB3 + ](R 3 + R 4 ) R3 + R4 Trong 3 - h s truyn t dng emitter ca T3, UBE3 - in p emitter base ca T3, UD - st p thun trn it ,rE3 - in tr phn b min emitter T1, rE3 in tr khi base T3. Thc t th R5 chn kh ln so vi cc thnh phn trong du mc ca (7.15) v UD chn xp x bng UBE3 b nhit c hiu qu cao nn: .R (E U BE 3 ) (7.15b) I0 3 4 02 R 5 (R 3 + R 4 ) T (7.15b) ta thy ngun dng I0 s n nh khi ngun E02 n nh, ngun E01 khng nh hng n ngun dng I0. I0 = 3

7.1.5. Tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai . Xt c tnh khuch i ca khuch i vi sai vi mt s phng n a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra nh sau: a. Vo i xng - Ra khng i xng: U ra1 U U ra 2 U K1 = = ra1 ; K 2 = = ra 2 U v1 U v 2 Uh U v1 U v 2 Uh Trong Ura1 v Ura2 in p ly colect ca T1 v T2 so vi "mt". C th thy ngay rng K1 = + S1R't (7.16a) K2 = - S2R''t (7.16b) S1, S2 - h dn ca c tnh truyn t ti im cng tc , R't, R''t - in tr ti tng qut ca T1 v T2: R c .R v 2 R c .R v1 R't = ; R''t = ; R c + R v1 R c + R v2 Rv1, Rv2 - in tr u vo ca cc tng tip theo mc vo mch colect ca T1 v T2 ( khng c trong hnh (7.2a)). Trng hp khng ti hoc Rv1>>RC , Rv2>>RC th R't = R''t Rc v mch i xng hon ton S1= - S2 th K1 = - K2. Du tr ni ln in p ra hai colect ca T1 v T2 l ngc pha nhau. b - Vo i xng - ra i xng . U U ra 2 U ra1 U ra 2 = = 2S1R t (7.17) K = ra1 U v1 U v 2 Uh R .0,5Rt , Rt in tr ti mc gia hai colect ca T1 vT2 R t = c R c + 0,5Rt Khi Rt = th K = 2K1 = - 2K2. c - Vo khng i xng - ra khng i xng. R R Xt trng hp tn hiu a vo V1, u V2 ni vi Rb~ = 1 2 xung R1 + R 2 mt, tn hiu ra ly Ra1 l colect ca T1 .Vi gi thit l Rt = RV1 = th
K11 =

U ra1 = - S11RC U v1

(7.18)

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

vi S11=

dI c1 I 0 = dU BE1 4 U T + I 0 (1 ) Rb ~

V |S11| < | S1| nn |K11| < | K1| . Khi Rb~ 0 th |S11| | S1| v |K11| | K1| Trng hp ny ng vi mc ba z ca T2 qua mt t tr s ln xung mt ,sao cho tn s bin di t th: 1 << Rb~ tC Trong khuch i vi sai ngi ta cn a ra h s khuch i ng pha KCm. Tn hiu no ng pha l trung bnh cng i s ca hai tn hiu vo : U + U v2 UCm = v1 2 Khi UV1 = UV2, tc l Uh = 0 th c ch khuch i tn hiu ng pha . H s khuch i tn hiu ng pha c nh ngha l U U (7.19) K cm = ra1 hoc = ra 2 U cm U cm Nu RE cng ln th Kcm cng nh. Khi RE th Kcm 0 Trong khuch i vi sai, do tnh i xng l tng khng tuyt i nn xy ra hin tng " tri im khng". Ngha l mc d cc u vo V1 v V2 khng c tn hiu vo (v d u thng V1 v V2) nhng vn tn ti mt in p ra khc khng (o c ) gia hai colect T1 v T2 , l mt hm ngu nhin ca bin thi gian. l mt hin tng to tn hiu gi (nhiu) u ra, c bit c hi trong cc my o lng. C th gim bt tri im khng bng cch chn T1 v T2 c tham s cng ging nhau cng tt, cc in tr trong mch chn loi c sai s nh v cng mt h s nhit.

