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    Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names)
    Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names)
    Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names)
    Ebook312 pages1 hour

    Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names)

    By W.M. Flinders Petrie

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    About this ebook

    Facsimile edition of the 1974 reissue of Flinders Petrie’s 1917 pioneering typological catalog of Egyptian name-scarabs and cylinders, one of a number of such catalogs to be reissued in this new series.

    The beetle form of amulets are common finds on Egyptian sites but examples with engraved names represent a small proportion of the total. Over 240 different royal persons are named among the various major museum collections. Petrie here illustrates and discusses over 1600 examples in his own collection together with a selection of inscribed steatite cylinders. He discusses the religious aspects of scarabs and their magical use, their varieties, materials and manufacture, and presents a chronological discussion with fully illustrated catalog of both line drawings and photographs.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOxbow Books
    Release dateApr 20, 2023
    ISBN9798888570036
    Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names)
    Author

    W.M. Flinders Petrie

    Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) was a pioneer in the field of ‘modern’ archaeology. He introduced the stratigraphical approach in his Egyptian campaigns that underpins modern excavation techniques, explored scientific approaches to analysis and developed detailed typological studies of artefact classification and recording, which allowed for the stratigraphic dating of archaeological layers. He excavated and surveyed over 30 sites in Egypt, including Giza, Luxor, Amarna and Tell Nebesheh.

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      Book preview

      Scarabs and Cylinders (with Names) - W.M. Flinders Petrie

      SCARABS AND CYLINDERS WITH NAMES

      The first figure is the natural form, adapted to an oval outline. The second figure is the artificial form.

      SCARABS AND CYLINDERS WITH NAMES

      Illustrated by the Egyptian Collection in University College, London.

      SIR W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE

      This edition published in the United Kingdom in 2023 by

      OXBOW BOOKS

      The Old Music Hall, 106-108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE

      and in the United States by

      OXBOW BOOKS

      1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083

      © Oxbow Books 2023

      Paperback Edition: ISBN 979-8-88857-002-9

      Digital Edition: ISBN 979-8-88857-003-6 (epub)

      Mobi ISBN 979-8-88857-003-6

      First published by the British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1917

      Facsimile edition published in 1974 by Aris & Phillips Ltd

      Oxbow Books is grateful to the Petrie Museum for their collaboration in bringing out these new editions

      All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

      For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact:

      UNITED KINGDOM

      Oxbow Books

      Telephone (0)1226 734350

      Email: oxbow@oxbowbooks.com

      www.oxbowbooks.com

      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

      Oxbow Books

      Telephone (610) 853-9131, Fax (610) 853-9146

      Email: queries@casemateacademic.com

      www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow

      Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group

      Front cover: String of beads, scarabs and amulets. From Naqada South Town (Tomb 1), Egypt, Dynasty 19 (c. 1295–1186BC). Petrie Museum UC29133. Image © Mary Hinkley, UCL Educational Media.

      CONTENTS

      INTRODUCTION

      1. Scope of the volume

      2. Extent of the subject

      CHAPTER I

      RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF THE SCARAB

      3. Veneration for the beetle

      4. Ideas connected with it

      5. The use of the scarab

      6. Literary references to it

      7. Amulet and seal

      CHAPTER II

      THE VARIETIES OF SCARABS

      8. Varieties of treatment

      9. Five genera copied

      10. Classification of backs

      11. Range of types

      12. Range of small details

      13. Locality of smooth backs

      14. System of using the types

      CHAPTER III

      THE MAKING OF SCARABS

      15. Glazing

      16. Stones used

      17. Glass and paste

      18. Cutting soft materials

      19. History of wheel cutting

      20. History of point graving

      CHAPTER IV

      THE EARLY CYLINDERS, PLS. I—VII

      21. A corpus provided here

      22. Classes of types

      23. Primitive concept of writing

      CHAPTER V

      THE OLD KINGDOM, PLS. VIII—XI

      24. The first four dynasties

      25. The vth dynasty

      26. The vith dynasty

      27. The viith—ixth dynasties

      28. Hardstone scarabs, xth and xith

      29. The xith dynasty

      CHAPTER VI

      THE EARLIEST AGE OF SCARABS

      30. Little proof of re-issues

      31. Characteristics of periods

      32. The Antec V group

      33. The Ka-nefer-uah group

      34. Fixtures between xth—vith dynasties

      35. The Unas group

      36. The vth—iiird dynasty group

      37. Summary

      CHAPTER VII

      THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

      38. Rise of the xiith dynasty

      39. Re-issue of Senusert III

      40. Private scarabs, scrolls

      41. Ur res moba title

      42. Maot kheru , etc

      43. Notes on peculiar scarabs

      44. Private scarabs, borderless

      45. Dating of private scarabs

      46. The xiiith dynasty

      47. The xivth dynasty

      48. Doubtful names

      49. The xvth dynasty, Hyksos

      50. The xvith dynasty, Hyksos

      51. The xviith dynasty

      CHAPTER VIII

      THE NEW KINGDOM

      52. The early xviiith dynasty

      53. Hotshepsut and Tehutmes III

      54. Amenhetep II and Tehutmes IV

      55. Amenhetep III

      56. The Aten episode

      57. Sety I and Ramessu II

      58. The close of the xixth dynasty

      59. The xxth dynasty

      60. Heart scarabs

      61. The xxist dynasty

      62. The xxiind dynasty User-maot-ra kings

      CHAPTER IX

      ETHIOPIANS AND SAITES

      63. Early xxvth dynasty

      64. Vassal kings

      65. Later xxvth dynasty

      66. Rise of the Saites

      67. The xxvith dynasty

      68. The Persian age

      69. Close of the scarab

      70. Greeks and Romans

      71. Late private scarabs and seals

      C

      ONTENTS OF PLATES

      , List of Kings, and Census of Scarabs

      S

      UMMARY

      of museums and of dynasties

      I

      —

      LVIII

      . P

      LATES OF SCARABS

      , and pages of C

      ATALOGUE

      .

