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A PHYSICS TOOLKIT
Vocabulary Review
Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once. accuracy dependent variable dimensional analysis hypothesis independent variable inverse relationship line of best fit linear relationship measurement model physics precision quadratic relationship significant figures scientific law scientific methods scientific theory

1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. _________________________ 4. _________________________

The study of matter and energy is ____ . A ____ is a systematic way to observe, experiment, and analyze the world. The valid digits in a measurement are called the ____ . A(n) ____ describes the relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable results in the decrease of another variable. On a graph, the ____ is the line drawn as close as possible to all of the data points. A(n) ____ is an educated guess about how variables are related. The ____ is the factor that is changed or manipulated during an experiment. A(n) ____ is description of a rule of nature. A(n) ____ is a comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard. A straight line on a graph shows that there is a(n) ____ between the two variables. A(n) ____ is an explanation supported by experimental results. ____ describes how well the results of a measurement agree with the real value. The ____ is the factor that depends on the independent variable. The method of treating units as algebraic quantities, which can be cancelled, is called ____ .
Chapter 1 A Physics Toolkit

5. _________________________ 6. _________________________ 7. _________________________ 8. _________________________ 9. _________________________ 10. _________________________ 11. _________________________ 12. _________________________ 13. _________________________ 14. _________________________

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15. _________________________ 16. _________________________ 17. _________________________ A(n) ____ exists when one variable depends on the square of another. The degree of exactness of a measurement is called ____ . A ____ is a representation of an idea, event, structure, or object that helps people to better understand it.

SECTION 1 Methods of Science

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.

1. ____ describes a rule of nature. a. Scientific theory b. Scientific method c. Scientific law d. Physics

2. Scientists make an educated guess about a question they ask called a ____ . a. hypothesis b. scientific method c. scientific theory d. model

3. The field of science that studies mass and energy relationships is ____ . a. biology b. physics c. chemistry d. models

4. Creating or using a formula to help you understand an idea is using a ____ . a. scientific law b. model c. scientific method d. hypothesis

5. The experimental process that a scientist uses to solve a question involves a variety of ____ . a. models b. hypotheses c. scientific laws d. scientific methods

6. A ____ is an explanation supported by experimental results. a. scientific theory b. hypothesis c. scientific law d. model

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SECTION 2 Mathematics and Physics
In your textbook, read about mathematics in physics. Write the term that correctly completes the statement. Use each term once. dimensional analysis equations experimental data experiments graphs results theories SI units

Physicists do (1) __________________________ , make observations, and collect (2) __________________________ . They predict the (3) __________________________ using different models. They create (4) __________________________ to describe their observations. Due to the mathematical nature of their work, physicists can enter numbers into (5) __________________________ to model observations and make predictions. The numerical values in an equation are also described by (6) __________________________ , such as amperes, ohms, and volts. (7) __________________________ is the method of treating the units as algebraic quantities, which can be cancelled. Varying numerical results from equations can be plotted as (8) __________________________ .
In your textbook, read about SI units. For each term on the left, write the letter of the matching item on the right.

____

9. base quantity of temperature

a. meter b. 102 c. kelvin d. 1012 e. f. g. h. i. ampere second 106 mole 106

____ 10. base quantity of electric current ____ 11. base quantity of length ____ 12. base quantity of time ____ 13. base amount of a substance ____ 14. pico ____ 15. centi ____ 16. micro ____ 17. mega
In your textbook, read about significant figures.

For each of the statements below, write true or rewrite the italicized part to make the statement true.

18. __________________________ 19. __________________________ 20. __________________________

When you perform any arithmetic operation and round off the last digit, this is the most precise part of the measurement. The figure 0.0730 has two significant figures. Answers derived with a calculator should be written exactly as they appear on the calculator.
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SECTION 3 Measurement
In your textbook, read about measurement. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.

1. The apparent shift in position of an object when it is viewed from various angles is called ____ . a. parallax b. margin of error c. calibration d. accuracy

2. A device with very small divisions on its scale can measure with ____ . a. scientific notation b. agreement c. precision d. fundamental units

3. An atomic mass unit is measured at 1.660 1027 kg, a number that has ____ significant figures. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

4. The NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain clock in Colorado is our standard for ____ in measuring time. a. significant digits b. accuracy c. measuring instruments d. calculating errors

5. A comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard is referred to as a ____ . a. margin of error b. consistency c. measurement d. variable

6. ____ is a technique used to assure the accuracy of a measuring instrument. a. Two-point calibration b. Precision c. Analysis d. Dimension

7. The degree of possible error in a measurement is called its ____ . a. fundamental unit b. mechanical quantity c. precision balance d. margin of uncertainty

8. GPS uses a series of 24 satellites to locate places on Earth with great ____ . a. accuracy b. precision c. accuracy and precision d. technique

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In your textbook, read about scientific methods. Number the following steps in the order in which scientists study problems.

____ 9. Draw a conclusion. ____ 10. Compare experimentation with careful measurements and analyses of results. ____ 11. Test deductions to determine if they are valid.
Indicate which step in the scientific method best describes the statements in questions 1217. Explain your answers. Use complete sentences.

12. A basketball is rolling on the ground. It continues to move even though no one is pushing it. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 13. The velocity of the rolling basketball is 0.5 m/s. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 14. In an isolated system, momentum does not change. For example, when a bowling ball hits a rolling basketball, the bowling ball slows down and the basketball speeds up. The increase in momentum of the basketball equals the decrease in momentum of the bowling ball. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 15. There are two tracks that you can roll the basketball on. One track is very steep and the other is nearly flat. You guess that the basketball will travel faster down the steep track. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 16. After recording the speeds of a basketball rolling down a steep track and on a flat track, you repeat the experiment, timing the ball a second time. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17. You observe multiple collisions between a basketball and a bowling ball and record data on their post collision velocities and directions. You explain your idea that since the bowling ball has a greater mass and is moving at greater velocity, it can always change the direction of the basketball that has a smaller mass and is moving at a slower velocity. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

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SECTION 4 Graphing Data
In your textbook, read about nonlinear relationships. Refer to the graph to answer questions 17.

1. What sort of relationship is shown in this graph? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which variable is the independent variable? Which is the dependent variable? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Is the slope of this graph positive or negative? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the units of the slope? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Explain why the slope at 2.0 s is greater than the slope at 1.0 s. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. About how far does the ball fall in 1.8 s? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. The equation of the graph is d 5t2. How far would the ball fall in 2.4 s? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

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Refer to the graph to answer questions 812.

8. What sort of relationship is shown in this graph? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Is the slope of this graph positive or negative? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What are the units of the slope? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the approximate current when the resistance is 25 ohms? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Write an equation for this graph. ____________________________________________________________________________________
Read about linear and nonlinear relationships in your textbook. For each description on the left, write the letter of the matching term on the right.

____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16.

the equation of a linear relationship the shape of a graph of a linear relationship the equation of an inverse relationship the equation of a quadratic relationship

a. straight line b. y mx b c. y ax2 bx2 c d. y

a x

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