7.2 .Khuch i thut ton

VS+ -VIn N +VIn P
+

VOut VSHnh 7.5: a) K hiu ca khuch i thut ton b) S chn ca khuch i thut ton 741 c) Hnh tht ca khuch i thut ton 741

Khuch i thut ton (KTT) ngy nay c sn xut di dng cc IC tng t (analog). C t "thut ton" v ln u tin ch to ra chng ngi ta s dng chng trong cc my in ton. Do s ra i ca khuch i thut ton m cc mch t hp analog chim mt vai tr quan trng trong k thut mch in t. Trc y cha c khuch i thut ton th tn ti v s cc mch chc nng khc nhau. Ngy nay, nh s ra i ca khuch i thut ton s lng gim xung mt cch ng k v c th dng khuch i thut ton thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau nh mch hi tip ngoi thch hp. Trong nhiu trng hp dng khuch i thut ton c th to
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

hm n gin hn, chnh xc hn v gi thnh r hn cc mch khuch i ri rc (c lp bng cc linh kin ri ) . Ta hiu khuch i thut ton nh mt b khuch i l tng : c h s khuch i in p v cng ln K , di tn s lm vic t 0 , tr khng vo cc ln Zv , tr khng ra cc nh Zr 0, c hai u vo v mt u ra. Thc t ngi ta ch to ra KTT c cc tham s gn c l tng. Hnh 7.5a l k hiu ca KTT : u vo (+) gi l u vo khng o P(positive), u vo (-) gi l u vo o N (negative), (VS+) in p ngun dng, (VS-) in p ngun m v mt u ra (VOut). KTT ngy nay c th c ch to nh mt IC hoc nm trong mt phn ca IC a chc nng .

Hnh 7.6: S khi bn trong khuch i thut ton 7.2.1 Cu to ca KTT. t c cc ch tiu k thut gn vi dng l tng cc hng in t trn th gii ch to cc IC KTT kh a dng nhng nhn chung u tun th s khi nh hnh 7.6 c u vo i xng tng u tin bao gi cng l tng khuch i vi sai i xng c dng tnh nh, tr khng vo ln, cho php mc thm mch b tri . Tng th hai l tng khuch i vi sai cho php chuyn t u vo i xng sang u ra khng i xng. Cc tng trung gian nhm khuch i tn hiu ln ln c th kch thch cho tng cui.

Hnh 7.7: S nguyn l bn trong khuch i thut ton 741

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Tng cui tc tng ra phi m bo c dng ra ln, in p ra ln v in tr ra nh. Mch ny thng l khuch i y ko c b km theo mch chng qua ti. Trong KTT ghp gia cc tng thc hin trc tip (colect ca tng trc ni trc tip vi base ca tng sau) v vy cc transistor n-p-n cng v sau cng c im cng tc tnh y dn v pha cc gi tr dng ngun.V vy phi c mt mch dch mc y li im tnh v pha m nm trong mt mch no ca KTT. V d ta xt KTT hnh 7.7.KTT y c th phn thnh 4 tng nh sau: Tng th nht l tng KVS i xng trn T1 v T2. tng tr khng vo chn dng colect v emitter ca chng nh, sao cho h dn truyn t nh. C th thay T1 v T2 bng transistor trng tng tr khng vo T3, T4, R3, R4, v R5 to thnh ngun dng tng t nh hnh 7.2a ( y T4 mc thnh it b nhit ) Tng th hai l KVS u vo i xng, u ra khng i xng: emitter ca chng cng u vo ngun dng T3. Tng ny c h s khuch i in p ln. Tng th ba l tng ra khuch i y ko T9 T10 mc colect chung, cho h s khuch i cng sut ln, tr khng ra nh. Gia tng th hai v tng ra l tng m T7,T8 nhm phi hp tr khng gia chng v m bo dch mc in p. y T7 l mch lp emitter, tn hiu ly ra trn mt phn ca ti l R9 v tr khng vo ca T8 . Tng T8 mc emitter chung. Chn R9 thch hp v dng qua n thch hp s to c mt ngun dng a vo base ca T8 s cho mc in p mt chiu thch hp base ca T9 v T10 m bo c in p ra bng 0 khi khng c tn hiu vo . Mch ngoi mc thm R10, C1, C2 chng t kch. 7.2.2. Cc tham s ca KTT -H s khuch i hiu Ko c xc nh theo biu thc: Ur U khiU N = 0 Ur Ur (7.20) = = p Ko = U h U p U N U r khiU = 0 p UN Theo l thuyt Ko = , thc t Ko = 103 106 - c tnh bin tn s : Theo l thuyt th c tnh bin tn s s l K0 trong sut di tn s t 0 . Thc t c tnh tn s s gc xung tn s fC do tn ti cc in dung k sinh to thnh nhng khu lc RC thng thp mc gia cc tng. Tu theo tng loi KTT m di thng c th t 0 ti vi MHz hoc cao hn.