      LIX

      —

      LXXIII

      . P

      LATES OF BACKS OF SCARABS

      .

      ERRATA IN PLATES.

      xix, 4th line: 1 to be under 1st of Queen Ana.

      xxxvi, 6th line: Names of the Aten begin at 45.

      liv, 3rd line: 13 to be 1; 1 to be 2; 2 to be 3, 4; 4 to be 5; 5 to be 6.

      The British School of Archaeology in Egypt has been making a collection for a war fund since 1914. We undertook to raise £1,000 for the Officers’ Families Fund, and achieved this in about a year. We are now collecting entirely for the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, to maintain Dr. Elsie Inglis’ two Field Hospitals, which are serving the Serbian division of the Russian army in Rumania, and are greatly valued by our allies (Hon. Sec. S. W. H., London Units, Hilda Flinders Petrie). It is hoped that all subscribers will help to make this the special War Work of our organisation. We have no hesitation in continuing to receive usual subscriptions to the School, as such are invested in War Loan, and thus pass into the National Savings for the present. Our students are now all serving their country, but when that sad duty is passed, they will again turn to the School to support their researches. Meanwhile our supporters, by their subscriptions, ensure getting the volumes of this catalogue, which will be continued for the years of the War. The volumes are:—

      Amulets (previously issued by Constable).
      Scarabs, for 1915.
      Tools and Weapons, for 1916.

      Following volumes will be on Ornaments and Toilet Objects; Stone and Metal Vases; Scarabs with designs and Button Seals; Prehistoric Egypt; Games and Writing Materials; Glass and Glazes (in colours); Beads (in colours); and ten or twelve other subjects.

      At a time when all our energies are required for our defence, it is needful to state the conditions under which any historical work is produced. At the beginning of the war the writer of this volume offered to resign University position until peace, but was officially instructed to retain it; and the most direct duty of such position is the present catalogue of College collections. His offer also, in two official enquiries, to take the work of other men in public service, has been refused. The printing of this volume has been left to be produced entirely as deferred work, only taken up to level the output of the printers and plate-makers; thus equalising the conditions of labour, without employing more workers than are otherwise needed. The splendid early volunteering of over 250 men from the firm of printers, shows that they do not hesitate at complying with the national requirements. Great delays in printing have necessarily occurred, and it is doubtful if volumes beyond this, and that on Tools, can be issued till after the war.

      SYSTEM OF THE CATALOGUE

      The current description of the plates, and discussion of the materials.

      The HISTORICAL Index, and general census of scarabs in the principal collections.

      The TEXT Index.

      The PRIVATE NAMES Index (lithograph).

      The TITLES INDEX (lithograph).

      The CATALOGUE plates and description of all early cylinders accessible, and of all scarabs with names in University College.

      The TYPES OF BACKS of scarabs.

      The order of the scarabs under each king is (1) Falcon name; (2) Nebti name; (3) Hor-nubti name; (4) Throne name with phrases, or with titles, or plain, proceeding from the longest to the simplest; (5) Personal name in similar order. Other objects with names follow after the scarabs under each person. Private scarabs, etc., are placed as nearly as may be in their historic position. Heart scarabs are all together between the xxth and xxist dynasties.

      The system of numbering is not continuous throughout, as that does not indicate the period at sight. Each object has the number of the dynasty, the king, and of the object under that king. Thus 18·6·23 is the xviiith dynasty, 6th king (Tehutmes III), and his 23rd scarab. The drawings of scarabs outside of this collection are only inserted to complete the series, and are not numbered or catalogued. The colour stated is the original colour wherever any part of it can be found, regardless of the general change in such cases. The letter and number after the colour refer to the types of backs.

      In the plates of backs LIX—LXXIII the references below each drawing are the dynasty, king, and number, as above stated. Where there is more than one reference, the underlined reference is the source of the drawing, which the others resemble. The top number of each drawing is that of the type, and is used with the type letter of the class for reference in the Catalogue pages. Occasionally two drawings have the same number when the type is alike, and they only differ in work.

      References are made to the following works:—
      H

      ALL

      , H. R., Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, etc, in the British Museum, 1913.
      N

      EWBERRY

      , Percy E., Scarab-shaped Seals (Cairo Catalogue), 1907.
      N

      EWBERRY

      , Percy E., Scarabs, 1906.
      W

      ARD

      , John, The Sacred Beetle, 1902.
      F

      RAZER

      , George, A Catalogue of Scarabs, 1900 (now in Munich).
      The G

      OLENISHEFF

      Collection (photographs privately issued).
      P

      ETRIE

      , W. M. F., Historical Scarabs, 1889.

      PREFACE TO THE 2023 EDITION

      In the 1970s, a much-anticipated new series of publications illustrated objects and themes related to the excavations of the archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) in Egypt, and aspects of the collection of University College London’s Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology. A young couple setting up in business in the early 1970s, Aris and Phillips published these works, written by members of the UCL Egyptology Department, in their Modern Egyptology series. Building on Petrie’s own observations, the authors of these

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