Nernstova rovnica:

The Goldman Equation

PK : PNa : PCl = 1 : 0,03 : 0,1

PK= permeability to K+ [K+]out = K+ concentration outside cell PNa= permeability to Na+ [Na+]out = Na+ concentration outside cell PCl= permeability to Cl- [Cl-]out = Cl- concentration outside cell R= Universal gas constant (8.31 joules/mole/deg. K) T= temperature in degrees Kelvin (273+deg. C) F= Faraday constant

Otto Loewi's Experiment

Neurotransmitter Criteria
Neuroscientists have set up a few guidelines or criteria to prove that a chemical is really a neurotransmitter. Not all of the neurotransmitters that you have heard about may actually meet every one of these criteria.
The chemical must be produced within a neuron. The chemical must be found within a neuron. When a neuron is stimulated (depolarized), a neuron must release the chemical.

When a chemical is released, it must act on a post-synaptic receptor and cause a biological effect.

After a chemical is released, it must be inactivated. Inactivation can be through a reuptake mechanism or by an enzyme that stops the action of the chemical.

If the chemical is applied on the post-synaptic membrane, it should have the same effect as when it is released by a neuron.

naptie, prd, odpor

naptie, prd, odpor

I (Ampere, A) I = V/R V=RxI R (Ohm, )

V (Volt, V)

Bunka ako baterka

Bunka ako baterka

Ako vznikne membrnov potencil?

Prv spoluhr: Na+- K+-pumpa

~ 100 Zyklen / s

140 mM K+ 15 mM Na+

5 mM K+ 140 mM Na+

Druh spoluhr: inov kanl

140 mM K+ 15 mM Na+

5 mM K+ 140 mM Na+

K+-iny: iba jedin cesta vedie smerom von

Inov kanly: zkladn zloky bioelektricity

Inov kanly: zkladn zloky bioelektricity

Pore

Inov kanly: zkladn zloky bioelektricity

Pore

Pore

Pore

Pore

Dehydratcia !

Pore

140 mM K+

5 mM K+

Pore

140 mM K+

5 mM K+

Pasvny transport: hnacia sila koncentran gradient

Pore

I
Netto-K+-Fluss: 1 10 Millionen K+ / s 0,16 1,6 pA 140 mM K+ 5 mM K+

Selektivita: prepa iba jeden in

Pore K+

Na+

15 mM Na+ 140 mM K+

140 mM Na+ 5 mM K+

Selektivita: prepa iba jeden in

Pore K+

Na+

Cl20 mM Cl15 mM Na+ 140 mM K+ 150 mM Cl140 mM Na+ 5 mM K+

Viac export ne import?

100 Zyklen / s

1 Millionen K+ / s ?

K+ Aniny, napr. Cl-

0 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

0 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-10 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-20 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-30 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-40 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-50 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-60 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-70 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-80 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

-80 mV K+
Aniny, napr. Cl-

o zmenili K+ - kanly ?

-80 mV

1. Bunka stratila ~ 0.002 % K+ 2. Membrnov potencil je pri -80 mV. 3. K+ - prd von sa zastav. 4. Bunka je v kudovom stave.

Preo zanikne K+-prd pri -80 mV ?

0 mV

0 mV

0 mV -80 mV

innen

auen

innen

auen

50%

50%

0 mV

0 mV

innen

auen

>90%

< 10%

0 mV

-80 mV

Chemick potencil enie K+ - prd v smere koncentranho gradientu.

Elektrick potencil potla K+ - prd v smere koncentranho gradientu.

V kudovom stave bunky plat pre K+: chemick potencil = elektrick potencil

Veobecne plat: elektrochemick potecil = chemick potencil + elektrick potencil

Shrn elektro I
- 70 mV

Bunky maj zporn membrnov potencil

Shrn elektro I

Bunky maj zporn membrnov potencil Na+- K+- pumpy pracuj proti inovm gradientom K+- prd cez K+-pecifick kanly stabilizuje kudov membrnov pri cca. -70 mV

Shrn elektro I

Bunky maj zporn membrnov potencil Na+- K+- pumpy pracuj proti inovm gradientom K+- prd cez K+-pecifick kanly stabilizuje kudov membrnov pri cca. -70 mV Elektrochemick potencil enie Inov prd cez jeden kanl

Riadenie inovch kanlov

Elektrokomunikcia medzi bunkami

-70 mV

-70 mV

-70 mV

-70 mV

-70 mV

+30 mV

-70 mV

+30 mV

+30 mV

Dva zkladn procesy elektrickej komunikcie medzi bunkami:

+30 mV

-70 mV

Vedenie drdenia

Prenos drdenia

o mus zvldnu elektrokomunikcia prenos signlu !

4m

cez dlh tra rchlo

3m

bez strt

soma axon

info
dendrity

synapsa

axon

soma axon

info
dendrity

synapsa

K+ Na+

K+
150 mM Na+ 5 mM K+

Vm = - 80 mV
depolarizcia

15 mM Na+ 140 mM K+

- 30 mV

rchle, napovo-riaden Na+- kanly

Vm = - 30 mV

0 mV -80 mV

Na+

0 mV -30 mV

0 mV -30 mV

Na+

Vm = - 30 mV
Prv reakcia: rchle, ale krtkodob otvorenie Na+-kanlov

pomal, napovo-riaden K+ - kanly

Vm = - 30 mV

0 mV -80 mV

Verzgerung !

0 mV -30 mV

K+

0 mV -30 mV

0 mV -80 mV

Na+

Vm = - 30 mV
K+
Prv reakcia: rchle, ale krtkodob otvorenie Na+-kanlov

Druh reakcia:
pomal, ale dlhotrvajce otvorenie napovo-riadench K+ - kanlov

Ako dochdza k podrdeniu neurnu ?

K+

Na+

K+

K+

K+

Aktionspotential

Aktionspotential

Aktionspotential
1-2 ms

ca. 100 mV

ca. 100 mV

1-2 ms

ca. 100 mV

1-2 ms

ca. 100 mV

1-2 ms

Shrn elektro 2: Elektrokomunikcia medzi bunkami

Nervov bunky prenaj signly rchlo A bez strt cez dlh drhy.

Shrn elektro 2: Elektrokomunikcia medzi bunkami

Nervov bunky prenaj signly rchlo A bez strt cez dlh drhy. Informcia sa kduje v frekvencii aknho potencilu

Shrn elektro 2: Elektrokomunikcia medzi bunkami

Nervov bunky prenaj signly rchlo A bez strt cez dlh drhy. Informcia sa kduje v frekvencii aknho potencilu Napovo-zvisl Na+ - a K+ - kanly Vyvolaj akn potencily na zklade Zaprogramovenej aktivcie a inaktivcie

Vysokorchlostn vedenie drdenia

cez axny

a cez synapsy