Hnh 7.8: - H s khuch i ng pha KCm Nu t u vo thun P v u o N cc in p bng nhau: UP = UN = UCm 0 th Uh = 0. Theo nh ngha:
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Ur = K0 (UP - UN) (7.21) Th Ur = 0 . Tuy nhin thc t khng nh vy m quan h gia Kcm v Ucm c dng nh hnh 7.8. H s khuch i ng pha c nh ngha l : KCm =
U r U cm

(7.22)

KCm ni chung ph thuc vo mc in p vo ng pha. Gi tr cc i ca in p vo ng pha cho trong cc s tay ca IC cho bit gii hn ca in p vo ng pha cc i h s khuch i ng pha khng vt qu phm vi cho php. L tng Kcm= 0 ,thc t KCm lun nh hn K0 - in tr vo hiu, in tr vo ng pha: in tr vo hiu rh v in tr vo ng pha rcm c nh ngha theo (7.23) v (7.24):
U p khi U = 0 N I p rh = U N khi Up = 0 I N

(7.23)

rCm=

U p I p

U N khi UN = Up = UCm I N

(7.24)

in tr ra ca KTT nh gi s bin thin ca in p ra theo ti : U r rr = (7.25) I r - Dng vo tnh, in p vo lch khng : Dng vo tnh trung bnh It l: It =
Ip + I N vi UN = Up = 0 2

(7.27)

Dng vo lch khng l I0: I0 = Ip - IN khi UN = Up = 0 (7.28) Thng thng I0 = 0,1 It . Dng vo lch khng l dng ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit thay i lm tri dng lch khng. Trong KTT thc t th khi UN = Up = 0 vn c Ur 0. Lc ny Ur 0 l do in p lch khng u vo gy nn. V vy ngi ta nh ngha in p lch khng U0 l hiu in p cn phi t gia hai u vo c in p ra bng khng U0 = Up - UN khi Ur = 0 (7.29) 7.2. 3. Cc s mc c bn ca KTT Khi s dng KTT trong cc mch in ngi ta thng s dng hi tip m m khng dng hi tip dng v hi tip dng lm cho khuch i lm vic ch bo ha. Trong mt s trng hp c th dng c hi tip m v hi tip dng vi hi tip dng lun nh hn hi tip m. V u vo , c th s dng mt hoc c hai u vo . 7.2.3.1. Cc s khuch i o + S bin i in p - in p

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

RN R1 UV IN
N

RN R1 UR UV IN
N

VS+
+

VS+
+

UR VSR2 R3 UR

VSa)

b) Hnh 7.9: Khuch i thut ton mc o

Mch mc nh hnh 7.9a.V K0 nn in p u vo N l UN Uh 0 , im N c th coi l im t gi Ur URN ,Uv UR1. nh lut Kic-khp 1 vit cho nt N l :
U v U ra + 0 v dng IN = 0 (do tr khng vo rt ln rh).T ta c : R1 R N R R Ur=- N Uv hay K = N R1 R1

(7.30) T (7.30) ta thy in p Uv c bin i thnh Ur =i K =

RN U V ; h s khuch R1

RN ; in p ra ngc pha so vi in p vo. in tr RN gy hi tip m R1 R song song theo in p lm cho h s khuch i t K0 gim xung cn l N R1

Tr khng vo :

Rv=

Uv Uv = =R1 Iv Uv / R 1

(7.31)

Nhc im ca s hnh 7.8a l c Z V =

UV = R 1 nh. khc phc IV (7.32)

nhc im ny ta mc mch nh hnh 7.8b. Vi nt N c phng trnh: Nu chn RN >> R3 th U3

Ur = UV UV U = 3 . R1 RN Ur .R 3 R 2 + R3

nn:

Vy

R N R2 + R3 R R . hayU r = U V N (1 + 2 ) (7.33) R1 R3 R1 R3 R R K = N (1 + 2 ) (7.34) R1 R3

Theo (7.38) mun c h s khuch i K ln th phi chn R1 nh. Nu chn R1 = R2 th: R R K=( N + N) ( 7.35) R1 R 3

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

RN IN IV
N

VS+
+

UR VS-

Hnh 7.10: S bin i dng in thnh in p

tng tr khng ZV = R1 c th chn R1 ln tu , khi h s khuch i s R c xc nh bi N . R3 + S bin i dng in - in p hnh 7.10 S ny bin i dng in u vo thnh in p u ra t l vi n.Tng t nh trn v K0 = ; UN UP 0, rh nn dng IN = 0 nn nh lut Kic-khp I vit cho nt N s l:

IV =

Ur hay U r = R N I V RN

(7.32)

7.2.3.2 Cc s khuch i khng o. + Xt s mch thng dng in p - in p hnh 7.11a. Vi K 0 , rh nn Uh = 0 ngha l UN = UV v dng vo bng khng.

Do vy: T

UN =
c:

Ur . R1 = U V . R1 + R N
(7.33)

K=
RN R1
N

U r R1 + R N R = =1+ N UV R1 R1
ZV = Rd = .

VS+
+

UV

UR VS-

a) b) c) Hnh 7.11: a) S khuch i thut ton mc khng o b, c) S khuch i thut ton mch lp li Cc mch hnh 7.11b,c l cc mch khuch i lp (in p): v Ud = 0 nn UN=UP, v IN = 0 , dng qua RN bng 0 v th im ra bng th im N nn:

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Ur =1 . UV 7.2.3.3. Cc mch b tri v c tnh tn s trong KTT. a. Cc mch b tri. Khi dng KTT khuch i tn hiu mt chiu nh ,cc sai s ch yu s do dng in tnh, in p lch khng v hin tng tri gy ra. Cc dng in u vo IN v IP u vo ca KTT chnh l cc dng base tnh ca KVS u vo. Dng tnh IN v IP xp x bng nhau, gy nn st p cc u vo. K=

RN R1 UV R2
N

VS+
+

UR VS-

Hnh 7.12:

Do tr khng u vo N v P khng ng nht nn cc st p ny cng khng bng nhau. Hiu in th u N v u P chnh l in p lch khng. cho in p lch khng nh ngi ta khng u u P ( khng o) trc tip xung t m u qua in tr R2 nh hnh 7.12. in tr RP c tr s bng in tr ca vo o N:
RP = R1.R N R1 + R N

(7.36)

a)

b) Hnh 7.13:

c)

Lc p mt chiu trn u vo N v P l IN .( R1 // RN) v IP .(R1 // RN); IP = IN nn hai in p ny xp x nhau. Tuy nhin do dng IN IP nn I0 = IP - IN s gy nn mt in p lch khng u vo l U0 = ( IP - IN) (R1 // RP). in p ny s gy nn mt in p lch khng u ra: R U o = (1 + N ) U 0 (7.37) R1
r

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

trit in p lch khng u ra UR ngi ta mc ngun c hai cc tnh nh hnh 7.13. hnh 7.13 a,b chnh trit p P v pha ngun + hoc - tu theo cc tnh ca U0 = UP - UN l m hoc dng. Trng hp cn s dng c hai ca vo th mch b c mc ca khc c lin h vi ca vo nh hnh 7.13c. Trong cc s trn phi chn R3>>R2 mch b khng nh hng n hot ng bnh thng ca mch. Thc t R2 c vi K, R3 c vi trm K.
b. Mch b c tnh tn s .

Hnh 7.14: Cc dng mch b thng dng

Trong KTT cc tng c ghp trc tip nn cc in tr cng vi cc in dung k sinh s to thnh cc t lc thng thp RC. Truyn qua mi t nh vy th in p tn hiu s b quay pha i mt lng nht nh . mt tn s no th lng quay pha t u vo n u ra ca KTT c th l , ngha l vai tr ca cc ca s i ch cho nhau, ca vo o thnh ca v khng o v ngc li. Nh vy hi tip m tn s n y s tr thnh hi tip dng.Nu tho mn c iu kin cn bng bin v iu kin cn bng pha th KTT s b t kch. Mun KTT khng b t kch ngi ta thng ph v iu kin cn bng pha bng cch mc mch RC, gi l mch b pha, vo gia cc tng. Cc mch b pha thng dng c dng nh hnh 7.14. Tr s cc linh kin mch 7.14 v cch mc chng vo chn cc IC KTT cho trong cc s tay ca IC tuyn tnh.
7.3 Mt s mch tnh ton v iu khin tuyn tnh trn KTT. KTT c s dng nh mt mch a chc nng. Thay i cc linh kin trong mch hi tip c th thc hin c nhiu php tnh ton v iu khin nh KTT. Xt mt s mch n gin. 7.3.1. Mch cng v mch tr. a. Mch cng o

Hnh 7.15: Mch cng o

Mch hnh 7.15 c thc hin cng v o pha cc in p u vo. V K0 nn im N l t o v

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

IN =

UN U U U = ( V1 + V 2 + .... Vn ) RN R1 R2 Rn

T ta c:
U r = ( R N U V1 R N U V 2 R U + + .... N Vn ) R1 R2 Rn
n

= (1U V1 + 2 U V 2 + .... n U Vn )

Hay U r = i U Vi
i =1

(7.38)

Trong i =

RN . Ri

Hnh 7.16: Mch tr 2 in p

b. Mch tr Xt mch tr hai in p vo trn hnh 7.16. Cng l lun gn ng tng t

nh trn U P =

U V2 U Ur .R p ; U N = U R N + U ra = v1 .R N + U r R2 + Rp R1 + R N

Nhng Up UN (V Uh= 0) nn :

Uv2 U Ur UV1 UR .Rp = V1 .R N + Ur = .R N + Ur r N = R2 + Rp R1 + R N R1 + R N R1 + R N

UV1 RN UV1 R1 .R N + Ur (1 )= .R N + Ur ; R1 + R N R1 + R N R1 + R N R1 + R N Hay Ur = ( Uv2 UV1 R + RN .Rp .R N ) 1 R2 + Rp R1 + R N R1

t N =

RN R ; P = P th R1 R2 U U 1+ N U ra = ( p V2 N V1 )(1 + N ) = p U V2 N U V1 1 + P 1 + N 1 + P

(7.39) (7.40)

Chn N=P= th Ur = (Uv2 - Uv1) 7.3. 2. Mch cho php chn in p ra c cc tnh thay i . Xt mch hnh 7.17.Mch chn R1=RN
Uv .R p = U v ; Rp Ur U v Ur + U v UN = Uv+ = 2 2

Up =

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

V Up = UN nn UV =

Ur = (2 - 1)Uv (7.41) Theo 7.41 th khi = 0,5 , Ur = 0 ; khi > 0,5 , Ur cng du vi UV ; khi < 0,5 , Ur khc du vi UV . H s : 0 1. RN R1 UV P RP IN
N

Ur + U v 2

VS+
+

UR VS-

Hnh 7.17: Mch cho in p ra c th thay i cc tnh 7.3.3. Mch bin i tr khng. a) Mch to in tr m (NIC)

RP I1 U IP IN I2 UN R
P

VS+
+ VS-

UR

RN

Hnh 7.18: Mch NIC

Nu dng c hi tip dng v hi tip m nh mch hnh 7.18 s to c in tr vo c tr s m . Tht vy : Theo tnh cht ca KTT th IN v Ip 0 ,UN = Up nn t hnh 7.18 ; U P = I1R p + U r Rp U UN I2 = r ; U N = U r I2 R N RN I1 = V Up = UN nn I1RP=-I2RN hay I1= I2 R N Rp
Up Ur

(7.42)

Theo 7.42 th nu UP c cc tnh dng th dng I2 s l dng v dng I1 s l m, in tr u vo RV = UP/I1 s l m.

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

b) Girato :

I2 =

U1 RM

I1 =

U2 RM

a) U3 U4

b)

RM

VS+
+ P1

VSN1

RM

RM

VS+
+
P2

VSN2

RM

RM

I1

U2

Hnh 7.19: a) K hiu girato; b) S tng ng girato; c) Girato trn NIC

Girato to ra phn t in cm L t cc phn t tch cc, thng dng ngy nay l KTT. Girato c k hiu nh hhnh 7.19a. H phng trnh truyn t ca gi rato phi tho mn:
U2 I1 = R M I = U1 2 RM

RM -tham s bin i . T h phng trnh (7.43) c s tng ng ca girato nh hnh 7.19b. Girato c xy dng trn NIC c dng nh hnh 7.19c.Lp cc phng trnh cho cc nt P1, N1, P2 v N2 s c : I2 +
U3 U 2 U 2 U U 2 U 2 U1 ; 3 =0 =0 RM RM RM RM U 2 U1 U 4 U1 U 4 U 2 U1 =0 + I1 = 0 ; RM RM RM RM

Loi U3, U4 ra khi h trn s nhn c I1 =

I2

RM U1

c)

(7.43)

U2 RM

I2 =

U1 RM

By gi mc ti Rt cho Girato vo u 1 nh hnh 7.20, tm tr khng vo u 1 l ZV2: U1 = I1Rt;

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

I2 =

U1 I1R t U 2 R t ; = = RM RM R M2

ZV2 =

U2 R 2 = M I2 Rt

(7.44)

Hnh 7.20: Girato mc ti

Nu mc ti Rt vo u 2-2 th : U IR UR U I2 = - 2 ; I1 = 2 = - 2 t = 1 2 t v RM RM Rt R
M

ZV1 = -

U1 R 2 = M I1 Rt

(7.45)
R2 M . Rt

Nh vy mc vo 1-1 hoc 2-2 th tr khng vo u kia s l Gi s ta mc ti t C vo th tr khng vo u kia l : ZV =

R2 M = jCR 2 M Zt

Giarato cho mt in cm tng ng L = C R2 M .V d RM = 100k , 5 2 -6 4 C=1F , th L = (10 ) . 10 = 10 H. l mt in cm c tr s ln to t hai KTT, 6 in tr v mt t in (Hnh 7.19c).Nu mc song song vi girato mt t in s c mt khung cng hng song song khng c tn hao, tc l c h s phm cht rt ln.
7.3.4. Mch vi phn v mch tch phn. a. Mch tch phn .

C R UV
N

VS+
+

UR VS-

Hnh 7.21: Mch tch phn

Mch in hnh 7.21 l mt mch tch phn thng thng v:

Ur UC = 1 1 i C dt U V dt C RC

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Chuyn sang tch phn xc nh: 1 t Ur = (7.46) U V dt + U r ( 0 ) RC 0 Mch phn tch tng: Mch in hnh 7.22 thc hin phn tch tng:
Ur = U 1 U1 U 2 ( + + ... n )dt C R1 R 2 Rn

( 7.47)

+ Mch tch phn hiu: Hnh 7.22b. Phng trnh dng in vit cho im nt N v nt P l:
U1 U N d(U r U N ) + CN =0 R1 dt

UV UP dU P + CP =0 R2 dt

Cho UN = UP , CNR1 = CPR2 = RC s c:

Ur =

1 (U 2 U1 )dt RC

(7.48) CN

UV1 UV2 ... UVn

R1 R2 Rn
N

C VS+
+

VS+ UV1 UR UV2 R1 R2 CP

N

UR VS-

VS-

a)

b)

Hnh 7.22: a)Mch tch phn tng; b) Mch tch phn hiu

b. Mch vi phn Mch hnh 7.23a l mt mch vi phn thng thng cho:
U r = U RN = R N I N = R N C Ur m

Nu UV = UVmsint th Ur = - RNC UVm cost

= R N C ph thuc vo tn s. V vy U Vm 1 s gim i khi tn s tng. tp m tn s cao ln, tr khng ZV jC 1 , lc ny c th coi CN h mch R1C1 dU v tn s thp tr khng ca n nh,in p ra l U r = R N C1 V . tn s cao th dt

dU V dt

(7.49)

Nh vy h s khuch i K =

c mch vi phn tt hn dng mch hnh 7.23b. Mc thm t R1C1 th

tc dng vi phn ch thc hin tn s <<0 =

hi tip m trn CN cng ln. Nu chn R1C1 = RNCN th khi > 0 h s khuch i s gim tn s khi tn s tng (Hnh 7.23c)

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

RN VS+ C UV
N P

RN CN R1 C1 UR UV
N

VS+
+

UR VS-

VS-

a)
logK

b)

<0

>0 0

c)
Hnh 7.23: Mch vi phn 7.3.5. Mch so snh tng t. Mch so snh c nhim v so snh mt in p vo UV vi mt in p chun UCh.Trong mch so snh, tn hiu vo tng t s c bin thnh tn hiu ra di dng m nh phn, ngha l s c mc ra l thp (L) hoc cao(H). B so snh thc hin trn khuch i thut ton lm vic ch bo ha nn cc ra thp v cao chnh l cc mc dng v m ca ngun. ( nhng b so snh chuyn dng th hai mc ny ng vi cc mc logic). a. in th ng ra bo ha.

Ta xem mch hnh 7.24

Hnh 7.24: Mch ng ra bo ha.

Ed l in th khc nhau gia 2 ng vo v c nh ngha : Ed = (in th ng vo dng (+) in th ng vo m (-)). Do mch khng c hi tip m nn: VOut=A(V1-V2) = A.Ed ; Vi Ed=(V1-V2). Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn VOut rt
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

ln. Khi Ed nh, VOut c xc nh. Khi Ed vt qu mt tr s no th VOut t n tr s bo ha v c gi l VSat. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo khong vi chc V. - Khi Ed m, mch o pha nn VOut =-VSat - Khi Ed dng, tc V1>V2 th VOut =+VSat. in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l |+VSat| c th khc |-VSat|. Nh vy ta thy in th Ed ti a l:
+ E dMax = E dMax + VSat A VSat = A

b. Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro) * So snh mc zro khng o

VS+ Vref=0 Ei
N

VOut VSRL

Hnh 7.25: Mch so snh mc zro.

in th ng vo (-) c dng lm in th chun v Ei l in th mun em so snh vi in th chun, Ei c a vo ng vo (+). Khi Ei> Vref =0 th Vout=+Vsat. Khi Ei< Vref =0 th Vout=-Vsat. Th d khi Ei c dng tam gic th dng sng ng ra Vout c dng nh hnh 7.26.
Ei +V 0 -V VOut +VSat +V

t
-V

-VSat

Hnh 7.26: Dng sng tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mch so snh mc Zro khng o. Mch so snh mc zro o: in th ng vo (+) c dng lm in th chun v Ei l in th mun em so snh vi in th chun, Ei c a vo ng vo (-). Khi Ei> Vref =0 th Vout=-Vsat.
GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Khi Ei< Vref =0 th Vout=+Vsat. VS+ Ei Vref=0

N

RL VS-

VOut

Hnh 7.27: Mch so snh mc zro.

Th d khi Ei c dng tam gic th dng sng ng ra Vout c dng nh hnh 7.26.

Hnh 7.28: Dng sng tn hiu u vo v u ra ca mch so snh mc Zro o. c. Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k: * So snh mc dng o v khng o: - So snh mc dng khng o: in th chun Vref>0V t ng vo (-). in th so snh Ei a ng vo (+). Khi Ei>Vref th VOut=+Vsat. Khi Ei<Vref th VOut=-Vsat.

Hnh 7.29: Mch v dng sng mc dng khng o

- So snh mc dng o: in th chun Vref>0V t ng vo (+). in th so snh Ei a ng vo (-). Khi Ei>Vref th VOut=-Vsat. Khi Ei<Vref th VOut=+Vsat.

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Hnh 7.30: Mch v dng sng mc dng o * So snh mc m o v khng o: - So snh mc m khng o: in th chun Vref<0V t ng vo (-). in th so snh Ei a ng vo (+). Khi Ei>Vref th VOut=+Vsat. Khi Ei<Vref th VOut=-Vsat.

VS+
N

Vref

Ei

VOut VSRL

Hnh 7.31: Mch v dng sng mc m khng o

- So snh mc m o: in th chun Vref<0V t ng vo (+). in th so snh Ei a ng vo (-). Khi Ei>Vref th VOut=-Vsat. Khi Ei<Vref th VOut=+Vsat.

Hnh 7.32: Mch v dng sng mc dng o

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

Bi tp chng 7 1. Khi qut s nguyn l khuch i vi sai s dng transistor lng cc 2. Trnh by s , cu to v cc thng s ca khuch i thut ton 3. Trnh by s mch khuch i o, nu cc thng s ca mch v cc ng dng c th ca mch 4. Trnh by s mch khuch i khng o, nu cc thng s ca mch v cc ng dng c th ca mch 5. Trnh by s mch b tri v nu, thng s ca mch v cc ng dng c th ca mch 6. Trnh by mch cng v tr tn hiu in tng t s dng Op-Amp v cc ng dng c th ca mch 7. Trnh by mch cho php chn in p ra c cc tnh thay i 8. Trnh by mch bin i tr khng v cc ng dng c th ca mch 9. Trnh by mch vi phn v mch tch phn, cc thng s ca n v cc ng dng c th ca mch 10. Trnh by mch so snh tn hiu tng t s dng Op-Amp v cc ng dng c th ca mch 11. Xc nh UOut trong mch theo Uv1 v UV2

12. Xc nh UOut trong mch theo Uv1 v UV2 RN R1 UV1

N

VS+
+

RN VS+ R3 R2
N

VS-

UV2

UOut

13. Xc nh IN v Uout trong mch.Thay RN=5k, tnh li IN. Mch trn l mch g?

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

14. Xc nh Vout trong mch theo R1, R2, R3 v Rgain. Mch trn l mch g?

15. Thit k mch khuch i tn hiu cm bin nhit PT100 16. Thit k mch khuch i tn hiu cm bin Loadcell 17. Thit k mch iu khin nhit s dng IC Op-Amp.

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng

Gio trnh: in t c bn

H Nng Lm

GV: ThS. Nguyn B Vng